{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2958341373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00274","title":"Learning End-to-End Goal-Oriented Dialog with Maximal User Task Success and Minimal Human Agent Use","display_name":"Learning End-to-End Goal-Oriented Dialog with Maximal User Task Success and Minimal Human Agent Use","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2958341373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00274","mag":"2958341373"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00274","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00274/1923455/tacl_a_00274.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00274/1923455/tacl_a_00274.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114056105","display_name":"Janarthanan Rajendran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111179","display_name":"Michigan United","ror":"https://ror.org/0291ys696","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Janarthanan Rajendran","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan","University of Michigan, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037281393","display_name":"Jatin Ganhotra","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jatin Ganhotra","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research","IBM Research, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091341927","display_name":"Lazaros Polymenakos","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lazaros C. Polymenakos","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research","IBM Research, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, United States","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037281393","https://openalex.org/A5091341927","https://openalex.org/A5114056105"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210111179"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7421,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88688209,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"375","last_page":"386"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dialog-box","display_name":"Dialog box","score":0.928338885307312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.868400514125824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7456268668174744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7303566932678223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5977386236190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.556369423866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.5027570724487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goal-orientation","display_name":"Goal orientation","score":0.4870622456073761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-user","display_name":"End user","score":0.47029897570610046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dialog-system","display_name":"Dialog system","score":0.4340079426765442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.4120245575904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3791709542274475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1574152112007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.14056307077407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.0737680196762085}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173853756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q86915","display_name":"Dialog box","level":2,"score":0.928338885307312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.868400514125824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7456268668174744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7303566932678223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5977386236190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.556369423866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.5027570724487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84653758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5575175","display_name":"Goal orientation","level":2,"score":0.4870622456073761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91262260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528074","display_name":"End user","level":2,"score":0.47029897570610046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190954187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270587","display_name":"Dialog system","level":3,"score":0.4340079426765442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4120245575904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3791709542274475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1574152112007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.14056307077407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0737680196762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00274","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00274/1923455/tacl_a_00274.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1907.07638","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.07638","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.07638","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:06ee39ed9d7443a3b56f2cbda7b1279c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/06ee39ed9d7443a3b56f2cbda7b1279c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 7, Pp 375-386 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00274","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00274/1923455/tacl_a_00274.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2958341373.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2958341373.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498990157","https://openalex.org/W1592751638","https://openalex.org/W1604513301","https://openalex.org/W1793121960","https://openalex.org/W1975244201","https://openalex.org/W1993378086","https://openalex.org/W2021151961","https://openalex.org/W2119717200","https://openalex.org/W2132997613","https://openalex.org/W2168490009","https://openalex.org/W2252011326","https://openalex.org/W2412715517","https://openalex.org/W2412899141","https://openalex.org/W2559038528","https://openalex.org/W2592808142","https://openalex.org/W2593390416","https://openalex.org/W2594726847","https://openalex.org/W2597046772","https://openalex.org/W2613959975","https://openalex.org/W2616122292","https://openalex.org/W2889502429","https://openalex.org/W2930957955","https://openalex.org/W2949964922","https://openalex.org/W2962776342","https://openalex.org/W2963043030","https://openalex.org/W2963491014","https://openalex.org/W2963567240","https://openalex.org/W2963797754","https://openalex.org/W2963984224","https://openalex.org/W2964210218","https://openalex.org/W3037881859","https://openalex.org/W3043910663","https://openalex.org/W4205171160","https://openalex.org/W4206070857","https://openalex.org/W4310895557"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2500779211","https://openalex.org/W48079147","https://openalex.org/W1963944933","https://openalex.org/W2563921006","https://openalex.org/W1600043506","https://openalex.org/W2111550420","https://openalex.org/W2549666521","https://openalex.org/W3133893348","https://openalex.org/W2920931047","https://openalex.org/W1977846844"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neural":[0],"end-to-end":[1,48],"goal-oriented":[2,53],"dialog":[3,54,66,128],"systems":[4,55],"showed":[5],"promise":[6],"to":[7,28,67,85,98,114],"reduce":[8,20,115],"the":[9,65,90,93,110,133,154],"workload":[10],"of":[11,135],"human":[12,69,86,94,111,116],"agents":[13,95],"for":[14,23,51],"customer":[15],"service,":[16],"as":[17,19],"well":[18],"wait":[21],"time":[22],"users.":[24],"However,":[25],"their":[26,37],"inability":[27],"handle":[29],"new":[30,58,136],"user":[31,59,137],"behavior":[32],"at":[33,61,140],"deployment":[34,62],"has":[35,75],"limited":[36],"usage":[38],"in":[39,152],"real":[40],"world.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"work,":[44],"we":[45],"propose":[46],"an":[47],"trainable":[49],"method":[50,74,124,149],"neural":[52],"that":[56,146],"handles":[57],"behaviors":[60,138],"by":[63,83,96],"transferring":[64,84,97],"a":[68,126],"agent":[70],"intelligently.":[71],"The":[72],"proposed":[73,123,148],"three":[76],"goals:":[77],"1)":[78],"maximize":[79],"user\u2019s":[80],"task":[81],"success":[82],"agents,":[87],"2)":[88],"minimize":[89],"load":[91,118],"on":[92,125],"them":[99],"only":[100],"when":[101],"it":[102],"is":[103,150],"essential,":[104],"and":[105],"3)":[106],"learn":[107],"online":[108],"from":[109],"agent\u2019s":[112],"responses":[113],"agents\u2019":[117],"further.":[119],"We":[120],"evaluate":[121],"our":[122,147],"modified-bAbI":[127],"task,":[129],"1":[130],"which":[131],"simulates":[132],"scenario":[134],"occurring":[139],"test":[141],"time.":[142],"Experimental":[143],"results":[144],"show":[145],"effective":[151],"achieving":[153],"desired":[155],"goals.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}