{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385724271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2021.0391","title":"Is a College Education Still Enough? The IT-Labor Relationship with Education Level, Task Routineness, and Artificial Intelligence","display_name":"Is a College Education Still Enough? The IT-Labor Relationship with Education Level, Task Routineness, and Artificial Intelligence","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385724271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2021.0391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1287/isre.2021.0391","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2021.0391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202812398","display_name":"Information Systems Research","issn_l":"1047-7047","issn":["1047-7047","1526-5536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Systems Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100379752","display_name":"Dawei Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186143895","display_name":"Lehigh University","ror":"https://ror.org/012afjb06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dawei (David) Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Decision and Technology Analytics, College of Business, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 19015;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6688-2961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Decision and Technology Analytics, College of Business, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 19015;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081745517","display_name":"Gang Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0842-0843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142934699","display_name":"California State University, Fullerton","ror":"https://ror.org/02avqqw26","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133369","display_name":"Decision Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03gcvf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Decision Sciences, College of Business and Economics, California State University, Fullerton, California 92831;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8773-002X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Decision Sciences, College of Business and Economics, California State University, Fullerton, California 92831;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142934699","https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012464970","display_name":"Yuliang Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9384-6707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuliang Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alfred Lerner College of Business & Economics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9384-6707","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred Lerner College of Business & Economics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091020790","display_name":"Tyson R. Browning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9089-1403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128956969","display_name":"Texas Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/054b0b564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128956969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tyson R. Browning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management, Neeley School of Business, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9089-1403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management, Neeley School of Business, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128956969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100379752"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.625,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98893537,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"3","first_page":"992","last_page":"1010"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12501","display_name":"Digital Economy and Work Transformation","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12501","display_name":"Digital Economy and Work Transformation","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11959","display_name":"Employment and Welfare Studies","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6677545309066772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4889449179172516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.46470752358436584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4433365762233734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-technology","display_name":"Information technology","score":0.4274471402168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage","display_name":"Wage","score":0.4178260564804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"Higher education","score":0.41638198494911194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.3836050033569336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.3714044392108917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.355479896068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3362339735031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labour-economics","display_name":"Labour economics","score":0.30366164445877075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2742566466331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.24344196915626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.2250363528728485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1976163387298584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1673961579799652}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6677545309066772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4889449179172516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.46470752358436584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4433365762233734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661","display_name":"Information technology","level":2,"score":0.4274471402168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.4178260564804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.41638198494911194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.3836050033569336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3714044392108917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.355479896068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3362339735031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.30366164445877075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2742566466331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.24344196915626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.2250363528728485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1976163387298584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1673961579799652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1287/isre.2021.0391","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2021.0391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202812398","display_name":"Information Systems Research","issn_l":"1047-7047","issn":["1047-7047","1526-5536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Systems Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:inm:orisre:v:35:y:2024:i:3:p:992-1010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2021.0391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W579193340","https://openalex.org/W1506837987","https://openalex.org/W1549833036","https://openalex.org/W1601834727","https://openalex.org/W1901616594","https://openalex.org/W1963562210","https://openalex.org/W1971310904","https://openalex.org/W1975155767","https://openalex.org/W1980544129","https://openalex.org/W1982020224","https://openalex.org/W1985163539","https://openalex.org/W1986921897","https://openalex.org/W2001374363","https://openalex.org/W2018883128","https://openalex.org/W2023274642","https://openalex.org/W2048593579","https://openalex.org/W2049964491","https://openalex.org/W2056621283","https://openalex.org/W2073039158","https://openalex.org/W2103419131","https://openalex.org/W2106315213","https://openalex.org/W2111226802","https://openalex.org/W2111346656","https://openalex.org/W2117735259","https://openalex.org/W2122410182","https://openalex.org/W2127616942","https://openalex.org/W2133800208","https://openalex.org/W2134240883","https://openalex.org/W2141954228","https://openalex.org/W2145246914","https://openalex.org/W2151169308","https://openalex.org/W2154060817","https://openalex.org/W2158550634","https://openalex.org/W2162075074","https://openalex.org/W2330996181","https://openalex.org/W2522589710","https://openalex.org/W2526781987","https://openalex.org/W2560166636","https://openalex.org/W2776393547","https://openalex.org/W2892380133","https://openalex.org/W2896342372","https://openalex.org/W2922903482","https://openalex.org/W2946996332","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W3021644002","https://openalex.org/W3022774728","https://openalex.org/W3036666659","https://openalex.org/W3082837871","https://openalex.org/W3121316559","https://openalex.org/W3122016225","https://openalex.org/W3122179788","https://openalex.org/W3122843299","https://openalex.org/W3123046637","https://openalex.org/W3123275472","https://openalex.org/W3123388550","https://openalex.org/W3123464746","https://openalex.org/W3124178781","https://openalex.org/W3124401164","https://openalex.org/W3124684532","https://openalex.org/W3125109350","https://openalex.org/W3159104979","https://openalex.org/W3169641577","https://openalex.org/W3198484931","https://openalex.org/W3200943004","https://openalex.org/W4200195738","https://openalex.org/W4224990248","https://openalex.org/W4238210511","https://openalex.org/W4252306240","https://openalex.org/W4299942248","https://openalex.org/W4310251927","https://openalex.org/W4321765223"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2937627726","https://openalex.org/W4402005794","https://openalex.org/W2195931679","https://openalex.org/W1993144966","https://openalex.org/W2888684455","https://openalex.org/W2070954791","https://openalex.org/W2607489503","https://openalex.org/W4242487945","https://openalex.org/W2071405093","https://openalex.org/W1540979460"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,171],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,13,65,100,124,138,152,173,180,196],"relationship":[4],"between":[5],"information":[6],"technology":[7],"(IT)":[8],"and":[9,20,77,150,190,198],"human":[10],"labor":[11],"through":[12],"lens":[14],"of":[15,27,67,141,154,179],"education":[16,76,97],"level,":[17],"task":[18],"routineness,":[19],"artificial":[21],"intelligence":[22],"(AI).":[23],"It":[24],"makes":[25],"use":[26],"a":[28,44,56,88,176],"comprehensive":[29,177],"data":[30],"set":[31],"covering":[32],"60":[33],"U.S.":[34],"industries":[35],"from":[36],"1998":[37],"to":[38,63,85,94,98,119,127,164,195],"2013.":[39],"The":[40],"results":[41],"show":[42],"that":[43,74],"college":[45],"degree":[46,58],"may":[47,59,161],"not":[48],"be":[49,60,117,135],"sufficient,":[50],"especially":[51],"in":[52,87,167,193],"routine-intensive":[53],"industries,":[54],"where":[55],"graduate":[57],"increasingly":[61],"necessary":[62,125],"meet":[64,99],"demands":[66,101],"computerized":[68],"work":[69],"environments.":[70],"They":[71],"also":[72],"suggest":[73],"continuous":[75],"IT":[78,104],"skill":[79],"development":[80],"are":[81],"essential":[82],"for":[83,175,186],"workers":[84,122],"thrive":[86],"technology-driven":[89],"economy.":[90],"Governments":[91],"should":[92,116,134],"continue":[93],"support":[95],"higher":[96],"driven":[102],"by":[103,201],"implementation,":[105],"particularly":[106],"as":[107,145,159],"advanced":[108,142],"technologies":[109],"like":[110],"AI":[111],"emerge.":[112],"Long-term":[113],"training":[114],"programs":[115],"established":[118],"equip":[120],"less-educated":[121],"with":[123],"skills":[126],"navigate":[128],"technological":[129],"changes.":[130],"Additionally,":[131],"policy":[132,191],"makers":[133,192],"cautious":[136],"about":[137],"potential":[139],"impact":[140],"IT,":[143],"such":[144],"AI,":[146],"on":[147],"employment":[148],"rates":[149],"consider":[151],"consequences":[153],"increasing":[155],"minimum":[156],"wage":[157],"levels,":[158],"it":[160],"incentivize":[162],"firms":[163],"invest":[165],"more":[166],"automation.":[168],"Overall,":[169],"this":[170],"emphasizes":[172],"need":[174],"understanding":[178],"IT-labor":[181],"relationship,":[182],"guiding":[183],"decision":[184],"making":[185],"individuals,":[187],"firms,":[188],"educators,":[189],"adapting":[194],"challenges":[197],"opportunities":[199],"presented":[200],"advancing":[202],"technology.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-25T08:17:42.794288","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}