GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY
CESTRAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL
LIBRARY
O.G.A. 79.
OF THE
CEYLON BRANCH
OF THE
ROYAI ASIATIC SOCIETY,
1919 .
24894
VOLUME xxvn. —Extra Niimtter.'
8 ^ 1-05 -
mAldivian
LINGUISTIC STUDIES.
By Professor Wii^heeji Qbioer.
Trsfiiiaifd /torn iJit Of mm Mrt. J. C. IFtli a
0
^mLnfy
H. C. PirfiEI*
Hofumtfy Sxntdry
WUDrery
IBIS.
CENTRAL ARCHAEOLO''.tGA^^
UBRARY.NEW
Ko.
CONTENTS,
SECTtON I.
- TAOB
Jj^mODtrcnoic , _ ^ j
I. —The 3iUij>mA£)» LAxot^A^E .. _
Vo^AhkulanE'fl , , ,. .. 9
.. ,, 10
Vocabularies tn HtUfop* ,, _ _ U
CopenJiagcnVocabulary” ,, II
” London VooabulAry ** , ^ - * J2
MAldiviati Wondfl in tbfl “ London VocBbnlary ” *, J5
II—Tas MJLijjiTiAx WnritKO . . .. 20
AIpbabeta ,, „ *.21
jJliWdivittn Writing u . * , **22
” London Vocabulary " Alphabeta . , 24
M41dtv£an Orthography ,, *. 25
^t4ltl£vi&n Alphabet Bign« ** _ 29
UI^ — Aii>5 to the MXlpttiax Lakguaoes —
L—Sentences : Hildivian and English . * 30
2. —Sentences j Si^liale^, M^ldiviaUp and BngliitEh *- ^
3. ^ Stories s Sinhalese, MiJdjvianp and Engliah ■—
A, — ^Thn Horse and the Donkey * * , . 42
B, —The WiiiC Judge .. ., 45
C, —'The Lionj tlie AbAj and the Jackal ^ * 47
IV*— MJLlDIVTAK h^TEBSi —
L— MAlim^s Letter *. .. . * 49
2^-— Sult&a's BUfifiive . ,, 54
5 ECT 1 DK U.
The Gramxah or tbe ItUxnmAN LAsatrAOE *. 5B
I. — SuBaTAjfTrvEs .. .. *,59
(a) Esproaaion of the Numbers ; (&} Exprti^ion of
the Oases *. «, .. 63-64
U. —AuJEcnvEs . . . - . . 09
(1) AttPibutivOf {£) Pi^ioatri?^ ; <3) Obmparatlve. , 69
Hl+— 'N ttscebals p , . * * . 70
(1) Cardinal Numbefs r (2) Ordinal Numberfl ** 70-7®
IV. —Proxottns * * . * . . 75
(I) Personal; ( 2 ) BtOective ^ (®) Dcuionatrative;
(4^ Other pronouns .. 75-76
V. — VEanB .. *. * * 7S
1. — Agreements of Maldivian with Sj^ialeae * . 7S
(1) Fassivei laEnitlve; (3) Geronds ; (4) Com¬
pound Verbs . . .. * * 7S-5i
2 , — Tenees and Mooda . . .. 92
(a) Present ; (A) Ftitnre ; (c) Ftvterite ; (d) Im¬
perative; {el Conditknui] *■ *- &2-89
( ^ )
sKGTioft m.
.—^MAldivia^ Verbal lifrLEEiOTfB
m
(1) PUsse-nt: (2) Prtterite j (J)
Future; (4)
perativo } (B) Coiiipottnd Verb PAradf^ j
(6}
dingle Forms and Bl^rt Sentenaeas
62^93
LiN0m3ii€ SotrEns
* *
99
AC4)dhrian Word Forms
* 1
■ ■■
90
Sudislese Word Forms
. .
. .
100
M^divian Words from Fr^|it, &0.
* 1
101
MAldiviao and Sinhalese Word Forms
. .
102
Vowe) Sounds ..
, ,
100
X>oab1e CoDsouBats
* i-
104
Long Vowels
+ -p
. .
105
Nasal
■.
+ ,
107
PAlatoIs
1- +
*■ p
lOB
Mute
,,
. .
199
Stop-gaps
. .
110
Accent
i +
p-
no
Vowel Asaunilation
. .
ill
Sound Change ..
. *
+ -m
111
Other Comparisons
■»
■P i
112
Vowel Alterations
.
. ,
U2
Boot Voin^I Changes
i +
114
Constmant Chazigoe
. .
115
Initial Letters ..
* .
. .
117
PlnaL Leitera
**
Hi
APPENDICES.
u—P ioneers in MImiyian LmauiSTic Besearch
» -1
125
1,—'Tub Leyi>en VcxLAsirtAnY
■ •
_ ,
141
—^TffE Old and Modeex MAlditias Alfhabetb
+ ,
140
L—MIldivian Lettees
■ ■
+ *
109
PLATES.
Vlatz I.—SIAu>ive Auhabets {Qei^r).
Plate n.— HjIldivb Alphabets (Christopher; Gray)*
Plate m.—MA um's Lsttee (A.D. 1S37).
Platt IV.—MAldivk SultAn'b ^Iisstve (A.I>. 1T9S)p
Plate V*—MJLldivk Alpeaeet (Lsydea VocsbuJairy) A3 st>
h'inasAxs.
T%ATK V.*—SHTHALESE "" LiT ASSim'U/^
Plate VL—Aruftir” Atjpkaeet.
Plate VU.—"UivES Aetthtt” Alphabet.
Plate Vm.—G abuu TAisr a Masitsceipt.
Plate IS.—MJLltiye CoM:hiBEClAL Letteb (eiita Al>« 1B7S)«
PREFACE.
The Maldivd Islaijds hsTK? been a Depaodenoy ot tho
British GoTcroment in Ceylon since ITB©, continning to pay
iUmusl Tribute. But conaparatiTCly Uttle ia known, even at
this day, about the Group, and stillless i^aiding the Language,
which is peculiar to it.
The lecognized authorities on the MitOlviAS LakOPAOB. up
to the close of last centoiy, have been few indeed—Fcaii9°«
Pyiard (1615), Willmott Chriatopher (1641), and Albert Gray
(1878).
But between 1900 and 1002 wore printed, in the bilzuitgi-
berichU der Kgl. Bayer, Akadenue der of
Munich, three learned Papers by Professor Wilhelm Geiger,
entitled MdldiviacAi Studien, I. (PP- 0*1-884, with oiio
Plate, headed Mdldivische Alpbabete], H. (pp. 371^7),
m. (pp. 107-132), wbioh have very materinUy advanced our
knowledge of the Structure of the Language.
The importance of these unique " Ijiiguistic Studies
inducf?d the Council of the Asiatic Society of Ceylon te
apply to Professor Geiger and the PeatecAe Jforpenfo^i^
Oeseliachaft. at HaUo, for permission to publish an English
TianslatiDn in its Journal. This permisaion wee courteously
granted; and in 1913 a Translation of the thm Parte of
ildidiviac/ie Stwdten was completed for the Society by Mis.
J.C.WillM, ^ ^ , ,
The marked and consistent ability di^layed throug ou
bv airs. Willis, in her tiraiislation of highly technical matter,
c^n only be properly realiMd hy those te a positi^ to eomparo
the German Test with ito esoeUent English version,*^
• A bound copy of iJ» CenBan Text is in the Oolcmb* Miamin
Libwy.
( Ti )
The difficult natUTO of the letterpress, its occasiona!
turgidity (necessitating exceptional pains in traiislatijig, to
reprwluce the writer^s full meaiiing), added to puzzling
abhreviatioiis, haye not deterred Mrs. WvULs from prepi^uing
for the Society, with infinite patience and meticulous care,
an eminently satififactoTy renderingi which reprodueea the
lUPinc or less specialized pbiaseology of the German original
with admirable fidelity and success,
Mrs, Willis's good wine needed little or no bosh. Nathlesap
to ensure as acqiifate a pTOentation as possible of certain
passag^es in the German, perchance open to possible doubt,
the entile manuscript was carefully revised by Mr* John
Harward, MJV,, President of the ScNcictyt who managed to
snatch time^ amid his arduous official dutiea as Director of
Education p to compare the En^b Tcaiuslation closely with
the German Text, and insert in plages valuable emendations
making for additional clearness^
3tlr, Harffaid found himself unable to see the Translation
through the press before leaving Ceylon in I&IB, to seek needed
and well-deserved rest, on retirement from the Government
Service, after a lengthened period of fitronuoua and invatuablc
w'Drk^
His mantle, as Editor^ has uJtimatoly fallen on an «-
Honoiaiy Secretary of the Sooictyp to whom the Fates in 187P
granted a short visit to the M&Idivcs. aod the opportunity
^bsequently of making a partial study—uncompleted, owing
to his tranaferenoe to tho charge of the Archicological Survey^
of the lalande, their History', CustoniSf Trade, and Language.*
Despite admitted lixnitatioos for the adc<iuate fulHlmciiit
of such a task:, he has venturedp faut de mtewr, with some
diffideucep to on behalf of the OouncHif the somewhat
invidious task of editing the Translation of the “ Studies **
for publication in the Society's Journal,
* Embodied in a Mcnograpb on Mildivo talmids'^ (Otylon
GcvKWunjnot Scasiozul Paper XUHI., IBBL $ laitti&d
\ Resolution of Qouncil. Cc^ion Asietic Suclaty, aiarcb U, ICIS,
t ™ )
The “ editorial fuootionfi" in the issue of this English verebn
of ProfctiBor Geiger’s work have, on the whole, been coTupam-
tively light, and to a great degree oonfined to fomjal details:
to witj the splitting up of some of the long weari^me paragraphs
of lie original text; the CMseasional insertion of desirable words
nothin brackets to help the sense; adding sub-heads to ensure
enhanced olnrity and eon^lsnience; and transiwsmg to move
auitabb podtions Notes which in the German Section IJ
are looiped together at the end*
Every endeavour has been made to retain, as far as practic¬
able, the Professor’s own spellLug of Maldivian, S^haL^, and
other Oriental words; whilst making it cnnsisteiil with the
System of Traimliteration adopts hy the Ceylon Government
and the forms of diacritioal type avaibbb in tbe formts of the
Ceylon Government Printing Office. Fortunately few changes
pro\^ to be needed ■ and those almost entirely for the better*^
To Mr.C H. GoUins, EA.,C-CK, Honorary Secretary of the
Sodetyp to Mr. H. C. Oottle, the tioTemment Printer, and to
i* Abdul Hamid DkU Effendi, M&Jdivian Government Ecprt^«
tentative in Ceylonj the Editor owes a special meed of ihankfi^
ifr, Collins fell in moeit eoidiDliy with tbe Editor^s proposal
to issue the “Studies” as an " Estra Number "f “f the
Sociotya Joumab and in the form in which it h now
presented ; further, he generously denied no expense for the
preparation of tho several Flateii necessary to a proper under¬
standing of the printed maiten In addition, Sir. CotUns^s
* PrtjfeMqr Gfliger tucd a, Cp Jp with sma^l abeve^ and yi with
auper-icript doL Thw have b&eu supplanted in Ihe Englith Tnuula-
tlon by R, Cj j, and ^; tmt wont of semi-nasoJ (ju^rtobiJ liai
ncocsntated the emplayibimf of Ihc- hindu, qt fulil anu«tiit^iu+ in mch
wardi ofl Jie,
I'ojf c^xtra tiioiirnes^ MAnoivLur woids have beau prtaUHl in small
flAnVALa^ whilst appmer to JidtrLftry tidit'O type.
t Tha only other ^^Ejrtfa Number” ot ita JoEimal L*Hu*d by the
Ceylon Afliatio Society aIao related to ihe MdUitv /Uandr^ It wiw
publiBbed in L3S2, oa pari el Volume Vll.. aeii cobtained Iln Bofwl'e
m lAfl MalAi^u and tfftnalnted from II-ao French by Albert
Gray, lato oF the OeyJoft Civil Bcrvlee.
( viii )
knowledge of German has been more than once veiy leadily
lent to the better solving of a knotty poasage.
To Mr, Oottb It ia entirely due that the “ Studies ” make
thfflr appe^noe in that unrivalled eicellence of and
general finish whiob distinguish publications cmanatiiig from
the Ceylon Oovermnent Ptests.
Without his ungrudging advice, and peiaonal aid, this
“ Ertra Number ” could not possibly have hccn issued in its
present neat dress and completeness.
Finally, from Abdul Hamid Mdi I»endi the Editor has
received most generouB, self-denying, and invaluable help in
elucidating obecoTities in Mildivian te^s, sentences. *c., and
in throwing a flood of brilliant light on the modern M&Idive
Alphabet.
Of the Author^a own ntasterlj achievoment o( a har4
his ‘I Studies ” assuredly " give ample rooin and \'eiga’' for
unstiiited praise.
H, perchance, there asaerts itself unmiBtakably'* the Teutonic
literary temperament," so-called, for setting store dispropor
tionately largp by the raeritorions leidcogiaphic work duo to
a special proUgi, Hasan-bin Adam, at the eo.st of beUttling.
or wholly ignoring, the efforts of other no less worthy labourois
in tho fleld-^fforts. in the ease of the stand-out "pioneets,’*
Pyraid, Christopher, and Gray, which, without doubt, cannot
but have greatly simplified the Phjfessor's reseatchee-if at
times an undue tefndeuoy to “ magnify the
I am Sir Oiatle.
And when I ope my lips let no dog bark,
is amusingly pronounced^let not. on that amount, full justice
be denied to the real" merits " of a great scholar, even thongh
one moy be not altogether » careless his faults to sean,''
^y learned savant, behoof wbateveTisoe, who.like Professor
Geiger, actuated by worthy motive, and despite very coniiaer-
aWe drawbacks, has toiled to give a clear lead to students in the
study of a tongue still almost unknown, can claim the right
in all faimea, to generous acknowledgment for sterling wort’
Having^ Uko Dr. Samuel JoJmson^ "set to"* bia
"work/' which was ended trhough not completed;’ the
Frofessor oSeis a jost pica for oon^idenitc treatment at the
band» of critics:—
The principal ohjoct of my “iffildivian Studios muAt bo to
put in motion an onor^etio begtiining to Scientiic! Invostigntioa
of tlio ^[^Idivian I^gnago on the verj^ spot ? whore ainno it can
really be carried out with HOtinfactory results.
The foregoing Notes on MiildJvion Grammar give oa, of conrBep
only a general and Incomplete picture of the Structtire of the
language. They are a first attempt^ and should be judged as
such.
He w^bo knows the many purely external dillicnitics and
obatacles with whicll one meets in the East tn researches wliich ho
at the foundation of work such as mine ; ho who has experienced
how* the best mtontiomf and the most enthiiBiostic zeal are con¬
stantly chocked and crippled hy a tliciu^jand potty trifi^te^ will
jiidgo the doficioncit'S of roy wtirk kindly.
Knowledge must bo indulgent. It may bo an easy thing to
point out and criticise ttus or that defect; but of gi^tor worth
than criticism is energetic co-operation+
A final word toachiug the four AppkNDiC^p and Pla-TEQ O.
LX.
For thua supplementing Professor G<iger*a Test^ and
Plate I. issued with the Editor, whilst acoepting full
re«rponsiblUt 5 % does not feel that any apology is due, in view
of the special reason justifying its oompiktion stated in the
preamble of each Appendix.
It is hoped that these Addenda, wbich render the Studies "
more cumpEohensivo^ may help further to facilitate piuso-
eution of research by those interested in the aeitiz-tinknown
M&ldi^iaii Language.
New Yoar^s Day* 1&1&.
H. C. R BELL.
ADDETOA ET CORRJCETOA.
I, footaDte f ; pftlje J. line 24 ew3 lootbotM ■ ond t i Pwo 6.
hoe 13 f pneD 0. (ootnot* || ; page 54. liiw 2 : for " 18S3 " read 'M W ?*'
Plage 6, footnote 11 for “ 1882. Extra Ntunher. VII rtad VpL
Vn.. Extra NiimbBr, 1SS2" . ™ rqi.
Page 2&f footnato t “indeed not lUinrobAbly : add See
Appendix C; pose ^
Page 27* hoUiota *7 for all read ** irhole.”
Pige S$p line of the fODt^otag : omii “ citJinr " ; reod “ aa a
or unit*, or int:hmit paieatho#™ m the miMe wb™ uAod te
oeiibie, or naaaJiee^ tee nonnected oowijonftnt/'
Pago 40 , fDotnote f + /ftr 1S37 t^od 1038,”
Pago 67. Inotnotw l andl; page 68, footnotef: pnee ^.footnote •-
pnge 117p feotnote * i for ** rend '
Page 50, line 11 * for “ mdinu ** feod ** ra^itiUL''
Page 70, footnet* *: for " ooannj DOftEVs “ r^d noan^c-
s^oETiE ; amir « (En^iih + Tamit),"'
Page 02, footnote ■ : /or ^ aAQi(a) read lUJtiA,^
Page 12fl, linfl l ; for '• KALraiii-MA9“ read <- KA^UDELt^siAfl,"
Page IM* fwtfflot* * I add " A rooerd has fljxne oome tn liabt
Lionteiant Yoon®, still ill. roaehed OG-ylon from ^l
^S? ^ *' Tliia Townr i, built on a pooulior nlan but
!.1?h^r uam^ iCRFv tho ipmal aKcnt viiidiiig round thii centro
t^atoireaaa, whom tho contro pillar ^
f« ^ Tower anius, and (ogother ^11 stand
Pages 141 und 145, laat paragraphs : for “ Indian “ read “ IndU."
Page 167, luB 29 ! for *• Scripu *‘ mtd “ Senpt^'
Page leo, footnote t = ” x *' read “ p."
tewtno ett for “ Hin-OAs,i>iaD.efe « rtad "nm^As-
MALDIVIAN
LINGTJISTIC STUDIES.
By PitOFESSOR WiMELM GETGEIt.
SECTION I.*
INTRODUCTION,
The M1ij>ives f arts a largo group of tdnny iaJandH which
extend in the- Indian Ocscjin from 7* 0" North Intitndo to 0* 42'
South btitudor and from 72* a3' to 73“ 44' East longitudo.
Together with the l&kkadivcs and tho CLagoe Ifilanda they
belong to a submarine monntam ebalD, on the snmmjts of
which the conil polyps have built their toefg.
“ M^^iviich^ Stiidim I* {mil ewr Von W* Gdeer. Ydi^ii^
von E. Kuhn in dor Fhilos^^PKOoU Cls^ am ]. De^embfiT^ 1000^
Monohon^
f H,C- F. BcOp Ceylon Ciiril Servici^ TAf MdUiiia sn 4ca?ttfii
o/ (Ae Phjfrioal F^aturt^, CivnaU, Himory, Pfodiiaym*^ uiid
3Va<ia (SoBHioael Vapor XLTlL^ 1881). Qolombo^ 1883-
Thia vnluable oompMAtJon, which contnlns the whole of our know¬
ledge of the HAldivo IftlfuldA Up to the yoftr 1883^ lifts hoCome Vi^y
icftfoo. Evon in Cclambo it wjw impoeeiblc for me to get hold of a
copy« 1 dnelly o&me into poeswioii ol one which fonaerly be^nged
to t>r^ Bcmt. ^
I nuiy pcrhftpd bo pennitiod to borrorw from Boll's work sozno noiea
on the Oeogrophy ftnd Ethnography uf the- MiJdives, os a generel
expliiCLAtory JntrodDction to my *’■ Sluilieiv” 1 have not^ of oourfo,
neglected to go beck to the sourcet Efom which Bell himftelf dreFsr^
17-18
D
2 JOlJBUAXi, R.AJ. (CE¥l<OS)» XXVII,
The islands a» sroniied into “ Atnlla "-the SBldivia n word
as ia well known, has passed aa a tennination into geogmphiiul
BCBnee^ndthcae AtoJU, ns a mJe. are surrounded bj a barrier
reef, which protects them from atorms and waves. In the
Korthoni Atells, howBVer, the reefs are washed away.
The form of the individiial islands is cinfular or oval. They
ate only of very small extent, the length and bieadth seldom
exceeding an English mile. The aoD of the islands conHste of
^^ni \ ; and in most islands them is thick jungle, from which
the orowns of the eocomifc palms lilt their heads proudly in all
directions.
The principal IsJandis caUed wAtA. It belongs to (a double)
Atoll (North and South) of the flame name, and from it
the whole Archipelago has probably received its appellation.
On MAU is the residence of the Stiltin. The number of its
inhabitants is from 2,000 to 3,000.*
The climate of the Maldives docs not seem unpleasant, for
the eiwflaive heat is tempered by sea bieesses; hut it is ei-
tioiDijly unhealthy. Foreignen; are tianally attacked, within
a short time, by severe abdominal disorders, which, if the
individnAl does not at once leave the Islands, seem in most
Cases to run a swift and fatal course.
As regards the inhabitants of the Maldives, it is imposaible
to determine their total number. Bell (in 1883) cstinjated
them to beat least 30,000: in loraiortimes there were doubtless
many more, tlie gradual declino in the number of the popu¬
lation aeemfl, however, to have recently come to a standstill,
or even to havo been succeeded by an increaae.t
• B*U, toe. cit„ 1883, p. 63. The Canaw ©I 1911 (p. 600) gives ths
toUi) ofl 6,i!36 iDiiabitanta,—B., Ei.
t Mr. Gray' (JovrmiJ, RAJS,, 1678, new eDries, X., p. lOV) pute the
papulation of the group et 20.000. Mr. Ball (371* Jftrltfiae ItSandt. 18fl3,
^63J tianriiler«d Ibb " perhaps tao low wd ustimiita, and n tolnl ol
at luesfc 30,000 may, with mow probability, bo ssAntad.'* Mr. Ball
adds. " that tho popolotioQ wns in fonnar days Uigor is sdmittad by
the istondeis thamsslvoo, who point with rnalanchtJy eSgiiLficaima to
i-r,.,,.}. in noariy every Atoll new lyi“g waste, whore hometteada stood
oI old It is, however, aatiafactory to toa good giouncla for tho babul
Eitba JTo.— niLDiTEAN' Eisouisnc BTcmres. 3
Tho fact enascaroely !» disputed, that, at a period of timo
still unknown to ub, the UAldives were colonuEod from Ceylon,
or, as also may bo posabb, were colonized at the aaniB timo
as Ceylon, by Aryan imiuigranta who camo over from tho
Coutincnt of India.
The first tibw seems the more probable to nio, owin^ to
reasons which appear on a study of the character of the
Miidivian language. This, in fact, shows a number of features
which arc cbaractoristic of the Sinhalese language, and which
have not arisen in tho Priihrit foundation of Sinhalese, but
seem to have originated on Ceylon soil itself. In couiw of
time the Aryan etooh of tlw Maldivian population would bo
much n^ed with Drfvidian and Arab blood ; so that the
physical type of the Jlildiviana can no longer bo considocod
A unit.
The fact that there in no tmoe of Boddhkm on tho lalandji* *
tami not aiuiiriso too much : IqMtii has tot&Llj ousted ihk
ieli^on.
thftt thft g^Qal depopiaHtiorH-mfliMj" aUnbntabln to tbs proverbid.1y
tmbdAlthy diniata —hm not merely b«ifl arrestiKl, but thatp from tho
cioaer connfiotioTi noTtf yearly boing establiabed with tbo ontiido woti4»
Mid tbo incTotiaiKi ri-citUirat for obuimng yearly ivewwriw of ft
steady w aetting in. {Oen^ut 11 r p. 400.)
Thit Ceiwift mfidfl tJio total populfttion of Iti* ^fdldivo Ifilandfl to bo
* 72,257 (noftloa, 50p244 ; femftlw, pointing to fiO.OW intber
tJiAtl 30,000 aJ noaror th® marie in tbo Ed.
* ^ BcU^ (1«. p. 74t Buddha on ihi Jlfdlliw.
Mr J. Stflia^y Gudwr {The Naiivts </ the MdldiiXM, Ptoc^wdijigp.
Cambridgtj FMim. Society, XI,, PflJt I., IBOO) wioopBcJoiaJy plays
ibo rfilft of *' Balaam '* in ail endeavour to condenm tbo theory of
BnddhiEtD fomicrly oadating on ^
Monnda in £4indu ami Maadu of MUaduinraadoJu AtoU. aa iJ*o
Ul TT SuvadivOT alid Addu, AtoUa^ Biui Fuft ilulakil XilAfkti
AuggHt by tbeir form a nompaariaon with the d^gobaa of AnurAdhaptut
in Haddiuuuti AloU ^’?™a evidently a great t^gious «?ntire,
having niiu* of foiiftecn of thoftCp «an* with amooth pid^aa of aquared
****^^, in iondii. appeftTB to b*™ hM n bind oi pit or well in tlw
eeoto, focm&l by eqimred Moeka of Petite, and co^'cred by two tirgo
flat rnaeseo. Within thin* in IWS, wom found a muebef of gold M
hraoa omamentiid tlieea^
+ 30T3KS.iL, E.A. 3 . (CEYIXIN). [VoL. XXVIL
Thtf colour of tho Bkin of the nulcs is uauElly iv dark copper;
eotoe of the women are deci{lc;<Uy pretty.
As regards tbe ohameter of the ifAldiTians, I give aomo
Statements from tbe Report of tbe two Eoglisbmen, Ueuton-
ants Young and Christopber, of the Indian Naify, wbo, in
tbe doufso of a Survey of the Maldivian Aicbipolsgo in tho
years 1834-1830, spent several months at Mdl^:_
" They are a quiet, peaceable race, hospitable and kind to
Btianggrs, though auspioiouB and diatniatful of thom. Unac¬
quainted. indeed, with tho practice of the liigher 'tirtues, but
oquaily onfamllior with vieo In its darker forms, with desires and
wants circtlnucribcd and limited, and tho means of antis^ng
thom attainable without much labour, they hu^Tj little iuciteiliont
to increased exertion for tlic pnrposo of augmenting their produo-
tioas ; (Mid hence, in all probability, the little attention paid to
tho iinprovement of their resources, and tlie ubsonce of all care
regarding the amelioration of their condition. The npatliy and
mdiffcrcncc evinced by them on these subjects teem, however, to
result in a great measure from feelings of contcntlJicnt, though of
a spurious Idnd,'* *
Tho religion of the Mnldiviaus is Miiboininadaii. According
to Gray they embraced this rcUgioti about the year 1200.
Native tradition indicates Yfisuf Sbama-ud-din, from Tabriz,
in Perm, as tbe aposUo of Islam in the Alidldives. Ho died
in Mdl^, and his grave there is hold in great honour.
“ At J’tfQ Afuln^ • few oval lix-eidcd bead*, either gf an esbimwly
liifiltl doiad^di i^Lofis or nf oryBtiiJ^ W'STO foiind,
“ Hip piespqoG of an inunenM B6 tree (3/. hn at MAlt. and
aimtbcr In Ftm 3fl</aku, is of no importance • tio iiadltionS cling to
uioni, Tbo ((Uilc!i rcsmiUe tlioso of ilnurddlinpum, Lat there 1> no
partieulnr JJucldhiat type.
" ^cationof Buddhism might, indeed, be gfeoned fmio the above,
but I found DO other ovidenoo in its support.*'
■* iToUnds,** with posaihte relio chsxabcrs ("* pit '* or " u'cU "h which
■uggoiit the ‘'(fdfabas of Aruirddhopura ; “tanks" which iv-
Hmble l}|(* pokuipu ol that old Siphnlme Gupitol; buiicd metoL “otns-
mental dim," and “oval beiull." gross or Crystal—to My nothing of
^^^i-xpLuned presencD of two B6 trewt (one at Mil*, She chief
1^1—ate about as promising ” indication of Buddldsii," judged by
Osyloa oiehsolog}-, os one can weU hope to End wbeie lltihmiunsdanism
(with jtaiwnooUsiio hMciristwf for some eight ocnEuiie*.— B„ Ed.
* Trantacikv* ttj tht Gn^grp^hiettt Socitty, Bofsiop. !.. p. GC,
Extea Ko.— 1019.] iiALDiviAX ltnofistip sTPDira- ft
But althoiigh Islam a the cufficial religion, the old animistic
nature-worstup> the belbl in demons and apurita, in oiominn
and magic, plays the moat important part • in the We of the
p’Opl*.
“ Hio belief in the ematence of apirita and Buiieimalnrel beinga,
who interforo, sometiiBU® visibly, in hiuiUHi alloire for ppipOBM
of ovi], 83 also in eartiMCdiaary phenemma supposed to liRord
mtlmation of pending ealftmityos nnivenal among the Isla^ent,
They belidvo also in tlid ouspiilouanesS, or otherwise, ol
cwtiwn days for portitmlar tronsactiofis. no nndertakbgs of any
importance to individnalB. or to the public, being entered u^n
without the priest being commit ed to determine U.at pomt.
During redtationB in Arabic of passages from tlio Kor&n, wlweh »
nconunonpractico, uudouso is kept burning, and wJicn this
place on board a boat, tho crow are always careful to fumigate
the Toddor-hood and tiller before the Are ia eirtiiigiuahed.. . .,
Monv individuals ra the islands gain their livelihood by writing
ehar'ma, wliieh are supposed to peaBcas much virtue, not only as a
preventive against, but aluo a cure in moet diseases, in order to
produeo o curative effect the ink of n fro^y*wfi««i charm is
washed off in water and drunk oa a modicine. t
So far aa is known to me, tho anefeot historical writings
of the Sinhalese give n* informatjon about a coloiuzation of
tho Hnldives by that people; neither do they mention
any sovereignty which they at times exenebed ortf the
LsUiodUa
The first alluflion to tho Mfildives is found in Ptolemy (tho
Second Century A.D.), who places a group of 1,3'8 little
- Oep-™ writes “dU wiaMis.1* reWs "
Gwy (Joanuih lS7fl, now series, X., p, 180) puts belter.
- The picture pMBsnlixl by the madein rel^oussiale ^
branches of tho SioluJosefbaiilyisourioasipdeed.
l™ held to the eesmopuhtsa priertple*. the ^
simple wutship of the Buddhist fsith f the mh«-
adeptod the ejwluiivo monothowtic and eew^moiwfwth
nmd. These ndigieiis have noi, bewovut. etierod to oay ert
o‘.1.. -«d >.«. IV.™ ■!;
rAs skier wereAfp of demciu end of lAs elc»fwn*» i^e _
of both bmuebra of the family, but on alien to both th«r eraeds.
t Tpunreerieos of the Oeosf^phieul Society. B.>nAov. I-. P- TA
JOUBN^L, B.A.S. (CBVLO.V). [Voi^ XXVII*
ialaiidfl to the '(feat of 7'd:j>Ta6aH^ (Ceylon).* There can BCareoly
be a doubt that by these the Lakkadl'fea and MAIHivnn me
meant. After Ptolemy, and with reference to bito, Pappus
of Alexandria speaks of 1,370 amah iskiids which are Bfiar
Taprobani, and dependent on it,
In the Sixth Gentniy, CMmas IndjcopleqEtca, who got his
information from Sopater, mentiona a large number of islete
in the neighbourhood of Ceylon where fresh water and coconuts
are to be found thioughout.f Hk fitatement is indeed striking;
for on atmost all the islands known at the present time there is
fresh 'water, and the riehneas of the Maldives in coconut palms
is a welbknown fact.
The Qrat visitor to the Maidi'ire Islands to 'whom wu are
indebted for a morn accurate description is the famous Arabian
traveller of the Fourteenth .Century, Ibn Batuta, t He
remained eighteen months on M41^, and gives us a tolerably
detailed account of the condition of the Islands, of their
convorsioa to Isl&m, of their govemment, and of their trade
with India, China, and Yemen. §
In the Sixteenth Century the Portuguese made many
attcrapte to bring the Ms Idivea under the Ir dominion. Finally,
their independence was acknowledged in a Treaty ; in which,
however, the Portuguese reserved to themselves the exclusive
right of tmde with them. ||
Almost thirty five yearn later, on July 2, 1B02, a French
ship, with a band of adventurers on board, was driven ashore
among the Atolls. The crew were taken prisoners : some
di<jd in consequence, others succeeded in escaping ; only four
remained, among them Franfois Pyrard do Uval.
* Fair1i%er, HafuBnuiA dur pOca ij ^ .
2 Anl^.p p. 240^ -'Jr-- - -
t Tenaent. issft, T„ p. sas. n . ^
pf Vi" the French
by Atk-rt C»y, c.A,S..
’ f» JTum^r. \Tr. s BdU Tho Afdiditt Ithttd,. p. 23.
Hpklpyt Skwiely a I^yrnrd. VoL II.,
Extra No. _ 1019.1 siAt^DiviAS' Lijroinffnc studies.
PrraTd slayod fivo years m the midives- By hia wLsc and
tac^ conduct he gained the foirour of the Sultdn, so that ho
had a toletabb amount of liberty, and could carry on trade.
Finally, when the Maldivian kingdom was plunged into the
confusion of war, ho regained his freedom.
In 1607 the *' King of Bcngil" undertook an expedition to
the Maldives. Hia fleet attacked autldfiiily, without
eiicountering serious reaistance, and letimafid mth rich booty.
On the Bengal ships Pymnl and his three companions left
the Maldives.
Four years bter, after many other adventures, Pyranl once
mote safely trod the soil of bis native land.
Pyraid’s work. Voyage aux I tides Orimtates, which is very
scatM, appeared for the first time in the year IBl I. the second
edition in 1615-1616, the third in 161 &.* It contntna the most
complete description of the AKidive Islands which has hitherto
appeared, and still serves as a valuable source of information.
The Dutch followed the Portuguese in the Government of the
East Indian world; and were followed by the English at the
close of the Eighteenth Century- After the latter took posses¬
sion of Ceylon, the sovereignty which the Duteh had wielded
over the Maldives paused automatically to the ir BueceesoTa.t
• Pyraid’B wm tHmidaled into Er^lbh, for the Hakluyt
SoeieWrom the ThW Fwach Edition of
H. C. P. Ball, of tho Ceylon Civil Sorviao. Two volujnw, laST-lfiTO.
LOf Frmrf’s Voyaas, four Fmaah ^tiom wdto ^
(ono voluiM, avo.) ia 161U the sBooud (ta;Q vdui^.
iha thW ttwo votoiom. avo.. ooaUuoing J ecabulocy)
in 16191 and Isat (oa& voluM* ui taj
t “ OortBritiildinllnoIlM U, ihoMitdivO Wanil*,aotMtoftl.*I^tcb
brfoM US. is /ounifod «i (A« /rtv «’.« ortd «“«'* i
thoir ooondeiMM in oar attflclutLBiit and oTir power, .
Iht fEudaiOTitB, Hist ot HoUand, and subsequcotly oI Grswt Bntiwn by
placing IbaniBolvaH, of their OW" aecord, uoditT t O p™ i'C ion _
BncHHGive GovummenlB In (^loa Ttio profien p J
ul the UaidivM is that of it Slate, under tho ead
prOtectOTolo of tfao British Govartinwnt In Cej' oO—a lOa , j
rimilar to that of tho Kirg ol tho Mo of Man irilh
ostabMuid by Tnaity of A.P, 12l2.”-Itell. The J/oWir* lebtrel*.
AppcTidix A, |jp. I23r
.fOlTE>At, (CEYLO!*)-. [Yoh. XXVJI,
S
In the years 13:H-1836 a Surrey of the Mj&Ldire Archipelngd
was qndjprtakEn by Captain MoTCsbj, at the inatonoe ef the
Bombay Gorommeutj since such a Surrey was urgently
necessary in the intemsta of hfaiiae Coanneroe-
On this occasion Licutcnaiita Young and CbTislopher spent
at the XaldircB, and almost exelueirely on island,
two to three montha^from June 4 until August 17 and Sep¬
tember Oj lSi34;^ respectively^ They sufFcied scvefEly from
fover* but were able durtng their stay to make a eenea of
important observations on the country and pcoplei govarmnent
and commeroa^ mannerB, customs, and languago^ which they
flubficquently coUected into a iffraotV-*
This is full, and (until 1833 was) the most recent know¬
ledge of the ]bI41di ve Islands available. It must be conaidm^,
so far as it goea^ credible and reliable^ but Is, at the preacut
time, scarcely up to date^
• Mttmnr cm ih£ ihe Maldiva by Ligutcnanta
J, A* Yctm^ and W. Cbriitophi^, ol tho Indian Navy j TrvTHKEcrumj */
Ae QtJtffmphiial Socittjf, Bombaij, L, pp, 53-86, €f. Captain Momby'i
CHI 1^ Mc4dii»cu»- lew. cil., pp, i 02-1 ns.
Among other natlcaa oi tba AiaUivca and their inJiaMtonUi
nrs 3L Habbluidt, 1>« ^tij/ur der det MiUfditien,
Mittboiluagen (kr Anthropctlagii?; flmllaeHart m Wiraip ISSS^XVllL.
p. 20 mq.; Boaut, und OciHir AllBland, 1891, LXrV.|
pp, 16, 3fi, 67. C/. Dtf Maidivmy Acstandp 18S7. LX., pp. 701-704.
f BeJJp The Afdjdiri lefand*, p. 3i»
Extra No^— sttLoiriAN usquistic ercrDiES,
9
I*—THl MALDIVIAH LAHGUAGE.
After theBe genem] preliminaTy rcinarkB, I now come to the
l^ffildivian 3 Longu^go itself.
Out Imowledge of this is very scantyp and almost entirely
confined to the TocabnJaiy.
Vocabularies,
We possess two Vocabulancs,* whioh^ however^ can lay no
cbiim to completeness.
The first originated with 1602-1607^ and appeared
in the Second and Third Editions of his Vcffjaga fliu: /ndfcA
Orienfoiej.t
The second Vocabulary was compiled by Christopher during
his stay in MAH in the year 1834, and in 1S41 was printed
in the Journal of the E&fjitl A^iafk Soddtt. J
E^p^rd'fl Vocabulary was snbiiequeQtly publiahed again
by Gray, and compared with that of Christopher. §
Gray's Paper is the first attempt to dificover the connection
between the Maldivian and Si^lialese laugaa^ea.
A number of Jlaldivian words are found in Bell's bookp ||
already tnentioned; a few, too, which show the identity of
* Sqo Appen^it Ed^
I A nustek^. Pyrud'ri MAklivian ¥DQsbuUry appeaffid in na oditloii
of hxK save tbo third of 1619 .—B., ^cf,
X F«a&ujdiry of OniBpifcd by Uautoiimt
Chrifftepharp I.N'.; coitonmiicated to tba Bonibay Brsacli of llie
R.A8. by J. WiJuii, D.P. Journal^ E,A lS4l* VI. p pp. 0.
I Ofsy, Tha MdMite lihnd* : wM'iA a Vocahtttar^ takmfrcm FranfOtV
Pyrard lU L^pal^ I0e2-1'&&7+ Journal, PA.Sr, 1^178, now X.,
pp. 173^209.
A sodoB q( ifloliited romarts u sl«o Jound La E* Kului, Efefeer dm
aritchm drM WorUehai^**- Eitnmys-
bet, dot K, Setyer^ Airadn'mis d. W,., Fliilg&i-PhilDL nnd Hi^tup CL IT.,
I A7a n ma vd'
II ^ Tht MiUdi» /ftmidi. I»S3.
« 17-18
10
B.A.s. (ceytjON). [You XXVII.
the langimgo which ia spoken oa MinLkoi with that of the
M&ldivitin IslandB, occur in the communicatiOD of Ko^aet
provioualy mcutionod.
Texts,
Ab regards tho to^ ol the ililEiivian Language, we posaeBS
(in print}, up to the present time, only three Letters: one was
hthograplied in and tmnalated by Christopher; *
another by Bell ; f ^ third m given in Bermett's aad iti
London, 1843, along with an official tmn8latioii.|
The last-mentioned Letter, however^ is inLknoun to me. |
I myseif began my Alaldivo coiicotiDn (of words^ phrases,
&o,) in the winter of 1895-1 S&6, diniiig my stay in Ceyloq*
Afl related in the Aecount of my Journey, I had the
opportunity of mooting a Mi&ldivlan of high rank, Xbrihtm
l>tdl,|| in Colombo, and, from his information, putting together
a vocabulary, as weU as a numbor of Mdidivian pamdigms
and sentences.
My material has eonvinoed me that only by a collection of
new texts esn wo expect to further Qiir M41dive linguistic
studies.
Since my return (to Germany) I have kept up an unbrokon
correspondence with my cxceUent Sh^haloso friend, A. Mendis
Gunos^kata, Mndaiiydr^ and it is to him cspeolaUy that 1 owe
the fact that 1 am now in a position to publish some can-
tributions to the investigation of the Mhldivian Language
which I hope are not without value.
I Hcnt sflntencea to Mudaiiydr Gunas^kara which 1 wished
to have transbtei He succeeded in discovering an Indian
• Joumat, , IMl, VL, pp. 44-15,73-^4. [Plmte IIJ.—B.* EdJ}
f ndh TAtf Mdlditig /jJaridt, pp. 7S-SL [Plate tV,— Ed,}
X Bennett, and iu CapahilitUt, London, 1843, ^ee Ball, toe.
Cft, p. tH* mate L whore the trantlation of a fuxthor M4ldii«dKii Letter,
given in C^pbeU'^a^^E^brrwM in 1„ pp, 191^200, U mentioned,
j fitninfj&ar. dtr K. Ba^^r, Akedeuue tL W., 1S0G, pp, 213^^15,
\\ A- IbrAhizn Didi Kffendi, DerMnv^oa-kilagef^u^ Prime Minister tc
Mitt Highimai the SultAa gf the Mikhvee,— Ed.
11
Ko—1019-1 MluJiviAx osGinano stcihes.
Tittrehftat, named Sheik All, nt the time refliding in Colombo,
but Tfho bad lived for many yea™ in the Slaldivefi, and spoke
the languai^ as his mother tongue.
Communicating with Sheik AU (who neither wrote nor
spoke English) through the medium of Sbfhafeao and Tan^,
the Mudaliyir delivered the sentences written dovm by him
to tia,e for furtlier elaboititioiL*
Vocatanl^LG^ in Eorope.
In oonclnsion. I have to mention the MAldivian materiala
which are ionnd in Eutitptan i)iiin*riw. 'They am cortninly
not very plentiful ; and. as far as 1 know, have not hitherto
been adequately valued by any mquiror. f
“ Copen ba gen Voeabulary.”
Krst, a short mannseript Focaiwiiry o/ fAe J/dMiewn
ianfiMffe is found in the library of Copenhagen, t By the
kind mediation of Professor FauaboU, I received the manu-
script at Erlangen, and was able to enter its contents Into
ray li^t of Maldivo words.
The Maldivian Writing | employed in this Vonjabulaiy
a quite unique stylo, differing considerably from the Writing
which 1 learnt, and which is used in the (two) Letters quoted
feolow*
In the little manuBcript I also diBcovered the original of
a Maldivian misaive which Sultdn Muhammad Mn’in-ud-din
* It ia with ploMnn that I svail uyMlf olthii opportimity ot pubUcly
thsakiag my Ltive Mpem. I thst in A,
Mndaliyfir. 1 found a mac speoiolly fltted to act as ^ mtcmio^ty.^
Ot ihoLild bfl t/mphi^twEfd that tJw PchcOariy Mudaiiyir mufft not, of
ba ia (uiy wity tw-'ld nMiponslbl* for wme doubtfiil nmdftnn^
wluEih ii&%^ mpi inJto tbo PnoCeisBor'B tffluscripta hpft?
tliorop w^ra.—B.* EdJ]
t Sw Anpcndii B-—t j *
X I tho Gopoabagtm 7oc!obular>' by K.V.p tlus Lopdo
Vocabo-lftiy by L.Ys , _ .
I Pniff»«ir Oeig^T haa rust fepioduMsd imy of ihi* wri fug
infra, 32, toph it ^^7 ^
tAjca filph&bftt givcai ftt bottom of Ma Table [Plate LJ.—
12
JUTOSfAL, aji.S. (OBTLOJr). [VOL. XXVll
fckandar sent to the English GoyoTnor in Colombo (EOI.DBcr
ttAHOEEAsp)* This IB doubtless tho Suitin of that name
who in 1790 tfiioocoded to the throno of his father, Haaan
Ndr-ud-din
“London Vocabulary.”
Secondly, in ibo Libmry of the London India Office k A
FoeaAufwy, Penian and t printed fa Calcutta,
1808, and formerly belonging to the Biblioduca Let^niajta.
In this book the Malndiviaa translation of every word is
entered, with a few ereeptions, by a native of Hlmiti (fa
Jfilandu AtoUj, muned Haaan-bfa-Adam.
Mr. Tawney was so kind aa to send the book to me, and
with it a bundle of letters; from which it appeara that Rome
ycani ago, according to Mr. BcU'a wish, it had been sent to
Colombo, He Hhowed it to some nativn MaJdiviana, who were
to eiamine the Vocabulary; but they came to the conclusion
that it waa full of mistakes and errors, and of little or no
value^ J
This correspondence was indeed discouraging to me ‘ but
1 did not allow myself to be <faterred fr^m putt^ the
Vocabulary to a test on my own nccoimt, and preparing a
copy for myRcIf, ®
The rejBult at which I arrived is bappUy much more favour-
abJe. I regret to be obliged to aay that tho ifaldivians
whoso aid Mr. Bell sought, clearly did dot take much pifa s
m the ™tter: perhaps they did not possess the nccessarv
knowlcdgo of PorHian and Hfadifalani.
At any rate they were fa error fa calling fa question Hasan-
bm-Adams kno wledge of thoir mother tongue, t
parti^ukr. are ^»*dcd The^^„f
jmT ne9^i8as,^”S; ^
t ^ { cm pA^ II, PtJpfti ,—Ed
the bundle ol Jetton. - kindJ^- wV
13
KxTaA No,—^19l&.) mXi.h tutaji uxQuiaTic
The London Vocabulary ** (which 1 have now to deal with
on tho basifl of my own observations) indeedj not fftso
from erroraj and a oonsidorablo number of words contained
in it can bo rejected at once as worthless. But the mifl-
takes can be partly explained on the general ground that
the M&ldivian language does not po^es an absolutely fixed
orthography^
The wordfl which I characterize as worthless are not to be
set down to the ignorance of the translator, but arc explained
by the praiseworthyj though naturally impracticabb, ea*
deavour to givoi whereyor posaiblOi a translation for every
Persian and HinduaMni word.
Thus, there are iu this Vocabulary nuiuerous words
technical termai Ac.) for which there neither are* nor can be
found, oquiyabnte in Maldivian,
In such Cases, Hasan^bm-Adam got over the difficulty in two
ways; either he gave instead of the tmnsbtlon an oxpbna-
tory paraphrase, or he transliterated the Fersian (or perhapai
Arabic) or Kindiiietani word into tho SiAldivian alphabet.
Of the paraphiascs "—using thb eipression on account
of its ahortness—many are quite intelligible* and at least
show us that the tranalator understood bis task-*
Thus, for example, the grammatieikl terms singular " and
"plural(p, 133) are written by him as eb bas, "one word,"
and oragA^ BAS j “ many words/^ Instead of ■ ^ barren " (of a
woman)* ha says (p. 116) Oabi mai nvvfi/* she docs not become
mother of a ciiild/^ The Porslan wild goats, bo
transbtea (p. 39) closely by fabudada aiAxf bakabi, “ goats
on the hilb,"
Many of the paraphrases may indeed bo real terms; for tho
parapbrasing cxprcssiciua do not seem at all strained to the
Mdldivians, and are also found in Christophers Vocabulary.
Thus, for instance* ma-Fm^-stAu, “chw-flower,” for
roae/^ the same expression being foxind in L,Vi, p. bi-
* Soo footnote t on page iwjijnQ.—Bw* Ed^
JOUBNAt, B.A.S. (OETUDN). [Voi^ XXVlL
The verbjr(Ti^u^KUiajr,“inak€hot ” = "cook "; us^kurI^s,
Mute high, J LuLDTI OAJJijrAK^ bo anrl
otbors which occur in L.V., do not diffcrp ns FCgnids thcij
method of formatioop from verbs like sus-ienBjifj “ empty ” ;
"lower"; BiAus CAKyAjj, "bo afraid,” in Chris-
topher.
Thfl fwpresfiion arimra slibA jdBu, " tho man vho kiila
pooplo " (p. 104), for “oxccutbnor,” wo shnU meet below, in
tho story of “The Wise Judge*" Conasquently, otbois,such
OB DAptJ koM afHU, "the man who tUls tho fields" =
“ countryman ’* ; or ro$i vikkA adnu, “ the man who sells
bread " = " baker," may reaUy be Maldirian and constantly
used. Wo find also in Christopher expressions like DACapiT
TAp.i itimrS, for "smith."
A really pretty and well-considered pampbraso is, for
example, hau-eo^I, “ fiower enclosure,” for " ^rden." The
word, which might perhaps have been apt, o6tf, is well known
to ourauthoi: it occurs in soTeral places; but here he evidently
avoids it designedly, because it has tho more general significance
of “ yard," corresponding to the Anglo-Indian “ compound." *
Further, as regards tho Aiubic, Ptorsian, and Hind » s tAnf
words which ooenr in MAldivian guise in L.V., these are not
Very auMErou^.
As eiamplcB, I mention (a) the namea of the Signs of the
Zodiac (p, 4), like hamalu. "Aries” *= At. hamal; ahabb,
" Leo ” = At. aead; [*) expreseions from the LOAmio faith like
BABl," prophet”; taiJ, "saint"; latitiu," religions leader”
{p. He); aa well us (c) words like mloA," will,” " resolution ”;
EABUfiu, " agreement " ; iHASALAtu, " goods ” (p. B4);
KUBis, "oiplaia" (p, m -, Persian pnufei) ; fieubo KuniE,
coaaidc r” (p. 08 ); and many others.
* For ^garden won|g are rwogniMd at
»f“ p««y"
Extra —1910.] ailLDtriAF EixotnSTio sTtmi:^. 15
1 abi^dy mid that thcsa wortb can fa« «limkiatcd as
worthless—kast for our ackutifio purposes. But it moat
be mentioned emphatically that many of them, aa a matter
of fact, may belong to the M4idiTian voeabulaiy, which has
borro\^^ a good d;^l.
As regards doubt regarding the unreliability of the L^Y.,
this IS refuted by the fact tbatp without taking the Numerals
into account, I batnts counted, in round wimberB* five hundred
Words which also occurj^ in like form and with the same
meaniag, in Giristopher’a list. By this its correotneea Ib
proved.
Further, it is nob credible that all the remaining words
which occur in the LnY., but are miadug from Chrisiopherp
should be worthless.
Moreover, I am in a position to prove the correctneBS of a
whole $eriee of words (whiob have not been quoted otherwise),
either by compariaoiL with my own collection (Geig&r), or by
etymology.
Some Maldlvinn Words In Ibe «London Vocabulary.”
I subjoin the list here, with the observation that it is by no
means exhauatiye. But it is natural that 1 (in Germany), bq
many thousand miles away from the laud of origin, was not
in a position to verify all the new wordj of the L.V.; and for
thk mason cepeoiallj deplore tho fact that this could not bo
done at the time that the L.Y. was in Bell'a hands, and hk
ht&Idivian helpers were there.* I do not doubt that among
the words whose eOrrectiLE^ss I cannot coufirm—preliminarily,
at least—^tbere are many tmo M&ldiviaii words^
1, ADU^f, ** ointment for the eyes [p. 34} = Goigor,
; S. ; P. Forms with^ and without,
the ante-eoneonantie nasal am vew frequently found close
together. I heard uanOIT, “ moon ; HV. (p. 3), HAun:
Christopher haa HApu, but the Derebral ia oertamly incomsct-
* S«<3 footnote t B.. Ed.
1® joubital. b.a^. (csyion), [Vot* XXvn.
I wrote “ ocean '*: Christopher sad L.V. {p, 8) have
ICApu. CJ, alw Xofl. 21, 31, 60, following. In these oases, it
appears to mo that there is a difference of dialect •
2. Aorr, “prioo,” “ saloe ” (p. 74) = Geigor j S- ago ;
P. aggha ; I^V. (p. 136). acp^vIk, ** bo worth,” “ to cost ”
3. ABiKApi," aide ” (p. 19) = Goigor; K,V., '* rib,”
4. A3E] KIRiTS, “ black pepper ” (p. 5d) ‘= Geigor. as^
KDir^S.
6. ATI, “sunahino” (p. 2) = Geiger; K,V.; S. am; P.
dtapa.
6. baioAda’, “ pions man,” ” belicTici ” (p. 178}= Gei^r,
ba>iyXda^' ufti£^, “man of good habits "; opposed to kIct t
]dHE\
7. BUBIKA^I, “ back ” (p. 18) = Gcigor; K, V.; Christcpiier
baa only bubi.
8. BUBiroApir," wheel of a cart " fp. 78) = Geiger.
9. BA^,tJ, “horn" (p. 41) = Geiger ; S, dala ; P, ddfhd,
” tooth.” The meaning “ horn ” was also conGimed by me.
Christopher hos only eddalo, “iTory,” e.p.. “elephant’s
tooth.”
10. DSLi, oharcoal " (p. 9) = 8. d^i; Christopbor, beu
“ ink ” = L.V. (p. 127).
11. DKTi, “ demon " (p, 2) = S. des, “ good deity” ; P.
devB.
12 EK3rAs,“tocome”(p.lS2) = S,cntt. I havo recorded
AJiTfiN,
• If penbanoo aoumfed, the jr is never leriuen, ia lucij and xinij
Aecordiii^ %o the M£L& BiaivlertL ^ *
Such forms, in tlm "London VoonbiilHy.^^aa, initr aiia. isncls fop
Assto. rirap (oldef, f« 10^*^^
farsAy^A, oOBrr for nAatoiAiif, sufficiently aitwt diffoniw of
dubet'' weU Lnown to eiiiit even nt the pnMeat day, onij quite to te
espented. between tlie c«t«] Maid AtoU typen&d that of Atolls to thg
nonth, ^teding, doobtlcss. a « ntury nr more ego. A'f landt Atoll, where
the aathoT of the ** London Toeslirilary ” (MdhiiTlaq) lived,—B., £<f,
EmtA No.—MXmrviAN psiQbtstici fircrniis. 11
13. “to begin " (p. 186) = Geiger. Cf, S. pai&n,
“beguming”i pafan gannu, “to beginP.
jKiffMpeii. With respect to the equivalence of M&ldivian
^ fltnd Siqhnlefis see Geiger^ LiUmiitiT tifid Sprache det
Singhaleiien {/nd* Gnff., 1^ 10), p. 88.
14. TATAS, “ ditch(p. 92) = S. paia^, “ deep pit,“ " ffeU.”
15. fatueAn, " spread out" (p, 190) = Geiger i S. palui^-
vanu; ^^pailhunUi.
10* FikX^w, “ clear," “ open ” (p, 168) = S. pahafa ; P.
pdkafa.
17. fIlait, bridge ” (p. 7) = Geiger i S. pdlam^
IS. FEFALi, " ted eoml ** (p. 49) = Geiger, Fofau. I
conjcetiire that in hJW there is a slight clerical error, and
FOFALi is te be read,
19. FKtriJiJAj "tooccur” (p. 1S6) ^ 3. petunu; P.
20- FIDDIYA, " gall ” (p. 22) = S. pit ; R ptiUi, “ gall " -h
diya^ “ waterp**
21* FiDu, *'*' buttocks ” fp. 44) = Geipr, FflfOu, “ hips.*^
22. fobttvAit, “to cover,*" “clothe {p. 184) = Geiger,
Cf, below, IIL I : 17* S* paruvanu ; P. pdrCipatl,
23. PTJHkN, to ask " (p. 189) = P. puccAoli. The word
vfl of especial interest, because a Sinhalese equivalent is no
longer preserved.
24. fcteAn* • * to fill" (p. 192) =s S. pum^u; P. p^retL
25. oiniYA, cart {pp. 62, 7S) = Geiger ; Sheik MU
olpi'DApi, “ j'oke."
26- ooMAi, ouKAruLU,prluce ” (p. 108) = Geiger, goma,
“princess/"
27. oin, “ excrenieut"" (p. 23) = S. ff**; P* g^ha.
28. hapIn, to chew ** (p. ISl) = 3. Auj!»inu,
29. itA^LiN, “ to make a noise "" (pp. 26, 182) =e Geiger,
** to bark ” : ktttte" EALiiiA^lYt ^ ** a ha rking dog. * "
30p haett, " hard"" (p. 25) Geiger* Sec below. 111. 1; 16.
31. lUAiGApu^"" body "" (p. 15) = Geiger, uARiOAJfpu.
D 17-18
IS
JOITRNAl^ (CBTLO^i). (VOL XXVII.
32- HATURU, ** enemy(p. W) = S. hcUuru^
M. HiSFAT^ “ millepedD ” {p* iS) = hAs^ L,V» {p+ 150);
hAhe% GeigeFp thonaand” + taT^ EaI, L.V. (p- 20); EAl,
K,V.; wi, Chrifitopher, “ io&t/*
34. HEiLASp “ ftWBke ” (p. 1S3) = Geiger. nfiLtrS, be
Rwake/'
35. HTETTp thongbts (pp. 93t IS^j) — Geiger, Hrm^ ; S.
Ailtt; F.^Uia.
36. RuoUp “ asafcEtida ” (p, 33) = Sans.
37. utnAjj, " to flit" (p* 183) = S. ipdinii p" F. tidati.
3S. miisAj ** to wt " (pp- lS3p ISO) = Geigorp Djtt&li'A; S.
hiiinu; Pr&krit cittfrai. The s in nti^A ia perhaps simply
written by nxlatake; but the K.V. iikcwiAe hag lEJDt: In
just the fiame way Hirolp and mJBi are also
mterchangeable,
39. iTtr» (p. 57) Oiger. Cf. L.V. (p, 81), frir
AJTDA mIhu, man who bakes tiles.” The word la inteieetmg :
it correspanda to the Sanskrit or in Sinhalese
it IB wnnting.
40. KAKO*" blind ” (p. 23) = Geiger \ S. ; P. M^.
4L K£:KTJKlr “ cucumber ” (p. 60) = S. ,■
42. KiBdp “ crocodile ” (p. 45) = S. kimbul; F. kumbhila.
The disappearance of the fum! l m purely ])rl4]divian. Cf, utf
root.” but snriiK^ “ a root ” i mA, " flower ” (Geiger), but
iAAi£\ a flower/*
43. KiRAi>rp “ to weigh ^p. 205) ^ S. kirai^u.
44. sxai-MAi," nurse ” {p. 11) ^ S. kin-man^ P, kMra +
mdin,
45* KOLUi “ cheek(p, 17) = Geiger, k6 (c/. 42) ; P, cos.
Perhaps = S-
40* KOEU, laiciB " (p. 24) = S. h>m ; P. kko^.
47* kotabibi, " coriander ** (pp, 37, 69) = S, kolurnbum.
48. EOjjA, ** child/" “ son " (pp. 10.175) = Geiger*
49* EutEir. " to pby (p. lOl) = S* kdim ; Sans. Ida-
tfOti, kAddy(Hi.
Extra No*— 191&*] ■wti.n tvtAj; usatriaTIC stcoieS. i®
60. ETTHTiBAir " young coconut ” (p* 66) = Geiger, ku-
anMBA ; S ittii^iTidd.
5L i^trSTTp spot/* ** tlm^ " (p. 28) = S. lafcHnti ; P,
lakkhaKvi.
52. aiADOl^, " a weight ” [p. 120) = S. ; F. man-
jitthd.
m£va, " fruit (p. 64) = Geiger; Persian l L.V*
54. MUGO^i, “ Icbnoamon (p, 41) = S. magafL
55. MUi^, ** aso/^" hatchet ” {p. 84) =. Geiger.
m, SAiM^w, “ to dance '* (p. 183) S. mi^nu ; P. ™i#a.
57^ NiAPTETi^ insight/'" understanding ” (p, 135) ■ bettor
" Intolligent ■' = S. nuvan^tu
58. srri, “ Jotter'' = Geiger. Cf. below. Ill. 1 : 21-
50. sukgak, “ tax/’ “ toll ” (p. 112) ^ S.
(30. TABU, “arrows ” (p, 56) — GoigEf* tam&v i S. f^ba i
P. /SamftAa.
61. TABUBn-MATr, “lottis Bower ” (p. 68) ^ S. tomturw; P^
idmaraea,
62. T AT.A ^" palate “ (p. 18) = S- tolJfi.
63. TEO, “ pot ” (p. 60) = S. t^li; P. iMU; Saiui. MMH.
64. untTNp " oven/" hearth,” " firepbee " (p. 60; on p. 0
incorrectly written adctst) = Geiger, unuK» uwnu ; S. udvn;
P. vdffAuTUi.
65. wn^ “ twig (p. 66) = Geig^er, ofi,
66. UQE 3 ?, to learn ” (p. 185) = S. wganntt; F. uggn^UlL
67. TrKiTi.u, privy parts ” (p. 19) = S. ul^l, hip.^'
68. ** hollow/* hob ” (p- 153) = S. umap
(Aanfnv).
09. vIda surIn, take revenge ” (p, 90) — S* mkEa,
“ ragOp*^" biryj*
70. VEHKjd, “ it mins " £p, 185) = S. oaAtnii / F- mssati-
71. \rfYl5'iB:l-VBRij merchant ” (p. 73) = Ge^r. Sec
Ul. 1 r 22.
20
JOTTENM^ (CEVUDN). [VoL, XXVII.
IU--TBE HALDIVlAfl WRITING.
In the Mitwr m th& In^icAiianu of the Maidiva hhjtds hy
lieuteiuiiitB Young and Cbrietopher theio Ls the following
itimark on tho M&ldivian Alphabet :—
“ The different written oharactera foMnd cn tOEnbatone^ on the
MdJdivn iHlandf nre of three kuida. The moat ancient are coiled
by the nativos DEWKm HAnimA, which in all Mkolihood were uaed
by the firat uUiabitimtfl, but now tho knowledge of them is ne^lv
lostp being condoed to a few individu^s. In tlie Soulhom AtoUa
a knowledge of this writing appears to have bocn retained longest,
for it ia not remembored in tho Kbrthem one* at slip whereas
orders aro now writtoii at maiA ui ihh character for the inhabi-
tonta of the Southem Atolls. Ko old tmmiisoripts with this
character are preserved. One peculiarity in the alphabet is, that
aome of the consonante change tlioir formoocording to the voriona
vowEil-sounda with which they ore unitodp the construction of tJle
letter being altogether different. This character is written from
the left bond.
“Ttio next ia tho .ImtiV;, which ia writtcra in two dllTercnt
wayB. the old and now; but tho old moihod of forudn^ tho lottos
ii now diocontmued. Protn the «ppetinuio« of the tombetonca it
ia evident that tho pswem; chnriKter was in use prior to this, for
tho freehest inscription in that character hoi® more signs of ago
than wo liave aeon in the Arabic, Tho mnllitude of inwrip-
tione in the latter cliaroctcr ia an ovidonno that it was very
extonaively spread and known throughout the iatinid« jjoth
these ehareetcra were invariably carved in relief, TIi® modem
Amite charaotcr was apparently mtroduued about the same time
ac tho presont native writing.
modem alphabet contains eighteen loitere, and is called
by tho natives oABAturANi. There m® some auxUIary IctlcrB
m it, derived from the AnMe and PorMtm, in common use but
not included in the alphabet. It ia written from tho right
hand, und was introduced when the Portugocso garrison were
overcome, and Muhammndankim re-established hy a Chief and
men from the Korthem Atolls, and is now used thronohout the
Islands. , . . . ^
21
Extra Xo.— 1910.1 MAt-inviAS USGUISTIC sttrotBi.
” There are eeveral IdmU of tAna writinf?; and we are melined
to tly Ilk that the otie at preBOOt ii^ed woa not bo Benen*lly ado|itcti
iinti] within the last fifty years, aa many toinbatoneH are evidently
inscribed In a character differing from the CABALi-TArrA : tlie
iettere* at leaatt have a different eonndp and tho sign3 uaed for
vowels Ate diBeteni.
*" Letters of tho alpfiahet are naed aa muneralB^ and they rockon
by twelves^ as we do by tana,** •
Alphabets.
iu the Table f w'hicb 1 have added to these Studied aU four
AJpbabeta an? given complotoly*
The first twOj (reproduced) in Caiumiiii I. and FI.j origEnato
from the London V^ocabulary/* in which they are entered at
the end, with the remark that the first is oaUed the i>iv£hi
AKTTB u Alphabet, J
The Alphabet in Column III. is (oopied from) the one which
Christopher gives as the **Ancient Form" of the Maldivian
Alphabet. §
• Tniiua^h^ffLi of ihi icqj SoewiPr Bombay, f,, pp, tlfi—OW,
t Btw Plate I.—B., Ed.
I Phctt^^rapbiij FQprod aetlE>a of eivas .vixTBArnTt^' sb givon
iq the "Irondoa Vocabulary/* and faithfally troNGod tharcrroai by
Sir. D, L, Ferera, Mohajijdirmii.p Head DraU^lltHniUl. {and lalc-r N^liii'r
ABs^i^tant), Arctueotogical S^urv^yi, during tha ahert tirao tho bank waa
in Mr. BolFs hands at Anurddhapura, Appears in PlntD V. L,
Ab will be acen, tha cliarBcters ani nwre cacefiilly deiifv^atcHl (dota
and dasliOB^ wLof^ g>von» boiog slionn) than la Qloigcr'a Tablv^ Colxiinns
I.p IL [Plato L]; which* mexoavmt^ rvccrm tho proper order of the
aalimina in Uin - ' Loodoa Vconbulary EkUd starid with n motead of k.
—B., EdL
I Sob Plato IL for Iho Plata of Gomparativti Alpbnbota ^iven by Gray
{Joumaif 1S7S^ Dowsoiioa, X,).
ChiiatcpborB copiea of tha ^ncienii JXdIdiw (ev^h^a.) acd Modem
M6idiVE (o abVLiI xAna]! Alphabi M wore raproduced oortee tly by Gray;
excopt that ChfistopbDrt qd the one hand* bcgB:a his Aiphabots from n
to Tp. folio wad by k to whibt Gray, for hia part, rovoraod this oniBr+
Both group the eight (3) loitem^ extra to tlio ordinary eightoon (181*.
Ulna t Foiuon ch, t / Aimbla r^ f, ffh, ih or
Gnigor, in hi? Table CTloto L}, hoa altered Clinstophor'a Snttor
tranicripte m* cn, aUp and th or to n* €, i (headed by snaoU
v), Graok a, and t (uodtirlincd), bosides soWtitutlog the ngn * for
GhrutopbeFa *vimsi tnE^hteratioR* Ha oddi the S.—B., Sd.
JoitRnai,, b,a.s. (CEYLON). XX\TI.
®““y. < giw tk> Modem Writi„. „ [
ana nuke ^ senes ot obserYatiotis on it.
MaldiTlan Writuig.
VVfl are still far from a history of the Script, aod any
fcr^achmg c^elusian wo make inspecting the character of
the Jlaldivwn Wntmg must bo cousidcred rash and uncertain,
«'>P«-i>hotosraphs. wham this is
posaibifr-cf the mscriptioiis still e3d8tfng.
m oSfm ‘r
^wnxn HL, Gray has alitady written.
f Twelfth Ceatuiy Inscriptions, by simply placing the resnee
tiTc signs side by aido.f
In s^le cbaracteis the ngreoment Is, in fact, immediately
P«™pt.bK Ila sign for P (11) .ambles the
^ rh'^‘ ‘""r'* *” ““
nc case with the signs for n ( 3 ) and t fni ■ {» *k
^ for M7) ™i . (15, ,h, ^ X
r b..io.,tionU.wtoh, ra,^phort “Old" WritingrmJly
C.plW),boot isas, L ,b™ Om. So"*"'*
M*W ollteiaj.. ftppT^ aaf^W rf r.r otWcdtecsted
ftyl* ditfai, f„„ anJwhatXl't^f^ This
Goer's Tsbl^ Cduau. n^ [^atet]
JtA.S.. 1878 , new s«i«, x., p. ]S 3 , ,rith Table.
Extha Xo. — 19ia,] Mii.nr%x4s ixsotrisTic studies, aS
nsprewuta the. oldeM form of M&ldivuii Writing—whether it
fiorreepond^ to tho dtvehi AStTRC.*
If t.Kifl l» the case — and I must remlttid the t^der of what I
have aaid about the uncertainty of our coucluidflnfl—a really
remarkable result will follow.
The (OldJ MAldivkn Alphabet (given by Cbristopber) may
especially be compared with the Sinhalese signs which were
used in the Lmcriptiona of the Twelfth CSentuiy (as has been
done by Gray),
But we know that the period about the Kinth Century was
of out-standing importanoe in the history of Siphaleso tV litiog.i'
Before this, tho universal Aisdkn Script, with extremely slight
modiheationB, vraa in use (in Ceylon). Afterwards a Writing
appears which in general is based on the A^ka Alphabet, but
already stows traits of the Modern Si^hakse Writing. The
revolution k quite sudden and immediate.
This can only bo explained by suppoamg that. La the
preceding period, the Writing used among the popvtore had
gradually de viated from that used in /itacriprion^, so that the
tatter could no longer be imdorstood. For monumental
purposes, also, therefore, they gave up using the old Aidka
Writing of tho lapidaries, and oraployed the more cursive
Alphabet Used in general mtflitioiirei!-
As regards tho Jlildivians, it would follow that they did
not borrow tboii Writing from the Sinhalese until the Ninth
or Tenth Century; or that, if they brought their Writing with
them, they did not settle in the Archipelago before this time.
Jn itself it would be quite conceivable, either that (a) the
Airana coming from Ceylon were the first colonists of the
Maldives, or that (A) they met with an old£‘r aboriginal
population on the Islands.
But wo must first see whether still older specimens of
hfaldivian Writing do not turn up.
* Sw Appendix C.
f OokgDr* Limnjfur Urtcf ^praehn 4€T Sotlion
24
JOCmNAL, ll.A.S. {UEYLDS), [VOL. XXVII,
^'LoDiloii VocabDlaiy^* Alphaliets.
I come aow to tho two Alphabets of the L.V., of whicb the
first ifl siaid to GOfreepond to tko dtvehi aicttr^ *
Tbc Modern MuLdiirion Alpha bet, as is w^Ii known, mnfl
from TijjJil to kft ; the Old Alphabet Is said to haTO had the
reverse direction.
This agrees quite strikingly with the Alphabets in the L.V.
The more recent (of those given in Columns L and n.j
Table) U clearly the direct source of the Modem Alphabet, and
like thisT also, baa the ri^JU to left direotloiL Wo can without
diflaculty denve one from the other, by changing, tn each
letter, the vertical and borkontal stroke (which in the
older form conetitnted the end ol the letter) into a diagonal
line, or, aa—for example—in k, % v (7, 8, 9), by entirely
omitting it.
On the other hand, the Writing in Column D. is clearly a
rever^^ o| the Writing in Coltinm L, which doubtiess mn
from left fo like the Sinhalese, Only the signs for ^ (18)
and p (IS) offer any difficulty. The former appears in Column
II. not as the revetBsh hot only ua a slight variation of the
(equivaleint) sign in Column I.; and in the case of p (18)_t£
the modem (onn of the letter did not contradict it~ooo
might easOy belicvo in a simple interchange of the forms in
Columns I. and H.
We have now, on the whole, got a complete histoiy of the
development of the AMldivian Writing, as (far as) shown in
Columns L, and IV.
• To pTovc]^t cdutii^Dii,, U ahodld be noted that has
lriciiu|H»e4h ftud altered^ -Cokunns L bheI ^ thoy ofltuftJly
in tbo * London Voosbukry."* Th®y ^ ahewu in tlioir (ru^^
order in Pkto V, 1. Thnrefere* when Geiger speaks ui Columct L, the
oecQod column iu the London Vo^uJitxy mturt be imdLivtq^d. ord.
mee veted, Colimm IL for the fimt column.—B.. ^'dL
t To bring out thisi" fevcisaJ of lb& writing akorly, llio Editor
sddMi (Plato V*2) a lAird ^himn to those rcprodiioed Iran the Lemdon
VooabulAO'."^ hy printing through tho beck of Iho negative in the eow
ot the seeaod Ed,
25
Extfa No.—I i>l9 1 sLliDivtAS owornsric studies.
Yet I cannot believe that ths Alphabet in Ck>luiiin I, io
the DWEm AKunu ; the latter mnst^ I thiiikj be much further
removed from the Modem Writing, Gray, however, has
pointed out^ correctly, that the modern signa for the nine
letters h, it. e, E, l. k. a, v are nothing but the
^vumerais 1, 2, 4. 5. fip 7. Sp
I should ILkfi to call attention to the atatemeait in the
Mem&ir quoted above, in which it is asaerted as a character-
ifitic phenomenon of the Ancient Mdrldivian Aiphabetp that
the separate letters appear in a different form, according to
tho vowel to which they are ioined * This iKiinta toanrds a
Writing which is very closely related to the A^ka Alpha bet«
It seems to me that both tho Alphabets itiColumna I. and II.
are only arsAnic vatiati&n^ of Jfodem Alphab^it but are
dijfbfcnf from the XnVKin AKUEU>t
1 shall not lay too much stress on the kft io right ddrection
of the Writing in Column L Tho Writing from right io kft
was certainly first introduced m Muhaimmadan tinies^ It may
indeed have been prevalent for a longer time^ with fluctuations
in its uee. Tho Si^lc^^e Writing wtih always /rvjm the kft^
and yet inscriptions are occasionally found in Ceylon which
have to be read in the reverse direction- X
• Sec AppetMlis C.
f Tho Alphabotfi Dihibitiad in Columns I. sad EL of GoignrV Tsbifl
[Plato I,] leay quite pqambly—iiuhwd not inaprobolily — be, aa tbe
Profetutor suniiMBHp ** arcliHlo vimatSoiui oJ the ModoFEi Alphobot
Tirrij unoe Idl uso on the HAIdivna.
So for, Iiewavor. HO writiii| 5 fl ia pither form have cemo to light.
On tlie otiieir hand^ tlio truo ruvEHt ajlUhII't or dives AKuau, the
Amwnt Alphiibei, Ib weeelenaJly employed to Hh? Bouthfim
Atolia to thifi day. The Editor obUiopd tift-o eopi« oI fAft/uil s^fUabarg
j[o&e rroiQ ceatrai i the otlwf from Fim Miilol^f aliiiost ot thfl
Soatbern limit of the grenp) some yoarH age. Sco Appendix C.—B., Ed
t Empiw prdbai regulam. The «>mpamti\-ely isw lithio toioriptioni
Eeund ie CeykJii whiEh road fio-ni HgAl le l</ft ®tyk*d prtuiirffMi, occur
o?dy at ettPM, and an probably dueto " mMone' froaks," Cavo records
ahew oocasientUly ruither doviationa from the bottiuiI* in tho IdtOT
hifMug (tut upahle down^ aod •Ideways i these abomt Iona bid known ai
JOFItNAL, (CEYUON). [VOL. XX^TI.
2 ti
Maldivian Orthography,
1 should liko to draw atteution here to a few peculiarities
oi M^diviaa orthogmphjj wbioh must bo kept in sight all tho
tuorOp as a fixed system apparently does not exist, and in the
writing of single words variations are observed.
We deal, firidj of aU^ aiih the use of the two signs
ftransliteratod in the Table aa) ja (2)* and ^ (SJ*
(L) Tho first a^p expresses a sound peculiar to the
MAldirianSp to which the (cerebral] f m Sinhalese is most closely
allied. Tho sound is voiy diflicult to describe and to Imitate.
It varied between and ^i is rather soft; and iSp so far
as I could obsorvoT uttorod by putting tho tip of the tongue in
the highest part of the i^alate, and letting the breath escape
sideways between the teeth.
(iiO As a sound value for the x^f&Mivian sign (transcribed
here as) * {8h Gray (following Christopher] gives a. because
it is called by the Maldivians avieni ; just as tho other letters
of the Alphabet (from the first letter onwaidB) are called
IIAVTEPCT, ^AYTESa, NAVlEBTIp RAVIENl, BAVTENl, AC-f
But that is quite wrong. The sign correapondfl (a) more
completely with the Arabic alrpA and kamsa.
It also acts (A) as a support for a vowel at the
of a wordp as wol os usVAia a word when a vowel preocdcs.
In this case it is, of coura;, not taken into account at all in
the transcription of words. The Maldivians write
“ stove " I p“ip “ book " ; we write simply untrsfip yoi. J
* Wntt^xi Bn by Chrut^pher siwl Gray^
t Tlie ilgn for i. bAa tha name lAxn^
J Geigor, Id trying to mprcanit the words^ ceutk aad rer,
iLB th*y ikTO iPTiiAfft by Mildiriana^ ukeis forcuB ia which the vow^
for tj and 0 m added abova^ uid that fort below. These entirely Lgbani
tho ATTEsn (tho avtiLiitioii oE tha duiiictaI a » $ '^} ■
further^ mokts the rapraaoutotioofl read wrengly from left to ri^ht.
A fer cloKT (though equally ugly) approscimntiou to the ar&ldivo
forms Would bo (^J^^Vp tho alga A (inverted v) heitig uaed to
reprt^Bmi the sami-coasDUuii AVmm, tmd (t) with wukun above,
wlthui pareothtsea^ tho coawEtent, ui £n^^h cmfucriibrd t, but fwo-
ftounerd by MdldiviOiDfl as o soft i,—
27
Extra Ko-— iai9.] »Au)ivia>‘ linouktio sruBoes,
But the sign has also («) atuJthor sigoificancc. Consonants
like T, Ti ^ often disappear at the end {of words),
and in their stead (the MAldivian atirsi sign hero represented
by) ■ appears in the writing. The sign is intendBcl, 1 believo,
to denote a closing of the top of the wind-pipe.
This may be brought into agreement with what Christopher
(mys of (the lottor sign) avibsi, that, with the “ sonerN " {i.e.,
vetthmU vowd), it sounds lUco a.* In what Cunas^kam wrote
1 also find o in such a place.
I always write (this aTieni sign as) and am certain that
thifl (uiodo) ifl coiTe<?fe^
My tianslitecation i^* th^refore^ ea' landi [S. * P-
^ ChriatopboT, EAO (L.V., ra', p. Ill); roA', “ betel" = Chris-
tophoi, mvAO; 6', “ camel ” (S. oiu; P- o|!in) -- Christopher,
6o; o’, “ stone (or kernel) of a fruit ” = Christopher, do ; KO,
•- having power ” = Christopher, koo, Gunas6kai». eOO ; ran’,
“abook” - s. potak; e’, ** elephant”(S.ffl} = Christophor, bo.
Tho sign serrefl (d) yot another purpose; it indicates the
dowAh’ntr of a e<^tmajU. ThuB : kU’tA’, “ dog," is written for
kdTtA ; ka'tthi, " warrior,” for satitbi , basraSKALU nAi,
“to the king,” tor RA9RAakAl.ir3nfAl; HA’jt-OAi, “in tho
kingdom/' lor
In both theso cases, too, the eign {i.), which is expressed
by n, may appear (in lion of the avieni sign). In double
tMiiMDTipt sluJWB that Clitiawphw himselt wftjte
wonlt lil» tlw MAldiv* nnij(¥), "all." nlEriwltu), "musket. «
Ktru juui ElxTrcrl^ pDjiag no alteatuin to it hedn^ n*^-
Funhor, hm ih* KUMive 1). ot a)* like, ft* has.
Efl, 00 {the o being *1^1 at thfl end of wortiflj ; KEr*(T}i noK,
td(;t)p *' boofcp*‘ ft* itn ttbo t at end hftTing: mjmd ol *oU
It WB3 hi* Dr. J. WObuq, who fimst pnn/ed thoae (and aimilarly*
t^rminatftd) a* icruV kAetiwI ; lAOs OO; and xkfai.
TOl,—B., EtL
tThe iign, "called hj the MAkiivianH Avwa^ ia moftt nearly
rapreaentedi by tbs Arabic aomi^l a 8in’^oftod v+
Being a baao^lotter Gray rightly Btyloa it a ‘*00030^%, or
^■aemi-comonant.'* " The initial vowelft aw lormed by the gwn-
ocQioniMit a" (k*., tba HAMive adaptation ol Ai*bie a) ^ _with the
appfupriaia voitfei ; mad tb* Hccml of two vowttl* o owing a
JOURXAIi, E,A.!S. (CETTLONll. [VOL, XXMJ^
coniOTiftntBj in tactp itia used m thi^ L^V.: foraaiEtaple, euJJA,
"fibild” (p. 10) i RAJJIHI, kingdom" {p, 112); seeka,
seal'' (p. 71), ajB mttcn ECWl, eaI^bhi,
It miiat be tsndeistood that we cannot apeak at all here oJ
the Botind-ratu^ of But the £act that the sipi^ for had
been coufu^d with the sign ' (adopted hero for avtkHI) can be
explained in two ways.
In as we have already mentionedj ^ Is mute, or
nearly fio: it Is f omied by eioaing the top of the wind-pipe.
Also it can now be aa^umed that In many cases the old writing
waspr&socTcdashiiitorio - ao that one used o^^stone of a frmt,"
in jirniinff, but Jtpoke it m 0^ This might lead to cocmideiing
n as an equivalent sign for ^ (AVil:Kihanda£ing]tas eq uiVabnt.
Histodcal writing ie found in the same way, with (hnal) t
originally pronomc^d. The L.V. has et, “ elephant fat,
leaf i DAT, “ tooth." I myself only heard (these words
pronounced) faj’, daI^ ; and Christopher also writes in this
way, adopting the modem pronunciation.
In point of faot the sign for ^—considering its resembkace
in form to the sign for y—in tiMmwrd apparently reprosents
a nasal sound ■ and hi this caso would bo written fi* Thha
caneonani: i« Qxpreo^ m the SAIUC wy * tlius: OaI i« wiittKii O with
ths vewol iign ' HboVfl), followed by the a with
the vowel sipi * i M ^
In the ]!^cHlGRiMAldivi&n Alphabet (ciABtTlJ t4:sa)— oa eontmst«d with
the Did Alphabet (Dirza Amo} and the Si^heleee AlphAbei—thse
ii ac laheretit vowel ■: accordio^ly conBOiuiCLt bus efther a tuwAf
n^or the hoAhh above » Sii>hal«o at iign) ,jn thv liitt^ caio, if
the raDBonast |bo one that) eaimot take the it i« chjinged to
one (of thesis via., *, jr, w> ^ s± t) whlth ™i."
For A'drufiitflUJ^on (os distiDet from pf^nuncidiien) jt nLi;ght be well
to adept in evsiy ease the partliniliir nttun-merked letter employeii,
pLseing it viiAin parmtAue#, Cither at the tnd of a word os mate, or m
the mAMkt, when used to donbfr lAs prt£^inff OMMefldnl. This would
avoid the Lndietiiietly-msrlced siga ^ eo liable to pase unnoticed.
In tda footasrotoe the preaffat Editor has foUown^d thii pEaru—^B., Ed.
* ChEutophef usee & La tfiuucribing some words (e.y., br^vAyQp
KA^JLntk whm the ^Iwly baa the uasel soimd of the eoasonani
following. He does cot so«ni ever to write it as the jinoi letter baviag
llie Bound of w.—B., Ed*
Extra No.—jiAidiviax wsorjaTtc sTuowa.
imaal sound i» found occaskmally. inatead of tho complotB
TOnl&liing of the consonant, perhaps instead of tho closing
of tho top of ths throat; uud was clearly heard by mo. CJ.
Notes to m, 1:3. It isptcwnU a transitional stage, the
retention of which was apparently rondered poasiblo by the
fhythni of thfi aentetuce.
E^oa ST, whsiTk final, show« a tend’enoy to he pronounced as
a velar* and can then be expressed by that Symbol; and bore
again the closing of tho top of the throat is a further stego of
development,
Thfl forms hIhus. Htarii. siind’, and nimi, '‘human
being," am found, with no distinction between thorn.
Maldivian Alphabet Signs,
in ooDolusioii, two more romarks.
Originally the Maldi™n Alphabet is said to have poss-secd
only the (oightpn consonant) signs (numbered) I to IS (bco
Table). For tho signs (in the same Table, running Irom)^ Ul
to 27 Christopher gives no older forms; and the signs 2u to
27-^imds which genemUy occur only in foioign wortb-n«
also ^fanting from the Alphabets found in the L.V.
As tsgards the signs 19 to 24, and tho sounds which they
are said to express, that for z occurs only in borrowed words:
whilst 5 and t are very mm. the latter being ivg^ilarly
represented by R. On the other baud, T, c. 4 are loimd in
real Maldivian words; although the last two. as in Sipbalesa,
may be rupre seoont devclopcieiita^
'Eto strongest argument a^inst the connection of tho
Modem Alphabet-ond consequently the two Older Alphabets
givon {Columns 1., II., Table) in L-V.^wLth the Anfiiont
Sinhalese, in the form of fiviting the wuwis.
This has been borrowed directly from the Amfua ^tmg
Tho vowel mgns for a. 1 . P are identical with the Arabic fiUhA,
leagra, and damma ; their long equivalents being shown by
doubling the siinplc signs; for b, 6, 0, d the vowel sym af^
new formations from the borrowed material, easily eiplicabte.
30
JOUB^Al^ E-A.8, (CEYIjON). [VoL. XXVU.
in.— AIDS TO KNOWLEDGE OF THE BIALDIVIAK
language.
1.—Sentences in HnldiviaDt with literal Itne-for-Uae
Englisli version.
1. I a^kcd (you} Bomethiiig: (yon) answer give
MA EHi : stJvA® u ois
mufit.
vAwi.
2 , I need a book; the book to tuo gi^*
HAKA B^KCTME FOTE'^ ItQl MA^A BAJJL (or OlL
To that boy’a father 1 it gdvc^
E S0BU-41E BAFAiTa:^ TntAJ^ ETl BiNlM.
4. I gave the book to your biolherv
MA DEM roi KAlJ B^E ATA^
On this tree tho branches bng (are).
MI oahtt-oa’ ori Dtni:. *
6. In OUT garden are fifty-lour
AOASAMEN-OE OAtI-DA' HUB! FANSls HATABU
coconut palms.
Btrsfe.
7. We tlireo pei^oa (ore).
AHARAMK& TlM-MtatT%
5. How many childion are to yoti!
SitA XUDE^ EBA-TlBtlHi EAL^-OE ?
1 have (Of am an] hvn chUdiOTE
^A-aE irai tAa kudi^.
(Is) this a poiffionous snake !
MI TIHA"HABU1-AYE1>TA!
Tbia snake a poiflonous om (snake)
Ml EAB07ATI VEHA-HABurAYESli,
u
Extra XoAi^IB.] MAi-t»mAx uN^suisnc aruDiia.
to.
Honey
Terv sweet thing (b).
itiMin
FARA* FONl EfXJER^.
11.
Of this
ffait the tj^ste sweet (is).
!□
m^fa maha fony^.
12.
My
daii^ter younger (is)
HA-GE
A:^S-OABl-FOLn HAGt
my son
th^TL
jibihrS-dabi-fijia’ furbjS*
13. This tiftB F&iy larga tree (is).
MI OAsi FARA^ BOpU OAHB*.
Tiiia tree hi^er tliat tree thun (m)^
MI GAS TTTTfe E QAHA^ VUBE^i
15. My house soiftller yeiic 110113 ® than (ie)^
MA-GB oi: RUDAY^ KAI,t-GE OMYA* TOBR^*
10. The coconut shell rery haid (is).
FABA^ KARt.
17. Yesteiday very the iwind strong (was);
iYA yara' tAb oab^! ;
clouds covered the sky»
VILA FORUVAiPPi ^V^-
19. The depliant stronger the horflo than (»).
K*' OABAFABAVi AHA^ FUBRiSf.
19. The ftUQ risea; the win rose;
IRU AKAjfI; arAdAnA ;
the aua mil rise,
lao ARUrfe.
20. The Him seta.;
mu ossuj^ I
the fiun win Bet.
mu osa£.Nk.
the aUR e®t;
mo osamA^t;
52
21.
jOTTHNiU^ (cnnxJN). [You XXVn.
22 .
That eonrant to im brou^t
E n6ejb? KA^4 OESii
evening.
TtAVfBU.
Flom the town a Bafisseng&r
EARTJ^ BALiiadHAEU
ft mercbaiit by
Vl^JiwkAl-VEBITA^U FUBCF*
ft letter yeateEdftj
grTTYB’ Iya
* be (timt man)
ix; E wml
woe (the man) eentr
YOSUVESl sriKKKA.
23.
24.
25.
T wrete
MA IJYirSDlE
to eomo.
axk1:S,
Whence
KONTAKITNHT!
ft !pt?ter
StTlYE"
sdo) yon
TTYA
to yoii
KAI^
ceine?
AXEfANl ?
here
All (men)
VES
^lio ffuiftt.
maauyA^ vA^■t.
Sfi.
Do not atrihe that
KU-TALAHA^E E
it will bite
ETl DAE-aEjSlA^'A
dog:
balu-oa" :
you.
KAt.6-nAE-OA^
27.
Sleep well I
OADA Ninit
ThiB child
Ml kitjjA
Are you wellt
KUJl OASA^A?
weeps why!
BONI Kl'VBaEI^?
2S.
211.
30.
That
fnilt fuilB
itfeVA VBTDSl
from the tree
OAHOI^
on to the ground.
BIMAUft.
Of the tree
OAiS-GAjnr-oB
the loaves green (aro).
FAl
Green leaves.
Ymm FAT.
This dresfl white (is). This sand yellow (is).
MI ICEDU^ mmo- Ml YEU BiYBir.
Blood red (is). Tho sky blue (is).
BAi. trpn nui^.
Eitba No.—mAlimtias livopistic srcorts.
Notes to Ill. 1.
1. EC 30 EK*. Tho wori, BccE, or. more correctly, ecoe‘.
means ''thing.*’ “aftsir,” “bot.” Cf. KfJCiaS (lor kcce’J
Ntr-KATI. " heoatflootiiiiig,- L.V., 32, tmiuslation of Perelan
parkiz, “ abstmena; ; Shoik Ali, koi^*ecce*, “what?**
literally, '* what sort of thing I''
2, BfesuME. Cf. Chiistophfir, want," “to
de&iio.” * The -me soema to be an EmpbatLc Particio, isof'
rtaponding to the Si^haleaa -ma,
aOBlT'OB bafIya^i or ^obu-eafAyaSp According to
IbrAhim Didi. ba^A and bapA are iised for ** father” ; the
former belongs to lower elasa, the latter to higher class, si>eeeh.
bafAyaj^ isj I think, the Dative -
The if (as I heaid it) here espresHta the aoimd of a
aiaippearing consonant, which hi this eoso was <7/.
IcBe -fi. The nflBiil Bound appears to bi^ due to the Aindfci of
the conteKt. In moat cases there is a complete disappearance,
or rather a oloaing of the top of the throat; thus, ata (4),
FUi^’ (12), QiHA* {14), OETa’ (Ifi), aha’ (18), ia m every case
the correct w»y of writing; not oeva, eola, Ac. tiwaS is
the Reflective Pronoun; bTI a Demonstrative Fronoun,
4. Literally, “ I the book to your brother’s hand,”
According to Ibrihim Ihdi, ma mpi, I dbKI,
or KA DINI, “ I gave."
5. ^A'or-OAi. Suffix, which indicates plaoe. C/.iqra^u-
Oil, “ in this town ” ; ttA^u-OAi itPHNA Mini (L.V.. p. 110),
“the m'tbe'towH'dweUing Eiiin,” “townsman. To *oa
belongs, as dative, -oAta.v, *qAta*, “towards = b. iapja4a
(111. 3; B 1). The -6 at the cud of the sentence api»esi*
to correspoud to tho S. -yo. Cf. IH. 1 1 A. 0,1^,
0. HURL “Eiiste,” “is.” “there is" == Christopher,
HO?l. Cf. III. 2; 4. 7, &o. _
V^hrifrtoph« -rit» BPSASO, I tlm.ssl.out replsoa H- ^ *
f
JOint:NAL, B-A.S. (CETUOS). [VoL. XXV IT.
7. TlM'JctffD'*! Asaiiniliitioii to? ■xlK'MiHP’. Suct asffl*
milations are frequent overywlicre in Mftldivian, C/., for
example, EABCTAYBT-'TA in d ( = ttABUTATBK-TA); EeBAl,
in m. 3 1 A 3 {for ex-bai>, Ac.
8. EBA-. Particle, I was informed, of tbe Present Tense,
8. -TA. InteiTOgtttivo Particle. The termination -i, in
Ml HAscTAVf, IB used emphatically. C/. also sn oahI, 111.
1: 13; but m oas, HI. 1: 14.
12. BAOTT. “Young,” speaking of length of Uic, In a
genorol sense ^.a k used for “ young," “ fresh,” “ nsw " S.
If. DAW-FiTLn means “ son " or “ daughter ” ; FULtJ is a so-
called honorifio. When required, fieiheS, “male,” and
aiIiheS, " female,•' can be prefixed. For the nse of vure*. c/.
the following Bcnteocee, m. 1: 14, 16. 18.
20. The TonaeB wore told to mo moat exactly in the series
quoted i but it still appears to me donbtful whether AA&ninf
ami oastolxfi are Preterites. Gf. also III. 2; 2D, the Hynonym
mV TiBmnAifi, as Puture, “the sun will set"; tim meatia
“ down " “ low."
21. OExAf. laterally. “ having taken came ho " ss S, gw-
vdya. Cf. UAldivian Ai = S. Atdtfa, in m. 1: 22. Iya he.y-
Dtrtl, " yestcTday morning.”
22. yiyAfAei. “Gain” p. 73). In the sense of
“owner." "master" (h.V., pp. 75, 116). -verI, or -vehsS,
often occurs at the end of a compound word, Christopher,
MAS-vKBdS, “ fisherman ”; aTOLTT-veei (L.V., p, lOD), “nuisl^r
of an Atoll *': Christopher, DAptJ-TERi, “ countryinan.”
23. mi-tasaS. Dative, “ to thk place," “ here ” = S.
nulana-fo.
24. TiYA, or KALfe-YlYA. Tho latter is the more respect¬
ful Pronoun of the Second Person.
2a. Yxa. Acootdiug to Christopher =! “ also"! vksti
appears to be equivalent to the S. dn^.
Extea No,— 191&.] LEsoms-no studies,
26, ETi, Used of animalB and things; fcfA of per&ons,
PronouD, Tl^ Pereon. -oic Bignifies “person.” CJ. sE&oa^
QiTAiE. “tho lion.” m. 3: C 4; HTrAi-oATU-ciA', “to tha
donkey." m. 3: C 6.
27. irtT.iii oada-ta. Acooiding to IbrAhim Kdi. gada
VEVtnL&C.
2S. Ibrthim Did! giviea mfeVA vefbni," the tniit fell: MA
vetuoA, “ I fell.”
—Seuteoees Id StuhDlflse Md with
literal liua-for-llDe English version*
1- Your mother, whero (b she)?
(7mM amtnd, k6f
v^A amX, korIm !
My inothor and father In the house iare)+
Magi amijutt idttai gtdaraya.
MAOS AMi nVA BAIA-^YI tSEDABA-OAL
2. Out aietor in the kitchen Imng,
Api sah<xiari
AltABAME^-Ql BAMi-OAl HUntSOB *
rice ooeke^
b(U Vrpayi,
BAJ eaeka^i.
3. On the Mildivee what Idnde of frtiite
Mdlodivayini mc?#ia g^4^
DrVflHl-BAjJfe-OAl KO^ KAnALA WAF-WALA^A^
" are oultivatedT
vfvi-daf
4. In our island many coconut palms
Api ditayirU fto&oma potgas
iH.taAMES-OB EAJju-ctAi BiTAB piyshi-ect-taS
are.
(i6ei.
snBi.
3 fi JOURNAL, (CElfUlN). [VoL, XXVII.
5.
6.
7*
01 nuta Mtjt tlio pric* how g™t {is it)?
Cftd^ pai^kaka^ mila ko^paTrta^-da f
FANEiS AOA 3
W* ol coconut-palni wood our houses
Api pol4i-valin api gi
AHARA^illl^ BITEHI'RUiCA^ Oft-TA^
build*
tddamuva.
alamet^.
On those iabnda uata very nuoMroufl are*
6 dimpinveUa m\^ ifd hohd^a.
M UATTAKF-»0AI StfOA-TAl^ YABA^ OINA-KO’ HUBt.
They (rata) to the cocomit palais
Otfhu pot-g€tA~mla^i
B biIda^a' eot^a’
bartofu] aie.
dnllcird^ haraii.
halAk-eubA takaooa mvt.
8. Of this country (the) climate healthy
Mi di^ mtntpa
Mi aAjji-aH OOI FAafeSABAMIJ-OE
ijs not* to 05 comiuig
BTt^Ni ; AHABAMBX OiTA^ ANNA
etzan^veiie from dysentery very much
parodifihiif^ pdeana-rigdt/en toho-iti
FOBUDDEH] MlSAfiOUN B^BUHIOJL-RALIYIN OlNA^BO"
sufier,
1data-v±.
9. Yeatorday ray brother together with
met^i mhodam^ aaTMfftt
fiA majh eku
to the jungle I went.
k^ifa nmma giiftmi*
TALA^ niYAMs.
EXTBA No.—1910.] MlLDIVtA2f LDCOUISTIC STUDIED.
37
ID, Yon there dH whAtt
[TiiMBi kafi fnokada >
£AL6:k[E^ mA-GAl K±SHfi EtOLEITU I
il, \Ye j5re\rood gnthei^lr
Api dara d£iaiu-ie#cn»ttiw r
AWJL^Amil OASU EKir”KOF¥iM:
^^0 it to om house bmught;
dpi f^vcrnim;
toujSmblS; ittYOT ToiiiHES-flE osrA' qei^oosiIm;
^ Sxe kuidled; (stul)
dpi prtUtt-itfJcinww* ;
AHAftAM aj; ixirl^ru B^-KoyFUi j
( 3 Uf food tvo coe^iod»
ap4 opi iiwefBnM*
AHABAMa:^~a:B ba* kakkAfim.
12- You to-morrow what will (you) do?
Vfhba heta taranni jnohviaP
mIdaM KOlfr-BCOfi UAOiS ULUYAStI T
13. We
to tlie shore
gping
QOS
OONpUBOEtA* GOa
Api
AHAaAICE!h'
for ashing iQ the boot will ombark.
mo^un atla^ta oravakin
KJBVTLTCAM.AD DAKA^B D^NTFAKA'
j^nnemv-
abAxome-
14. My father *emce ho died oow one year
pitfd TT^i dffi aimrwiditk
MA-aa bafpA ntyI-v&qhx miiiAb o B3^ ahaeo
(it) wan.
17t^«
vEjiwk.
3S
JOtTRNAL, (CEYLONl. [VoL XXV^H.
)
15. My nu>thOT still in Lifo is;
Magi Tj^nigd (oto-mfl jivalva sifi r
HA*oii maiumA ajjitei fubAna'Eka trCiASI^
but sbe VBty old booome,
i bohoma ndtiVa.
AiTTT VABA^ idJaitCTLl FEFAYB*,
very we&k beoomc, isp
diffbalayL
?ABA' DIEEA TEFAYB", UUAS*!-
16. This wonwiii toiir ebiidi^u liua borno;
Mi ambum data haUita d^nds wnid-etfi ;
sa AMJBI DAEI TlliATEJfPEV^ ;
of niy frionds, OiMj hor
magi mitray^it 4^^
KA-QE RAHUMAlTTEBiN EKAKU,
youngost dAUghtor, has married*
bdlama duva, kdrabt^^gtr^a-sifl^
HAGU Aita5f-BAfiITA\ Ijrf.
17- THia CEtau bliid (iA).
Mi minihA kat^yi.
m mIhI
18* Ot this tuan tbo wife deaf (ia); to ber
Mi miniM^ aihb^va bihiriyi *
Ml Miii£-o& amsi Bistri SitAta
our woi|1a hoacd aie not*
api cttcass ^tmi
AHABAHBN-CIE BAS-TA^ Ntr-TTfeTE.
15, I tMfl u%tit well ba^e slept.
Mania n*A r/
MA mi ^ BA^OAUl S^AITLICH.
1 Ycuy early kave naeiu
Mama itd udayea
MA YABA* HENDtXNB
S9
Extra No,— siAwiiviATr tJSQmamc sTcn>iE5.
20^ Haste make! (Mako haate!}
thnitn icarapcml
XVAltA* HADA1
Tha aim in a ftliOft tinio will set.
Ira
ikmana^
bemw/Uya,
mn
avaha’
tietyidAn4.
n.
To w
the road invisible aomewlmt (is) ;
Apa4a
THoga
AiUBAHE^’^'A’ XAOV
very
dark
it will become.
^oAotna
andAaibifa
varaka'
AOmi Bopn
VTOlN'i.
22.
To U8
moonlight it tall ?
Apa-f(t
Aif ABAMR?i>'A^ KAKBP-YAJtlJ DkjTSBA ?
2$.
1
do not know.
I so
think.
Mamo
^-dafUfni.
3fania
fiVimi.
MA|tA
n£nO£.
UA^A EHEN
ttiVASI.
I
iu my mind
accept (the idea).
Mama
hUpand
Jtarawii.
MA
iUTU-QAl
Q ASS ANT.
24* In th« jtmgb oiEinj snakes ara found;
Kdi boh6 mrpa^
YALU-OAl LASKA HAaTTrA-TAlfe HXrKSATi;
a snake
us H it bitOi
we
die
jtatpatjeh
apa do^ibrifbl.
npa
HABurA
pI-qatiyA,
ahabe^
HABUrl^
mu5t>
risk.
25. Fear not i
epd /
^u-oa>"61
BCUtJ
40
JOrSKAt, R.A S. [Yoh. XXYII
20.
I
th-fr letter to yon will send ^
Mama
fiyuma
■tmba-ta evannemi ;
TJMASSi
E 3TTT
Kalita’ foxuvIsame ;
you
writing
(and) leodbig undeistand?
kiyaBon^ pulumn-da 9
kaiA
liyAka
EIVAV.AKA DANNtJH-ttfi?
27.
In J&st
yoar
the monsoon (it) broke
Giya
avuruddA
PtTA
aiiabu
)i<5aAiitj'yAi jEutr^ii
whftil
icavfid4d<i ^
EO^-tHU }
28. From ycrar conntiy to Ceylon you
UMi dimjfini LaUkdva^fa
KAr.^E OLITDUKARAya' ir.t¥<-
haying sailed how many daj-B (wen* spent) T
Bfuen itna-ki topamn^ ial gatavi-da f
opi-oos-j^ri khiA DUTAHirii ?
29. Of the king the house in what town (te U)?
Afja fuivsra k&ea-dar
BASEAMt;^E KOS BA^EN-h£?
30. Of tho there dwoUing inhabitanta the number
Bhl koparmiyi janayd vdjiaya^harad-da 9
etA-oai httni^a rattatd^-oe adadA
fis) how large T
EIHiTAEir?
1. aa^ = S.uma. Also used kalA^jk, or eaiJgefAsf-
OE, acooidmg ^ the pem™ sjx,ken to is of higher or lower
rank. « mot^ reepectful than amA. The
um. Tb 7^"" '
Extra No— 191®.] MAtBiriAir mxGTnsTft! stttdies, 41
2. kokeJu ** Bnoth^t or “ sister **; niAy be moTO clc^irlj
indicated by FmmEjft and juI^eS, See m. 1: 12, Note.
HCRCS'GE* = 8,
3. hedeS, PassiTB oi TTAT1 A-F&, “ to Qiake ; in Sinhalese
aUo^ iLOCarding to Gimas^kam, h^i, in the Mjnse of *Mt is
produced/* “it gtows/^ is used. The sign of the pluml is
represented by -taS or perhaps more correctly ^ta\
7. Eo", Gunas^kam writes koo. Cf. p, 27. Ifc senm$
here, like the S* to form Adverbs. So in the foUDwing
sentences.
S. FASiKA^ In L.Y.p p. 139 = Persian ardijij “rest/*
“ peace/* According to Sheik Ali, FA^kriAEAM means
“health.^*
10. eta^aJ. " Within.*' Cf. ETl, in. 1 : 26, and etA-oai,
11L2: 30.
U, I recorded ero-eoffIu, r6-eoffJUp Ac. eoffIm =
Eo*FfM, in hi&ldivian writing.
The forms are eonsfcrncted in the same way ns oe^oos-fih,
wo brought '* ■ KARSLi-FiM^ “ wu cooked **; niFAi-FiMD, we
OLUght." The Auxiliafy Verb included in -fim 1 compare
with the S* pit^ttu. As regards this use, see Geiger^ LiUertUur
und ^pTiocAe der ^tn^Aafc^en, p. S3.
12. oiicrvAsi. Plural i the Singular wo^iid be JjiMfl. Seo
111. 2: IS.
13. ndNTYAKA. according to rbrdhim Didi^ ia
employed on many islands instead of ouu; ooNpUDOEA* =
GONPUDO*, Geiger ; gopgtian, L.V., p- 7*
14. VEjjEvii, Gnuasekara states that in colloquial Sipba*
lese uccen or is frequently used in the sens© of **
“ became.** KnfA*vxQES i the meaning is not clear to me,
uikArUp huiAr (sftHAiRn}, “ present [tune].*'
16. viHAYEPFEvi. Gimas^kam has vEEAYEFFErf. I find
viaks^ li.V*, p. 186 = F^feian e.jjb^ ^ S, irren*
“out,*^“of/^ under/*
G
17-18
42
JOUENAL, R.A.S. (cEVIjOS), \V0L, XXVII,
18. Ei^lt&c. Faaai’ffie i^onatruetioi)^ whieli at fciniga is
pfcfemd in M4idivkii: “ to her our words am not hoard.”
Chnstopker, " to hi3ar,"' “ to mind.”
22h DfetrEsX, or D^NEHt, Future 4 , with an lut^ixogativo
Particle ■ “ will be given t ” See IIL 2: 24 and 20.
23. Chrifitophjer, ksqbdL^, to Uam/* * “ acquire **
=3 S. h^genu^
24. nl-OATTYiL Couditional; c/. vtfi, Ilf, 3: B 5.
26. DAi^^NTiMH^, See Note 22 abova^ nt is an Inter¬
rogative Particls.
27. orsfA^ f£bi. Sjnonyma, meaning “past”
AHAKU (older foriUp avabadf) = S. aminedn. M66AMF-Yilp
r/. Aiabic
Stories* In Sinhalese and Maldlvianj with literal
Line-for-line EngLlsh ver^oD.
A. — ^The Hozsq and the Douhey,
L A homo and a doukoy
fioha bnruvek
AHAK-ll lUMAnAK-Al
together on the road
ESt-MAQUI^ EEKFLATArE"
Wore gn iug .
giy6ya.
* Tbft PrefiHdor do^ not Bay whnre, whon, or !iow he aeqolred thno
thiw itoriw " thfl origiimlji qI whitli ho ndmita w Section ILl
*ro ta « Engliah.*" ’
The roUamng expl&zuitiaa Is pc&aibb z _
Tbe taJw oreor (with »vet4l other Jikofeblei} in aamnlJ boolcontitled
Fka^ni rennntiv m the poe^eafliotEi of tlio prt^t fiklitor
When attoohBfJ to His Majesly's Coitona nt Colombo m tho E(gh^*
and Able to boida Litt|« nttoEitioa to the MAIdiTa limguagd ho (rot"
by viod wcf fiiwatiiiiijne. from chfcaoe Mildiviima vidti^tJie p“rt'
rongb oummArml traoslattoiim of aome o| thw ^ Storiai.’^"
SnbiiociiiDntly hlM good fefond, I. Ahmad IMdJ, older BOn e( A
IbfAhim EHdi {who iraa Kituming on tlio completion et a seimd
Engliah eduoatmii attbo ftichinond College, GalJe], kindly andertooL
43
E3cm\ No.—191&.] MAuimAti linguistic sfruDiEs.
2. That dottkoy's bock upon load
Buruvd^^ ■pil* AflhJi
E HDIABU MURIKA^;! UA.COA LAKKA BaEU
because thei» was, he vetity weoiy became.
<v&ttna-ni«d. tAfii bohima whesa viya-
^JJJkl-SI, VASA' BAU VEJJEVt.
3* The donkey^ the hoise begged, from my load
E-icma bar in
TTTvXTt n AHtJ-alTA^ AHBPFE¥E MA-OB RABUN
something do thou take away^ 1 to the©
Icolaeak ara*qanin ; matm uMm-fa
F3RM iTAT-fe ^aOAKA^E ; MA KAliJ-OE
ble&aing wishing shall be.
«iiinnemi-yi kiya,
skmLA'^ ao?A teriyx^EiV vanAme.
4. But the horse, this word not hearing,
JSh^t
RE-AMARU Aa» Ml NAkA^
went OIL
HTNOl-EVt.
to tFAfiaSaNi th® book ftiily into M&ldlviim for hia bonottt. Thia wn^
La 1 BEK) {Letter, June Iflt 1 aball try my bust to tranalatci th*
aa aoaa ub poHiblo, with the gfflatwt ptofisure * ); but, owid« to Aluoftd
rapofttodi pj^oiiB ULiieftios ut MJJd from siHdivu ''■* fever, ea
it £■ edl^, no progreea aouid bo madfi.
Five yoAH later, Ahiruid DEdE wTPta tIj9ttor» Doficrmbor t* IflOSji:
The buolt of Piaamti Siorw aont to me for ttanalation into tbo
M-Aldiidflii iBLagoage will bo sent to you now vory Boon, with ite
iifuuilationJ*
Boubtli^ the book oAftie back to Coy I on ahortly afterwAfdoi htii if
MPtr rtocAod fAe Mdimr^
II, mayhop, it fortimat^^y fell iato the It nfuiH of ]Prof«oor Qoiger
(whe tvae in Ceylon from December &* 1895|. to IMarelfc ®*d IB
tbo loarce from wMbh be drew the throe "*BtoriBa'^ ho givEO, every
Botu^ActiDU must be felt that Ahmed Bldi'B generous though bdated
(md unintentioDahy dodeetedp Aid luua boroo such valnebln fmit by
hppeilrLog ia tbo pmieent publktttion-—B„
44
JOUKNAl., {C11 ¥LOn). [Vol. XXTO.
5, A Bhoit time afterw'ards the dookey
M^tdu v^vaka^la ^tiruEn
KUPA OtU-SOLU wmw^ HI9SAEC7
to the Darth £a,Uiii|r^ died.
1^*1
BBl S£ACO£ VBtTI^3EiE^ HA&TJVEJJEVE-
0. The donkey^s master th^ hornets biick u|ion
Biuruvd hvmit^ ahu
HIMABU VSEl-MfHA AHU BlACCA
the whole load laid,
mtt/u bara
HUBiai babu-ta' jJ4^f£t£.
7, Towaide the in^misfortune
Vips9Uiya-f<i
TAPl7KAMU-OAl*Yij
aod-eonow-bein^ people^
9aha duta^ pfmi>i^n-ea,
l>A!tl-OAI-Yil ULt MlB-MiHUA HACOA.
meitifal be{
£arH9d-£«ira7»m /
EUi-irrEfinfAKA noBiil
notes to Ut 3: A.
2. HUEi-^. Terminatiofl -m ^ S. macca = 3.
motu, matU
jt. afAOAUA^, tinpentivo: “lift op,” «take.”
5. KvpA ; Kotu. Both = "smaJi*' The former could be
diapeneed with.
6. BAEu*tAV Guaaa^kiua,again,haaaiBu-TAG. C/.p, 3 n.
Extra No*— 1 & 19 .] ukofisi^ic STgoiEii*
45
B.—The Wise Judge.
1 ^ Two women, a child on accouM ofj
^f^rfwim efarucet
DE A^iHEKTrS, EMME SUM AY AT -TAlLili
fche one with the other
cH unikl~h
EKAKTf MACCA AXEKAKO
q^uATTolUagT
{foj patorarntn,
KuS AUijyiiOE^p
ft Judge to came.
dvdhuya.
EUHC unyATAvfiSi oiiA^^ atuvejJey£.
%. The two womfiQ said, from me that child
Ohu dt^na^ daruvd
E OE A'Sl^^EXnilt BONl SAHAEJ, TIMAB^cA K KOJjfi
ia borop that child to me belongs,
o^ai 7 £mtp Joruvd nta^i^ya*^.
V THAnri METC E KUJJA tIMABKAQA"
3. The Judge the exectitioner caHiog,
Vini^yn-Jtarayd mdataruvd-ta
SirAVEEr SIIBI-BIABA-MiHA qotAoe^j
the ohUicl in two parts cutting it,
darard Jefaj-(o top*
E EUJjAtA* nKFALiTAKA' FAlAoEN EYlTIp
to the two womou givOp he directed*
sirin-ia dcto-yi. ayta^Ic^ya^
E DK ASSmXUXNA' DEHE^tE^ BUBl*
4. This woni heariugi
M6 vacaiutya ud,
m BAS Em^
sibut remained.
niffohJato
ABOAYII^ IfUBUBF HUBl.
of the two women, one
6 itiyoi
a^beb oiSr eubkA, eeaeu
46
JOTTRNAL, R.A.S. (CEYWN). [Ym* XXYU.
5. Xhe oth^r woman to weep beginning, my
Anik skri pcUan-^ei^, magi
AKBi AHBI BCTtl, MA^QE
child do not kill!! eaid^ This Your (Hjononr^sJ
’no^trutfano-yf / f Mi abavahausi^i
DABI NTTMABA^! Mrf KLAI^^E
deoinon ii It be, by mo the child iB not taken.
tmma efeirfi.nd riihga^imi*
NrrlBAi; VItA, TlStAJTNATA' DABl im.TTwfe^
6. The Judge that woiuani the chUd'e mother
^lYAFEej-MiaA E KABUL£oB I>Afil-QE ama
to be lecognieingt
bava dfna,
KASt KA^VABA DEiVIQE2&*
giving, the other woman
dif anik
dIFATA'j AAEK-KABor.^w
the child to her
dorntd 44a
ttABl E KABtrLfeOETA"
to prison he sent.
hiragi-fa ypwiya.
JELA^ PO^fOvApi^Erf*
Notes to m. 3: B,
1- SuMx *TAsAlr -TAKA. With reference to : ntyIyA'
vzai, or ntyI^teei.
3. DETAiJirAEA*. C/l with S- iepofn-haranu, and palAge*
with 8. pofanu.
5. Gudaa^kam writes fakAiqe* and ManJlai ; as a]». in
m. 3: A 3, j^AOiEARfc, and in m, 3: B 3, DEBEHt. not
deberI;,
G. kaboiA(3k. The more reipecUtd cjtpreaaioa foe
“ woman": Asi-SABuiioE (for amb1‘KABui.£oi;}, “spouse"
(Peminino); jisi-iLitfiGE, “spoufle" (Masculine), L.V., p. 13.
^ S. : KA^tavABA = S. nifcaya-kala.
Exnu No.—1919.] aiALDmipr lisouistic stubees.
47
C.^Ttie LiOE, Uie Ass* and the JackaL
1. A jackal aotl a lion and an aaa banting
kofaiuvek-^ dn^aijam toraDS-fci
mYALAK-i vagak-I* niMisAx-A steAbu KVRi^
on account of^ into tho forest went,
Toia-ia giydhuya.
VXOEi^j TALA^ VEn^.
2. Hunting having finished, tho booty gained
Da^yam kofa ninwuiij uij^Aa /cAicadtti
SIKX&XJ AVADE TEOElS^ umcTSTmA
meat in a heap collecting; the ass
mua ek-kota, lofalHvd4a
MaS^tA vitn~kaKa^ EE-^OFVA; m^tARA^
in three parte to divide, the lion
6cdan-io,
im-EAYA' bahAj^, arioi
commanded.
aM-£n^jya.
AMElf-KOFFIYAVt.
S. The ass tho whole thing coUeeting, thieo parts
Ko^uvd i aiyalu di ' lun-bhwjayak
maclRU E HCBtliA yakati ek-eo\ tim-baj
tnakLag; to each one (tho) desired, share
Io#o, i i aifa kffmii bhd^^
KovFkf ebekalari? httAvA baye'
to take ho told.
tiAGA^
• BmoXp G. lion/' is) used ebewfajero in tbe StoTy Boticetly,
Tbc wdtd hero g^veUp yaoai£, really moaiw "fcigpr" ^Saas. fcydtfmjj
xon-EA VAOO* maa {fx flnsh) utipg tigpr-”—B., Td
. joithnal. ela.s. (cevlon). [Vol. XXVII.
4. Thenmpon the lion, gnatly angend*
t vnjda bohoma k6pavi-Q&^,
B-^nsDC si^aA-oATaK, TAaa' BDUYiu-OBS,
that donkey killfsd.
i kofaluvd imtd-demm^ya, '
£ himAicV mabA-leytpp^.
5. Then the jackal to divide, he told.
Pamva hivald4a bedan-fa, Hviya.
UES HlYaL*Oi.TU-aA* BAHAN, BTrNEppk.
6. The jackal for himself a email part
ffivald tamd-ta gvalpa kata«ii
HIYALU TIMASNAYa’ KUPA ETIKOLEI
takwB. the met all the lion
ara-ge!}a, iiara siyof« diwU
NAOlrAyE% rruBD apami pabacoe si^'oA
to take he told.
gonna-{e«i
KAOA^ BVStEpFk.
The ]|oa thoroupon, greatly pleased,
Si'^ftayd boAS BfSmtdehayen,
siSoA E-Hi5-i)v, vaba’ UFAvEaEii,
the jackal Mkcd : '‘Thus to divide,
Aica/d-ffea fmvd ; Mtgi bedUm-ta,
lttTAi<>atrREift Em: “ttyaueS BEm,
the reason what ia (it) ? ”
Aonoitu bitxirida t ”
EAMARI EosAnk?
Kotes to HI. 3: C.
3, BBKKALAEW.^ C/. KALd, “ peison" Originally it
Bignifiee '* Btuall,” and indicates the common people, (Bell,
Tht Mdidivt Idanda, p. 63,)
4. se^ga-oAtas. See Notes to III. 1: 26,
Exnw No.—1910.] niALTyrriAy ltscj^ttstio
4D
IV.-WAUHVIAH tETTERS •
—Maldj^lan Malbn^s Letter; t ISST^
(CSirifiibQplior t 1B4I^ pp~ 7^40
In Gallo being, of the MMdivoe to *It peopb
oAu-QAI TIBI^ niVEKLN'-OB UMME fiuALnSNA^
of the Arab bo&te4 o! the Captain grnofemge
ML ABU opi, HAUMf-KAli:aEFAstI^ SALAJS
at this time. At this town being boabSp
Mt FAHABA*. MI BApU-QAJ HU?tl OPI FAHAflj,*
tlio Arab boata^ Finladiii f boats, tbo tTihtite boats^
abab opi, visLAUfJ opi» rEDt;jf opi.^
• In tboto MAliiivi&n Lottere tho ^n|ji printed in iiatki copiml*
appear in tba original in Arafe wd eliawtunt—B-i Sd.
t Soft Pkte HI, Om^£'9 lLQo-for-lin.0 tranmr^^ ot the hlAldivian
tost follows WilBon'B Bdoptation of Christophor's ori^al msniitfsriptp
with optno ikllerAtioas in the imnslUemlioii only.
flhrigt-ophgr wrote eut tho AfAlilive iGABiTiu tAsaJ ehArootcTB ne
they appear in Plata IIL^ pUcing ha Engliali ixflAicript below iho
MdldiviMi teitn tmdor each wonlr from ic/l *o n^hi, and intorpalatiqg a
wond-for-ward tranalatjon feotwoeo the two hues.
By raTesaJting tho MAldive Lottor te a separate Ksto, Dr. Wilaon,
bjfl editor, waa ablo to smcaid tliia obsioiialy tmauitabio nnangeoiurat.
Ho trenBcribod ttio test —as, maiafM roprodneed by Thofotaor
Odger—^ving (with aligbt modificAtlea) Christoph er‘e tmnHlatien
below it*
GeEgcr evidoatly piefcrMul not to ul^lise the previ™ transUtionii oI
lSa7 and laBl »ispoctlvely» but to re-tranBleite the text of both Lt ltem
dixeet, aa thcra aro diSercfiBoa in bis Owmim ri?adisriiig^ {net duo to
eenvminn into Unghah] fmiii thoae of Chnetopb^ Kid BidL.
Tho crigmot CnmjAtftont arop therofoKS teprintod In Appendix 1> for
00nipBiTaen«“B-p. -^d.. ^ ,
J Geiger osea the plnrsl* dCf Boot^ (“ tmata'*), tllTOUgbetil*
wroiig: o^iSAHAai fptiiralh ■*boata"r Opi (ringtilarh “host.**—B,,
j rnn^u. An island in Tlladuimoali AtoU. the renultiiriete AtoB
of tlie group to the NertlL—
n
17-18
.50
JOOBXAX., R.A.5, (CElfLDN), (VOL, XX^^I.
thft (Chief) Judgfl*B boatSp Alimftd DidS'a boats,
FAl>rYABlT opi/ AKaMMI BtDi OpJ/*
of tbo MAnd ii Hbuse tho boahi, df tbe Hous^
]c1kDU-Q£ Opi,“ HlTl-OAS-DA^U-O^
the boatd^
At this time all the people
xf F4HAJaA* EMIUA KALOTS
in health being aro.
QADA-TE EBA-TIBlJVEVE,^
At yCHlP
ttvA
port occunidg news you should send,
uARu-GAi mrui KABASrsT fowfAti,
At this port ocoDirin;! news I sertd.
an R.\|tu^Ai Him rababtf ^r* FOifirviE.
From Etiglaibd a new Governor k come.
VlIilTCr^ ATT S ATCTEVE.
Euglaml's King ia dead • Slany million
VrxJtTT RAEOE MABtrVRJJEVE. LAKRA OlNA
Strings (of) greotlnp. At thk port iah we sold:
FA^U ^ALAlf. m MaS VlKKJ :
fish from Bimiti (for) seveoty-aoTen doltara,
HIMITI-MAS* KAS-mHA HAt BIYAlaYA'p
fiah of the MAld AtoU (for) aL:ity*«eveii,
MAlE-ATOLIT mas FAS'DOtiOS HATAKA^p
fish of F**f.*k, (for) forty-seven-
FADtS-FULF-KmA' at AS t 8 AlIS ttATAEA
» TbedAtfl of tho (iK>t giver m itj k appr^xiiafttily
by lb? doable iatiinatwii seat frem Coloinbo. Williflus IV* died ca
Jiiae £0^ 18ST. The Bight Btm. Jarace Atoxaqder Btewart aiWJhrwi^^
sisumiiri the OovdmDfihip ef Ceytoa pa Khvamber 7 cf the aama ycai--
Chrktephflr Beat the BldMiTv Letter, with hw Vocabularr. fo Dr
Wlleoa in Aprih tSSS*—
f See r^K^tEtQl# * on pK^o 52, in/fB,—R, SJ,
r
J
5L
ExntA So.—LISOOISTIO STUDIED.
Tima having sold octmmngp
MT-HIDAN VTKKAIOES TIES AOhoVEVBj
many mlUioiL strings (of) gfeotlng^. I writ*,
LAlCKA 01^'A SiiAU.
hor* boizig on Thursday^
Ml-TJLCr-vf BAntrSFATl EOVAHUS.
God it Me permits, fourteen days I
mAt-KAJUIqE BUSSEVIyIIt SATJEA DUVAnU AXiU-OApH
shall reznain. 5Iy reaolve atoncls lino.
piT RAx i?Tif£via,ft * HTtar irD^l-MEVE+
Translation.
The Captain of the Arabbn ships (send^) greeting to all
the Miildivians staying in Galle.
The boats which at present are in this harbour are the
Arabiaii boatsp Finladu boats, the boats with PresentSj the
{Chief) JudgeboatS]^ Ahmad Wdi'a boatej the boats of the
mndn Mouse* and the boats of the HitL-gas-dam House.
AH the people aro wall at the present time^
You shonld send ua the news which you have (bamt) at
your port. I send the news wMoh we ba^ (heard) here.
A now Governor has come from England- The Khig of
England is dead.
Many thousand gnetlngs-
'• imj^irEMiKTS taem ha® fuothyig to do witli ** to OIL i it *=■■
S. fHfo^hWfUtudl, ** ataftBot^ Chfistephist (fit, ** 1 shall ha^fl ifia£l«f J
and hin editor* Dr, Wilson (liJEr* I ahsU I shah Bail )*
werCp^ tboTefaro^ qmUt right Id thnlr rtoderiDg^.
Tlift wofd is in uso tJunughout tk* itiJdiv^ai tram T^orth te Southt
in the pf *«it 4 ribg (on a Toyage).'" 'Kmaj m
ai73rDiiTA(N) DAMAsi rvajjrl {UAt6); ha BeTiminA Ei[B)xLT% ruBM^)-
sfcrt ^Fuft MuWmI, “ I will Mil for BoiiiWj.”—B..
2 Ami
52
JOUBKAI., ia,A.S. (C£VLON)i, [VoL. XXVII.
In this pinoe we sold fijah, tbna ; frotu Himiii for 7T doUani,
from Male Atoll for 67j from .... for 47. •
A thousand gnetings.
t writ* this from here on Thuraday, God Trilling, I shall
romauit here fourteen days yet. That is my iutention-
Hates.
1 The first Bentenoe is vrongly uudorstood by Christo¬
pher. EAl.£oE7ANTr is tho title of the psrtieulsr icAijMi. ^
* PAHAM. Obscure. In Chiistophor it is mt tmnslated. §
In what follows, the persons or faniUies [aiAlfDU-oi, wnr-
<lAa-D.4nu-«fi, the latter being translated by Gbristopher as
** bitter-tree-conior-house") to whom tho boats belong are
named.
For FApiriatj, cjf. L.V., p. 104; Bell, TAe JldMim I/tfaiO),
p. 6ft.
•Geiger leavoa r^onf-riruiT-Knijt-iuB oiitniii»laicd. Chnatenlier
<WiUna copying, witli omUgien of *'tho"j hn* "tho rJlDiNB-rT?f,u
weigh^ fiah.” Both imauotloteuind kibA in th j particular connectien.
" Until recently the diffeeeat pieces of dried Baniio, or ' llAljtliv'e Gall'
{£A^U.DlLI-ltM. B. uA&olDAn^), fand a relative taIhc to one another.
Thui, 4 HKou HAS {the midilloelioeal 2 oapu has {tho pioceaoJong
bnclc and boUy t conaidMed beet) — 7 niiOTl mas (whole fiA divided
into lour pieces; at Himitl. and otherisinade oI Nilaitdii and adjoimne
Atolle) = their woight of ml mas (pineea bet wood head and medu and
OAno pioc«).' ’ (BoU, .dfuldini fibad*, p. ^4.)
The words, thoftjfor^ moan “ima piocee (of MAldtv* fish) from
rlbirroLU AtoH.’'^B., Bd. '
t See footnote ■ on pe^ oi. nipni; also footnote + on page 03. ittfni.
“B., *
f Dr. Wilwn siippIstmsbtExl Ciiriatophor’s treid-fot-woni tranBlatlon
^th a rennuig venion of hie own, intended to do li itln more t lum riva
thfl aiimmarLSKd mofiiujig o( iho MALdive l^tcr*
Oei^r, net aware of thie. has tamed his gutiB on Christopher,
whom ^ h£TO unoOMriOaely wreng^ Ohiwlopherwiot incorrectly—
sAilM, " tlio midttk of the sralim
Chief. Wilson spoilt by sepaiating the linrt iwo words, and
windcnug thus s " the M4hm. The CldeP* wins."
cqriTahmt to the Sinhalese JhiJaAdmis nriA-
OSrljTir to Si^haloee ft-ffaml—B.,
i See footnote t on pofo *9, supra.—B„ Ed.
53
Extra No.— 1&19.] aiALPtvTAS linqdistic studies.
iTEDUii o^Ji Is the boat which has to bring the Veaily
Tribute of the Sult&ii to tho English Governor in Colombo.
a Christopher^ qada veeba itBCrvEVE, With eba^ c/.
above. HI. 1: B, mthNoto ; oada^ve = gada-vi.
* MI. Here an, 1 believe^ stands for ha : slmilariy below,
MI iiTorsf.
s sAhibe^. Only another method of writing sAhtbe',
Cf, above.
* HTMni Tho island homo of Hasan-bin-AdamT nien-^
tioned above ^ *
^ Obecuio. Christopher tmnslates AoiMivevE by “ foe
tho prioe.^^t
* Axu-oApu FUftAKEMEVE, TiaDskted by Chriatophor as
“ sailed 1 eballbe,” “ I shall aaiJ."' 1 am in doubt with respect
to the sooond word. %
ALU Is "slave;' and OApn or often appears pbo-
nastically at tho end of wordsi FABtr^j^Apn, “wound ;
Buau-OApu, " wbeeL” ALU'OJtpo m a deferential mode of
expressing the Pronoun of the First Person ^ just as in tho
foUowing Letter (c/. Note for tho Pronoun of the Third
Fereoii-
yt rnJlNEM igvn belongs to FTJBuAs, *^to I thus* literally,
I shall complete fourteen days.” Cf- also Note to tho
following Letter. |
• Tha Ebidd oI MkniLf Idand, in Nilaiuiii Atoll, rwia on the particaUr
cIa^ ot *' MAldivo ShK it flpflciflLiPW m+'—
I The meaning of the aanteneo vi{R)itAniSH xmi aoSmivkvk
W; » This in the prire at whkii wo Isnv* add ]urt now ^ (or - (or tlio
prewnt—B.p -Ed,
% foi^tnate * nti page 5lp
GoJger is *11 »b™id in hia ssndoriJig lanU.
Uhi^topihef partially iitLnmdewtogd iJifliiA dUTAKU. wSuch ho tram-
Uted (WilooD Oopyin^) *' in fc'mtrtJn dnya.*'
Tl)0 OMtoMO nvf«w j «It i» my inlcnti<ai (inxii asriti icE^i) to bwI
start) ab thd biutMotli day, God willing —Rp ^d.
JOUBNAL, (CEYW)N), [Voi,. XXVII.
2.—aUssJve from tbe SoJtan ol the Maldives A.D. 17B5-
(BeD, "Tfce AMdiue laZatwifl.” Oryhn, pp. 7S~gL)
Hail I The glomiia, great-fa^-possesaing,
StJTASrf, SlBf^ATA. JtA[lA-SIRf-BARI,
IB vbdoxu pEts-eiiuDeut. from uob!e raua apruiig.
KTrSA-FOEADlNA,^ t Sisf J^tTLA,
to the moon and tha aun comimrable ruleij,
SAD A in A 9lAEA*t sAsTPBA.
the eAoallent warrior SaLt4a Hoaan Ntlr-ud-din
ATOiKA^t KATTCni
Iskandar, the warrier of the world, the great King,
ISKAJ/DAE^ KATTCai BOTANA. BAsi-BApUN,
to the OoJombo Governor e King
KOLBBD aOBCr:?U d6bEVE KIyA* BASOEFiSA^*
hare a thousand mUtioa Btrings gi^tiiige.
Mi-TA^ LAKIC A itiR FABD' BALAM.
Of Your Exceliaaoy in Cbbmbo feriaerly emtlog
MANmurlxincB'-oB KOLtmo-aAi ihit
KingB (and) in this llaldivian kingdom
BASlUaEALONNii; Ml DlVBHL-RijjS-OAI
formorly esdsting KingB friemlBhip
liTO tTLtJ’ri BABBAStkALOKKil aAfflTATaiKA'
■ See Flat* IV*
t FtraA-rmipAifA; gUsA; aobIma, Efigarding tbeae, aofi all tLa
other opittiotA ^ the faH cxp|B43Atiuiiii (igoerdL by Geiger) Bugg^i#!
im tbo NoUh wMeh aoGaopanied iha previeiu tnoelatLoo ijf this Mi»Lv%
of SiiltAn Hmmfi (BeU, Th^ IfdAiic* /jW**, pp* 7S-SI).
They wiD be [oimd raprqdw:^ed ui AppecuHx D*— Ed,
56
Extra Xo.—1919.] mAujivian LDrotnsnc btpihk3-
hftd eiiated to Your EicoUency
RKHJSTTEVI FADAI’ mb® !llA?l*AUirAirAf
in onf hearts frioadship
Tprt* nitv TgtTFAjftf Bl’-njliF-QAl* RAffiTA?
ara oa Y'oar Excellsacy’a part
bahattataioe’ KU3WBTiMB iiAViKvrkmntEi' kibai'^
wiahing (ft) &«■ 01 llAldiTian kingdom
BDl TlEl'MiTB. HI DlVEin bAJJRI’
a. boat or vessel wreckotl being to Your EsceUenoy
OPIB’ d6Sb'* BESiai!’ cos MAfflKliriSA'
a known place U it is. then you ahould send for,
XAJiAJtl^TE TASAKU TIBI-SAMA, E*BATAKC* OB’ DAVAI,
these poople‘8 vfoUum J'ow ^Iiould see to.
B SdHir'HJB CTATtH ^rU-KA* “ BEtlAnrMil.
Ag&inat this kingdom an onomy
Sn DIVEHI JlLJJEa’ AniFATTKajiKIJ
*
tfl Your Escolleney tf ss kaown, to liini
MASmUFASTA* EaUJB-KAMA. E ^AYAKA^
Your EsceUciicy HhonlLi Qot Ifind counteUAnoc-
snj-H’DSSEVTTMETXr
Oi Your Escollency worthy though it be not, a littlo
MANIKlTFANTrME^fNAt ABAF^UI OE' STTYA, KUDA
rtrtwmf (bv) MuumI tho XJnS^T Trettsuror
La,iAri-KOT,A-Kli- ■ ..MAO kopa BApkniKkvi-
to you wo (have) ®nt. By hi^i intimated a arish
tiA FAiravTiMO. su aUdeiwevi kahe-
you should fnlfiU On hU part a miatako
KUBATVAt. «I ALP'‘»K1BAI TAJlsiltE
56 JOUBNAti, (CBYIJON)* [VoL- XXVIl.
if it happaa you flhouLd By iiigt monaooa
WlAA ^V*4F KURAWAI. AWALtr StOSUBftJ-OAl
-*..***. wfehifig ™ are.
FTTBUVl KAMA'* EUt-YApAlOE' inTST^SBri MB ■
In the Hejira year 1210*
1210 SANAT.
Translation.
Hail i Hlb gloriona, rciuownfid^ mo^ wbe^ noblj-bom raler^
eomparable to the moon and the gon, the heroic warrior
Hasan N^r^-din Iskandar^ the warrior» the great
King of tho oartbk to the King of the Governor in Coloml30,t
many thousand greetings from hem.
Aa friendship has existed between the former Kings of
Your ExceUency in Colombo and the former Kings of the
hf41divmn kingdomj 'wo also bear friendship to Your Excellency
in onr hearts* and de&Lro the same on Your ExceUeney’a part.
Should any kind of boat or vessel of this country bo
wrecked, if the phioe is known. Your ExceBenoy should have
the people brought away and Care taken for their wU-being*
If any one m known to Your ExceUeney who is munieably
disposed to this country, Your Excellency should not tolemte
(fluch person)*
Although it docs not correspond to the dignity of Your
Excellency^ I have sent you a little present by the Under
Treasurer, Ahmad. If he intimates any wish» you should
(kindly) gratify it; if a mistake Ls made on his part^ you
should (kiiuily) pardon it.
I a wait his return by the first monsoon.
* nmervA kama \ " BUrtlmg " (i.A, Md.
t mA — ^ tiy^ " called.” oonum? i>6ii%w stfA *uiSGErAsFA(l)»
“t(i the Euler etylcdi tbe Gciviemqr”; tiot “to tho King of tbo
Gtrvetncir " (dn K^ig dsA d^cat^ntAuTM]^ as Geiger had Ed,
Extra Xo.—I 9l9.] scitomAX unoinsnc studies.
57
Notes.
^ tubadIika. SftOB. pFsdhdjto. But whst w kusa t *
* A difficult word. I atould tbink it is corrupted ffom
Sans. cJidyd. " shadow ” ; here “ biago *' = S. *
» audAsa. there take for Sana, aaidafia, in the significance
of h^foie doed-”*
• Could the word, to which kixA seems to point, bo a
proper name ? f
‘ Sot completely clear, behetfevi belongs to a Fasaivo
Verb, BAflATTA^ bahattataiob*). to Christopher it b —
“ to place,” “ to arrange." %
* tima' MAamurAstJ. Utcrally, “ My (Om) EicoUoney.
m’ rctu ^ HnS-FULU ; “heart”; idlu, a pleonaatio
epithet, aa, for example, in DARi-stf^-D, and mere frequently.
’ wbai’. C/. QtllBAT, " Bide,” in Pyrard.
» As regards opi and ndsi (here d6Sb’>, see Notre to
in. 2i 13.
• ' My helper gave mo forms of Torba like EBiE-Mfnuft
WYA, “they go"; EBAE-nitrErS Rosi, “they weep,” &o.
This ebAe is in each case put in fop oomparisou-
“> Uncertain- uArntJnu-KA* appears to be related to
b±TJ, “good.”§ ka’(S. ; P*ianirtta)oftentormsabstract
ten^: e^., nAir>4TEiKA' £vl»™. which appears to be a
corruption froid ^
^ For KupA and c/. Notes to Tll^ 3 ^ A. 5.
* See footaotc t oo page
f ^ lootnat^ t 0.* '
t BEii*l.?lrOT riDAtU). "M eiuiied Wore."-B..
S B*iuOinl-K*a), *■ wmto.” or “ woliA.e.”-B., Bd. ^
1
I
5S
« u
JOUHNAlh B ^. 3 , (CEYMW). [VOL. XXVH
This, 0^ B0II is A titiB, which, origi natly
odj bolouged to tbfl Tioasarer (Sans. bat
sabaoquflntly was also applied to other persoiiB of rank. The
word KivJ is obscure. *
>» For Ml aU. m A?.Dir, c/. Note » to preceding Letter.
1* The eoDoludoQ is not quite clear to me. According
to Bell, the meaning is. “ allow him {the Ambseaadoi) to
return in the (first) favotttablo monsoon.” ^
In Chiiatopher, vapiicEitsATiil, “ to go," is found. To mo
the verb appears to bo mm^Ij periphiaatHi; like the uso ol the
S. vodinM.
In ituhutA Kama’ thorn must be included some idea like
” return.” J
*ictvl Poteaps B
pp. aa, SO).— a, Bd.
w4«, «tindAl" (BbB. Tht Mmii» Itittnd,,
J Sw footnote • on pasw SI, (!e. Jujmi.—B., Ed,
ExTfU Xo.—1&19,] itiuirVlAN LSSCUISTIC SflTDIES.
59
SECTION IL
THE CRAMMAB OF THE MALDIVIAN LANGUAGE.*
The desire to stiidy Sinhalese in connection with the diahcte
most closely allied to it cadged ine, during my stay in Coybn^f
to follow the study of the still Uttb knowiL Maldivian
LangnagCi so fc** as time and oppQrtunity wore available.
My intere&t has not diminished with the great distance
which now separates me trom my beloved Osybn. On the
contrary, it has only increased; and erbonds not only to tho
languagGj bat to the pcopb of the MJ^Idivesj thour civilimtion^,
and their history.
I think that each one of us^ within the sphere of his studies,
has a speciali narrower province, in which ho baalea himself
with particular predilection and inw'ard zeaJ+ and to which he
always returns. Such a province to me, at this titne, are the
distant Mildive Islands, Burrounded by the blue waves of the
Indian Oceon^
At first it was tho special attraction of tho new and unknown
which drew me- I must confess, oven at the risk of being
bLamed by one or other of my fellow students, that I was
always very susceptiblo to thie charmi With each step
forward in tho M41divian wildemesa my wish became stron^r,
to pexform, in a modest sphere, the work of the pioneer, and
at least to brmk a little now gruund here and there.
Our knowlodgo of tho MAItUv'o Language up to the present
timo has been indeed scanty^
Only the first narrow track was cut by the “ Vocahulaifes "
published by Pyiard and Christopher. J They gave scarcely
* OJ. SiizuTi^er. det E. Ais&demie li- W., 1900^ p- 041 teq.
t Wmm Dumber ^ ige.'S, to March 190*, noch €t]fhn in
Winter, JT^.
I 3« Appciuiijc A.—B.p £±
* ■ JOURSALr a.A.JS, fCEYLOS}. [ VOL. XXVU.
any oipbiiation of tho Stmcturo of the Language and the
Grammar of the MUdiTianP. Of Majdivian Texts, only two
incantatioua (given by Bell) ate known,* aa well as two short
Iftteis, cominonicated by CbiistopLert and BoU. |
The results which these Texts afforded for the knowledge of
Mfildiviaa Grammar are, indeed, extremely scanty. Besidea,
there is much in tho Letters, especialty in tho second, which is
difficult and obscure.
I, therefore, at the beginning, directed my aim to reconUng
wmple Sentences, as well as connected Stories, in addition
to isolated Grammatleal Forms.
My helpers, when in Oolombo, wore IbrShini Did! ;| and
am» (through the aid of my friend, A. Mendis Gunas^kaiu,
Mndaliyir) the BengiJj merchant Sheifc All, who, having
Uved many yeare on the jVj&ldiTea, was a past liistcr in
Mialclivlan,
Pab1iBh<>d in tho Jot4malt CtylanBranch, 1S|J, vi » ISI
t Jwirwj; s^i.s., IS40, VT„ p. 73. •• .
t BolJ, Tie lebnvi*, Colombo, p. 7S,
S tiw Aceoutit of my Juumoy in tho ^iJfOTifjj&er. dtr K. Batter
Aindotniod. W., lSOO.p. ai4,
[ Frafewor Geiger dooa tho scanUMt justioe in ttiLeo ’* Studire'’ to tt mt
v«y reufteoua^ l^tlenuui, A. IbrdlumDIdi BllemU. DorhimCndrlciW-
lAnit, Fnmo MiruHtor lo Hia Higlimna the Sultdn of the BfGdire T.t.^nTh.
to whoHo kind couMduml toe the Pnifi^T owed aa omcti in the diuhcu-
liaa of hiH Mildis'iikn re&eArth,
With Luitnite pniiotKO end iMnduKenuoa tho Prime iLnietw -rm ii
to bavo oUowod hiinwU to be ■ bomljvtnlod'’ fur three doys eti end bv e
Bontmiwiii “ ^ » of wesiyijug lUiguiatie quutione. tmlil—«io I’rnfc^
la 1^ to odnul—he. retry natiuBlIy, *' grew tired ” (msflAl •cAtrii)
liM bwu borely Bckn’ow-
lod^ here, or elont^ero («u Mttpm. pago II, fnotimto •): thonelt the
well-doaerved complimanm to A. Moadia
uonEieaimm, Undid tyAr, nnd the Inle Shoih Ali.
The foUawing paniftiuph (loudly tnuulatod by Mr. C. fl r,xT>iT| „
eonomry Seewtniy of the O-yloa Braeeh gf tho Royal A.,intig Soaetyj
'* A fnvou^e opportunity owuirml, on which [ had. indeed, not
MltoiEd. My rosoitreeful friend, GunuiAbiim Mudaiiyir, cume to
1^* o' the Maklivea. Ihidhim
Uuu £flenili, Wiw atayieg « Cblutnbo
Extra No. — 1919-1 MAuiiviis LixodSTic stfihes.
We most alfmys ooont on double uncertainty—firati the
possibility of verbal oiror having slipped into Sheik All's
communications ( and secondlyi that 1 myself, in spite of ad
my pains, can hardly have completely escaped errors and
misunderstandings.
The Texts which 1 have oollected in Section I., and which
are printed in the Sitsun^sber. dtr if- Eager, Ahademie d. \V.,
]309, include;—-
I—Thirty Bentences In Gorman and S^faldi^it.
n.—Thirty Senteuocfl in German, Sinhalese, and Maldivian.
IIl,_Thieo Fables hi Gornofta. Sinhalese, and MAldivian
A,—Tht! Horse and the Donkey.
B. —The Wise Judge,
C. —The Lion, the Asa, ahd the Jackal,
IV.—Two M&ldivian Letters (taken from Christopbei and
BeU).
I most state plainly, that the Fables, which have well-knoTOi
titles, are not MAldlvian originals, but have been translated,
from Fnglifth flouicea,* into Maldivian. In spite of this, 1
believe that with the publislung of the TexU a good stop
further forward baa been taken.
I hope that, through the assistance of the British Govem-
mont in Colombo (to whom I have appliedl, I shall succeed in
» I eaughl liim in the hoc® ot his host, whfch wss ncKat from tjty
biuiwloir. and found him Jjrrpofcd to aequic** in my
without a «rUm nalu«d dignity, -uolt o, llw mom
Mminmin«]Dlv<v oftan poaacBS, and »t Emt not without a wrtaio hesi-
tMwy, ho n«.t mo ia iho v^mudsl.- Uis if h« hrsttai«y
proceodod from that oau=r. qiUokJy voniohod. and we undorBiood oooh
otbcT esc€>llf!intly, „„
*■ Far tlmsc ilayu a play of question mid an*™ ^ot oti, w ben
Jlidi wsmed tiled, eno ot hU oompauimia took t|™
in hia pliMH?. Ho wn* an inlelligciit man. and. like Duff liunradf. spoke
SIPIIII woildo^aa the Pnitoasor himself adds musnuoukly^th-l t^
- sorvonta stood .rnmnei. atoring and ™azed. and ecuaidei^
me. With my HilJgular tostoB, o trifle cmokodl'
a4»n*WHifcuncfsaOip:n o,>iJ,*cftXooefc/«rrirtl«i.H; «r™jJii d.-U., iU.J
• Soo aupfo, pogo 42. footnote *. —
62
JOtriUrAL, B,A,S, (C£¥LON}, fVOL. XXVU,
getting more cxtensiTe Tests in the Al&ldiTUji tdnguage j and
espeoialLj copies of the Iqscriptiona which are still to be found
on the MildiTcs. The knowledge of the Old Writiiig, in which
these Imcriptious ano cut,* Heems, besides, to be confin^>d to
singiB poreorLB.
I shall nerer again have an opportimity of a journey
to Ceylon, however willing I may be to undertake it. The
greatness of the distanoe gives rise to many diUculties,
ThuB, tho prineipal object of my ''IKldivian Studios ” must
bo, to put in motion an, cnorgetic be ginning to SdeiUifc In-
v^gation of (Ae Maldivian Language on lAe very tpot ; where
alone it can really be carried out with aatisfactory losuitB,
In the following pages I intend to aminge, first, tho Gram¬
matical Materials contained in the Texts collected by me; then
to complete it from the Forms and Faradigms which 1 wrote
doam in Colombo.
It need hardly bo mid that herein no claim is put forward
to a completely finished account of the JEldivian Language.
wbtn oAMAld in I8i0, c«[^ijd tbne nr four curved in thn .UH »i ' ’
that (cd imBcnptiotw 1 ib.to nirrm<d on the blbadB juhi»
ExTB,\ KO.—1919.] StALDTVTAS' LINfilTlSTlC STUDIES.
1 .— SUBStANTiVES.
(a) Expiesslon i)I tbs Numbers.
Definite Article Forme.
e’• “the elephant *' ; etb’, " an olophant " ; etta’,
“ ebpliBiits.”
«the hmnan being ” ; KBaiE Mtes’, a hiunan
*' human beinga.”
itl ©AS, "this troo"; KSiMB ©ahe'/'a tree”; oas-ta’,
“ treee.”
POl, “ the book ” ; pote', “a book,”
051, “ the twig " ; oh-ta\ “ twigs.”
male*, " B flower ” i mA, " flowere.'*
udle’, “ a root ” ; MCr, '* roots.”
Compare the Plural Foima m the Tfest, like fas
“ five children'* (HI. 1:8); hataEU dabi, “Jour children’*
(m. 2 : 16); Tfni-ariHU’, " three people ” tHI. 1: 7); EllU
PWWAwirfej " in ho^ many days t *' (III. 2; 28); ba^u-oai
H uBi KABAEtrs, “ the news at the port ” (Matim'a l/itt*f).
Further, mJda-ta’, "TOta" (lU. 2:7); nABUPitA’,
“snakes” (Dl. 2: 2i); DivEHi-Eirt'i'A*, "coconut palmu"
(m.2: 4).
* The Riutfl sound (elcsiiig of the top of the throat) which appears
in Sl^divian at tho and of a wtwd la the place of diirotaat aOQSotkWta—
liere. a.p., for i^is repdafly tnuucrihed bp rm as (the aiga) ’ in tha
words wWrsh foUow. Tha lUldiviaaa tharnaeb-w, who have no faad
orthography, wiilo this sound variously as :c or ^ Thn aymbol for
H is vary oloso to if ond {AviEst. ahqwii as) owl ora interahongaabhi,
(See rtipro. paeo* ST-SSy fwlnoto t- Tho MAldiv# sign for n is easily
diBensitiatod from that Egr s by its hsving but one loop, unload of
two, in the upper or horlxoatol part of the letter {ef, Mildi%ion Lrtlora
given in Section 1,. Plates IJL, lY.). The aign for aTOua is qmfo
unlike both n h, rewmhhng roughly the Arabia nuinenu a, S.
— B., £<{.]
64
JOTOXAL, Ti.A3. {CEYUON). [VoL. XXVU,
Sometimes, in the formation of tho Plural, the Sabstantivo h
doubled: PAFFAX^-TA*p fruitfl " (from fal-fai 6) ; Mis-Mteuit*
** bmnati bdngB ” (III. 3 : A 7)*
Tho Particle mdicating tho Plural in pronounced or*
more accuriitely^ I also heard taS*
In &f&ld)vian letters we find TA2f or ta' (c/. the Note).
In writing in Sinhalese characterfi, as U sometimes done by
my friendj A. Mendis Guna&^kaia, Mudaliyiz, at times tao
appears. The 0 here is to espresB the olosmg of the top of
the throat.*
Indefinits^ AiUcIa JVrww.
Fonpa with tho so-called ladofimte Articlo are aiprE', "a
letter ” {111. 1; 23}; bays*, “a aliare ’’ (lU- 3: C 3) j opBB%
“a boat" (Sultan’a Missiro); BAii-KiiiAKU, “a reesaesgior”
(III. 1: 22 ^ at tho ond of the wntcace : hiheea) ;
EELAJK-Oj.
“one," "the ono," Masculine and Feouiuiio (HI. 2; ipj
III. 3; B 1 aod 6) ; ymvr KuJJAYAT-TAlcii (HI, 3 r B 1; from
ak-TakAi) ; ahae-Ai ftlUiBAX-Ai, “ a horse and an era ” (HI,
3: A 1); hiyalak-A, vadae-X, hiihArak-X, “a jacka], a lion,
and an ass " (111, 3 : C 1).
(b) Bxpieasloti of the Cases.
l.-^enUivt.
Ml MteX-OE AMBI, “this njan's wife" (HI. 2: 18); e
90ftU-0R BArXTA’, " to the father of tho boy " (m, i . jj.
FAKala eXri-oe aoa, “ the price of fifty oocoaute ” (HI. 2: 5);
RAjjt-GE 001, “the climato of the country” [HI. 2:8);
BAEi-OE amX, “ the ohild’s mother ” [HI, 3: E 6). A Genitive
Flnral u OAa^JABiT^jE pai, “the le&vca of the trees"
(HI. 1: 20),
Theix^ Lf no need to roDinrk that tho Genitive formatUKi
{^3E) of the Maldiflan Language ia the same as the fji^haleae »
gi. Aa legoida this, see Geiger, lAUeralur and Spra<Ae der
Siiigialettn (/jid. Gr^r., I., JO, p. 82).
(7/» in/ra.
Extra No.—I dlQ-l usqdistic stttribs. 65
I haw written tbe BMldivian -ob (not -ai); bat ! note that
thfl length of tbo final vowel, the R, ia very unoertein. Not
my own writing only, but that of the Maldivians also varies
freqnently (in this reapoot), ,
The Genitive relatJon can also bo eippesaod by Oompovmd
’VVotdfl.
Thua^ E ^BU bafAta' is foundj beaido e sobb-qe bafAva\
So also E himAeu BnmsA|tl jiaoca, **oia tho hack of the
donkey” (III. 3 : A 2) j himAbu TEEi-Min.4, the owner of
the donkey" (OL A 6); KALfe ata** to your
brother's hand ” (HI. I: A).
3.—J nsirmtentuL
EM-MAOin^ { — eu-maoctA), “ by means of the straight
road” = “on the straight road” (III. 3: A 1)^ orvEin-
RDKAiJ, “with coconut wood” (III. 2: G); ealtyii^* by
illneaa ” (m. 2:8); aSoayt]^, '' with tho mouth ” (m. 3: B 4).
The first two admit ol differont mcaninp, but the bst
two show the aatne mode of fonmtioii a& the Si^diakscp with
Inanimate Substantives,
S. —Dofiue.
BAfiyA-, “ to tho father " (HI. I; 3); jh-tana'. “ to this
plaoQ ” “Uthet” (III. 1 : 23) i vala’, “ to tho jungle"
“ in the jimglo ” (111. 2: 9) = S. oxya’. “to the h^."
“in tho house" (III. 2: H) = S. ffi-ta; ooUpTTDORA*, “to
the sea coast," " on the shore (gone) ” (HI. 2 : 13); ,
“ to prison ” (IIL 3 : B 6) - S. ftira-g^M ; tqi-baya% “ in
three parte (to divide) " (III. 3: C 2) ^ B. Im-bhdgawl^-i^ :
BTInShaKa’ ek-xoffA, “in a heap gathering" (III. 3: C 2)
= S. DdNTFAKA’ arAfume. “we wUl
emlxurk on the boat ” (HI. 2 : 13).
Compare, farther, b de a^hestona’, " (pve it) to th® two
TTomcn ” (m. 3: B 3) = S. etrifi-fa ; asaium^a ,^ Iotub
(HI. 2 : 22) = S. apa-ia ; tijiabtjaya’, “ for himsotf (Ul- J :
C 6) ^ S. temd-ta ; lEALfiYA’, “to you (1 shaU *^) (lU. ^:
26) = 3. uihha-la; e-xabol£oeya*, “ to her (giving) (UA. A:
B 6) = 3. i-1«.
17-18
Ua JOnUTAL, B,A.9, (CEYLOX)* [VoL. XXVIL
Abo -oAta, “to,” “ ia the neighbourhood of ”: aha^'
mk^-oAta’, “ to ua ” (III, 2: 8) = S. ojw vtlafa; styAyatebi-
gAta', " to the Judgie ” (HI. 3: B 1) = S, vini^^iamjiich
liM}qa-fa, Datives of the guBix -gai.
The writing of tho Dative vari» between -as, -a*, -*i»
-AO, -A. I heard -a' or -Ait (see tho Tfest); but have here used
the apelling -a’.
I think that tho MaLdiviaii Dati™ fomuitioa corrospondB
to the Si^pialeso -fa, the eonud of which b very close to -^a ;
and that instead of:? being Buppresged after the disappoaiaiioo
of tho abort final vowol, the closing of the top of tho throat
bos been introduced.
In just the anme way, from tho Sinhalese iota wo got tho
lldldivian KO’, “ having done ” ; from the fSiphabso otu,
eamol,” tho MAIdivian d’-
But 1 IA 3 A, "to me,” has retained the original Dative
ending (= S. wwfa): e.g., eoi ma?a badi. “give me the
book”! I! k6kiihj ma?a oenAi sirnrE’, ” tho servant brought
me a letter" (III. 1 ; S and 31), Ac.
The ending ia preserved if there is a leagtAening of the tcont,
as, e.g., in the Sentence (III. 1; 28) e siSva tet uwi oahu*
BDfA?£, “the fruit fell from the tree (on to the ground)”
~ &. ftiBia-fo. The fi added at the end, which appeaia to cor¬
respond to tho ending sentonceB in Si^habae, Ima in thia
plow prevented tho ? from becoming mute.*
Afl in Sinhalese, the Dative appears in MAldivian in Sentences
of Comparison.
Thus, e . g ., m gas uh^ b gaha’ vubeS, f *' thia tree b
higher than that tree " (lU. l; 14).
' ^ I- ‘I* but it b liabb to wcoptions :
e.ir., vnA(T) or viiA(a), Earopo"; itAnifT). ■‘aitJny”- sOurAtTlL
“Bloor"; dJao RirrO(A)BeU), “Breciuint tree” - «nd
divl™ wo^, TOoh DBAoe-B*r, “ .teomer” (t ” cotBe-beot,” oheinato-
pOttlOjr-
t Tho word which also ia found in j^cntonccs ECT, 1:12 ifi ■
*"^1, ® Tiot olofir to Il». [Po&iihJy
with tho cjEpletivie tiVift— Ed.]
Extra No.—19L9.] uAldivian lkcocistic studies, a?
Fiii{illy, it sHcis as if the s&tuo caso wero used to espfoss
the agenUt in tbo coostructioo of /’osaitfft
To thid category bobng tbo Sentonoes aharamehka’ »aou
K u-BELfeKf! vaeaka’, “the road by us is uot (to bo} Been*’
( ITT 2: 21) — s. ajw-ia muga no-jwnena toranio-fa ; £sAva’
, NTi-lTfiTE, “ by hftr ... is not heard ” (HI. 2
18); tdiaissaya* dabi KU-LEafiut, “by roe the child is not
takeii”(IIL3: B5).
i.—Atlolit'e,
oAtfrA, (falls) from the tree ” (III-1: 28) i ba^uH, (came)
from the town” (m.t: 22); «AOEDABini, “(apart) of my load*’
(III. 3; A3); vaArnit, ” from Europe ” (Malini’s Letter);
jlahA-badus, “ from the great King ” (hnltAn s MiBsive).
A suffix to indicate the Ablative is kukeA ; c.?*, AAsBumi
ktt ufA ekAKU, “ one of the women" (UI. 3: B 4) —
S. £ «fHft-gen eiiyat; maqe BAHusiAirrERfs kureA eeaeu.
“ one of my friends ’* (HL 2 : 10) = S, mage milra;^.
Of oouise, kureA correaponda to ttie S, term. W ith regard
to this, compare my Etgmologiedea NHUffAnfcsiscAcn, Iso, 381.*
As an Ablative form. I mention viYirARiVPJirYAitTT rURui,
" (scTit) by a (III. 1:
In Si^bal< 5 S£‘, pera m^na " b*oiit of"" (seo Cloug ).
Whether pmn is used in the Ablative BciiBfi of from,
exactly correBpondieg to the M4tdivian tu^IT^, 1 do not
fcnow.t
The Locative (3aso is expressed hy ths suffix -OAip hsa .
Whether it is oontiected with the S. gflvd| “ ncar^ aa Gunfl'
B^kara, in a private commuiiicatioii to mCr euggeete, I do not
know- In the Dative form the aufl&x m KiiTa*; which does
not flcem to confirm that cotmectieu.
* AblfttivD witk KUUX* ia ^ Ste^^p witli ^
** to Mk " : ii,p„ "
eiTictit (111. 3-; C 7).
tTho Slqbalcso tomi •• betcTo” (f»™ Kt* <i bv " of
appear evar to have the forw oI S. 4i«i - MfiMiviim hi, <)*
fro B.*
(CBVLOK). fVOL. XXVII.
Exampli'ri of tho Locative are an cahu-ga', “ to thia tree "
^ f bado£-oai. “ in tbo kitchen ’* (Uli 2; 3);
asaraaie^-GB ra^u-oaj, “ in our country’ ” fill 2 ’ 4) <
eta-oai,* “there- (m. 2:10; pmbably b-taohsaT =
U^ak-oai, ef. s. 6-Utna); vaiu-gai, “in the jungle’' (HI. 2;
24); MV?Ei-nAjj^HjAi, “on theMAltUvcs” (in. 2 : 3J; Knu*
OAi, *’ in mind “ in spirit *' (III. 2 : 23).
A lAicatiTB is hIbo dependent on the Verb tai^ “to
strike" (BALtr-QA’, “the dog"), and on “to
bite ” (III, 1 ; 2 e),
The Plural form e eattarl’-oai. “on those Islands” (Ill,
2; 7), which hoe riflcn from rae-takp, is worthy of note.
Tho expression noS EAEnS-nfi. “ in what townr’ ia not
very dear (III, 2 ; 29),
—Ejnphalic Ca&B.
Tho Maldivian Language also has an Emphatic Care, which
ends in -f. Thus: m OAEi. “this tree”; as mjU as m oas
(III. 1: 13 nQd 14); m habufavI, “ this aaako ” (in. 1 : 0}.
I nlw consider Mif, in ths ^nteuco mi ilalS-oe ^fftYiKAS
vIyAj if thia is Your (Hoiioiir*8) cicej^ioii " (lIL 3; B 5) as
SQch an Emphatic Chse,
^.^PrepoeiiUmat Cotmetiioitf.
In conclusion, reino relationships ^rith Prepositiona mav
DQ quoted.
Among there, of coufre, may be noticed : bcbika?! macoa
“ on tho hack " {ni. 3: A 2); bim maoce, “ (he fcD) to the
ground (III. 3 : A 6); Atm macca, “ on the horre ’’ (III.
3: A C); MfsMfHirN macca, “(be merciful) to people” ( ITT
3: A 7); bmme kfjjayat^akAi. “on account of a child”
(lU. 3: B 1); KUPA mn-Koxti rAnn*. “a ahort time after¬
wards (Ill, 3 ; A 6) ^ S. iruidu vitdvakn-fa pneu.
The Prepoation macca is doubticre oonnected with S mstu
nwJfMi “above.” “on." CJ. Mtifmologic d» SingU-
uAiecAea, No. 1.043.
• Cf. STi-OAl tm, 2 ; M),
Extra No.— 1010 -] MiJ;.DITlA^‘ LUfcriffnc stodees.
ft9
a-ADJECTlVES.
1. — AaributiTK.
The Attributive Adjective is found: e^., in vaba’ Bopo
QAHB, “ B very hugo tree ” (III. 1: 13); pbki tai, “ gBeen
leaves ” (IH. 1: 29); fafi-OB haoo aSheS dabi, “ her
yoongefit daughter ” (HI. 2: 16); £opA EnsoiiEr, “ a soiaU
part" ( TTT, 3 ; C 6); Atr BopA-siniBBif (i.e.j -BE*). “ a
Govomoi ” (A^Uim's Letter).
2. —fVtdifflMiffc.
Tbo Predicative Adjective occurs: <.p., in s« MivA baha
FONT fi, “the taste of this fruit is sweet” (III. 1: 11); mi
ttsPoA HTTDo, “this dress is white"; mi tbli bihdo* this
sand is yellow”; tfi bai. “blood is red”; upu inrLE, “the
sky is blue” (UL i: 30),
J,—Comporatiw.
Examples of the Comparative of Adjectives are quoted
under 1. (b).
Our word “very” corresponds to the Mildivian vaba*
(also written vabai^). Thus, e.p.j vaba' bau VEJJEvf:, he
became very tired" (IH. 3: A 2); sApi vaeaA' hab^, the
coconut shell is ve^ hard” (III. 1 : 16).
70
JOURNAL, K.A.S. (CEVLOX). [VOL. XXVIL
► Ul,—KUMERALS.
— C(^rdinai Numb^s.
Ttfl ]S14ZdlviaD CawUxiftl Nuzub^fia are EE^^ntiDncd by Rana-
Bi^bft in youriwi. JS.A.S., Cei/lon Branch, 1882, VII., No. 25,
p. 241.
On pftgeii 363 and 264 (wfem) Bell deals with Tht Mdldive
ifitmtnila, giving the Numbers from “ 1" to “ lOO." according
to both Z>uo(frctfnai and Decimal St/etetae,
From Ibr&lum OidJ's inforumtion, 1, too, marli* complete
list, and repeat them bore, with eonuected romarhs
1 ^ EKE’ ; S. tie.
2 ~ DE’; S. (frit.
3 = tine' ; S. tan,
4 = nATABE'; S. Aolam.
e = fake’ ; S. paa.
I 0 ^ HAKE'; s. Aa.
7 = hate' ; S. hoi,
8 ss AflE: S, aia.
9 =i xutaye’ ; S. nava.
10 = dihaye* ; 8. daha.
The forms probably correspond to the Subetaiitive forma in
-at in Sinhalese, like deiak, tunak ; e.g., pol-gedi pahak, “ five
CDDonut treea " (ace Litteraiur und SjinKhe der Singhalaen,
pp. 06-66). The original forms are therefore eeec, dek,
tinee.*
It is striking that Pymrd (oa printed) ^ves hec, kbc, but
TtSTT. ATABET (also, further, atec) dearly. In Pyraid’s time
the final consonoiite were faintly sounded, t
11 “ boJUa ,.
12 ^ bIba, or iioiAiB
P. ekdraaa, but S. ekoioa.
P. 64 nua, 8 . dofoa.
, " ^ponlwgen Maaiucript (see Sitsungiiitr. der K. Baj/er. Alw-
diiiiue d. W., ]M0, p. 648), in fact, baa nATAOkK, rAsm, 4e,
t a»y*Asdijt«y naming IJomnol, laj®. x., p. iajsy u net
bMd^ by Owger i ■' 1 mtiat rcoiiiid those who pemso it {Pvmrd’s
^sbnliiTy) that PyrMd wos a FnswlmiAn. Tho Mildivo rronls mtirt,
^rofore, be pranoxmeed at if Aty hots FraneK, in oidcf to Bound: as
Pyrotd intended tbom to."—B„ Ed.
71
Extea No.—1D19.] jcAldivian nmonsTic etitdies.
13 — itEA
14 = ^UTJA .
15 = FANAEA .
16 SilA
17 = SAT&JtA
18 = arIba
13 O^fTAVIHI
20 = TIHl
P* S.
P. but S, iiidm.
P^, pancadosa^ but S. pahaj^.
solasa, 3. 00 ^.
P. da{lam$at but S. 0 a(a|as.
P* bat 3. czial^Si^.
P. {^)u7tavkai^, S. (cijuww*.
P. visa^^ S. twi.
The NamorailflaiTe of intereat ffooi the £ftct th&t some o£ thoDU
aifl more closely related to the Pdli than the correaponduig
forms in Si^baleso*
Instead of sattda * (which is historically correct), I heard
the expression sAdaf
The form for “ 19 ” is worthy of note. It shows that in the
PrAk|it foundation of Sinhalese and Maldivian a form roust
have existed which corresponded to the Sanskpt
(with omisdon of the dtn).
The teas beyond ^ are:—
30 Tndg
40 = aAtift
50 = FANS.la -.
60 = FASDOMS (5 X 12). -
70 = EAIDIHA (7 X 10) t- ■
80 = ateha (? audeha}
(8x10)1
90 = imvADlUA (0 K lO) t
100 = BATfeEA . .
1000 = hAhe’
c/, P. S. Hs.
S. saJis* but P.
c/. P. puniidsai^^ 3 jewinew. t
c/p below.
Bell has UATTEar.
Bell has Am.
BeU has kayai.
Hell has; but KY., ehya,
hAs in L.V.
* sATTOA ^ given by Ball. Th^ lofm also sppoaid bi tho SlAliiiiV
JjskUft pnbUsbod by Ckriitopliirt {w» tfuJWtJ* pagO 40 }, and III;®™* in
th* Loodon Voonbalaiy."* <?/* on this flubjwt Sitiung^. d*T K.
Baitftr, AkAdamio d^TV., JOOO.p. 040 k^.
f Cf. my iicrtrafur ut^ Spraehs dtr SinghakMrt, p. 03. In linll
(TAfl MAIdiva JtUind*, p, 121 ) I find alaa fanas and fans as.
J dr^arly now forKiatioDa, wliioU am jiist being iflimdacod.
72
JOmtNAL, a*A.s. (CEYLON). [VoL. XXVO.
I abo give the I^firiDbors between 20 and 30; ^ well as
between30ond 40,40 and 50 ^ and the hnadreds, iw i lecoKied
them:—
21 = EKAvia.
22 Eivfa*
23 = Tfevis.
24 = SAuris,
25 ^ EiK3AVi3.
26 = SABBis.
37 ^ hatIyIs.
28 ™ A^vis,
20 = ONA TTRf.q
31 ’E^rrmh.
32 = EATTiBfs.
33 = TETTIBia.
34 ^ SATTRATmfa,
35 ^ FAHSAnlsfe.
36 = sATiais,
37 = satu Tiafs .
3S = A^tTTTEEjs.
41 = EEAlJa.
42 ^ EAYALis.
43 = TBTAlia.
44 ^ SAUBAYAliS.
45 = FAN5ATA^.
40 = sayalIs.
47 = SATAxis.
48 = A^l^.
40 ^ ONAFANatS.
200 = Din:SATTA+
300 = XlSaATSlBA.
400 ^ hatabusat ^ka
500 =3 faS3at4ea.
600 = HASATfeKA.
700 = haisat]6ka.
SCM3 = A3SAT£ka.
000 = NTTYAjSATfcSA.
39
Of thesD Numbere, fasdoi^b, " 60 ,” is of importanoe, bwause
it coofii^ the osisUince of » Dnodfsitnai SyaUm.
As I obaeiTod before, BeU (Jmtmal, R,A.a., C&ylm Branch,
No. 25, pp. 253-26f) has quoted two complete Series of
Numbers {up to "lOO"). a Dnodfdmal and a Dteimsi: the
biter, on the whole, agrees with the one quoted by me.
Single derivations are to be seen in both tho fonna under
eon^idemtion.
In the loraier^ “ 20/' for inataneeH ifl boi^b-a^ f z= 12 -I- fil r
73
EXTBA No.—1919.1 usoctbitc STiroCES,
“ 39.” TCf-noLOS (=* 3 X 12); “ 40,” tw-doms-eataei:’
(= 3 X 12 + 4). &c. It is coQcluded with niTA (= 100),
which comes dose to 96 8 X 12).
The “London Vocabulary,” with some errors, baa the
same Nmnoials. For eiampla, “ 30” ia given na doM 9
" 21 ” as Doios-iruTAYE.
So, too, in the case of the " Copenhagen Vocabulary,”
which contains only twenty-ono Numerals,
Ibrdhim IMdi'a comiminicatLons confirm BeU’a statonient
{Thfi MSliiw /sioittfo, p- 121} the Zlworfeciirtal Syfflem
has begun to die out; but they also show that for the
number “ 60.” where Becifluij and Dacdeciwfll notation are
both loimd, the form 5 X 12 has become generaUy natu-
raUsed.*
For the combination of Numerals and Substantives, my
Tests offer sufficient csamples.
The Numeral stands in its origmal form, and pieoedea the
Substantive.
Thus. HA BAEAHi, “sls abccp” (unedited Test); fansAs
HATAR tr HDK-f:, "fifty-four cocount palms” (HI, 1: 6);
TfH'idHTT', “ three men ” (III, 1:7): fas kudiS, fi™
children" (III. 1: S) ; fassAs kA?i, “fifty coconuts”
(III. 2:5): HATABr dam. “ lour children " (in, 2 : 16) ; HE
aA-henitS, " two women ” (in. 3 : B 1) ; mii-EATA’ bahAA.
“divide in three parts” (III. 3: G 2): SAtUA duvaHU.
" fourteen days ” (JfAlim’s Letter) ; tih ddvas. “ three days ”
{Jounuit. R.AJi., Ceybrs Brandt, No. 24, p. 123).
2.—Ordinals.
The Ordinals are derived by means of the suffix -va^a.
Iq Siohaleae of the present day tho corresponding eniUng is
vtni 1 in E[u it ia mna, or tWKna^
• IbrAhiiu Dldi told ™ thot doMS.“ 12.” to tho "
IscevAp.” b»X bAua to tho " bettor laaguOBv ”
74
(t?EYli02r), [VOL, XXVIL
“ First ” Lb ^ratama, L*V,
We have: —
iBt ^ rrauTAMA.
2lld = D^¥ANA.
3rd = TijrvAlTA*
4th ^ HAl’ARAVA^'A^
5th I'ASVAKA.
6th ^ HAVA17Ai
7th = HA1TA>A.
8th = AWAHA-
9th = nwavana.
Sahs. pm/Aoma.
lOth = DEHAYANA.
nth =
L2th ^ £iBAVA:ifA.
29t b = YmrvASA.
aOfch = TmfeVANA.
40th ^ aiti^AKA,
60th = faj^^sAsyajna.
00th = rA9'U0L03-YAHA
&c.
EXTiA No.-1019.] LINGtTlSTlC STUDIES.
75
IV.—PRONOUNS.
1.—Persoml Ptoiwmns^
Ibi41ilm iNdl gave raa the following forms—
MA, “ I ” ; KAii:, “ thon *’ j fisi, “ he," “ she "; ahaee-
ME^, wo " ; KAi±U£^, “ you ”; EBAE-ufHui, “ they.”
From the Text wo gut the following forms :—
(o) Fronottir of the Fjt 4 Person.— ma, “ I ” (mi ia MSLm's
Letter] j Genitive, ma-ge, “ fcoBi me,” “ muw ”; Dative,
MAi^, “ to me ” ; ahabbS (IIL 2 ; 24), or ahabaME* (III. 2 :
5). “ WB Genitive, ahabeA-de (IU. 2: 2 ). or ahaeameA-ob
{m. 2 : 4), "of Ufl,” “our”; Dative, AHABEaiENHA', " to ns”
(UI. 2; 32).
(6) ProHOtm af thi Second Peraon-—We have fonns of two
kinds : tita,* “ thou ’* {HI. I : 24), and the more rc^ctful
KAiii, "thou” {m. 1: 23 ; III. 3 : A 3) I Genitive, KALfe-QB,
" of thee,” “ thtna "; Dative, EAiAya', " to thoo ” (III. 2:26);
Plural, KAX^Ei^^ *■ you."'
Ill moro poUtB ono can unite EAi*fe-nYA**
iMBA oorrosponcls to the St^-balcso in imba amA^
“ thy mother " = S. itmftAawiwiii (HI. 2 1 1). Hare, kalA-oe
AmA TTQuld be more politOi and SALfinKFAinr-oE a9aA most
poHt« of aU,
(c) Pton&un of TAird per&on.^tsk^ **lie,"* *'sbe” {lH.
2 i 15) 1 Genitive, £nAh 3 E, ** of him “ " of her/' her
(in. 2; 1C) = S. 4-g€ ; DfttiTB, to Mm,” ” to her/'
Of (HH 0 uses ETi (OI. 1 1 20 }} and tho same of
things (HI. 1:3), Cf. abo eyttk, refeiring to kujjA, “ child
(in. 3: B 3).
■ I do not ImoiT bow ttVameS fill. 3 : C 7) ii to bo otxplamed.
[AbduJ 1 TAfi,M I>Ui Efluiadi wrilftii—TTVABEN mWM Vlihfl tbit.*
TtTA. U quite diotiact froiEi irlfJl. lotig).
Fuitheft UJLLtir ' you,* cBimot bo coRihacod with tita.*’ Soo #i*p™+
pogu 34, note 2L —B., fd.]
7«
E.A.S. fVOU XXVTI.
For tbe Piuml^ the abovc^mcntioiied and
for tixa Feminine EjlS appear to be usedp according to
Ibi^him Didi.
2.^Refl^ve
The Bedeotivo Pronem^ alsOp ia employed, clearly in more
modest mode^^ of expresaion, in place of the First Fersom:
TiMAif, (Ill, 1: 3) ; TtMAS'MESp “ (U1 2: 11),
whem it alternates in the same sentetice with attabawtf^ ;
OenitiTO, TiMAi(MiLA-&E» '*of ns/* "^our" {III. 2: 11)* In
Sentence Eli. 3 ; C G, ttmaksaya** shows that TTUAJli {= S.
lama) is abo used in MildiYkn as a Redective*
The use of the EefiectiYe lor the First Ferson ig also found
in Sinhalese; for apt, ‘“we," conespends to the Prilqit aj>pd.
See Eiipnolo(^e du SingJ^m^cAGn^ No, 44.
S.^Demonsimim Frmumm.
In ntnnorous places in our Text mi ( = S. me) correspomis
to our “this."
In contiast, aa the more distant Demonstiatt^p is e =-
S. e (in. 1 ; 14), This e is employed just like an Artiob
(ELI. 1: 21).
A more TBspectfuJ mode of expression^ in refereneo to a
woman, is e-eabui^ge (Dative E'Jiabuij6oe¥a“) ^ S. ^4a
(UE 3 : B 6). For maba, xAT.fe ig * is the correspondiog
honorific; &t least, one says nBi-SALioE, in contrast to abi*
EABDLfejB—perhaps equivalent to “gcntlenuin " auti “ lady.”
‘t.‘ — Other Prmiouns.
The Bafieotive Ptonoun teua^ was ntentloned above,
“The other” is ape’: e.p., ape'( written ANESt) ambi, “tho
other woniaii ” (ITl. 3: li 5); esakb-aseeaeu, ” the one,”
“ the other ” (employed both for Maajuline and Feminine},
are need in oontrast to one another.
• A stUl hi^r »iik is itMi!OEFAi.-e; in nJUffli KAitaerilun,
'‘Cspuin (K^Um'a tfcterl. For fomuittcm,«/. KA^-nrcFijiv, ■* noMo'
mad" diitiaguiahed man”; Plerol, mawuib rAMOin*; Dative.
MAPOliA lfASBii*5niAJ {Sultan's >Iis«w). for nton Bb«et honorifics.
we BoU, 3'Ae JifdUiiin Itland*, p. 03.
77
Extra No.—1610.] mAloiviai! ujioijktio stdiubs.
■* All " U gMTWT. (BlUim’s Letter), or EMUEji {III. 1: 25);
c/, mrau fitTBlBl,* “alt the teat ” (111, 3; C A), In kmmb,
doabtless, the numetBl s' (ek) is contained; to ITUBO tho
S. ittri ts comparable. Sec Etifmelo^e da Sins^etia^un,
No. 176.
The IntertogatiTC Pronoun is koS, “ liriiich ? ”
For instanoe, koS-eoce, “ what t ” UtemUy, “ what thing ? ”
( Tn. 2: 12); eoA-icasau., “ what kind o£ ? ” (III. 2:3);
KO:^AETJiiH6, " where T ” (til. 1: 24); koS^eeu, “ when * ”
(HI, 2: 37); KoniHi, “ where T “ (III. 2; 1).
The - wft at the end of several of these w'oids is the
Interrogative Particle.
In concluaion, I mention the following:—
' Kiil-ui, “ what 7 " (in. 2: 16) J kI-veceS, “ why 7 " “ what
for 7 ” (m. 1 : 27) ; and eita (or kihA), “ how many 7 “
in KiTA EUDi^, “ how many children T ” (HI. 1 : 8)-; and
EIlLl OUTAHUS, '* in how many days 7 ” (111. 3: 2S); c/.
kihAvabu (in. 2 : 30 ].
• mmi. or auai (both «ro well atteHted) agnily ahiefly ** ia,
oxiata " (UI. 2 ; 4 oad 7 j UAlim a Letbir).
78
joTTHNAiii (cettlonK (Yol XXYII.
V.—VEBBS.
In Mdldivian, as in Sinhabso, the Verb nffeis Ihc greatest
difficnity.
Ttws mateTui[.b awjessiWc to me allow of ao systeniatic re-
preBentntion cl verbal inilcxiona^ Mmoh—indeed tho greater
part—still romoina obscure, and to try to explain too much
would be msh, and scarcely profitable to the subject itself,
1.—Close anil unmlstalLahlo agreements ol the HaldlvlaD
with the Sinhalese^
In MAldiviao, aa in Si^lesc, the Transitive and Intian^
aitivo (Piaasive) Verb-roots are difiereiit.
J.— Fmaive.
In to niake/* the Faeaive form is HEn^-^ “ to be
made,” “produced/" ** cultivated ^ fajfm;6-ta' hedest,
fruits are cultivated” (llL 2: % with Note). In L.W
(p. 70) 1 find govM liEDExf, Heed is oultivatedt” aa a
pampbrnsct of ** field,” “ cultivated land.”
In Si]^iese Hadanu and Afifcuu correspond. The latter
aignifiee, like the M&ldivLan hede.^V to grow ” (of plante).
Another interesting word is “ to fall" {L,V., p, :
E MfeVA TETENI (1: oAntrS* “the fruit falls from tho
tree/" * S. v^enu.
Pasaive, nlao, » tsA BEDEm, "it frteaes** (L.V., p. 10),
Utornlly, tho vnAitor is bounxl,’' S. For meiLniiig,
c/. np, basta yak.
BELA*, "to be aeeo,** “to be vteiblc/' is the EWvo of
BAiiAiSj to liGo ” (HI, 2 : 21). With JESEii, in x69AJtf?-YiU
JEHTiyi, " tho monsoon Las buret " (IH. 2; 27), c/. jAiiAji.
"to strike"; keoeS, "to be wounded” {L.V., p. 24), with
• Ibrihini Dtdi gsvo nw vniutt loj '* loU " a^Hi vtrosi for
falls ^ but 1 tli4ii tliu luvon^ is cofMot-
Extra No,— iii^omsTiv wruBim. 7®
e:a:^a^, "to stfike" "to hew doisn” [ibid.^ p. 104): c/.
furtherp “ to bo moist ” (L.V*^ p. 139) = S* temuitu ;
TTBEJ^, '* to he," " to livo " = S. lihenu.
B, —/iftJiniliV.
In Maidivianp a? the examples gi^n above show^ the
Lafinitive ends in {perhaps mitten -Eft), more frequently
-kit These forms doubtless correspend to the S. -anUt
-enii, and, like them, go back to the verbal fonufi in nsiaa of
Pili* See Geigerj LiUimtuT ujid Sprach^ d^r Sifi^h^de^nt p, 75*
Short end vowels^ which ara still preserved in the Siplmleso
(S- Jtapaiiu is derived from P, toppana^)* appear, aceording to
the law of sound, to fall oH in Maldivian.
Examples of the use of the lufiiutive in ow Texte are
KUEAif (m. 3: Cl) = S. kam^, “in order to make”; as
well as BJiMM (UI. A: C 2. C 5) = S- h^dai^, " to divide,"
dependent on AMRO-KOFETYAvt, and aoHErplit "be com-
mauded,” “told.”
In ABAREft vAsk (111, 2: 24) = S, apa Tta^iT^
6a^, " wo must die,” vAi-i appears to me to have a close
coirespondeueOi etymologically, with the S- cn^/ but I have
found no satisfactory derivation of the worcL^
J,— Geru^nds.
Tbo formation of the Gerunds alao agrees in MAldivian
and Sinhalese.
To this I add that the use of Compound Verbs (in the sense
of page d7 of my LiUerainr und det Sin(ffiaJhien)t in
which the preceding Verb appears in the Gerund form, is
eattremely frequent in MAldivian.
* The FmfcwMT could havic found it in MalayAJam ,
hu) ol tho Indian West Coast, cormptod rnim TmuiI
Tho HAIdivians have alworbcd vtiy many foreign phniB4^ owing
to their iiiterooucso with Indlap &o. Henoa mfib hybrid inifr o/io, as
ooatr^ noaavc (Sult&n'a aiiajivc. tupra, page iS4) = oown^oa-TVTVAt
(EngEsh + TiuHil). and otoE '' hnuie-gKHi*,"* " fnmi tufn
(Si^halrM + Tonui).—B.,
80
.rOCm?!AlUr H.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL- XXVIL
Four types noticod.^—The Gerond NAsit ” ^thout
hearing'^ (in, 3: A 4) S* kan^no^i^ correaponda to the
first type of Si^haleae Gerunds kapd.
So, in the front mnk of Gompound Verbs, KA^JLk-Tbt- “we
cooked" (IlL 2: 11). GJ. ''she eooka” (lU. 2:2);
ootA-oe^, “ having <!alled" (III. 3: B 3): falA-o^p "having
divided,” having cut up " (III. 3 : E 3).
In NiDAi EiMEj "I have slept” (IIL 2: 19^)* and vibai
F^M lv^'^p " t have borne " (HI. S ; B 2), Al aho^ the length of
the vOT^ela: c/. viKKAiKiE^p having sold ” (MMlin's Letter):
FAI^I-OeA^ ** beginning ” (III. 3 : B 5) = S.
(6) The gecond tj'pe of Gerund (= S- fce^ida, 6a^inu^ “ to
bind”) I tbint 1 find in UFilC-OEAt **wrecked (Sidtin^s
Missive) = S. bahinu; and in deni^^p "having TocogniEed"
(HI. 3 ; B 6) = 5. dfno, danno (from danmt^).
If my idea is correct, tbo MAldivian form would be of
interest. It stiH poe!)&$3es the aaond of i^ which on account
of tho vov^'eL modification is cou^dcred os originally pn^nt
hi Sinhalese forms like (Geiger^ ^oc^ dl.i p. 74).
(c) The third type (= S. idimij idcinenUp “to aweU ") oceum
in Em, “having heard" (tU. 3: B 4) = 8. asdwhich, as a
ooUuteml form by the side of nAhA (see above), is certainly
remarkable, and presuppoaes a Verb eheA by the side of ahaiAp
For Compounds, I mention ‘Mailing" (IUh
3: A 5); ossi-nAjffi, “wiU set” (HI. 1: 2fi): c/. ossEift; also
TmiVl'nANfe. " will set" (lU. 2: 20): tieitIA (S. uenit),
" to become low*” " to sink*" “ desoeruL"
(d) Wo also find tho " Irregular " Geranda of the Si^hab:^
again in SlaldiviaiL Thus, %o% " having made ” S. koia
(HI. 3: C 2): c/, nKKO\ ** having ^thcred " (III. 3: C 3}*
and in Compound Words erkoffA (Et^-no'-FA) (HI. 3; C 2)*
both ^ €kkoia.
The MAJdi^ian Adverb ko\ as in oena-ko"* “frequent
very,” la formed like the Siqh&lese Aofn^
m
ExTIL\ XO,—I B 19 ,] UihTiXVlAn iwx^icriBTTC OTPDIES.
Also 003 (= S. 90 s)p “tiaviEg gone” (HI* 3: 13; Snitin'a
occurs, and ia found in Compounds like opi-oos-
LErf (m. 2: ^^kaving gone (in a abip)/' and GE^r-OOa-
riai^ “ we brougbti ” (III, 2 : 11) = S.
4.—CompQUTtd V^rbs^
As regards Compound Verbsp these appear espceisUy frequent
as Amiliary, i.e., m ths coiuoluding part of a Compound Verb
which seems to correspond to the S. jnyQnu.
Thus, to tha forms quotod above, like KaKKA-riM| “we
eootedp^' &e., 1 add nd-KOF-Fiar, “ we kindled Gro ” (III* 2:
11): also the Gerund forms “ having given” (III.
3: B C) = S, di p naoI-paye; having taken “ (III. 3:00)
=s S.
Another Auxiliary Verb is DiSp “ to go "* {= S. in
o&Sl-Dlsrfip " {the Hun)flefc*“ ABl-niN^p “(the sun) rceo”; in
the Present^ too, OSSI-JJfi, “ seta"" (III. I : I ft and 20), where
JJ must have originated from OY.
Also LA^r {i^ S. lanu}j “ to put,” “ place/' “lay,” is used r
trg.t MAEi-iiEYiPY^.t “be killed/' (IIL 3: C 4). As the
SLphalese fan a gives an oecasiomlly Causative meaning to
the Verb with which it is eomieetcd, so the Mildivmn LAiip in
vettAilaS, “ to fell,” does to vETpaS, “ to fell.”
In oonoluaionp I should like to note that, hko the Sinhalese
gerui, in MAldivtan the Gerund qe^ very frequently is seen at
the end of a (]bm|K^und Word, without perceptibly modifying
its meaning.
I mention beki-oE^i " having recognized ” (EQ, 3 : B 6);
FA^-<JEi% “ having begun " (III. 3 : B G) ; falA-oe^, “ having
divided” (HI, 3: B 3)^ cm>vA-oe^, “having called'" (IILS:
B 3); viKKAi-OE^, “ having sold ” (Mibm's Letter); tettioeA,
“ fallen down " (III. 3 : A 5) ; Efifli-OE'-ooa, “ wrecked ”
(Sult&n's Hffissive).
* CJr -rAt in mk-kow-wA (III. 3 z C 2).
t LEVIFPt = Mitpr*; f/. foauvATTFt, LllFPmV*, VllIAYlSPPJei-±
(HL li 17 ; 111* 3 : A G ^ HI. 3 t Ift).
M
\
17-1S
82
JOUBNAL, K,A,9, (CBYMN). [VoL. XXVII.
2,—Tenses and Hoods.
I festrict mjBolf bore to (j^uotmg the forme as they oo<;iir
ia tho Tcit, and as I hsTe noted tbcm doim, with oceasional
explanatory remarks,
(ffi) Form^ with a Pr^mt Signifi&anjo^.
Singtdar^ Firsi Pefsm,—l diatinguiiili three types In my
collection; which, howovo^* it b clear ore eloeely
connected.
(i.) With the ending -KAp I noted ma vasoaxxa, ** I kisSp"
ameli.*^ Forms of this kind must lie at the foundaticn of
the present Sujhaleso kamuta-vdj gamui~vd (colloquial lan^uagie)t
if my attempt to explain it find Sprache der
p. 81) is correct,
(ii,) The forma in the ending -m appear to ho more frequent.
Thus, MA OAlflt “ I go ”; MA AHA5JT* 1 ask " ; MA HUNHANI*
"" I liTTo " ; MA HA1lA^^ “ I make ” ■ ma BONi, “ I weep ” ; ma
HENJ, “I laiigh"’; ma vettcxi (tftc; but t/. Note^ mpfa)^
fall” j MA nisip “I giTo” ; abo from the Text (IlL 2:
23)p MA OAKNASip take” (? XKsrhaps a new formation}.
(iii.) Goutraated forms appear -with simply a nasal at the
end : MA bA^I| ** I drink ” [ ma kAua^p “ I do not hear.”
Sini^ular^ Second Persow.—Tho form agrees with tho second
form of tho First Person : KAxfs wuKsxm^ " thou livest **;
nYA KURAjn, “ thou doost ”; as also in tho Text (HL 1: 24)*
TTTA AiTSAST* thou comest.”
From okA, ” to go*^' there b derived, according to my
Notes, the Second Person Singular Bk; and from a6^* ** to
weept” BONITA I whilst for aU other Petrus and Numbers the
one form Bosi b used.
An Interrogative form, which appears to belong hcro^ b
DANNTJMnh. " do you know ! ** do you understand ! ”
(m. 2 : 26).
Extra No.—1910.1 MiLUtviAS icsoifiSTIC studies. SS
jSin^uJar, TAi'ni Persm.—Hera, too, wo fmd tho forms in -w:
most frequently used.
Thus, (mu) ARAsi, “the (stm) rises” (111, I; 10); (eokkA)
KaKKAKI, “ (the sister) cooks ” (Ill, 2 ; 2) ! uiAHJ, “ (she) is **
ITT. 2: 15) = S, ; (MlivA) vettusi, “ {the fruit) folia '*
(iU. 1: 28), but perhap it should be changed into teTTBS
(see supra, page 78^ footnote *).
Akrt ” he goes ” ! ’Bith which 1 eoanect (IB¥)
o93X-JJ^, “{the sunj seta/* JJ from dy, aa in Sq^Iose
(Geiger, toe. dt., Section 13, 2 b), the final t being added, as
ia treqncntly the case^ to mark the end of the sentence.
Pfumlj First P^s&n . — From my CoUeatLons i miab^jheh
KA jn* “ we eat " ; ajiabame^ EO^^s we weep ; ahara^lb^
DAJNl, “ W go ” I ATTAPtA Mnjf WO Slti”
Abo a form in the Test {III. 2 : 6) which is difficult to bring
into connection with the foregoings ahaRajieS ^ B*
api sddamuva^ “ we biuld^“
Plural Second Persm.—J noted KAl^LMZ^r ttosi* “yon
^ep E|;OfSA 3 f, “ you eit } EALfeaiEiA d£p
“ you go.”
Plural Third person .— From the Tearts. hunnaNI (tfic).
“they axe,” “they Hve" (ill- 2: 24); HEDmn. “they are
made/' “ they grow ” [UJ. 2 : 3).
I myself noted ro*'i, “ they we<.p ”; '' they sit ” ■
DIYA (or DiYEYi), “ they go/* Abo txbi, they are ”; nivn^
(Interrogative)* they belor^ ?""
PreseiU Tense.
We can, thereforCp nest give with certainty a paradigm of
the Ftesent Tense of ttao iaA^ ^^Io make, in which the form
t fATS Ayr ia the Bame for all Persons of both Numbers.
Them b in this, again* a cloee connection betwtfcn the
Maldivian and popular Sh^haleBCi in which the one form
kamnavd is also used Bimilarl}' lor ail Persons (Present)*
84
JOiTRNAI., R.A.S, (CEYLON). [Voi^ XXVII.
Further, I can put togetlief, Irotu IbraMat Didi's stAtomcRtB,
the PreacRt Ton^ of the Verb dAS, ** to go,” which app^ntly
is inoguiar;—
(1) UA DAin.
(2) KAT-fe d£.
(3) piya.
i’/wnif,
(1 ) ahakaMEA dani.
(2) H Ai.f.!irF^ d£.
(3) EbIe DIYA (diteti).
(6] Forms wUh a FtUitre Si^ificance.
Sint/tUor, First Person. — tiuaNkA fonwanahe, " I will
send *’ (III. 3: 26) = S. emnnemi; yAneue, “ I shaU bo” (III.
3: A 3) = S. sitinnemi ; ruEiNEMEVB (or FCsANEMEvi)}, “ I
shall depart” (lllXlim's Letter), With the adjouted -fc
ooneludiiig the BCOtonce„ 1 also noted ma bai KAsvisi, “ 1
shall eat rice”; ababei^ nnXAvAKEYfi, "I shall ^teb”
which, howercr, has almost the meaning ** 1 must catch."
Singular, Peraoii,—IbrAhim Illdi gives mFAHth't:,
" thou wilt catch ” ; KAiii bai kAAvAn£, “ thou wilt eat rice."
The first may, indeed, be the specific Future form.
A periphrastic construction, apparently, is seen in v*ti:
hapAjS ULAKI, “ thou wilt make ” (III. 2; 12, Kote).
Singuiar, Third Persow.—Thent ate many good examples of
this in the Teat; (tBuJ AKAtsk, “ (the sun) will rise *’ (III. 1 :
19) ; En PA£-OEi4-Fis£, “ he (dog) will bite ” (HI, 1; 26); (mu)
Tmi-Ti-pANfi, '*(tbe sun) will Bct" (III, 2; 30); (Anun)
Bopu-vi-DANfe, “(the darkness] will be great" (HI. 2: 21).
Abo, in my Notes. hjiA bai kAm£. “ he will eat rice and
with the £ at the end of the sentence, htfAsky^, " he will
catch.”
Of Intransitive Verhe we have (lau) osshiil. “(the sun) wifi
set” (ni. 1: 20); KU-uufisfi. “ (the child) will not (by me)
be taken” (IH. Sj B fi); also (maqu) inr-BELkiJi, “(the rood)
will not be seen ” (III. 2; 31).
Extra No.— 1 £H 9 .| linoijibtic anrDixs. 85
Plural, Fit^ Fewji,—Tbe ending deems fco be -ntJ or -iriTif.
With this AHABAMEJ^ BAi KAj^wk^ TTc will c*t rioej” in mj
CblieotioQ agrees; al£o mFlsiMp “ we will cstch," with tho
-t Ddarking the ond of the aontonco.
The form in the Text, aHaBaHE^ aeAkuve, “ we will
embark (Ill, 2: 12), coQtaius the Emphatic Partiolo
which id common in Maldivian.
Person.—The two forma in my CoUectioa^
KAi±ME]^ BAT “you will eat rice/' and KALtME2&
HIFABtdvtp “ you will catch/" do not seem to agree.
In the Text there is found a penphrastio form, kal£me^
haiiAjA' unxnrAm, “you will do” (IIL 2; IS) = S- urlifio
kam7inA,
Plural^ Third person.—1 have only written down the one
form rrAe idnirA vaj KAi^&t “ they will eat rice/"
FiUurG Tenure.
The construction of the paradigm of the Fnture is not free
from doubt, I give it with all reserve :—
^in^uidr,
(1} UA fiAUil^AUE.*
{2) {KAiii hadAnC.)
(3) ^A EAlilirf.
Pl«rai,
(1) API hadAn^.
(2) (RAL^ME^ HADAjTI^.)
(2) bbAb hadA^.
(C) Forms a Prei^fNi^i^oaizce.
Singular^ Firsi Person.—The forms ua ehi, ^'1 asked
(111. 1 ; 1)^ and ma H£j>ip “ 1 made/^ show iia that in the
Transitive Conjugation the etructuro was just the samB as in
Sh^halese. The Protcritc" goes back to the old Fast Participle
of the type jxUita (Geiger, loc. ctL, Motion 65^ 2 a).
Tho AfAldlvinn also shows the vowel assimilation in tho
root ayllnble as opposed to the present aUaNI i HEof^
-MX ia psitiApa on Eicphatio Faftilslii
m
jointsAL, (CEYIXIS). [VoL. XXVIl.
as opposed to tbo pmsent hai>axi)^ brought atxjut by the l
of the foUoiiiiig syllable,, just as the S. ^nvd unci hiduvd: It
iflj however^ sonaewhat mono ancient, inasmuch as it has
still kept the r, whilst in Sinhalese it has been turned
into tt.
The IntransItiTe Conjugation shows just the same typo as
the S. idinie-, To this form belongs ha DEm,* “ I
gave ” {III, 1 : 4) —which, according to Ibr&him Didi's asser¬
tion, may be aUo Ma Dm—eoUoquial for ha nfciitai, which
oecura in III. i: Probably in Lirurri (M41im'a Letter),
HA UYTTNi-MEj I wrote” (Ol. 1: 2^)t are formed in the same
way, as latraiositlvo-
Of forma which deviate from the regular type^ I have
ctoticcd HA callp " 1 bought" (like the S. from
* also with the ending Instead of -i (as in Future
Plural (1), -irti occurs with -t): ma "M saw”
(S. dufuiid); MA btM, "'I dmnk”; bia wept”
Irregular, also, is ma pJYA-me, " I went ; VEJJf -ME,
** 1 became," in ma TEUirvEJji-aiE, “ I rose ” [IlL 2: ID).
Finally, Cbmponud forms frcqiicutlj appear in the Preterite,
in which the Auxiliary Verb corresponding to Iho Sfohalcso
is employed: iiA ahA-te!&, I heard”; ma
“ I laughed ; ma vikicA vdi, 1 sold." In the Texts, too*
UA-NTDAX-Ff-Mn, “I sicpt ” (lH. 2: ID); TIHASfKA YmAI-¥I-
MEv:fi, ** I have boms (that child) " (Ill* ^ - B 2).
Sin^lar, See&jid Ferflou.—Tho form is difficult to establish.
According to kal 2 Opl-OOs-LEFi, “thou hast sailed " (III. 2 :
28), it would agree with tho First and Third Persons Singular-
But tho following forms were given to me : kal£
thou drankset ”; KAii: e±mu, ‘Mhou atest” ; kaiA ruimd*
” thou hast wopt” ; kaiA niYAiiu, “ thou wenteat ” y kaiJ:
oatIta, '* thou boughtest/'^
• Tba root nl Cil,, S3, 3) is duly includflil id
tho lutniJuiliLVD Co£iij ug&tipa lor OAldniAj rwilHdiiflH
S7
Extra No.— 191§.] sttLorviAx unoitistic stupieii.
Singular, TMrd Pawn.—Tha forms liko BFin. “he said*'
(tn, 3: B 3 and B 5); Em, “ ho asked ” (IH. 3; C 7); nri,
“ (sho) has marriod ’’ (III. 3 : 16), are clear.
Of the IntraneitiTO fonns, wo have bi£va vettesu (or
VBppni'l, cf, flupra. Note), “ (the fruit) foil ’* (HI. I : 2S);
JBEtcJn, “ (the moufloon) buist'' {IH. 2: 27).
Alan Irregular i Ai. ** (h^) canio ’* (ill. 1 j 23) = S. stiaaud
oen,4i, “ (ho) brought” (III. 1: 21) = S. jje^dtw.
But a new type in -Pr6 also appears, 'which cau scanoely
bo eiplaioed at first sight: strsnppfe, “ he spoho ” (HI, 3 :
C 3, C 6, C 6); FOBUVAlPPfi, '* covered ” (HI. 1; 17); maeA-
LEYiPPfe,* “ he killed *’ (HI. 3: C 4).
Enlarged forma in -pPEvi are clearly related to these, as in
the Fiituio, those in Fnst Eeraon Singular in ■'ASAiiEvfi, and
Third Ptoreon Singular in -ASEYi, arc related to those in
-AJ^AME, perhaps 'Ask. Such enlarged fomifl are AHEPFErk,
" he asked ” {III. 3: A 3): lAnTErk, “ he laid " (HI. 3: A 6);
pniAi'EPPEYk, “ (children ebc) hae borne " (HI. 2: 16).
In the same way forma of the first typo are onbigod:
FostTvA-ETYEvk, “ho sent" (HI. 3: B 6); ambit EOF'SnfAvk,
“he coEtunandcd” (HI. 3: C 2); as well as y£JlETk,
“was,” ■' he became ” (HI. 2 ? 14; IH. 3 : A 2). C/. siaeU'
VBJJEvk, **ho died” [ill. 3; A 5^ MAlim s letter) j also
the forms nisQi-E%'fi, ** he went' (HI- 3; A 4), and ATU-Erk,
“he has come" (MAlim’e Letter), a« to be taken into
eoDEidcratioa.
Periphrastic is subune hdbi, “(she) did not speak” (HI.
3: B 4). Doubtful forms, resembling the Future rather than
the Preterite, ate (mu) AnA-uAsk; also ossi-nAitk, “ (the sun)
has risen,” also “ifl sot” (lU, 1: 19. 20).
• From the Compouad V«b MAal-wuS, in which h» a Causa.
tLvo fiigni^AZkOB.
JOUHSAL, H,A,S. (CSTOOS). [Voiv XXVII,
Plural, FiTM Tho foroi nppe&ra to find in -si, -hu^
-imnS. In the Teita AHiftAME* KKU-KOPFfs, ** wo gnthoiod;
AHlIlAMZ*^ESOOaFiM, " Wa brought ” ; AgAH*nn:i& b 6 KOIFiM,
“wo kindkd”; aha^ameA KAi^^tsa, “we cooked" fall in
ni. 3 : 11).
I have recoided ahasameS BCrmirfl, “wo drank";
AHARAIIEA BtllMITN, "we Wopt"; AHAKAUEl^ BINofifUir, “wo
.went."
Plaral, Second Person. — single form, EALfiME* eouefibi
(perbops j= Kd'-LZEfM), “ yon did ” (HI. 2 : 10).
Plural, TAird Person . — The simple form bust, “ they said.”
is attfist4;^ (111. 3; g 2). Also wo have, quite analogous to
the comsponding forma of the Third Ptmon Singular. hikgI-
Evt, “ they went ” (III. 3 : A 1), and ATu-VEjjxy^, “ they
came." or "had tome" (HI. 3: B 1). Cf. lurther. vimfi,
“they went" (in, 3 : C 1). winch prahably is eoimected with
tlifi Sa vfdinit.
AJ] tho forma told me hero the final -ta added to
them. 1 should like to writs this -ta’, and simply Jook upon
lb ea tbfi Plural Particle spoken of above, were it not also
oocasiomUy found in my Notes in the Singular. Such lonns
arc EaiE iifHtnJ biJwa, " they drank ”; EsiB Mtoo* afuTA
' they wept ” ; bbAb iifiru* eheata, “ they went "; iytegA
KBiE sdKU^ KiTA BAi, “ they ate rioo yesterday "
m paruihgm of the Preterite of badaiS, " to make,” if we
te put It in tabalar form, would perhaps be formed in the
following way :—^
Singular.
(1) «A HEDi, or MA HADAmt,
(2) KAnk Irani (or T eaez tlEDfsiu),
(3) 2ifA BEDi (or EnA nAnaippfi, or fiKA-HADErti).
Extra No.—1919,] ltnocistic studies.
Plund.
(1) AlUlMAME^ HE1>{m 01 AilABAUS^ HAPAfIm.
(2) (? KALkME^f HADlFfM.)
(3) SBJLe MiTF TT^ H£D].
QI Dii&, to go/* tbe following goojiig^tion of tho Preterite
waB^Vcn to me ;—
£i7i{^iar.
(L) MA BitAsA.
(2) KAi^ dtyAmu.
(3) DIVA.
Pluml
(1) AHAB AMKA HlNOtUO]^,
(2) EAIi^MeS^ DtrlMOTA.
(3} £&A£ mIhu^ DIYATA.
(if) /fnpeF0/f«?ie Form^^
There are ekarly two fonDS^ (i.)i {ii^i ^ ^ dMiflgtEkhed:
aaimplE one^ whioh^ as in Si^Iialcso (Gei^i* foe. ■ci£.i Section
62p 1 o), represents merely the root of tho Verbj and a longer
one, to which the syllable ha^ Is addedt which I cannot
further explain.
(L) bU *'giT0** (in. is 2)i "sleep'' {HL It 21)*
ftADA, make ” (III. 2 ; 21) S. hampan.
In vcuQAJSft (in. 2: 25) aJid uuEk (hub^) (UI^ 3: A 7)
tho -£ may be explained by the poaitioo at the end of the
sentence ■ or is it s plural 1
(ii*) NAGAHAB^p " take upi” ** bit ” (111. 3 : A 3) ^ KU-
taX 4 Ahabe^ “do not strike" (ni* I : 26); nu-mara^e, “do
not kill'* (in* 3; B 5); dbhebe, "give'’ (ni, 3^ B 3); and
finally, in my Notes^ daiia|lBp " go.*"
(e) <7oiidi(tonaj J^ofma.
A Conditional unmistakably occors in (haROFA} tJi-
gaTIYAp " in case (a snake) fcates (us) ” (111, 2 : 24) ; (sfif
EAnkos itjyJIka^) vtrA, " if (tbis) ie (your judgment] *" (m.
3: E 6). Here also bcloiigs mAt-kaiAgE eusskvIyai^ “if
God willfl it"* (MiUm^e Letter); to which the S, nfcasart«, "^^to
have plea&uio in,"" " to like/^ is comparable.
17-16
90
JOUKXAL, S.A.S. (€Em>N). [VOL. XXVII.
The foregoing Notes on Maidivinii Grammar give us, of
covx^t A gonoml and incomplete picture of the StnictiLre
of the Language. They are n first attempt, and should be
judged a 3 such.
He who knows the many purely externa! difficulties and
obstacles with which one meets in the East in researches ^hicb
lie at the femndation of work such as mine ; ho who has
^ oxiMTionced hoiff the best intentions and the most enthusiastic
Eoal are constantly checked and crippled by a thousand petty
trifies^ will judge the deficiencies of mj work kindly.
Knowledge must be indulgent. It may bo an easy thing
to point out and eritioise this Or that defect; but of greater
worth than criticism is cneigctic co-opemtioix«
Extra No.—1010.] mAlpivlan stijdies.
01
SECTION III-*
L—MALDIVIAH VERBAL INFLEXIONS.
Tbtotigh my Colombo frie-ndp A. McndXs Gtmas^kani, MudA-’
liydTj 1 havo reoeived a LUt< of pamdlgms of MAJdiYiAii V«tbs
from my helper, Sheik Ali,
1 pobLisb itp in the comspoiidijig form^ all the moi^ gladly
because the mflexious of Maldivmn Yerba are extremely
remarkable: and bec&dse my own compendia (Z.D.M.G,,^
Section S83 ^eqJ} are in many respeots completed and unproved
by tho new matertal.
At the same timo^ i avail myaeli o! the opportunity of
oorreoting my former statements about the pejEonality of
Sheik AU. He la not a Bengili, but is deiicended from an
Arab family wkioh emigrated from Cairo to India. Also,
be does not follow any mercantile purauit in the 3'IAIdi^‘ts,
but filled the important position of Supreme Muhammadan
Judge there, and was a Member of the Cabinet for ton
yeam.f
This correction is really of importance^ inasmuch as SheOc
Ali , from his position of kAzI, of course, had opportunities
of getting into far more intunate relationship with the
M&idivian people than would have been possible to a trader.
His notea, being those of a man of rank and edneation, carry
authority.
“ So& der K. AtmiOEille d- W., 1900^ p. 641
L,V., p. 371 teq. Sivdim^ IH., Ven WUhslm
Geiger (Vorgelegt in dtr da* am 5. Mai. 1902J.
f Slirik Ali ibo (^n dl Sheik Abdul E&4ir, died at Caldiribo in
ifmiiuiry* 1007-. JTe wm f AnrVAiiUv CMiif Judge, of the MAMive
EalancU, whoa living cd the Onmp,—B-, Ed.
92
JOlTMil,, E^.S, (CBTMK}. [VoL. XXVEI,
Selected Verba.
The Verbs selected, as examples, in the Present, Pieterita,
Future, snd Imperatire Tenses, are:-—
(bJ lunAN, "to make/
( 6 > Kis, “to eat”
(e) BAtAir, '■ to see.”
(d) ASSA21, “to eoinj&”
(c) dAe, “togo.”
ifi lEfKXAN, “to isit."*
1. — Present
In Older to nvoid misondetstanding, if poeaibk, 1 have, aa
a role, inserted “now,” “at present,” mdivian mETOU (in
= S. Pronoun me + hidxj, or anmn, “ tamo”; ically = 8.
mods). C/ E'HiDtr, “ then ” = S. e-soQda.
(«) HABAU, “ to mako,” “ prepare " = S, Mdsnu
Sin^uhiT^
m
(L) TIMAN
(2) JBA
(3) 4ifi [Motcalini) .,
(3J e-kabiil£oe (Feminine)., iHHior? HADasf.
Pinrai.
(1) TniAKilES . .
(2> KALfeHEH . .
(3) z-MtmiK ..
Kis, « to oat " = S. few™
(1) TtUArT .. ,. . . M. KANj.
(2) ma .. EAxi.
(3) £si ., „ _ ^ 3j_
MmrDV HADASi.
MTWtuiT HAJOASi.
Utomn EADANf.
MIHJJUT HADAil^.
aimrnu had am o.
Kmnnn
FresAnt r kadamC, KAjtf, AKlje*, daiw, ikkAiiA. Pteterita - aAtWTA
HMSnAWAnA^ lAitiEiple :
_\5iif ‘ ^ Atsaisf. ajbvA, ooeotK. ecevA, ipi(n)DAvA)rA.
Extela No.—1&19.] ltsoutstic studies.
93
Plural.
(1) UMANME^ ..
(2) EBUREBCEN . .
(3) E-MfBTTtr ..
(c) balaKi “ to Bee “ — S* balanu ^
(IJ TmAS
(3) EBA
(3) fori .
Plural.
(1) TIMAKMEN ».
(2) EBURXBIES * .
{3) E-ads-TA*
{d} AiTEfAHj ” to tsQjm ” ^ S. ertii
SiTtffular,
(1) TIMAN
(2) IB A
(3J*5i
Plural.
(1) TIMAITMEK *.
(2) EA1±QCEX ..
(3) X-jdS-TA* ..
(e) Di^f* " to go " ^ S- ^nu r—
. jSiin£pu£e2r,
(1) THtfAK
(3) tBA
(3}
Plural.
(1) TIBtA^EN^.
(2} IBABEMEK . .
|[3j| E''BlLiio -cs -p * I It ■■ ■
M. KAMU.
M- KAMn.
M. SAN£.
M. BAJUAMt
JU. BA[iA>~i
K- BALAirf.
BALAMfi.
M. BAlAUBT,
U* DALAld:^
M*
M. AIVirAld.
u. axnakL
M. AXT^AHIDYi,
M. AS^A^CCr.
it. Ain>i.
M. DAut
M. DAlfi.
M. Dt.
M. HAMk.
M. DAltirVt.
M. DETt.
94
JOtTRJiAL, (CfitXOH)* [VoLl XXVU,
(/) t^iNKAKj to ait ” = S. ^Uktin, The L.V. writes rafir ^y -
my helper, mtcrsiN :—
Sinffidar.
(1} TDUN
(2) IBA
{3> fafA
- - M, laiijrNAirL
Phtml.
(1)
. .
.. U. I&fN»AHir.
(2) IBUBEUEN,.
(3) B-MflTTTX ,,
.. H. mtD£¥±.
2.
—Preterit*, t
Singutar.
(1) TIHATf
i- i-
* - irVB HADJkJWts^
(2) 1>A
. .
- a irrE MAHAlwiMU.
(3) 2!ri
1 *
- - tYTE HADiOTT.
PUrat.
(1) UMAmfES , .
., lYYE HA&AirfMTJ-
(2} IBITKESSK 1
. .
^ . rTYE HADAIFffllU.
(3} E-idinm . .
■P -P
. - lYYE HAUAIFIJ.
ftn^uJlar.
Plural
(1) T. I. EZEf.
(1) T. I. SAtKEMt^
(2> I. I.
(3) L L ILMFfMt?.
(3) t. 1. xeL
m I, KAIFtJ.
* VVrittoa isf'NAarL
i| Ttw TBlbA H44IM, Kl^j, BAUOCf A^lTNlJSii hAjT, dii|l TiiTiff v*y wiUk
ihjd Addttion of irrx, ywfceidfty.”
J IBUKltfcsf (OrlBAKEHlSK) Jl. EWOrdinK to (Jifliw. mtcrCh^eftUe
mth iuuLSH'ENp ivaX u+ in the Thifd Corson, altoraii^ with
e-adsuif.
I Sboik AU bore writea k^kicI •. probably from <rvojsight.
Extra Xo,— 1919.] nAujiviAi" stitdees.
96
(c) Sinfffdaf-
{1} T. L SZliHU.
( 2 ) I. I. BALAirfscF^ or deseiIku.
{3} £. BAliAlFI^ or DREITEI.
(1) T. BAUHiviT^ or DEO^risfu.
(2) li L BAIiMBfBUJf or DEKEFIMU.
(3) i'X, I, RAliAmJf or OEKEFlS.
id)
(/)
(a)
i^iKj/uJar.
(1) T, I. AQi’.
( 2 ) 1 . I, AOCtr.
(3) i. 1. AI.
^inpuJiar.
(1} 1. I. til¥AIN.
(2) I. 1. DIYAIHU.
(3) ft. 1. err A.
Sinj^teXar.
{1} T. I. INhi.
(2) 1. L nrf.
(3) £. I. iKi.
ftarai-
(1) T. I. AlltU.
(2) I. I. Amv.
(3) fi-Jt 1. Atf,
Phml.
(1) T. T. DITAlltU,
(2) I. I. DIYAIUn.
(3> t-V. r. BITAdf.
Hvroi.
(1) T. 1 . nriwu.
(2) I. 1. orfun.
(3) 6-m, i, imj.
3—Future.*
Hingtilar.
(1) TIMAN wJtn AK HADirANAIir
(2) IBA hAdan HABiifJ.
(3) tsl alAdas radIfA^x.
Fivtnd.
(1) T TMAT TMEN icAdak hadafAhamit.
(2J IBTTRZMEIN mAP aJS HAdAfAHASIT.
(3) E'HfHTTX mAdaf eadAfAne-
• Uko mvtMi %'4Tb« in coiuuretion with kAdait,"' tfj-mwinw.”
9R
ib)
(c)
JOUBN^ R.A.3. {CEVTjON}. {YOL XXYIl,
(1) M. £Jbd.
(2) r. H. Kiisri.
(2) t. M. KXisd.
Plural,
(1) T. u. KiMt*
(2) t. M. E±Er^.
(3) m. kAne.
[1} T. U. BAUiNA^p or OEK£naN.
(2) I. BALlKE, or DEE±NB.
(3) £. H. BAEiAl^E, or £. m. derj^ne.
Plural
(1) T. H. or DEK^>£aHU.
(2) I. ». or deeAnamu;
(3) i-M. M. BAIilKEp or DEE±NE.
(d) Singular.
(1) T. ajotAnak.
(2) 1. a. asuAkI.
(3) £. M. ASmiNE.
(e)
(1) T. M. dAz^tan.
(2) i. M. DixL
(3) £. H. i>1h£^
(J) Singular
(1) T. M. EttiSTHAiffAiff.
(2) L M. EttiMlffAjd.
(3) M.
Plttml.
(1) T. a. ANwlirtr.
(2) 1. a. an^A^amo,
t (3) k-M. a. aje^Ane.
(L) M.
. (2) I. M. bA^ajct.
(3) k-M. M. DArf.
Plural^
(1) t. SL ndK^rlsAMu.
(2) r. tRfNKAlffAMTT.
(3) i-M, M. mfcrslNfi.
{a)
m
4.—Imperatire.
Sin^rtdar,
hadA, ** make/'
Plural.
haddatA, mako/'
Singular.
VJd, oa,t/’
Pfwnif.
KiE ballatI,
07
Emu No.—1919.] mIldiviajs DrnoFisrxc stitoees.
(C)
1
** see/*
1 BALLJiVjLr “ we."
(«i)
Singular.
Pf«™z.
A3mi?fep “ comH."
“ oomB/’
(e)
Plural.
d6, ** go.”
<fl
SiT^guJar*
Plitmj.
mtnt, "aitj
mbr^kYL " ait-'
5.—Compoimd Vert ParadigiDi
I a^d here the pomdigm of the Compomd Verb VATT'AiLAir^
* to cau^ to fall/' “ to £ell/^ ** to drop ” :—
Present.
Pluntf.
(1) 'T.
{1) T- VATTAttASHr.
(2) I. VATrAlLA^'i.
^2) I. TATTAJI»iini.
(3) fi, tatTAK**^-
(3) fi-H- vATT*iJ^-
Pfiferiffl.
Sin^tdar.
Pfumrf.
(1) T, VATFAltt
(2) I. TAT1?AlLi.
(3) 6. VATTAiti
(IJ T. rATFAlli“0^‘
(2) 1. TATTAniJW.
{3> t-»- tattail#.
iStfifruIa*** '
Plund.
(1) T. VATTAnlKi,
(2) I, VKTfASList.
{3) fe. VATTin^-
(1) T, rATVmJM.
(2} I. VATTAlE'A^f*.
1 (3) fe*x. vatfaii»A3IB.
Impmiiv^
(Singular.
PftiroJ.
(2) taTTAIlAb,
(2) VATTAItiAVVAH.
17-
0
9S
JOUENAL, R.A.S. (CTETLOK). [VqL XXVTL
6.—single Verbal Fenns and Short SentODces.
(a) He dies: ±Ni MAsnVAKi.
Sho died: h-kabtjiJ^e MARirrf.
Ho will die to-morrow : mAbah MAEnrlid.
(A) He Ib oatiiig rice now; jcmlBn baI' kanI.
Hh ate rice yesterday: ^nA iyte eat eaifi.
Ho will oat Tiee to-morrow: £n!?i mAdaet bat saieAstb.
(c) All moQ must dio : bmmebA Mis-TAErn^ mabutIe vAeI.
(i) Thou drinbest water now: eax^ mieidu
Thou dranbost water yesterday: iba ityb boifImu.
Thou wilt drink water to-morrow: iba KtAOAE FEN
boxfAne.
IMnk water (iStn^ruZeff): iba fen b 6 l .
Drink water (Pfi^ftil): kal&mbn fen baffafA.
(e) We need riea to-day: timanmenna^* an-Aw bat
(/) Put (Pfwifli) the load down on the ground: BiN-stATTAB *
BDBABOpi VA'TFAILATTAh.
Put (^tnj^uZor) the dish On the table: Mizo-MATTA$ *
b 6 -tai^ vattablAe.
• F^IlUUlHMd mAMXTmtA\
bclciw, ID ” Study ol Soundfl."
O/t p. 37s ^ 04 well
Estba No.—1919.] mAldivian LiNatrisno STUPna.
m
IL—HIALDIVIAK LlHGUISTiC SOUNBS.
IFrdimifiary JJcmarJfc#.—By Chricrtopher, 1 rufcT to Chn&to-
phCT^S yoco6«/ory oj ffte ^fl/dtpian Languor, J^ufnalr RnA^^*r
lai], VI., Section 4^; hy Pyrard, I refer to Pyrard^is Uat of
wordsj elaborated by Gray, Jourriia^p R.A.S*t lS78p now ftoftes, X.,
p. 173 Btq. ; by L.V.^ to the Foe<a^uioi^p Persian amf if
of the Indi^ Office Library,, with a monuftcript Maldivian traiii^-
lation I by K.V.p to tbo Vocabulary In the Copenhagea Library«
Cf^ SifEun^^fcer. dcr K-. Uayef* Academic der Wbsfl.* Cl. i900p
p. 647 atj. By Ceigat, I refer to my own ooUeotioaB ; by E.S-»
to my Eij^olGgie dfej Si^halsst^htn^ Abhdl. der K- Bayefp
Akademio der I.i Bd- Xl.f l^larl 2> p. 177
My account of the MAldivian Study of Sounds I
believe, on about four htmdiod and tlurty authonticatod
compariaous. A glance at ths list at once shows th& close
connectioii between MAldivian and Si^dialeae.
MAIdivian Gramniar oHerfl difficultios of many kindB.
Wb shall be obliged to admit in it the influence of the
language of tho ori^nal non-Aiyan inhabitants of the Ifllandsi
or of mteroouraa with foreign nations.
But for a lingnistic classlflcation of a Langua^i tho Shid^
ofSoUriid^ IB dociidTo.
MifUiT7«on Word Fornut.
M&ldivian words now show in their form ail the mfluonces
which wore fix^og the nhaiacter of Sinhalese down to the Tenth
Oentory after Christ.*
(L) MildiTTian baa lost all the original double oonannants*
ail long vowolsp and all aspirates. Ik>tiblB consonants and
Long vowelSj as in Si^habse^ aro now secondary formations.
• LifCvrcijur wnd Sprocht^ dtr SinghoUmn, Jiid. l.p
10, p. 46.
100
JOtTFtSTAL. H.A.S, (ceyLO:^}. [VoL, XiVlI,
(ii.) The lo^ of the ima&l faeforo coDsonaota takes in
Slaldivian oa in. Sinhalese; and the prooesa^ regarded freoi the
point of mBw of dMeet^ has progressed further.
(iii+) The same b the c^se with the chaiigo of the eibUaiit
g into a, and the loss of the latter.
(it.) Mutes occurring between vowels had totally dlmp-
peered at the tuoc when M&ldiyian bi^tiehiod off from its
paieut langoagie.
(Ti) Palatals had also gone through their ebaiacteiistio
tranjafomiation (o to h and j to o).
(vi) PmalJy, the effects of voweUafiMjtiilation and ohango
are just as recognkablo us in SiQhalefle.
In one word, Mdldiman must have sepamUdSi^haks&ui
a tiim teAeii iAe Eoiler had aireadfff in respeci of Sounds assumed
ihe form which U has ai And this, as I think I havo
proved, was about the year 900 A.D.
Si^^Use Word Forms^
The flecondaiy support of a nasal by the addition of the
mute of corresponding sound doubtless belongs to the most
lecent specimens of the Siphaleae language.
I am thinking of word-forms like " present (E.S.*
Ko. 765) = P, paif^^dkdm: ba^hbaru, “wasp" (E^.^ Ifo, 004)
— P. bhamam *
Professor Ed. Muller justly lays stites on the fact that aueb
forma first occur in the MihintAlo Inscription f (Xo. 121}; which
belongs to the end of the Tenth Centoiy. J
But thia Sound change also bobnga to the period before
UAldiviun branched off.
This, at feast aa regarda the changing of the m into is
proved by the Maldivian word kautou, “smith " (Chrfetopher ;
L. V., 83) ^ S. taihbuTii, P. kamrndra ; taetou, lotus flower”
' Geiavr, LiiHraiur ut«j spruahn tUr Sinffhaiewnt p. £^tioD 2a. 5.
t WumerZiii^r, /, tL Kuf\de dAt Mor^niand^, XVI., Smticn 70.
t Cfei^r, IsK. cii.f p. 20.
101
Extra No.—10LO.] mAij;)iviak usavnnno studies.
6S1 ^ S. tdnfar'a^; also by tbo Af&ldiTjati
KAfiuan^ “bee*^ (Cbristopbor)^ whicb—with a mons recent
diffarenoc of sound—resembles the S. F.
Id all these cases the Haldivian (a/, infra about this) has
subsequently diaeaided the nasal aitogether.
LostLy, there is another, oertaMy rsEtively roceiit„ pbeno-
menon La the Shihalesa language^ of which it may be iniened
that it preceded the bianchiug off of Mdldiviaa-
This 19 the oc^sional replacing of p by We see this
in Maldivian KUBU, ** mast ** (Christopher; L.V** 80) p which,
again, with the loss of the nasal, correaponds to the B- kuihbaf
F. Mpa.
Mdidivitm IFerds from Prdkriij <tc.j Originals.
But it is not entirely surprising that, in spite of its later
scpaiatiou from Sinhalese, M&ldivian possesses words which
originate from the Prdkjit foundation of Sinhalese, but are
wantiog in Siqhalese itself. Also, in single woids^ it shows
phoDctio derivations from the mother language, which would
lead one to decide on a different fundamental form than tho
one aBsumed for Sinhalese.
For example, itldklirian has letained the word ” to
ask” (L.V., 1S1J)* which corresponds to the Prakrit pu^^hsiL
la Sinhalese there la only the word Ukowiso known to
hKldiviam
ilaldivian bis, “ egg ” (CShristopher i L.V,, 45), corresponds
to the Sanakrit'Pr&krit Wja* according to special Laws of
Sound which I shall havo to discuss biter; but m Siphalose the
word is not present. Two other wordsp also^ have uo cquiva-
tent in Sinhalese; KEKf^ “witnesa” (Christopher; L.V.p lOS}^
and HUTAi, “oath” (L.Y., 1(>6; Christopher, httvAe) = F-
mkkJii, Sans. and F. sapatha, jNipufikE.
For such pbenomena them are diffemnt pesaibilities of
explanatiom
* Geigorj cil+i p. -I4| Sectica 20^ 2
102
JOCKETAt, (GEYI^K), [VoL XXVIl,
Even if won^s to tiieeir with am not pmsent in
Lltornttir^^ and are imkEiown in tiio language of the
common peoplo at the presont dny^ the possibility of their
being used in former times is not excluded. They may have
been replaoed by sjnoaymB*
For example, in older StrihALese it is probable that a woiti
puAonzip “ to may bave existed originaUy^ eide by aide
with oAoau, but has fallen into dlsuae^
In other coses, under tbe influeneo of Litemtujo and the
Grammar of the b&medp the borrowed word has got the
upper hand of the true Siobaleso word.
For instance, Mjttya, ** egg"*; ^fc&hh witness**; mp<iiha^
oathj** are now used.
But it is also eouceivablo that the foundation of MiJdimn
is a Sigbaleso dialect which dcies not find its expression in
the litenuy spoech and in the social language of the present
day, but difiera from the source of thesOp at bast in small
detaib.
Maldivian and Word Forms.
Wears abo tod towards this view from the cLreumstanee that
the phonetic form of Biuglo !^I4idiviau words points to a difieiont
source from tbe form of the corresponding Si^Lbaiese words.
TbuSi for example, Maldivian yulu “ male nni-
KAiraaU, bull,** L.V., S7) ■ Fiai-KAiioB, husband ” (LV,*
13), aro doubtless more ancient and closer to the P, puri^
than the S. pinmi, with its enigmatical -mi* Pymid has the
earlier form rmis.
Xakewisa hAs, thousand,is the direct and regular
devolopmeDt from the P. «iAaa«a; while the S. dahas, ftom
its sound, clearly is nbted to the N^ameml dbJIa, “ ten."
Kkc two words TABU, “ post," " pillar," and tiki, " some-
thing," “a little,” are also intoresting. With their dental T
they agiBD with tho P. th^mba and <Ao(a; but differ from the
S. t^mba and fiita*
■ May it not pwibly bo a Qoutfoctioa fiom oiWiniVfiif],
(hoioui btiiog) ** ^ M^dUiviau nEi-iumur j— B., £d^
* mole
m
Extba No.—101 mAiiDIvian lisiouisttc s^hjiiies.
In old there mu^ haTe been eqni^ient fofma,
dental and oerebml: the former Is contmiwl m M&ldiTiad;
the Latter in Si^haleae worda of the present day^
Mdldivian us, “ sugar-csane,^ compared with S. pomta
to an earlier double form. The first eorreapoads to the P.
wchu; the latter, on the contrary, to ukkhtt. As ig well
known, the Sanskrit ksh has, in Pfikpt, in Bome caws turned
into cch, in others to withont its being possible to make
a eharp separation between the two.
On the other hand, the S. sohem, 96 n, k 67 ^ “ grave'* (E.S,,
No. 1,050), agrees with the P. ^mna; whilst the hf&Idivian
* prosuppo^ an equivalent form, which oocurs in
the P.
In many cages in which l^laldiTian shows older forms, this
is esplainad by the fact that in Sinhalese the more recent
form of tho word was developed in the period after the
aeparation of MAIdivian.
Aft a rate, the words which in their ozmneiation show an
earlior rowel than the Sinhalese equivalent, can be accounted
for in this way. But* of couibc, the supposition is not excluded
that, m one case or the other, it may be duo to radical
dideienees in dialect.
The fiiBt idea would only be confirmed beyond doubt, if
in a BLDgle case in old Siphalese—perhapo from earlier in-
Bcriptions—a form of word can be referred to which diifots
from the present form, and agrees with the Mdldivian woid.
But, hitherto, I have not discoveied such a caae.
Poicef Sounda*
Words where the Mdldivian shows a more primitave vowel
sound than the Sqpialeso are, for example :—
EUKA-FAT, *• razor ** (L.V** S5) = R Bum, but S, ism.
BUS, “empty ** = P, cttccAa, but S. Aw.
MBTU,salt ** = P, but S. ia?n*.
FTOl, " full '* = P^ jdiria, but S. pin'.
Thai bi atnkii^.
104
JOITBKAl., B.A<S, ((JSVUIN). fVot. XXVII.
“ hamfitier ” (Geiger) = P. but S. mili.
“ to measure ’’ = P- but S- rttmuHwi-
oiBij cumjain ” = Sans* jifo, but S. dunti *
Tis, “ three ” =* P. but S. t%n.
To this, also, may bo a^ed ssubab, " to turn," “ to wind,"
mtb tho U vowel, contrasted with the S- sili&jnJOB, tlio
verb goes back to tho Sanskrit toot 6/ittr*
In mr.* , “etono,” oontraatod with tho S. A«I, wo might
consider that in Prikrit the equivalent forms sefei and sild
are alreiidy present.
noteworthy, ftiso, are some cases in which tho Si^baleso
shows a ohangB of sound, which is not caused by the following
i-sound; wMJst, on tho contrary, the change of sound is
Wanting in Maldiviftn:—
TABU, “ pillar " = P* thojMa, S- #f mftfl.
UAU, “ cock " (OA’i!) - P. oapaia, S. sftful.
DAU, " net" = P. S. dfl.
On other hand, in MAldiviaiv is found dbBttSU, on
the right,” “southern” = P- dakkhit^a ; whilst S. daiainu docs
not show the oipceted change of sound. In NAU, ** ship,*’
but S. nfv, it may again bo a case of accepting double forms,
kAvI and ifAvi.
In such iaolated caeca, in which MAIdivian, in contrast to
Sinhalese, gives on® an impression of greater ago, tho general
character of the former U, of courw. not in quosrion.
Maldivian ia a reiativety recent dialeotlQ derivation oi Si(i‘
haleso: it Bhares with Sinhalese aU the characterisrie Unguistlc
phcnotn^na.
Double ConeonetJiis-
Double coniKHiantH aje wantmg> or h&ve only ariBen ai
secondary foimAtion^,
Thus, VAirsAH:, “ to enter,” " go in," has arisen, after Ices of
the vowels through asaunilation, from tadnak , and corresponds
to the S. oadinw (E.S., No. 1,281) = P, najati: also vmKAif,
“ to eeh,” from vissiAB ^ S. eiiiwinu = P.
uakkaji, “ to show,” from dakvas = S. doibtisnu.
toe
Estka No.—1019 ] mJIijjtpiai? Lisornsnc studees.
VVe instanoes of a eimpk Loss of vowfils in M&ldivian^
aa In Si^baJese.
Rsaidplea: BAiJSAir, “to know ** = S- dannUj fxum dantnu ;
GA^AiTp “ to boy" S. gannu^ from ganiftm; koxna^t,
“ to dig " ^ S . i&am'flrtt.
But in these three casea, as well as in taHT?a^* it seems to
be a tase of a double InfijttitiTe suffi^s: irt M^ldiTian.
It ia diMoiLlt to expkin aksas, “ to oome,” in lofeiotice
to S. mu; and HumrAS, "to ait*" “stay” "roniam” ^ B-
Also in KZKKUliAp " atrongj” “ hard " (Geiger)— if T hare
written the word eorrectlyi and it ought not, perbspa, to
be written eekuea *"-^aB well aa in kessaic; " to cough ”
(Christopher j L.¥,, 22), the doubb consonant le striking ^
but in no oaso is it ancient.
It is aolf-evident that double consonants nmy appear at
the point of junction of compound words, ihrougb assiinilation-
Examples: vakkan* theft/* from VAO, “thief" S. vag
("tJg^r”) + kas, "work" "deed" ^ S- ham; EBBA^nr,
“ uterine brother." from eE + BApUp “ womb " } edOA^U,
“ ivory,” from El?," elephant" + dalU, " tooth,” &0»
Long Vowda.
Also, though long vowels are wanting in BIAldiviani they
have arisen socondarily by contraction,
MAl diviitn coniinues the proeesSi which ia to bo observed
in Siphalcoe, in that* more freciiiently than In SiphalcsOp an
H between vowels is thrown out* and tho hiatus removed by
oontiaction^
The sounding of the h in Maldivian* as is shown by other
evidence* has become thinner and abghter than in Sinhalese.
Examples of such lengthenings, duo to contraction, are ..—
sfea, “ mcdicme " = S-
EfetJ," out of doora ” = S- P- hdhifa^.
• Abdul Hamid Didl statf* eomsert spcl^ i* urarL*:
but tha word Bioans ■'patient^' aofc * haidp" * attoeg.' " ^B.. Ed.
106
B.A.S. (OKYtjO^ff). [¥0L. XXVTT.
BtBJTf *' defll" ^ bihirij P. AoetAim.
FfETT,"fifa"-S.3>iAiri-
BffatT,^ *' pl€!;&eant ” = S, miAif*,* P. madhum.
fIbu, “ wiound " ^ S. pahar^, P. poMmu
yAjB ±," mia " = S. vdhari.
KAair, “ iMjrro/* " miin3 ” = S, «aAaro, P. miAdni.
DtrLA^ carpet ” ^ S_ <iuAiUpt P. duHla,
Contraction also occur in fIla, ” board ” ^ S. p^iha : It
most have arisen from a fwidamoutai fonop feleha, fihti.a.
It is. always wortiiy of note that whoro the Si^baleso shows
a double form^ the Af&ldivian appears only to know the
fortboT developed contracted form.
Thus, the Miildlvianagreea with the Si^ha!^ in ll6, “postJo ”
= S. mrfJ, also moJtal; bA, ** arm = S. P. Mfcy; fI^ *^foot "*
(Cbriatopber) = S- pd, pada ; ru*k, " green stiiff ” herb ” =
S. paid, F. pald^ ; nlSp " thousand = S. dd^^ also dahas,
P. soAhiaso ; Mtyno, ** ooean ” ^ S. mddu, also muhudu, P,
mmtidda ; Lk, blood ” = S. U, P* hhiUi ; tJitu, pig = S.
dru, P. s^kam^ &c. Abo may be mentioned ut, ^*nose*'
= S* n4; and nfe, “mgbt“ = S. fi. {€f^ S,S,p Nos. 757
and 1^25.)
A double form in MAldiviniii is £fs and kiyas,
= S. hiyoi. t
Some long sounds, indeed, remain unexplained. §
Thus, for example, scahAxc, grave ” (duistopher) =
Prakiit laosat^ (already q^uoted above) ^ BAltA, “12” =
S-bara; ** = S. n.4m/* night,” shade " ^
S. bafu; D6m, ^"boat *^ ^ P. <£^i.
* In 6- aUa I^ilyuru Ko. 1^09 L, t).
t In S. nlioifiVwt (ELS.* Nu. 007|.
I yAt 20), VAi tChr±^phj6rJip '* Uft arm,^ is d>ffl i^|t._ j baii^vo
that it is €ontwt«d from va", ** ^ 6, oani, P. winw (cs/. na*,
L,V** 2fl/* MM ")p and ax, Ai^E.ai, P, AoMa.
I Tbw loog in uttaraoco, artsin^ ham ttd dreppmg at & flnal
cananEiantij will ba spokra uf furlboi' below.
Extra No.— 1919.] ittLorvL^N LtsoTnsritj sruDrES, 107
The r&lationahip of Mmi7« bumn teing,” ” man/" to S.
mini^ IB obscuro^
Finally, in momosylkbic words, the vowel appears to be
occaBionally leiigtli&nied+
Eiamplfis: box or to drink *"; las or lAs, “ to aot/^
plaoa""; dajt or oAn, *'to go "; o" or6', *^komel/^ ^^grain/^
Nasal,
Ab regaidB the dropping of tho nasal bofors a mntOj tbia^
again, has gone further in ]U]AldiT!aii than m Sinhalese. The
nasal in Maldivian m frequently quite dropped, where it ia stUl
retained in Siphaksc.
Neverthebsa, dialectical vnrLationB Bcom to occur, in my
Notes, chiefly, aro forms with the nasal, as I heard them
from the mouth of my helper, Ibrahim Didi j whUat in the
printod and manuscript Voqnbnlarios forms (of the samo
words) occur without the nasal.
I have noted BAKOTT-ni, **wiiie/" ^‘armck" (Sana, bha^ +
™a +): Ghrifitophor; L.V.^ 55* on tho coatrary^ has baqtt-bA.
Also I have BAJtpn, ** body " (= S. bai^, P* enbu,
bod S. ^da); Ajmim, dark S. apdwni, P, andha^
kdra}; tsfonr, “ finger ** (S. P. an^i] / BAirpi, " fltafi
(S. P, {foffida); uTTouLiTj “ ciumbar/^ “ v'ermiUion ”
(S. iw^M F. hi^guli); tambu^ "post," '"pilkr” (S. f^ba,
P- ^Aam6Aa): whiletp oq the other hand, ore to be act BAjpn,
EDU * AUIBl, lOILI* BAPI, FOTTLI, TABU* gLveil by ChjMopbcF;
L.V.J K.V.
Other words in which the nasal has ^ilen out are : abi,
woman"" (Christopher; hut Pyraid has amby) = S. ;
AtHTBUp " cbarcoaF" (Christopher j L^V., 9) = 8. at^ru,
F. uAgdra; kibij, ""crocodiJo” {L.V., 46) = S.
P. kumhUla ; aoTAEiaj, " coriander ” (L.V., 31) = 8*
i^fttTafriirw ; EUETTN, “ saffron (L.V*, 69) = R jhiiAlTima ;
■ la aplto of Ed. MnJhr^s objMtioii X\ri., Tfl), 1 bold
Ui the derivation of S, rd from P. ™a+ An argument for it Ib Iho
^EiivaloRt form roAa. Bwdoap for M&JdiviAii tho fonu sas
in Pymrd u dutiol taotiiuony.
108
JOTTBNAI,, (CETLDN). [VOL. XXVi|.
TTEDiTS^ ■' pirEwnt " {ChrifitopbeT} S. ‘ ' r&vflrenisOi”
“ adoration.”
For further comparison arc noticeable: M^idiTmu TABinan,
“ Lotus Bower ” (L.V., 63) = S. ta^buru; mabubUs “ bee ”
(CHiriatopbor) = S. bamburu * KABUBiTt smith ” = S. kat^
buru; as well m KOBu. = S, hiMba {nf. above,
pages 100, 101).
Falatals,
The original palatals 0 (ceh) and j throughout show in
Mildivian the same changes as in Sinhalese, ix., through a,
which later becomee and occaaionaQy n*
I notice that, as regards the change of a into h, the I^Ialdivian
coatiimos a pmcosa in language which had already begun
before its separation from Bq^lcae.
In Sh^halese, double fonns frequently occur^ in which, as
I have mentioued, the forms with h must, as a role, be
regarded as the more recent,!'
(L) In Mildivian, forma with s have become estromely lare.
Almost everywhere n appeyirs y as much in the place of an
ongiual sibilaot as of an originaUy ailont palatal—the h being
then, in many compbteiy dropped. Only where the
a stands at the end^ is it, as in Sii^haleso, always retamed.
For the change of tho silent palatals into h (from s), a few
examples may suffice _
/iwiKri.^HAS, ■■ ftkin” hide" = 8. ham, mm, P. eamma;
KA(6r)DU, “nwoa’* = S. ha^, ia^da, P. caada; hai,
** Bcreon ” “ aheltot *’ =s S. hat, sat, P, chaOa.
JffiJial.—FAHTTNj “ latct'' s= S. P» pafch&* HSQIi
** flies *' = s. p. mtfccftid ; oaciiN, ** to lift up '* =5 S.
uAwlanu, P. vccdldi; kababv, “ tuftb ” = S. ifsttbit, P,
kocchapa.
.•♦H®**®"!!!!: iWldiviM palftinl fl i, „
LtUa QozuLwtfpd bthe with tho oriftnjiliwlathl j like tho latter,
it hea rather amen from »[, Wo bod this from haca*. hacca* “ en ’*
•nd HATi (S, niAtu), “ above ■': Oeiger, ioe, tit,, p. 38, Section 13,2,
t Geiger, fee. dt, p. 45, SteeGoa 31.
ExT&, 4 NOi" 1919>J HAlkDlVlAN £JSonST]C STUDIES. t09
JiiiaJ.—The s pemaina; as oas, “ tree,” but oahd-fat,
“tieo kaf ": AS, “hoiw,” but Amr-KOTA?i, “maiiH’'; fas,
“five,** but FAHfii (Geiger), fahet (Pyi&rdJ; us, “sugiu.
case " P, v£ehu ; us, “ high " s* S. itj, P. awa.
Tho B ansLDg from a& ortgitkckl sibUaat obeys just the
same lavs^
We have hakubu, ■‘sugar” = S. hakuru, aabttru, P.
sakkham; hat, = s. Aol. eai, P, wfto, &o. Medial
f AHAJf, ** to .sew ” = S, jwAawtt, P. pdna. Sans, pdfa and
pdfoyaH, '* binds” ; niHA, “ ten ” = B. data, P. doas. &c.
The initial a is quite dropped in or, “thread" = 3. ftd.*
as is the medial u, with contraction foUowing, in Bfis'
“ mcdioino ” S. bthel, P. bhesajja.
An initial h arising from an original palatal is chopped in
i^l^Aii, “ to ait word in many respects obscure, but
which must be oonoocted with S* Aifmii, P. cifthati.
That tho H of Tety.dilleient origin, within the word, between
vowels, readily disappears, we may see by a comparison with
pages 105, 100. l nieation here taulu, “ clear,” " public "
~ S. pahafa and pdfa, P. paJEafa, where the h fills the gap.
(li.) As an fliample of the larer elmnge of o into n, we
ham MMdivian edubu, “ teacher ” ^ S. fdunt, P. oeoriya.
(iii,) Gaaes of i> from j are frequent.
/Bflwf._DAU, ■■□et" ^ S. dfi, P.jdia; dim, “cummin"
= S. duni, P. jira dI^, “ tongue ” ^ g. div. P. jh’hd,
II “middle” S. m^dh, P. fflojj'Ao,■ a(u)DUif,
coUyrium ” = 8. oij^ua, P. anjaita ; ajju, “ toriay ” =? S.
tlda^ P. ojjtt,
(iv.) In two cases jf has from J, instead of from d*
botwteen vowels: Mildivian “ pain ” = S- rudd (r^^eiiu)^
J"* ru}d; and mm, “silver*’ == S. ritfi, P. taJaUt.
Mvie.
For Uw dropping of tho simple mute betwieen vowels^ which
was immpleted in pro-MAlttivian timc^i wo &caroeIy jised
apeohkl OMmplos,
JOumNALiT [oeyuqn). [VoIm.XXVJL
no
Stop^pf.
To 01] a gap, aa in Smhalcaep Y, v* and H ars employed.
That H has then negularlj disappeaied and a contractioa
taken place, wb ha to already seen,
(i,J I!xaiiipk^ of Y (thus ainplojicd} occur in rtyajt, cuhit
= S. rt^n, F, ndana ; and in betyaeij^ “ dog-fish shark =
whore the bo far as I know, only iiaes
the boitowcd word,
(E) Ajb contmstodp wo haYC y.
Thus: AVip “ s unshin fl (Geiger * L.2; K.V.) = S- dutt,
F, difljMi; and huvai, oatii ” (L.V.* 100) ^ P. mpaiha. Wo
may ako mention here TAumj favtteuJ, “ mil ” — S.
pavurut F, pdiym; as well as hau (pix>noonccd haV, or,
more correctly^ liA'tJ), “ cock " = S, F. capala.
(iii.) In somo woida the MAIdi^n has inserted T to prevent
hiatus, where the Si^halesa has v.
Eiamploa; niYALu, “jackal." c/. hival = P.
HiYASl, “fihadow” (L.Y., 26)p c/. S. Astttft. stmn ^ P.
thadana ; EiTAU, “ aailp" c/. S* mnl.
An I preoedea the Y, bccausa between the letter preventing
hiatus and its preceding vowel there is an tinmistakabla
connection.
In condusion. It may bo noticed that MMdivian, like
SiQhaleBCp is determined in ita pronuneiation not merely by
(a) the shortening of oiiglnnlly long Eounde—of which we have
already spoken—but by (6) tho influenoe of accent^ and by
the two laws of (c) vowel assimilation and (d) ohango o| soimi
Amjit.
We obserro the influence of Aeoentp as in S^halesOi* in
tho frequent qualitative alteration of the vowd of the second
syUabb*
In this way tho u in aefbu, “alphabet" = S. at«ni;
DKKinnr, " on the tight" ^ S. ; MApunOt " district"
(x. cU,, p. ah iSectioQ e.
Extra K’o,—tOifl.] JtlLDtviAs Lisonsric sTPoim, m
= S. 7na4ulu. 4c., from P, atHam. daikhivi. ; also
1 in lUKi5(*BOpnJ, « hat» = S. mJhw, rakig e/. P. roi£Aa«.
OccaaioDal dcriTOtiona of Mildivian from SiphaJcse will be
qwken of below.
Vow^ AssimHiUtM.
Also ae tegarcb vowel aaaiiiulattoa,« it may avfEce to refer
to I<N)GHJ, “finger*' ^ ^ 7 ,^ p “deaf,**
through BiHtrRtr = S. 6 tAiW, P. badhim; lpi (t.e., Ltf, “ aa it
w said ”) throng luhtx = S, ZttAa. P. lahu ; tusi. “ thin *'
= S. (URtf, P. (OH«.
Sound Change.
For change of the sound of a, correepontUng to the ohainc,
toiifltic f of the Sighaiese, we have b, with clear utteianee, in
midiviaa
Change of eonnd also takes place in the formation of the
Intronahivo {Passive), as in Sighabse.
Thus EALAN, “to see "; belen, “to bo seen,” “appear '*;
KABAJf, “ to eut down “ ; eepbw. “to be cut down " (Uhe 3
ladanu, ietdenu),
Examplca of single words, in which both languages agree,
arb particularly numeroii^:—
DEjf, "afterwards," “thereupon“ = S. dpn, P. d!dni.
ET, “ elephant “ =s S. ft, P.
FES, " water ” = S, pfn, P, pdnij/a,
tszm, “ flies ” = S. nfsi, P. tnaechia,
RES, “ mnltitnde ’’ ^ 5. rfs, P. rdat,
VHJ, “ sand *■ = S. vfii, P. vAIiM.
•vsn. “pond" =; S. P. mpi.
Above, on page Ifii, deehsu. "on the right,” "aouthom,”
has been referred to, whore—as contrasted with S- doitunu—-the
change of sound through the i la founded on the P. datthi^.
In the same way there are words like hau, "oaek " {=
and TAJin, "pillar" (= S. ffriSfia). in which an f
• Ggigorj fcc* cii.» p. 34* 0,
112
JOUBBTAl, (OBTUOSj, [VOt. XXVIL
in Si^Iese corresponds to a in MAldinan; bat where the
Sinhalese ^ cannot be expIaiDeil by the mduenoe of an a.
In a few cases the Mj4Idirian has i ooimBpoDduig to the
Sinhalese
Thus: i(ir)GiLi, “ finger/’ S. ; and buto. " impossible/'
which I compare with S. b^ri.
On the other hand, Maldivian s corresponids to SmfaAl MB
i in isu, ** cotton materiai" = S. pHi, F. pnlj.
Finally, liko e anawering to the Si^leBe is found
corresponding with n£(-faT), "nose” = S. and Rfi.
“ night ” = S,T^.
Thus, it is clear, MAldivian ehnics all the essential pecnli-
arities of S^^lcse in respect of Sound.
Other Gompariaona,
In details, too, the direct dependence of M&ldivian on
Sinhalese is seen.
In Kistr, compared vdih P. kuw^hfh, there
lA the armngemoot of the vowth in S* kiiiibut. We
lui’Fe the same change of conBonantB ia ocean " (hmm
BtuHiTDn}, compared with F. / oinA in bhat, betol^”
compared with P. tamb^ ; S* muJiudu and
The Bodi}^ dialect here haa preserved toba^a^
But tho Mdidivian shows, boBides, certain vocal |]eciiliaritbs,
which muat have arben after the swpamtion from SiQiialcaep
and determmo ite dialectal peouiianties.
Vmed AUcnUiQns,
The vowels have undergone qualitatiTifl alteration many
kindSj throngh the effect of Sound-cnvironinent,
(ij Thus, tho vowel F frequently appeam in the neighbour¬
hood of labials: cf. nuiJAB, “ to speak/’ with S. fttmfira, P.
bhanali; BOIaf, “cat,” with S. baial, P. Wjoki,- BOBi,
“difiiciiit," with S. bara, P, bhdra ; buba, “eyobrowB.” s!
6f»io, P, hAaiua ; Fun A, “ comb,” with 5. pattd also, perhaps,
Extba ?fo. - 1919 .] sAldjvian ejnocistic ffruuxBa, nj
FtT^u. "sde,” with S. p{^, P. pUtha,* Wo might, perliAps,
admit the existence of a fandamontal f<Kt[i in n as well as
one in r, such as we really hsTe is the P. pw^ha and pittha,
(ii.) AL«o, after a jind k, the vowel tf has developed la
many cases.
Thus, in gvsas, " to icckoa," S. R oi m»
" parrot,” S. gird ; KunAN, “ to make/' S. P. iareff :
Ecr^, play," S. feff; EuiiU, “ saliva,” 8. iUla; kitebit, snflix,
“hoPBfrom,” S. keren; keedbi, “cuotunbcr,” S. ieUri P
kaJckdri,^
(ilL) The vcwal o la foitnd in EQ^rxAK, ” to dig," “ cultivate, ”
S. P, hhanati: and in eolit, “end,” S, kefa, but
P. ioli, the o of which, aceording to the laws of change of
GOQnd, ought really to hecomo e.
(iv.) On the other hand, in many cases a dental
the appearance of tbo vowel i.
Thus, niDA, ”flag,”S, dada, P. dkaja^ diqa, “teo,”S. daha,
P. dam ; hla, “ surface," S, and P. iota ,- Tnii, “ S,
tamd A(s)nmi, « dark," " blind,” S. arufa™, P. andAakdm. (
fv.) The development of the vowel o from a(e) in front of b
(:= 8. i) is worthy of note. It occuia in anrno?T, “ ichnenmon,"
S. mugftfi.
We have the same before the final t, which then, according
to the Laws of Sound, must become mute.
Thus, In o’ (Christopher, 00 ,* L.V,, 73, os), " kernel (of
fruit) " = S, efa, P. alfhi ; and in vo’ (Chrietopher, voo , L.V,,
60, vox), “ lamp” = S. vfto.
* o after V DMuts in rosn, ’* swoot," 8. pmi. On Hm othm hand,
c/. Fi'i," barbs," “ j^u atiLtt," S. paid, p. pattita.
t On tkiii otihnr himd, kilakf ^ toil,'* dirt,’* S. fcrE^f
t lloro otkaq# are Hosc^ lizArd,*^ S. Af^u / HDinj*
” 3- htna; wUKURVt Vqaua B. Sikurd{dd}^
In duas (= tiuwAa), " day,** the it ia caosad by v,
ae in nw*i “ ninq,** dawu, rmva. The pctifqrenca for in the- aecond
ayllablD, as hna boon obeervod ha. ^inluileBo, expleioH hirus , poppor*”
3r mirU ,* FonuTAJf^ ** to covotu'* S. p^ramiu. For aiUp '* blpo^** soo
infra.
114
journal, (OErijOif ). [V^ol. XX\TI.
La madorj, (paFticular) wfiigbtp^' [ ongmuilj occhtb;
S+ madata, P. ma^iUhd: in thia^ tho a of thn Si^^Ioae has
arisoa secoiid&riiy, aftor the MiiLdivias aeparatfid off,
(vi.) If MaliJiYian ia found in placo of i* wn have a
dorivation for o\ " wojc ** (Cbristoplier, 00; L.V*, 47, ubt) : it
conosponda e:n:tctlj to tho S. (E,S.» No. 124).
i?ool Fow?e/ Chajiges.
In connection with vowel ebange, I must montJoii a mniaTk-
able difloronce between Mi&ldivian and Siplialese in icgard to
the vowel of tho Root of the Noun.*
1 sbonld state, first of aU, that in tie scaipcity of Mdldivian
teite it cannot always be establiabod, with ^rtaiaty, in which
form, whether of the Root or of the Nonunative^ helpers have
commimicated the M&ldivian words.
Further, I dosiro to record that^ in my Et^^mologt; of
I waa not su^clentlj oonsteitent; for in the Suppk-
mini to Olough^s Vocobulary 1 put down sometimes the Root
and fiometmies the Nominative of the Bnbstantive. In my
later works. in IdUcrmir und ^proche dtr Sin^fiakstn, I
have avoided this iimcctiracy.
With regard to M&ldivian, I should IJko to dra w attention to
the fact that there ia still danger for us at the present time of
falling into the same mistake, loss through our own feult than
through tJie existing state of our knowledge* Of couiw, our
acq^uamtance with Sinhalese always gives ns some guidon®.
VVe make^ then, the remarkable obsc-rvation, that in very
Romcrous cases the end ol the Root is different in Mildivian
and Sinhalese, and that—
(1) Where Sb?haleae has Maldivian has i,
(2) Where Sinhalese has i, Maldivian has n.
(3) Where Si^Iese baa a, Maldivian has
• As reginTU the furmj&tian of tha Hoot of the Noun m Bmhaieso cl
p. 52,S«ti0D 30
f In nil tlM«n ensn wo an dMlmg with a Root vowel, which Jum
nii^CL rrom Ml ongituilly nduood (luidotonninp^j vowol.
115
Kxtra No.— 1919,] 3(lLi:j}ivia}i Uifoinsnc sirrorES.
(1} Thus, we find in M&Ldiviaii tho roots; ali, “ashes”;
ATI, “ fiunsliino "; Bi?i, ” night-shade ”; BOtr, “ mdseel ” ;
BABi, "child”; FAST, "worm"; duot, “bow”; noin,
“ chalk,” " mortar ”; ka?!, " bone " ; ko^, " (»go "; kuki.
"dirt"; siipr, “smooth rock"; mddi, “ring”; taBI,
“ star " ; taxi, “ cup,” " dish am, “ bright ” ; a(x)ddii,
" dark "; bahi, “ heaTy ” ; Him, " dry " ; ettut, " small ” ;
where tho Siphalcso hasa/te, opa, hofa, dant, danti,
kaiUt fejlu, tiinu, ma4tt, mtufu, laru, lafu, flji*, a^duru,
baru, hiku, kudu.
(2) Diieotly opposite to tbo^ are eieu, " milk ■'; smo,
“impossible bIrii, “deal " ; ns against tho Sinhalese Wn,
friAiri*
(3) Finallj^ cKJcujr kdu* bt^d ”; Fcr^n, “ aide ”; iia(s)uu,
“ moon ; haktu* grindiog stoae ” ; ko(3t)^u^ “ shoulder ” ;
KtrtTT, “ saliva ” ; LaDu, “ ahamo ; MAUtr, boundary ;
MApo, ** dirt ; toAOU, mj ” ; nAbu, “ amew," nerve ;
TAB!?, “pillar"j Tupu* point/' “top**; VALUp *'^lio!o“;
Madu, "*dow**; M£DU, “middle”; but in Siplmiaae
pUa^ tada, mciditp Tnaga, naharaf
t^inba, tuda^ mada, m^da.
Among the&o diffor&ncee in vowel femuition betineeti
Si^lialcse and MAldivian them maji ol OQurse, be many eases
whem, with the former, it is a case of u secondary chango o£
fonn, while the MAldivian represents the cUiect continuation
of the old form.
Wo aoufoely need lay stress on the fact thatj, in many cascSr
of coursep the Boot Vowel in MiJdi\ian and agree.
Consonaiij Changes^
More far reaching in their inflnenee am cortam apeoifio
MaJdivian I^wa of Sound govonmig the consonants.
In some few words s has come in, in place of the Si^pialcae L
One finds interchange of the two sounds m Sh^halese and in
PalL*
* Geigef p foe, p* 4 S^ Swfion ^5, 3*
116
JODSSAL, B, A 3. [VoL. XXVI I.
In Mjaldiriaii kajcuhi, “oiab” S, JtaW«. P. kai&afakit:
UAKuijn, “epidcr,” S. rnakw^u and mahd = P. tnoitlnla.-
alao THJANI, “ lightning ” = S. tadidj } whilat Sl^haloso tndH
ooncsponda to tha MUdivtan viDtr.
General bwa are
(1) Change of Si^haleao p into Miildiviian
(2) Change of Si^aieee t into )l4!divian a sound
peculiar to Mdldivian, diffionlt to dosenbo.
(!) For the gradual appearance of the change of p into f
we hoTO interesting chroaological support.
Pyiaid, who spent faom 1(302 to 1007 on the Mildivos,
always, in fact, wntos p for F. Tho change o| sound ia of
quite recent date.
Examples (of the change from p into f) have already heen
given. I add :—
/rttlicii.—FAS, dust " = S. pas, P. popsa.
FENl, “ vision ” ^ S, pettoia, P, pa^mytUu
Fiva, “ foot" = S, pipa, P. pads*
fI-vAk, “to become rotten,” “ to stink ” s Sans.
pSia, puyoli.
FOT. “ book ” = S. jwS, P. pciihaka,
fto 6, “ alts " = S. pore™, pord (E.S., No. 022).
Fum, “ son ’* = S. pu^, pi(, p. jniita,
Jfeefud,— SAFA, “ cotton ” = S. fcapit, P, ibippdsa.
HAFAjr, “ to chew " =* S. Aaponti.
nFULYAS, ** to lift up “ = S. tepufman.
tTFUBAS, “ topjnek out ” = s. vpsra^n, P. upp^tli.
BAFA," father ” (Geiger) = S. bapa.
(2) Examples of the change of f into iFt—Christopher writes
EH — are the following:—
ABA, “eight ” ^ S. afa, P. utfSo.
ABi, “ tmdor,” “ underneath " = S. yafi, P. hefiha.
FABAX, “ to begin ” = S. paten.
FDBB, “ flido ” = S. pita, P, pili&it,
KABI, " sting,” " prick ” = S. iafM, P. hapfabi-
117
Extra No.—mAi^diviak L£?f0tri3Trc snrDiEg.
Ko^tANj, “ to oat down ** = B* koiajm, P* kotfeiu
Ko^, cagft ” ^ S, kofu, P.
MJkHO^y ** a weJg^ht " = S. fAodb/a, P,
MUGQ^f “ ioluieuiDdii = S. mu^L
to dfinoo '* ^ nafamt, P. noto.
“ baoizneT ” = S- swift, P. muUhi,
VAjpAK, " to timi.*^ “ to twiet = S*
In n few cases my nuthoritlea varied between ^ and e.
For oxsmpfe, 1 beard lEimf a* ** to sit ” ; on wbicb account
I Oonsidored tbe word m rotated to S. hifinu: Shoik All writes
the w'ord mfai'sAjr: in L.V.* 183, wa have mi 2 ?A.^
I have noted **silk/* which I conceive to be a
compound of fa^ ^ S, paiat and m* tkroad ; the L. V*,
49, also writes it thus ; but Christopher has FAEUl.f
The regular leplaoiog q£ the Sinhalese i by tbe Mildiviau ^
is very striking, both m the verb vettan* " to faJl ”; L, 183*
VErpTEM^ Transitive “to fell," which appears to
bo comparabb to the Sbhaleso v^fenu {E.S.^ 1»404) [ as well
as in ^*tife “ = Sans. isRtakd, P.
In conclusion, I have to make some special remarks about
tho treatment of Initial and Final Letters.
Inilioi
In initials the media and tenuis am interchanged.
(i.) M&IdiviaQ oiocren, “ bell," and oonn, hump-backed,"
“ crooked^" may be compared with Sbhaleac and kudu*
In Christopher wo find TQ?i, “ bowl," “ shell (of egg) ®'—for
which I do not know any etymology to propose; in Lp.V,r 64*
there Ls no^.
(n.) In A^, below," compared with Sinhafese w'c
have, perhaps, the falling off of an initial Y: possibly tho word
* The M4IC written alonciaril ]?i>qtiirps a lor or [AfsrxAZsc:
thiiSr (or Come and ait down.*'—B.* Ed.
t The proper HpeUic^ of rAf^ ig (os noted by ClglscT) wUh a* not
b: wAR^i Bilk cloth."—
IIB JOUBN'AL. nJk.S, (CEVliON). [Voi^ XXVEI,
goe? back to aa origioal farm with h wbjeh correapotida to
tho Pdli heithd^
(LiL) Moro minATkable b it that in sev^ml words thorn is a
change of an initial ¥ into n^
Snch words iwo DAOApu, " = S. yaha4a;
watch,” as a divisioii of tizne = Sans. ; DAiit,
" to go ” = 8. ^j(tnu, P, ydii; OATCBUt joumoy ” = S- yatur^,
Sans. ycUfd.
(iv.) In addition, I mention, too, jama^^ to strike,which
seems to correspond to Sinhalese gahanu^ gasanu^ and where,
perhaps—I givo the comparison as an isolated one^ with aU
PBaervo—turning of the initial into a pabtai has taken plaoOi
FinaJ LeMerA.
For the ending of words, the most ebamoteristio fcatiiio of
all lios in the consonants t, i£, and l becoming mnte«
(L) As regards it has^ as a rtile, become i, but the words
are still (in historic writing) written with a t in the L. j as
well as in the few (publMiod) texts written in the SdAldLvian
Alphabet; and also by Pyiard.
Thus, the forms are at, * ■ hand " ; bat, * ■ rice **;
DAT, “ tooth " ; FAT, leaf " ; bat, md ” ; but they are
pronounced Al, bai, bat, wax, MAI ; and bo they stand in all
my recent Kotos from verbal coniinimicatton&.
For QAi, ** body (Chrietopher); aoi," manner,"' " account
{Geiger) ; kett, pearl," we must accept the writing qat,
aoT, MUT = S. gai^ mutu.
On the other hand, hat, “ aunshina (L.V., 111) = & Aa(,
P* choUa^ has the pronunciation haJ,
Where such a t is removed to twcomo medial it is^ of
course, retained in the pronunciation j as, for example^
HATU-Bfi, “ rod metal " “ copper**'
[ii) Tho 1 which ocouie at the end of words like ooi,
“ cottage ** j HnVAi, “ oath ; vai , “ wind ” = R giiha, sapa-
ilMf is to bo regarded (lulte diSeientlyi In these instances
— fiince it b a caao of the aimpb i [ih] of Pali, not of a double
Extra No*—1919J stubte^, 119
cORaORant—ttwj con^iiaiit mu^ have been dropped in piR-
Mj&^Idivian timca. In lact, w& hairo in too,
cottage,'' and fd* “ wind.”
Tbe I in M41diiriaii m scarcely mote tlian a alga ol the
kmgthcmng of the final vowel.
A whole series of such speliingd maj be recorded^
Thus i BAi, ** Bharo ” = S* M, P* ; vai^ “ leg ”
fL.V.j 20- Christophor, f1) =? S. pd, F. pada; KtmuBAi,
'"young coconut'' (L.V., 66) = S* kuruiirM ; " blood ''
= S. P. lohiia; EEi* ""night" (L.V.^ B; Geiger and
Christopher, r£) = S. fiom rdti; oi, “ stream '* = S. 6,
P* eerfa/ irij thread " = S. Aa ,* nerj^ for “ light/" "easy
^ S. fttAu, F. laAti.
(iii) After e In et^ ""elfiphant/' the t has aot become i;, but
elosing of the top of the throat has come Lil We shall see that
the same is the case w'ith the other ccnsoniiiita bogoming mute.
The word srr must be written if we wish to record the
present pronunciation. Christopher lias eO, and by has italic
capital Q he only wishes to indicate the closing of the top of the
throat. Strange to say^ P^xard writes this sound as el— and
be gives it also la other words where there wag oertaialy not an
L origiaaliy present at any time—instead of the elosing of the
top of the throat of modem prontmciation.'^
fiv.) Inojdentalljj I mention hem a change of t Into s,
which, indeed, is only apparent.
Eicamples: e£ 3^ "* mcdicinfi " = S- AeAri, P. hhmijja ; eztab,
Kia, “ saw " =5 S. MffcU.
X fcnow no etymology for the latter word ; but in the case
of Dfes wo ha VB to deal with a n appcarijig at the end of a woid,
and origiiiating from i* which probably would bo used quite
diSerenlly from the t oI the words compared with it above.
• Qujibe possibly Pyirfucd may havo wriltifui t, which hm uorly
8o%'4ii1«eiith Cfmtnzy publulion misprinted Cluistcphcr, In his
maiiiiacript, wriltm a without modiheation, having mAdo it that
a fllUli wm H the svxeni Bign with lu^n {a), dJld should not bo
prvtU)ii»c«d. It was Dr. Wibon who ehaogpd 0 to italic 0 In pfialin^
Christopher's Vocabulary Lei Jourttoi, /f.4 .S., iSS4l.
JDtTMALp a,A.Sr (CETIiOA-}. [VoL. XXYII^
130
Ttp Likeness to at once gives he the etymology of the
won! BiSp « 5 gg/* which belongs to tho Sanskrit bija.
K and 1^ also become mute^ and douhtlcsE olosLog of tba top
of the throat comes m. Historic writing haa hero been only
Hporadically preserved.* We may, indeed, conclnde from this
that the dtEappoaranoo of hnal a and ^ is oldsr than that of
(t.) Esamplea for tho disappeamnoo of e: are rijS “tree”
(Pymrdp boitl) = S. ruk, P. FTXVA** ** aioca-nut
(Christopher^ wvAi?) = S. puvai.
Hero belong the nnmerons oases wfaoro there is a Snbstftfi'
tivo with a so-caltod Indohnito Articb dependent) on it, which
corresponds to the NnmoraJ eSa. In. Si^dLalese it pro¬
nounced -aij ’dfcj in MhldiviaR -a*, e' ; Mian^ “ a man ” ■
Uale', “ a flower ** i gaiie \ tree/' f
Instead of nTVA", quoted above, tho L.¥., 68 ^ gives fuVaN.
Tho nasal sound appears here in place of the closing of tho
top of the throat; and 1 notice that tho nasal is always
prononneed (in this word): tho exact transcription of the
pronunciation would thus be nrvAii\
Such nasal pronunciation is not unfccqucntly found in
^l^divhin at the end of a won! Thus, for example, fahits^
“ later/' ** afterwards*” coircsponds to the S. jwstt.
(vL} At the end of the RcNJt of a Noun H becomes N.
EsampleBi earth ” ; dan (dam in Pyrard), “night
watch"; “smoke”; fAulix, “bric^"; ran, “ukiii*''
“hide^^ VEDt^Tf, “present,” = S. ^ dum, pcifeifu,
(vii.) But a nasal change, alternative to the closing of the
top of the throat, under conditioiiE which pfeviously have not
been hxed, appears spcclaliy oftem
In the Sentences III. 2 ; 7 {Section I., p* afl) the two PlumJ
forms mIda-tas and MtuA-TA', " the rats “—spelt according
• s™ Mupru^ pagTu in tho 0 £Bin|iJ<!«, SsFitoii£«e {§) and (/)*
t But, if IM> langeq^ At tlu3 end, e.sf.p juvaiauA TAGAtAJiA/* a iaokol
and a lion," iffith vuwol a ^ also rr^^junA* rnntiTUj, ;
ndKlYAEAV to A bunt/'
Extra No.— 1019.] JdiLtjmAs unguwtiv studess.
131
to the prommoiation—^nd side by side* and in general the
Plural sulhx is proaoimjeed, sometimee -Ta% soniet-hnes ^taK.
Similarly^ there is vamtion in the ft uffii r which moans
towardsp” in tho case of the expres^on gIta* (iSeetioii
L, p* 43: m. 3: A 3) and oItaN {io^. p. 30: OI. 3: SK
Instead o£ ** to/' mi-ta* ia spoken and written Uius
{locs dfp,p. 04).
Side by side with MfHUN^ " poopl©p” we find Mfmj' ^ and -B'
by the Eude of -bit, as, for example, sXhiben^ (ioc, p. 50).
We may, indeed, say that for pronnneiation, elosing of the
top of the throat and the nasal am interchangeable (in practice).
The exact circnnistaDjces under which one or the other is found
will only bo understood when more extensiro and exactly
noted texts ate at our dlsposai.
(TiliO Closing of the top of the throat, or^ m its place, the
oasal sound, appears instead of the n.
In this way the Ei41divian Dativonn -an of -a is explained :
which, as I have stated {Section II., p. 05), corresponds with
the Shpialcse Dative in -|a. Thus, Mildivian oaHa' ^ 3.
“to the tneo*^, vaLa\ **tD the forest'* = 3. tnl£i|a.
Just so wo have closing of the top of the throat instead of
n Sinhalese f) in ko' of the verb EUUANp to make “ ^
S.
Roots of Nouns in n are EA^• “ land" = S. mta; o',
" bemel,” ” seed ** = S.€fa ; o',"" camel ” = S. ofu ; perhaps
also “ wax" (which I mentioned above) ^ S. tfi- In
Christopher wo find, ag^in, the spelling bag, 69, 09: in L.V*,
with the nasal, Ban, bon, rctk, bat oertaiuJy ba* : iu Pyraid,
HAL, OL.
(ixO Einally, (as regards) the behaviour of the sound l in
Mi^diviau.
After A it becomes u, and has also experienced a change,
which IS perhaps analogous to that of T.
* Within tbe word» nistning the a: barus, '* irqm tba land " i
njine-OjJ. “ in the land,'’
B
n^is
122 JOTTBNAL, (CEYIiOHr)- [VOU XXVIL
Accordingly, we haire "cat'* =s S. baial; dau,
‘^fisheman^c = B. dfl; broad," *"wide”
S. palal; < 5 Air, atone” = Sp gal; “dirt,” “clay ”
^ S* KAU, “flower" = S. ipial; ritaUi. “flail" = S*
ruiwl; VAiJ, “forest" = S. vat* Also teu, “oil” ^ S* td.
If u or o prooedea the origmal l, only a lengthetung of
the flnal vowel takes place.
Thus, wt, “ root ” =: S. mul ; kakiJ, “ fcnoe ” ^ S- hdnd ;
K3Btf, “crocodile" = S. kimbul; “fork" ^ S. trf; sfi,
“ckuU” ^ S. h&fUf b6p “thick,” **coarBo" ^ S. tol; m 6,
“peatlfi/' “pounder” =s S. tnoM, m6L
The correct speUing^ also, should be KAod, “tail," from
^TAOuii ^ S, ; and HAd, “ cock,” from ma^ul = S,
In the solitary case known to me in whicb an r precedes
L;, the latter is turned into Thus* we Lave stf, “ blue ”
= S. nil.
* Hotp within ^ worf ^ iftntAc]«dj aci, halx'/^ a tower*'*
VAXV'VACOp • * %er/"
APPENDICES.
A. —PIONEERS IN MALDIVIAN UNOUISTIC RESEARCH.
B. —THE LEVDEH VOCABULARV.
C. —THE OLD AND MODERN MALDIVIAN ALPHABETS.
D. —MALDIVIAN LETTERS.
By H. C. P. Bell, G.G.B.
Extra No.— 1919.] nitomAS' lisoiubtio stctdies.
125
APPENDIX A-
PIOKEERS IN MALDIVIAN LINGUISTIC RESEARCH.
Profesflor Wilhelm Geiger’fi RcquaiatfLQCO with the efforts
of prelinXEQaiy explorers— jsxqt^ or lesa serious—in fcho field of
Maldivian L^guistics not mmi^tumlLyp iiiCOQ^etOp and.
to eome extent^ quite exaosablo^
But his references to Pyrard^ to Christopher, and to Gray
—all three whU known to kiin, and the chief aoureas of our
mformation prior to the learned Professor^a own masterly
Studiesare Burpriarngly inadequate^ in view of their
exceptional reapective^ merits
It may be well, thci^foro^ to put on record at least a brief
synoptical Bibliography of contributions to our present
l^owledge of the Mdidiviaii Language, in jus^co to the
spado work done by earlier workers, howcYor humble.
Tho notices of thotia pioiioors and their laboura, given
bolow, are curtailed aa far as desirable; it being left to those
who wish for auppLeiOicntary hiformation to follow up the
refereuoes to tho original authoritieSr
1.— Ibn Gatuta,
The famous Moroccan^ AM AbduMli Muhanunud, usnaily
Eiitylcd Ibn Batuteip "" the Traveller, par e^^dknee., of the Arab
nation/* was at the Maldives for eighteen months, in AD.
1313-1214.*
In his Narrative are found some forty (40) Maldivian, or
semi-M&ldiviant words, somewliat disguised uodcr Arabian
garb.
The most notable is the early mention of two wolds in
particular, now classed ns modem Anglo-Indian terms ":— f
{L) oOMBiu-HAs: “Maldivo fish/' or “tho dried
wl^h has for ages been a staple of tba hf^ldJve Mands^^
* Gray, tn Ma Af4AiinM ajMi : tjwslAtjd from the
Froiucli "of MM. Dolremery aaui S^Adgoiiiettf. l/oumaJ, ISSS,
Extra Nutabor^ VTI.)
t ^ Yule and UumoU, Hotmn-Jcb^onr
126
JOURJCAl,, B.A.S, (CBYLoaf). [VoL, XXVII*
(3i{&ldlnan, kalitbili-mas ; Pyrard, coBOLLV, or coJtBOLLY,
masse: Ibn Bat6ta, gocu-Aii^MAs)
(ii.) GinmABA: Term applied to tbo Trading JEtoat of the
lelanders, Erom irbicb ii& acquired tb^ir prsaent-d^y SLplmlese
appellation, Gundarakdraj/d (Iba Batata, ctnrDtTBAB).
2, — Francois Fyiatd
Francois I^rard, a native of Laval, in Baa-^Maine, France,
sailing for the East in 1601, as “one of a company oi French
advcutnrere,** was wrecked on the Maldives, July 2, 1602.
“ The crew were taken captive; a few escaped; eome were
executed; many died from sickness.” ^ard K iwi^lf spent
five years (A.D. 1602-1667) in captivity on the Group, before
bei^ released by an expedition of “ the King of Bengal,”
which attacked Mal^, and slow the Sultdn.
“By conducting himself discreetly F^Tard won, as did
Robert Knox some sixty to aeveaty years later in Ceylon* the
favour of his guardians, and finaUy of the King.”
The unique opportunity thus afforded enabled him to acqiare
a sound knowledge of—or, as ho puts it, “a sufficiently largo
and exact acquaintance with”—the Maldivian IdmguagG,
during his enforced sojourn at tho I^nds.
The result took shape, a few yeaia after Pvrard hod at
length safdy returned to Franco in 1611, in the publication of
the Vocabulary, eotided Un PeUt DiciionatTe de la Longue liea
jlfoMives,- which was printed at the end of the Third Editioa
of his Vot^e. (a vols., 8vo.. 1616).*'
This very Wuable Voeabulaiy of the early Seventeenth
t-e^uiy consists of nearly three hundred (300) Mildivian
: to Bhoiil<l b& addixi at balf niajiy again,
found i^eattored up and down Pyrard'^s book ; making a a iim
total of well-nigh five hundred (500) worda and pbraBea,
PyW prefaced hia Vocabtilaiy by this ghort Introdtic-
tion:—
1 romar^d in timiiy places in my bewk oo the divereity
of laogiiages. which are cujrent thimjghcHit the Ea^t TnHirt ^
l^gttage apart, which is spoken
oiJy m Umso Lslands; and the bast ia spol^su in the Northern
faluni^, moM un^mtoly undor the King. For, towards tbU*
^uth they apoak bju-barowsly. being further from the eoaat end
fconi traffic with other nations.
Bosidra the vul^ tongue, there la also the Asabie, for tho
oh^irs ot rebgiOD and the sclencoa, as Latin is with us : and is
only spoken and understood by the priests and (Jte learnod:.
Extra —1919.] MALDrvu:ff uzjouktic stodees.
127
X could haV0 mado a comptato diotioinary of tho vulgar tongno^
aa my long reeyeaoo had mo a imfHcieiitly largo and exact
acquaiutaneo it; but, not to waary my readonip I will
couteot myaclf with giving soma oE fbo principal and more nocos-
BAiy words, which will ^tLsfy oven the most curlotia. * **
i^Tard*a thoughtful consideration for his " readers ” has,
tmf ortnnatoly^ deprived modem atndcnte interested in Eastern
langiiagcs of a wealth of Maldlvj^ phrafleology, which would
have boon of much philological value at the pnesent day.
Elsewhere P^rrard wrote
There are two languages in use.
The first is that poi^liar to the ^fdldivus^ which is a very
full cme. In the five years and more which I spent there I had
mastered it as though it wem my inother-tonguo, and wag qulto
familiar with it.
TIm second ia the Arabic, which m much cultivated, and is
learnt by them oe Latin is with us. It is also ii^cd in thoLr daily
prayera.
Beeidee these, there ere other languages^ such aa tboeo of
Cambayet Guserati, of Malalaca, and the Portugueee, which Homa
Icam for the sake of trade, and by reason of the communication
they have with thoeo people. In the Atoll of ^'oiuidcafSiivddiva],
and towards the South, they speak a language hard to undoegtand^
rough and barbarous ; but still it is the common {M&ldive)
ianguaga-^
3.—The Leyden VoeahuJary,
Tho book containing this Vocabulary belonged to the
£i&t7ibcA£oa Leyd^^iianeif or Library of that digtinguished
scholar, I>r, John Loydoni who studied moat branches of
Southern Indian^ and kindrcdi archasolo^^t
From its having subsequently found its way into tho India
Office Library, London, it L& styled by Prolesaor Geiger The
London Vocabulary.”
* tliay, Tht M6iditx I^iandw: wiih a Vecabiilary taken Freni
Fren^is Pyrard de Laval, IOOS-10O7+ (n/ourno/, E.A.S., IfiliS, ftOW
ArriCfl, X., pp. 1S1-IS2.]
t A. C« Burnell (^ctdA Jfidwn , 1 $71, p. 4 9) quatea his
epitaph at Batavia,
It runsE Saored to the memory of John Caeper Leyden, M;X>.,
who was bore at Tcviotclale, ui Gotland, and who died in the prime of
ilia at Ucleavlict, near Batavia, on the 2Dth ADgmt, Ifilli two dayv
after the fall of Comelia.
** The poetiCBl talents and sapoiior literary attsinmemtfl at Dr. Leyden
rendeicid him an ereamont of tho oga in whifib ho lived. Hui ardent
spirit and Lnjiatiablti t hirqt alter knowledge wore perhaps imoEpialled;
and tho friends af Saience must ever deplore his imtimcly fate, Hw
principlca aa a man wen pun and spotless; and as a mend he was
arm and vuiccre. Few have pasaed tnrongh. this life with fewer vkca,
or with a greater prospect of luppiness in the next.’^
m
JOUBITAL, TLA.3. {CEYUOBT). [VOU XXVTL
Th« full title of tJie book ^which Goiger iiot ^To) ia:—
yoeohidafy^ P^fiiun and HindoGAianec £to wD^h *and
ifdldivian' waa added in maiidsscitptj to cover tho Mal¬
divian worda and phmsea Bub^nontly inserted by hand].
Calcutta. Printed by TLozoaa Hubbard, Kindooatanoe Presa.
The period wlien tbo Mdldivian words, Ac., were inter¬
polated cannot have been later than the opcDing years of lost
century.
As will be seen, Professor Geiger, thTtnighout hia “ Studies/*
sets pnrticiilaTly great store by this “ Loudon VoeahidaTy **—
a confidence wMch has to be diseouated, qud the correotnesa of
tbe 31-^divian words and plrrases ai ime ^^ivfiicjiU fiw i!A€!tr
Hindtmtdni and P^Mn isounterpari* given in tho book, by tlie
cofifm opinion of L Ahmad Didl Effendi* a MMdiTian nobleman
of e:£ceptional inteUigence and reliability, son of A, IbrAhlm
Didi Eficndi, Prime Minister at Mdl^, I>orhimj£n&-kilagof4au.*
4.—The Ck)penhagen Vocabulary,
Nothing very definite^ or of Talue^ ia known regajdJng it.
From Professor Geiger wo loam H) tbo bald
fact that ** a short manuscript of the Mdld§mQn
Language is found ia the Library of Copenhagen i with the
souai note that he hod^ ^^by the kind mediation of
Professor FausboU, received the maiiuseript-/* and copied its
contentsa.^'
He adds that the AIAldivian Writing employed in this
Vocabulary has a quite unique stylo/'
In regard to the extent, and probable daof the VocahoJaiTi
tho Profe^r aifords no information^ Hero and there he
utilizes it in hie Studies/*
The iucluaion, in the Manuscript of a of Sult&n
Muluvniinad Muin-ud-din (A.D, 1799-1S33) may perhapa throw
its date back to the first quarter of tho Nineteenth Century,
5,—Jamas Prinsep.
To a ^ofe tm the Nautical lustrumente of the tho
world-renowned Oriental schotari James Prinsop, added a short
Note m the Mdtdioe Alpkahei, accompanied by a lithographtd
Plato (XUX in which tlio regular eighteen consonants (same
with vowel signs added) aro git'en# and about a dozen words.
* For liiftbcr pariiculSTs, i» Appmdix B.
t Jourr^^ A^. Bengal/ ISSO, V.^ pp, 7S4-704.
KxTiu No.—1919.] scAlditian snmiEa.
Of nine lott-ore^ or half tlie Alphabet, PtruBep noted that—
Th&y are, la faetp tho nma Arabic numemlap with a dash
above them to difitinguMh them from the ciphers . . , ,
The ^^t-em of vowel Eoarka is partly an LmitatiOD of the Arabic
and partly of tbc rndian meihod j the long vo'crels E^OiDg denoted
by doubling the diacritical atrol^: the nasal sr m marked like
the Sanskrit onustmm, but the letter H is also iosezied.
Prinsep closes with an ingenuoiis adniissioii:—
I pretend to no more knowledge of the Alphabet, or tangvmgOp
than id- eomprehended in the Plate iteell.
This doubtless accoimta for his r&i>er$ing ihs in the
Plate^ and hi& startling aBsertiou in rrgimi to the GAnnu
TiNAp or Modem MAIdivian Script^ that '^the or^r of writing
is from kfl io rigU, contraiy to the Arable mode — the truth
being just the other w'ay.
Christopher
In 1S34,* during a Marine Survey of the MSldivea hj the
British Government, Lieutenants W. Christopher and I. A.
Young* of the Indian Navy, were able to spend two or thneo
months on MA14 Island.
In that short period, and despite attacks of ^'Maldive
fever,” which shortened their stay, these two observant Naval
Officers drew up a vaLuahlo Afemoir on the IslandsHf
In addition p CHiristopher compiled a very lull Vo^ulary of
the. Mdldiman Langm{je, running to close on eleven hundred
(1*100) words.
This Vocabularyp together with a Mildive Letter in the
original (reproduce aupra, pp. 49-51)* with transcript and
translation, was placed in the hands of Dr. J. Wilsoop in 1638,
and appeal:^ a year or two later in the Jourmif J?. dX* 184L
YT.* pp. 42-764
Further, Chriafeopher had supplied Dr. Wilson with— ■
Two of writing in the Ancient Chaiacteis, or et^la
ajcctacf, not re-written, as they probably are more faithful in Iho
prBBffUt form.
* Tbore im soine cenfoaiDiiaa to theyMvr^whEtfacr 1S34 or [SaS. The
MentviV (page fiS) wy 9 the two Lieutetianta lAnded dU MAIA oU June
4, 1SS4 : a fohdtcate idfla that Young had to leave on Augiut IT*
owing to contlnuoua Teveri and that, ^ after fitruggluig ag&lnat the fevi^r
for HdEEHfr lIuHi'p'"* Chriqtopher himsolf forced to ^uJt tha Sth
Se-ptflnibor,
f ScA fdotuote * du page S, «u|?nei^
t Jdupiu/. IW 1 , VI.. pp. 42 ^ 7 fl.
S
17-18
130
JOUK?fAL. B.A S. (CBYION), [VOL, XXVIT.
I al^ send a specimen tlie seulptnra of the form^v mode ef
carving tJio Arabio op stope. Wbotier this may enable & person
to the time ot the first visit of the Muhammadans to the
Islands, I am not aware. The stone date of the
* Hegiri.
Porbep^ ths Muezzin Tower (drawing) and Inscription may bo
interesting. The Inscriptioii wns written Found the Tower, so
that from my ignorance of Arabic I probably have not begun at
the real commepoenaent of it . =*
None of these, except the Miidive MAHm’fl Letter^ saw tho
bght; they are probably no longer in existence^
Christopher^^ continuous Naval duties^ cnlnunating in a
jioblo deaths before tlio walls ol Mult^^ in IS4S,t wer^>
probably responsible for. the non-fulfiLment of that expre^is«^
intention, which would have further added to the sehotarly
debt ho has laid all students of the Mdldlrian Language under,
andj Id fiome degreOp doubtleaH have anticipate Ptofwor
Geiger's “ Studies by half a eentury :■—
I propose hereafter to araango^ in a tabular temi, the Subetan-
tives, AdjectivoSr &e.p and hope to give a gsnemi Introduction to
the Gramniar, as time permits ; so that if any person should visit
those lalandH from a philanthropic, or any other, motive, he may
have A help towards the act^uL^itien of the Language, *
Chnstopher’s remarks on the transliteration, &c., of the
hfdidivian Language were summarised by Dr*, WOsoa; and
tliat summary has been partially reproduced by Gray, J '
* ChristDpber'n Maniwript Vgcabuhiiy (now in th» Ceylon A.S
Library, Colombo),
t In tbo tflmblo night attack oi tho 0th Septetnbon 184S, ClirKtopher
nwlvod hia death wound.
” Captain Chrutophor/' wroto Sir H. Edwardn {A Y*at on lAe
PunjaiiA FrOnl{er% had, from h» Erat am^'al with tbo slisainoTa at
MooUan. HhonTi the UBlial wiiUngnoBB of hifl pmfci^cm to oo^opMle
with hia bpothfir offine™ on ahdra. ^
•*^On the night ia quostion ho had onco alnudy couduetod wmo
reillforcementa to Colonel Pattoun'* UAabtanco ; but tJia fiehting ii
tho OutpOAU atill raged with unabated futy. Another rvinfoio^ont
camo up, but had no guMe. " WiU no one show ti* the way T " aaked
tho offleor af tbo party wimd on Ui# tii^d occupanta «t the
( 1 ^,’ ri^,«4 Chnatophor, ud punin^ JiinSril at their
hr^. Ihsm with th* iiteadicuiM of o pDot tfirouoh ditchn and
B™ of mmikrtiy. A ball hJt him in tho aoklo.
and iharared toe joint to pieces.
'■ A fow wMka lator (»th Och^r, IMS) he woe |»ino by tho aratofu]
x^oduo* and 1 myselt read the sorvico over him. '
« A better or hn^pr roan fell Dot boneatb tbo wall, of Mooltnii."
% See footnufas f anJ i on pe^e 8, iiiyrir.
131
Extra Xo.—1910.] ukLDTvtAy imfonnsTio htubies.
But to da Ohristophef full justiea. hu! ipaiMima wr6a*
Hliould be quoted iA extent s~~
MAIDIVE AlPHABET.i
The native name ia amjtbjj nu. Tbe caiifl(mAat& Am &* under,
in the order the native^ tmiformly wflto them j—
1.
HAVlB^T
FidiK#
H.
The ordimiry aspirete.
ri
ttHAvnein
. . nn.
This cannot bo reproaeated by a einglo
3.
l^AVlEm
. « N.
latter. It^ with the bI^ double^ tlaa
ne^ coimaniint^ and h&A no eound when
iUell a final. Ita former aoiiind was sAri^
Thk letter, with the fiiga * over it, haa the
4.
RAVrtlHT
. . K.
sound of n in inftTip” and of the naeal
ng in “ hong.*'
The usual sound in ** roar-*'
5.
BAVlEtn
«. B.
As in ** bsbr*^ All the vowels derive from
6.
liAVlfNl
.. iH .
tbist when coming before it, the sound
of m, excepting e.
Reverting the tonguo on tho palate.
*7,
XAVlEl^dL
As in '* kid/'
S,
AVtENi
+ i
ThiB letter takijs the sound of the vowol
%
WATI15N1
. * W.
affixed ; but with the sign ^ Ovarii, g.
O r V,
10.
MAVIENI
. . U.
As the comtnon one in “ moon.''
n.
VAVlEKl
. i F.
As in fifoi*' interchanged at timae with
12.
OAVlEPfl
. . D.
the aspirate A.
The dental d, as in '* dow.**
la
TAvm&n
T.
The dental f. Tho gives this
14.
iJLsan
. . L.
lottor the short sound of v
'This letter is» in aomo connections^ pro¬
1^
OAVIRNI
. . a.
nounced with the sound of Iga^ but
ganaratly ^hm peculiarity is imob^rV'^
abb-
Tho common sound j always hard.
{6.
:AA¥^E5^I
^r .
As itkMU (t«) above, this letter Eometimed
17.
BAVlEm
.. a.
has the sound of nya.
Commenp with the aukimg as js final
in '* lass " j never as ^ In has.”
With the tongue reverted on the palate.
18.
pATifiin;
.. p.
This Letter constantly gives a DflAal
sound to the vowel preceding it.
" See footnote * on pa^^e 130, tupru^
t Aa the QABUU tAha aed ntVES AjnjMO charaeten eppw in
tile Platoer they are not reproducod here.—B., Ed.
1S2
JOtHElfAL, E.A.S. (CFk"LOW). [VoL. XXVIL
Jjt Addition to thn formerp Boaio i&w lottom have boqa Adopted
from other Alpbabeta. (They are} doAsod aa follows 2—
Arabia.
z. Aa in " Mne/"
As in "year.”
cs. As in “ chutdi.”
P. As ba ** prop,”
Rovorting tho toogoo on the
polo to.
j. As in ** joy.”
OH, A giittiJ^I
(te^ hh.) a Bointd botwoon
tho dentals i and d.
Soma of the above ora not in ordmary while others eio
eootinually occurring,
^ The vowel-marks aro as foUowSp and require particular atten¬
tion, aa they usually govern tho pronunciation of tho words^
They are called ixti by the nativea :—
ABA fili .. a (* This sound is more liln? n in xnnd/' tha
short «. It never can bo sounded like o
inj**mfld^” "bed/'orin “can,” “man”:
it is placed over tho oonsoiiant.
kBk fnj .. A (. As in father ” : placed ever the letter.
ME jtu ^. e ( ") ^. Exactly the English ahort c in '* lTien»"*
or French r r placed over the Jottcr.^
AejI nu . ^ ii (**)-. Tho ai in ** maint" ** pain : placed over
tbo letter.
£St FUii .. X (^ 1 .. The short i of **' pin ; placed under tha
Icttor.
ist FM .. f (. Tho long sound in “iswn,” “ ma ” ; pincod
under the lottor.
flpo FiLr *. o { * Tlio p in "doto,*^ Ifc ia ne\'cr gcunded
as m “dot ” “kt”i placed otver the
letter*
6 b 6 wnj .. 6 ( fc } .. The longsound af a : placed ovor the letter.
xrnirriLi.. t) As »in “ food ”; this noTorhao tho soiwid
of u in "mud,” “cud” ; placed over
the letter^
dDd^jju ^ r') -• Tho saiM sound prolmfleds placed over
tho lottor.
A TODMuant following tbo double (long) vowels, when final io
BCaroely hoard, merely adding its softening infiuenca to tho
teimmatiDg vo^L Xhore are only b!x tMneonanta which can,
U J « only whoa the
.. * Avnwt aa g in "bae " ■ k, « ^ or n? in
ml,..*, ftamo a« tho last $ an ropeate, or daubhw,
^ ooumt^t suowedi^ it, giviag tho omphaaU to tho svikbla
It tonmuates ; uoloas tho laat letter of the word, whoa it La no
133
£XTJtA XO.—1919<] iUlDIVIAS LISGUmiO St(JDl£S.
Bound, And sooma totally unn-ooessoiyp excopt for ibo djviaioii
it cauBea botwoon iirorda, and (becaiisaj th& nati^TS cannot under-
Btand 'ffrlting without ita due insertion; $, aa beforv mentLonedt
Bounds aa ouj- w in pase»” “graas,” i5:o. i t only remain^ : it
ia aoimdod liko a vary abort t 'with the abovu: the \Tord
(oENAfTp pronounced} 0 £:Kaj oSera an easy LUiistmtion.
I waa a long time swching out and oompariiig worda todiacovcr
fiome uniform plan for the sound of the lottera usod vrlth the
rujtnnj? over them ; and at last was determined by the w<>rdg in
most ootnmon tiae, all cOncurriDg in one method ot BpoiliEigp auch
(vraTdH)as FirwAOp “betel nut^’ i nAO, “iriland^; hasq> *'skim”
Chrutopber's Yoeabidary atnndB to-day as the fullest and
most reliable of all puhli^^ up to date.
Professor Geiger has been bo unduly ohsessedp in these
*" Studies with the peculiar merits be e Ulrns to havo discovored
in the london Vocabulary ” that Cbristopher'a — possibly
leas protentiouSp but at Least as deserving—work baa aufEercd
in comparisorip and failed to receive at Professor’s hands
that high commendiitloii it so justly denumded.
7.—Simon Casie Chttty^
In the {Jeyim CowTsmeni Guzeite of December lip 1S30^ above
the signature " Indioplulus ” appeared the following remarks.
They introduced a list of thirty-five (35) ildldiviaq words^
side by side with their Sinhalese and English equivalents —
It la conUTionly suppoeod that the Ltilanda called or
Malayadi^pas^ South-wuBt of Capo COmariui worn pooplod
by a colony of iSIi}nale$o from Ceylon, probably at a very early
pi^riodi anterior to thou' ombiacing tho M i ihAmTnndftTi religion.
Tho chid circumataiico that Beom*i to support this Buppo^ition
is tho striking affinity between the olvi language Hpoken by tho
natiNtfa of thew I^lnjid^ and tho Si^hakeo j although tho former
had mooived on aocos^lon of wordo from tho Arabs and Beugaloae^
tvith whom they have great commorebl InteroOurso.
In November last a MAldiviau boat arrived at Colpontytl ;
and having h^sn given tc underatand that the Nakuda spoka
Hindoo^tanee with tolerable proGciooey^ I sent for bimj and,
through tho medium of an intorpioforp auccoedod in collecting a
number of nfvl words* which i here exhibiti with their dom*
sponding ones from the Sb^haloso.
The writer of the above was presumably Simon Caaie Chltty^
Mudaliyar^ tho author of that oseful work (now out of print)
The Ccyfoii Gi^Ueer, 1834.
For in TAe Oei^lon 1840-1341 (p* 10) p there
published a very gimiliLr list of forty-two (43) comporativo
wordj^ (AlAIdi^'ianj Smhalesei and Ehglhib) contTibuted to that
Periodical by tho Mudaliy4r.
1S4
JOUBKAl, (CEYLON). fVoL. XXVil.
8. — James de AJwls.
AmflDg the papcm loft luipubliohcd by the late HoDourable
itr. Jamee do Alwis (the editor of the erudite Sinhalcse-
EhiglLsh Version of the SidM Soif(jofdwaf as well as of other
valuable works) was discovered a abort Note oh t&€ M^divian
and Si^aleee Lanifvagea. aecompanjing a Hat of two hundred
and fifty (260) parallel words in English and ^Ia]di^■ian—taken
from Christopher’a Vocabulary ^ with the Sinhalese eoui-
valente of aoma 140,
This Note must have been written shortly before ISM, in
which year ilr. de Alwis brought out his E^lish translation
of
The hToto was oh viously left unfiniabed. It breaks off at the
coEmneiicciDent of a sent^ocor
Not^.
Di^mg one of my tripe to Gallo. I waa peculiarly struck, on
boanng somei MAMivian people upoak^ by the slmibrity which
nui^rous in thoir toogue pic^cnted to tho vonmculaj
Si^&loee. Cunofiity thancu lod mo to an mvastigation aw to the
MiatLOn which tbo rornwr boro to tho latter; and the foUowinf ia
wto mnJt, which I havo groat pk^uro in eoaunimicatuig to thiii
The Rev, J>r, Stovcofion, of Bombayp in nji Etsa^ m ihti
Lanpm^ts of Abori^nat HinAw, conaidom tho S^mhalcao "ae
^11 Bfl the lan^Qgo of tho MAld^VD leknib*” a branch k the
JMkkan^. or Southem Family, of laDguagnw^,
I have already (hrt.tited a portion of tha Introduction to my
fortiicoming publication, cntithid iho AUanagoitt-va^ to prtn.w
^ orror of the Sii^haleae being placed in the Southern eiRna ibere
tKing unequiv^l teatimony to allow its mlation to the Pdli, or
the dnss of Wguagoa ; and as regards tho Mmirnan.
all the ttotirtiony whieb may bo dodnoed from the dovolopment
of that ton^o goes to esUWiah the fact of its being a dead (11
<h?nvat jTe of tho Si^;ilialo$a'. ^ ^
Thn following Comparative Table • of MAldivUn and Sinhalese
vorabulansH ratabliahce this fact beyond aU manner ot doubt.
-r *1 lUAtcrials furnished by the roadfularn
VT*"* Asiatic Sociotys JourH^.
1841, VoL vr,.pp. 40^72; and it proves most important facta :—
, tbe whole of tba Mildivisa LwiKuagp is
dcTi'i'^d fit>in th^ Slnlis.]c 3 o-. ^
eertensiv^ • and it » probable that I have overlooked many words
the Alwis was, theiefore, in a hmal^B way,
Q^rl^r. ^ ** cgmponioii, mom fuhy worked by Cray and
Ejctea Xo —lit^'GuisTic ffrmjiEs, 135
which hfttl n 3ii>tialj^ crriKuip bat which naw bonr maftnlaga
diff<^rent from tho^o which t^y origumlly baio.
2. That Mi&^divian was formed somo timiii after SE^halofio coin-
tft draw from ^luikFit j which wart about the Twullth
O&nfcory A^I>+ 3w my Sidai Sa^^rawa, pp. clsiv, cUv.
(i.) Sq^lcsc u is changied into jithldivian
(S. hunu,- M- airsfi)* "^alJ(S, mufti ; M- muu), "'dirt ” (S, ismi*;
M, KU^ty
(ii+l Sighaiese p Is changed into E^luMitiAn if: e.g., ""aso”
(S. ^ro; M, nrfi^h book” (3. pof ; SI. ro(T)).
(iiL) Sinhalese 1 is changed into ^Idivian tJ J s\g*t "boro”
{S, Aiti*; BL mak "blao ” (S, nil; BL is^J.
(iv.) Si^kalose I is changed into Mdldivinii n; **crflb‘'
{S. jteitofa ; M. elaJeuxi).
(v^,) Si^^loso f is changod into MaMivian a: *^ogg^'
(3. biju ; M. Bia).
3. Th&t thia language Is cnixed with Tamil: k,^,, *“ladder”
[T. ; BT-i ^'I ju
+. That the . . - .
—Louis de Zoysa,
The heirs of Louis de Zoysa similarly founds amid the
mnrkii&cript Notoa of the deceased Malid MudaJi^'^, a
Atd^ry of J^dldivian H"ord# «iwf #ScBf€U«ff — TOO odd in all
—transcribed in Sii^baleso writingj with meaoinge* catered
opposite eachip also in Sinhalese.*
This rough and undig^ted Vocabulary wua oFidently
Intended to bo divided under separate Headings (of which
a dozen aro givon); but other words and phrasos^ supple¬
menting those entered in their respisetivo divisions, appear
in the listp quite haphazard.
The VcMsabuIary {which remained unrevisedj and has never
been published) uatumlly suHered in its ortliography from
tho words being not rect>rded in the M&ldfvo oharactersp but
merclj taken down according to saund^
It would, however, be not without bomo value to any ono
w'ho, wishing to acquire a knowledge of ordinary ^laldiviaiip id
content to study it t hrough the medium of every-day Sinhalese.
• Hii heire kindly placed the Dolleciioa of irarda, at tho writcr^a
di«po«U ; and a copy was mode.
Mr. Albert Cray wixito (lac, cif., p. 17Q) In 1873 i—
Na attcttipt E^an yet be made to dlActm Ihc quBalien el ll^dive
Grammar; thoughp if EHy LuJormation Is cantnt, LouIb da ZoyOo,
MuiIoliyAr, is collecting msteilalii for the purpaae.^'
In reply to an enquiry by Mr.. Bell, in 1881^ the Mshk Madaliy^r
laplJod, May I, laSI;—^
■* 1 have nn notee on MAldivian Groimiaap. I had a odleetloa of
Mdldlvtaa werds and a few phrases, but imfortimstoly 1 have ftilslnid
them.*' Theda came to light altar hui death.—B., Ed.
136
(cetijos). [Vol, XXVIL
10» — ^AJtKrt Gray^
In IBIS Mr. Albert Giay, late of the Cej^on Civil Service,
publiahed in the Jonmal^ new series^ X., pp. 173-200,
an Article entitled: The 3Ididiv€ leiande r mth a Focafta/nj^
taken frvm Frang&tA Pf/rard de Laval.
TLb fawn <riirt far hia Paper is given at the outset by
Mr, Gray:—
It was Dt, Goldaohmidt^a task to investigate the history of
the Si^akse Language back to its Indiani BOnrcee, to dcfino aa
Dcourately &g might be the mfluencea of Sanskrit and Pdii* aod to
note its comsspondence and kinahip with the other desceodonte
of thoM ancient t<^gue& ; and. flnaJly, to mark its hiatory thmngh
the period vhea it waa knonn as l^u dovm to the SinhalfiBO of
to-day
A study of Si^leso And of ttia Si^lew Injtcriptiona'waa, of
»uno, the first ond principal stugp. But the work would not
IwvB complete without an oramijiAtiou of the
^ Maidivo Islands, whore, oa has long been known, a raea of
Sinhalese arigiii rfisides. and a liuigiiaga ol Sinhaieae- do^cent is
spoken.
It was duriaa Dr. Goldschnoidt^s first year in Cbylon, while
I woa in almost doily intercourso with him, that a visit to the
M^vsd was auggt«ti>d. which waa foted naver to bo parfonnod.
On my retiim to England, in 1876, it atnick me that tha
\ ocabulary which I now offer might bo of some use to Dr Gold-
ad^idt. beforo he could vieit the felandn hunaelf, and It was
chiefly with this view that I compikid it, ...
I presume that some advance in the knowledge of the MlUdivo
Language may be made by ro-publlahiTig the intonwtinE Voca¬
bulary of PyranL “
The only other Vocabulary with which I am acquainted is that
pven by Lieutenant Christopher, R-N"., in the Journal, R.A,S.,
yi., O.S., p. 42, Mr. Christopher was engaged under th’o
(fevemnwnt m the Sur^-ey of the Atolls, and during his rosEdenoo
there ho seems to ha\is obtained a considerable acmiaintanw
With the language. ’
As it wiU of great importance to scholara to comnaro the
iM^ge of the twguu^g of the Seventeenth Century with that
of the _Nmcteeiith. I have placed, aide by side with Pyjaid’s.
the wo^ given (whonevar given) by Christopher to ejqireas tlio
I have not thon^t it necassary to copy the wholo of Chris¬
tophers V^hufery. for two reaaona: (0} the Joumal. R.A,S.,
all srilolani; (b) the language as given by him is
that of to^fay, and any one who viaiis the Atolls will find living
• See footnote ♦ on page 135 . tupra.
Extra Xo.— 191&.] wiJLPtviAif tEpnoTnBno ^mniiEa. 137
Before pTQceedjnj; to give Pjrard^fi Vocabulary, Gray adds
these useful hints i—
I must remind t^oeo who peruse it —
{LJ That Pjmrd wm ft FrendimaD: the Mdldivo words nimt^
theretore, be prenoimecd as if they were FrentA, in order to BOimd
as Pyt&rd mtended them to soimd.
(iL) That in ctld French printing v is uaad onlj as an imtiftl;
olsewhero in a word u k imvaj^iably iiaod.
I am enabled to give^ on the Flats opposite this psga,* lists of
tile Biohslese and Maldivian lettere in parallel coltimiiSp from
which the reaemblance between the OM lelAldivian and DM
SipJiakse wlU bo apparent. The kst nme of the Old LettoTB have
been abandoned in favonr of the first nine Arabic Xamerals.
Formerly the M&ldivkn lianguege waw written frein left to right,
hut sinoe tlie Eupremaoy of Muhammadan literature it has l^n
written from right to left. It will bo hard to find another
historical mstanco of so radieal n ohsngo.
Gray adopts the following convenient divisiDn, under two
heads :—
L—Pyiftrd'$ MAldivo Vecabukry.
IT.—MAJdL\'o Words and Espreftettma used in tho course of
Pyrerd's Narrative.
Under H. the words, sno further grouped into—■
(L} Atolls.
(iLj iBlanik.
ii.) Xam£>s and Titles.
(iv,) Religion.
(V*) Blaritlme Torres.
{vL) Judicial 1\ir7n3.
(vii.) BoUnieal Terms.
(viii*) Dkeases-
(ix.) Social Find Misccllaneotin.
Gray's Paper—-as Goigor curtly admits in his all too brief
reference to it—k the first {pubUshed) attempt to discover
thocDiiEiectioq between thoMMdivian andStphalcoe Language
—a “ first attempt," in truth, but none the less of real import¬
ance as marking a \ieTy distmet step fonvard.
IL—A. Ibrahim Didl EflendL
Presumably Professor Geiger intended to indude* albeit
anonymously, that most courteouB and obliging of gentlemen,
A. Ibr&him Did! Effendi, Dorhini^&-kilager&nu, the presait
T
See Flats U.—B*. Ed
17-lS
136
JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CRYLOK). [VOL. XXVII,
Rime Miimtor to Hia H^hneiia the Sult4a of tlie M&ldives,
in tlio o1>9Ciite footnote of admowle^guient in his “ Stadioa ’’
(see iuj/ra, page 11),*
The Ml extent of the Profesaor’a debt to the Prime hliniator
—whom he had no compunction in tiring’*-f- by a flood
of questions lasting for “three days"—must be left to
supposition; though there are manifest indications of its
value to bo found in an occasional leferenco to “my helper
Ibrahim jDidi,” “ IbrAhim Didf.*’ or bare “DML” in the
Studies."
Bo that and tho Ptofesgor's consfi^nco as they may, it is
both just and pleasing to iwotd the fact that voiy substantial
aid to a study of the Mhldivian Language has been otherwise
rendered, in hia own unobtrusive manner, by the able but
im^uiiuug, Prime Minister to IDb Highness the BuIUn of the
Thero waa issued, in ISS3, an and J/dMw Voca¬
bulary : a Fr^i^ai Guide for IIw Highne^ the SuMn at the
Edited by Ebr^Jiun DoThmi&i-lEii&gDl^Q^ Mm
Highncgfl^ (^mmand." ^
Tbift book, which is quarto in sise, haa the En gtf«h Woida
and Phrases printed on the outer third of the pages, loavini:
apace on the other two thirds for the MAldivian apdlinu
of the English words with their actual Mhldivian equivalents,
entered in manuscript opposite, and divided into paraUet
culumns. ^
The following sununuty of the contents of a Vocabuiaiv
so unique will sufficiently testify to its high aim and
valao.
Oil the three preUminary (unnumbered} pages is given the
>ish “ Alphabet “ in ton vsuictics of typo, capitals and
onlinaiy, with the Maidive pronunciation entoied above ■ the
“ I’t i ^ ^ coimuciasenieiit:
It a With ploflaw thit I awl Riyuill pf itiA oppottmdlY of mibUcilv
thaaj^ my ^uve Mpois»; ^ then proc^ iaeomtalUtlJ^Io
qn StoTC? «^*»n»M>^g«rmpari,aa by ipcoiUcqUy no^e
* wcB-kaown « Hirtery of Frederick the
ho!n^lTp«r!l!L'^ and proper tbieg to acknowledge the
% hirt Nquborg, htf geuariiua Bidet, was «oo to
Hic lor tJiif, eii 4 Carlyle teo t* ttunk oti It/'—B., Ed.
t Soe foi>ii)eti> j on pa^tt 60*
EJxtba No.—mAiiDitian Ltsotnsnc mrtJiBS.
im
following pago (also uimumbered) haa “ Pigurea ** I to 100, ojid
ono to a billion^ niimiDg up in maltiplaa of
Then follawg the ** Index: ” of sub-heads.
This may be quoted in fuli^ as woil displaying the os^ent
and broadne^ of this moat valuable Vocabulary ;—
pSut/eci- Page
Eartb *. +.2
Water * ^ . 3
ContinoDti .. .. 4
Nattons .. .. 5
Eeligioiia .. ., 6
Ttom .. 7
Vegetables .. .. 8
Fruits »* .. 8
OraicL^t +. .. 0
Yams „ -.10
Birds .- . - 10
Quadrupeds It
Beasts .. -. 12
ReptUee .. ..13
Fishos i+ 13
Food .. -.13
Curry StuJ3^ - ^ 15
Boveragea and LiquOr< .. tO
Flowers , . .. 17
Colours +, .. 17
Seasons .. .. 18
Time .. IG
X>ayts of tbo Woob . - t9
Months of tho Year ., 19
Farts of Man + + 20
Diseases . - , . 23
Relsticma ,. , p 24
Occupations - - 28
Svbjtct*
Page
Tools
.. 29
InstrUHaenla
. . 31
Habitations
. . 32
FumitiiEo .,
- 33
Lainpa
.. 33
Crockery
30
Reading Room
.. 38
Kitchen
.. 40
Bath Room^.
. . 41
Stable
.. 41
HanBeheld Servants
_ 42
Droaaes
., 43
Jewolleiy
.. 43
Minemle
40
Gema
46
Points of the Compasa
. 47
Places of WoTubip
** 47
Offiooe
4S
Titles
.. 49
Army
p. 51
Harbour
.. 52
Ve&aek
.. S3
Ctistom t. 4 -
55
Ptonouns +.
.. ei
Cooimon Words
62
Salutation ,,
.. 64
SoDtenees ».
- ft?
The whole book conaiate of 77 pagt^P with 24 lines to a pagp,
besides the first 7 containing the Alphabet. Pigorea, and Index.
The total number of Kwitf# given amounts to I ^600 and upwards^
in addition to 250 aenten^^s*
Truly an undertaking of which the esteemed Prime Slinister
should have evoty jfo&son to be vastly proud.
• A bmmd copy of this unique Vcqabulwyt writtfin up in full ID th*
itondBTd dlolcst ol tbo Capital of the MAIdive lilaodsp
generouaty pr«wnt«l to the wnt^r by tho Fmoo Minfater some ytare
ago. Hr proved of great BsaUtanc* iu fuitbcHiig study.
140
JOURlfAL, JR,A.8. (CBYIOS), [Voi,. XXV(|,
12, — Abrabant Mcndls Ciinajm^mru
In Bdditwn to Tety valuable aid — uidiarojiaabb aid to b
MudBliy4r both aa “ intetnasdiaiy- between
liw other “active holpera." the
® M helping the
w 1 ?• f study of the two Ladgu^gJ, by
sentencoe into Sighalese. and by
wSb • Si^alese equivalenta andderivationaof MAldi^
^ supplemented Im »ood a-ork.
on ^half of Profoesor Goigei- and his “Studies,’^ by publishimf
hut of l^ivian^mhalese words, with their Engliali meaning
The hst rtina to 407 wotda, meaninga.
• 3» foohwlB • Ml pajD It, ,Mpr«t
Extra No.— 191^.] Mjii4>rvLA.N Li^uirm'ic ^Tunim.
14L
APPENDIX B.
THE LEYDEN VQCABULARV,
Certain atat^nient^ niado hy PtofcBsor Geiger
pages 12^ 13^ and IB) In aonneetiaa with the above l^k
(wbieh he calls the “London Vocabulary,” ov^iiig to ita
present loeation at the India Ofhee Library, London) beiiig
tOMleading^ it ia dealrabb to exatome them.
Tbkia can best be done by the very “ aearchlighfc ”
under the Professor's manipulation^ uimccouiitably gives a
very blurred vision of the facta, ris., that “ bundle of letters/^
received by him from Mr, C, H. Tawney, Custoclkti of the
India Office library .
Fortunately^ the original Letters lK>aring on the question
(copies of w^cb the bundle contained) are stUl availablfl in
Ceylon^
They are nuoted below \ ami speak for tbenLBelvca with
excoptioual clarity^ (Letters I,* O., OT., IV.}
Taking the karned Profesoor^a assertion^ seriatim :—
A.
Mr. Tawney was so kind aa to send the book to mo^ and with it
a biindk» of Lattcni; from which it nppoafU thnt notno ap>,
according to Mr. Bell's it had bmm sent to Colombo-.*
Mr. Bell oxpres^ied no wisbi^^ and made no application to
the India Office, at any time^ for the loan of the Vocabulary^
It cazuG to him—unfortunatciy too late to work on himaelf ^
afl he had left Colombo—from the aver-holpful
hands of Dr. R. Rost, then In charge of the Indian Office
Library at the suggestion,^" it would seem, of ** Profeosor E.
Kuhn, of Munich Uruveraity” (with w'bom Mr. Bell waa never
Bcquaintcd), alter that Savant hud himaelf bad the use of the
book.'f {S^ Letter L )
* Mt+ Tawiiey hatte die OOte, mir daS Buch na aberaeiidcii und dale
ein Konvelut von Bri^rtn, aiis denon Jivn-orgcht, doss es vfo- cUicken
Jahreii Buf Wmisch Hrrtn Bcll'a much Culombo wurd*.
Mdidiui^ha Siudi^n L+ pp^. 049|, tfiO.)
t la a Letter* to the writer* of Marvh^ ISp 1890* the late Mr, D, W*
Ver^ason quotes PrefcHor KChn hb iidtlna; that he hod “■'Tisetived the
MAldiVLan Vocabulary frum tho India Office Libtefy."'— Ed.
JOniSAL, E.A.S. {CEIXOX). fVoL, XXVII,
B.
Re (Mr. Bell} ahow^etl it to squid native MdJclivians, vrliu veem
to examuie tho Vocabulary ; but tlu^eame to tbo conclaaiim that
It vniH full of mistakes and eprort, and ol little or ntr value.*
\yiien the Vocabuko' nsached Ceylon, in Jiino, ISOO. ilr,
BoU, a ilfl'inber of tlio Cb^od Civil Sorvico^ bad teoTi
tiansforped to Anur^dhapum, aa Arcbsologicat Commissionor,
to start operations in the Archstologioal Suimy of Ceylon, of
which ho finally rolinqiiishod charge in 1®12.
In interval of twenty-two yeare, he had neither the
spar® time, nor the opportunity, of pioaecutina hia M&ldlvian
!>tudies.
All that ha cooM do, be did: ho sent the Vocabulaiy to
Ahmad l>jdi EJIondi. older son of the
AMdJviaQ Prime hCnistor, who had, with much kindness,
aided him very greatly, frooi time to time, in MAldivian
matters, w^n attached to His IVlajesty's Cnstoma at Colombo
and Gallts in th^ Seventies and Eighties.
It is surely the irony of fate that the Oerman Professor should
^st a slur on a worthy soo of a worthy father, A. Ibr&hjm
Didi Effendi, one of the Profeasor’a three “active heipcra”
when in Ceylon, to whose putienoeand coudeaceiifllon the latter
ow^so much in the development of his own “ Studies.’’
Some native MaldiTiaus ” —to whom Mr. Bell lb alleged
to have shown the Vocabulary — have, in reality, like Falstaff’a
rogues in bukram,” swollen from a single'individual—no
native” of the Islands, but one of the ablest of
autuli vian iiofalomen.
Letters II., III., iv.-^s the frofessor most have becnaware,
from the copies filed in the “ bundle of letters ” sent to him
though ho ignonss theni-^learly establish the fact that the
whole burden of Ahmad Didi’s and his Himitf referee’s coo-
^mm^on of the book ” rests on this, rie,, the inmnectnega
na a CL^jMiralire Vocaimtarif of
and Afaldivi^n
‘I*® confession:
the London Vocabulary is. indeed, not free from errors:
and a Mnaderable number of words contained in it can b©
rejected at once as worthlcfia.” f «i« ■«
* ^11 Jogto « e^iiu^D euigebarenea MAIdiviuerq vor vclclw du
(Ufl wemo# von aui. fQ^igcTp he. cit , p, 650.)
E^tra No.— 1910.] ijtALomAN ukouibtic btodies. 143
To the Prqfeaeor, however, *■ the imstakes ftie luoi? iim to
“ ignorance ”—reganUng wkich Ahmad Mdi aoad im Pct^u
Po^it apparently have no shadow of doubt — bnt to a
""praiseworthy, though naturally iznpracticablo endeavour”
—and, tberefoie, unprofitable and foolish—“ Uf givo* wherever
po«aible^ a transhition for every Persian and Bindj^stani word.”
“ There are adds the Prolessor—^a naivo admission — " in
this VcHabulary ntimomus words (teehnioal terms, Ac.) for
which them neither are, nor can be, found equlvalonts in
M&Idivian.”
Be it placed} nathlesa, to his credit, that Hasan-bin-Adam
seems honestly, despite his “ heavy liandieap "—employing
for the nonce the expressive metaphor of the Hunting Field —
to have zoada a plucky attempt, “ moimted ” at times on
“ PamphraBO,” at times on Transliterationp” to “take
impossible fences ”—at a'liich he, naturally enough, “ camo a
cropper " — thereby showing us (oa the l^fessor consjdera,
mih. uncoziBcious humour) that he qnite understood bis
task.” *
C.
X fcgmt to bo oblif^ t* aay thst ilio MoMivians whose aid
Mr. BeD sought^ clearly did uot tek» much paine in the inattflr :
perhaps they did net possess tho necessary knawledgo of Pemien
and Hind^t^ni.f
The unworthy insinuation agamst “ the MaldivimiB whoso
aid Str. BcU sought” (t.e., Ahiend Dldi alone* though tho
• Aber die IrriOiiim orkl&HMi aich xum TcU alt Hovse $ohreibfehler
und eutnlniiHligeD. siuh damit, dass « cine durchatu f^tslehando
Ortbcmphio im Mftldivi&dlaoa QbcrhaUpt uicht gibt, uad die WOrtcr*
W^lohxi inh lUa wsrtldS bejEJoichne, faUen uiflht dflr Ta™s4ndlDit d^
Uebenetzersi sondis'm erkli-wa nicli ous deni an sich ja
lublicbm abcr natOrhcb imdurchfiibrbawn Bcfflroben, wo M^eb eu
l^cm PCfEbebcn Had Hiadustani-Wort eine Ucbersctirmig hoau-
Bcbrelbeiu
Ktm linden *kh aber m dam Vooabalaf xaMmclw Worterp ■. B,
^ fwibnTnu*bft Tenaini o. w.,. [Or diE? im im MAldiviithMi kein A^c)uiva-
laat giht, ncwh aeJxn kliaiu Ba halt *ich doim Hman bia Adam anf
doppelte Weiao i OutwedCT ^b nr aUtt dis Uebcrset cirue eTldanndc
Parapbiwse odcr or Bc-tzite das PojHiaebe (bciw. Arabiiche) Oder Uindu-
shmi-VVort lb MAldiviacbe Buchstaben lun.
Vca d™ Fatapluascn/' um dleeen Auidmck dot KO^ holber lu
Dobraiicbezi»liad ObHi^ba vielo goiia ^^Eratiindig nud boweiBra ima mm
miadeatflb. does dor BobonetEer Boine VoHagp vemtand. (Geigor* ioa,
ciL. pp. 650. CAl,) ^ . . .
t leh bpdauoiw* Hgon m mOaaeii. dw dio MAldiTinafT, an welob*
Herr Bell lich gowcndet hatto. nich dieibcea gwtellte Airf^b* offenbar
picbt allxq MbweriHiobten, vidloicbt auEhnicbt die aadgoa Kcnntiiiieft
im PomLsclien and Hindtstani bwa«eti. (Ooigen fcw. ctf.* p. MO.)
JOORSAX,, B.A-8. {CBTIOJf). [VOL. XXVIl.
lator justifiably invoked tbe oxtraneoua aid of a Pandit at
Himiti) aa Jitters U. to IV. in tha bundle must have
app^ Profeaeor, without poaabllity of mUconception.
and tho sn^r. no losa at that M41div« noblemaii'a biow-
ledge of Zftiwftwtam, than hia travelled friend's knowiedge of
may best bo left without commoiit.
Co^pies of this Special Number of the Journal of the Coybu
Astetie bwicty will, however, be eent tg 1. Ahmad Didi
(now an hotiouiied hitter at Mile), and to hie father. A.
Ibriihim Dith Dorhimdni-ldlogofatiu, the Prime Afiuider
equally for the de^bt and amazement of good men ”^3
the quaintlj put* it.
D.
At My rate they (-BoriM native araldiviana were in error
.t a.i,
Thia^ IB (falibemtely setting up the proverbial “ man of
Straw - — .With the usual rosiilt+
Nbwtero, Md at no time, have Ahmad Didi and hb Kiiniti
authonty called in question Hasan-bin-Adam’s “ knowledim
of tneir mother^ton^e" ^
Tf 8 Oiproea and voluntary deelamtioa {see Letter
If.), that “the man seenu never to have been acquainted
^ any other language than Mdldiviaa,” albeit apparently
peifunctoiy m his methods. ' ^
E.
It is oati^l that 1 (in GonnaDyh so many thcisand mil«i
away ftora the laud of wi^. was not in a position to veri^ldl
tbei nt»^ vforda of the “London Vocabulary‘’^^d for Tkir^^^
espociaHy deplore the fact that this S
time that ilia “ London Vocabulary " wos in Bol!'*
he. Mildivian h„lpe^ ^ thi^.f
■ thatDii flim Uniwlit daraii, dia Ki>ntitr.» ^
iL "s srtS'^'r“
Extra. No.— 1919.] iciiiMniN Luffouismo stui^irs. 145
Duringthci the Leyden Vocabulary " was in Mr. Boira
hands it could not be put to diroct use. Ho waSp as stated
abova, atatloned tbeiij under Govemment orders, at AnuMdha-
puruj in the North-Centml Province^ an interior district of
Oeylon; and fullj occupied with Aicbeeological work.
To Imve sought to muster Mdldiman belpera/* of all
people^ to a pleasaiit walk^ a pleasant talk^” amid tbe distant
ruins of that “ Buried City **—the ancient Capital of Lg-M4
—would have met with success equaling that of the cynical
invitation by a certain Walrus and Carpenter to tbe luckless.
** Oyater&j” when — “ answer came there none! For—
Gn>ea Earth ha.^ iier sons and her daughters.
And those have their guerdons ; but wo
Are the windy's and the eitn'e and the water's
Elect of tbe 3ea-
F.
The booh waa returned by Ahmad Didi, fioni MAl^* at
tbe close of 1S95.
It was restored by litr. Bell to the India Offi<5e a few months
lateFj with a letter of frank apology—distinctly due for the
very great delay which bad ensiicd, and lor which full personal
responsibility was, of couibb, accepted onre^ferTcdly,
To the apology was added expression of real regret that it
had not been found possible to turn the Vocabulaiy to accomit,
it having been “condenmed afl mcoirect and valneleea " in
the copies of Ahmad Bldi's letters (H.f iV*l annexed
to Mr. Boll's Letter-
Some particular regarding tbe Vocabulary {not given b}^
Ibnfossor Qeigor) were jotted down by Mr. Bell m a brief Noto^
before dnally despatching the book to England:—
The Leyden VccabuJarj.*
In tho Indimi OfBro Library is—
A Voe^^bti^^Ty^. J^^TSian Qnd Mindoonfay^^ [to which waa wnhao-
quontly added, in pencil, " cuid Jfdfdiiaan’I Calcutta. Printed
by Thomafl Hubbard, Sindoot^tanef? PteBa. uncccviix**
Sire, 8™. p by 64 in. ? binding, brown Jaatbor, mottled :
covar* plain ^ back, sis urn figurines between seiinn omamentel
bands, all gilt.
This book, now tho property of the Indian OSoc Uhraryt
London^ belonged to the “ Bibiiolheca LcydsJiiana/" formed by
tho Jaarned Dr. Jahn Leyden.
* Sec ffupitip Appendix Ai pagw 127-12s.
17-t8
146
JOUBNAl,. [VOL. XXYll.
It c^jzxtoim ^IS pa@ 03 ^ of IS liji*s the poga.
Eooh line oOnEisU of a Perdim word : well os (to soiiie extent)
iteHiTtdiisddfii eqiiivialeat, opposite, in chafaoter.
Beyond ibis is givm tbo Md^fvion venaJon^ writtoa cleafly in thf*
OAntini TiLsta^ or modem M&ldivo, ehaxuoteia.
Many Zscutib occur in the book.
Ineido the oOvbt^ at tho beginolng of the book and on the
fly-lftof^ ie written out^ irregularly^ tho oabd^ TjLfTA syllabary
(vowela and consonants), starting thus : stA, an, id:, mEh mo,
ha(ct), me(n% MoCa)p and ending with
TA. Tb T*. TS, -pOp !tA(NJv pIn), te(n)p Toja),
The blank page before tho Title Fago bcariEi gome Persian (?)
writing, with date A, H- 1223.
On the pa^ of tho fiy-loaf at tho end of tho book there am
tranteribed, in two separate oolumnep what look like archaic
variants of tho oABUiLT tAna Alphabet — that on tho 0rat pags
giving the consononia from m to ^ ; that on the second page the
ayOables from MA to fa, with dote and daahes. headed by tho
title ^*Tho Bivaa Alphabet."’ *
Of both tbeoo columns of antique writing, a very careful
tracing was made by Mr. D. A. L. Perera, Head Draughtsman
(now Mubandiram and Kative Asaiatant) of tho Arcbieolegtcal
Survey* They have baern reproduced by photography, and
appear on Plate V,* 1 and 2.
AS^NEXURES.
I.
{Leu^r^ June /l^p from Dr, B, Ea§t,\
India Of&ee, ^Vhitehall, S,\Y„
My Dear Sir, ^ 1890
Frofo^oor E, Kuhu^ of Mimiob CTniveraityp mforma mo that
you are working at Mj41divo^ At hia auggestiou, 1 Bend you r
M^ lclive Vocabulary^ which turned up in our Library acme
time ago.
As you may wUh to have the use of it for some time, I DnelcMa
tho usual voucher^ which I would ask you to sign and retunL
H. C. P. BioXwEsq,, Evor sincerely yoursi
Ceylon Civil Scrvict*. BOST.
ike footEuats f on page 21, #upm.
Extra No.—191^4 u^'ouibtic stttdies
147
{LetUft js^ tB 90 , /iwm /. Ahmad DHL)
The Voeabul^y hrtjt beea prinlAd in tba Hijm 1223 (B4id thv
Hi jm flow Im 1308), or ei^ht^-fivo • yeara ago.
A flump by name Haaafl'bin^Adjmip of Himiti (Nilandd Atoll%
haa giwn the Mdldive equivalents to tile AutihoF, oa bo thou^t
right j but 1 am oonfldent that therq are not ten oorfiMt in
every himdrodp having somo aequaintanoe with tbo Hindusidti*
language.
1 loundf to my surpriMp that l^io MdtdiifB squivetienn wora
greatly vncong, aa the man niefltioiiod above seems never to liavo
been acquainted with any other language than Maldivo ^ and
even in the Maldivian oentenoea some are not completed^
I t.hmk: [t would, bo usolaaa labour for you. to toko tha trouble
to edit this work.
tn.
{LeiUr^ 25, from I. Ahmad DtdL)
I have pow gone through the whole Vooabidary*
Not being fully oompetont In fftndiMaiaip and not knowing
Perffidn, 1 am unable to judga whether aU the words are corroct
Or not.
I am able to Judge of those whioh I understandp by comparing
tbofli with Hind6st4oh but not with Persian.
I ahall write for you the oquivalenta in of (bo correct
words 1 am ablo to make out.
The person who hiis given the egwiKifsn^ m the book
haa done SO through it seonia: tbot ia why so
many of them oro wrong.
If.
(Let^, December 7p H9S^/rom 1. Ahmad DidL )
Regarding the Hind^lstAaf, Porsian» and Maldivian Vocabcdajyi
which you l^ded me when I was in CoyJoiip for translation either
into Bflgliiih OF into Sioh^lhEe'
* Limar ycara. By the Chri^tLai] Em ivekciiiiEigii ei^ty-tm yearn
(A.D. 1800-1808).—B.,£(L
148
JOimjtAL, (CgYlON). f\^OL. XXVlL
wi^n I exAminei the book it YtsA found to ba a and
M^diviw Vocabulary. Two or tbm pagoa only contained tbo
trukslAtion in HindOatini i and, thmAfOEe, it waa not poasiblo
for oQo (being sot oompatont at that timo m the Porsian langjuaga)
to go on comparing wbethor the MiMiwiaci tranflationa wefa
coTToct or not.
When I come horo^ I hoard about a man in Himiti, who bad
for many yoara visited India, and had B0^|iiired a l^owledge of
tho E^rBian languagd. To him, themforo» I forwardod the book
for axamioatloEL
Ho wrote to me saying that Lbs ikfafdioian Iron^la^tons' are
moetly mcorroot, and do not agree with tbaLr Persian ;
and that, it aoemod to him, the work bad boon done by a man who
did not know tho Persian language properly i or tiiat ho mi^t
have translated through tho aid of Hind6si6tti, even which
language bo may not have known well.
Aa the HumtE man says that tho book is worth nothing, I havy
to return it without tho promised translation.
Extra Xo.— 1919.] Ltsotrisrio studies.
149
APPENDIX C,
THE OLD AND MODERN MALDIVIAS ALPHABETS*
In tJiQ compass of a limited AppendbCp it is not possible to
cover all tho ground required for a full treatment of tlio Old
and Modem types of the Mildivian Alphabet.
It niust„ therefore* suffice for the tinie being to offer an
outline sketch, intended to bring out at least the salient
features noticeable in the use of each, respectively.
Without question^ Profes&ot Geiger^a learned “ MAldiviaii
Studies” have very matormlly advanced general knowledge
of the Construction and Grammar of tho M 41 dive Langua^*
bosideSp to some degree, o^tending our acquaiutonca with its
Vocabulary j and these are chiefly mater^p
Butj as touching the ooUateral branch»ite Epigraphy^ — both
the “ niYE3 (or divehi) or Old, and the *'qasuu
tIsa,” or Modem p forma of il^^ve writing — ' the Profrasor,
from no fault of his own, has been unable to add appreciably
to the ^tock of information ^ in the case of the Ancient
Alphabet confessedly very impoTfect — already emsting.
So far as concerns the oabu^J tAjsa Alphabet, as given by
Christopherp of eighteen ( 13 ) SiUddUviao lotteis—or, including
the RersbAmbio mod^ed iiicorporations, twenty-six (2G) in
aJi—with ita Semitic vowel syatom of detached aceents* ^c.,
nearly all particulars have long been recorded. Hic influence
of the Aro&ic Numerals J fo ff, or the firat section of tlie
AJphabet^ on its wnUm cAamufiier* as well as the righi4o-hfi
mode of leritingf are now-a-day$ woU-establitsbcd facts; rightly
attributed to the influence of the Muslim conversion of the
Islands^ which took place about the middle of the Twelfth
Century.
In regard, however, to the dives akueu (literally, ** the
Island Letters”), the pristine alphabet of “mVEitl rAajx,”
or “Tho (Mildive) Maiid Kingdom” — unless, porchanco,
one of the older forms of BraAiTio lijd script should yet be
discovered on tho Group—the case is very differcut.
What little is known about tho dives akdbu is based almost
entirely on two authorities.
These fliTe Christopher and Youqg^s comoiunications ua^e
to the Geographical Boyal Asiatic Societtosp between 183 i 0
l ')0
B.A.S. fCBYTiOy). fVoL. XXV^H
and 1S41, or more than three-quartora of a centuiy ago; and
Gray’s Paper, which was penned some five and thirty years
later, and printed in the fioynl Asiatic Society Joumai of 1878.*
Beyond the welcome, and pro tania aticcessfij, effort of
Gray to show, by Tabtilated Gomparison (see Plate n,), the
more or less close connection between this EV^LA, or " Ancient,"
Alphabet and that of Mediseval Sinlialase lithic ioscriptions,
nothing has been printed tending to elacidoto the real origin
of the prras AKOnir Alphabet.
Writing in IflOO—1903, Professor Geiger, despite his very
persistent and highly important neseapchoa into the Structure
of the Maldiyion Language (conducted firet at Colombo itself,
during a three months’ sojourn in Ceylon during 1S95-1S96,
and subsequently in Germany), has to content himself, and
hia refers, with falling back wholly on (o) Christopher’s
partial syllabary o! that well-nigh tmknowti Alphabet, and (6)
Christopher and Young’s joint assertion regarding an aUeged
6 p«ial peculiarity, wa., that “tho separate letters appear in
a different fonn according to the vowels to which they ate
joined.” ''
f.—“ Dives Alcaru ’’ AJphabst.
pvilifh^ up to date regarding
the Old Maldivian script is contained in a short reference,
fotmd in tho Memoir compiled by Naval Lieutenants Yonng
and Christopher (Transactiotu, Oeogmp/tieal Sodeig, Bombay},
to the most ancient character, called by tho natives the
tiEWnux and the valuable, but’incomplete, deli-
nea^n (oij^itoen letters only) of the Alphftl>et communicated
to Ur. Wilson by the latter oSicor {Jourttat, , 1841.
pp. 42-76),
Pa&o 20) it is said that
th^ ehflwt^ in ah hltelihood were udod by the first in-
habi^ tg ; but " the knowledge of them,” not being reraem-
( 1^5 eifca)
niMly ](mt. though partially used for " ordeta ” to the
i” writing appeam to have been re-
tamed longest : that no old monuscripta with this character
fh ^ ^ *®'***^ ^ preaervod "; and,
pecuiionty in the Alphabet is that some
of the cottBOnanta change thoir form according to the voriooa
^ the construc^n of
the letters being altogether ififfeietit.”
151
Extra Xo.—1919.] scAldivias Li:Kot3T9no sTirDiEs
Thislast-inentionod **characteristicphmomi&noii” of “the
Ancient Maldive Alphabet pointa/' according to Ptofe^r
Geiger (fvpro* p. 25), towaids a writing which h very elosaly
related to the A0ka Alphabet/*
The above repraaents, then, virtually the fiun 4 total oE
present-day onteide acquamtanco with tho DlVES AJtimir^
It will be shown below, briefly, that this tantal^g dob
of information, made eiglity years ago, can at this day be
considerably augmented.
Even now “ old manuscripts ** in dives AEUEU character
might very possibly come to light, hero and thero^ in the
Southern Atolls, w efe these more distant groups exploited
judiciously by svitcmatic aeaich.
At least it ia certain that the Ancient Alphabet continues
to he used, on occasions, in those Atol^; and songs^ Ac.,
written therein may probably 3 '‘et be obtainable.*
(i) Ort^'a of the ** DivE^ Atari*" Alphabet.
Tlio obvious afifinity of tbo old wnting^^ot so much with
Medisval Sinhalese as to tho Tuju the Malabar l^istncts o(
Southern LidlA;, which lie opposite the Lakkadlve and >[&ldlvc
Islands; or, doubtl^p even oioro nearly to an older Grautha
tyiie of Tu5u-Malayi|Ain, or Arya to which tho divehi
AEtTBU may well have been clo^y akin — strongly suggests
tbo former existence of a fuller list of characters, including
aapiratcii.t
The DIVES AXUBtr Alphabet, so far as it is utilized at tho
present day, has manifestly b^u made to fall into line with
the modem oabuIiI tAna Alpliaboti both in the current order,
ns well as the limit, of its charactora.
Evidence has not been Eortlicoming hitherto—if such exists
fitUl cn tho Islands—concerning its originid compared
with Sanskifit and other Xtidisn alphabets j but It Eseems niost
probable that it once poasessodj Uko them, a mote complete
complemeut of lotters, embracing not only aspirated conso¬
nants, but additional sibilants also.
With tho occeptanco of Muhaminadanism+ and tho adoption
of an alphabet based on a compromise with Semitic ecript
and mode of writing, tho need for aspifated letters, and tho
palatal (fl) and —except rarely—tho cerebral (eA) aibdants of
Tndinn systems vanished. The dental surd S with sonant z
HufEced ustially.
• Thirty ot forty yoais ngo Mr. Bell proeuiod m fow boh^, frnm
i^Aldivi^ Bdoiulenp Ixjth in DIVES AStran ami oa&UU tAka writing.
t tJnk(?ssitheDrvra axuhu toUuwodtheHniitatiion ofth^
whsch djiipe-DBod witli
JOUTtSAj,, R.A,S. (CETX^jr), [VoL- KXVLL
Honc<?, as ^ill be seen by Plate the TiiVBS AKTmu
Alphabetp as new survivingi hi coufitied to the aarrawed limitfl
and changed onier of the OaSTT^l tAna,
(ii.)
There is eTidence on record that Christopher must have been
neqm^ited with all the basal vowel-consonants ” (i.s., those
with inherent ehort A)p ns well as the vowot systonXi of the
DIVES AKUTHj Alphabet; bat that, with characteristic mod^ty^
he confined himself in bis manuscript (from which Dr. Wilson
printed) to giving only the equivalent akshama for the first
eighteen (18) letters o! the oabou hAjsa Alphabet.*
Inquiries pressed by the writer, when attach^ to H. 'SL
Costoma at Colombo and Galle in the Seventi^ and Eighties,
elicited definite mformation that dives akurjj dtaroci^
cm^E^pOTiding virtmibj tf> th& enKri? qabttu tAjta Alp^ahei,
the only exceptions being (see Plate n.)'the two so-called
'■adopted" or “borrowed" Arabia letters and A or dh,
sub-scribed with three dots, given by Christopher and re^
produced by Gray,
Of what sorviveB of tlio original dives Af^l^EO Alphabetp
a duplicated syllnbary of consonants (with short a only; except
H, W'hich is fihgwn, exempli ffni/id, fully infiected} and ^weJs
is now presented in Plates VI., YII.
Ttie upper letters of each division exhibit the form (probably
the purest) obtained from the Souihem Atolls, the lower that
of those from Mdtit the centre of the Group.f
iYom these the main characteristics of the Old Alphabet
may be fairly graspedH,
The basal forms — twenty-six iW) in all, mcluBive of the
as a nnsnl — wdJ be found LLiustTated on Plate VI,, in
• liDutenant Chriftoph&r met the Frcaoli savant, KEcmfriiaiir
Aet^ioe d^Abbadiop at Tujiirr&hp in 1S4L.
" 1 nev^jr Eaw Ohmtcphi^r; for I wan hUndod by ophthiairuA when
bo oaUoil on auj, E# promiaed to send ino a nopy of tb& Old Mdldivo
sylUb^ J a^d I thankiHl hia warmly the foUowipa day,
a few baurn hofoto Chnatopher a«t sail to receive bia d^ath w^oucLd on
the [1848), When I MoVOii-d myeytraigh^ I aaw with romt
that lie bad sent mo a list of ooneenantit vocalized oniy in a
fallD^ by a tBFitAhiing * Ac* I boardfd Uws Indian Navy wLahip :
but Chnstapher was tlu-n gone."' (Eftrdct from a letter to Mr Bell
dated February 2^ UST. Pyren^B^)
Thtj letter in Cbriatopher'fl Ibit, an copied by MouAicLiT d^Ahbadje,
ahow 18 with abort a, and IS wltli either lon^ A or ebort i,
fTli* lottera as written in the Southem Group civ^n by
^inad Didf^of Fjjfl IfufdAu Ijlnnd; th* othera W 4 n» kindly auppHed
by Didi EffciwJi, Dgrblm^nA-kiU^fenn (now Prime Mimitcr)K
Eroia MraTtf.
15S
Extiu No.— 1919 .] scAlhivian lisouistio sta&TBS*
which (o) the letters {“ ^tpd-&msonants^^) comm^oing with
H (accardiDg to modem and eading with and the
are sot out * besides (d) aomc Yarianti.*
These aro supplemented in Plato Vn+ by (e) the five int&/
7X>W€ls, ihort and long; their {d) m^iat jigrti; together mth
(e) the consonant h [the first ol tho Aiphnbet)^ ob modified
by all its vowel infioxions; and (J) a few cainpound letters,
Finallyj {g) apociimHia of the writing are added.
(iii.) ConAomtU^.
The infioctod forma of n^ as shown in Plato VH,* dofuiitely
explode the long-etanding “ myth/^ ei2E.j that “ the separate
letters appear m a different form accor^g to the vowel to
which they are joined ” ; except in so lar^ and only in so far*
os the addition of vowel signs neecesarily modifies the outlinea
of the consonants affected* as in Sanskptp Si^alesSj &c.
Ex ttHO di^ mnrhes. Some consonants may assume a
variant sliape (see Plate VI,); hut,f whatovar the shape
adopted^ the edition of fw«?els, or the mkun^ m no way affecta
tiieiDp beyond the inevitable modification resulting ^m the
attachment of tho vowels^ &o.
A radical difference hetwoon the Old type of charaiCtor
and the New lies in tho dtves akohtt base-consonants beings,
stated above, like those of Sanskrit, Si^aleso* and other
Indian cognate alphabets* actually
oscb contains the short vowel a) j whOst the yAna
letters aro pufc signs* quite vowel-loss until
vivified by tho super-Bcript, or snb-scnpt, accents commioQ to
Persian, ArabiCi &c.
The only indication of aspirates (H exeepj^) ana extra
sibilaiLte once forming part of MAldivian script is furnished
by tho ocfoumaace in both Alphabets of sisAqroj for f and r
(the simple breath*sound of the aspirated digraph ph), and
the occasional employment of sSa in oabit^I yAna,
* Xo uoilormitv has rultytl so far for the oidor oE tbe sdeptedr^* or
bom wed,*’ eonBenactd of the Modam SIAWive Alphabet aaeotitra«^
with the fi^st oiKhteen, letteriL ThOo* ahonW- start with n and. eed with
D oometly s though the latterlialf t* bMn soinotiiiie* (aa by
Grfcy)tr4fiHposed with tho first half, making the
CtiTLHUipher (nrmduccd by Gray 3 BOO Piflto EL ffiom FmimJ
e, F, (from A^biu) i, X^ vn (or dhJ j omitting s. Qeigor
(^optieg—foFtheK lune only—the cider of the pseudo -uamixi tIka in
the Leydeb Vodabulaiy prints (Plato L) Y. i, Vi. T* S, F* Gftfity
fnr OH* X nnderU-ded for Tu (ar de). Io Plato Vx. lbs- older oi tna
first »™ (» eopi«l (rtsm this dIvm asu»ii maniiMript nlphutMt*
obtiuiiEid by Mr. BisUj runs It, T. c. Y. *, J.r : hu t daflnito ontbnnty li
not olauned for thio obvioiwly uasj'HWinatic jumble.
X
17^ IS
154
JOUBJfAL, R.A.S. (€ET10S?}. [VDL. TXVTT
(W,) Fmw£f and Vowd
The Old Blaldivian Vmx^d-sign TrariaMoim (the natural
seqaenc^ of the markedly divergent forma <rf the fniiiai
Vamk, aa written in the S&utha-n AloU^ and at are well
exhibited in Plate VIL
The distinctive abapes of the Sonthem-type vowela have
manifestly gi’™ place elBewhefe to a vowel system based
on the A consonantal sign (the OAsnLt Tirfa A)i. adapted sn
m to form the other vowels by tho Edition of the several
inflexions.*
Ahnormal, and even contradictory, usages soom prevalent.
These vagaries are doubtless due to the want existbg of a
recognised atandaid in a very elongated series of AtoUsp
which stretch for over four hundred milea from North to
^uth.
The Eight Voweh.
Initial and Medial forms aie employed for both the short and
long Vowels a, i_p ip 1, u* if, n, t, o, 6, in accordance with
the Sanskrit canon p but not for the dif^ithongB ai, au, which,
seemingly, have to bo formed by the rospectivo conjunct
vowcht.
Ap i.
The sliort a* m stated, is inherent in the consonant ; the
sign for long k is written separately, and, like the SinhAlese
^pilla, to right of the letter,
I* t
fl^e invariable broad nde followed in Dcmnd^ri and
similar Indian ecripta, of nsing Urn supet*sarijji media] signs
for I, meets ti^th unlooked-for exception in the case of the
nivE3 AKUBtr Alphabet.
As will be seon (Plato VII.), these signs differ only from that
for long A in that, whilst the Utter U detached, ip'f Bhould be
utiUtd to tho consonant {in the case of long i with a sl%ht Jdnk
at fitaTtJp and carried hdow it parHalfy^ or,tn turdm script fully
fi£7ui^p to the kft, after the manner of the Si;d^Leae ul^ora
raiwd^aya (p^jculior r sign) in §. and Old Mdldive smi.
A not-improbable expUnatson of this anomaly may bo that
the Mj^ivians adopted Medial signs of the ram nf yowoi
Mgns (which are written below the cou^nant in several old
Indum alphabets) in lieu of those for r, f*f
* See iho bw«f linn of Vcpwcla oa Plftte VII
n ^ w f thiMiH Pai^K^sraph^. 1878 ; Faulnkaou Dm
”*'* Oad-i^i-JTieir Inditht AipLu-
Extba No-— 1919,] alLomAN nsGUtsmo studied.
Up u-*
Thfiie0 signs aro wnaUy att&ctied to tho consoaftELfe beJow in
accordance with that form (hook to right) of the used
withcortain Riwlmlraa coosoDants; but the altcmataTO adoptioo
for short u of a supcnscript form appears to be allowable for
seTsralr if not ah ^ lettors.
E|
The Sinhalese practice ndoe neariy. The vowd-oonsonant
with short Aj foUowing a small circle^ semes for short E ;
and for long k a sindlar double circlo looped: these being
the substitutes lor the Sipbalcso kombtxm and ita manner of
OTnploytnent.
Oj 6 .
Here the usage is apparcutly irregdarp The kombmm
symbol is followed, by the consonant indectedl. with either
I or TT yowd signs; f' whereas the Sbj-hdese and Indiaii.
firnd rule is to employ the consonant with short ^ and long
d Eespectiyely.
ana™'.
The wavy semidiagotLal symbol (possibly an evolution ol
the two kinds of Sinhalese of mark rolled into onej employed
for the diijtan of the dives AETOtr—^ distinct from the sms^
open supeiwcript cirelo (SiphalesOi friada) in GAtBO^ tAxa-^is
written not merdy abovOj but to the right of the letter with
which it is usod^ i , t
Undoubtodly tho former diould be classed with the stroke¬
like Sanskrit vfrdma and upright oi of Bii^hsle^;; whfet the
later or dot^ is common aa wdl to South In(^n Prakfd
maniiserjptSj and goes as far back as the early Kpi of InduiH
For the use and sound-valiiee of the MaldLve boo
sapraf pp, 27p^ S3. «
(v.) Writing.
The DIVES AKURU Character is written in two ways i—
(i.) Ordinary; each aisAora being formed separately.
(ii.) Cursive t with two ajfes/iOfiM united^ usually by carrying
the Mildivo forma of tho Sighalcsc ^apiUa or wjftfld signs
round the bead of its consonant to unite with the next letter.
Samples of {i*)p the simpler form of the script, appear in
((j) a list of birwdtt^ (eulogistic epithets) of MAldive SultAns
(Plato VIIL 3)* and (6) the dives ablubu transcript of tho
aABUtl A letter on Piste IX.
• Nolo the variui^ M^al Fiigna for long t (Plato
^ Id th* form ompLoyod Id tb& Sonthoni Ateltip » vaitical ■troko
beads th& long both and MecUal
1 -
3.
Joumiii., H,A.a. (cETfMH). [VoL. XXVIL
EpMttg of Mdldioc SvUirvt.*
SFTASTi SBi-KATTA (f Sld*MATA)t
HaiI 1 With b&atity eudow6d,
MAHA SBi-BAAlf
of groat fortune tho boarer,
KDBA fUllADiwAt aal ilASUAFALOKAt
in ’Wisdom pre^miamt, gforious WM-Iord,
^ i-u HiOTcmA
(to tlie race) tbo omamont, in arts and wiflntsaa
ATOlffAt
aocomplishedt,
4, KfHirr KAimi BOVASAt iLlHi rahus,
E^nowued^ a Keliatriyaj oF the Upivorse the Ghruat King.
Stanza,
(si>elt as written, and qtioted from
DIOOH BAP, ABF/' a faTOtiiite M4Idivian poem) afford^sD«T*
man of both stylos; (1.) on Plato VI .; (ii.) on Plate VIIl. 4:—
BftUVI WAO
With teaKjoconuts loaded the vessel
BiXLATB BfHETr
TOa taken out^ Tvben going aground
nioois adjjsaaftt,
to wil, O l DiogSi to AdoiL
The ilflldive ls1andor» are expert mid iotTonid
of the compaai» ^they greatly adveutumtS vc?^^
4 P- and App*tidix I>.
il*** o’eneer" (iuta '•■a,-
look* dawii ‘fin " to# lord wlio
cwed hj Omrmntt tnm the SoTchetLea nnd *?
2.
3.
NAAFtf
into deep wj^tor
157
Xo.— 1^19*] MiLiDrVLLS IJ3?GOT3nO
from the tempe&trhatmted Atolls^ m th&Lr small, light-
builtj but Tiiiaab aea-wofthy vossels, as far as Aden, Cakutta,
PfeaaJig^ Sumatra, &c., braviiig thfl storms and fortnidablo
oarrents which sweep round the IhdiEQ Oc^n and elsewhere*
L^l our barqoc^# upon the wave,
gangers of the deep to brave.
Path ^mid ooean-wiids to pavo-^
To Ajdou.
Guiding stars witli kindly ray
Will direct ofl on our way
Through the darkness, day by day—
To Aden.
Boaa of stTife m wide ns deep,
^stlees waves that never sleept
Currents of torride sweep—-
To jVden^
Slonder barque of bosom'd sail.
Breasting bold the stomeet gmio
Till her havon'^a light she hail-—
At Aden.
II._*^Cabuli Tana” Alphabet-
Particulars regarding the gabuli tAxa Alphaboti and its
use, were a.fi<iideii by Christopher (1833) - these wore pEirtiall j
reprinted by Gray (1878), and have boon touched on by
Geiger {1000).
Petals appear in the ** Studies (^wp^p pp. SO—20), m.
Appendi^r At end in PLates L, U.
Some additional remarks may bo offered,
(LS Vafiani usea o/ Tim ” SenpiJi-
Certain Tariations in the order of tAsa script are in vogue
at the bfaldives*
Tho Ifen^r Edraady quoted says (jupro, p. 21):
There are seveta] hinds of tAsa writing i and wo are Cnclin^
to think that the one at preaent was not so geuefally ac^ptM
unta within the last dfty years, as many tombstonoa ore evidenUy
insoribed in a character differing from the oasuu taxa t the
letters, at least, have a dlffofent sBQund, and the signs usoa for
vowel) are difTerout*
Nothing seems to he known o£ tombstono epigraphs other
than those in the Old and Modern ilildive ohAracter and
Arabic. It is possible that Young and Christopher may be
15S JOPHNAL, R.4.S. (ctyuos). [Vol- XXVlI.
referring to tho dives aa thn miknown ton^ro ; or to
somfl chances graveatoate of aliens carved m thslr special
ectiptr^ ^
A^cial trai^sitioiiH of “ Tijr.v writing," smacldae of
aenu-^ret. w mi-apparent “ codes,” omplojod by social
or private individuals, are occasionally indiilged in to thia
j J T' “PPareatly poitr passer le Xemiw, rather than for anv
uehnite object, *'
Of tbcao are the "lu^iA lisa" and "de-pa(t) tAsa”
^tems—nuances, pure and simple, of no real importance f
According to the de-faCt) tAna mode, the two halvesi of
tho OAEirLZ TATiA (I., If,) are BAaotly interchanged ».e., h ^ si
™ in Hi^A tAsa the mutotion ia
edocted between consecutive letters, i.«„ a (uaraI = r
- H (OiBUU); Jf (haea) ^ R (GAJHm) ;
R {aAROIl) = Jf (HA|U), Ajc, » , /.
In the foUowing Table, Columns I. and n. mvt, the more
lettw of the oabihi t&a Alphabet
for Dii.PA(T) liNA, so that the first nine ^c«
the ^e placed opposite to one another; whilst ColEunns
IIL and IV, ehow the equivalent ha^sa tAsa lettom matching
those of OASOLI tASA.
///,
¥
H
R
li.
7i
IV.
V
P
F
L
T
?
Q
p
3
(а) OAfiu^ tIn-a =1 Columns I; and IL toimther
(б) DE FA{T) tAjta = Columns L and n, i^msed
r.lnd = «‘'i IV. opffilt Columns
■nd Ambu: but eloser icmh 'i* ' 5!^“'^^®^*’
t Abdul Maimd Didl wTile.^*
writing Ami Coav^EBWtioD ore itiU in tima forma ol
i(«divi«« 5 in thu pr«eiM*
Extra No.—^ixDtvTAJ; ijiNocrLSTic studies. 15^
Exampl^Ji.
(fl) nmji suKDtntA i^ATim botaxa mamA raduw.
{b) mTRA tn?rrt?TA ^fASBiri w*pada kamI taitud,
(c) UTA BIPBFirSA AKTAS t W^MARA VA^ ^AFUR,
(u.) Tte “ ** Alphabds.
The ^Mailed “Archaic Tarlatioiis^” {see supm^ 25 ) of
the qabd^ TijNA Alphabets attributed to Hasau-biri A^m
{** transmogrihed " by Professor Ociger in Plate L* both
aa rogank the lespeetiTe order of thoir appoarajico m tho
“ Leyden VoeabmlMy ” Aiid their tnio delineation; but oor*
roctly roproBOTLted Ln Plate VJ offer a strange puzzle*
It seems highly improbable^ on the one band, that^^
** Exceeding peace hod made Ben Adhem boLd,^^
and that he, or other unsophisticated ^laldiTiaR, would have
laid himaelf out dEliberately to invent, from the ordinary
GABiru Tin A of his day, apurioua alphabets to bo fomted on
the erudite Dr« John Leyden os the “ divas akctru,”
On the other hood, there La the diatinct opinion regarding
Hasan-bin Adam’s linguistiQ Unutations eontamod in Ahmad
Didi*H Letters (sob Appendix B, ^pra]i coupled with the
oruahing condenxnation, recently put on record by Abdul
Hamid Bidi, another son of the Mdldivian Prlmo Mlmster
Ibrahim IKdi, that "the alphabets" are "pure inventioiLB
of Hasan-bin concooted to serve private purposes.*
Bo the case^—if there be any case—what it may for the
gonuineneds of the two alphabets of the “ Leyden Vocabulary "
as “ aichaie variations " of the modem oabuu tA^^a, of this^
at any rate, there can bo no question—they have nothing
whatever to do with tbo Old Character, the true dives a^tjbu*
* Tlia aJphahAiu jroa have aeat me sbQnJd nat be talccn Fwrioufty
^Aldivioii IfitioTn. Tbey Aie pmu inV'eaLiun^ qE Hasan'liin AUojrip of
HiinitL He must have cpmptrtcd ttwjin in order to prawnt ethen
reading hii private writiegB. ftia not the Sisl iitne that I haxv men,
and kOGinip peinqna wntiug or mVanting Buqh letters ior their own
persoiia] me. I enaloefl herowitls a modem BpeeLmen of aocb fftner
bitten.
Th# letters contuiDod ifi the pboto^Bphie print (Plate T.} eoiinot,
ol COUI»e, be oolleil the niVES AKCEU Alphabet = they a^e^ aa you
may,, formed frocu qabuii tAka lottenL^' (Extract Crcm a letter to
Mr. Beaj
The "apeclmcu'" ol TiatA wriUng seat — plnyfuUy atylcd is<jmtsi
tEocsliB^i) tAha — li tonneKl pn thu iiiffeiit angulAT liliei;, not unlike the
form of Calumn 1 | on Plate V.
JOtmSAL, Il,A,a. <CXTLON)< [VOL. XXtn.
(iii.) Ori^a of (A« Tasa” Alphabet.
How did the oasuu tiKA Alphabet ori^nate ? A smxple
Dxplanatioa, primd fade reasonablo, is submitt^ tentatively.
VVith the gradusil mdtix ef Arab 11*0(10 and the jurowing
influence of settlers on the lalonde, which ctilminated in the
Muslim conversion of the Twelfth Centorv, the continued use
of the cumbrous dives axubit script would steadily become
more and more intolerable; and must almost movitably have
given way to some Semiiie mode of presenting the lIAIdive
language in writ ten form easy of expreBsion^ besidea following
tho rigbti>t(vieft pFoctlcc of Arabia and Persia.
Hence it is but natural that the Old Writing should come
to be supplanted, as far as practicable, by a simpler system
based on PeTsL-Arabic lines.
Tliua it could easily happen that the devisers of the New
OABTJDi, or “ CJoniposcd," Alphabet, looking for a aatiafactoir
aubstitubB for the objectionable indigenous form, foum^
it readily available to a latge extent in two sets of iVumernfe,
These were, presumably, (o) the MdMive A’anjemfr/or 1 to
S ^ some at least variants, without doubt, of the SMaJeae
Anmemfa (Hate V, 3) and LU AL'um (Plate V.* 4),* or other
and possibly closm Indian equivalents — which conveniently
fell into place as the consenants (ten to eighteen] H, f, d, t
L, o, 7 , a, n; whilst (b) the ordinal^ AtaSno Hametoh of Ukd
values were made to serve for tho fimt nine letters n. r ’?
R,a, |.,K, A(OTA), V. ■’*’
For the rest, the Arabic, Pfereian, and Urdu alphabets
wDuin mevitnbly suggest adaptationa for some at least of tho
reamining consonants necded.'l'
No alphabetic revolution, could bo more amoothly odectod*
happy Belcfticn, eompromific, and modifiration would meet ali
requirements 'Wiili tlie po$^b]o iiicoiivojiipiic&-
(iv.)^ Ctiimji€d TcMt of Mdldinan Aiphob^L
The arbitnuy arrangement ol tho oabihj tAwa Alphabet
^ Mtumlly destroyed that orderly scientifio cUssifleation
(Gutturati. PolatAls, Ac.) founded upon Ptonunciatiqn, and
• For Lit Aturu litw rr- tjt ti 4
< 7 . A. 8. isca, A|n«ndiv, slvT. «*
may have
M&ldivr B uiBy bo to ndeptwn frem P«isj-Arn^ praiotypea.
Extra Sio, —iai9,] wAu>ivtAH iJwoinsTio snri>iE9. 101
adopted by Grammoiians in dealing with Sinhalese aiid other
Indian Alphabeta, which, there k no WAsm to doabt, once
ruled abo with the Diviig akdbu*
Taking the Coneonante and Vowela wtuch at tbe present
day constitute the full MAldivian Alphabet— Chriatophcr^s oh
and TH (or DH) being excluded, but added—tbeoe may be
grouped, according to phonetic iralu^* as foUowe
CONBOBTiSTfl.
VOWELS,
atjui.
Seif Am.
niVXSEONS.
.A
■V
«
s
1
i3
£
■1
1
s
f
s
1
1
S
1
si
<
1
L
K
' —
0 '
A
—
1
U
A
A
2.
Ffslokilii
o
1
r
&
Y
, _ 1
—
I
1
3.
CmhrdU
q.
—
p
K
^ P'
—
—
— 1
—
4,
Dtn^aiA
T
a
D
N
B 14
1 ^
1 -
■
—
5.
Labiak
P
^ —
B
tt
—
—
—
V
it
6.
Gutturo-Palatal^
—
—
—
j —
—
—
“
E
ii
7.
Qumtto-LaMoU .
—
—
—
—
—
„
a
6
&.
Henfo-Lobuiis ..
P
^ —
' V
1 —
—
—
9.
SuJtun
. —
—
—
o
—
— *
(’y,) Old Gobufi Taw ” Manuscnp.
Various substances have from time to timo boon utilized in
India and the Par East for writing on— prepared cloth, wooden
boards, 6A4r/a bark^ palm leaves, metal plates.
*The classmeaticn by A, Meiuiia Oun^kara, Miidaliy^, in
Grammar, 1801, p. 23. is
Oayloa. Tha its pMilcfliMwity.hkiJ the btndu by Gyass^ltam.
is pat Last, unclossiarO.
n-is
162
JOITRXAI,. R.A,8. (CEFLON). [VoL- XXVII
Thfl eoDaparatira poveirty of their T^gotatioa nod product!;
no doubt forced the ^IdldiTS Isl&ndeiB to resort to yet another
expedient.
In 1896 the Editor was able, with considerable difSeuIty,
to ptocuro from the Bl&ldiTea a couple of old manuscriptsi
which proTed to be written on strips, about a foot in length
hy fiTO inches broad, of the PaTufoniu o^oratisatmaa {Mai*
divian, m1*sa^efo ; Siphnlese, iffafxyiyd]*
The use of this make-shift material hod even then long been
superseded by paper on t he Group.
The prepared Pandanva leaves are formed into contiaiious
booklets, of convenient size, by folding each strip in and out
alternately, so as to make the rough inner surface alone avail¬
able lor receiving the writing, which ia m some kind of " fast ”
black ink.
Two bavea, photo-lithographed from the moro archaic
manuscript,! appear in Tlate VIEL Ito writing ofiere striking
comparison with that of the modem Commercial Letter of
about 1875 (Plate IX.).
The short diagonals and vertical down strokes (apecially
marked in n, and ft), the unusual type of p, the per-
pcndioular b, with the general ragged boldncas of all the
fharacteiB, carry its ago back at least to the first half of the
Eighteenth Cientuiy, if not earlier,
lie writing approachos b stylo the script of the oldest
extant Missives in oaftnlJ tAua sent by the MAIdive Sultins
to the Dutch Govemora at Colombo annuaUy: MlsBivas
written also to the Commanders at GelJe are more recent t
A froi^pt of the Ambia and JIaldirian letters on the
thud leaf (which contains all the first 18 lettena of t^ aasniJ
Ti^A Alphabet] ia given below. §
The manuscript is a MAldivian FapiTA fo(t) iSiohalesB
^atfo or “ Clmro Book” of love qfUills, into which a
fair propoTtitin of Arabic entors.||
•Thera Is AO in^roHting r&forai3£o to the ubq oi FqndanU* laaTeg tm
I WAVtaffAmiiji vu fleeing frocci hi^ “ DanuJA”
hjd IB tlio where h^i wm fed by the Thd-m MaIijI
Ti»iA.efK,ippi^VihA,^ '*TheraQotheki4^SS
flibtted lfljidi4 te hu viMra for the um the
bretherSo^ - xxxnx, 1
^ folded, EzveauPGA 5^ in. by 41 ft, ^ 5
tIk* MihL^ diseeTered by Mr, BtAl jd the
Dq^ 4^ Heoorda UQfsei, CaJembo, ia d&bed Oeleber I7l!k
% Aimbio woTidft Are piiiited in *'
n of MAklitnci TAVfjju* qr aae B*rL
R.A.K iC^hnh IS&l. VIL. Ne, 24 . pp, 1 ^
im
Ex:tBA No.— 1919 .] siiujmAjj LisoxnsTic stubi^.
Professor Goigsr dovot^fl a pfirftgraph (mpni, p. 5) ^ a
qaotatioD from Cluristopher and Youog^s Jlfemoir regarding
the old ATiimia tic worshipT the belid in demons and spirits,
in esoreisnit and in niagic/' ■which plays an important part
in the life of the people (Maldi^^ansJ,” deapito the cotmter
injunctiona of “ Isldnij the ofSeial religion/*
Side by aido with Etluhauiiiiadlaiii thEjre has continued to exist
an older w>ed—not real becau^ disowned—in dema^
and Bpirits^ spellsp charms^ and the Idee. Anyone thro’^ m
contact with the ordinary Manders (partiouJarly those of the
Soutbem AtoUa) will find demopolatry and nature wcrahip &b
rife as of old, if piorsned now-a'days lesa obtrusively.*
(Top half: righli.J
h A 39 nA vl TANA( 9 ) KIAVAI TIB FA
2 . HABU A^UIEB ^tliA MLTfA(^) F 0 MEb<I
3 . AHANI KtrLAKA(^) JftFJAitilAB
4. FASii VAEI TO|iA(¥) SVBitA(^J 'ifl
5 . ABXTRV FATU TIN FATU ItASlf
6 . LULtABi gefIttAi IF iFfrjoi^TAi
7 ^ H-uunau maobbibma
8. MAIDUB.J1 UpAl EDiAl HAl
9 p DtJBU ALEJi KaMUTTAKA ^URVUAT^
(Bottom hall: left^)
lOip BtfBB MIAGE DE DUftF MIITEIJ
U. TI? VATV Ut^l B(») KA^
12 . ^ DA?G LANI AyB(?) FA{?) BDtT DA^IT
13 . VAiiDIiA^ A^(¥) FA(^) OtI t .4
14 . St VMLTVEl FdSt, VABl TOLtT BH
15 . HASta Alliofe STOU? i
10 , vi FANAKU MEDU BDBit TABTOAt
17 . DB KE y Efy} Rtf' KDBAHAI DH BO OKKO
18 . ViHABA taba opUB
A of tho mannsefipt would be oat of pbco ui
the piesent conneutioD. _
- Bell. Tim Mdldm lEtandi. p, SB.
the cerebral Jgi-
joirss'iL, ii,A.s. (ceti/jn). rVot- XXVn.
POSTSCRIPT.
«o oa it to the SABUp
jSSw ’* nmtcrial put together in
L^ntenant WiUmott Christopher.* of the Indian Naw
Rate of the Modem, and a portion of the fHd'
a^kUviftn Alphabet which accompanied it, when printed iii
mt Plate ^ reproduced in a Paper, published m 1878
dry^ withfSoi^'*^ iMmerly of the Ceylon Ciril
aem«, with a siidiiuftiy, below the Alphabet , of ChristonW’q
ncmarlj^regarding the «>und*values"of tL iSSf
It waa only to be enpocted that, in the fluxion of thr«'-
Maidive written
wuld undergo gradual evolution. This has b»n
genatural eoureein the history of all scripts of ^-cSSiS
Taile^fXS”!'! f * dtrUtopher's
accor^ng to best authority. ’"^’
ilJnstn[t4l\y^tCiorm”of^ M?r ^ *2!®" ^
the Table on^ge 167 * ^ ilil^ivian characters given in
MoiUin,
Uw l^ian Nav^ ^^u^wilit OkiutonW, of
^ ■ at hii weAiicr.:^ aMo. 1 ‘
^ pceunvy of may depend ud
jIS "“T""
1^5
Extba Ko,—1919 ] twAt.ti tvta^ mcoriSTic studies.
Id the abseDCV of any standardked foaut of cast type^ tii^i
tendency In aianascript is inanifestly towards a r naning
hand," with its Inevitable result—pnogreaiivej though un*
coasdiuua, “ slumng " of dhstmetive forms.
The clear difieienco between snob characters as r and n, ^
and in the qadiju tts a of the Old Pandauua M^useripts,
and the M&ldj vi^ Snltans" Missi^Ts of the earHer yeara of the
Eighteenth Century—those of the first quarter of the Nine¬
teenth Century—andt finally^ the “ emrent script of the later
Nineteenth and prcBont period of the Twentieth Centuries* Is
strongly marked,
FranMy* It must be admitted that the change* thus almost
nutomatic^y evolved during a period of two conturiesT baa
not made for greater diatiuctiiess or beauty in the writing i
instead of amelioratioiip steady chirographio decKne is
perceptible. This has been due* without doubt,, to JAc of
a reoogni£^ printed Jiandard ; soch^ for instance* a^s has for
long ruled—with certain modiheatiouB not affecting its general
bold attracti\ieDes3p terts cUque —in the ease of Sin¬
halese characters of ota manuscripts and printed books.
The OABUU TilTA letters which have undergone most
change perhapSp during the course of the past two himdred
years, rtro B and j.* These do not seem to bo used ordinarily
at the present day in their old stilted vertical shapes
The form of cerebral ^ given by Christopber^ that was
holding the field firniiy more than a century earlier* appears
to have yielded to the nasal more usuaUy transcribed aa
the presumed palatal ii.'f It is beUeTcd that the older fomip
as well as the variants of T and C (see Plato Ih), may still be
employed at wiU^
The word EtrsnAp among the of the Sultans in their
Afissives of the E igh teenth Century* was written {w‘hen not
apelt simply kuba) altemativciy by MAldivian dental s with
three dots under, or by the Arabic character for cerebral
auper-scribod with triple dots*
The present-day gabuij tAxa Alphabet has been arranged
on page lft7 in three CSolumnSp /fww figM to kfi acesording to
114ldivian lOTipt.
* The Btraago type o( o fooiKl lU the f *j&ita rofrj (bw Flat* VJ_LUi
doAS Hub OCciiT in tkiJtAzu" ML^sivOBL
t EorsoArly* jftsiBCHjjatioa ot liifl'Snsnt of dosbJb wija
aUawAtlo >: Ihua, B.^., (dfUlftl and flonJ-lSrid), FurtUor, tho
hononfic plural suffix in itAKiEiriJliffuitEwS'A, aud tho likis, appoan
with its tiAjml lQop«d, but bent to left—apparently ih^^ form of
palatal it (Plato L) now* and may bv of ald» utiliaw also for oarabral ^
(•ee AJphabo^ p. I67i and B/. pAS^p Plate IV.p line 10>i
166
JOrmUAL, E.A.S. (CEtMS). (ToL< XXVII.
ColuiDii I, giTca the flrat nine Jettcre of the Alphabet >
these aie nrtujUl; the A/ohic J^unterais / to 3,
Opluiim n. shows the nest nine, dmwn from the Mdtdtvan
Nunterols* of lihe values, several of which find obvious
oo^ter^e in Indian, and Ceylon. hTumerical eymbob.
In ^luion m., the remaining as letters are sat oat, pro-
sumaoly m their recognized alphabetic older.
VWth the of awidivian characters, Abdal Tfantid Did!
Perai-Arabic eqaivaloats as vritUR by
Juatdtvtans, appending this important Note t_
VVe do not nw Porsi-Arabic letters, nnteee we find it abeolutely
^*«BBry to give Porsi-Arabic pronunciation, when writing an
Axabic or Pe^ian word in Miidivinn cbaracteia. But w» could
^ta midivuin wholly in Awbio letters, with dots hero and
tnem to MMdjiiaa TksA soniid,t
This accounts for the absence from the OAbuu tAsa
aiptotet of comparatively bttle-used charactera tran-
^^Jii ^ « C^«topt®r (see Plate II.) as uh, tb {or dh).
^ 0 following points should bo noticed.
^e penehant for modifying Aiahio forma by frfjjfe data
mi^n^ M ^ihed: see o, p, o.
The MAMivian aign for V Is ’rirtimlly f, aub^bed thrice, or
super-script dot [teak Christopher, Plate II.)
T^th qu^uple dote above ia an Crdd fern.
sBbecribed onw and utilised aa the
Slow^ * ^ ^ usually transcribed by z with dot or tine
ia dated in
written ia Peiri-AtebrahaiSte^'"^
BfaldtvJait "GaliulJ Tana" Aljplialietj with English and Pent^Arabta eqnlvateDls,
Extaa Jfo*—1919*] KJti,inTiAK tixQinsTio aroniiis, 167
^ ^ ^ ^
Extra No.— 1S19,] aaixDiviisr usiGinaTTO studies.
APPENDIX D,
MALDIVIAN LETTERS,
In his ifoWiitJMcsftfi Sittdien, L* 1900, pp, 673-I5B4, Professor
Geiger has copied—according to his own traasUtoration, and
with indepondent renderings into Geriiianp* but without
giving the M^ldivc writing—the only two Mi^Idivian Letters
(Texts, Transcripts, and T^ransIationR, in full) which have
been yet ptiblishra.
It may be well, therefore^ to reproduce, eifereW;, both
these Letters* ns first printed, accompanied in each case by
a Plato in replica showing the M&ldiTe script (see Platoa
IILpIV,),
I, —MdJini^e Letter, Transcript (onginaL ifaldive Letter
missing] and literary Translation appear in C^hnatopher's own
manuscript of 183B, published in the ErA.S.j 1S41,
pp* 72-74.
II, — BuUdn^s Missiive. Appears in BelPs The Mdldivt
(Ceylon Sessional Paper XLIII,, 1881),
To these is now added a third,
III, —Commercial Letter. This eacluhits, side by side, the
two forms of the Maldivo nAlphabet- (i,) the Ancient, or
DIVT33 AKUBU* and (ii.) the Modem, known as tIna.
L_MaldivQ Halim's Letter : 18 S 7 .
rTho word-for-word Transcript and Translation, gi%*en
below,^ written out (with a few trifling errors) by Christopher
in his own dear handwriting, were supplemented by a
Summarized Translation from tho hand of his fkhtor* Dr.
J* Wilson* which w^ subsequently printed in the Asiatic
Society's Journal {ioc, cU.f p^ 74).]
■ See dupra, pp, 40-52, M-&3, for Mrs. Willu'^s En^ish
ef tbfl German.
Z
17-18
no
JOCSNAL, 8.A,a. (CETC,0!«).
TraiMBnpt*
[7ol. XXVH,
Tbe foUowmg is a specimen of the language. It is a copy
of a lettejf written by the MAldivc Milini of a boot at Colombo
to his countiymen at Gallo;—
(1) gAlioai TIBI niwxHisGoE EMME
At Gallo Btopping, of the SdAldiTcs to all
EALUVGttAO AHABU OpI
the people of the Arab boat
(2) uALmi
the M41im
kauSoefIkit salJLbien
C hief's saMm]^,
mFAEARAG
Now
MI EAKauGAi Hram
At tMa port Arc
Opi FAHAHHl
tbo boat's:
(3) aeabu opi
Arab boatj
FTHliADTJ opi WEDTJJTG
Finladu boat, Ptaaeot
PAprsrAau opi
Fa^iydm's boat.
opi
boatp
{4} .^tsti ©fni opi opt HiTi-
Ahama Didi s boat, l^Andu-housa boat. Bitter-
OAS-PABB1T.a£ opi JlhrAEASAO
tree-comer (hoiise)t boat. At present
(5) KAI.1TNO OADA WE EBA TnidTrEWE
*11 people in health remain,
tiyA. EASEirajj htiehi
At your port (which) you have
I«cnu4iiai)t; andra^t by I, ^ ^ ^ dmiUiag Uio oonn^t^
a abort diaatiiiAl attvilrn *■ j cierebml pouAonantA j:
and f. duplicated ceo^uuujU I
■ubanCbtedapHtnipbc^ueb fortnubi A^aod^ ®“i?' :
aoTTgetly. cacept hwi-oas-daru-o*
171
Extra No.— 1919 *] mIldiviak iirsQuisnc anmiES,
(6) KABAfLENO FOKUwItI
the newB job mmt send
an BARHfTQAI
At thifi port
mmm SABARtr mi fobtuwIb
(wbieh) then m the news 1 heiebj dcnd^
(7 ) wilItitno au BopA sAhtbksq atuewr
From Europe a now Governor hna am^ed.
wtlAtu raboe
Of England the King
(8> MARUWEJJEWX
ia doad^
saiAmkn
(9) mairri
the Hbuiti
IiAlTRA OIBA FARRONO
Lace many m strings
Ml nXRBU MAS VIEKI
Thift portae dsh we have aold:
MAS
fish
EAisro
for seven
DIHA
tens
HAJ
and Boven
RlYAliAYAO mAxE ATOLF MAS
dollars; the Ato]n &sk
(10) FAS nopos HATASAO eAoino-FU^ in
for five twelves and seven; the F4ding-fnlu
ITYTtl MAS*
weighed dah
sliils-
for forty-
(11) matarao hiredaso vtkkaiceno
Goven Thna having sold it
AOfMlWEWE t laASOEA CII2IA
we are stopping for the price. Lace more
(12) FARRUitO haiAmen Ml Limsl aiiTA^ovri
strings salAms. This is wntten hero
bArUSTATI DOWAHUllO
on Thiit¥>day the day.
( 13 ) uil R AT.X nn RTJSSEWlY.tl
If God pcrroitG (or pleases)
DirWAHU A^*OOApir rURiXEM-EWE
days I shall have sailed ; f
(14) HTTAI ERBHI MEVE
I have the desire.
SAUDA
in fourteen
See rupfTflf p.
f Sw p. 63 -
172
JOITBX^, R,A.S. (CEYl^X). [VOL, XX^Tl.
Translation.*
The meaning o( the above letter appears to be as follows:—
The M&Utu of the Arab boat to all the people of the
Maldives stopping at Galle. The Chief’s greeting.t
The boats nowat this port are the Arab boat of Finladii, the
Ofhjring boats of Fa^iy^o and Ahanima Didij and the boats
of Mandu^g^ and Hiti-gaa>darhu-gd.
All the people are in good health.
Send what news yon have at your port. I hereby send
what news there is at this port.
A new Governor is come from Europe. The TCTn p of
England is dead.
Very many greetings.
We have sold at this port, Himiti fish for soventy'Oeven
do^is, Atoll fish for si:rty*8oyen, and F&dingtu}u fish
weighed (T) for forty^seven: having sold the fish, we are
waiting for the price.
Ve^ many greetings.
This is written on Thtmday. If God permits, 1 shall sail
in fourteen days ; such is my wish.
II,—Missive from the Saltan ol the Maldives ; A.D. 1795 ,
^Thjs llissivo of A.H. 121D and its*]^aDsilation are reproduced
below, i^th tho Notes which aeoompanied it, virtuaUv as they
were printed in TAc Jl/dfdtve ItJaTtds {loc. oit„ pp" 73-91}
bupplcmentaiy matter is given in footnotes. ]
It may strengthen the position assumed by Albert Grav
(/onraal, R.A.S. Vo]. X., 1378) regarding the adinity of the
biphalcse and Maidive languages (whilst of interest on other
* Geiger's TnknaUtion (IMO) i« oa follows:_
In des Arabiichen ScliiBos (M&det) im >Uo
m Ml« mdoiid^ HSI^vuiaef Oiikne. Di« Boote. wejglio reihmi.
befindoa, siiid die Aiubuehea Booto.^s
Boote dee Fin^u, die Boote mit dou Goeobenken, die Boots dee
.AlioLeutcBind ftirgeitwohUuf.
ieif ^5 wbeken, die thrin euror Stedt (Erfshiten) babt;
ich Khi^ (Buob) dio Keuigkeiben, die wil bier (eohoirt) bsbra' AtlS
Oouvoraeitt Rokwronen. DUKeniRvo^nRlLd
^ ‘fwend Grtwe. Wir vorkeuiuiS an d^wnn
Wererts «n DenoLtlMf.’ WocA
AlsShiJ S* Tors biciben. DuiA uieiae
ACPMCht. {Q«igtr, ^i^fcZLiiucAe Studttnj^ 680 .)
f S» supra, p. ^3,
m
Extra S'o. — ISISJ MlLurvux uxouiSTic studies-
gtounda) to maort kero a /aOJt»ii7e of ouo of the AimiiaL
aibsives of the Maldive Sultdiifl of the Eighteenth Centwy^
with & TfHttBcript in Rotnan charactefa, an English Trans-
btion^ and some Explanatory ^^ote8.
As will be seen, the proportion of words in this letter
clearly traceabb to Si^habaej or Saoskrit-, aonrees Is largOj
amounting to at least 65 per centp
EUWA^L OHANI
(1) SOTASrt SralBATA MATt A smi-SARl kusa fubadI
(2) ISA smi KUIA sada ira siAka sAstura audAt^a ka
(3) ATIRJ AS-^ITiTA^ EASAS i^KA^EAE &AA
Tmi BOWASA
(4) MAEA RADUK KOLUBU GORUSXrD6REW|3 KIYA RASOR'
eAna(a) allTA(A)
{5) LA AKA HAb FA^UA SAL^ MANlKnFAirTIMEAOE ROLU-
BUOAl mu u
16) ^UAVI eas-ras-raluanIi: an DTVEra rIaj^oai mu ulua
(7) Tl BLAS^RAS-KAI:.CARAi EA??afATRIKAA BEREApEVT FAl>AIA
MAHI
( 8 } Emk^kl XmAA alAKIRUFi>U niAFDLUCAl EAgMAT
BAHAATAVAIOFA huake
(9) TIMB SlASIEUTAKl'aiEA KIBAIA EDI TIBImAVR 311
niVEin bAajeja opi
{ 10 ) YE I> 6 SE(A)t BEHinEA 003 MAXIRUFA NA(A) EEABAM
Yt TAKAEU TTBI NA
•Ball tTAe MdWve UtandB, l&sa* p. 78) foUowMi Chrirfcpher'i
systom oI tranaUtoration s^3oe^allyp osq^t in usin^ (i.) ^
lot hla 5fo. whjORS BQittft liuaal proiiuncianon Hceiued raqaLrea, ikna tu-l
174
JOrBKAl*, R,A,3. (CBYMN). [VoL, XXVll,
(11) UA E BaTARU aEABATAI B XifrUAGE HiUHtiltUKAA
BEAiJlvtrxli u] m vHH i
(12) BAaJEA(A] ADiViATEBlAKtr MAIf|E1TFARA(A) BGTAJE
JTAMA E BATAKA{A)
(13) MAsnsrFJLKTJHEA htt-bbssevumete iiASiKuriNTi-
HEANii abaf6i)ioea-
(14) nwA HTTP a haditA e.o^-e1i h:bpa sAptRi
e£t1 tiA rosBAvfMcr in a
(16) fiA DEANirvi kaai£(a) euhajWai mi at.tta kibais
TAsstRn(\) viAS Mtrir
(16) KUBAAVAI AAVAiF Htj^BUtTGAI PnamrA-g ama( 4) EDI
PApAIOEA HUAXE
(17) TIUE 1210 SAJTAZ’.
7’nin«Icr/u>j|,*
, Ho (God) IS boimtjful («., the riobeat)!
HaU I iSiiffdfl Hasan Nir-nd-din Isbandar^\ Mi^ty llomrch
of tno UoiTorao, a KshatHyit, oiulowikl with beauty, poasogaod
of great wealth, who iniiUirta wisdom, (bom) of illustrioiifl mes
resciabling thostui and moon, convomant with arts and sciences,
M unsullied (fame), to the Eulor, namely, the Governor of
A.oloinbo4 countless noany miUion-foUl) salutations !
• TtlO (j'srmBii TrsnsJ^iipu of IflOfJ run^ _
!■ !n, hDcfa-burOhinteii, hoch-
^iwn, ouB _ ^leib OeMfaJccht ebtapnisM'nen, cltm Mpnd im der
H™n 'I™ Iwldenlmlteti Kiietcf, 8111*^11
W«nd«r. dem KBieger. d™. dEr Etde
Grii^ Ko^ d™ Gouverioeu™ m CelaAlw voa hier vile tpuaHstnL
*^'**^»® awdiviaehen Reiches
wun^liaft ^tamlen hat, so tragen wir such cu Eurtr EhceclIeuE
wonschea (dss Cleiche) ™ E^r
Pohnaug di^ Landes
SeilO varkom^. KlJ^t^du
I-.
{ acfl #uj3rap p, “■
Extra No. — 1919.] ttcfouisTTc 175
As the former Eulers at Colombo — Yova Exoelleocy's
predecessors—and the former Eulers of this Island Kingdom
(Maldives) pnesenred mutual friendship. Your Excellency and
Ourselves Eavc borne (mcipraciil) friendship in onr hearts.
May this (amity) continue on Your Escellency's port I
Should any o^i or d6ni (MAldivc boats) be driven ashore
at any place with which (Your Rxcellency) is acquainted^
(Wo request that Your ExceUeucy mtl kindly) send for thoso
(shipwrecked) persons, and enquire into their wants.*
(Further) should Your BxceUency be awaro of any persons
lU-dLsposcd towards this Island Kingdom, (We, alao^ request
that Your Excellency will bo pleased to) diow them no
countenance.
For Your EsceUenoy*a accoptanco we send—all unworthy
though it be—a amali present by the bauds of (Our Ambas¬
sador) AAmod Audb
(We beg Your Excellency will kindly) issue directions that
his requests be attended to*
If he commit any fault (We hope that Your Excellency wid)
pardon it.
(We trust that Your Excellency will) allow him to return
in the favoumblc monsoon. | A.H. 1210 (A.D* 1795).
Replfj of ike Dutch Oovemor,
^The Reply of the Dutch Grovemor, J. G. van Angelbeck,
to the IMissIvo of the SultAn, despatched from Colombo on
December 2, n95i is couched in equally friendly tonus —
AAS DEN OELDKEIOEN SULTAN HASTEN NOOREStEN ISKANBER.
KONlTfO DEB MATmiVOS,
Ik hob do eer gehad Dwer Moogheids brief^ en do daar
lifivens gezondene geaebenkoii, nit handen \%u. Uwer Hoogheida
Zendeling, Agamadoe Koeda ^ndcrie Keme^ wcl to ontvaugen;
woar voor ik Uwe Hoogheid zeer vTiendlijk bedanke.
Dat Uwe Hoogbeid geneigd is vriendschap met my te
onderhouden^ strekt my tot veel genoegen; en Ik aal met
naloaten, zoo veel mogcUjk, alles toetebrengen, wat dccs^o
vriendschap duurzaam kan raaaken,
NeveM. deezen biedo ik Uwe Hoogbeid zoodauige goederon
san, als by de ingeslooteue Sotietaio vormeld staan, met
vricndelijk inyner geneegenheid te wdlen akoepteoren.
* See tvpfo, p. ST.
t Tlus AssistaAt {lit., Steall) TrtnBnrer was MfVtl ol^a in LTdS and
1704.
I Sm supra, p. iES,
170
JOFBNAL* R.A.S. (cEYIjOS). (TOL. XXVH.
Voortfi bid ik Go<l, dat Hy Uwe Mu^lit^id gelieve ‘te segenon
met ge^adheid en voorspoedr en Uwer Hoogbeida Rcgeeriiig
stcefk gelukkig te doen zija, tot UDeb een reex Taa jmrv.
Kdumbo, den i>£^ieinAerj
(i.) The magniloquent birudm, '"great sweliuig words of
vanity/’ employed by the Sultdos in their Annual Missives
to the CeyLon Governors^ have strangely waxed and waned
idnee the eonimencoincnt of the Eighteenth Century+f
Snltdn tbr^bim Iskandar (A.D. 1721-1749) was content to
affix to his namo RAKl^AVMjdKA MAHI HADITN^t
In 1750, under SulUn Mukarram Muhammad ImM-ud-din^
Ataldivkti official bombast reached the height beginning
eovAsri, &c.,| and attained ita sjenitb some twenty or thirty
years lateral
Eo-action then ensued; and in letters subsequent to 1305
cirwt tbc SidtAn’s Arabic titles were followed merely by the
epithets KTTLA BTrfffDTTBA KAATIB! BOWANA MAHA BAOCTK—
“ expressions " which Cliristopher considered “ nnexplainablo
at the pceaenfe day." If
(ih) sirvASTi . . iiAlii nant/N.^Adopting [provi¬
sionally] the translation given above ^ the Sult&n's title may be
rendered Into Si^halcso as follows :— S^pa t^vd:
rnoftd dhamnndv^ : pfajmt pr^hdm itoroifadcfi
* In thp elucidation of birudoff valimble aid was) rtecLvcd« Izi
Iftfll, frflin tbe late 1 wned aoholjua Wask&duljt? Subh^ti UnniksOt
DbnmmAlOka UnnAnw, of HatmalAjiap and B. GuoosdlLara, MudaliyAr^
Chiet Traruiinter to GovcrriinCTit.
SuRgfMtiona Vor^'kiuinyaB^^rod A^Meudli Gujaas^ksnip MudAlL};-Ar«
appear in Homo of the pzosent footnptea to the Kot«Sv
t By grocioTiH pcirmifi&ion of tb& Ceylou Guvammtnt, ^Ir, Beh waa
euablftd to have all aurvivingmi^'ria^or ihEse Ml»a%'ea {Lj photograplipd
and til.} Ulbegraphed to estaot aisty, at hia own ehui^, Sonao of tho
lliasivfs are oheice «pf«iiiiEnui oI nallijp^phy^ written Itoth in red and
in black oharaoten. Tbero fuv many gaps. Tt» o&rlicat Misaivo III
OAuetj tAsta ohoitictere diseovercd lu tlm Dutch RecoidH QiBoe,
ColciaiboK Is dated 1713 f the latCBt 182S, They B'Wmt edition
t First nppems in extant Missh'o of 1731 Prior MifiHves seem t*
ceutain no frinrdo#.
S His firat (September, 1750} Opens j aovAsrf smPiiATA
HAH A KKI KAVAM^^^A Klbm
p Variant epithets, dropped later, an?; iLA3ff-ailnA, OAkAxa^ vIra-
sesh'Qa, ACtiAi which opour eombLneid with hqoib oAuat hiriut^+
u The optibDt* njMt « Gn»t Kul« gf th« World, a KshatriyA of
pure rt 09 ."
177
Extra No.— 1910 .] siAldivian usottSTic studies.
Mydkavi) ; 9fi tW 5 «« $1*him 9W»da baSdttmpratyakaha
fdatm dhdrivufnbhra {kirtfi fti: Kahairiya vai}Ba fti: ISkayi
itahd Bdja.
(iii.) ami BAET,—S. tnaM fri^Adrit “possessed _of
immeose (W., great weight ©I) glory (oc wraith).** Cf. airi
bara in preamble oE modiiaTal Sinhalese inscriptions.*
In place of babi some lEsaives give Diar, which may —
S. dvla, “ glittering,” “ splendid,** through dili.*
(iT.) KURA. fitiudAna.—T aken [provisioually] as = S.
pradMna. Besidos the meanings (o) projadoa, “wisdom,'*
or (6) talydna, “ goodness,” assigned here to kUSa, the
compound wiii also bear the sense (c) S. jala pfadkanaud,
“Lord of Waters,” i.e., the Ocean, and {d) “Chief of £uMt
(Oteipa),” a division of tlie imivciuc.t Some Missives read
K1TSBA.
(V,) SADA IRA. — The order of Sauslqit compounds is
follo^red: ira (ior Airo) mTtda aavdft fro.
(vi.) gifir* sAanTEA.—^For SiAka, Subhuti UnnAase proposed
Hindi siadna, “ clever *’ ; rendering the compound (a) dakaha
atiufdaalaim, “ skilful teacher,” or “ commander,” (6) dhitta
jamyata mirutri, “ enemy of wicked mem**
DhammAloka Unninse, deriving siAra from the Sansknt
aiyaka, “ bow,** tianshitcd {c) fiAonunfAmtui, “ skilled with
tbo bow.”
B. GunasAkaia. ModaliyAr, suggested (d} SAidta aatwrd
(soiru), “enemy of the Shias,** the MAldivians being Siinnisj
(e) S. aiya, “-own” + aka (San^t afcsftn, “ organs of
sense ”)i *' subduer of {bis) posstonB ** i (/) aiya ofca,
eye = prali^kshd j and fliwiitna = expencii'Cs^
teacher/^ %
*Cr. iQo, ;^ribhitm (1*1,/'befirer of wealth or (Rslctry*"): one of the
hirvdoM of A Sovonth Olltucy PfllUva King, probably NanSBiljlia^
I. (gpijrppAta Indica^ X., p, A,
MucUliy^Tp wotild derive oiVtJ fretm tht* Sanflkrit dAtflfl, leonicd,
bravewhioh pretorable.
t As the MAIdiva Rdei^ sty^H thcmflelve* in Arabio, on their CobM.
xjTL haji wVl DAlM-t*+ "Sultin of Land and
opithot KCBA nmaulitfA mayp porbaps, bo better tnuiHlated Lord of
the Ooean (3^ I'aia pmdMiuicia}.
tTokijiiff ftiJiKA flisrrnBA audAha MAATini togc^th^^F, A.
Qunaflikjiniip MudnUyir, would translate: "Tho Kahatnya (Iiiucr,
famed far) baroifliui (or gloHoiui aohieyemeiitat by th* |>ower)
of bia (Sanakiit iwciihya) anua fSanilcrLt
11-13
17S
JOITRITAL, R,A, 3 , (CEYLON)- [Voi.. XXVIT.
(Tit) _ Perhaps =: Sanskrit avaddia, "white/*
unauUied. * Appears almost uivatiably in immediate
oonneotion -with KiRin, ** nenowned ” (S, «fame
(viu.) BOWANA.—Older ^lissivosgiTe the truer form BDTirA'?A
(S* ^Auwanap “world,” “ universe "J.f
(^4 KASCK-Fiim.—in early Misaivea of the Eighteenth
Century eometimea written bladu^'Oe^eAkij: easge-fJLsanse.
F.tsrr, FA^AsaE-—S. honorific affix, by oonsonantal
change through vanaTi^.
(jc.) manikd fAhtj-men-—E uphemistic plumhabgular,
W.) I'^AIA^ME —" Ab,*^ «in the marmer” = S.pandtkn
by^jeetion of liquid medial conaonant ; me S. jm, mtenslTe
suffix.
(JCii-) HiA-FtfLU-OAl.— ^"In mind,’' locatlTe =* hit (S Ai(i)
(honoiiBo) «Al (oiTtTK, “ near "), by euphonic akimila-
(xi^) behioea goe.—S. b^lgana “ to descend ”)
nUi Y'?77 " sailing with the wind and oumnt ”:
IJrako B (old English) “ spoomiiig along before the sea."
thl« humbleness,” "unworthy
though (the giver and the present) be."
Alternative forms in older Mneives: aea mini, arai Honi.
ABANU n 6 D^^ AJtAl 2 ni h 6 de. *
CJ , pymrd, TEDON a bovestou [vedun abutaittiI "the
^ ® of the SoJUn”-; and JKldive
Miiims letter, veow opi, “ Pteeent boat.”
K-i^* BAnfein—Originally conBaed to the «■ Troasunjr.” or
sSra ^ ^The title, like
£™h acquired a wider use,
though at first restricted to persons of high birth*
(xvi.) Kfivl.—^Perhsps c= jffevf, " tuidfll,”
(3C^) ^tf.oApo, Ato-GApu-MES—Thoordinarvdeaiimatlrtn
JKItUvian SultAns and nobles wten wiSi^ of
theoiBelves m the first peraon. wniing oi
179
Extra No.— 1019.] MAnDn-TAN lin'ottistic studizs.
(srriii.) GA^Wj, KOLU, FTTLIT^—HoriOTific generally
implying connection with Royalty.
{six,) AWAhTJ - . . HUANEvi^E. —Periphrasis for the
simpler cxpreesioni occaaionaUy found in these Missivo^r
DAnmu (HlDdust4ni joird) AVAs-suBAAVAifc “(kindly) hasten
(hifl return) royngt/*
VApAlOEir.—C/* the PeBpectfnl uge of Sinhalese
as applied to Buddhist Priesta* Ac.
and FottJfi Chan^^ts.*
Some ruling Vowel and GonsonantaL changes from Sinhalese
into Maldivian are noti-Mable in this MiBsive:—
*
{eJ Con^narU^.
Sii^halese | becomes Maldivo b : S. jjato / M. ; r : S-
jtiffdveTUivd; M. FURirVl.
Si^haleBO d bocoiDefl Mildlre h : S, das; M. HAe.
Si^jdialeBe ii beeoincs MftldiA’e L : 3. wniMi ; M. uIpIJ a*
Sinhalese p becomes MAldiVC wi E. pradHaiia; M.nJBAOAlfA-
Siphalcso v becomes BfAldivo F; S. evanavd; M. TOioiAYiMO^
(ii.) FpK?cifl.
Siphalcso a becomca Maidive e ! S. danvanavd^ balavanavd ;
M. nEAtiRVi,
Si^halcfle a becomes MAIdive i: S. taraiifi ,* M. TIMA a,
Sinhalese a beeomce M41di ve o : S. ruana ud p' M+ tostta-
Sinhalese a become^ M4!djvc U! S, iAi^p kamvanava ; M.
tEU+ EUKAATAI-
Sinhalese i becomes MAIdLve O ' E* laiiatti; M. mjASTEvfaiE.
Sinhalese a becomes MAldive a ; S. tamun ; M. TIM a a*
Sinhalese u becomes Blalclivo 0 : S, bkuvana ; M. boyana.
Sinhalese c becomes Maidivc li S* iibenavd; M. m1i
Sqjhalese o becomes Maldive tt: S, Tio-rttMimm; M- Kxr-
KtrsaEvoMEFE.
Sinhalese $ becomes Maldivc e ; a ^ S. A^ngeMiWi ;
.\L MI.AJK; TANAEU.
■ See flupm* p. 135 , for Jmnm do Alwis'a abnilaj oompaiiioDp and
pfUwiM for GeigorV
JOUBifAL, B.A, 3 . (cevijdk). [Vol, XXVII.
tiii.) ExiAic Wordit.
5i>Aafe9e, Buiay wortU, purclv foi^im or
of probftblu foreign origin^ occur:_ ^
naaiya, laAMr^ mu aj, fniMimu, mnat,
mita ((5f. T. michchamh eas £e/. T.
etmsa^), opi (X. juJ., aLcts (p/. T, oj).
EDI (? MiiUy ada, “ bo ”}.
ni.—Maidive Cotnmereifll Letter; A.D. 18T5 cirea.
•^Ime-for-imeTmnwript
ehort, aod pTlJ «
ae dittblv will not.
a ««i>^t”ns?'„^,rou .“STw'S'**
Alphabets. ^ ^ Modem Mdldive
by a ^SJSSS*’ “""r-
thr,««h PoSc-f. • ‘^^rfoptirm;
tSnrtloe ijr^tly e5®rets«I i-Jiff ji ,41-1: oa * T||& Iroiifl*
MWKAS.A, COROXaT OORN^ f"™
or le« «|<»e. Of tho “ OftU^ T? "'**^**
the vci»io<r^^S^R
of Sult^ °A ^ DJdr, a relAtive
inbontod by hii Bou Ali DJd; ®79S-IS30) atnlity tras
SultAn in law to tho
;i,r''"‘ “ ■»“' ■* ssi:
Emu STo.— 1919 J siIi-divias iMEsoxnano studies.
iBl
TrtiJWcniJi.* *•
AL-HA MD U^LILLA H
(1) DORIM^A-dlUaETi^UEOE ^.uJ^
Of Ikirbiai^Tia-kila^fiuu tLe salutation
(2) HU^lTEYE JiUBAMMdD MARA^kAhA DEKALU
(aeot) to Miibaiiipiail MatakkAr, two perBOOii.
( 3 ) ^A( 9 ) 131 TS 1 SOE ApABTUO
Of tbo spattieh Agenoy
(4) A Aou b6tu($) oekI UApmAJux
in the steamer t {whkh was) brought lor the nm
wAlu
the freight
{ 5 ) p 5 dlflUSA(^) SU-DlaE^ TTTA U^
to those persons not given that doing
_ [&) 3fi KlRWEOE^ Hf: ABU STTfVE
why to-day a letter
(7) (t) eea FOKwnffe NixiHAC^) hioAdA
they have sont^ proceedings will have
(8) NAMf: kiyA £ Hunvl e
to go forth saying. That money to those
HiiCtr^NA(igt)
persons
(5) AVAHA^t?) KADA^EVE
of receiving soon (the means) make^
(10) Ml and Liuirf 17
This letter is written on ^^y I7th« %
* Thft pAifeT^nce of ths wfilor, lUse that of the authQF of the fadita
ro(Tj {Boe supra, p. iCSJp fer a, on the olh.Br hftnd^ of the affiqml
eO^ribe whe petmed the Sill tAd'e Misdivo at A.^ IS to (Ad>. 1795) for
AY1EN1 (A)* may bo contrMled^ Mi intofeating eenfimstton el the
undottled ortbogniphy of Mi^ldivian werdB^ pBfmitttug altoTmiiix utr
of the«e tettojfB^ eeeofdiiig to feccy.
t See *itpTUt p. 90p nqto Aou u not cnomatopoetio for I
it is from Eiad^itinE {cf, d^-kd-a^al, "sEesm engino 'l^
O^ior Hind^st^i deiivatiTee ere AOA^Ot hAi.it (e/, Arahic iwaf.
*• fre^t")p y lrfii* tejT* PersLan “ooraploint'')* — B+p Ed.
t Year not given, but probably aboyt 1^75^ or e&ritcr.
182
JOUBHAl, (CBYIOTT), [VoL XZVH.
^ m.
TTmukUion. '
PraiM bft to God, tho Most Higliest f
^gefanu to MoJiammad l^akldf Brothore (ot Cbmpany).
non^PByiMni of the freight due on the rioo
Wi h ^ Spanieh^Agpncy. tiv f?S
) haifie sont 4 tO'daiy ^jnquiria^ whir it haa
* •'^
(Dated) May 17.*
>
%
♦
If
I
*
• S« foutnoto t oa pdgB lai,
it
4
Jonrn. _Yo., 1^19.
G«jg'i$rp ^fdiCK 1.
PLATE /.
MaLdivische Alphabets.
X
■ IT 1
iT
/r
r
X
M 1
/r
-1
A
X '
y
/
D
cr
/
J^Lr
G*
!D
7
<mr-
rt)
GH'
r*
i
: t
&
Z'
/
y
//
L-
X?
(3
;
ZQ
z
3
=D
P
X'
IV
1
V
[J
/
U
1
-S'- ^
r
9
o
/
/3 ,
¥
1 (w
3
X
tr i
ZL
.(?•
1^
1^
5“
e
I.
CP
ir :
/V
z:>
G
a?
/j
-
U
iS?)
X
£7
5
'•
«
h
D
is
i*
4.^
16 =
<T
>v
1
(^7
y
/t
f€
tJ
i)
c
1 1-*^ '
■■■
If
—
z
A
jr
cr
ji
4
&
y
i>
Xo
—
1 5'
9
r
&
ir
i
cr
*u>
■%
—
1 —
k
m
1
*
'
t
\ ?
3»
*.
1
X
)?
//
i}
>;
a;
V
1/
Vocalwklieti
-u
icL 1
1
tx
Act,
icr
kJ
Bei^piek ntilJiWwbw VVBrter
m. 7
jfi [idi^
imoL
4|iaU^/Lvj^ phiji^
StiLDtVfi Al.PHAilET$.
fifftK ■" l//-Eufcr
PLATE 11.
JoNrn» R. A.S. (CtyJonj, A’e., JW5,
ITHB MALHVIt ALPIUUTfn «HFAiiej» IVItIt THE. AHaE^CT $I!«HAT.BSEM
MiSd'HM HmUL^
V*k* Mwm.
Jcurn. Extra .Vo. /9/9.
PLATE ;//.
MALTDITUAE? WTITIEIR*
^ r' 9>ry‘\ t
tl A/^|4 ^/^^/- ^
zi yr’
n<f V*
.jJC
/) 9 ^ 7 f-\ i^rr^Z ‘T‘^r^ yf^-^
Li-
^ 77^7
^ H *r?*-
;Liy tr^^ K^p. ^
;< y?
^jKh^Ankir^ €0.,
.yttrrfir Aer/.ft t-'^fxltr
■/'iifm. (fVj/Ztftt), Eiito ,Vij., 19lU,
plate IV.
^ if ^ ^ hr / ^ jV .i Jr ^ ‘h^ ^
Jf Urn ^ * * A ^ i ?- i i- ^ ^
i ♦ -* *i ‘ ^ 9
V » i;*,. f^J*i'“^^
-rT'^V ; .^ ;r
^ A *rrt ^ t% i- y
c^ f r t - ' .
I I. I I W ' ^ ^
4p<»rAn^W#f' tv,= /.Aiifg
*“rFfi) fjffict Attf/^eppi i^oc*.
^ %
Jaum. JSjptra iS?iS,
n*) (fiK - ' i
“** P i,»
A
- 1 .
: j- •-■
y
j'
V
fS
t3
cr
IS"
S’ :
c=';
c
F
F •
2 X
P 't?*. L-.: .
■■
^ .^- - . J^-'-
- -j'
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L--
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1^
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Jr J
:
r
*
^' - -^n' ■■ . :;■
* /.r.
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: i2j
t?
1 ;''^. .
/ ‘
• *
(ft
< ■ -. ■ TV* .
Jf
(I
1-
'/ - ^
* r ^
w
■
;]i,t
-^V^'
. >r
XpafAfnir4Vf'
1, 2. jtAi.pivf (** (jA3t;i,r ti-VA “> AtrHJ
rLAT^ V.
Ini'll: jQs. umi.^ »J^
■ '4
.«r^ tSf
N ’
. •K
i*' -v
^ -
■ '*', '
. '^ t
0==
" -mM.
\
^'
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^ -.4
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mr. I
.. • ^
m
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%
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*i4ip
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’*1*1
■&
■ '1
3
€1 » 1
e^ * 2
(3lr\#—' 3
eg-*
dtws &
^ « 6
a* '
^
e« - 9
c0a« 10
:i. “ >.1T -VKUnU.
.Hiifwy OJIff haU44#* i4w*,
JoHrn. JI A.S. (Ceylon). Extra AV, 1919.
FLATS V.*
4 .
4. SI^UAJJSE 14T AKUHU.”
[rAcic run from ] $9
Ths UgurM in Coluum 3, PUtte V., an mor*
corii!4Uy <^Si^baJ4M NuiQ«raii.''
Ertm No.,
FLATS rt
.1/
^ 1
n!>
1.
B
2
1
-'
F
. f
si^ ! {
- ' - U'
•V., -^1;
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D
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i ^
•#
o
0 *
p"
T
!
1
S : i
'■I
B
0-17
!'
—
, L
— ■•• -- '
Si[
1
V
\ ^
'^4
^ <
K
**)
V
IP i
/3J
V i
A
CD
i-'
,
1
^ - --
...^.
\ '
V ,
&* V*il» -.Hi fcrufjL^
-ji
1
1
i "
j_-
\l^-k
Ji/ 1
r
f"v 1
n^Jf
rQ) - v
7*
i
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6
9=A)
Za
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^ ;
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i
Varui^tf' Vi?*t'e^
, i/i/d
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A
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1.
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i:
0
K
3 >r,:
V -
Si/trvuti
9% f5
. J
‘ DIVES A"KrrBlFg^* OJl AXPllAEET.
Srnmr OSi^ IW/-*Wi* Mali,
JfiWfi. H.A.S. Rftra Si.. VjIV.
PLATE yii.
1
— VowL'lg aiu>. Ytywel Sufns —
1
t /-
-?-T- 1 -:- 1
t i **' 1 . <♦ 1 ^
^ z \
'^a>: ■
^ 05
05 ;
<9
1 .
t
iS^ ^
• ^
V d>
»
V
D
5
*1
Q ♦
& *
o »
S *
“ *\^
. * 1 ^ ■
^ *'} i
1
a
i
i
^ '
h
4>
P
:y
y-
•V? '
ay
• ^
ft 2J?
ay, '
Coftyjound Lefler^t.
(•^piximai^}
f
SAA
j
YAI
1 i
^5?
j)/
*isJ^
SRi
<B>
3.
[
~r
4 -
P'S>'y
^_ . --u”- i ^
ir
o
Z?^”
^«^o<r-^07
- - ^ -^7 r>» Ufy ■ I
nn"i:s Awritr'' nn. fivii ^^il.n,VK. Ar.PECARliT.
^1 nfif OMm ft[ii/-iaw
Journ. It,A,S. {Ctifion'i, Extra Xo., f 9 l 9 .
IDEATE Vlil.
BT* V ^
1^# . « m ^ < i ^ d ^ I
' — {bij. ^ jf (
^ SiS > <1 ^ ^ 4««
7 Cj*^U <-■'•*-
* * J / 1
- <=5
* i. 1^
I
-f r 5
LinrE
ApiitAftPrU^ C^.i
tom.
OX-P OABULI tA> V*' «A>;( Si BIt'V.
Top,
Oifttff W«*
jaiira. H A S E^ira ,\V, !^29
>tALPrvic
GWjuH T 4rui/'
i
PLATE /X
^ ^-7'B
L?'' -'»'•
^ *ifci[2*ac
Smttt Ofipc 49//4W &M :
LETTM*
"" DiNVM Aldim/'
,«■ k V . «i. «
^ 'f
7- •• tZ- ‘
■#i i ^ •
r #■* *
* \
. f ^ i * *
i
-i.
■ <■
>
* J>
^ •
*' > jfe:
■v;.-
^ - • 4
• ^ ’ '■ _J#
■3 * V - • •
^ "j
% r
rs
* ■ * 1 , -♦«■'.
* « 4,
jlR
*
k£*
**J. 5o0£ lAaf tiff iff 6«f a btock^' •
^^t^AEOLOc/^^ y
/
&
GOVT. OF INDIA
DepaEttnent of Aidueology n^p
new DELHI.
Pleaae help ue to keep the book^ - ^
clean and moTing.
%
I
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