{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386510860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4906","title":"Gift Contagion in Online Groups: Evidence from Virtual Red Packets","display_name":"Gift Contagion in Online Groups: Evidence from Virtual Red Packets","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386510860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4906"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1287/mnsc.2023.4906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4906","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33323087","display_name":"Management Science","issn_l":"0025-1909","issn":["0025-1909","1526-5501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Management Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100629583","display_name":"Yuan Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6681-5710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6681-5710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020178527","display_name":"Tracy Xiao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3052-5660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tracy Xiao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3052-5660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079270249","display_name":"Chenhao Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3981-2116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenhao Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3981-2116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075277196","display_name":"Qian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1810-8250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tencent Inc., Shenzhen 518000, China;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent Inc., Shenzhen 518000, China;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007176508","display_name":"Alex Pentland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8053-9983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Sandy Pentland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8053-9983","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044791875","display_name":"Jie Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3487-4593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3487-4593","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100629583"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7445,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87535221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"7","first_page":"4465","last_page":"4479"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-experiment","display_name":"Natural experiment","score":0.6182556748390198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-contagion","display_name":"Emotional contagion","score":0.6116799116134644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/donation","display_name":"Donation","score":0.4626081883907318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-communication","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","score":0.4616028666496277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.40792661905288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.39300641417503357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising","display_name":"Advertising","score":0.3636466860771179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.3498111963272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.33182287216186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.31453683972358704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3005334734916687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49630185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6980675","display_name":"Natural experiment","level":2,"score":0.6182556748390198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159237981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498207","display_name":"Emotional contagion","level":2,"score":0.6116799116134644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775933685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124860","display_name":"Donation","level":2,"score":0.4626081883907318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.4616028666496277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.40792661905288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.39300641417503357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.3636466860771179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3498111963272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.33182287216186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.31453683972358704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3005334734916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1287/mnsc.2023.4906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4906","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33323087","display_name":"Management Science","issn_l":"0025-1909","issn":["0025-1909","1526-5501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Management Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:inm:ormnsc:v:70:y:2024:i:7:p:4465-4479","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4906","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533368239","https://openalex.org/W1966766153","https://openalex.org/W1968715359","https://openalex.org/W1986339133","https://openalex.org/W2007575312","https://openalex.org/W2008783805","https://openalex.org/W2010411707","https://openalex.org/W2012796013","https://openalex.org/W2016743875","https://openalex.org/W2033198212","https://openalex.org/W2040034367","https://openalex.org/W2046868922","https://openalex.org/W2059452080","https://openalex.org/W2077805983","https://openalex.org/W2081963863","https://openalex.org/W2096563449","https://openalex.org/W2112090702","https://openalex.org/W2118745042","https://openalex.org/W2130354913","https://openalex.org/W2133476822","https://openalex.org/W2135410596","https://openalex.org/W2143416241","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2143893259","https://openalex.org/W2149084727","https://openalex.org/W2149910108","https://openalex.org/W2155163959","https://openalex.org/W2156020699","https://openalex.org/W2161708711","https://openalex.org/W2469490025","https://openalex.org/W2735802261","https://openalex.org/W3034723979","https://openalex.org/W3049278702","https://openalex.org/W3123206592","https://openalex.org/W3126056200","https://openalex.org/W3150893739","https://openalex.org/W4205943429","https://openalex.org/W4242087913","https://openalex.org/W4243688399","https://openalex.org/W4244777963","https://openalex.org/W4255151273"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310483800","https://openalex.org/W4367665626","https://openalex.org/W2101660814","https://openalex.org/W4292629800","https://openalex.org/W2023244440","https://openalex.org/W3091901614","https://openalex.org/W2098174555","https://openalex.org/W821264168","https://openalex.org/W3123179060","https://openalex.org/W3125821362"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gifts":[0],"are":[1,145,274],"important":[2],"instruments":[3],"for":[4,159,209,217,260],"forming":[5],"bonds":[6,25],"in":[7,18,52,69,97],"interpersonal":[8],"relationships.":[9],"Our":[10,72,100,205],"study":[11,101,206],"analyzes":[12],"the":[13,63,78,81,87,91,122,125,140,164,171,179,195],"phenomenon":[14],"of":[15,66,80,94,104,166,182,198,241,258],"gift":[16,67,82,105,190],"contagion":[17,22,65,191],"online":[19,43,70,272],"groups.":[20,71],"Gift":[21],"encourages":[23],"social":[24,50,64,186],"by":[26,77,139,224,237,254],"prompting":[27],"further":[28],"gifts;":[29],"it":[30,135],"may":[31],"also":[32],"promote":[33],"group":[34,123,168,202,211],"interaction":[35],"and":[36,184,213,229,245,271],"solidarity.":[37],"Using":[38],"data":[39,269],"on":[40,47,86,189,201],"36":[41],"million":[42],"red":[44,149,173],"packet":[45,174],"gifts":[46,200],"a":[48,57,114,167],"large":[49],"site":[51],"East":[53],"Asia,":[54],"we":[55,132,152,177],"leverage":[56],"natural":[58,73],"experimental":[59],"design":[60],"to":[61,116,121,147],"identify":[62],"giving":[68],"experiment":[74],"is":[75,136,157],"enabled":[76],"randomization":[79],"amount":[83],"allocation":[84],"algorithm":[85],"platform,":[88],"which":[89],"addresses":[90],"common":[92],"challenge":[93],"causal":[95,196],"identification":[96],"observational":[98],"data.":[99],"provides":[102],"evidence":[103],"contagion:":[106],"On":[107],"average,":[108],"receiving":[109,199],"one":[110],"additional":[111],"dollar":[112],"causes":[113],"recipient":[115],"send":[117,148],"18":[118],"cents":[119],"back":[120],"within":[124],"subsequent":[126],"24":[127],"hours.":[128],"Decomposing":[129],"this":[130,155],"effect,":[131],"find":[133,153],"that":[134,154],"mainly":[137],"driven":[138],"extensive":[141],"margin:":[142],"more":[143],"recipients":[144],"triggered":[146],"packets.":[150],"Moreover,":[151],"effect":[156],"stronger":[158],"\u201cluckiest":[160],"draw\u201d":[161],"recipients,":[162],"suggesting":[163],"presence":[165],"norm":[169],"regarding":[170],"next":[172],"sender.":[175],"Finally,":[176],"investigate":[178],"moderating":[180],"effects":[181],"group-":[183],"individual-level":[185],"network":[187,203],"characteristics":[188],"as":[192,194],"well":[193],"impact":[197],"structure.":[204],"has":[207],"implications":[208],"promoting":[210],"dynamics":[212],"designing":[214],"marketing":[215],"strategies":[216],"product":[218],"adoption.":[219],"This":[220],"paper":[221],"was":[222,235,252],"accepted":[223],"Axel":[225],"Ockenfels,":[226],"behavioral":[227],"economics":[228],"decision":[230],"analysis.":[231],"Funding:":[232],"T.":[233],"Liu":[234],"supported":[236,253],"Natural":[238,255],"Science":[239,256],"Foundation":[240,257],"China":[242,259],"[Grant":[243,248,264],"72222005]":[244],"Tsinghua":[246],"University":[247],"2022Z04W01032].":[249],"J.":[250],"Tang":[251],"Distinguished":[261],"Young":[262],"Scholar":[263],"61825602].":[265],"Supplemental":[266],"Material:":[267],"The":[268],"files":[270],"appendices":[273],"available":[275],"at":[276],"https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4906":[277],".":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}