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The Review.
A WEEKLY MAGAZINE.
FOUNDED, EDITED, AND PUBLISHED
by-
ARTHUR PREUSS.
J^±djJ±J
Class i±L
o
Section — S-L_
Book No —
Accession No..
VOLUME IX.
1902.
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
CARLI: Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois
http://www.archive.org/details/review09chic
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12958
INDEX.
A Proposed Reform of the Liturgical
Prayers for America, 65.
Acton, Lord 512.
Advertisements on Church Windows
302.
Agnostic, origin of the word 448.
Albertario, Don D., 703.
"American Catholic Union ,"251 , 532.
"Americanism": Outcroppirigs of —
25, 31, 76, 91, 336, 444, 494, 544, 688,
768; Roman Ideas vs. 161.
"American Minute Men" 252.
Angelas, origin of the 575.
Appeal to the President 357.
Appleton's Cyclopaedia 410,569, 591,
606, 6b5.
Are We a Christian Nation 1 13.
Arizona's Prehistoric Races 465.
Assumption, Dogmatic Definition of
the 23.
Augustine, the ease of Father, 686,
719.
Australia: unexpected results of the
godless public school iu 611 ; How
Irish Catholics there fought for
bishops of their nationality 783.
Babel, Tower of, 581.
Baby, The, and sociology 602.
Baconian Theory, 89.
Baltimore, Lord, "Catholic Mary-
land," and the Toleration Act 753.
Beneficiary Funds, taxable in 111. 733.
Ben-Hur, the novel and the play 441.
Bible, How ancient tablets confirm it
376; in the public schools 655.
Blind, Catholic books for the 157.
Bollandists, The, 56.
Books Reviewed, Criticized, or Rec-
ommended : — Bons Livres a un
Franc 9; Mrs. Eddv and Bob Ing-
ersoll43; Thein's The Bible and
Rationalism 43 ; The Cave by the
Beechfork 58; The Foreshadowed
Way 61; Pesch's Philosophy of Life
105; An Introduction to English
Literature; Nations of the World;
Frantz, Kunstgeschichte 106; Stud-
ies in General History 107; The
Theory of Conditional Sentences
in Greek and Latin 108; Thesaurus
Linguae Latinae 110; The Perfect
Woman; St. Anthony in Art; The
Marriage of Laurentia; The Tri-
umph of the Cross, 122; Kaulen's
Jewish Antiquities; Religious Edu-
cation and its Failures 188; Text-
books of Religion 206; Catholicism
in the Middle Ages; Dagneaux's
Histoire de la Philosophic 218;
Schulze's Manual of Pastoral The-
ologv 228; The Marriage of Laur-
entia 267; Quid Mihi et Tibi, Mul-
ier? 299; Dictionarium Marianum
329; Monasticism: What is it? 375;
The Holiness of the Church in the
xix. Century; Stock Misrepresenta-
tions of Catholic Doctrines An-
swered; Parental Rights in Christ-
ian vs. Secular Education 410;
Ben-Hur 441; The Life of Bl. de las
Casas 489; Sermons (McKeruau)
540; Thwaite's Father Marquette
588; The School-Question from a
Catholic Point of View 601; Lives
of the Popes in the Earlv Middle
Ages 668, 789; The Con vent's of Great
Britain 683; The Death of Launce-
lot and other Poems 714; Some
Short Stories 730; The Holy Ghost
and the Holy Eucharist; Little
Manual of the Third Order of St.
Francis; The Catholic Church and
Secret Societies 761; Two new
books on France 777; The National
Fraternal Congress789; The Fauna
and Flora of the Holy Land 790;
New International Cyclopedia 792.
Bouquillon, Dr. 718.
Bonrrier, Abbe 502, 736.
Brain. The, not a mind organ 345.
Bula de Crnzada 448.
Canteen, The army, 763.
Career of a French State Bishop,
The 723 sq.
Catholic Cyclopaedia, need of a 474.
Catholic Daily Newspapers: 186, 220,
249, 328, 549, 571,607, 623, 636, 641,
683, 732.
Catholic Directory, What is its Sta-
tistical Value? 257.
Catholic Order of Foresters 430, 477.
Catholic Press of the U. !S. 409.
Catholic Public Life, lack of in U.
S.682.
Catholic Realism, 84.
Catholic Settlement Society 127, 175.
Index.
Catholic University of America 248,
282, 315, 335; and Georgetown 673.
Chili, the temperance movement in
468.
Christian Brothers, The, and the
teaching of the classics 733.
Christian Nation, are we a? 791.
Christian Philosophy, need of a 743.
Chnreh Decoration, '74.
Chnrch Music: Who is to blame?
46; Don Perosi on 283; to improve
our choirs 294; Protestants in Cath-
olic church choirs 345; in Italy
445; latest novelty in 463; a queer
"sacred concert" 713.
Church Property, taxable when rent-
ed for revenue 717.
Circus, the, as a church entertain-
ment 414.
Clergymen, as Investors, 158; in pol-
itics 177, 237, 318, 700.
Communication in Divine Things 555.
Conaty, Msgr. 766.
Conservative vs. Liberal Catholics
481.
Continental Loan & Bdg. Ass'n of
San Francisco 730.
Corn, uses of 542.
Correction, the, Philosophy of 538.
Corrigan, Abp., 293, 608, 637.
Cradle of Christian Civilization,
The 338.
Cremation, a heathen protest against
211.
Crime, is not a disease 110.
lie schools 58; Reform gymnasium
in Germany 123; The Lowell Plan
129; Some things the common
school should do for the child
228; New England bill 266; Eng-
lish catechism in German schools
344; Corporal punishment 344;
Public schools that would sat-
isfy Catholics 377; The "money
sense" of children 378; Co-educa-
tion 427 ; Herbert Spencer on edu-
cation 443 ; Moralit}- in the public
schools 492; For an anti-public
school crusade 507; The philosophy
of correction 538; The average life
of public school teachers 601; Re-
sults of godless in Australia 611; A
compulsory law expected to help
parochial schools 652; Catholic
winter schools 670; Free parochial
schools 685; An outline of studies
for an undivided Catholic school
775.
Ehrhard, Prof. A. and his sensa-
tional brochure 513.
Encyclopaedia Britannica 363.
Episcopalianism, Disintegration of
440.
Evolution, and the temperance ques-
tion 27; and dogma 278; P. Was-
mann, S. J., on 359; how it is in-
stilled in school text-books 421;
and the Planet Mars 763.
d'Annnnzio 767.
Decision, important for Catholic ben-
efit societies 558.
Degree, need for a new honorary 525.
Democracy, the fundamental error
of modern 486.
"Devil in Robes," The, 221.
Direct Primaries 779.
Divorce, 92, 716.
Dorsey, Rev. J. H. 431.
Donkliobors 762.
Howie 28.
Drunkenness, as a disease 495, 783.
Duty of the Hour, The, 17.
Ecclesiastical Review, the, and the
Friars 534.
Eddy, Mrs. 511.
Education : War on bigoted text-
books; the President's message in
public schools 12; Vertical writing
26; Why Catholics do not endow
their schools 26; University ath-
letics 29; State paternalism 42;
Failure of compulsory in Holland
42; Need of Catholic juvenile re-
form schools 42; Parochial vs. pub-
Fakerism, Growth of religious 781.
Falconio, Msgr., 623, 703.
Family Protective Association of
Wisconsin 596.
Federation : The Cincinnati conven-
tion 3; the progress of the move-
ment 154; ("See also s. v. Minahan);
and the German press 170, 219, 264,
289; Abp. Ireland and the German
element 699.
Female Suffrage, in Ireland 633.
Festivities for Church Purposes 409.
Fighting Editor, a, 535 sq.
Finances, Parochial 141.
Frame Churches, Can Not be Conse-
crated 489.
France, Leo XIII. and 769; situation
in 777.
Franta Case 317.
Freemasonry, the goat in 619, 652, 695.
Free Parochial Schools 685, 782.
Friar Question : 42; judicial aspects
of 484; side-lights on 503; N. A.
Review on the work of the 627; a
statement from theCentro Catolico
669.
Fribourg, Academic publications of,
341.
Friday Abstinence, in Spanish coun-
tries, 22, 334, 449.
Friday, St. 14.
Index.
Gaelic, the revival of 543, 784.
Garb, Religious, Why it is hated 52.
Germany: Growing unbelief in Prot-
estant, 118; how the Catholics
of are preparing to combat Social-
ism 777.
Gibbons, Cardinal. How he became
a cardinal 380, 447.
folded Man, The 785.
Glennon, Bp., 189.
Government Ownership, and the Pub-
lic Printing-Office 522; and coal
mines 675, 778; in Glasgow 789.
Grace Dispensaries of the Holy See
325.
Grisar, P. 270.
International Catholic Truth So-
ciety 382.
Intrausigency, The, of the Church
780.
Inventions, modern, foreshadowed
by a XIII. century monk 539.
Ireland, Abp. 305; as a politician 511;
vs. himself 529; opposed to Rome
with regard to lay action 720; on
Canadian annexation 747.
Irelandism exit 562.
Jefferson's Bible 141.
Jesuits, Justice to the, 33, 53.
Journalism, as a vocation 48.
H
Hagerty, Rev. Tb. J. 574.
Harmei, Leon, 1H4, 640.
Harnack,on the Catholic Church 263.
Hello, E. 523.
Heneby, Rev. Dr. 510.
Heresy-Hunters 3*6.
History : Did the Pilgrim Fathers
come over in the Mayflower? 123;
Twentieth-Centurv Methods of 141;
Bogus Catholic 173, 225.
History of Religions, The, 226.
Hogan, Abbe, 172; his "Clerical
Studies" in Europe 587.
Hohenlohe and Bismarck, 19.
Holland : Catholic press in 186; a
Catholic university for 186; the
Church in 453, 520.'
Holy Sbroud of Turin 281.
*'Hugging-Bee," a, to help a church
55.
Huysmans, 187.
Hypnotism, 213.
I
Independent Order of Foresters, 44.
Index, a modern lay 13, 462.
India, Catholics in 282.
Indians, in Canada 286; Carlisle In-
dian School 702; Catholic Indian
children in government schools 707.
Ingersoll, as a plagiarist 787.
Inquisition, latest Protestant esti-
mate of the 506.
Insurance: Reckoning Day 44; Mass.
method of preventing fraternal fail
ures 49, 72 ; Fire ins. for church
property 376, 428; Plain talk to fra-
ternals394; Why fire ins. is so high
413; compulsory sickness ins. 473;
losses through bad mortgage loans
569; a Catholic life ins. co. 699.
Intermountain Catholic, (newspa-
per) 541.
Keane, Abp. 86, 185.
Keiley Bp. 284, 335.
"Knigbts of Columbus," 77, 93, 128,
144, 207, 239, 259, 335, 382; from a
financial point of view 518; 519,
560, 624, 689, 751.
Koslowski 665.
Kraus, Prof. F. X. 44.
Knbelik, 96.
Language Question, the Holy Father
on the 38.
"Lansing Man," The, 556, 727.
Latin, in our highschools 716.
Laughter, The philosophy of 402.
Law, the, as a profession 442.
Leakage, Catholic, and how to stop it
772.
Leo XIII.: To the Greek bishops 57;
on Catholic lay editors 284; the po-
litical economy of 411; how he pre-
pares his encyclicals 478; and the
crisis in France 769.
Leprosv, in the U. S. 91.
Liberalism: Hostility of religious
orders a mark of 586; in politics
and religion 593.
Lieber, Dr., and the Centrum 295 sq.
Lightning Rods 456.
Loretto, The Holy House of, 22, 47,
765.
Losses to Catholicism in the U. S.
241, 772.
Lonrdes, charges against 573, 672.
Lowell Plan, the, 129 sq.
M
McGrady, Rev. Thos., 154, 288, 460,
735, 782, 791.
McKee Legacy 315.
Magnien, Rev. Dr. A. L. 590.
Mallock, W. H., refuted 614.
Index.
Manitoba School Question 671.
Maple Leaf Mining- Co. 397. 447.
Marriage, Dispensations 138.
Matz. Bishop, 76. 605, 624.
May, Carl, 106.
Methodism, variations of 537.
Mexico, Protestantism in 57; Catholic
womanhood in 291.
Microbes, Do they cause disease? 433.
Milwaukee, a German citv 78.
Minahan, T. B., 159, 196.*
Mind-Reading 475.
Missionary Methods, up-to-date 717.
Mixed Marriages, 74, 224.
Modern Woodmen, 59, 107, 159, 253.
Monks, How they became possessed
of vast estates 369; why they are
persecuted 579.
Morne Rouge, The alleged miracle of
407, 639.
"Mystic Workers of the World" 14.
N
Nationality, The Church and 771.
New Century (newspaper) 191.
North Brookfield, Trouble at 160.
Pope, The : Can he designate his own
successor 662.
Porto Rico, Schools in 11, 474.
Postulate of Science, a, 586.
Prayers, Liturgical 65.
Presbyterian Creed Revision 353.
Press, Attack on the freedom of 209 ;
decline of the religious 524.
Press, the Catholic : in Australia 11;
The Univers 59; Holland 186; Ger-
many 205.
Prohibition, why so many Protestant
preachers favor it 125.
"Protected Knights of America" 155.
Prussia and the Poles, 77.
Public Libraries, Safeguarding Cath-
olic interests iu 705.
Public Schools : A Protestant min-
ister on the defects of 385; pensions
and higher wages for teachers 649;
Pres. Eliot on 667; is there a teach-
ing profession in our ? 776.
Pulpit, Sensationalism in the 10.
Quigley, Bp. 791.
O'Conuell, Msgr. I). J. 747.
O'fiorman, Bishop, his version of
the Taft negotiations 658.
O'Sullivan, Rev. D. J. 575, 607.
Orders, Religious: Statistics of, 105;
why they should have property 619.
Ownership, see Government.
Race Prejudice, The disparition of 26.
Relics, 577.
Renan, and his native town 572.
Rituals, Catholics and 401, 508.
Roman Collar 458.
Rosary, 765.
Royal Arcanum 156.
Ryan, Abp., on "Americanization''
476.
Paganism in Protestant Germany
391.
Parish Entertainments, 316.
Parishes, Incorporation of 396.
Parliament of Religions, echoes of,
747.
Parochial vs. State Schools 337.
Pastor and People, in their financial
relations 125.
Patriotism, the physical basis of 717.
Phelan, Rev. 1). S., a character sketch
of 396; 494, 729.
Philippines: Msgr. McQuaid on civil-
ization in 11; Nostalgia 51; Ameri-
can tyranny in 69; Education in
193, 452; Religious situation in 244,
B08; Political status of 589; Fran-
ciscans in 609.
Pillg-PoiiK, 189, 268.
"Pious Fund," The, 25, 479.
Polish Bishops for the U. S., 240,
287, 665, 713.
Politics : the clergy in 86; Direct
primaries 250; Proposal to elect U.
S. senators by popular vote 455.
St. Anthony's Brief 57.
St. Patrick's Day 254.
St. Peter, Was he in Rome? 97.
Saloons, Model 183.
Sanitaria for Consumptives 373.
Schroeder, Msgr. Jos. 718.
Science, the dogmas of 134; an J the
Hexaemerou 171 ; Theology and 204.
Scientific Studies in Rome 657.
Scully, Rev. Thos. 621.
Secret Societies 356.
Sermon Inspectors 654.
Shanley, Bishop 721, 783.
Shepherd, Margaret 159.
Sionx City, Diocese of 139.
Slattery, Rev. 3. R. 431.
Social Evil, Committee of Fifteen's
report on 115.
Socialism : Laziness its bete noir 26;
Ten years of S. rule 625; and social
reform 737.
Social Question : The right of labor-
ers to organize 59; Catholic labor
unions 81, 330, 417; Family hotels
108; Catholic social movement 167;
Index.
State workingmen's insurance 180;
a new scheme to avoid labor
troubles 266; sympathetic strikes
and riots411; the political economy
of Leo XIII. 411; and English Cath.
labor league 412; social work of the
clergy in Belgium and Holland 472;
intimidation in strikes 472; insur-
ance against strikes 633.
Spalding, Bp., as a writer 273; 766,
767.
Spencer, Herbert, on education 443.
Spiritism 157; spirit photographs 205.
Stenography, 21, €2.
"Stickers," 765.
Suicides, and the religious denomi-
nations 89.
Taft Commission 261, 379, 415, 457,
479, 493, 508, 551, 558, 561, 604, 658,
759.
Talmage, Dr., a character sketch of,
285.
Taxation of Church Property 204.
Temporal Power of the Pope, 28, 265.
The Church and the Truth 102.
Tramps 124.
Treating, against 619.
Tuohy, Rev. J. T. 400.
U
"Ueberbrettl," the, 90.
Ultramontanes, The, 755.
Ultra-National Parties, Why they
are opposed to the Church, 39.
Union Franco-Cauadienne 288.
U.S. A., Plural or Singular? 142, 2o2.
Vaccination, 46, 95, 179, 203, 246, 269,
316, 333, 346, 349, 749.
Veuillot, Louis 535 sq.
W
War, How we blundered into an un-
just 113, 136, 145.
War Heroes, How they are manu-
factured 347.
Washington, George, Masonic Apron
for 172.
Why Man Can Not Fly 728.
Widows' and Orphans' Fund o4o, 6<2.
William, Emperor, as a Catholic 701.
Winter Schools, Catholic 670.
Wireless Telegraphy 45.
"Years of Peter," The, 459.
Yellow Journalism : How to combat
7, 27; a definition of 432; Catholic
729.
Yiddish Theatres 395.
Zahm, Rev. Dr. 278.
Zardetti, Ahp. 303.
Zionism, 172.
Vox Clamantis.
sincere friend and occasional contributor of The Review
— a scholarly and zealous priest of the Society of Jesus —
in wishing me a Merry Christmas and a Happy New
Year, incidentally refers to his own first attempt at writing- for
the Catholic press. This attempt, he says, "proved two things :
1. That tastes and ideas differ greatly ; 2. That it is exceedingly
difficult for a writer not to offend." "This last consideration," he
adds, "led me to judge more mildly the occasional mistakes of
writers whom I otherwise esteem."
Fully aware of my own shortcomings, I freelj^ acknowledge the
justice of the same writer's further remark : "You will not take
it amiss if I tell you candidly that at times indeed, as is so beauti-
fully admitted in your touching salutatory 'Through the Break-
ers' in No. 1 of volume viii, the tone of The Review has not been
'majestic and calm ;' sometimes (not often, as you say there) its
temper was a little 'violent,' though surely not 'vainglorious.' But
I never forget what a grand old Jesuit told me years ago in Ger-
many : 'He who does not do same foolish things, will rarely per-
form anything sane and wise ; and every man who accomp-
lishes really excellent work, will now and then overshoot the
mark. ' To tell the truth, this maxim has proved a consolation for
me whenever out of foolish zeal 1 blundered. Still, I do not want
to begin the new year with preaching, but I say : Continue to
'fight the good fight of faith thou hast confessed a good con-
fession before many witnesses.' (I. Tim., 6, 12.)
It is such discerning criticism and such genuine encouragement
as this which steels my heart to keep at it in spite of misgivings,
and of grievous mistakes of which no one can be more ruefully
conscious than myself. For, though it may seem paradoxical to
many who have watched my career as a "fighting editor," the jour-
nalistic profession has ever been irksome to me, and grows more
irksome from year to year. Much against my own inclination I
am compelled to spend a considerable portion of my none too exu-
berant energy in criticizing other people — a life of antagonism
that is not naturally congenial to me.
"We might have much peace," says the saintly a Kempis, "if
we would not busy ourselves with the sayings and doings of
others ;" and a well-known saw of the Bard of Avon ma.y not un-
fitly be paraphrased thus :
"What infinite heart's ease must editors neglect,
That private men enjoy."
The Review, Vol. IX, No. 1.
3 The Review. 1902.
Mr. John Bigelow, associate editor of the New York Evening-
Post from 1849 to 1861, confessed that he quit the journalistic pro-
fession for precisely this reason. "It was a great relief," he said
in a review in the centennial jubilee number of the paper, "to be
out of it and no longer responsible for what some people were do-
ing, that I was unable to approve of. It is difficult enough to judge
the motives of our own conduct ; to judge the motives of others is
dangerous."
Howl sigh for such relief! Frail health may bring it quicker
than I expect. Meanwhile I mean to do what I conscientiously
and prayerfully conceive to be my duty as a twentieth-century
Catholic editor, harshly though it may clash at times with my nat-
ural inclinations; and my only wish on this blessed Christmas
night is that if I fail to do it to the full extent of my bodily and
spiritual powers, the good God, who has given me this difficult
and. from a worlds viewpoint, ungrateful mission, may show me
the way to an humbler and more congenial sphere, where I have
a better chance to attend to the " unum necessarium" — to work out
my own salvation in comparative solitude and peace. I would rath-
er that my right hand be withered and The Review go to noggin-
staves, than that it be an engine for any other cause but His and
that of my beloved Mother, our Holy Catholic Church.
I have changed the form of The Review in accordance with the
desire of many readers, and have reduced it slightly in size, in
order to be able to economize my strength and give more careful
thought to the matter that goes into each issue. I hope my sub-
scribers will think it an improvement, or if they do not, will at
least credit me with a good purpose. I thank them one and all
for their support and pray that it may not fail me till the day
when it shall please the Master to raise up the real "Louis Veuillot
des Etats-Unis' — which I am not, despite Rev. Dr. Maignen's re-
iteration of the well-meant compliment in his latest book*) — to
carry out with a larger wisdom and more unerring discernment,
though not, I trow, with greater devotion, the work inaugurated
for His honor and the glory of His Church b}* the humble scribe
of The Review, who realizes more strongly from day to da}' that
he is not, and can not be, more than a
Vox Clamantis in Deserto.
*) Nouveau Catlwlicisme et Nouveau Clergc, par Charles Mai gnen.
Paris : Victor Reteaux, 82 Rue Bonaparte. 1902. (p. 85.) The
book shall be reviewed shortly in this journal.
#^%-
The Cincinnati Convention and Catho-
lic Federation.
here is no need for The Revif>w to rehearse the details
of the meeting- held on the tenth of December in Cin-
cinnati for the purpose of establishing- a national Feder-
ation of Catholic societies.
The number of delegates was smaller than had been expected —
about three hundred ; but they claimed "to represent no less than
600,000 Catholics — all of Irish or German extraction, no other na-
tionality besides these being represented.*)
The convention received by cable the blessing of the Holy
Father and was addressed by five bishops — Msgr. Elder of Cin-
cinnati. Msgr. Horstmann of Cleveland, Msgr. McFaul of Tren-
ton, Msgr. Messmer of Green Bay, and Msgr. Maes of Covington.
The name finally selected was The American Federation of
Catholic Societies, which is an improvement upon the unwieldy
title originally suggested.
We have not yet a copy of the constitution as finally adopted.
but understand that it provides for a federation of the Catholic
societies of the U. S. somewhat after the model of our Union of
States. No society loses its autonomy. No State shall have the
presidency more than two consecutive terms and no man for
more than two years. The basis of representation is two dele-
gates from each local society, and the same ratio is carried up
from parish to county, from county to State, and from State to
the national organization. State federations shall have one
delegate for each 1,000 members and one for each fraction of 500
or more. Provision is made for the necessary resources by an
initiation fee of five dollars and a moderate per capita tax. Con-
ventions are to be held annually on the third Tuesday in July.
For the next one Chicago was chosen.
After a spirited contest for the offices t) the following were
selected :
President, Thos. B. Minahan, of Columbus, Ohio ; First
Vice-President, Louis J. Kaufmann, of New York ; Second Vice-
President, Thos. H. Cannon, of Chicago ; Third Vice-President,
Daniel Duffy, of Pottsville, Pa.; Secretary, Anthony Matre, of
*) President Conner of the German Central- Verein rightly emphasized in a strong address
that the Federation, to he really national and effective, must emhrace ALL Catholic American
societies, and the future must bring into its fold not only the Catholics who are of German and
Irish extraction, but also the French-speaking American Catholics, the Poles, the Bohemians,
etc. These sentiments were heartily applauded, and it is to be hoped that the different non-
English speaking Catholic societies will promptly unite their forces with those of the German
and the Irish- American Catholics. (Cfr. Catholic Tribune, Dee. 26th.)
t) "It seemed for a while," says an eye-witness, "that the whole work of the convention was
to be ruined by the ambition of a few delegates; it is owing only to the noble and fearless con -
duct of President Fries and the well-meant advice of Bishops Messmer and McFaul that the
little bark of the Federation was not knocked to splinters on the rocks of jealous office-seekers."
4 The Review. I90JJ.
Cincinnati; Treasurer, Henry J. Fries, of Erie, Pa. ; Marshall,
Christopher O'Brien, of Chicago. Executive Committee : Nich-
olas Gonner. Dubuque, Iowa; Gabriel Franchere, Chicago; E.
D. Reardon, Anderson, Ind.; S. W. Gibbons, Philadelphia, Pa. ;
P. E. Maguire, Pittsburg, Pa.; M. P. Mooney, Cleveland. Ohio;
M. Fabacher.
A number of commendable, if weak and all too generalizing, re-
solutions were adopted, declaring the object of the Federation to
be the spread of fraternal relations among the various Catholic
societies throughout the United States, in the hope that they in-
crease in membership, improve in organization and methods of
administration, and become more effective as instruments for the
inculcation of practical Catholic faith and morality, with the con-
sequent sound citizenship ; declaring filial devotion and loyalty to
the Pope and the Church ; recommending to the faithful and
those outside of the fold the study of the Holy Father's encycli-
cals ; pledging devotion and patriotism to our common country;
condemning the assassination of President McKinlej" and pledg-
ing encouragement to those who are laboring in the interest of a
sound Catholic press, literature, and education, and urging the
members cordially to support and protect the same.
The second day's proceedings were notable for a vigorous ad-
dress made by Bishop McFaul. who took the stage when the name
of a clergyman was suggested for membership in the Executive
Board, to insist that there should be no official connection between
the clergy and the Federation, since the organization would be
able to do the work for which it was intended only if it maintained
its distinctive character as a confederation of laymen. [Catholic
Citizen, No. 8.)
It was decided, by a vote of 157 against 80, in spite of the almost
unanimous opposition of the German delegates, to admit societies
of Catholic women into the Federation. This was most decidedly
a faux fias, which we trust will be remedied at Chicago.
The German delegates were furthermore defeated on the issue
of State federations. They contended that the various societies
of different nationalities should form separate State federations,
and that these be affiliated with the national body. The ratio of
representation, allowing direct representation for single societies
(two delegates each) and giving State federations but one delegate
per thousand members, is not such as to encourage State federa-
tions, which are the only sound basis for a national union.
As for the question of seeking the formal approval of the hier-
archy, Bishop McFaul settled that by declaring, after consulta-
tion with a number of his brother-bishops, in a well prepared. ad-
dress, that "the approbation of the hierarchy was not requested,
because such approbation would have given to the Federation the
No', 1 The Cincinnati Federation Convention. 5
character of a Church movement, whereas it has originated with
the laity and must live or die by their interest in it."
The Catholic Citizen and other Catholic journals have noted with
pleasure that "the convention deliberately and definitely turned
its face away from politics — partisan and otherwise, even refrain-
ing from making- a list of supposed Catholic political grievances."
In matter of fact the keynote of the convention's wisdom in this
matter was furnished by President Minahan, when he said on the
opening day : " We have absolutel}T nothing to do with politics,
good, bad or indifferent, neither shall politicians of any persuasion
ever share in our counsels ;" and b}' a clause in the constitution
which reads : "Partisan politics shall not be discussed in any
meetings of this Federation or of its subordinate bodies ; nor
shall this body or an}7 of its subordinate bodies indorse any can-
didate for office." t)
A Federation absolutely eschewing politics is not apt to accomp-
lish much in public life. "If the Church in Ireland," writes Rev.
Dean Hackner in the Wanderer (No. 12), "to-day has liberties
which she did not enjoj' before, whence has she derived them but
from the political action of Daniel O'Connell?" Bishop McFaul
in his address complained of "the injustice of taxing Catholics for
a system of education which they can not patronize." How is this
injustice to be righted except by the judicious use of the ballot?
And of what value in righting this and a dozen other grievances
can the Federation prove if it shuts itself off from political debates
and the indorsement of candidates for office? In the fights waged
so successfully a few years ago by the German Catholic societies
of Illinois and Wisconsin against tyrannous compulsory school
laws, what brought them victory if not their decisive political
action?
It is well, as the Freeman's Journal has pointed out (Dec. 21st),
that the Federation afford "room and welcome for men of all shades
as to politics and of every political affiliation ;" it is well that par-
tisan politics as such be rigidly excluded ; but when the rights of
the Church and of Catholic citizens are attacked by iniquitous
laws, is the Federation to stand idly by on the piea that it is non-
political?
It rests with the Executive Committee largely to determine
whether the next convention will be fruitful or otherwise. The
mistakes that have been made are not b)'any means irremediable.
Nor is this article written to criticize, but rather to advance the
movement.
''Many may perhaps be dissatisfied," said Bishop Messmer the
other day (quoted in the Milwaukee Excelsior, No. 955), "because
t) In strange contradiction with these declarations is the resolution adopted by the conven-
tion, pledging- it* good will and wishing success to the administration of President Roosevelt.
(> The Review. 190%.
the newly founded Federation has not accomplished anything
feasible, because it has adopted no important resolutions and is-
sued no grandiloquent declaration of principles. But this com-
plaint is unfounded. We can not accomplish everything- at once,
and when the Federation meets again at Chicago in July, it will
surely take the necessary steps to accomplish the object it has
set before itself. What was the chief task for the nonce has
been performed : the Federation has been established, and that is
not a little."
The Bishop added that concessions had been made to the Ger-
mans which they could hardly expect. We are not aware wherein
these concessions consist ; but this much is certain : the partici-
pation of the Germans in the Cincinnati meeting has proved bene-
ficial to them and to the common cause. We hope the other na-
tionalities who were not represented in Chicago and still refuse to
cooperate in a movement that is so pregnant with good promise,
will join forces with their brethren. As the Ami du Foyer, one of
the New England organs of the French-Canadians recently (Dec.
5th) pointed out, nothing can be accomplished by holding aloof.
By an active and strong participation in every movement looking
to the advancement of Catholic interests in general, the various
nationalities "have everything to gain and nothing to lose." They
can make themselves and their rights respected, while if thev
hold aloof they will have neither voice nor influence.
Even if it finds it advisable for the present to abstain from prac-
tical politics, the Federation can do much good. "Wherever there
is an alternative of right or wrong," says Father Tyrrell, of '"false
or true, of fair or foul, there the interest of the Church needs to
be looked after. In the world of thought, whether we consider
history or philosophy or science, there is always a false and a
true, and the cause of truth is the cause of Christ and His Church.
In the world of action, if we turn to art and literature, there is the
fair and the foul, the ennobling and the debasing, a potent influ-
ence on the human spirit for good or evil ; and it is not hard to
see on which side Christ's interests lie. If we turn to the domain
of practical utility, is there any corner wholly exempt from the
jurisdiction of religion and morality, whether we look to politics
domestic and foreign ; or to the profession and pursuits of the
educated ; or to commerce and business ; or to public enterprises
affecting the temporal and spiritual welfare of millions? With all
these matters the cause of the Church and Christianity is intim-
ately bound up, and the Catholic layman has a side to take and a
part to play. Nay, it is principally in these matters that Christi-
anity extends its influence and roots itself in human society."
To take this side and to play this part viribus unitis, is what the
Federation of Catholic Societies proposes to itself, and therefore
it has our sincere good will and our best wishes.
How to Combat Yellow Journalism.
Yellow journalism, against which there was such an outcry im-
mediately after the assassination of President McKinley, has out-
lived the onslaught and continues its nefarious work.
The discussion incident to Czolgosz's detestable crime has,
however, developed one fact of the first importance. It has shown
that the public realizes that the chief strength of such journalism
to-day comes from the support which distinguished men have
given to its worst representatives. Along with the perception of
this fact has come a realization of the responsibilit)7 of such leaders
for their endorsement of demoralizing publications.
The only dissent from the position that every self-respecting
citizen ought to make it a matter of conscience not to contribute
to the yellow journals and not to buy them, has come from a cer-
tain clergyman ; to-wit, that this is the best way to reach a great
audience. "If we desire to reach the great mass of citizens, do we
do wrong by putting our teachings in the place where the audience
sought will find it?"
The answer is simple. We ought to put our teaching in the
place where the audience sought will find it, provided — but only
provided — that this is a place where people may properly look for
anything. Obscene books are published and secure a large sale,
despite the most vigorous efforts to suppress them. No class of
people need a good lesson in morals more than the purchasers of
such books. But Cardinal Gibbons or Archbishop Ireland or
"Bishop" Potter — all men who have at one time or other contrib-
uted to such papers as the New York Journal — would have no
right to contribute decent matter to an indecent book on the
theory that they might do good to its readers, even if the publisher
could demonstrate to them that he might thus put their teaching
in a place where hundreds of thousands would find it — simply be-
cause people have no right to look there. "Evil communications
corrupt good manners."
The 3?ellow journal is only less objectionable than the publica-
tion which crosses the line of decency drawn by the law and which
therefore may be suppressed through the courts. As the Evening
Post very correctly remarks, its pervading spirit is one of vul-
garity, indecency, and reckless sensationalism; it steadily violates
the canons alike of good taste and sound morals ; it cultivates
false standards of life, and demoralizes its readers ; it recklessly
uses language which may incite the crack-brained to lawlessness;
its net influence makes the world worse.
If we could suppress such a newspaper by law, without trench-
ing upon the freedom of the press, the problem would be solved.
This seems impossible, but the same end may be reached more
8 The Review. L902.
slowly by the force of public sentiment. Respectable working-
people can be made to feel that thej- ought not to buy a yellow
journal, that it is not a fit paper for their homes, that their sons
and daughters are harmed by reading it — in short, that they
should treat it practically as they would treat an indecent publi-
cation.
But our prelates and other leaders of public opinion can not hope
to turn respectable working-people from reading yellow journals
so long as they contribute to such journals. Indeed they can not
consistently say a word against them so long as they thus en-
dorse them.
The yellow journals care nothing about Bishop So and SoJs or
Father Who-you-Please's ideas on the labor or any other ques-
tion. All thatFthe3r want an occasional article from them for, is
that they may advertise them as contributors and endorsers :
that they ma}' boast that the best men in the community believe
in them ; that they may persuade the credulous that "the Journal
(or the American, or the Examiner, or the Post- Disj>atcfc) can not
be so bad, or Bishop N. or Father X. wouldn't write for it."
Of what use is it for any rightminded father to object to his
son's reading a yellow journal, or for any careful mother to warn
her daughter against its corrupting influence, when the child can
retort with truth that the most respectable and saintly men write
especially for it ?
The whole matter is very simple. Are yellow journals bad for
the community ? If so, the}" should be discouraged in every proper
way by every good citizen, and particular^ by every teacher of
religion or morality. The most effective way is never to have
anything to do with them.
&
The latest feature of American newspaper enterprise is a news
service in advance. We have before us a circular of the Bulletin
Press Association, 115 Nassau St., New York, offering a complete
telegraphic news service to daily papers for five dollars a week.
It is carefully prepared by experts — who do not claim to be proph-
ets, but merely experienced and 'cute newspaper men — mailed
under two-cent postage so as to reach the customers twenty-four
hours before publication. It is claimed that such prominent pa-
pers as the N. Y. Sun, the Chicago Tribune, the Denver Post,
etc., use this service, so that the reader of these and a goodlj-
number of other journals never knows, in glancing over the day's
despatches, whether he is reading real news or cooked and dried
stuff prepared by literary garreteers three or four days in ad-
vance of the actual events. The existence of such a bureau is
characteristic of the American daily press, which feeds so largely
on fakes.
C01STEMP0RAR Y CHRONICLE.
LITERATURE.
Bons Livres a nn Franc.-^To those of our subscribers who read
French it may be interesting- to learn that Roger & Chernoviz, 7
Rue des Grand s-Augustins, Paris, are publishing, under the edi-
torship of M. Pages, Librarian of St. Sulpice, a cheap edition of
Catholic French standard works. The series has the blessing of
the Holy Father and the encouragement of a number of bishops.
There have appeared up to date the letters and encyclicals of Leo
XIII., complete, in Latin and French on opposite pages, in six
volumes ; one volume of encyclicals and briefs of Pius IX., Greg-
ory XVI., and Pius VII ; Massillon's conferences and selected
sermons, in two volumes ; Bossuet's works, with a complete in-
dex, iD ten volumes ; the works of St. Francis de Sales, in five vol-
umes ; Joseph de Maistre's ' Du Pape,"1 'Soirees, de S. Petcrs-
honrgS and 'Considerations sur la France,* fn four volumes ; Pas-
cal's '"Pensces," Msgr. Freppel's treatise on the divinity of Christ,
Fenelon's disquisition on the existence of God, each in one volume;
Bourdaloue's select sermons, in two volumes; Chateaubriand's
' Gertie du Christianisme^ and ' Itincraire a Jerusalem,' 'in four vol-
umes ; and Xavier de Maistre's select works in one volume.
These are in preparation: 'Esprit de St. Francois de Sales,'
'Chanson de Roland, ' Chateaubriand's ' Les MartyresS 'Jeanne
if Arc, sa vie," etc.; and a two-volume collection of the works of the
Apostolic Fathers, in Greek, with a French translation.
As each volume of 300 pages or thereabouts, octavo, costs only
twenty cents, plus nine or ten cents postage, it is easy to acquire
a choice French library at a very small cost. The present re-
viewer has in his library some dozen volumes of this series,
bought at different times, and all are uniform in size and typo-
graphical neatness. We hope the publishers will find sufficient
support to continue this meritorious series, originally called
" Li 'Oeuvre de la bonne j> resse."
The Are Maria (No. 25) is authority for the statement that
a secular dail}T recently wrote of the well-known English author.
Mr. Bagot, that he should spell his name with an i instead of an a,
so bigoted are his utterances about the Church.
W. E. Henley, who recenth' made such a savage attack up-
on the memory of his dead friend Robert Louis Stevenson, has
issued a little volume of verse entitled 'Hawthorn and Lavender.'
Here is a sample :
"Willi die of drink?
Why not ?
Won't I pause and think ?
—What ?
Why in seeming wise
Waste your breath ?
Everybody dies —
And of death !'*
In another poem (bless the mark !) he calls Winter obscene and
10 The Keveiw. 1»0«.
Spring- a harlot. The Sun rightly remarks that if Stevenson
knows what is passing in this world, he must be more than sat-
isfied with the punishment of his faithless friend, whose percep-
tions have become so dulled as to make him think that this stuff is
poetry.
—That genial English critic, Mr. Andrew Lang, gives.it as
his opinion that the great peril of modern American literature, in-
deed of modern literature in general, is the peril of the "popular,"
a term which means a voluntary and injurious and even insulting
degradation of the literary standard.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
The Permanent Commission of the Springfield French- Canadian
Congress. — The Permanent Commission appointed by the recent
congress of our French-Canadian brethren at Springfield to carry
out the work mapped out by the Congress, has recently held its
first meeting and organized a powerful engine of propaganda by
creating a permanent sub-commission for each diocese and a local
committee for each Canadian parish. The chief object of. the
movement is to gather facts to be placed before the Roman au-
thorities with a view to move them to give the Canadian Catholics
everywhere equal rights with their brethren of other nationali-
ties.
Infidelity in Latin America and in the United States. —A bishop of
the Episcopalian Conference recently spoke of the infidelity and
agnosticism prevailing in South America, and especially in Brazil,
declaring that the men in Latin America have ceased to believe in
the truths of religion. This unproved allegation brought out the
following pertinent questions from Bishop McOuaid, of Rochester.
{Union and Advertiser, Dec. 9th): "Is he aware how much belief
there is among the non-Catholic churches of Rochester, in the
divine revelation, in the dogmas of the unit}' and trinity of God,
in the incarnation and redemption, in eternal punishment, in. the
life to come? How many of the non-Catholic people of Rochester
frequent their own churches, even to hear the current topics of
the day, the sensational events of the hour, or the subject-matter
of newspaper editorials, which method of preaching has become
almost the rule of the pulpits of the country?"
Chromosfior Church- Goers.— The Rev. Mr. Bartlett, of the First
Congregational Church in Chicago, has a new scheme "to increase
the attendance and to arouse more interest in Biblical teachings."
On the Sunday before Christmas he distributed free to every man,
woman, and child attending the service, a handsome chromo rep-
resenting "The Mother and the Child," which was the text of his
sermon. The papers agree that it was "a novel and successful
departure."
Fire From the Modern Pulpit. — Under this caption we recently
read an amusing article, credited to the Cleveland Plain-Dealer
(unfortunately we can not give chapter and verse, as the journal
we clipped the item from simply credited it to the Cleveland pa-
per without giving number or date). In smaller towns, where
fires are of rare occurrence, the ringing of an alarm causes gen-
No. 1 Contemporary Chronicle. 11
eral attention and a good deal of incidental excitement, which is
apt to interrupt seriously the Sundajr services. A minister in
Portsmouth, O., has prepared to relieve the anxiety of his hearers
in short order, by equipping" his pulpit with a telephone and a
lire-alarm card. As soon as the alarm bell is heard, the pastor
suspends the service and locates the fire by means of his card.
Then he rings up the fire exchange, briefly conveys the informa-
tion he receives to his congregation, and the services proceed.
OUR. ISLAND POSSESSIONS.
Schools in Porto Rico. — In a lecture before the Graduate Club
of the University of Pennsylvania, reported in the N. Y. Tribune
(Dec. 15th), Prof. M. C. Brumbaugh, who was appointed Com-
missioner of Education for Porto Rico, gave some statistics of his
work on that island. Accordingly, there are now 992 public
schools, with 50,000 pupils, which cost annually $501,000. The
average attendance is seventy-eight per cent., the largest, except-
ing Massachusetts, of any country under our flag. There is also
in operation a normal school, with two hundred pupils. In all the
schools, the children sing our national songs and read from Eng-
lish books. This is certainly a great improvement; but of what
ulterior benefit will the best public school training be to the peo-
ple of the island, if it robs them of their religion ?
Civilization in the Philippines. — The valiant Bishop McCjuaid, of
Rochester, recently took occasion to reply from his Cathedral
pulpit to the slanders of the Episcopalian bishops Doane and Kin-
solving. He flatly denied, from personal knowledge, their charges
against the Catholic priesthood in the Philippines. This priest-
hood, he said, had civilized the islanders, not in the ways of Ameri-
can industrial labor, by which practically they would have been
made slaves, but in the only true — the Christian sense. '"They
had a morality," he declared, "which I am afraid they will never
know again," as American "civilization," through the instrument-
ality of Protestant denominations, is likely to bring in divorce and
its concomitant degradation. The predecessors of the American
ministers who are now going to elevate the condition of the Fili-
pinos, have literally civilized the original inhabitants of the U. S.
off the face of the earth. It strikes Bp. McQuaid as very singular
that the American government should propose to deny religious
instruction in the schools to seven or eight millions of natives,
most of them Catholics, while they are paying the Sultan of Sulu
S20,000 a year to maintain a harem and allow him full liberty to
teach the Koran in his schools ; and he rightly denounces such
conduct as "national hypocrisy and a libel upon American civili-
zation."
THE CATHOLIC PRESS.
Groiath of the Catholic Press in Australia. — The first Catholic
newspaper in the Australian colonies, the Sydney Freeman's Jour-
ual% was started over fifty years ago. Catholics were then few in
that new country and lacked means and social standing. To-day
they are numerous and a power. In the sixties the Advocate was
started at Melbourne. The New Zealand Tablet was founded
\'i The He view. ' 1903.
twenty-eight years ago. At present there are in Australia ten
Catholic weeklies — two in Sidney, two in Melbourne, two in Bris-
bane (Queensland), one each in Adelaide ( South Australia), Pestle
(West Australia), Lanceston (Tasmania), and Dunedin (New
Zealand). They range in price from one penny to six pence per
copy. Strange to say, in Australia the high-priced journals have
always been the most successful.
The Intermountain Catholic (Vol. iii, No. 2) accuses the reverend
editor of the Buffalo Union and Times of excess both in praising
and blaming. "'When he praises a man," saj's our Salt Lake con-
temporar}', "Father Cronin elevates him to the seventh heaven,
and when he starts in to roast another, he does him up to a finish."
To an impartial observer it would seem that this charge lies pretty
much against almost the entire Catholic press of these United
States. It would prove a useful subject of discussion if ever that
convention of Catholic editors meets, for which several of our con-
temporaries have been working so strenuously for many a moon.
OBITUARY.
The Review has lost tbree staunch friends lately : Rev. C.
Konig, of East St. Louis, Rev. Max Koch, of Belleville, and Dr.
P. Mehring, of Portage des Sioux. Their souls are recommended
to the prayers of our readers.
Switzerland lost one of its most distinguished Catholic journal-
ists in the decease of Mr. Oscar Hirt, editor of the Luzerne Valer-
larid. Mr. Hirt was for twenty-one years a member of the staff
of that newspaper, which is generally regarded the leading Cath-
olic central organ of the Republic.
EDUCATION.
War on Bigoted Text-Books. — The International Catholic Truth
Society is doing a needful service to the cause of Catholic truth
and justice in showing up the bigoted and unreliable character of
some of the text-books used in normal schools, colleges of peda-
gogy, etc., throughout the country. Three of the worst of these
are : Painter's, Williams', Carapayre's, and Davidson's histories
of education. The results of the examination of these books made
by the Society ought to be spread broadcast in penny pamphlets.
'The President's Message in Public Schools. — Considerable dis-
cussion was aroused in the press recently by the report that the
Superintendent of Schools at Indianapolis had ordered President
Roosevelt's message to be read in the public schools as a model of
"current history, civics, and good English." We now learn that
the Superintendent of Schools at Terre Haute, in the same State,
refused to adopt the suggestion. We agree with the Pilot (No.
51) that, while Mr. Roosevelt's message is a good one, indeed
among the very best, there is no reason whjr it should be put be-
fore school-children, so long as the countiw is governed by party
rule and partisanship has no place in general education. Our con-
temporary adds the pertinent query, whether the school-children
of Indiana have been all made familiar with President Washing-
ton's Farewell Address, which is also a good model of lofty Amer-
icanism and admirable English.
MISCELLANIES.
How a Protestant Minister Gave Himself Away. The venerable con-
vert H. L. Richards, of Winchester, Mass., contributed to the
Christmas number of the Catholic Columbian a touching- paper on
"Fifty Years in the Church." We quote his account of an inci-
dent in his life as an Episcopalian minister, as an illustration of
the absurdity of any Protestant denomination presuming- to call
itself Catholic. "I was officiating one Sunday in Trinity Church,"
he says, "the rector being temporarily absent. At that time I
was quite High-church and accustomed to ring the changes on the
claim that we were true Catholics — not Roman, you know. On
retiring after the service, I had reached the vestibule when I was
met there by three Irishmen who had apparently just arrived
from a journey. They approached me respectfully, tipping their
hats, when one asked 'Your reverence, is this the Catholic
church?' Instinctively and without time for reflection I replied :
'No, my good man, this is not the Catholic church. You see that
tower over there above the house — that is the Catholic church.''
Imagine my mortification when I had time to realize how com-
pletely and unconsciously I had simply given myself away. It was
only another practical illustration of the truth of the saying of St.
Augustine, that a stranger going into any town and enquiring for
the Catholic Church would never be pointed to a schismatical con-
venticle but to the place of worship of the real, old, Catholic
Church, universally recognised as such."
Are We a Christian Nation ? — The Northwestern Catholic is not one
of the papers that think we are. It says (No. 11) that while we
have an ever present, profound desire to be great, we do not care
abcut the welfare of our neighbors ; that the trend of our educa-
tion is rather to produce something to be admired than something
intrinsically good ; that in our dealing with other races we strive
to maintain our superiority rather than to uplift and share our
good things with them ; that in our relations with each other
money is placed before the man. While there is hope for us be-
cause many of the individuals that make up our nation are Chris-
tians, it is a mere flight of oratory to say that we have attained to
the grace of a Christian nation.
In this connection it may not be amiss to acquaint our readers
with the little known fact that our government once made a treaty
in which it positively disclaimed all title to the epithet a Christian
nation. It was the treaty negotiated Jan. 4th, 1797, by Joel Bar-
low, during Washington's administration, with Tripoli, the
eleventh article of which begins with the preamble : "As the gov
ernment of the United States of America is not in any sense
founded on the Christian religion," etc. In renewing the treaty
in 1805, Jefferson struck out these words.
A Modern American Lay Index. — The Globe- Democrat recently pub-
lished a list of books that are not freely circulated by the St. Louis
Public Library. It includes such works as Balzac's, De Foe's,
Fielding's, Ouida's, Sue's, Mrs. Southworth's, Flaubert's, and
Zola's novels and a number of scientific, mostly medical, books.
The Mirror (No. 38), in commenting on the matter, sagely re-
14 The Review. IttO'i.
marked that, as the Public Library is mainly a library for child-
ren, the management is wise in prohibiting- the circulation of
most, if not all, of the books on its Index exfiurgatorius. No doubt
thousands of level-headed Protestants share this opinion. It is
hard to understand why these same people will blame the Catho-
lic Church for trying to keep certain dangerous books out of the
hands of her children. Even in this enlightened age most persons
are and remain, no matter how old they get, children intellectu-
ally, who are not able to distinguish hurtful mental pabulum from
good. Why then blame their wise and kindly mother for with-
holding from them all noxious spiritual nourishment to the ut-
most of her power ?
St. Friday. — An Albanian writer recently asserted that there was
near DodOna a church dedicated to St. Friday, wherefor he was
sharply called down by a correspondent of the Tablet, who in-
clined to believe that the church in question was dedicated to Good
Friday, the day of the Crucifixion, since there was no saint of
that name. This seems, however, an error. Fr. Nilles, S. J., a rec-
ognized authority on Oriental matters, tells us in his ' Calen da r-
ium> of the Eastern and Western Church, that a St. Friday exists
and is called in Greek " Hagia Paraschcve" among the Slav
races, " Sz\ Paraschevi" and by the Roumanians "Santa Para-
schevi." All these names mean St. Friday. Fr. Nilles even says
there are no less than five saints of that name. The first seems
to have been baptized Paraschevi because she was born on a Fri-
day. One of the five is called by the Slav and Roumanian nations
their mother. Another is to be found in the Roman Marty rology
(as Parasceve ) on the 20th of March. It may be well to
remark here, however, that the Bollandists saj^ : "Ex-
tremely puzzling and very fabulous are the facts related
about this saint — whether one considers the saint herself (one of
several?), the story of her life, the places traversed, the time,
manner and other circumstances of her martyrdom, or the Greek,
Latin, or Italian Acts." It is questionable, too, whether she was
ever canonized by Gregory X. — or by any other Pope. The Bol-
landists insert the significant words "ut ferunf after the asser-
tion, and add the still more significant ones "verum resnimis dubia
est:'
Something About the "Mystic Workers of the World." — A reader
wishes to know what we think of the mutual benefit society
called the "Myst;c Workers of the World." From the point
of view of the insurance expert, we have only to say : Compare the
assessments of the "Mystic Workers" with the table given by our
contributor "Accountant" in No. 30, last volume of The Review,
and you can figure out for yourself how long this society is apt to
last. As to the religious side, we read about the "Mystic Work-
ers" in the 'Cyclopedia of Fraternities,' page 159 : "The founder
of the Mystic Workers was a member of the Masonic Fraternity,.
of the Knights of Pythias, Modern Woodmen of America, Knights
of the Maccabees, and Woodmen of the World, from which it may
be inferred that the Mystic Workers is the legitimate offspring
of the most representative of the older and modern fraternities."
— i. e.. societies with whom no practical Catholic ought to affiliate.
NOTE-BOOK.
We beg to call the attention of our subscribers, old and new, to
the remarks printed on the last page of the cover. Having in-
stalled a Buckeye Index File in our office, with a separate card
for each subscriber, containing his name and address, the date of
his subscription and a list of the various paj^ments made by him
with the date to which he is credited, we deem it unnecessary
henceforth to send out separate receipts, and shall do it only when
specially requested. If you have made a remittance, watch the
yellow label on your paper. Within two weeks you will find your
remittance properly credited there ; if not, drop us a postcard
and the matter will be righted. The date-line on the label is easy
enough to decipher. If it reads, "ljan2" for instance, it means
that your subscription is paid up to January 1st, 1902. It will be
promptly changed into "ljan3" upon receipt of two dollars for
renewal.
sr 3? sr
We are in receipt of a query concerning the best mode of treat-
ing certain church-goods dealers who are in the habit of sending
articles that have not been ordered and are not wanted, to priests
and nuns, and afterwards pester these good people with communi-
cations and threats to compel them to return the goods or to pay
for them. The best way is not to accept these goods at all. If
one has accepted them and finds that he does not want them and
feels disinclined to take the trouble to return them, we suggest
that he put them away and entirely ignore all letters and threats,
holding them for perhaps a year, ready to surrender, them at any
time to a personal representative of the firm upon a receipt. The
threats these importunate fellows make are utterly vain. No one
can by any manner of means be forced to pay for anything he
never ordered.
^ S }
Rev. Fr. Alphonse, O. S. B., of Devil's Lake, North Dakota, re-
quests us to warn the reverend clergy against a certain individual
who goes around pretending to publish a year-book for Catholic
congregations. As a sample he shows a year-book of the Farg-o
Cathedral parish. His main object is to obtain a few lines from
the pastor authorizing him to collect advertisements among the
business-men of the town, from the proceeds of which the expense
of printing the year-book is to be defrayed. He collects as much
money as he is able and then disappears. At Devil's Lake he
went by the name of M. J. Russell. He is tall and slim, with a fair
complexion and chestnut hair. His age is not above thirty.
^^ ^^ ^^
After publishing such a harsh article on the pastoral issued b}r
Bishop Alcocer, Apostolic Administrator of Manila, upon the oc-
casion of the assassination of President McKinley (cfr. No. 35,
vol. viii, of The Review), the Independent, in its number 2910, un-
dertakes to extenuate the prelate's conduct b}^ saying that "as
non-Catholics do not profess a faith in purgatory, and while living
would not wish the prayers implying the existence of purgatory
16 The Review. 190^.
to be made for them after their death, the Church makes the law
that no regular requiem services be held on the occasion of the
death of non-Catholics." Our contemporary believes this is what
Bishop Alcocer had in mind when he issued the order forbidding
requiem masses for President McKinley,and intimates that, when
he is educated up to American wTays, he will at another such junc-
ture order masses 'Pro Pace"1 or "Pro Quaquumque Tribulatione."
It is an astonishing view to express on the part of a journal which
continually chides Catholics for their lack of liberality and broad-
mindedness. What sect shows such tender consideration for the
belief of outsiders as the Catholic Church does according to the
Independent! In matter of fact, the Church makes her laws and
regulations without regard to the faith or rather unbelief of any
sect.
j>~ j>~ j>~
His Eminence Cardinal Steinhuber, S. J., in a letter to Mr.
Theodore B. Thiele of Chicago, in which he conve\rs to that gentle-
man the Holy Father's blessing and genuine gratification over an
address in favor of the temporal power delivered at the last an-
nual meeting of the German Catholic State Federation of Illinois,
says that His Holiness appreciated the address all the more
"since the very important question of the liberty and independ-
ence of the Holy See was so little understood in the United States,
and so many were unable to see' that the head of Catholic Christ-
endom should not be a subject of any worldly sovereign." The
Cardinal concludes his kindly letter with the wish : ""May the Ger-
man Catholics of North America in the future, as in the past,
stand firmly for the cause of God, and may each man do his
share." Mr. Thiele rightly thinks that the action of the Holy
Father and the letter of Cardinal Steinhuber is a recognition not
merely of the services which he has been able to render the
cause of Catholicity, but of the work done by German Catholics
throughout the countrv.
The Milwaukee Catholic Citizen (No. 7) is authority for the
statement that President Roosevelt, in a recent conversation with
Cardinal Gibbons at the White House, claimed that he was a blood
relation of the late Archbishop James Roosevelt Bayley, of Balti-
more, who became a convert in 1842.
| K M
The traditional birth-rate of the "sucker" — one every minute —
has increased to a thousand. "In greater droves than ever be-
fore," said the Saturday Evening Post the other day, "the lambs
have gone baa-ing and bleating into Wall Street during the past
twelve months. Oil-fields have claimed their thousands, gold-
fields their tens of thousands, and the 'get-rich-quick' men the un-
divided remainder. Nothing has been too transparent, too flimsy,
to catch its crowd of innocents. Every old skin-game and a hund-
red new ones have been worked on and have worked the public."
The only safe rule in these matters is : Investigate and remember
that the larger the profit you are offered, the surer you are to
lose your capital.
The Duty of the Hour.
rdinarily, we distinguish the loyal Catholic from the de-
serter by the conscientious fulfilment of his religious
duties. For us religion is a duty to be fulfilled, not a
sentiment to be gratified at will. Of course there are degrees and
shades, originating in a larger or smaller 'measure of conscien-
tiousness innate in the individual soul. But he who delivers up
his children to the Moloch, and himself fails to perform his
Easter duty, can not claim to be considered a Catholic ; and
if he sets up such a claim nevertheless, we have the right to call
him a fraud and a Liberal, no matter whether he be a millionaire,
a scholar, or official in high station ; a mechanic, a day-laborer, or
a beggar.
For practical every-day life this criterion is sufficient ; but the
scholar, the man of higher education, will have to be judged by a
superior standard, in accordance with the talents wherewith
Providence has blessed him. If he does not wish to forfeit his
claim of being called a Catholic scholar, he will have to see to it
that not only his conduct in daily life, but also his knowledge, his
thought and research is in full and absolute conformity with his
religious faith. This may be hard at times, but nothing can alter
the granite certainty that there is but one truth. It is often still
more difficult to prove the lack of this conformity in concrete cases;
for in the realm of the spirit, the variations, transitions, and shades
are even more numerous and frequent than in visible nature.
From a Protestant coign of vantage it may be admitted that the
question of a scholar's relation to revealed truth is both unan-
swerable and unjustifiable, as Protestantism has no objective
standard. In the Catholic Church it is otherwise. For all, how-
ever, be they Protestant or Catholic, who actively participate in the
intellectual movement of the age and who put their vocation in touch
with the great questions concerning God, the world, and man ; for
all who deal with the object "man" in practice, and who therefore
ought to have some sort of theoretical knowledge of this object,
there is a criterion both clear-cut and simple, free from all nar-
rowness, to which not only the Catholic scholar, but every one who
lays claim to the name of Christian can safely and unhesitatingly
subject himself. St. Augustine has formulated it thus :
"Truth consists in this that we posit three things in God
— the cause of the world, the supreme good, and the point of sup-
port of human reason. Error consists in this that we put these
three things in the corporeal world or in the human spirit."
The Review, Vol. IX, No. 2.
18 The Review. 1902.
In this spirit of error we are all of us swimming- as in a bound-
less ocean ; every mother's son of us off and on gulps a mouthful
of salty brine, and many of us, alas ! are no longer able to dis-
tinguish it from clear spring-water. This spirit seeks for the
cause of the world in the movements of material atoms, the su-
preme good in coarser or finer sensual indulgence, and reason's
point of support in the autonomous human spirit. To this funda-
mental error we owe Darwinism and Hackelianism in the natural
sciences and in anthropology, the counterfeiting of the basic con-
ceptions (" Umwerthung aller Werthe" in Nietzschian parlance) of
logic and ethics, of sociologj-, jurisprudence, and politics. It
strives in dead earnest to establish science, religion, art, morality,
the State, right, and famity on a Darwinistic or evolutionistic
basis. Unfortunately, even cultured Catholic circles have not es-
caped contamination. The secularization of science has left its
traces everywhere. Only recently an eminent professor com-
plained that "we have no more Catholic jurists," meaning, of
course, that there were no longer any good Catholics in the legal
profession. The same is true, generally speaking and with but
rare exceptions, of the medical profession ; nor can it surprise
those who have time and again seen it taught in medical books and
publications, that materialism is the true faith of eveiw advanced
physician.
All this and much more that could be adduced in this connec-
tion shows that it is high time to make a strong fight against the
modern secular spirit, which controls not only most of our higher
institutions of learning, but extends its suctorial organs deep
down into our common schools. "The audacity to say everything
has created the indolence to hear everything." It seems like a
description of our own times when we read in the works of Pere
Gratry :
"How many intellects have been suffocated under the mass of
errors which they neither accepted nor repulsed, but simply tol-
erated. . . .In this state of ^spiritual decay the mind, like a corpse,
suffers everything without stirring and inertly takes every blow.
It has lost the ferment of life which alone can effect the separa-
tion of the good from the bad, of life from death The number
of such unnerved minds among us is fearfully large, and the rest
are caught by the raging fever which precedes debilitation. Those
who arelcalm and sound, decided and straight, wise and symmet-
rically developed, are fewer than ever before since seven hundred
years."
This description unfortunately fits the spiritual condition of. a
very large I number of our educated Catholics of to-day, who,
while languidly keeping up a semblance of Catholic practice, are
deep down in their hearts indifferent, if not corrupt, spiritually.
Were it not thus, Liberalism, Americanism, could never have
arisen and flourished among us.
19
Hohenlohe and Bismarck.
n 1898 the Cotta Publishing House in Stuttgart, Germany,
published in two volumes 'Reflections and Reminiscences
of Prince Otto von Bismarck.' To this work there has
lately been added a 'Supplement,' which contains principally cor-
respondence.
The Kolnische Volkszeitung in a late number reprinted some of
the most interesting- of these letters. Among" them are three
written by the late Cardinal Hohenlohe, which will, no doubt, be
of great interest to many readers of The Review, as they are an
important contribution to the history of the time.
"Rome, March 5th, 1876. After Cardinal Ledochowski had ar-
rived the day before yesterday, and had been received in audience
by 'His Holiness on the same evening, and had also been welcomed
by the Papal Court, he came last night to the residence of the
Countess Odeschalchi (nee Branicka), whither a number of dis-
tinguished persons had been invited. Cardinal Ledochowski de-
clared himself highly pleased with the kind and condescending
treatment he had received in Ostrowo; with the beautiful garden
for promenading, etc. He also remarked that in Berlin they
would not proceed further against the Catholic Church ; and al-
though not just now, nevertheless in the near future, the Imperial
Chancellor would make peace withlthe Catholic Church. I said to
the high dignitary who related this to me : 'Then they ought to
send Cardinal Ledochowski as a legate to Berlin. ' I received the
answer that this was a trifle premature {troppo presto), and that,
moreover, they are here now of a more [conciliatory disposition,
and no more speeches or allocutions would be held against Prussia.
I answered : 'Let us hope so ! Especially ought a quietus be put up-
on the action of the Centre Party, and the bishops of Germany be
instructed to come to an understanding with the government
wherever possible, and to tolerate this modus vivendi for the
present.' A high and influential gentleman gave me to under-
stand that this would be done ; — but whether it will, is another
question. This same gentleman was also of the opinion that the
whole trouble originated with the late Cardinal Reisach, who had
persistently instigated the Pope and Antonelli against Prussia, and
the seed had now germinated into a great calamity. To give a
clear statement of the situation here is exceedingly difficult ; I
therefore restrict myself to citing the above facts, and remain
with best wishes for your welfare, G. Cardinal von Hohen-
lohe."
20 The Review. 1902.
II.
"Rome, November 26th, 1879. M}^ gracious Lord ! Your Serene
Highness will permit me to write once again. I am told here that
the peace negotiations with Cardinal Jacobini make good progress,,
and I thank God for this good turn of affairs. However, certain
'clerical hot-heads' flatter themselves that the Jesuits shall again
be smuggled into Prussia by means of a paragraph something
like this : religious societies and associations have free admission
into Prussia. If only the Jesuits be not mentioned, they persuade
themselves that the paragraph shall pass and the Jesuits will fol-
low. Happy simplicity! It is, however, good to protect our country
against this national scourge. With the best wishes for your Lord-
ship's well-being and the most profound respect and veneration.
Your Highness' most devoted servant, G. Cardinal von Hohen-
lohe, Bishop of Albano."
III.
"Villa d'Este, March 25th, 1881. Most Illustrious Prince !
May Your Serene Highness permit me to offer to you my hea'rt-
iest congratulations upon your birthday. Every respectable Ger-
man must give thanks to God on this day, that He has given you,
my gracious Lord, to the Fatherland, and pray for you, that you
may still live man}', many years and may experience much joy
and consolation after so many anxieties, troubles, and annoyances.
I do this every day. On your birthday I shall liave -prayers said
especially for 7'our Highness in my D iocese of Alba no, whither I shall
go for a long stay and leave the Vatican to shift for itself in order
that it may gradually come to its senses and approach the Ger-
man government more and more. With the entreaty to remem-
ber me most kindly to Her Serene Highness, your consort, and
with the assurance of the most sincere attachment and friendship,
I have the honor to be Your Serene Highness' most devoted ser-
vant, G. Cardinal|von Hohenlohe."
These Hohenlohe letters show how well informed the Curia was
when, upon the official appointment by the German Emperor of
Cardinal Hohenlohe as German ambassador to the Holy See, it de-
clared under date of May 2nd, 1872, that it regretted "not to be in
a position to authorize a cardinal of the Holy Roman Church to
accept such a delicate and important office under the present cir-
cumstances."
It leaves indeed a very sad impression to see a cardinal, a prince
of the Church of God, a member of the papal cabinet, write letters
of such a tenor, to such a man. If the commonest g ens- d^ amies in
the employ of the German government had addressed similar
epistles to the Curia, Bismarck would forthwith have brought
down upon him the most dire punishment as a "traitor and an
enemy of the government." F. A. M.
21
Stenography.
he way in which new and "dead easy" systems of stenog-
raphy are continually advertised, would lead one to think
that the art of shorthand writing- is as easy of acquisi-
tion as rolling off a Darkless log without knots. More than one
reader of this Review has doubtless at one time or another been
induced to attempt to learn one of the many systems of stenogra-
phy now alleged to be widely in vogue. And every one who has
made the effort will no doubt agree that shorthand writing is an
exceedingly difficult thing. If there is one who has not, after some
little time, given up the attempt in utter despair, let him holdiuphis
hand. Most of those who have undertaken the difficile job have
perhaps understood the rules thoroughly well and got familiar
with the various signs ; but they have utterly failed to gain such
a proficiency that they could write shorthand nearly as fast as or-
dinary round hand.
In matter of fact, stenography is an art most difficult to lea^n
even for those endowed with a sprightly mind and a facile hand.
It is much easier to become a pianist of ordinary proficiency than
a good [stenographer.
Eduard Engel, for twenty years at the head of the stenographic
bureau of the German Reichstag, recently declared in an article
in the Berlin Zukunft [No. 10] that there are in the whole German
Empire, the cradle of numberless systems and the home of thous-
ands of alleged shorthand experts, at the highest twenty-five per-
sons capable of reporting correctly the proceedings of a public
body or in fact any ordinary public speech. "Stenography," he
says, "is fraught with so many difficulties that dilettantism is of
no avail and nothing but the most strenuous practice of short-
hand as a profession can bring real proficiency."
Theisame writer is authority for the astonishing statement,
which he declares himself ready to demonstrate by a direct chal-
lenge, that there is not now living a single inventor of a steno-
graphic system who can take down a ten-minute speech correctly
at the moderate rate of 250 syllables per minute. This is due to
their want of practice in some instances, and in others to the ab-
solute worthlessness of their beautiful theories.
Mr. Engel rightly considers the promiscuous teaching of sten-
ography even in the higher schools as a waste of time and gray
matter. There is absolutely no system of stenography that is
"easy to learn." The theoretic principles can be readily enough
-acquired, just like the theory of swimming or rope-walking ; but
what has that to do with practical shorthand writing ? You can
learn the chief grammatical rules of almost any language in a few
22 The Review. 1902.
days or weeks ; but will it enable you to speak the language? No
stenographic system has yet been invented, or ever will be, which
does not require for the purpose of practical use at least as much
time and diligence as the learning of a foreign tongue ; and
every inventor or teacher who asserts the contrary, may be set
down as a fakir.
Those who are interested in the subject will find much profit in
the perusal of a little brochure lately published in Germany by
Max Conradi, under the title, ''Die ubertriebene Werthschiitzitng
der Stenographic, ihrc Verxvendiuig in Schulen, im Heer undbei
Behorden. '
Regarding the choice of a system, those who find it necessary
or desirable to learn shorthand and who have the courage and per-
severance to acquire a very difficult art, should disregard all
the novel and "dead easy" systems and choose among the tried
and reliable ones preferably that which is simple and eschews ab-
breviations and complicated word-signs.
The Historic Groundwork of the Legend
of the Holy House of Loretto.
[While certain American Catholic newspapers, despite the
warnings of P. Grisar and Dr. Funk, re-echoed in this Review
(vol. viii, No. 34), continue to set forth the pious legend of the
Holy House of Loretto as if it were "beyond all controversy," *)
Catholic scholars in Europe are carefully tracing out the real
facts. So far as they appear to be established, Msgr. P. M.
Baumgarten, of Munich, describes them as follows for the readers
of The Review.]
A branch of the Comnenus family, more particularly Michael
Angelus Comnenus, son of Angelus Sebastokratos, settled in
Epirus in 1202 or 1203, where he united Epirus, Acarnania, and
Aetolia, with a portion of Thessaly, in a despoty under his rule.
At their departure from Constantinople, the Angeli had taken
all their treasures and relics with them, and in the documents pre-
served in the archives of Fiume we read that the relics came into
the country "per manus Angelorum. " When Michael's descend-
ants left Epirus, towards the end of the thirteenth century, and
*) See, e. g., the article "The Holy House of Loretto" in the
Chicago New World, Dec. 14th, 1901, p. 12. — A college paper, the
.SV. Mary's Sentinel, of St. Mary's, Ky., has even gone out of its
way (vol. xx, No. 4) to attack The Review for endeavoring to
bring out the truth in this matter. We shall print a reply next
week.
No. 2. The Review. 23
settled on the Italian coast opposite, they again carried their relics
away with them, which thus came "per manus Angelorum" to
Recanuti.
It seems that among- these relics were a few stones taken from
the Holy House at Nazareth. These they inserted in the walls of a
structure which they erected after the model of that sacred edi-
fice and in about the same proportions. The veneration of this
structure, later known as the Holy House of Loretto, was there-
fore a "veneratio partis pro toto"
When in later years the expression "per mantis Angelorunr
could no longer be historically explained, because the facts had
been forgotten, the House itself was considered to have been
transferred as a whole by angels from Nazareth, — whence the pres-
ent confusion.
These are the facts, so far as I- know them, and while I can not
warrant every detail, they are substantially correct.
The so-called petrographic examination made under Pius IX.,
which resulted in the statement that the translation of the mater-
ial of the Holy House of Loretto by angels was an absolutely cer-
tain fact, has turned out a huge fraud. De Rossi, the great arch-
aeologist, said to me : " La frode. con cui hanno ingannato Papa Pio
IX. intorno alia santa casa di Loreto, e la cosa la piti vile, che io ab-
bia conosciuto." If such a cautious scholar as de Rossi could ex-
press himself thus, the proof must be overwhelming.
The documents at Fiume have recently been discovered after a
long and diligent search by the Holjr Father's physician, Dr. Lap-
poni, who told me personally that there is no historic proof, i. e.,
no mention of the Holy House, previous to the close of the four-
teenth century. For more than a century, therefore, no one
knew anything about the alleged miraculous translation of the
edifice by angels.
The Dogmatic Definition of the As-
sumption.
he Church has ever been faithful to her divine mission of
guarding the deposit of the faith. Without fear or
weakness she has taught the faithful the dogmas of faith
and defended her teaching against the attacks of heretics and in-
fidels. But her mission is larger : she has also to interpret, to ex-
plain the divine revelation, and show its beauty and harmony.
Hence, without introducing anything new, without trenching on
anything old, she guards that deposit in its integrity, and when,
at one time or another, she has proclaimed such or such a doctrine
to be a dogma of faith, she did not add anything new to the divine
24 The Review. 1902.
deposit, but simply declared that that doctrine was infallibly con-
tained therein.
Nor is it necessary that a doctrine, in order to be defined as a
dogma of the faith, be attacked by its adversaries. By the Savior's
command : "Teach ye all nations," the Church has the power to
declare at any time what the faithful must believe as truth con-
tained in the divine revelation.
The Church must teach and uphold the truth, despite an}'
tempests that it ma}* rouse. What ridicule was not poured out on
the dogma of the Immaculate Conception ! What dire predictions
were not made against the definition of the infallibility ! And yet,
what blessings have the faithful derived from both !
Now, as to the definability of the Assumption of the Blessed
Virgin, it is well known that 200 Fathers of the Vatican Council
had signed a petition, in which they asked that the doctrine teach-
ing Our Lady to be in Heaven with soul and body, be declared as
a part of the divine revelation. The question raised is only about
the kind of faith, not about the fact itself. As to the fact, it is cer-
tain that the Blessed Virgin enjoys in Heaven all the happiness of
the elect, that she has not to wait for the general resurrection,
but, by a special privilege, her living body was re-united to the
soul shortly after her death. Whoever holds the contrary, is
guilty of bold temerity, as contradicting the authentic and solemn
teaching of the Church. What, then, could be gained by a dog-
matic definition, if the matter is certain ? A great deal. It would
stop the mouths of certain editors who sa}', one may remain a
good Catholic without believing in the Assumption of the Blessed
Virgin, since it is not yet a defined dogma. It would furthermore
put a new jewel into the crown of the Heavenly Queen and make
the act whereby a Christian believes in her Assumption, an act of
divine faith. Thus, a definition of the Assumption would both
glorify the Blessed Virgin and benefit the whole Christian world.
Hence bishops and priests and people welcomed the petition of
the Vatican Fathers, and for some time past there has been in a
great part of the Christian family, especially in France, Spain,
Italy, Belgium, Brazil, and Portugal, a united action of prayer to
obtain a dogmatic definition of the Assumption. Cardinals and
bishops have made known to the Holy Father their personal
wishes, and in less than a year more than 200 petitions have
reached the Holy See, expressing the lively desire of pastors and
flocks to have that solemn homage rendered to the Queen of
Heaven.
The staff of The Review, and, doubtless, all its reader s too, join
their prayers and petitions and hail the day when with faith divine
we may sing of the bodily Assumption of our Blessed Mother :
Semper fulgens munda stola,
Inter mundas munda sola,
Ascendisti sidera ;
Super agmina Sanctorum,
Super choros Angelorum,
Seeptra geris Domina.
25
CONTEMPORARY CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
The "Pious Fund." — A recent despatch in the daily papers said
that our State Department had arranged for the settlement of cer-
tain American claims against the "Pious Fund" by arbitration.
The "Pious Fund of the Californias" was established in the six-
teenth century for the support and maintenance of the Jesuit
missions. After the cession of upper California to the United
States, the bishops of this district applied for the share of the
fund to which the Northern missions were entitled. After a long
controversy the accrued interest of the fund was (in 1877, we be-
lieve) distributed in a satisfactory manner between the missions
in the United States and Mexico. The interest has meanwhile
again accumulated to the amount of about one million dollars, and
the Mexican government, at the suggestion of the State
Department at Washington, whose good offices had been in-
voked by the bishops of California, has agreed to the
appointment of arbitrators to determine how much of this
money shall go to the missions in her own territory and
how much to the missions in the United States. It is indeed re-
markable, as the Freeman'' s Journal observed the other week (No.
3,575), that this fund has been held sacred during all the changes
and revolutions in Mexico since the sixteenth centurv.
A Girl Coon-Show A. HI. D. G.— The Boston Traveler of Dec. 30th
contained the announcement of a "coon-show" to be given by 200
young girls, of the Marian Sodality of St. Augustine's parish, at
the school-hall in South Boston. We have seen no report of the
affair, but suppose it came off according to program, which, if we
may believe the Traveler, included "all the popular 'coon' ballads
of the day," with "the end jokes applied to many well-known local
characters." Sodality maidens in black-face, poking vulgar
"coon" jokes at the men of the town, from the stage of a Catholic
school-hall, for the benefit of a Catholic parish, is a novelty not on-
ly in minstrelsy, as the Traveler remarks, but in congregational
money-getting as well. It ought to be discouraged.
The Catacombs. — One of the few rights left to the Holy See after
the catastrophe of 1870 was the possession and administration of
the Catacombs. Both Pius IX. and Leo XIII. have devoted great
care and immense sums of money to the restoration of these ven-
erable places. Now there is in preparation a bill to be introduced
— perhaps it is already introduced at this moment — in the Italian
chambers which declares the Catacombs to be the property of the
Italian nation and puts them in charge of the Department of the
Interior. Though this would be robbery pure and simple, there
is no doubt that the bill will pass. Our readers can imagine what
pain it must give to the Holy Father. The Catholics of Rome and
all Italy are v&ry much incensed over this new encroachment of a
robber government, but there is no hope of an intervention on the
part of the Powers, the only thing which might prevent the exe-
cution of this nefarious plan.
26 The Review. 1902.
EDUCATION.
Against Vertical Writing. — The question of vertical penmanship
having- been discussed pro and con in this journal on various
occasions, it will no doubt interest a good many of our readers to
learn that several city school boards in New England have lately
voted to discontinue instruction in vertical handwriting. Some of
them have adopted in its stead a style that is slanted indeed, but
not to the measure of some fift3^-two degrees, like the old style,
but only about seventeen.
Why do not Catholics Endow Their Own Educational Institutions ? — We
see non-Catholic institutions endowed by rich men. Why do not
Catholics endow their schools? We are told in reply: Because
Catholics, as a rule, are poor. But there are a good many wealthy
Catholics. Why do they not show an interest in education? Dr.
Pallen offers some probable reasons in his column of the Pittsburg
Observe?' (No. 30). The first is, that many rich Catholics are
themselves uneducated and have no appreciation of what Catholic
education is in itself or in its results upon Catholic life. In the
second place, many rich Catholics are worldly-minded. Far from
endowing or even patronizing Catholic schools and colleges, they
follow the fashionable fad of the hour and send their children — if
they have any — to non-Catholic institutions. Besides, it may be
mentioned, there is no "glory" to be gotten from the endowment
of Catholic colleges. The secular press hardly notices such things.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
The Disparition of Race and Religious Prejudices. — The Globe- Demo-
crat oS. Dec. 16th commented on the election of Patrick A. Collins
as mayor of Boston, by a plurality of 18,000, as "a striking illus-
tration of the growth in religious and racial tolerance which has
taken place in New England in the past thirty or forty years." It
re-called that "there were days when Mr. Gen. Collins' Irish birth
and Catholic affiliations would have eventually barred the way
to him to any high political situation in Boston, as well as in most
of the other communities in New England ;" and that it is scarce-
ly a century since the entire congressional delegation from the
State of Massachusetts were anti-Catholic and anti-Irish Know-
nothings. Some of the reasons which, in the Globe 's opinion, have
brought about the disparition of religious and race prejudice, not
only in New England, but in all the rest of the country, are the
War of Secession, in which men of all countries and faiths fought
side by side ; the rise into business prominence of men of all sorts
of antecedents and affiliations ; the diffusion of education, and the
influence of the West, in which racial and religious bigotries were
never widely prevalent.
Laziness the Bete Noire of Applied Socialism. — The reason why Rus-
kin, the American utopia, has come to an inglorious end, is de-
clared by W. G. Davis in Guntofi's Magazine (Dec.) to be the fact
that communal life had made the people lazy. The N. Y. Tribune
recalls that the late W. H. Channing, who was associated in the
Brook Farm experiment, gave this same tendency toward indol-
ence as the reason for the failure of that much-discussed venture.
No. 2. The Review. 27
Mr. Noyes, founder of the Oneida community, after a personal
investigation ; Mr. C. McDonald, a Scottish Owenite, who visited
most of the American communities on a tour of research, and Mr.
Nordhoff, who investigated some sevent}^ odd communities, all,
according- to John Ray's 'Contemporary Socialism,' agree in say-
ing that laziness is the bete noire of applied Socialism.
Science and Industry.
|| Henry Holt & Co., of New York, publish a manual of the flora
of the Northern States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord Britton,
Ph.D., destined to take the place of Gray's Manual of Botany.
Britton has adopted the new nomenclature. Unfortunately, there
is not an illustration in all the thousand pages.
|| It must excite a mild surprise in laymen to find that, to the
"scientific" mind, the question of legislation against intemperance
should be determined according to the correctness of one or the
other of two antagonistic evolutionary interpretations — those of
Lamarck and Weismann. A writer in Nature declares that the
view that alcoholism is a selective influence of value in the evolu-
tion of man and ought not to be interfered with by legislation,
rests for its justification ultimately upon the doctrine of Weismann
carried to the bitter end, viz., that acquired characters are not in-
herited ; and submits that only if it can be conclusively shown
that the opposing Lamarckian interpretation of certain small
phenomena is correct, ma}^ something be done towards making a
breach in a dangerous citadel.
|| That we import millions of dollars worth of wine from France
and hardly any from Itaty, which produces about the same quan-
tity annually, is all the more remarkable in view of the fact that a
majority of those employed on the Pacific coast in connection with
the vineyards are Italians and follow to a considerable extent the
rules of wine-making which, while they have added much to the
productiveness of the vineyards of Italy, have done so at the ex-
pense of the quality of the wine produced. The chief defect in a
commercial way of Italian viticulture is that the grapes, when
gathered, are not separated, and there is no distinction observed
in the planting of the vinej^ards. The French method is to separ-
ate the vineyards according to topography and exposure to sun
and wind, preserving the individual^ of the culture in each case,
whereby certain vineyards gain a distinction which, if preserved,
gives their product an unusual value. The French method is
constantly gaining more support in California.
Speaking of "yellow" journalism, our clever neighbor, the Mirror,
said the other day that the "y ellow" is in us, the people of Ameri-
ca— a sort of jaundice, induced by conditions of growth and neg-
lect of intellectual health — and we can not hope to get rid of yellow
journalism and yellow novels until the yellow has gotten out of our
blood.
28
MISCELLANY.
The Globe Review a.nd the Temporal Power. — Mr. William H.
Thorne says in the "Globe Notes" of the current number of his
Globe Quarterly Review [p. 498], in connection with the tem-
poral sovereignty of the Pope: " the temporal power
was a mistake to begin with ; the very concept of it was
and is an error in thought and vitiating to the true principles of
Christianity. Being thus an error .... we believe that it has already
worked mischief and engendered pride and confusion ... .as a
matter of fact it never has assisted the popes in the execution of
their spiritual functions Jesus was a subject and recognized
his obligation of loyalty to the Roman power. . . .and I hold that no
pope has a right, being a servant, to expect or pretend to be greater
or freer than his Lord and Master. Thus to my mind it is wrong
in concept, wrong in spirit, wrong in principle, wrong in conduct,
and serves now, as it always has served, to destroy the true mo-
tives that should animate all popes and to fill their lives with evil
ambitions ; in a word, it serves to destroy the true spiritual power
and function which it is claimed to defend and protect. It has
gone and I pray heaven that it may never be restored. The world
has had enough and too much of it long ago."
Only last month His Eminence Cardinal Steinhuber wrote to
Mr. Theodore B. Thiele of Chicago :
"The address delivered by you in favor of the independence of
the Pope .... was sent to me by 3Tour friends, and it gives joy to my
heart to be able to inform you of the good reception the same re-
ceived here. When I presented it to the Holy Father and ex-
plained its contents to him, the eyes of the aged Pontiff sparkled,
and he gave expression to the sentiment that he appreciated your
words so much the more as the question of the liberty and inde-
pendence of the Holy See was so little understood in the United
States, and that so many were unable to appreciate that the head
of Catholic Christendom should not be a subject of any worldW
sovereign."
But Mr. William Henry Thorne of the Globe Quarterly Review
knows better than the Pope and all the rest of Christendom what
is becoming or unbecoming to the papacy. Thus did a certain
Don Quixote erstwhile behold giants and armies where all the
rest of the world saw windmills and flocks of sheep ; and despite
all warnings boldly went forth to fight them — with the result that
he acquired the sobriquet of " Cabbalero dc la triste figura"
The Millionaire Mesmerizer. — John Alexander Dowie, of Zion City,
near Chicago, who boldly proclaims himself to be the second Eli-
jah, "Elijah the Restorer," and who has given himself the title of
General Overseer of the Christian Catholic Church, has now, ac-
cording to a conservative estimate, between fifty and sixty thous-
and adherents, who believe in him implicit^ and trust their
chances of happiness in the next world and their property in this
to his keeping. The Illinois legislature has made several vain at-
tempts to subject his banking enterprise to supervision. The
more he is "persecuted," the faster the deposits roll into his
banks. A former member of his flock, who is now suing Dowie,
says he is president of the "Zion College," has a "divine healing
No. 2. The Review. 29
home," a livery stable, a bank, a printing and publishing1 house, a
home for erring- women, a lumber concern, a mail order business,
a meat market, a dry-goods store, and is in the land investment bus-
iness. His wealth is estimated at several millions, though the at-
torney for the backslider insisted that when he came to the U. S.
from Australia, Dowie had only $100 in his pocket. What is the se-
cret of his power? Magnetism, mesmerism, hypnotism, have been
mentioned. Perhaps he shrewdly employs all of these influences.
The amount of credulity, moreover, is doubtless greater than
ever in this age often deemed unbelieving.
University Athletics.— Prof. Goldwin Smith, in an interesting pa-
per in No. 2768 of the Independent, predicts that our universities
will forfeit general confidence if they can not put a check on the
monstrous development of athletics. He says it has already come
to such a pitch that exceptional muscle is bribed to migrate from
one university to another, and that listening to the speeches at a
university dinner you would suppose you were attending the an-
nual meeting of a rowing-club. "Mens sana in corfiore sano" is all
right ; but mental and bodily exertion draw on the same fund of
nervous energy, and if one draws to excess, the other must suffer.
Besides, a false standard is set up ; manners are not improved ;
unwise expense is often incurred.
A Monument to a. Distinguished Germanist and Educator. — At
Montabaur, in Nassau, there hasbeenraised a monumentinmemory
of Dr. Joseph Kehrein, the distinguished Catholic Germanist and
educator. Dr. Kehrein was born in 1808, and died in 1876. He de-
voted his long life to incessant educational work as professor and
director in the higher schools of Hessen, and to linguistic re-
search, and it was a sweet reward for the noble scholar that the
great Grimm was able to declare in the preface to his monumental
'German Dictionary' that as a result of Kehrein's labors the be-
ginning of modern high German must be dated, not from Luther,
but from the year 1450, that is to sajr, nearly eighty years before
the so-called Reformer's time. Much less, thanks to Kehrein's
labors, would any scholar now repeat the old fable that Luther
was the father of the German church hymns.
Touring in England. — Poultney Bigelow. in a recent magazine
article, endeavors to open the eyes of Englishmen to the fact that
they are driving away thousands of strangers who would gladly
take their holidays in touring about "this sweet little isle," but
who can not do it because of the high prices and poor accommoda-
tions on the railways, in the hotels, etc. It is hardly possible, he
says, to get off under five dollars a day, and withal the fare is bad,
the beds are poor, the attendance inferior, and the extras exor-
bitant. Mr. Bigelow declares from personal experience that tour-
ing in England is twice as expensive as it is on the continent, and
while on the continent, when you pay your bill, you do so with
pleasure and the secret resolution of returning at the next oppor-
tunity, in England you are glad to get away and make a vow never
to return.
30
NOTE-BOOK.
Some of the daily papers (the one we have before us is the Meri-
den, Conn., Daily Journal, of Dec. 17th) lately published a patent
medicine puff, in which it was alleged that ''the Vanilla Crystal
Company7 of New York has received a cablegram under date of
Dec. 7th, saying that the Pope has conferred a gold medal on Joseph
C. Butler, of New York, the originator of Vanilla Crystals," which
circumstance is then set forth as a papal endorsement of Vanilla
Crystals. A friend mails us a circular which this same firm is send-
ing out, with a facsimile of an Italian letter from Cardinal Ram-
polla and an "'abbreviated translation'' in the left-hand corner. This
"translation" is a brazen imposture. For the letter contains not
a word to bear out the statement in the "abbreviated transla-
tion" that "the Hoi}7 Father caused Vanilla Crystals to be used in
his household and has deigned to praise its excellent quality."
The letter simply says that the Pope blesses Mrs. Butler, who
evidently made the application, for her good will shown in send-
ing him the Crystals, and especially in furnishing incense free for
the Vatican Basilica. Nevertheless the circular declares in bold-
faced type that "Vanilla Crystals is the only food product in the
wTorld that has received the endorsement of Pope Leo XIII." This
experience ought to make the Roman authorities more careful in
their intercourse with shrewd Yankee business-men.
^^ ^^ ^^
A Catholic business-man who deals in church-goods has written
to us to protest against the assertion of "Th." (a Catholic priest)
in our issue of Dec. 19th, that "in reality there is very little actual
difference between Jewish firms dealing in church-goods and some
of our Catholic church-goods men," whose only motto, he says, is
"business is business," and who give a clergyman or sister no bet-
ter treatment than they get from a Jew or a gentile. We believe
that our correspondent stated the truth, or we should not have
published his letter. Moreover he willingly conceded that those
who protest against clergymen and religious dealing with Jewish
vendors of church-goods, are "right on general principles," and ad-
ded that "if our Catholic dealers would all be reliable, there would
be no chance for the Hebrew." We do net see how this view can
be effectively controverted. We may add that the deception prac-
ticed by the cheap dealers — Jews and others, who pretend to un-
dersell all their competitors, consists in this that they sell a cer-
tain limited number of articles below their real value, in order to
rope in those whose main endeavor is always to buy cheap, and
then, after thev have their custom, make up for the loss threefold
by over-charging them for other wares.
^ ^ 5
^ In a quotation in No. 35 of the last volume of The Review, taken
from the Pittsburg Observer, sacramentals of the Church were re-
ferred to as "amulets." We knew the term was objectionable, but
did not wish to emasculate an otherwise sane reflection. A Cap-
uchin Father in Milwaukee calls our attention to the fact that
No. 2. The Review. 31
the Pittsburg Observer was also wrong- in asserting that to get the
benefit of sacraraentals one must be a member of the Church.
*'Dr. Bischofsberger," he says, "has proved the contrary in the
Rottenbarger Pastoralblatt and is sustained by Prof. Joseph
Weiss in the Quartalschrift of Linz(Vol. xxxvii, p. 882)." It is in-
deed strange, as Dr. Bischofsberger has pointed out and our own
experience confirms, that the sacramentals when applied by Prot-
estants frequently prove effective in a manner which borders on
the miraculous. Our Milwaukee friend is right when he says
that some observation of this sort should have been appended to
the remark we quoted from the Pittsburg paper.
a? a? 3P
The Catholic Citizen of Dec. 14th reprinted from an exchange
the subjoined item, referring to a council of the Catholic Order of
Foresters : "At the next meeting, or the one after, of the Catholic
Foresters, we intend to have a fine time, as we are going to initiate
Father Firch in the mysteries of our order, and especially in our
side rank. We have got it down so fine that when we get through
with a candidate he looks like 20 cents on a load of hay." — "Let
this sort of thing be abated," is the Citizen's comment. The only
effective way to abate it is to abate the societies that vegetate
on such mummer}', and not to defend and advance them, as the
Citizen does.
j>~ j>~ j>~
In the East there is a swindler operating on nearly the same
plan as the one against whom Fr. Alphonse of Devil's Lake, S.
Dak., warned our readers last week. He promises to issue an at-
tractive card or booklet, setting forth things good to be known by
the Catholic people. He secures a letter of recommendation from
the local pastor, which is his credential to the business-men of the
locality. On the strength of such recommendations, he is usually
successful in contracting for advertisements and collecting pay-
ment for the same. He then leaves his order for a certain num-
ber of cards or pamphlets with a local printing house. While the
work is in process of publication, he leaves town for parts un-
known— the printer to collect payment as best he can.
According to last accounts this fellow was operating in the
Hartford Diocese.
The Belgian Writers' Guild has issued for private circula-
tion among its members a list of newspapers whose editors
are classified in five different categories as, 1. Those who answer
all letters addressed to them ; 2. Those who sometimes answer ;
3. Those who never answer ; 4. Those who answer if a stamp is
enclosed ; 5. Those who keep the stamps and pay no attention
whatever to any communication by a writer desirous of selling
them the products of his or her pen. The Courrier de Bruxelles
(No. 289) pokes fun at the officious guild. It says they ought to
have sense enough to know that no answer from a busy editor to
whom you have offered a contribution, is in all cases tantamount
to a refusal. It is a mistaken notion of some people that every
letter requires a repl}\ When letter-writing was yet in its infancy,
32 The Review. 1902.
there was such a rule in polite society ; to-day, when from three
to seven mails a day bring dozens of communications to a man's
table, especially an editor's, a large portion of them from unknown
persons who ask all sorts of information and often favors, without
as much as enclosing" a stamp for a reply, no such obligation can
be reasonably held to exist. As for the editor of The Review, he
has long been compelled by the exigencies of a strenuous life to
restrict his correspondence to important and pressing communi-
cations ; and until he can afford to hire a secretary, his many
friends and well-wishers — and critics— will have to excuse his ap-
parent neglect and want of politeness.
In a note on the centennial jubilee edition of the N. Y. Evening
Post (forty-four pages of seven columns each) the Kolnisc he Volks-
zeitung (No. 1119) says that "the man who would read through
such an enormous newspaper would first have to retire upon a
pension, for it would leave him no time for anything else." Forty-
four page newspapers are almost unheard-of in Europe ; with us
they are a common thing. Few journals in our metropolitan cities
offer less than that every Sunday. And we poor devils of reviewers
are compelled to wade through it all, since, for want of orderly
arrangement, the few really important items are scattered all
through the huge edition. This is one of the factors that make
a conscientious editor weary and disgusted.
a £ £
One of our friends would like to know what kind of a book
'Trials and Triumphs of the Catholic Church' is, published by Hy-
land & Co., of Chicago. We have never seen it. Can any one of
the readers of The Review give the desired information ?
^^ ^^ ^^
Recipes for feeding a small family in comparative luxury on ten
dollars a week are a popular feature of many magazines and news-
papers. The only trouble is that these recipes suppose a uni-
formity in every -day life which nowhere obtains. A contemporary
humorist suggests that the best recipe for feeding a family of five
on ten dollars a week, is to pay seventy-five cents for a scrap-book
in which to make a complete collection of all the directions in the
magazines for doing it, and, after comparing these carefully, to
devote about an hour or two each day to deep thought on the best
means of earning twenty dollars a week to cover the unexpected
expenses of really scientific house-keeping.
^» ^» y»
A good story is told by Baron Moncheur, our new minister
from Belgium. On his trip from Mexico the Minister entered in-
to conversation with a plansman of the West, who soon began to
ask questions. "What country do you come from, stranger?" was
the first query ; and the answer : "From Belgium." The West-
erner strained his imperfect geographical memory in a vain at-
tempt to assign Belgium to its proper place on the map. Pres-
ently a great light illumined him. "Oh, yes, now I remember,"
he explained ; "that's where the Belgian hares come from !"
Justice to the Jesuits.
i.
nder this caption a novel defence of the Society of Jesus was
announced some time ago. It has now appeared in a pub-
lication in which one should scarcely have looked for it :
in the Open Court of Chicago (January, 1902), a magazine "devoted
to the Science of Religion, the Religion of Science and the Exten-
sion of the Religious Parliament Idea." The article bears the title:
"The Truth about the Jesuits," and is written by M. Henri de
Ladeveze, a French writer. It is in many ways a remarkable
apologia for the much-abused order. M. de Ladeveze begins as
follows :
"From the first moment of their existence down to the pres-
ent time, the Jesuits have had the privilege — or the misfortune —
of being, in a greater or less degree, the subject of the constant
preoccupation of public opinion. They are, nevertheless, very
little and very incorrectly known, and I wish, in this article, to
show them in their true light. Were they the lowest of men,
they are yet entitled to a fair hearing. Is it not lamentable that
in this age of criticism, at a time when so much is said about jus-
tice,— but at a time, alas ! when justice is more applauded than
practised — the Jesuits should still be represented as the black de-
mons of fantastic legends, and that no accusation, however absurd
and whatever its origin, has need of proof from the mere fact that
it is levelled against them ? There are, however, upright and in-
dependent thinkers, who exercise the right of private judgment,
who are not influenced by the common-places that sway the vul-
gar mind. It is to them that I address myself ; they will read
these lines, as I have penned them, without prejudice." The
author then briefly sketches the characteristic features of the
organization of the Society ; he proves "the Jesuitic code to be the
very flower of Roman Catholic ethics and theology, and hence in
every sence justified from a Roman point of view."
No one can blame the author for some slips in the explanation
of the constitutions, as it is very difficult for one not familiar with
the peculiar terminology of the rules of religious orders to grasp
fully every detail. But he has endeavored to give a fair and un-
biassed appreciation of the characteristics of the Society.
At the end of this outline the author says : "As may be judged
from this too succinct but accurate sketch, the Society of Jesus is
founded upon very wise and very liberal principles : very wise,
The Review, Vol. IX, No. 2.
34 The Review. 1902.
for there is but one authority, and I need not dwell on the advan-
tages accruing- from the fact ; very liberal, since this authority
emanates from the free choice of those who recognize it, and is
never in danger of degenerating into tyranny, because it too is
subject to the rule whose observance by all it is its special mission
to secure."
Various charges against the Society are then examined: "What
then is this rule which has provoked so much discussion ? It is
the same, in the main, as St. Benedict's, which has been adopted,
with the modifications necessitated by the special object of each,
by all religious orders since the sixth century. It is the same,
consequent^, in principle, as St. Basil's, and those which the Cen-
obites of the Egyptian and Syrian deserts followed under the
leadership of such men as St. Anthony and St. Pacome, etc
The Jesuits must obey their superiors ; and Las enough been said
about this obedience? has indignation enough been poured out in
torrents over the famous -perinde ac cadaver, 'just as a dead body'?
Now, leaving on one side militaiw obedience, which is much more
absolute, much less enlightened, and, above all,' much less volun-
tary, note how St. Benedict, ten centuries before the Society of
Jesus was founded, required his disciples to obey : 'Let no one in
the monastery do his heart's will' (cap. 3). 'Monks do not live as
they like, they follow neither their desires nor their inclinations,
but they let themselves be led by the judgment of others' (cap.
5) ... .If St. Ignatius is the author of -perinde ac cadaver, the form-
ula only is his but not the idea. Let my readers judge for them-
selves. [St. Benedict says :] 'Not only have the monks no right to
have their own wills in their possession, they have no right to
possess even their bodies' (cap. 33) In the army to which I
have already alluded, can one imagine a soldier, an officer, remon-
strating with his chiefs on the subject of a given command? [St.
Ignatius allows his sons to do so if they are of a different opinion
than their superiors, but then they have to acquiesce in their de-
cision, recourse to higher superiors always being permitted.]
And yet military obedience has had none but vigorous apologists,
obedience in religious orders others than the Society of Jesus has
had but rare and indulgent critics, while the obedience of the
Jesuits has ever been the butt for attacks as numerous as my
readers would not allow me to say impartial.". . . .
The Jesuits are frequently styled ambitious. Our author
disposes of this charge as follows : "The Jesuits observe a rule of
the greatest severity. Without having the picturesque costume,
without practising the extreme outward mortifications of monas-
tic orders properly so called, the Jesuits apply themselves, more
perhaps than all others, to inward mortification ; and it is difficult
No. 3. The Review. 35
to understand the state of mind of a man who, having all the re-
quisites of earthly happiness, knocks at the door of their novitiate.
And yet youths, magistrates, priests, officers, noblemen, all classes
of society, but especially the upper classes, furnish them with re-
cruits, and, in Catholic countries especially, very few names that
are found in the book of the Peerage, but are inscribed in theirs.
How then is one to explain the accusations that are brought with
such unrelenting animosity against religious who, if they are
guilty, have certainly not yielded to personal motives in becoming
so ? For what could the motive be? Pecuniary advantage ? But
the greater number of the Jesuits belong to rich families and had
to renounce their fortune to enter the Society. Ambition? But
most of the Jesuits occupied enviable positions in the world, some
having found them in their emblazoned cradles, others having won
them by personal work and merit". . . .
We can inot examine all the grievances alleged 'against the
Jesuits. They resemble, as the author says, the mythological
Proteus : they'assume every variety of form and thus elude our
grasp. There are numerous accusations made even by Catholics,
or such who call themselves Catholics. Some of these assailants of
the Society stoop so low as to repeat the slander of Pascal's
''Provincials.'' And yet, in the words of the Protestant Scholl, this
publication is "a partisan book wherein prejudice attributes to the
Jesuits suspected opinions they had long since condemned and
which puts down to the account of the whole Society certain ex-
travagances of a few Flemish and Spanish Fathers." Pascal at-
tacks the moral theories of the Jesuits, above all their casuistry,
which term has become a standing reproach to the Society. Mr.
de Ladeveze makes a few observations on this point which some
recent Catholic assailants of casuistry, and advocates of a "reform
of moral theology," would do well to take cognizance of. ' 'Cas-
uistry,' as not a member of the Society of Jesus, but a member of
the French Academy, M. F. Brunetiere, excellently defines it, 'is
the profound investigation and codification of the motives that
must regulate conduct in those numerous and difficult cases in
which duty finds itself in conflict, not with self-interest in the
very least, but with duty itself.' And he adds : 'Those only can
contest its necessity who, by a special gift of moral insensibility
peculiar to themselves, have never lacked confidence in themselves
and have never felt in the school of experience that life in this
world is sometimes a very complicated affair. Another writer,
a celebrated mathematician, the late M. J. Bertrand, who was also
not a Jesuit, but was another member of the French Academy,
does not fear to affirm that 'those who fight against casuistry, de-
clare war against confession.' Pascal practised himself casuistry
— and not the best sort — when he, in all his letters, attributed to
36 The Review. 1902.
the casuists of the Society of Jesus onl}\ the theses against which
he protested, the greater number of which, if not all, date from be-
fore the foundation of the Society."
"The same may be said about Probabilism, which is inseparable
from casuistry. To judge from what Pascal says, one would
think that the Jesuits created it. But that is an error and an im-
possibility. It is an error, for Probabilism existed long before
the establishment of the Society of Jesus. It is an impossibility,
for Ignatius Loyola writes : 'Let no one emit a doctrine contrary
either to the current opinions of the Schools or to the sentiments
of the most authorized doctors, but let each accept those opinions
on every subject which are most generally held.' In virtue of the
very obedience with which they are reproached, the Jesuits could
onhT be Probabilists from the fact that the most celebrated casu-
ists taught Probabilism. . . .In any case, Pascal hurled his anathe-
mas against Probabilism in vain ; Rome did not imitate him. . . .
this doctrine is still in vogue at the present time. I do not deny to
Pascal the right of condemning it, but why expect the Jesuits to
be more Catholic than the Pope ?"
However, a Pope, Clement XIV., has suppressed the order.
''Would such measures have been taken against innocent people?"
M. de Ladeveze gives numerous quotations, which exhibit the
true nature of this suppression. Thus the Protestant historian
Scholl appreciates the Brief of suppression as follows : "This let-
ter condemns neither the doctrine, nor the morals, nor the discip-
line of the Jesuits. The complaints of the courts against the order
are the only motives alleged for its suppression." And the Arch-
bishop of Paris wrote in 1774 : "This Brief is pernicious, dishon-
oring to the tiara, and prejudicial to the glory of the Church." The
author calls the suppression a crime. "The Jesuits have of course
been accused of the Pope's death, an accusation all the more ab-
surd when one reflects that, if they must at all costs be represented
as knaves, they should at least not be taken for fools. Men, cap-
able of not recoiling from murder, would have had recourse there-
to before the Brief, not afterwards. They would have employed
the same means to rid themselves of all their enemies. But far
from so doing they bore all this injustice and all this suffering
without flinching, without even a secret murmur."
M. de Ladeveze concludes : "A Jesuit is simply a Catholic, a
priest, a religious, and we must confess that he is all three to a
surpassing degree if we consider, belong to what communion we
may, that the highest authority of the Roman Church, the Pope, is
the most competent to pronounce on this point. Now, all the
popes who, since Paul III., have had occasion to speak of the So-
ciety of Jesus, all, without excepting the one to whom they owed
their momentary suppression, have done so in the most eulogistic
No. 3. The Review. 37
terms ; they have vied one with another in loading- this Society
with the most comprehensive spiritual privileges ; one and all have
proclaimed it the most valiant troops, the bulwark of Catholicism.
I do not mean to infer that we have not the right to judge the
Jesuits from a different point of view to the popes but all the
reproaches with which we may feel entitled to load the Jesuits in
the name of reason, of philosophy, etc., etc., fall equally upon all
religious orders and upon the Church herself of which they have
ever been the most brilliant ornament" "If we consider them
from a purely lay point of view, we are astonished at the services
they have rendered, and at the number of distinguished men they
have produced, in the space of three centuries, in tuition, in
science and letters." "Shall we consider the Jesuits finally as
privatelpersons? There are very few amongst them, as every-
body admits, who give any serious cause of complaint ; no other
body has ever counted so few unworthy members. It is always
their spirit that is attacked. But I have already said that their
spirit is the spirit of Catholicism whose best representatives they
are. Let their opponents reproach them with being Catholics, if
reproach them they must ; but let those of us, who are conscious
of the injustice of such a reproach, recognize the good in them ;
as to the rest let us remember that they are human, and therefore
subject to the faults and failings we all share, but against which
they strive far more constantly and efficaciously than do so large
a number of ourselves, so large a number, above all, of those —
the race shows no sign of extinction, alas ! — who having expended
all their severity upon others have nothing but unbounded indulg-
ence at their disposal when it comes to dealing with themselves."
\_To be concluded.]
In commenting on the action of Eastern trunk lines in abolish-
ing free passes on railway trains, George H. Heafford, lately
General Passenger Agent of the Chicago, Milwaukee, & St. Paul
R. R., says in a current magazine article, that, with a few excep-
tions, the sale of passage tickets does not much exceed the operat-
ing expenses and a total abolition of the free pass system — with
its more or less corrupting influences — would add at least ten per
cent, to the passenger earnings of every railway in the United
States. Mr. Heafford declares the pass system to be practically
an illegitimate (in some respects unlawful) bid for business or in-
fluence. While there are innumerable "deadheads," he says the
politicians of all parties, dominant or otherwise, are the greatest
leeches upon railway companies, and thousands of cardboard
tickets have in the past been placed where they would presumably
do the most good for all concerned. That such a practice must
prove a source of corruption is apparent, and the sooner it is
abolished, the better it will be, not only for the railroads, but for
the people at large.
The Holy Father on the Language
Question.
(|N January 3rd the Vaterland, of Vienna, published an
Apostolic letter of the Holy Father to the bishops of
Bohemia and Moravia, in which he animadverts upon the
language question, which causes so much disturbance in those
countries. Leo XIII. writes :
"One cause of disunion, especially in Bohemia, may be traced to
the languages which the inhabitants speak according to their dif-
ferent descent ; for the inclination to love and protect the tongue
inherited from his forebears is implanted by nature in every hu-
man being. We adhere to our determination to abstain from a
decision of the controversies that have arisen over this matter.
Surely the protection of the mother-tongue, so long as it does not
exceed certain bounds, deserves no censure; provided always that
the common interests of the State do not suffer. It is the duty of
the rulers to preserve intact individual rights, in so far as it can
be done without trenching on the welfare of the commonwealth.
As for us, it is our duty to provide that religion be not jeopardized
through such language controversies, for the faith is the chief
good of the spirit and the source of all other goods."
We are glad to have our own position in the language question
in this country thus confirmed by the Supreme Pontiff. More
boldly than ever we shall uphold in the future, as we have in the
past, these propositions, based on common sense and sanctioned
by papal authority :
1. Religion is the supreme good. " Salus animarum suprema lex.''''
2. So far as it is conducive, oratnotleastdetrimental, to religion,
individual rights ought to be sustained, especially that, implanted
by nature, to speak and cherish the language of one's ancestors.
3. The exercise of this right is limited by the exigencies of pub-
lic welfare.
Those American Catholics, therefore, who, no matter what
their mother-tongue, endeavor to preserve it as a handmaid of
their religion, without dreaming of erecting "a State within the
State," or in any way interfering with the welfare of this free
commonwealth, have nought to fear from Rome ; on the contrary,,
they can look to the Apostolic See for protection of their rights if
they are attacked within the fold.
39
Wky are Ultra -National Parties Opposed
to the Churck?
\t is a fact that parties or factions of an ultra-national ten-
dency, for whose aspirations nationality is the Alpha
and Omega, and which have no ideals or interests ex-
cepting- on a national basis, show a more or less pronounced hos-
tility to the Catholic Church, so much so that their names are
often identical with enmity to the Church. This is true in the
case of Germans, Slavs, and Italians ; it is true even of nations
that owe the preservation of their nationality to the Church alone
and that became nations only through the Catholic Church.
The entire movement for the "unification" and "independence"
of Italy was impregnated from the beginning with hatred for the
Church and the papacy. In all the excesses of Magyarian chau-
vinism the lead is taken by anti-Catholic Liberalism together
with a libertine Freemasonry and depraved Judaism. The Czech
national party, that made the most noise and was the most intran-
sigent, had for its characteristic note outspoken enmity to the
Church. The liberal Slovenians are saturated with hatred for the
Church and persecute unto death their fellow-citizens who are as
loyal to the Church as to their nationality. The Ruthenians knew
no better way to preserve their nationality than to amalgamate with
the Russians, and by this very fact they became opponents to the
Church. The ultra-German party in Austria has culminated in
the "Los von Rom'' movement.
Now what is the -reason of this? It is simply this: Ultra-
nationalism is nothing else but idolatry; instead of the one true God
of revelation proclaimed by the Catholic Church it places nation-
ality on the altar ; this it adores in reality, this is it's idol, and if
mention is made of religion, it simply means religious forms
adapted specifically to nationality and placed in its service. As
nationality is something entirely terrestrial and temporal, such a
national religion has nothing to do with eternity, and it is nothing
else than a glittering ornamentation to the goddess nationality.
Obviously the Catholic Church can not admit or approve such
worship of nationality, because it is in direct opposition to Chris-
tianity. Revelation teaches that even the best national and terres-
trial goods do not equal the supernatural and eternal ones in value,
but nationality is a circumstance purely natural and mundane,
that is only of relative value to the Christian,jand occupies its proper
position only when it is made serviceable to religion. Extreme
nationalism necessarily leads to national churches, therefore it is
40 The Review. 1902. '
the theoretical and practical negation of the Church of Christ.
Finally it antagonizes the supreme law of love for our neighbor,
because it seeks the promotion of one nationality without regard
for others, and even advances the doctrine of inferior nations.
Christianity gave the "idea of humanity" to the world ; ultra-na-
tionalism destroys this idea and according to ancient heathen
ideas declares "foreigner" to be equivalent to "enemy" and "bar-
barian." National exclusion is irreconcilable with Catholic cosmo-
politanism, and this explains the hostility of the ultra-nationalists
to the Church.
We are justified therefore, in pronouncing the extravagant na-
tionalism of our day a heresy, yea, a relapse into ancient paganism.
The extreme nationalist cares more for his nationality than for
the Church, in fact, he is eo ij>so an enemy of the Church, because
she is international by the will of her Divine Founder and by her
very nature. But not only that, the extreme nationalism of our age
is a relapse into paganism, because it does away with positive re-
ligion and at most looks upon God as a national God.
From the Christian view-point we must not only deplore such an
aberration of sound common sense, but we must condemn it as
totally opposed to the Christian religion. Ultra-nationalism is dir-
ectly opposed to the principles of the Christian religion and mor-
als, and is a consequence of that blind pride and vanity that sees
only virtues and perfections in one's own nationality, and nothing
but defects, faults, and vices in others.
The man who attempted to kill himself by jumping in front of a
trolley car the other day is evidently destined for a differ-
ent end. He threw himself from the platform of the car directly
in front of the wheels, but by what may be regarded as a miracle
the fender "worked" and he was saved. He immediately sprang
in front of another car and was run over, but when he was picked
up he was only stunned and soon came to his senses, such as he
had, and walked away without satisfying his desire to die or the
curiosity of the throng that had gathered about him. He has per-
haps an even greater dislike for this world now than he had be-
fore his attempts, and it is indeed cruel when a world will
neither make your life a happy one nor allow you to quit it when
you would. This man appears to be a victim of contraries. Per-
haps in his discouragement he will give up the idea of dying alto-
gether, go to work at some useful occupation, and become a pros-
perous and contented citizen, who will shudder whenever he
thinks of these rash attempts and thank God that life was spared
him. And then he will get off a car and fail to "look out for the
car passing in the opposite direction," the fender will not work,
and there will be a long-delayed funeral. 'Tis a hard world !
41
CONTEMPORARY CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
Warning Against a Certain Kind of Pious Literature.— The Louvain
correspondent of the Portland Catholic Sentinel, Fr. van der Key-
den, reports under date of Dec. 14th, that the Belgian bishops
have issued a joint circular in which religious periodicals are for-
bidden henceforth to designate, except in a general way, spiritual
favors or miraculous graces obtained through the intercession of
some saint, whose devotionlis sought to be spread, or to give the
names of persons contributing money in thanksgiving for a favor
secured or as an alms to secure such. Fr. van der Heyden tells
us that this timely episcopal interference meets with general ap-
proval, because there has grown up of late years in Belgium a
pious literature of a kind that does more harm than good ; and he
recalls the timely warning of Dupanloup, which he rightly says is
applicable to-day not only to France and Belgium, but to our own
United States as well : "Be on your guard against certain kinds of
pious literature. The book trade, not sufficiently watched, throws
every year upon the market thousands of books of piety lacking
in doctrine and solidity, full of inaccurate notions, of exaggera-
tions and false statements, which debase religion and pervert de-
votion."
The" Living Way of the Cross."— The Sacred Congregation of Indulg-
ences, by a decree dated August 16th, 1901, has empowered the
General of the Franciscan Order and the provincials of the various
provinces to establish for their respective jurisdictions the "Liv-
ing Way of the Cross," a devotion constructed upon the model of
the "Living Rosary." Any fourteen persons can form a "Living
Way of the Cross," each one obliging himself to meditate daily on
one station allotted to him, and to recite three Our Fathers, Hail
Marys, and Glory be to the Father, etc. To this devotion are at-
tached the indulgences ordinarily connected with the Stations of
the Cross, besides other special favors.
Growth of the Church.— The Independent (No. 2771) gives figures
on the growth of the Catholic Church during the past century,
which force even this bitterly Protestant journal to the confession
that "while the population of the world has about doubled, the
Catholic Church has quite held its own proportionally and under
missionary labors and immigration has made even larger gains."
The Holy Father's Activity. — The Rome correspondent of the Tablet
(No. 3212) relates a striking instance of the venerable Pontiff's
direct activity in the everyday affairs of the Church. A bishop
was to be nominated for a certain see which has been vacant for
some time. The selection seemed to be a foregone conclusion.
Priests, bishops, primate, and the cardinals of the curia had all
united unanimously upon a certain churchman, but when the Sec-
retary of the Propaganda presented the name to the Holy Father
for the mere formality, as he thought, of the pontifical approba-
tion, Pope Leo shook his head. "No, no," he said, "N N
42 The Review. 1902.
shall go to that see, but your candidate is absolutely indispensable
where he is." Quite recently, too, the Holy Father held out
strongly against the appointment of Msgr. Kelly, as coadjutor to
the Cardinal Archbishop of Sydney, and only yielded when he had
convinced himself fully that Msgr. Kelly was necessary for Syd-
ney, and not necessary for the Irish College. The Holy Father's
interest in the national colleges in Rome has always been very
marked — and is still as marked as ever. Lately he instituted a
personal investigation into the management of one of these coll-
eges (not an English or English speaking one) and finding that
matters were not running with the perfect order he has always
insisted upon, he ordered the removal of the rector, and refused
to relent when Cardinal interceded for the doomed superior.
OVR ISLAND POSSESSIONS
The Philippine Friar Question.— It appears to be settled that a por-
tion at least of the friars in the Philippine Islands are to be re
placed by American priests. For the training of the missionaries
that will be required for this new field, a despatch in the daily pa-
pers says that a seminary is to be established in Washington, un-
der the directioa of the Paulist Fathers. Doubts have been ex-
pressed in at least one Catholic newspaper whether the Paulists
are able and fit to continue the work of the old orders in a field in
which the ''Weylerism" of the American government is apt to
arouse against them much the same prejudices which are about to
result in the withdrawal of the Spanish religious from those un-
happy islands.
We understand Msgr. Sbarretti has been instructed to do his
best to retain as many of the Spanish friars as possible. The
sentiment at Washington seems to be that all of them ought to go.
The government is to purchase their land holdings by floating
thirty-year bonds, and to dispose of them in such a way as to se-
cure a refund of its expenditure.
The situation will probably be cleared up in the near future by
a bull of the Holy Father.
EDUCATION.
State Paternalism in Public Education. — Paternalism in public educa
tion is gradually working toward its logical end. The Findlay,
O., Public School Board is said to be considering the scheme of
prescribing a uniform to be worn by the pupils of the institutions
under its jurisdiction. Of course, this educational improvement
will be at the cost of the public taxes.
Failure of Compulsory Education in Holland. — The compulsory educa-
tion law in Holland has now been in operation one year, and the
attendance is less than before. In other words, the law has proved
a failure. This is attributed to the fact that nearly all the parents
availed themselves of the general permission given by the law to
keep their children at home for six weeks in the harvest season.
Before the passage of the law it was forbid den in most parishes to
employ children in the fields during school hours.
Need of Catholic Juvenile Reform Schools. — Judge Tuthill, Presiding-
Justice of the Chicago Juvenile Court, was recently (Nov. 13th)
No. 3. The Review. 43
quoted in the Chronicle as saying- that Chicago's crying need is a
juvenile reform school ; his long experience having taught him
that it is next to impossible to save the boys from evil influences
when parents continue to turn them adrift on the streets. There
are a few such institutions in Chicago now, but it appears they are
entirely inadequate.
Rev. Father J. F. Meifuss writes us that about the time the
above-quoted article was printed in the Chicago Chronicle, he was
appointed, with the permission of his ordinary, probation officer
for two poor Catholic waifs under the same law under which the
Chicago Juvenile Court works. To provide a suitable place for the
boy he applied to the institutions at Feehanville and Schermerville
only to learn that they were not reform schools. Further re-
searches led him to the conclusion that there is no institution in
all the great State of Illinois, except the over-crowded State re-
formatories, where a wajavardlboy can be placed for correction.
Feehanville having been rebuilt by the generosity of the Catholics
of Chicago, and Schermerville erected with the help of Illinois
Catholics in general, could it not be brought about that either of
these institutions erect an annex for Catholic youths of the crim-
inal class, to save hundreds from eternal ruin? Chicago furnishes
the great majority of youthful criminals in the State; could not its
St. Vincent de Paul conferences take this matter in hand ? We
are sure the Catholics in the State at large would gladly aid in the
erection of a Catholic reform school.
LITERATURE.
Mrs. Eddy and Bob Ingersol!, or Christian Science Tested. By Rev. C.
Van der Donckt. 1901. 97 pages. [For sale by B. Herder, St.
Louis, Mo., 30 cents.]
"Christian Science," the latest and most dangerous superstition,
is spreading more and more. Even some Catholic have been be-
guiled, probably the more easily as this new error appears sub
specie boni, under pretence of confidence in prayer ; it is "the Evil
One transformed into an angel of light," hence all the more insid-
ious. The disciples of Mrs. Eddy often maintain that their tenets
are in no way antagonistic to Christianity. Father Van der
Donckt ably proves that the fundamental principles of Mrs.
Eddy's system are the same as some of the blasphemies of Inger-
soll and that the Trinity, the Divinity of Christ, free will, sin and
hell and other doctrines of the Christian religion are denied by
this false prophetess. It is important to instruct the people that
"Christian Science" is neither science, nor Christian, but a hypo-
critical, pernicious, and ridiculous movement. Father Van der
Donckt's book, therefore, is a timely publication. It is written in
clever and sprightly dialogues, and deserves the widest circulation
among all classes.
-In the Catholic World Magazine for December, Rev. Dr.
James J. Fox proved by means of the "deadly parallel column,'
that two volumes — and at least three-fourths of the other two — of
Father Thein's 'The Bible and Rationalism, 'are nothing else but
Vigouroux's ''La Bible et les Decouvertes Modernes'' done into atro-
cious and frequently unintelligible English. All the glaring de-
44 The Review. 1902.
fects of the four portly volumes belong to Father Thein, while all
the excellences belong to the Abbe Vigouroux. We have seen no
defense from Father Thein against these serious charges. If
they are true, as we fear they are, Dr. Fox deserves the thanks of
the Catholic public for having exposed a clerical impostor.
OBITUARY.
Pro f.F.X. Kraus.— On Dec. 29th, 1901, there died at SanRemo, in
Italy, Professor Dr. F. X. Kraus, author of many learned works,
chief of which a' Geschichte der Christlichen KunsV Whilst the
Catholic public generally welcomed what Kraus wrote on art, few
were satisfied with his other writings on account of his pronounced
Liberalism. Thus Msgr. Joseph Schroder wrote against the
Church Histo^ of Kraus his essay, 'Der Liberalisms in der Theo-
logie und Geschichte'1 and had the satisfaction to see the whole first
edition withdrawn from the market. The new edition had to have
the approval of the Index Congregation before it was published.
The latest work of Kraus was a booklet on Cavour, in which he
showed himself to ^the last as the K'Professore ' catolico spirito
liberate" as the Italian Minister of worship, R. Bonghi, had
called him. Kraus was a great friend of our Liberal lights.
His literary '■ activity, except in the irealm of art, has been
pernicious to the Catholic cause, according to the unanimous
judgment of the Catholic press of Germany. His "Spectator"
letters in the scientific supplement of the Munich Atlgemeine Zeit-
ung, a radically anti-Catholic newspaper, were largely scandalous
and wrought immense harm. May his soul find greater mercy
with God than he found with his opponents here below. R. I. P.
INSURANCE.
The Independent Order of Foresters. — From the November number
of the Forester, organ of the Independent Order of Foresters,
which fell into our hands by accident the other day, we see that
that organization has now 187,000 members and boasts of a sur-
plus of $5,142,066. The I. O. F. insures at the rate of $13.54 per
$1,000 at age thirty. No wonder it is making frantic endeavors to
spread all over the world, even to far-off Australia, and announces
as a new means of securing new members, temporary "dispensa-
tion" from registration and certificate fees. But all this catch-
penny business and the order's parade of tinsel (Chief Ranger,
Court, Supreme Secretary, etc.) does not put money in the treas-
ury. To contribute the cost of insurance or else accept fragmen-
tary insurance is still the inexorable alternative. In view of the
order's reputation in this country, and especially in Canada, we
are surprised to see a Catholic paper, the Sydney Catholic Press,
lending its aid to establish the I. O. F. on Australian soil.
Reckoning Day. — We note from the Independent that the Maryland
Insurance Commissioner has refused to license the Mutual Re-
serve for 1902 and has written an explanatory letter of considerable
length. He has for months been receiving complaints and en-
quiries and cites one case which he investigated. One E. D. Buck-
man took out several policies in the Mutual Reserve in May of
No. 3. The Review. 45
1885, starting- with bi-monthly assessments of $3.75 per $1,000. In
two years this assessment rose to $5,63 ; in 1895 it was $9.03 ; in
1898 it was $15.50 ; 1899 it was $L8.47 ; in 1900 it was $20.04 ; in
1901 it was $21.76, or $130.56 per year for $1,000. According- to a
table furnished, says the Commissioner, another five years will
call upon Buckman for $1,000 more (he having already paid $2,-
800), and if he dies within a short time a lien of $455.60, as he has
been notified, will be deducted from his policy.
Such is the inevitable fate of our "cheap" mutuals ; and yet
when one dies, another takes its place on a plan perhaps even
wilder than that of the defunct concern. Before us we have the
Farmers' Vindicator of Dec. 27th, giving the outline of a new"Equit-
able Union, "chartered in Kansas, that will continuef'the two great
cooperative systems : that of home building and home protection,"
all for a mere song. Let our readers in Kansas compare the as-
sessment rates of this new concern with the table of "Account-
ant" in Vol. VIII, No. 30, of The Review. They will see at once
that the"reckoning day" of the"Equitable Union" can not be far off.
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.
Wireless Telegraphy. — Msgr. Lafiamme, writing on Marconi's ex-
periments in La Verite of Quebec (No. 23), takes a somewhat
skeptical view of recent reports and gives it as his opinion that
even if they are literally true, it will be a longtime before wireless
telegraphy will replace the system now in use, especially on land.
The apparatus are by no means as simple as is generally believed
and their installation and regulation much more complicated
and laborious than that of the Morse machiness and wire lines.
Moreover, they are subject to numerous disturbances incident to
terrestrial and electric currents, differences in temperature, etc.
The great drawbacks of wireless telegraphy are, according to two
of the most eminent living authorities on the subject, Messrs.
Boulanger and Ferrier, 1. Insecurity of communication : 2. The
necessity of erecting poles at an enormous height if long distances
are to be covered ; 3. The cumbersomeness and delicacy of the
instruments employed. The first of these obstacles is so great
that, as Fr. de Laak of St. Louis University has already pointed
out [see our vol. viii, p. 616], it is almost impossible under present
conditions to remove the danger of diversion or interception.
Msgr. Lafiamme also points out that Marconi, contrary to an al-
most universal opinion, is not the inventor of wireless telegraphy,
but only an apt pupil of such men as Lodge, Popof, Righi, Hertz,
and Branly, and that he himself has acknowledged his indebted-
ness to the latter by addressing to him at Paris the first wireless
despatch sent across the Channel by the aid of Hertzian waves.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
The Capital Punishment Question in the Netherlands. — The new Dutch
Minister of Justice has aroused dissatisfaction by his refusal to
advocate the re-introduction of capital punishment, which as a
Christian he acknowledges to be legitimate and justifiable in prin-
ciple. Meanwhile the number of homicides in the country is
steadily increasing.
46 The Review. 1902.
THE STAGE.
A Word of Warning. — Rev. P. Antonine Wilmer, O. M. Cap., Rec-
tor of St. Lawrence College, Mt. Calvary, Wis., writes us : "There
being such a scarcity of unobjectionable comedies, some of your
reverend readers in charge of young men's societies may welcome
the list of comedies advertised in the Homiletic Monthly. If,
trusting in the reliabilitjr of that magazine, they should order
these plays, they will be sorely disappointed. Among the
twent37-four plays for young men they will find eleven with female
characters, though the list is headed in bold type : "Male Charac-
ters Only." Father Wilmer sends us a list of the plays. The5T
are advertised for sale by the publisher of the Homiletic
Monthly, Joseph F. Wagner, 103 Fifth Ave., New York, who ought
to have a better care of his reputation for veracity.
MUSIC.
Who is to Blame ? — A pastor of the Cleveland Diocese thinks that
Cardinal Satolli, in his explanation regarding Church music (see
No. 38, p. 605 of the last volume of The Review) puts the blame
in the wrong place. Not the people are chiefly to blame, in our
reverend correspondent's opinion, nor the singers, but -the pas-
tors. "I have been a pastor for over twenty-six j^ears," he says,
"and though I have always set aside the operatic style of Church
music, I have never heard a word of disapproval or complaint from
the people. The people, as a rule, go to church because they have
learned the obligation from their catechism, and the great major-
ity of them are well pleased to hear devout singing rather than
profane and operatic melodies. It is also a mistake to think that
the churches would be deserted if the present florid style of music
would be abolished. There are plenty of good Cecilian melodies
which are florid and possess more real musical beauty than
the operatic masses now in vogue." There are those in the Church
of God, concludes our correspondent, whose sacred dut}T it is to
keep everything unholy and profane out of the house of God. Let
them do their duty.
MEDICINE.
Vaccination. — La Verite of Quebec (No. 24) strongly protests
against compulsory vaccination, which appears to have been in-
troduced in a few towns in the Province of Quebec. Compulsory
vaccination, according to our contemporary, is under present con-
ditions not only an act of insufferable tyranny, but veritable
folly from the scientific view-point, inasmuch as the malady which
it is calculated to prevent is incontestably less grave than that
which it inoculates. Mr. Tardivel, after quoting a note from our
issue of Dec. 19th, adds that, while there has not been "a massacre
of innocents" at Quebec, such as there was in St. Louis. Camden,
Milan, and other places, the recent vaccination craze there has
undeniably produced numerous and serious accidents.
47
MISCELLANY.
The Legend of the Holy House of Loretto and a Certain College
Pa.per. — The following- notes from an esteemed and learned cola-
borer reached us too late for insertion in last week's issue :
The St. Mary's Sentinel, published by the students of St. Mary's
College, Kentucky, in the December number, lectured the editor
of The Review on account of his attitude towards the legend of the
Holy House of Loretto. The students of St. Mary's College
write : " We venture to express our disapproval :. . . .we think this
pious legend should be defended, etc." It is certainly not worth
while to defend The Review against these juvenile critics, How-
ever, it might not be useless to give them advice which they seem
sadly to need. "Dear boys, don't write about things of which you
are not capable to judge." That one sentence : "We are shocked
to read that Mr. Preuss whose glory it is to be inter Romanos
Romanissimus, should advocate anything so derogatory to the
honor and vigilance of the Roman Pontiffs," proves that they are
utterly ignorant of the real nature of the whole question. They
should study Father Grisar's lecture (The Review, May 23rd,
1901), and the articles: "Historical Criticism and the Catholic
Mind" (The Review, July 25th, 1901), and "Historical Criticism
and the Spirit of Charity" (The Review, Dec. 12th, 1901). From
these articles the youthful writers may learn — provided they are
able to grasp the arguments, — that their "theological" misgivings
are altogether groundless. In the article of December 12th, they
will also find themselves faithfully described among those that
pass rash judgments on Catholic historians.
I can not help expressing my surprise at the fact that the fac-
ulty of St. Mary's College allows the students to discuss publicly
and in a most dogmatical manner, questions which present diffi-
culties even to theologians. The St. Mary's Sentinel is not the
only college paper that dabbles in questions which are far beyond
the ken of college boys. Supposing that these articles are written
by the boys — for I do not want to assume that others dishonestly
use the editorial part of these magazine for uttering their own
opinions, — I find such practice objectionable from a pedagogical
point of view. Complaints are often heard about self-conceit,
priggishness, and superciliousness of our young people. Now the
Sentinel, with the emphatic, self-possessed "we," boldly contra-
dicts not the editor of The Review, but the authors on whose
statements he bases his own, such Catholic scholars as Father
Grisar, S. J., Professor Funk, and numerous other distinguished
historians. Writings like that of the Sentinel are only too apt to
develop in our youths the aforesaid unamiable qualities. Besides
the youthful critics charge distinguished Catholic scholars with
disloyalty to the Holy Father, by calling their views "derogatory
to the honor of the Roman Pontiffs. " We were told by our teachers
not to talk about matters which we did not understand ; we heard
often, he sutor ultra crefidam; we were told to speak respectfully
of older people and their intellectual achievements.
I gladly seize this apportunity to say that the opinion expressed
by The Review on the matter of pious legends, is shared by many
prominent ecclesiastics, by men who are no less known for their
48 The Review.' 1902.
piety and devotion to the Church than for their learning-. You
may be sure that the writers of the articles published in The Re-
view on this subject, knew full well what they think in Rome of
the present movement. In Rome it is not considered "derogatory
to the honor and vigilance of the Roman Pontiffs." The editor of
The Review may be proud of being styled " Romanissimus inter
Romanos" but he need not and ought not to be more Roman than
the Romans themselves. If Rome does not condemn those histor-
ians who labor for the glory of the Church, how, then, can any
Catholic dare to censure them ? They are certainly as devoted to
the glorj- of Mary and the honor of the Roman Pontiffs as the men
who anxiously try to uphold the pious legends.
For the rest, it may be better to drop the discussion of this
subject until the documents have been published. The articles
in The Review have accomplished their object. First they have
prepared the Catholics for what sooner or later must be published,
not only about the Holy House of Loretto, but also about several
other legends. Secondly, they have warned the Catholics to be
cautious with regard to medieval legends in general, and not to at-
tribute to them a weight which they do not deserve. Thirdly,
and this is the most important gain, they have proved that there is
and ought to be a very great difference in the attitude of Catholics
towards what is accidental and merely ornamental in the Church,
viz., pious legends — and what is essential, viz., the contents of the
inspired writings and the infallible teaching of the Church.
Journalism as a. Vocation. — William Cullen Bryant, the poet,
in an article prepared in 1851 for the semi-centennial number of the
N. Y. Evening Post, of which he was the editor, spoke thus of jour-
nalism as a vocation :
"An experience of a quarter of a century in the conduct of a
newspaper should suffice to give one a pretty complete idea of the
effect of journalism upon the character. It is a vocation which
gives an insight into men's motives, and reveals by what influences
masses of men are moved, but it shows the dark rather than the
bright side of human nature, and one who is not disposed to make
due allowances for the peculiar circumstances in which he is
placed is apt to be led by it into the mistake that the large major-
ity of mankind are knaves. It brings one perpetually in sight, at
least, of men of various classes, who make public zeal a cover for
private interest, and desire to avail themselves of the influ-
ence of the press for the prosecution of their own selfish
projects. It fills the mind with a variety of knowledge relating to
the events of the day, but that knowledge is apt to be superficial,
since the necessit3r of attending to many subjects prevents the
journalist from thoroughly investigating any. In this way it be-
gets desultory habits of thought, disposing the mind to be satis-
fied with mere glances at difficult questions, and to dwell only up-
on plausible commonplaces."
Touching for the King's Evil. — King's evil was the old English
name for scrofula, and it was believed to be cured by the royal
touch. We are reminded in the latest volume of the 'Oxford Dic-
tionary' that the practice lasted till the end of Anne's reign in
1714, and the office for the ceremony was printed in the Prayer-
Book down to 1719.
12958
The Massachusetts Method of Prevent-
ing Fraternal Insurance Failures.
ne of the best-informed insurance men in the State of
Massachusetts, who has no personal reason for being
prejudiced in favor of old-line life companies, says that
the fraternal beneficiary associations are doing their best to get
upon a more substantial basis, practically the same as the basis of
the old-line companies, and that in instances where they can not
do so, they are evidently approaching failure. He mentions one
which formerly was widely known and had a high reputation,
which had from 60,000 to 70,000 members, but now has only about
10,000, and those, he saj^s, "are practically a hospital list." They
are men advanced in years, who did not drop out of the association
when they could get into another on favorable terms, who have the
means of holding on longer, but who have not kept up the young
blood in the association, and now are in such a condition that
young blood will not come in. Some of the older and less promi-
nent associations are said to be losing steadily, and are drifting
upon the rocks.
The British law governing this kind of insurance is far ahead of
the law in the United States, and England has been through the
entire phase of experience through which this country is passing.
The largest association of the fraternal kind in England is the
Manchester Unity, and its rates of insurance are nearly as high as
those of the old-line life companies. The officers of the fraternals
in this country realize that they can not live under their former
schedule, and are doing what they can to establish a system of
higher premiums. But this change must be made with great
delicacy, for the old members will protest against any advance in
rates. In order to protect themselves in the future as far as re-
lates to new business, without making any change in rate for
present members, the fraternal beneficiary organisations, in their
National Fraternal Congress, have adopted rates which are ma-
terially larger than the rates now charged by the fraternal asso-
ciations.
The following table will show the cost of insurance, at the level
annual rate per $1,000 on this plan of the National Fraternal Con-
gress, of an unnamed representative beneficiary association, of
the Manchester Unity above mentioned, and, under the non-par-
ticipating plan, of a representative old-linecompa^u<J^^ifferent
ages. The practical identity of chJf£ge*T>y the last tWQ^socia-
The Review, Vol. IX, No. 4.
50 The Review. 1902.
tions named, and the smallness of the charge of the unnamed fra-
ternal association, are noticeable features of the table :
Age 21. Age 30.
National Fraternal Congress rate $10.62 S13.96
Unnamed association's rate 7.08 9.72
Manchester Unity's rate 15.08 19.50
Old line company's rate 15.94 19.81
Age 40. Age 50. Age 60.
National Fraternal Congress rate $20.11 $30.98 $51.13
Unnamed association's rate 14.40 22.80
Manchester Unity's rate 27.04 39.00 63.96
Old line company's rate 26.82 39.39 63.12
One way in which the existing fraternals are trying to save
themselves is by preventing the formation of any new association
in the State, which can give insurance as cheaply as they do. This
has been accomplished by the passage of the law that no new fra-
ternal society on the lodge system shall be admitted to the State
which has rates lower than those now indicated as necessary by
the National Fraternal Congress' mortality tables. This will
prevent their own members from dropping out and getting into
stronger societies, which might, with younger men, offer as favor-
able premiums as they did. The new law also forbids the entrance
into the State of fraternal beneficiary associations from other
States which offer terms lower than those of the National
Fraternal Congress tables. Another device, which has been put
into the law, against the influence of the Insurance Department,
is that which makes it impossible for an official examination to be
made of any of these associations unless the association desires it.
The law says that "the Insurance Commissioner shall, upon re-
quest of any corporation doing business on the lodge system, per-
sonally or bjr some person designated by him, visit such domestic
corporation and thoroughly inspect and examine its affairs, es-
pecially as to its financial condition." But the Insurance Commis-
sioner can not make any examination upon his own initiative, and
the Chairman of the Insurance Committee, when the matter was
called to his attention, said that he did not propose to have any of
these companies examined by the Commissioner unless they
wanted to be examined.
One purpose of the provision is said to be to head off examina-
tions by officials of other States, the idea being that if it is pro-
prosed by an outsider to come there and have an examination, the
company can have an examination made by the Massachusetts
Commissioner, and that the result will be accepted by the foreign
official, without making an examination himself. But, after all
No. 4. The Review. 51
these precautions, there is good authority for saying- that this en-
tire system will come to a ruinous end unless the rates which are
charged are high enough to cover the expectation of death which
is shown by the mortality tables.
Massachusetts has a tragic story to tell of immense sums lost
in the experiment of cheap insurance. The beginning was in the
"pass-the-hat" style of insurance, whereby an association was
formed, and when a member died a collection was raised among
the survivors to collect the sum promised in case of death. The
Massachusetts Mutual Benefit Association and the Bay State Bene-
ficiary Association were the pioneers in this field. Following in
their tracks came the Iron Hall and a great flood of endowment
orders, which stimulated the gambling spirit, which put fortunes
in some men's pockets, and caused heavy loss to thousands of vic-
tims. A lower depth was struck in the "home investment" or-
ders, which were so bad that they were prohibited by law, as soon
as they were started. Then came the wreck of the endowment
orders, after furious contests in the legislature between the op-
posing sides. Following this came the crash of the two great as-
sociations mentioned, and now the fraternals, which were sup-
posed to be in solid ground and beyond the need of protection, are
trying to save themselves by putting up their rates as delicately
and rapidly as the temper of their members will allow. Their
officers see b3T this time that they are doomed unless they make
their rate equal to the expectation of death.
"Nostalgia."
"Nostalgia"' is the ilatest fine word employed to butter the
Philippine parsnip. The Evening' Post comments thereon with
beautiful satire as follows :
"Nostalgia," we are told, is what is the trouble with our troops
in the Philippines. They are not suffering from anything so vul-
gar as homesickness ; they are not disgusted, indignant, weary,
exasperated ; oh, no ; they simply have that elegant complaint,
"nostalgia." And the cure is obvious. "News from home" is all
that the soldiers need. A daily bulletin from the United States
would do a poor fellow steaming in the swamps of Luzon more
good than a dose of quinine. Accordingly, arrangements are mak-
ing to extend the Manila cable service, and the government will
repeat news bulletins to the troops gratis. It is easy to see how
this will work. A trooper tempted to swear like his kind at hav-
ing his tent washed away and his bed dropped into three feet of
mud and water, will have this despatch handed to him :
"Indianapolis. Senator Beveridge declares that the Philippine
climate is the finest in the world."
It is certain that, instead of oaths, we should then get tears of
52 The Review. 1902.
joy. To a detachment emerging- from the jungle, gaunt and
hungry, after a fruitless week's chase of will-o'-the-wisp insur-
gents, will be wigwagged this cheering bulletin :
"Chicago. Gen. Otis thinks that the military experience ac-
quired in the campaigning in the Philippines will be much appre-
ciated by the rank and file."
And the most depressed soldiers' mess, the barrack-room fullest
of woe, the hospital darkest with melanchol}', will be instantly
transformed into a scene of gayety by the receipt of this cablegram
from the dear old home :
"Washington. Secretary Root emphatically asserted in the
House Military Committee that there was not a word of truth in
the rumors that the soldiers in the Philippines were discontented.
He said that since Chairman Hull had left the islands the spirits
of the men of all arms had visibly risen."
Haired of the Religious Garb.
t is not often that one sees a priest, and especially a monk,
or a sister, in religious garb on the streets of a large
city, without hearing some contemptuous or execratory
remark from a passer-by.
Whence this horror, contempt, and hatred? Is not the cassock
of the priest made of the same cloth (though mayhap of somewhat
coarser quality) as the dress-coat of the average well-to-do citizen?
Does the habit of the religious, male or female, bespeak any thing
else but humility and austerity of life ?
Under the garb there is the principle ; and detestation of the
habit is nearly always inspired by hatred for what it stands for.
A man's attire is the palpable reflex of his character and function.
The soldier wears the martial garb, adapted in every detail to his
sanguinary profession. In the magistrate, the toga is symbolic of
gravity and the majesty of the law. If the soldier is the man of
war, the magistrate the man of the law, the priest, be he regular
or diocesan, is the man of God, and it is fitting that his attire
should distinguish him as such, His soutane or habit denotes that
he stands forth from the masses by the excellence of his office and
functions ; the Church has provided it for him to make him re-
member his station and to keep him from mixing too freelyiwith
the multitude and thereby contracting its vulgar instincts and
customs. "If in our days," says a recent writer in the Courrier de
Bruxelles (No. 289), "so many men and women do not love the re-
ligious habit, it is because they have lost the habitude of reflecting
upon their destiny, of turning their minds to Heaven and culti-
vating those high thoughts and noble sentiments which the priest,
and the nun too, inspires ; because the sight of a religious is for
them a constant torture, and they seek to stifle their remorse in
open exclamations of disgust or a feigned facetiousness."
53
Justice to the Jesuits.
II. — [Conclusion.]
his is only a scanty outline of M. de Ladeveze's interesting-
article in the Open Court. It is indeed a very remark-
able defense of the Jesuits, all the more remarkable, as
it appears at a time when the religious orders are expelled from
France and special hatred is manifested against the Jesuits ; at a
time when bigotted Protestant papers in England revive the old
and oft-exploded calumnies against the Society ; at a time, alas !
when even one or the other Catholic openly attacks the Jesuits.
We need not remind the readers of The Review of Father Taun-
ton's publication, which has been severely censured even by fair-
minded Protestants. (See comments of the"_N.Y. Times in The Re-
view, Oct. 24th, p. 474; of the Baltimore Sun in The Review, Dec.
5th, p. 576.)
Can we be surprised that the majority of non-Catholics entertain
the silliest [notions of a Jesuit, when they see that even some
Catholics are bitterly opposed to the Society ? Among the letters
to Bismarck published a short time ago, is one of the late Cardinal
Hohenlohe*), in which he writes to Bismarck that "it is good to
guard our fatherland against this pest of the country." In
order to show the real character of this man, it will suffice to say
that in an earlier letter to Bismarck (March 6th, 1876) he had also
expressed the hope and the wish that "the work of the Centre
Party in Germany might be paralized." — We can easily under-
stand why the enemies of the Catholic Church attack this order
vehemently. Indeed, it is but natural that the courtiers of Queen
Elizabeth, the sectaries of Germany, the Communists of Paris,
the revolutionary party in Italy, the Bonzes in Japan, Masonic gov-
ernments,— in short all who hate the name of Catholic, — concen-
trate their deadliest animosity on the unfortunate Jesuits; nor are
we surprised to find that the Jansenists in France were always
their bitter enemies, or that those who call themselves "Liberal
Catholics" have invariably stood aloof from them. But how is it to
be explained that, at times, defenders of the Church, priests, or
even bishops, archbishops, and cardinals have treated them coldly?
The late Father Clarke, of Oxford, England, has well answered
this question (in the Nineteenth Century, August, 1896.) He says :
"Sometimes, indeed, it may be that individual Jesuits have, by
their unfaithfulness to the principles of their order, deserved the
ill feeling with which they have been regarded. But in a large
majority of cases it is due either to prejudice or ignorance of the
0 See its text in No. 2 of the present volume of The Review.
54 The Review. 1902.
true spirit of the Society, or to a false impression that the Jesuits
exercised an influence which interfered with their own lawful au-
thority, and were a rival power in the government of the Church.''
A similar explanation is furnished by the history of the educa-
tional work of the Society. The opposition of Catholic institutions
to the Society is frequently looked upon by non-Catholics as the
surest proof of the dangerous character of the Jesuits. They
point to the hostility of the once famous University of Paris and
its struggles against the Society. But a German Protestant, a
professor in the University of Strassburg, not in the least partial
to the Jesuits, writes : "This hostility evidently arose from jeal-
ous}', as the youths of Paris flocked to the schools of these dan-
gerous and dexterous rivals, while the lecture rooms of the Uni-
versity' were empty." t)
The same opinion is held by M. Jourdain, the historian of the
University of Paris. j) This historian describes the scientific
stagnation of the University and the frightful licentiousness of the
students, in consequence of which parents did not dare to send
their sons to the University, but were anxious to have them edu-
cated by the Jesuits. The University combated this competition
not so much by raising the intellectual and moral standing of the
University, as by acts of Parliament, expelling the Jesuits or clos-
ing their colleges.
This manner of dealing with the Jesuits as rivals in education
was repeated several times in France. When in 1880 Ferry intro-
duced laws for suppressing the Jesuit schools, Albert Duruy
asked in the liberal Revne des Deux-Mondes whether such meas-
ures were an honest way of defeating the dreaded rivals of the
state schools. May not the same policy be at the bottom of the
recent iniquitous laws against the religious orders in France?
Also in Germany and other countries the Jesuits had in the first
century ofltheir existence, to encounter the opposition of the old
universities. The reason has been given by Professor Paulsen,
of the University of Berlin, a Protestant :
"The old corporations at Ingolstadt, Vienna, Prague, Freiburg,
and Cologne resisted with might and main, but it was all in vain ;
the Jesuits were victorious everywhere. The old corporations in
possession of the universities have often raised the charge of 'im-
periousness,' 'desire of ruling, \"against the Jesuits, and many his-
torians of these institutions have passionately repeated this
charge? Certainly not without reason. But it must be added that
it was not the desire of ruling that springs from vain arrogance,
"OlZiegler : Gcschichte der Piidagogik, 1895, p. 121.
X) Jfistoirc de /' f/nhcrsitd de Paris, 188S, especially Vol. I, pp. 53
foil, and II, 298-300.
No. 4. The Review. 55
resting- on external force or empty titles, but the desire that arises
from real power which is eager to work, because it can work and
must work." *)
It is recorded that the founder of the Society used to pray that
his sons might always be the object of the world 'shatred. This pray-
er of St. Ignatius has been heard. It is not difficult to realize that
those persecutions, misunderstandings, and misrepresentations
must be the most painful to the Society which come from those
who ought to be its friends and allies. The Jesuits might find a
compensation in the fact that there is scarcely any institution in
the Church which has received more lavish praise from broad-
minded, impartial Protestants. Still we doubt whether they care
much for this praise. If they are what they claim to be, zealous
defenders of the Church, they can not fail to see that the attacks
on the Society as such naturally prove prejudicial to the Church.
For, although the Society is not the Church, still non-Catholics
consider the Jesuits "the best representatives of the Church," in
the words of M. de Ladeveze. Hence reproaches cast on the So-
ciety by so-called "liberal Catholics," necessarily confirm Protest-
ants in their preconceived notions of the utter corruption and
moral perversity of the "Romish" Church, which avails itself so
largely of this "most energetic but most pernicious organization."
Thus it becomes manifest that the honor of the Church requires
that justice be done to the Jesuits.
*) Geschichtc des hohern Unterrichts, p. 281.
A "Hvigging-Bee" to Help a. Church. — A Toledo correspondence
of the St. Louis Post- Dispatch (Jan. 26th) tells of trouble caused
in the Protestant congregation at North Greenfield, Logan Co.,
Ohio, by a "hugging-bee." The objection is not so much against
the "bee" itself, as against the scale of prices, which was as fol-
lows :
"Girls under 15 years of age, 15 cents for a hug of two minutes,
or 10 cents for a short squeeze; from 16 to twenty years, 50 cents;
from 20 to 25 years, 75 cents; school-ma'ams, 40 cents; other
men's wives, $1 ; old maids, 3 cents each and no time limit."
The trouble has arisen not from any squirms of conscience on
the part of the older people, but from the loud protests of five
typical old maids belonging to the parish, of whom three are very
liberal contributors. O tempora, O mores!
56
The Bollandists.
N the second week of last November was celebrated at
Brussels the golden jubilee of religious life of Pere Ch.
de Smedt, President of the Society of the Bollandists.
Father van der Heyden, in one of his Louvain letters to the Port-
land Catholic Sentinel, made this celebration the peg- whereon to
hang- a very interesting- little essay on the Bollandists and their
work, from which we condense the following : The originator of
the great biography of Saints called 'Acta Sanctorum'1 was the
Flemish Jesuit Roesweyd, who worked about thirty years to
gather the first materials, but fame was first given to the colossal
enterprise by Fr. John de jBolland, S. J. (born near Maestricht in
1596, died in 1665), who published the first volume in 1643. Bol-
land was thirty-five years at the task, his associate Henschen,
forty-six, and his other collaborator, Papebroch, forty-five. The
work was continued uninterruptedly by members of the Society
of Jesus till the Suppression, in 1773. The Revolution scattered
them and their precious library. In 1837 the Jesuits were pre-
vailed upon, with the aid of a grant by the Belgian government, to
take up again the abandoned work. The resuscitated hagiograph-
ical society took a new start under the direction of Fr. van Hecke.
After eight years of preliminary work, the fifty-fourth volume ap-
peared in 1845. Eight others have since followed, the last being
published in '94. The sixty-third, which will treat of the Saints
of the early part of November, will not be ready for some time to
come.
A second edition of the forty-five first volumes of the 'Acta'' was
issued between 1734 and 1770 ; and a third edition, up to the fifty-
ninth volume, was brought out by Palme in 1869. There are about
ten complete sets in the trade yet. The price of a set is $600.
The late volumes sell at $15 a volume.
At present there are six "Bollandists." When they are not
making researches in libraries or foreign countries, they work in
what they call their "shop," at Brussels — an immense library-
room, containing over 100,000 volumes treating of history, archae-
ology, patrologv, or hagiography. This libraiw is unique in the
world for its specialty. Besides the books in the libraiw, the
Fathers receive, to help them in their researches, six hundred re-
views. They themselves publish a periodical, the Analecta Bol-
landiana, as a manifestation of their vitalitjT and to keep up an in-
tercourse with the learned historians of the world.
Volume ii. of Wetzer and Welte's ' Kirchenlexikon' contains a
lengthier article on the subject, by Andreas Schmid, which we
have consulted in making the above synopsis of Fr. van der Hey-
den's paper, correcting a few slight errors.
57
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
The Pope to the Bishops of Greece. — A graceful document, full not
merely of wise instructions but likewise of interesting- classical
allusions, is the letter which the Holy Father has addressed to
the Latin archbishops and bishops of Greece. In a communica-
tion by which it is intended to further education such allusions
are naturally most appropriate. No one, His Holiness observes,
is so ignorant of the past as not to be moved by the thought of the
glory and greatness of Greece, the light of ancient civilization and
the mother of all the arts. The Pontiff fondly refers to his own
early studies in Greek literature, stating that the foremost Ionic
and Attic writers were favorites of his, and that he directed his
attention especially to the investigations of the Greek philoso-
phers. His appreciation of Aristotle was manifest from the honor
he had paid to the Stagyrite's most illustrious disciple, St. Thomas
Aquinas. He had also been inspired with great reverence by the
Greek fathers and doctors of the Church, and at the commence-
ment of his pontificate he had had the happiness of signalizing the
merits of SS. Cyril and Methodius. His Holiness confesses that
he has been influenced not a little by the examples of the Greek
predecessors in the chair of Peter, and he pays a high tribute to
the Greek love for the integrity of ancient discipline and ritual.
The divisions which resulted in the separation of Greeks and
Latins he deplores, but Catholics, he says, must not despond.
The lyceum for the education of youth, which he caused to be
founded some years ago at Athens, had proved successful, and
now he approves of the establishment in the same buildings of a
seminary for the training of the clergy in higher Greek literature.
The Historical Origin of "St. Anthony's Brief."— In sl late number of
the Month (Dec. '01) Fr. Thurston, S. X, traces the historic origin
of what is known as St. Anthony's Brief. His conclusion is three-
fold ; first, that St. Anthony of Padua was not the author of the
formula in question, which probably dates dates back to the early
centuries of Christianity ; secondly, there is no proof of any sort
to show that the devotion was practised by or known to St. An-
thony of Padua ; thirdly, for the first mention of his name in con-
nection with it we have to turn to astory of an apparition of St. An-
thony about fifty years after his death.
Protestantism in Mexico. — According to the Independent (No. 2771)
there are at present in Mexico, in round numbers, about 200 Prot-
estant missionaries, ordained and laymen, men and women; about
twice as many native workers, and some 30,000 Protestant believ-
ers, with a much larger number of nominal adherents. The dif-
ferent evangelical organizations are drawing nearer together of
late, with a view to organic union. Nevertheless it is pretty safe
to say that Protestantism has no future in Mexico.
Danger of a Schism in France. — We have not seen M. Brunetiere's
article on this subject in the Revue des Deu.x Mondes,\but note that
58 The Review. . 1902.
the valiant Msgr. Fevre in a learned paper in the November issues
of the Revue du Monde Catholiquc expresses his firm opinion that
there is great danger that the government will contrive to intrude
its own creatures into the episcopate, and then finally to break
with Rome by means of them. Rev. Dr. Maignen, in his latest
book, "Xouveau Catholicisme et Nouveau Clerge" ' (Paris : Victor
Reteaux), shows conclusively that this danger is real and imminent.
A New Congregation of Polish School-Sisters. — Archbishop Kain has
authorized the organization, in St. Louis, of a sisterhood of Polish
women for teaching in the Polish parochial schools of the country.
This congregation is to be known as the Sisters of St. Francis of
St. Louis, and will have its home for the first at 1439 N. Ninth
Street, in a structure belonging to St. Stanislaus parish. A com-
mission of three priests has been appointed to agree upon rules
for the new sisterhood. The membership at the beginning will
consist of three sisters, who have been transferred from the Sis-
ters of St. Francis of Oldenburg, Ind., and five novices. The plan
is to build the community of new material, although a few Polish
sisters will be .transferred from other orders upon application.
LITERATURE.
The Cave by the Beechfork — A Story of Kentucky, 1815. — By Henry L.
Spalding, S. J. (Benziger Bros. 1901.) — This book deserves to be
recommended to our boys. It presents an interesting pen-picture
of events of the glorious vear of 1815 and derives its attractiveness
chiefly from the description of Old Kentucky customs. Its hero,
a Kentucky boy of fifteen, by his skill and energy saves General
Jackson's message of the victory of New Orleans.
As high in price as any of Benziger's publications, and in size
somewhat like Fr. Finn's stories, it differs widely from the latter
by its contents, and, as a work of art, takes an inferior place.
That vigor and animated life which characterizes, e. gr., 'Tom
Play fair,' is not everywhere found in this book, and some of the
scenes described at length are but loosely connected with the
thread of the narrative. Many well written passages, however,
especially the account of the shooting match, and of brave Owen
Howard's ride, bear testimony to the talent of the young and evi-
dently enthusiastic author, who by further study bids fair to be-
come an able contributor to Catholic literature. It is with a view
to encourage him that these lines have been written.
EDUCATION.
Parochial vs. Public Schools. — Trustee Gallagher of the Chicago
Board of Public Education is quoted in the New World (Jan. 18th,)
as saying that the parochial and private schools of Chicago take
care of 100,000 children at only one-half the expense the Board in-
curs for the public school system, and the children get a better
education besides. Trustee Brenan, of the same Board, in fact
the senior member of the Board and for years chairman of the
School Management Committee, declared in a public meeting of
the Board, according to the Chronicle of Jan. 17th, that "the work
in the Chicago high-schools is the worst on record Figures
show that three out of thirty-seven pass the tests."
No. 4. The Review. 59
INSURANCE.
The Modern Woodmen Trying to Shove Off Their" Reckoning Day." — The
report of the committee on reserve and emergency fund, appointed
at the national convention of the Modern Woodmen last summer,
has just been made public. According to a despatch in last Sunday's
Globe-Democrat it provides a reserve fund and an ascending- scale
of assessments, to be called as often as required. The rate per
$1,000 protection at the age of 18 is 41 cents and a reserve fund
assessment in addition of 15 cents. There is a gradual advance
in each until the age of 70 is reached, when the mortuary assess-
ments are $3.75 and the reserve rate 55 cents, remaining level
thereafter. This is a slight increase over the old rates.
If Mr. Thompson, of the committee, hopes, as the Globe-Demo-
crat says, that this new plan will place the order upon a sound
basis, he hugs a vain delusion. It will onty postpone the fatal
reckoning-day, that's all.
THE CATHOLIC PRESS.
* The Paris Univers has recently reduced its subscription
price. One of the leading Catholic daily newspapers of Belgium,
Le Courrier dc Bruxelles, was asked to follow suit, but refused to
do so, declaring in its edition of Dec. 11th, that generally speak-
ing, the lowering of subscription rates was bound to result in
weakening the Catholic press ; that a few francs per annum made
little difference to the individual subscriber, while to a newspa-
per's management it meant a deficit of thousands ; that with
Catholic papers generally it was not, as with so many secular
journals, simply a decrease in dividends, but an augmentation of
the sacrifices made by devoted men. Catholics ought gladly to
pay a few cents more for a staunch and superior newspaper in-
stead of clamoring for a cheaper press. In matter of fact, Catho-
lic papers, having a more circumscribed field of circulation, can
not publish at the low rate of secular sheets, which go everywhere
and, besides, have a large income from a class of advertising that
the Catholic press is compelled to close its columns against. All
over the world, with but two or three exceptions, perhaps, the
cheap Catholic papers are inferior and of little help to the cause.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
The Right of Laborers to Organize. — Organized labor has scored a
notable victory through a recent decision of the Illinois State
Board of Arbitration in the case of Plough Workers' Union No.
9,460, against the Sattley Manufacturing Company, of Springfield,
111. The members of the union in their petition to the State Board
claimed that the company had denied their right to organize, and
was endeavoring to break up the union. The State Board declared
that workingmen had as much right to combine for their mutual
benefit and protection as is exercised with more freedom by their
employers, and held that the labor union is based upon the recog-
nition of the potency of organization. In the decision the State
Board recommends that the Sattley Company shall not deny the
right of the men to be members of the Plough Workers' Union,
and shall not discriminate against the members of such union,
or endeavor to persuade them to withdraw from the same.
60
MISCELLANY.
The Catholic l/niorv and Times and the Exiled French Religious.
— An Eastern clergyman, who "has always been a friend of the
Catholic Union and Times and has missed no chance to recommend
that Buffalo paper," in a communication to The Review takes ex-
ception to the utterances of an anonymous writer in the number
of Jan. 2nd, 1902. We print the substance of our correspondent's
remarks, because such utterances as those he censures are unfor-
tunately all too frequent in a portion of our American Catholic
press. He writes :
In an article, "The Church Around the World," the anonymous
writer deplores the sad state of the Church in Brazil and concludes
thus : "Several Latin American countries need priests, but no-
where is there more need of them than in Brazil. Why have none
of the French religions orders thought of settling in that country in-
stead of crowding into England, Canada, and the United States?"1
(Italics ours.)
I shall point out several plain reasons, which they possibly may
have for not doing so.
1. Because they intend to keep in close touch with the other
communities or provinces of their orders, which is rendered ex-
tremely difficult by great intervening distances, especially for those
institutions that are, by their very foundation, restricted to a com-
paratively small portion of the Church's vineyard. 2. Because
they are naturally anxious to stay in the immediate neighborhood
of their beloved France, to watch the development of events, to re-
main uninterruptedly in contact with that country which God has
assigned to them as their field of labor, sacrifices and silent vic-
tories, and to be ready to reopen at shortest notice those "85 ma-
ternity hospitals, 97 asylums for incurables, 1 sanitarium for lep"
ers, 172 asylums for the homeless, 229 homes for the aged, 398 dis-
pensaries and hospitals, 398 works for assisting laborers in debt,
512 night lodging houses, 691 orphanages and 1,428 other houses
of beneficence," which are mentioned in the same article as having
already been closed in consequence of the law. 3, Because the ex-
penses for transporting whole communities to so distant a land
would be very heavy, not to speak of the difficulty of providing
homes for them, unless we want them to sell — perhaps for a trifle —
all those orphanges, hospitals, asylums, etc., not seized by the
government, and thus to deprive themselves of all hope of ever re-
turning to their country and their work. 4. As the well informed
editor of the Catholic Union and Times will perhaps remember, some
of these orders already had their houses in England whenthey were
expelled some fifteen years ago. They now simply go back to the
same places, to await another chance of returning to their right-
ful homes. 5. Moreover, is the Rev. editor (or the writer of the
article) sure that they did or do not contemplate settling in Bra-
zil? The fact that until now no mention to that effect was made
in the papers, is no proof of the contrary, since for good reasons
the superiors of the orders may have withheld their plans from
the public.
No. 4. The Review. 61
This much in answer to the quoted passage as far as it contains
a question. It implies, however, an unsought-for advice with a
rather sharp rebuke for the poor exiled French religious, and as
such gives rise to some more reflections.
Those good men and women, by joining a religious order, made
great sacrifices to God. Heaven alone knows their trials ; Heaven
alone knows that their joy on earth consists in following the cru-
cified Saviour in a manner which, in its essential features, is most
perfect ; which is, according to the saints, a constant martyrdom.
Bad men, sworn enemies to Christ and the Church, add to those
sufferings by making life impossible for them in their beloved coun-
try. And here there isaCatholicpriest,whoseemsnot to besatisfied
with these trials, and in a paper, read, as he claims, by 40,000 fel-
low-Catholics, publicly rebukes those brave, generous souls for
not having chosen a banishment ten times as hard. Have they not
done enough to show their burning zeal for the honor of God and
the salvation of needv souls?
The Foreshadowed Way. — Under the title 'The Foreshadowed
Way, ' Mrs. Helen Aldrich De Kroyf t, now 83 years of age and for
over fifty years blind, gives to the public a most remarkable his-
tory of her life experience.*) It is a story of what may be named
a vision and its gradual fulfilment during the course of near fifty-
nine years. The last scene, and to the present writer, as a Cath-
olic, the most important, and for which she solicits the prayers of
the charitable, is still to be realized.
It is, I believe, an undisputed principle in Christian philosophy
that God alone can make known future events depending on the
free will of men; that such a revelation is invariably for a wise and
gracious end ; that it may be swiftly made ; in a mysterious lang-
uage of symbols not apparent until the reality interprets the pre-
figured symbols. The present writer has a clear and distinct
memory of a certain morning in the year 1843, when a solemn con-
clave of four or five intimates were called upon to consider the
meaning of what had transpired in the course of four or five
seconds, scarcely twenty-four hours previously. Helen Aldrich
was my classmate, and she was seriously depressed as she related
to us that on the morning before, as the eleven o'clock bell sum-
moned our class in Legendre, and she started forward, she was
instantly cut off from every present environment in a mvsterious
way, but only for a few seconds in which she seemed to pass
through years and years of time, marked by ten mystical mile-
stones along the way. School-girl fashion we listened. But I had
already learned to be very critical over mysteries. As a counter-
irritant to the depressing outlook, I quickly mounted upon the
table and pronounced these words : "Fellow girls. This is doubt-
less a second edition of Daniel's vision, and I move that notes be
taken and recorded in the archives of the seminary for future
reference." A laugh succeeded and the conclave came to an end.
Nearly fifty-nine years have passed since I thus substantiated the
*) The book, 12mo. cloth, $1.00, comes from the press of .the F.
Tennyson Neely Co., 11+ Fifth Ave., New York.
62 The Review. 1902.
fact of a mysterious something in the experience of Helen at the
Seminary- at Lima, N. Y.
Two years elapsed and almost obliterated the sad memory in
Helen's mind when three mile-stones of the Foreshadowed Way
arose before her as dire realities, in quick succession. With a sad
face, but clothed in pure white, she becomes a bride at the bed-
side of Dr. De Kroyft. Before night she is a widow in deep black,
with his relatives at his grave — the morning sun shining on Lake
Ontario. Three weeks, and darkness overshadows her eyes. A
number of the recognized mile-stones were made reality by the
action of the government. The last scene of what I have chosen to
call mile-stones, Helen long regarded as a proof that her eye-sight
would be restored. But I and other Catholics have regarded it as
the light of faith, and this is that for which I humbly bag the
prayers or" the charitable. Space forbids mention of the historical
value of this small volume of letters mostly written in the fifties.
— Elizabeth A. Adams.
About Stenography. — A reader in Scranton, Pa., sends us the
subjoined remarks relative to the article "Stenography" in No. 2 of
The Review.
Yes, the "dead easy" systems are pretty much advertised, and
brought before the public as easy systems. They keep what they
promise : ease and accuracy for the purposes of correspondence,
and perfect reproduction of rapid speech in the hands of excep-
tionally gifted men. This is especially true of systems built up
on a basis different from that of either Gabelsberger or Stolze. In
matter of fact, stenography is an art comparatively easy to learn,
especially for those endowed with a sprightly mind and a facile
hand. Dr. Edw. Engel, and architect Max Conradi, yes, we know
them. They are amongst the Zitriickgebliebenen, having set their
heads against the simplification of the old Stolze system. But in
vain ! There they sit in the seclusion of the Reichstag — able men
no doubt, but sneering and snarling at all and everybody desirous
of simplifying and popularizing the winged art. Hinc illae
lacrymac!
The first five lines of page 22 constitute an insult to our short-
hand teachers. Any good business college can impart our young
people a practical knowledge of shorthand, say 100 words, suffic-
ient for the average mercantile office, and that in five months or
less, giving a good knowledge of type-writing and business forms
to boot. And these j^oung people aggregate tens of thousands
every year. As to the great number of incompetents, the writer
evidently does not speak from an American point of view, since a
record of 250 syllables per minute is a great one, to say the least.
It may be the average speed of Dr. Engel, the phenomenal German
writer, but this country, having in preference to all others, a well-
trained corps of official court stenographers, is certainly not to be
reckoned last. Let the writer publish his challenge of 250 words
in the Typezvriter and Phonographic World, 332 Broadway, New
York, and he will soon come to grief.
63
NOTE- BOOK.
It seems to be established on the most eminent medical author-
ity that Czolgosz's brain, like every other organ of his body, was
entirely normal, and that the assassin was fully responsible for
his awful deed. The simple lay mind, observes the Excelsior (959),
arrived at this conclusion long ago. Czolgosz was sound and
healthy in body and mind — so far as the intellect is concerned; but
his soul was diseased, fatally poisoned, through his own fault and
that of others.
4&> ^^ ^K
A reverend reader sends us a copy of a circular issued by a cer-
tain new oil company, which offers "profitable investments for
people with moderate means," under the motto, "No Gusher, no
Pay !" in such alluring terms that a special word of warning would
seem to be called for. The circular "invites the closest scrutiny
to the company and its methods" and offers the pastor a discount
of 5 per cent, on every dollar's worth of stock sold through his
efforts to the members of his congregation or to his friends any-
where. No money is asked for in advance, but the payment is due
only after the company has secured an oil well on the 6,050/^
acres of land which it claims to have in the oil district of Texas.
It is emphasized that stock is now selling for one quarter of its
value and that the price will be advanced 50 per cent, just as soon
as the first gusher is found.
Our reverend correspondent remarks that this scheme is the
shrewdest that has come to his knowledge for a long time. Of
course, no priest is in a position to give the concern "close scru-
tiny," and any one who subscribes conditionally will have to pay
up as soon as the company sends out notice that the first oil well
has been discoversd, which it will doubtless do as soon as it has
roped in as many of the lambs as it can hope to capture.
The reverend clergy can not be warned too often or too earnest-
ly to be on their guard in these matters. More fake circulars are
being sent to them from week to week, so that one is forced to
conclude that the sharpers must have found out by experience
that a certain number of inexperienced clergymen can be depended
upon always to snap at an enticing bait. Our reverend friend
thinks The Review is worth its subscription price several times
over if for no other reason than because of the timely warning it
gives against fakirs and swindlers of every description.
& & &
The following communication from a Catholic pastor emphasizes
a point we made in our recent paper on the Knights of Columbus:
"In the Eifel district of Germany, where hogs are largely fed on
bran, there is a saying, 'Mix yourself up with the bran and you
will be devoured by the hogs.' There would seem to be a proper
hint in this homely saw for those clergymen who, to please certain
nominally Catholic society men, permit themselves to be subjected
to the mummery and buffoonery of initiation ceremonies like those
of the 'side rank' of the Catholic Order of Foresters (vide p. 31,
64 The Review. 1902.
last number of The Review). Even an ordinary respectable lay-
man who believes in the dignity of man and possesses a moderate
degree of self-respect would not wish to undergo a ceremony
which made him look, as the Foresters boast, 'like 20 cents on a
load of ha3r.' "
J>~ J* -**■
The last census shows that there is in the whole country, con-
trary to general belief, an excess of sixty-eight per cent, of bach-
elors over the unmarried women. There is not a single State in
the Union that has not more bachelors than "old maids." Among
the various theories set up to account for this situation of affairs,
not one takes into consideration the celibacy of the Catholic clergy,
who are as a matter of course included in the bachelor class of the
census enumerator.
3f SF SF
The International College of Languages, 13 b, Park Row, New
York, advertises a new " 'Phone Method" of teaching French,
German, and Spanish by which the phonograph is utilized for
teaching correct pronunciation. Each word or sentence can be
repeated thousands of times. If the problem of producing clear
and distinct phonographic records, free from the metallic harsh-
ness characteristic of the common machine, has really been solved,
this method may indeed enable a person to acquire without a
teacher conversational fluency in a foreign language. But has the
problem been solved ? We should be glad to receive reliable in-
formation on the subject for the benefit of several enquiring
readers.
a a £
Rt. Rev. Bishop Messmer, in a letter to the Excelsior^ dated
January 12th, regrets the apathy of the Catholic public in the im-
portant matter of our Catholic Indian schools, for which he finds
the explanation chiefly in the incessant sacrifices required of our
people for the support of their churches and schools and the huge
sums wasted annually in interest on church debts. Those who
nevertheless contribute to the Indian schools deserve all the more
credit.
v *y» *•
The "Anti-Treating Society" now has twenty-three "chapters,"
with a membership of about 3,000, in the United States and Cana-
da. There are more than 3,000 people, however, in this country
alone who neither "treat" nor allow themselves to be "treated."
The movement deserves support, though we do not see the neces-
sity of erecting "chapters" of the Anti-Treating Society. Let
every one act for himself, or let members of existing. societies and
clubs band themselves together with the pledge to swear off
"treating."
j» J* J*-
Society went in automobiles to see the recent horse-shows.
3 3 ^
Within two years the prices of food in this country have in-
creased twenty-five per cent.
A Proposed Reform of the Liturgical
Prayers for America.
he New World, of Chicago, recently (January 11th) printed
the subjoined communication, under the heading- "Kings
and Princes in Catholic Prayer-Books :"
"Is it not high time that the compilers and publishers of prayer-
books for use in the United States, would make an effort to rid
these little volumes of prostrations to kings and princes, which
are an offense to every true republican eye? If this reiterated
asking of blessings on kings and princes is not an accident of com-
pilation from European prayer-books, but is part of the fabric of
our received devotion, would there be any harm, in fact, would it
not be a wholesome change, to remodel them somewhat?
For instance, in the 'Litany of the Saints, ' as printed in prayer-
books in use in this country, is the supplication 'That thou vouch-
safe to give peace and true concord to Christian kings and
princes.'
To one to whom the republican form of government is the next
most precious thing in God's universe to his religion, such exalta-
tion of kings and princes, and ignoring of a far more reasonable
and sanely constituted authority, is, to say the least, extremely
obnoxious. Surely the world has had enough mention of kings
and princes to last it, should it continue to exist for one hundred
thousand years, without dragging the ill-savored memories which
the very mention of their titles suggests, into the necessary daily
devotions of a republican country.
Why may not the prayers at least read, 'our rulers, 'or 'those in
authority,' or 'those who govern us,' if it be too much against pre-
cedent to ask an outright blessing on presidents and elective as-
semblies?
A little party of us true republicans, whose religious zeal has
never been otherwise than strengthened by our political beliefs,
would be much pleased to see our joint objection appear in your
columns and, perhaps, evoke a symposium on the subject from
other readers, or if such might be, more happily still, from the
clerical readers of your journal. Eugene Sullivan,
4727 Calumet Avenue."
*
1. The "patriotic" outburst of "the little party of true republi-
cans" is ill-advised. It betrays a goodly portion of ignorance.
Who are the Christian "princes" for whom the Church prays in
the "Litany of all Saints," which forms a part of her liturgy?
There can be no doubt that in fact "our rulers," or "those in au-
thority," or "those who govern us" are meant. The very etymol-
ogy of the word proves this. "Prince" is derived from the Latin
■princefs, which, according to the Latin Dictionary {American edi-
tion, Harpers, New York, 1882) means : "the first man, first per-
The Review, Vol. IX, No. 5.
66 The Review. 1902.
son, chief, head, leader, prince, i. e. ruler, sovereign, and later :
emperor.'' Worcester, an American author, has in his diction-
ary : "Prince — chief, ruler, sovereign." Webster : "Prince — the
one of highest rank, a person possessing- the highest place or au-
thority." This may suffice to convince the reader that the Chicago
correspondent lacks the most fundamental knowledge of Latin,
and is not a master of his own language. It is evident that in us-
ing the word "princes" the Church includes rulers who are not
kings or "rulers" in general, be they presidents, doges, sultans,
caziques, dukes, emperors, or what not. The Church prays that
the nations may not be plunged into war by their "rulers" or by
"those who govern them." During the Middle Ages, long before
America was discovered by Columbus, himself the subject of a 'king,'
there existed republics in Europe, for instance Venice and Genoa.
The Church prayed for these as well as for the kings of France,
England, Spain, and the chiefs in Ireland, etc. The last war with
Spain has proved that also republics, "presidents," and "legisla-
tive assemblies" can start a war, and the Church certainly in-
cludes them in her prayers Ifor peace. Hence the solicitude of the
Chicago people is uncalled for ; the Church has long ago embraced
all "rulers" and "legislative assemblies."
2. The said communication is also very narrow-minded. The
Catholics of Switzerland have enjoyed the republican form of gov-
ernment for about 500 years. We never heard that they objected
to this prayer, or as it is styled, to these "prostrations'to kings
and princes, so offensive to every true republican eye" (?) [I never
have seen such prostrations. Or do they in Chicago fall down on
their knees when they recite that verse and mention the name of
"kings and princes "? If this be the case, I say : Stop that abuse,
it is not only un-republican, but also un-liturgical.]
If these reformers are consistent, they must strike out a great
number of words from their vocabulary, for instance they should
not say: "Chicago is one of the principal cities of the world ;" for
"principal" is derived from "prince," and this is an "ill-savored"
word. We should have "Presidential Baking Powder" instead of
"Royal Baking Powder." And is it not an "awful" disgrace for
this Republic that two of the finest trains in the country are called
the " Royal Blue" (and that between New York, Washington, and.
Chicago) and the "Empire State Express?" Let us be patriotic
and call the one "Legislative Assembly Blue" and the other "King-
killer Express" or "Down-with-the-Ty rants Flyer." If all this
sounds absurd, I can not see why our would-be reformers' prin-
ciples are not equally absurd.
Further they must object to the custom of calling Cardinal Gib-
bons a "Prince of the Church," a title so far given to all cardinals.
No. 5. The Review. 67
This "little party of republicans" resembles fanatic Protestants :
as these are frightened or wax wroth when they hear the words
Pope, monks, Jesuits, etc., so our republican friends when they
hear the obnoxious words "kings and princes." But is not this
shockingly narrow-minded?
3. The objection against this prayer is irreverent. Many prayers
in our devotional books are for private devotion, but the "Litany
of all Saints" is a liturgical prayer specially sanctioned by the
Church and prescribed for the whole Catholic world. Hence "the
compilers and publishers of prayer-books" have absolutely no
right to change one word in this prayer, not even our bishops and
archbishops can do this ; for this right belongs to the Congrega-
tion of Rites in-Rome. It would be irreverent and arrogant for
laymen to dictate to this Congregation the forms of prayer ; but I
think in this case their ignorance excuses them. For they show
indeed great ignorance in believing that the compilers of prayer-
books can change this Litany. If they want the change by all
means, they may, of course, apply to the said Congregation. How-
ever, they should know that the head of this Congregation, a cardi-
nal, is to be addressed: " Eminentissime -Princess," Most Eminent
Prince. We can not imagine these republicans to stoop so low as to
perform such a prostration before a prince.
Their objection is irreverent for another reason. It is true there
have been bad kings and princes — by the way, were all presi-
dents of the South American republics, saints? — still there were
also many holy kings and princes, whom the Church has raised to
the honor of the altar, to be venerated by all true Catholics. Just
think of St. Louis of France, St. Edward of England,
St. Ferdinand of Spain, St. Henry of Germany, and many
others. St. Aloysius, that lovely Saint, was a prince ; so
were numerous others. And yet, if these patriotic Catho-
lics are consistent, they must demand that these names be
struck out from the Catholic Calendar and from the Roman Missal
and Breviary ; that their statues and pictures be destroyed. A
new era of iconoclasm will have to begin. For the "memories of
kings and princes are ill-savored." Consequently the Congrega-
tion of Rites will have to publish for this enlightened republican
country special liturgical books,"expurgated" of all these offensive
saints, who were so wicked or at least so unfortunate to be kings
or princes. Nay more, the Bible must be "expurgated ;" for we
find in it numerous kings, not only bad ones, as Nabuchodonosor,
Baltasar, Saul, Agaz ; but also good ones.
Moreover, God is called frequently a king, "the great king," "the
King of kings and the Lord of lords." Christ is called "the Prince
of peace," and he speaks of his "kingdom" and calls himself a
68 Thk Review. 1902.
"king-.'' But worst of all is what St. Paul, who claimed a direct
revelation from Christ for his teaching-, writes (I. Timothy, 2,1 — 3):
*'I desire therefore first of all that supplications, prayers, inter-
cessions and thanksgivings be made by men, for kings and for all
that arc in high stations: that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life
in all piety and chastity. For this is good and acceptable in the
sight of God our Savior." Archbishop McEvilly, of Tuam, in his
excellent commentary on St. Paul's Epistles, adds : ' 'For
kings,' even Pagans ; for the kings then existing were Pagan."
Indeed, the Roman emperors of the time were monsters of wick-
edness, for instance Caligula and Nero. And yet St. Paul exhorts
the faithful to pray for them. The italicized words express al-
most literally the prayer of the Litany to which objection has
been made. Must all this be "remodeled," in order not to offend
twentieth-century republicans? Or will they say that the words
of Christ and St. Paul are "an accident of compilation from Euro-
pean prayer-books"? I think these critics must admit that they
have said something very irreverent, or — which I believe is the
case — something very rash and inconsiderate.
4. The suggestion for a reform is entirely un- Catholic. It is a
sign of the Catholicity and universality, hence of the truth, of the
Catholic Church, that in her loving prayers she embraces all, good
and bad, even kings. On Good Friday she offers one of her most
touching prayers for infidels, Jews, and heretics. Why should
she not pray for kings and princes that they may preserve the in-
estimable benefit of peace? If one, let us say a staunch republican,
should pray continually that King Edward — provided he possesses
that power — should make peace with Oom Paul, or that the Russ-
ian and German emperors [should never go to war, would he not
do a most Catholic work, a work good and acceptable to God,
as St. Paul says?
5. For this reason the proposed reform is also un- Christian, be-
ing against the express precepts and against the very spirit of the
Christian religion ; and also for another reason : Suppose even
all kings and princes were the very embodiment of tyranny and
wickedness, the worst enemies of mankind, would it not still be
our duty to pray for them ? Is it not Christ who says : "But I say
to you, Love your enemies, pray for them that persecute you"?
Enough has been said to show that what these Chicago zealots
propose, is not "a wholesome change," but an unwholesome out-
cropping of false patriotism, narrow nationalism, spurious "Am-
ericanism," or call it what you will.
69
American Tyranny in the Philippines.
[hile we sympathize with our American soldiers in the
Philippines, we can not extenuate their misdeeds and
consider it our duty to inform their countrymen in the
United States of the disgraceful tyranny exercised by certain of
our military representatives in those islands.
Here are two facts which have come to us from an absolutely
trustworthy source and can be verified by the testimony of Fathers
Saturnino Urios and Llobera, missionaries at Butuan, Mindanao.
First Fact.
On the 21st of October! last, at Butuan,' Mindanao, one of the
missionaries opened the boys' school, and while many boys at-
tended, others set out as usual for the fields, but not one showed
up in the public school, where two American non-Catholic teachers
were waiting- for pupils. On being informed of this, the Ameri-
can commander of the post, a second lieutenant named , ap-
peared at the pastoral residence, accompanied by the two teachers,
carrying under his arm a copy of the Municipal Code, to show the
Father that he was allowed to go to the public school to teach cate-
chism two or three times a week. As the Father knew the laws
on public instruction very well, he told the Lieutenant that not-
withstanding the liberty which the law gave to any minister of any
religion to teach in the public school, as there were many incon-
veniences and restrictions attendant on such a course, he preferred
to have a private Catholic school in his own house, in view of the
perfect liberty which the said law gave him. On hearing this,
the Lieutenant became very angry and the head teacher said that
he had been very much astonished to find that since the Father's
arrival in the town the number of boys in his school had begun to
diminish, until now there was not a single one left. He added that
he would have to mention this fact in his report.
The Lieutenant said that he would soon see to it that American
Padres of the Roman Church should be sent here, to which the
Father answered that he should be very much pleased to see such
a thing happen. The Lieutenant said finally that he would have
to avail himself of the police and the local Presidente to straighten
things out ; to which the priest replied that he hoped no violence
would be done. That afternoon neither pupils nor teachers ap-
peared in the public school.
The next day the Father, hoping to find the Lieutenant in a bet-
ter frame of mind, went to pay him a visit, but found him frown-
ing and to all appearance in a bad mood. The Father spoke and
gave him all his reasons for opening a Catholic school. He was
answered that he did not need a private school, since he could
70 The Review. 1902.
teach his catechism in the public school, in the church, or where-
ever he liked; that he could have two whole days for this purpose.
"But, said the Father, the educational laws allow me only three
visits a week of half an hour each, provided the requisite permis-
sion has been obtained and the other conditions complied with.
But these conditions I find too hampering1, and the parents, more-
over, have voluntarily brought me many children for my school."
At this juncture the Lieutenant left the room for a moment
or twro. When he re-entered, he drew his sword from its scab-
bard, and raising- it aloft, said in an angry tone : "There are only
four boys in the public school this morning, and I have just sent
word to the Presidente about it. The Catholic Church isn't so
wTeak as you people imagine, the American teachers are not going
to destroy it. It is Spanish that you want to teach. You don't
know enough English to teach, and what you do know you can't
pronounce correctly. In order to teach English well, teachers
have come all the way from America and they are paid good sal-
aries, but if they can't find any pupils, they will return to the
States." To all of which the missionary replied that there were
plenty of boys for two schools if the teachers could get them. So
far as the language was concerned, it was easier for the Fathers —
he knew the native language well enough to teach the children at
least the first steps in English — than it would be for American
teachers who knew neither Spanish nor the language of the natives;
that, in fine, his object was to preserve the faith of the children, to
accomplish which he was bound to do his utmost.
The missionary finally departed, leaving his "friends" in no
friendly mood. Soon after his return home, the local Presidente
presented himself, saying that it was necessary to settle this
affair. "Settle it then, replied the Father, but let no violence be
done." That afternoon policemen were posted under a large tree
in front of the residence and at various other points around the
house to watch for the children as they came out, to catch them and
terrify them by bringing them beforethe judge! Even in the face of
suchatravesty of justice one could not help laughingtoseethechild-
ren running afield, with the police chasing after them, hiding wher-
ever they could find cover, some even taking refuge in the dense
forest near by, until the police had disappeared, when they went
home to tell their parents what had happened. . . .
On the following day the usual military drill of the soldiers was
dispensed with, and shortly before the hour assigned for the
opening of the Catholic school, the brave Lieutenant, with his
soldiers all in arms, appeared in front of the missionary's resi-
dence, placed sentinels at the corners of the building, gave coun-
tersigns, and pretended to make preparations for an attack.
No. 5. The Review. 71
Soon, however, he seemed to get tired of his practical joke and
marched his valiant band back to their quarters. During the
farce, however, the children were watching operations from be-
hind the trees and corners of the neighboring huts, and a good
part of the inhabitants were crowding the windows of their
houses, expecting to see an attack made on the Father's house
For several days afterwards the police scattered themselves all
over the fields, calling the boys and telling them they must go to
the public school if they wanted to avoid trouble. This action of
the police was due to the cowardice of the native Presidente, who
is filled with terror ever since the Lieutenant informed him that
the whole school trouble is nothing but a conspiracy between the
natives and the Padres against the American government ! Now
the poor Presidente, afraid for his life, is doing all he can to help
the public school.
The missionary in his account says: "The people want to send
their children to the Catholic schools, but the Americans and the
Presidente are doing what they can to oppose them."
Second Fact.
An intelligent young Filipino, Pedro Bayete, a graduate of the
CatholicNormalSchool at Manila, had established inButuanaCatho-
lic school of his own and independent of the parish school. He, too,
has been so harassed by petty persecutions on the part of the na-
tive Presidente, under the influence of the same American Lieu-
tenant, that he has closed his school in disgust and betaken him-
self to his native town, where he hopes to be allowed to live in
peace. After various threats had been made to prevent Pedro
from opening his school, and after he had a fair number of pupils
in attendance, the above-mentioned Presidente ordered him per-
emptorily to transfer his school from the house in which he was
conducting the classes and to hold school in a house adjoining the
public school, so as apparently to make his school part and parcel
with the public school, so that the pupils of the latter might be
augmented at least in appearance. This injustice he refused to
submit to, as his school would then lose its character of a private
Catholic school, and as, on the other hand, he said he could not re-
sist the violent measures of the Presidente and his terrified coun-
cil, or feel safe under the threats of the American Lieutenant, he
had to give up his school altogether and go elswhere, where he
would not be tormented ....
Complaints of a similar character, i. e., cases of intimidation,
are heard from various quarters of the archipelago.
72
Disadvantages of the Massachusetts Sys-
tem of Supervising Fra.teriva.ls.
he peculiarities of the Massachusetts law governing fra-
ternal insurance concerns, recently referred to in this
Review (No. 4, p. 49), are well illustrated by the recent
investigation of the Royal Arcanum's affairs. Under the regula-
tions, whenever a fraternal requests it, the Insurance Department
must make an examination, but the Department has no corres-
ponding right of initiative on its side. There is a further provision
in the law that when the Department^has reason to believe that a
fraternal order is violating the law, the Insurance Commissioner
must give notice to the alleged offender, and give it opportunity to
amend its ways before instituting proceedings. When a company
is in condition where it can make a good showing, it can request
the Insurance Department to begin an examination, and the De-
partment has no option but to comply. Then, as occurred the
other week, the disclosures are given to the public with the prestige
of the Insurance Department, and the company gets a large amount
of free advertising of the most advantageous sort.
But one statement at the end of the Royal Arcanum report
brings up another phase of the question. It said that the examin-
ation of the emergency and reserve funds, the mortality exper-
ience, and the sufficiency of rates would be found in an appendix,
issued to the Connecticut Department, which joined in the exam-
ination. The Massachusetts law differs from that of Connecticut.
The Massachusetts Department had no right under its law to en-
ter upon the matters of mortality experience and sufficiency of
rates, and so this note shows that the Massachusetts Department
is out of the case so far as those matters are concerned, while the
Roj-al Arcanum statement is favorable ; yet one of the best-in-
formed men in insurance matters holds that the premium rates
are not yet up to the point of meeting the demands of beneficiaries.
(See N*. Y. Evening Post, Jan. 17th.)
The basis of assessments Iwas changed some three years ago,
so that twenty-one assessments were made in a year, where form-
erly there had been only seventeen. The first year that the
change was made there was a surplus of about $1,000,000 over the
immediate needs. The second 3^ear the margin was narrowed by
a considerable sum, and the third year there was a further falling
off. There have been men inside of the company who, for the last
six years, have been trying to get Ithe rates raised to equal the
rates of the regular life companies, or as near to them as possible.
The fact that the company has not reached its normal death-rate
No. 5. The Review. 73
is regarded as established by the experience of the last three
years. The action of the fraternals in securing: the passage of a
law prohibiting; the formation of any companies which issue poli-
cies for less than the mortality rates established by the';Fraternal
Congress is another proof that the orders realize that the present
rates are not high enough. The Royal Arcanum is said to take
the ground that it is educating its membership as fast as it can to
the fact that the rates must be raised to the basis of the old line
companies, or to a point near it.
The experience of the fraternals, including the American Le-
gion of Honor, the Ancient Order of United Workmen, the Royal
Arcanum, and others, is held in well-informed and impartial circles
to prove thatlthere is no sure basis of whole life insurance short
of that of the old line companies. For temporary insurance the
fraternals may suffice (with a question of the morality of the pro-
ceedings of those who expect to withdraw as soon as an emergency
has passed, leaving others to -bear a greater burden than they
have themselves), but for whole life insurance, they must increase
charges with advancing age. Higher rates for the older men drive
out the best risks, leaving only those who can not get insurance
elsewhere, and that results in a larger death-rate and heavier
assessments.
Nearly all the fraternal orders face a similar difficulty. While
two or three fraternals of the better class have rendered excellent
service in providing cheap insurance for young lives, the mortality
encountered in later years argues against the fraternal contract
as a life proposition. With assessment companies organized on a
similar basis the same conditions apply, the older members find-
ing themselves so burdened with increased charges that many have
been obliged to discontinue the insurance entirely. This has
been attended with great hardship, and in many instances has
left families unprotected at a time in life when it has been impos-
sible for the wage-earner to obtain new insurance.
The different forms of piety are like dishes at a great feast —
meant to be looked at and admired by all. But no guest is ex-
pected to partake of everything presented.
Ng S§ S£
An English paper notes it as a curious fact that although the
eagle is the national bird of the United States, and therefore de-
serving of peculiar honor, yet, in point of fact, the bird is nearly
always ruthlessly killed when the opportunity offers. This state-
ment seems to be impressive until it is remembered that when-
ever they have a chance, Englishmen ruthlessly kill the lion, which
symbolizes the greatness and power of the British Empire.
74
CONTEMPORARY CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
The Evil of Mixed Marriages. — That the dangers courted by Catholics
who marry outside the faith are real, is again proved by the fol-
lowing- figures gathered in various representative American cities
and towns by the (non-Catholic) Young Men's Christian Associa-
tion and published in the Sacred Heart Review [No. 3]:
"In families where the father and mother belong to the same
church, seventy-eight per cent, of the young men are church
members. In families where the father and mother are church
members but do not belong to the same church, only fify-five per
cent. of the young men are church members. In families where
but one of the parents is a church member, only fifty per cent, of
the young men are members of churches. Where the father and
mother are both Catholics, only eight per cent, of the young men
are not church members. Where the father and mother are both
Protestants, thirty-two per cent, of the young men are not church
members. Where one of the parents is a Catholic and the other a
Protestant, sixty six $er cent, of the young men do not belong to a
church."
ART.
To Preserve' Ancient Ecclesiastical Art Specimens in Italy. — At the last
general meeting of the "College for the Veneration of the Mar-
tyrs," its "Magister," Msgr. de Waal, suggested that the bishops
of the various Italian dioceses be advised of the frequent sale, or
exchange for valueless novelties, by ignorant pastors, of ancient
and venerable specimens of ecclesiastical art, such as missals,
chalices, vestments, etc., and asked to stay this abuse by drawing
up a list of all such relics and making proper provision for their
preservation. The suggestion was well received by the Italian
members of the College, and the Cardinal Protector has already
put the matter before His Holiness, who has promised to take the
necessary measures.
Better Decoration of Churches. — The three cardinal principles in
church decoration — that it shall be ecclesiastical, in harmony with
the spirit and directions of the Church, in consonance with the
architectural principles of the building, and consistently carried
out through the entire structure — have all been continually and
carelessly disregarded in most churches — and not only Protestant
churches — in this country. It is pleasant to note that there are
at least some signs of an awakening, or re-awakening, to the poss-
ibilities and responsibilities of church decoration. The interior
decoration of churches is as much of an art as any other branch
of artistic effort, and such work should be entrusted to men es-
pecially trained for it. The struggle of those who are interested
in this work is to raise it from the realm of commercialism and
out of the hands of commercial houses that do such work by the
wholesale, — and place it on the level of an art.
No. 5. The Review. 75
Even the secular press is beginning to be interested in this sub-
ject, at which we of The Review have been hammering for years.
The N. Y. Evening Post of Dec. 7th, e. g., had an intelligent and
appreciative paper. The writer said among other things, that
one important part of this sort of decoration, the creation of
stained-glass windows, has come to be recognized as an art by it-
self and worthy of special study and of practice by men who
stand in the front rank of artists ; that in this particular work
this country is far ahead of its position in stone work and
mural decorations. In the matter of mural paintings in churches,
he thinks, this country is particularly backward, very few artists
having attempted this sort of work, perhaps for the reason that
few churches have felt able to afford the heavy expense of giving
out commissions to really good men.
The writer is quite right in saying that with us, churches have
developed more on the mechanical side of comfort, warmth, and
convenience than on the artistic one. But people are beginning to
be more willing to give money for a less material beautifying of
churches, and, if the artists rise to the occasion, great things may
be hoped for. The question whether there exists in these days
the spirit in artists and in people which makes it possible to pro-
duce a truly appropriate and beautiful type of essentially church
decoration is a much disputed one. There is every prospect that
it will be put to the test within the next few years.
LAW.
Shakespeare as a Legal Authority in Chicago. — Shakespeare as a legal
authority has no standing in the Chicago courts. Judge Water-
man, of the Appellate Court, whose scholarly and literary attain-
ments are well known, holds that Portia's law in the case of Shy-
lock against Antonio "is not law in this or any other country." In
a case at bar, heard in the Appellate Court, counsel sought to ap-
ply the principle laid down in "The Merchant of Venice" to the
guarantor on a note. The attorney, citing Portia's contention in
Antonio's case, tried to make it fit his case, and argued that Por-
tia's decision, strictly construing the obligations in Antonio's
bond, anent the pound of flesh, nothing being said about blood,
made Antonio's bond waste paper, and by the same method of
reasoning the guarantor's obligation in the case at bar was also
waste paper. Judge Waterman took the ground that Portia con-
verted Antonio's bond into an instrument of oppression and robbed
the hapless Shylock of all he had. According to the Appellate
judge, the common law was very rigid in Shylock's time, and the
literal fulfilment of contracts could be expected. If a bond was
forfeited by non-payment of principal and interest, the whole pen-
alty might be demanded, so that Shylock was strictly within
his rights in asking the forfeiture of Antonio's bond.
THE CATHOLIC PRESS.
* The Review is appreciated as far away as Southern Brazil. O
Estandarte Catholico, published in the Portuguese language by
Benedictine Fathers, refers to this journal in No. 1 of its second
volume as "fieriodico altamente diffundido e apreciado nos Estados-
Unidos e Canada, -perser um jornal redigido com absoluto criterio e
seriedade" — a compliment for which we are duly thankful.
76
MISCELLANY.
Why Bishop Matz Refused a. Purse From His Clergy. — When the
Rt. Rev. Bishop of Denver recently returned from his visit ad
limina, the clergy of his Diocese, in their plan of reception, pro-
posed to present him with a purse. To this Msgr. Matz abso-
lutely refused to consent and stated the reasons for his refusal in
his reply to the address of welcome immediately upon his return.
"Money, he said, is a means, not an end. Moreover, it can never
become a medium through which to convey the conceptions of the
mind, much less the finer feelings of the heart. When adapted to
relieve the wants of our fellow-men, or procure for them some
temporal advantage, its character is enhanced and ennobled by
charity whose golden rays obliterate money's vulgar glitter. This
idea could not have entered your mind in this case, for it had no
cause for existence. It was then an effort of your generous hearts
to prove by some tangible token your appreciation and affection
for your Bishop. But for a contest to enlist our interest, the con-
testants should be evenly matched. This was not the case here,
for it would have been a contest between your noble and kind
hearts, inexhaustibly rich in the wealth of love and devotedness
which money can not buy ; and your purses shrunk almost to the
vacuum point by constant calls upon your limited resources. No
one knows this better than I, and for this reason I found myself
compelled to refuse your generous tender. Nevertheless, taking
the intention for the deed, I desire to assure you that I appreciate
more than words can express this generous act, and I thank you
for the same most cordially."
"A Dea.d-Ga.me Priest." — We are sorry to see the subjoined
news-item, which first came to our notice under the above caption,
confirmed by the Catholic Citizen [No. 12] :
"Muggsy" McGraw, the "great" baseball player, was married
at Baltimore, Md., recently, to Miss May Blanche Sindall. Rev.
Father C. F. Thomas married them. The priest is a dyed-in-the-
wool baseball fan Land after the ceremony made the following
speech :
"You have come to this altar to ask the blessing of God and His
Church on the love of your hearts, to utter before Him your vows
of fidelity and to receive from Him assurances of His parental re-
gard and affection. You know it is the sacrifice hit that adds to
the number of runs and wins the game. Fear not the adversaries
that are many and strong, and will seek to rob you of the results
of this union. The game will not be lost as long as you work to-
g-ether. Bunch your hits and the victory is yours. This young
lady will fulfill the fondest hopes reposed in her. She will share
in your triumphs and participate in your defeats. The Church
signs her over to you. You will not have trouble to manage her.
She will keep in spirit and letter the terms of this holy contract.
Lead her around the hard bases of life. Make her steal her way
under the^watchful eye of the enemy until she reaches the home
plate of happiness. Make her score many bright and happy days,
that the pennant of prosperity may continually wave over your
heads."
No. 5. The Review. 77
The Citizen tells us this address "caused much amusement in
Baltimore." Surely not among- Catholics, who must have wondered
that a priest of God should stoop so low.
Genesis of the Knights of Columbus.— Here is an interesting side-
light on the Knights of Columbus. The Milwaukee Sentinel (Jan.
17th) quotes Rev. James H. Brady, of Oshkosh, as follows :
"Some of the ideas which led to the founding of the Knights of
Columbus were taken from the 'Improved Order of Cemented
Bricks.' That was an organization we had when we were attend-
ing the Jesuit University at Montreal. The Rev. Michael McGav-
ney, the founder of the order of the Knights of Columbus, slept
within ten feet of me when we were attending the University.
That was away back in 1872, and the 'Improved Order of Cement-
ed Bricks' was a society we had among ourselves. Father Mc-
Gavney was ordained in 1876, and six years later he founded the
present order in New Haven, Conn."
As It Ma.y Be.— The daily press lately published a Chicago
despatch to this effect : "Blanche Walsh is now a Buddhist. In
her dressing room at McVickar's Theatre seven tapers, set in
separate candlesticks, glow before an image of Buddha."
We may now prepare ourselves for a lot of news despatches
something like this :
Hoboken — Mr. Al. I. Mony, the eminent leading man, announces
that he has been converted to the beautiful religion of the Polyne-
sian Islanders, which permits a man to have forty wives in suc-
cession, and frowns upon his contributing to their support after
divorce.
Cincinnati — Mr. Pype Dreamerre, who is here at the head of his
own company in "The Fatal Freight Train," said to-day that he
had embraced the religious tenets of the Chinese. A handsomely
carved opium pipe occupies a shrine in his dressing room. _
Omaha — Miss Tessie Frivvle, the petite soubrette, who is star-
ring this season in "The Lost Street Car." acknowledged this
evening that she had adopted the religion of the Fijis. One of the
principles of this cult is that the worshippers shall change the hue
of their hair twice a month.
Pittsburg — Mademoiselle Eau de Vie, premiere danseuse of the
Blue Crook Extravaganza Company, says that she is a Theoso-
phist, and that she is now in her forty-second incarnation. Her
statement is generally accepted in all confidence.
Prussia, and the Poles. — Fragments of the Polish people in all
European lands seem to have joined in a movement which is caus-
ing Prussia much disquiet. Its program is for the Poles, wher-
ever scattered, to cherish their language and religion, and to work
together for industrial and financial progress. Posen, which is
almost a "holy city" to the Poles, is the centre of the movement.
In the surrounding country the Prussian government some years
ago strove to plant and cherish German colonies. But the Poles
have shown themselves the more industrious and the more shrewd
in business, and thus have crowded the Germans out and made
the province more exclusively Polish than ever. Now the govern-
ment is making its campaign through the schools and is trying by
7S The Review. 1902.
force to urge the German language upon Polish children, in both
secular and religious instruction.
People who have the physical and intellectual vitality which the
Poles now show7, should be a valuable factor in a nation's great-
ness. There ought to be some way in which Prussia can profit
from Polish progress and thus afford to encourage it, instead of
repressing it. Conglomerate realms are not always harmonious,
nor always discordant. In Austria-Hungary are to be seen ex-
amples of both failure and success in placing diverse nationalities
under a single general government. Probably some better course
can be found in Prussia than that of crushing the aspirations and
checking the progress of a people possessed of so many fine
qualities.
"The Germanizing of an American City." — Under this caption
Hemw James Forman had an interesting paper in a recent issue
of the Boston Transcript, which we find summarized in No. 5 of
Public Opinion. He says the Germans in Milwaukee form about
eight3'-five per cent, of the population and are rapidly Germaniz-
ing the remaining fifteen per cent., so that "Americans in Milwau-
kee will soon be as extinct as the mastodon." German seems to
*'go" everywhere. The laboring classes are better housed in Mil-
waukee than in perhaps any other city of its size. The streets
are clean and nearly every family owns its own little home and is
quietly intent on improving it. There are German schools, Ger-
man saloons, and a good German theatre — Mr. Forman thinks it
is perhaps the best German theatre in the land, and the prices
are so regulated that any one can go at least once a week, From
the first grade on in the public schools the children have instruction
in German an hour daily. "Besides the German children are, of
course, in overwhelming majority in most of the schools. So much
so that many children, when asked where they or their fathers
were born, are so accustomed to hear 'Germany,' that they feel
ashamed to say anything else."
Milwaukee is no doubt the most German among the larger cities
of the United States ; but it is not growing more German from
year to year ; on the contrary : it is less German now than it was.
The younger generation very generally prefer English to the
tongue of their fathers, "if for no other reason" — one young Mil-
waukee German American told us personally a short while ago —
"then for this that it is by far less difficult to speak and write."
Prof. Landois and His Queer Monument. — Number 8 of the Alte
und Ncuc Welt prints a picture of the queer monument erected by
Prof. Hermann Landois to his own memory, in front of his resi-
dence at Mtinster in Westphalia. Prof. Landois is an eminent
zoologist and botanist and author of a number of widely read
books, among them a dialect story called ' Franz Essink, sicn Licitven
und DriczvcnS He was ordained to the priesthood in 1859, but
long ago gave up all exercise of his sacerdotal functions, without,
however, so far as we are aware, apostatizing formally from the
Church. The monument by which he has enriched his native city
is a statue representing the Herr Professor himself in a long
Prince Albert coat, with a high silk hat a la Uncle Tom on his
head, and the long pipe so well beloved of German students and
professors in his mouth.
79
NOTE-BOOK.
Editorial Letter-Box. — Rev. St. H. — Like in most productions
of the kind, in the clipping- from the Advance truth and falsehood
are so thoroughly mixed that it would require a lengthy criticism
to set the matter right. For this I have neither the inclination
nor the space. H. H. — I have received but two or three copies
of the Literarische Warte so far and found nothing objectionable
therein. Hence the recommendation.- Rev. Dr. P., Breslau. —
I am glad your interest in the U. S. continues unabated and that
The Review is of service to you and a number of others in various
foreign countries to keep themselves an courant. -Msgr. B.,
Munich. — Paper received. I shall return it as requested. F.
A. F. — Their Catholicism is indeed fearful and wonderful to be-
hold. Dr. Jusque. — Your Kraus-biography came a week too
late. The other quodlibets will be used if space permits.
"Lectori et Amico" — I said: If Dr. Fox's charges are
true, then Fr. Thein is a clerical impostor. The charge of slov-
enly English was incidental. He appropriated Vigouroux without
credit or acknowledgment and put another's work forth as his
own. The second edition is practically a new work and the read-
ers thereof can not be expected to purchase the first (if it can still
be had) to find out whence he took matter which is to all appear-
ances original with him. Dr. Fox is clearly right and Fr. Thein
— well I am sorry for Fr. Thein. Rev. J. J. H. — I am ready to
print the article whenever you get it ready and to give you as
many extra copies at three cents a copy as you may wish. Rev.
J. M. T. — Thanks for your kindness. 1. Throw the clipping
away. 2. The complainant was a Chicago altar-builder.
General Remark. — One of my readers expostulated with me the
other day because I did not answer a communication of his. An-
other wants to know why a query in his recent letter of remittance
remains without a reply. The query will be answered in The
Review in due time, as it concerns a matter which is of general
interest. The communication of the first-named reader I did not
answer simply because it did not imperatively require an answer,
and I am compelled \>y overwork and the state of my health to
eschew all labor which is not absolutely necessary. For the pres-
ent I shall do as I did in the past for a while — answer my corres-
pondents in all matters not purely personal in this letter-box.
& & &
One A. M. Moore, Manager of the National Book and Bible
House, Philadelphia, solicits the names of Catholic men and women
to sell a 'Life of Our Holy and Illustrious Sovereign Pope Leo
XIII.' "now in course of manufacture," but which will be "in the
event of the demise of the Holy Father, immediately placed on the
market." Large profits are promised from the sale. A priest who
sends in five or ten names gets a free copy. Moore caps the climax
by declaring : "The fact that I am a Catholic and a regular attend-
ant of the Gesu Church of Philadelphia, where my first commun-
ion was made some thirty years ago, may perhaps cause you to
manifest a willingness to assist one of your own kind."
80 The Review. 1902.
We are not aware of the existence of a Catholic Bible House in
America. A Catholic manager of a Protestant Bible House is
certainly one of a kind — not our own. But should it be a Catholic
house, it does not in view of its methods deserve the name, nor
Catholic patronage.
«„• ^m V
Wh)r the articles in The Review are no longer signed ?
Because, for various reasons, we think it better so — at least for
the nonce. Moreover, we believe in the freedom of the press, and
neither civil nor ecclesiastical laws compel us to tag our effusions
with our names in order to relieve censorious criticism of the task
of answering our arguments by covering the writers with personal
abuse. Sup. sat.
±* ±* j~
We may as well answer the question here : "Why do you not let
Americanism rest in its grave? It is dead."
The late Maurice Thompson, in a thicket on a mountain side,
once saw a man kill a rattlesnake. He beat the life out of it with
a club, and then continued the pounding until it was mangled be-
yond recognition. When Mr. Thompson remonstrated, the snake-
killer said his say in seven very significant words :
"Ye cayn't kill a rattlesnake too dead."
^» ^* ^»
Priestly millers or miller-priests are the result of the too fre-
quent adulteration of flour in France. At the Eucharistic Cong-
ress of Lourdes in 1899, attention was called for the first time to
the fact that pure flour had become a rare commodity. Lately the
Archbishop of Lyons has established a "Eucharistic mill," with a
priest as manager and superintendent. The mill announces its
readiness to ship flour to any priest in France or even outside, and
to supply genuine altar-bread by mail.
^^ 4&> £&
The Society for the Protection of Italian Immigrants now has
its organization in working order. Its office is located at 17 State
Street, New York, near the Barge Office. In connection with it
there will be conducted an employment bureau. The lodging
house for Italian immigrants is at 522 Broome Street, now called
Hotel Cristoforo Colombo. We are glad that at last the poor Ital-
ians are taken care of.
In this connection we wish to re-echo the latest urgent appeal of
the "Leo*Haus," at No. 6 State Street, New York, which is more
than ever in need of support in consequence of the constantly
growing appeals to its charity by poor immigrants of every nation-
ality. The "Leo-Haus," since its establishment in 1889, has shelt-
ered 51,415 guests, most of them gratis, and the Spiritual Director,
Rev. U. C. Nageleisen, has lately begun the publication of a quar-
terly magazine, Das Leo-Haus Blatt, for the purpose of reviving
the interest of especially the German speaking Catholics of the land
in this necessary and beneficent institution, founded by their gen-
erosity thirteen years ago.
On the Necessity of Catholic La-
bor Unions.
he Catholic Columbian recently [Jan. 18th] went out of its
way to utter a protest against the movement in German
Catholic circles in Buffalo, Chicago, and elsewhere in
this country, to establish Catholic working-men's unions. Our
contemporary declared that there were no reasons to justify the
segregation of Catholics in the United States ; that on the con-
trary, under the conditions at present obtaining, "it is a duty in-
cumbent on Catholics not to flock by themselves in matters of this
kind, but to stay with their neighbors and permeate them with
sound principles." If Catholics found labor unions of their own,
the Columbian says :
"1. They will add to the number of separate and hostile labor
organizations. The squabbles of the Knights of Labor, the Am-
erican Federation of Labor, the Amalgamated Association, etc.,
etc., already furnish more than sufficient discord. A new society,
formed chiefly by withdrawals from old ones and acting indepen-
dently of other organizations, would weaken the cause of labor,
and be a detriment instead of an advantage to it.
"2. They would introduce the religious line into the labor move-
ment. Catholic workingmen have enough bigotry to meet now.
If the new society drew them all together they would have more
of it to contend with and would then be able to get work only
where their influence exceeded that of the numbers opposed to
them.
''3. They would let Socialism increase among the existing or-
ganizations without opposition from them. The stronghold is at-
tacked by an enemy and, instead of studying to defend it, they
are urged to run away land secure their own safety by flight, to
abandon their associates and the societies to the foe. No ; if So-
cialism is spreading among the individual members of labor or-
ganizations, then Catholic workingmen should remain to oppose
and convert those Socialists and to prevent them from dominating
the organization. If non-Catholic individuals will accept Socialism,
every labor organization can still be kept from becoming iSocial-
istic. Besides, Socialism is not getting hold of the labor unions.
It was rejected at the recent national convention of the American
Federation of Labor.
"4. They would abandon the present labor organizations to other
false doctrines. They are the leaven of honesty, justice, charity,
The Review, Vol. IX, No. 6.
82 The Review. 1902.
and regard for the rights of others. How will they fulfill their
vocation to leaven the mass, if they flock by themselves and leave
their brother working-men to go to the Devil through false prin-
ciples or unjust action?"
And our contemporary adds :
"It is in union that there is strength. The cause of labor will
best be promoted by solidarity rather than by multiplicity of mu-
tually antagonistic organizations. If the proposed Catholic society
be intended to promote the adoption of just economic principles,
to habits of thrift, to foster the practice of religion in labor, to help
along building and loan association features, so that workingmen
may be aided to own their own homes, to secure work for the un-
employed, to visit the sick, to bury the dead, to help the widows
and orphans of deceased workingmen, then it would be a most ad-
mirable movement, worthy of all encouragement. But if it is to
be simply an independent labor organization, built on a denomi-
national basis, and jostling'against other labor organizations, it had
better collapse before it gets a day older or persuades one more
man to join it."
We can not quite agree with this view of our well-meaning and
in most other questions sound contemporary. Whoever has eyes
and uses them rightly must see that even in "prosperous" Ameri-
ca the labor question is pressing more strongly from day to day
for a solution. Slowly but surely the pernicious fallacy of Social-
ism is gaining ground among workingmen, — even among our Cath-
olic workingmen, thanks to the unfortunate activity of a certain
misguided priest. The very fact that it came up before the Am-
erican Federation of Labor at its last convention, proves that it must
have in that large and promiscuous body a number of determined
advocates, who are working steadily to change a hostile majority
into a friendly and approving one. But even if the inroads of So-
cialism were not as formidable as they are, the social question is
there. Like the poor we have it with us always. Its eternal cry
for an adequate and just solution dins into our ears by day and
by night. Can this adequate and just solution be any other than
the Christian, the Catholic one? Is not every society pretending
to offer a better one, or one equally good, fore-doomed to ignomin-
ious failure? No one is more willing than we to concede that the
State should lend a helping hand ; but the chief portion of the dif-
ficult task undoubtedly devolves upon the Church. Therefore
those who agitate the formation of distinctively Catholic working-
men's unions, seem to us to be doing an eminently Catholic and
eminently useful work.
As for the Columbian 's specious objections, they can not bear
close scrutiny.
No. 6. The Review. 83
1. Catholic laboringmen's organizations "will add to the number
of separate and hostile'labor organizations." — Separate, yes ; hos-
tile, no ; for it is essentially Catholic to live in peace, to love and
help one's neighbor. Nor would the Catholic unions "weaken the
cause of labor," because they would soon become known as organ-
izations having no other object than justice, a thing which can not
be said of the others mentioned.
2. "They would introduce the religious line into the labor move-
ment." A similar argument was urged against Catholic society
Federation ; yet the Columbian sided with it ; why does it now
oppose Catholic labor unions on this ground? As to the assertion
that the members of such Catholic unions "would be able to get
work only where their influence exceeded that of the numbers
opposed to them," we rather think that such Catholic unionists
would be preferred \iy the employers because they would demand
nothing unreasonable or unjust, while the others all too frequent-
ly exceed the bounds of reason and justice.
3. Instead of "'letting Socialism increase among the existing or-
ganizations," the men belonging to Catholic labor unions would be
better postedithan they now are on its errors and fallacies, and
better able to refute them, were they united among themselves
under the leadership of wise and prudent priests. The exper-
ience of France, of Germany and Italy proves that there is no
stronger bulwark against Socialism than Catholic labor unions.
They enlighten the Catholic workingmen, and through them
many others, with whom these are in daily contact. Religion
alone can remedy the evils of the social body, and as a first condi-
tion to that end Catholic morals have to be reestablished ; lacking
this basis, even the best means devised by human ingenuity will
most certainly fail.
Do the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor,
and all the other federations and brotherhoods of workingmen
which we have in this country, work on this basis and for this
end?
If not, then our Catholic workingmen ought everywhere to band
together in Catholic labor unions, in order to realize, under the wise
guidance of the encyclical "Rerum novarum" properly expounded
to them by learned and zealous pastors, those noble ends which
the Catholic Columbian mentions in the last paragraph of its ar-
ticle reproduced above. We hope there will be found in every
large city Catholic priests of the stamp of Dr. Heiter of Buffalo,
able and willing to undertake the formation and advancement of
Catholic labor unions in the spirit of our gloriously reigning
Pontiff.
84
Catholic Realism.
n treating on this subject we do not intend to increase the
countless theories on realism, naturalism, and other
isms. Theories as a rule are of little value and vary
from day to day ; but one thing- we can accept to-day as a rock-
bottom truth, viz., that which paraded as realism, verism, natur-
alism, reproduced neither reality nor truth nor nature. This
does not apply only to the onesided, incomplete reproductions of
the dark and filthy side of life, but every decent history of litera-
ture proves that there is nothing in the claim of "naught but the
truth, and the entire truth." Even Zola finds this, not in himself,
of course, where he would have the best example, but in
others. This "realism" is not real, the characters are prod-
ucts of the imagination, without scruple it passes over reality,
and this "verism" ignores the truth.
Jurists say it is enough to knock one silly to watch a modern re-
alist tackling juridical matters, and medical men ironically shake
their heads when they read his descriptions of disease and death;
but it is much worse if he happens to stray into Catholic territory.
We can truthfully say that for years we have hardly ever taken up
a romance by a non-Catholic author without finding that in Catho-
lic matters he produced the very opposite of reality and truth. We
even except professional and sectarian falsifiers ; the others too
show their ignorance of the most rudimentary things in every line.
This is the rule in literature; hence if we find Catholic matters
reproduced correctly in a novel, we can conclude at once that the
author is a Catholic. Protestants are imbued with many false
ideas regarding Catholic things ; a Catholic first learns his own
religion; with many Protestants there is great deficiency even in
this respect, but about]Catholic things there is a veritable chaos in
their heads, wherefore it is no wonder that in treating of Catholic
matters they oftenlproduce downright'nonsense, even without har-
boring a bad intention. Hence it is difficult to reform them.
Catholic reviewers must correct them individually, because in a
general way nothing can be accomplished.
Catholic belles-lettres are of course much more devoid of inac-
curacies in regard to worship and dogma, but that does not cover
the entire Catholic life. From the international flow of literature
many things were washed into Catholic fiction which do not agree
with real Catholic life. Let us first consider the motives of suicide.
Statistics prove that suicide is much more frequent in Protestant
than in Catholic countries ; hence if an author places his story in
a Catholic country, he will very rarely introduce suicide, and then
only after the most careful developing of motives, and if he treats
No. 6. The Review. 85
-of the Catholic rural population, be musfeschew suicide entirely
as a technically so commodious ending- of his story. Otherwise
he will simply be untruthful.
One great reason why suicide is less frequent in Catholic dis-
tricts is confession. In confession the overburdened soul finds
everything it so ardently desires, forgiveness, advice, consolation,
help, and means of betterment. If then an author neglects to pic-
ture a loyal Catholic weighed down by tribulationlas hastening to
the fount where he so often found new vigor and hope, but rather
drives him to self-destruction, he fails against the most element-
ary verisimilitude. Another reason is that among Protestants
there is a much greater percentage of infidels orjindifferentists
than among Catholics.
It is remarkable that those districts that excel by the number
of suicides show also a greater percentage of divorces. Divorce
is another foreign element that was taken over into Catholic liter-
ature, where it is entirely out of place, whilst in Protestant fiction
it is an ingredient that comes entirely natural. And so it is in
many other respects, Catholic realism is different from Protest-
ant realism and requires different treatment, as for instance a
death scene. A Catholic novelist]who neglects to have his dying
hero receive the sacraments, fails against truth and realism, for
we can not conceive a Catholic on his deathbed speaking of every-
thing else and forgetting all about the sacraments of the dying.
In general all descriptions of death scenes seem unreal ; death is
not so poetic as it is generally described, as everyone knows who
ever knelt at a deathbed; and with Catholics neither the dying per-
son nor the bystanders are in the habit of making nice speeches,
but they simply pray in the hour of death. This is truth and re-
ality pure and simple.
In the foregoing we have purposely chosen examples from the
interior life of Catholicism, for to picture this correctly, to depict
Catholic sentiment, thought, and soul is the beautiful task of Cath-
olic belles-lettres. The exterior is often also correctly pictured
by [writers tthat] are baptized [Catholics, but beyond this have
nothing in common with us. This is, as Goethe says, only a lower
realism, and he demands that the poet should raise himself from
the region of the lower realism by higher tendencies. This then
is the end of Catholic poetry, to strive upward and onward ; and
realism, as a particular species of literature, is settled, but in a
wider sense, viz., as presenting things according to truth, it has ex-
isted thousands of years in fiction and will continue to exist, and
the loftiest object of Catholic fiction is to lead to eternal truth by
truthfully portraying things terrestrial.
86
99
"Mixing in Politics.'
here is a decree of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore
which exhorts priests to proclaim unceasingly and vig-
orous^ against drunkenness and the occasions there-
of.*) There is another which admonishes those of the faithful
engaged in the liquor trade to meditate on the dangers with which
this traffic is surrounded and to choose, if possible, a more becom-
ing way of making a living. If they can not withdraw from the bus-
iness, the}*- are reminded of their sacred duty not to sell liquor to
minors or drunkards, to'close their saloons on Sundays, and to pre-
vent disorderly conversations — blasphemy, cursing, and unchaste
talk — on their premises, t) And with regard to the observance of
Sunday, the Fathers of the Council declare in their pastoral letter :
"There is one way of profaning the Lord's Day which is so pro-
lific of evil results, that we consider it our duty to utter against it
a special condemnation. This is the practice of selling beer or
other liquors on Sunday, or of frequenting places where they are
sold. This practice tends more than any other to turn the Day of
the Lord into a day of dissipation, to use it as an occasion for
breeding intemperance. While we hope that Sunday-laws on this
point will not be relaxed, but even more rigidly enforced, we im-
plore all Catholics, for the love'of God and of the country, never to
take part in suchSunday traffic, nor to patronize nor countenance it.
And we not only direct the attention of all pastors to .the repress-
ion of this abuse, but we also call upon them to induce all of their
flocks that may be engaged in the sale of liquors to abandon as
soon as they can the dangerous traffic, and to embrace a more
becoming way of making a living." J)
Such is the plain, unequivocal wording of the law by which the
Catholics of America ought to be guided. If the intents and pur-
poses of His Grace the Most Rev. Archbishop of Dubuque, in in-
augurating his "open fight against the saloons" — of which we have
*) "Nunquam cessent contra ebrietatem ejusque occasiones fortiter
conclamare." (Decretum 261.)
t) "Monemus denique nostros fideles, qui liquorum inebriantium
mercaturam faciunt ut serio recogitent quot quantisque periculis pec-
catique occasionibus eorum quaestus, quamvis in se non illicitus, sit
circumdatus. Honestiorem rationem sustentandi vitam, si possunt,
seligant. Sin minus totis viribus tam a semetipsis quani ab aliis oc-
casiones peccati studeant amovere. Neque junioribus, eis scilicet qui
sui juris non sunt, potum vendant, neque iis quos potu abusuros prae-
vident. Cauponas suas die Dominica clausas servent; nulloque
tempore intra labernarum suarum parietes blasp hernias, maledic-
tiones, aut eloquia turpia prof err i sinant." (Dccrctum 26s.)
X) Acta et Deer eta, p. xciii.
No. 6. The Review. 87
read so much of late, without being enabled to form a judgment on
its exact character and extent — are to carry out this law, then our
approbation must needs be as cordial, if less vociferous, than that
of our esteemed contemporary the Catholic Citizen, who warmly
praises Msgr. Keane (in his third or fourth last number) for giv-
ing an excellent and admirable example.
But what about His Grace's "mixing in politics"? It is under
this very heading that the Milwaukee paper discusses the press
despatches from Dubuque, stating that the Archbishop was or-
ganizing his clergy and laity in order to bring about a rigid en-
forcement of the so-called mulct law.
It was the St. Paul Wanderer who promptly pointed out *) that
this cordial approbation of Msgr. Keane's "mixing in politics"
does not at all tally with the Catholic Citizen 's advocacy of an un-
political Catholic Federation and the fact that it, and several other
journals that now approve the campaign of His Grace of Dubuque,
noted with pleasure, after the Cincinnati congress, that "the
convention deliberately and definitely turned its face away from
politics — partisan and otherwise — even refraining from making a
list of supposed Catholic political grievances." f)j
Catholic laymen, in the opinion of these newspapers, have no
right or business to band themselves together in a federation to
battle for Catholic principles and rights ; but when an archbishop
generally reputed to be "a broadminded man of liberal principles,"
takes a hand in politics to make "an open fight against the sa-
loons,"— an institution of which even the Council in all its severity
admits that it represents a trade which is not in itself (illicit —
those same non-political journals clap approval and set him up to
his peers as an admirable example.
The Council does nowhere say that priests or bishops should
"mix in politics" in order to carry out its decrees, though we can
conceive of a concrete!!case where such action would be proper.
The danger is not small, however, of a zealous superior allowing
himself to go to extremes, thinking that the decrees give him a
right to do so, and it were indeed a hopeless undertaking to advise
a lawmaker, such as a bishop, not to overstep the limits of right,
and especially those of prudence.
We have written this article to show that while we neither ap-
prove nor condemn the methods of the Archbishop of Dubuque in
his open war against the saloons, we do condemn the inconsist-
ency of those newspapers which concede to him the right of mixing
in politics to remedy certain abuses, while they deny this right
to Catholic lay citizens where their most sacred interests and the
rights of the Church herself are at stake.
*) Number of January 29th.
f) See No. 1, p. 5 of The Review.
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
Leo XIII. and Catholic Journalists. — The kindness and generosity
which the present Pontiff displays towards Catholic journalists
continually attest the depth of his sympathy for this difficult but
necessary profession. And, as we see from a letter which he ad-
dressed to the Belgian Catholic Journalists' Association, the sym-
pathy is eminently practical. Alive to the importance of good
will and combination among journalists, the Holy Father congrat-
ulates the Belgian Catholic pressmen on the establishment of their
association. Hepointsoutthattheclosertheunion of sentiment and
forces, the surer is victory for those who fight on behalf of Church
and country. His Holiness assures them that he has watched
with pleasure the action of the faithful in helping them to extend
the circulation and influence of the Catholic press. He is much
pleased to learn that the journalists are providing a benefit fund
against old age and illness. The project meets with his hearty
approbation, and in order to encourage it he transmitted through
Mgr. Granite di Belmonte, the Nuncio, a contribution of a thou-
sand francs. And he concludes his letter by imparting the Apos-
tolic blessing to them and to all Catholic journalists.
A Church Amusement Enterprise that Failed. — An amusement enter-
prise under church auspices has come to grief in Darlington,
Montgomery County, Ind. Some weeks ago the preachers and
active church members of that town, worrying over the lack of in-
terest in religious matters on the part of so many of their towns-
people, while the saloons and bowling-alleys never lacked attend-
ance, decided upon a worldly adjunct to the cause of morals. It
was reasoned that as those who went to the saloons to bowl re-
mained to drink, so those who came to a church pastime might
remain to pray. It was decided, therefore, to open a temperance
bowling-alley. For a time all went happily. Many who had been
regular patrons of the saloon were induced to attend the church
bowling-alley, and the influence of the women to win husbands,
sons, brothers, and other girls' brothers from the saloon was
effective. Then the sect idea crept in, there would be rivalry be-
tween a Presbyterian elder and a Baptist deacon, or between a
Methodist steward and one of the board of the Disciples' Church,
and soon men who seldom or never went to church lined up on
either side of the alley as noisy religious partisans. The rivalry
extended from the alley to the congregations, and it soon became
apparent that the innovation was a detriment to the cause of relig-
ion. As it also tended to attract men from business and boys
from school, it has been abandoned, and the Darlington churches
will hereafter attend to their legitimate business.
How a Catholic Congress Can be Made Fruitful.— Over in the Father-
land they have an admirable way of making Catholic conventions
fruitful of good results. At the Katholikentag of our co-religion-
ists of the Kingdom of Wiirtemberg, held [at Ulm on December
8th and 9th last, Deputy Grober in an enthusiastic address, said
No. 6. The Review. 89
among- other practical things : "Every Catholic must keep a good
•Catholic daily newspaper in his home. If you wish to derive the
right kind of benefit from to-day's meeting, every one of you here
present, who is not yet a subscriber to a Catholic daily, should
hurry to the post-office*) to-morrow morning before going
to his office or shop, and enter his subscription to a Catholic daily.
One of the organs of our enemies has already set itself up as a
prophet and said sneeringly: 'What will this Catholic congress
bring? Nothing will be changed; the Catholic press will not get
a single subscriber more than it has now.' Gentlemen, confound
this prediction. If it appears on the first of January that there
are not a few, but a thousand, more subscribers to Catholic news-
papers, the convention will have proved successful."
It has proved successful. Dr. Ess writes us from Stuttgart,
under date of Jan. 13th, that the Ulmer Volksbote, a Catholic daily
published in the city where the Katholikentag was held, has an-
nounced a gain of one thousand subscribers; and there are others.
If the Catholics of the United States were of the calibre of their
brethren in Wiirtemberg, we would not be in the humiliating
position of a great and wealthy body without a single daily news-
paper, in a land where the press is a more powerful factor in
forming public opinion than in any country of Europe.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
Suicides and the Religious Denominations. — Professor von Mayr, of
Freiburg, in his new ' Handworterbuch. der Staatswissenschaften^
devotes considerable space to suicide statistics in their relation to
the religious denominations. His conclusion is identical with that
of the Protestant ethical statistician Alexander von Oettingen,
viz., that the larger number of suicides among Protestants is due
to the innermost essence of the Protestant religion, which does
not inculcate frequent examination of conscience, nor offer to the
despairing sinner any such easement as the Catholic Church pro-
vides in oral confession.
LITERATURE.
Revival of the Shakespeare-Bacon Controversy. — The Shakespeare-
Bacon controversy has been revived in England by a Mrs. Gallup,
who traced the "bi-lateral cipher" (a cipher involving the use of
two fonts of type) described by Bacon himself in his work ' De
Augmentis ScientiarumJ through the First Folio and discovered
that Bacon had woven into the plays the fact of his alleged parent-
age (Queen Elizabeth bore him to Leicester) and of his hopeless
passion for Margaret of Navarre, besides other less scandalous in-
formation. Mr. W. H. Mallock, in the Nineteenth Century, pro-
claims himself a convert to the theory. Mr. Leslie Stephen, in the
National Review, reverses the procedure, and proves out of Bacon
himself that Shakespeare wrote all of Bacon's works. Dr. T. C.
*) In Germany the Post Office Department is the subscription
agent of all the newspapers. The system has this advantage
that no one can get a paper regularly unless he has prepaid the
subscription.
90 The Review. 1902.
Mendenhall, meanwhile, in the Popular Science Monthly, shows
that, comparing- in various writers the percentages of words of
one, two, three syllables, etc., no style so closely resembles
Shakespeare's as Marlowe's, unless it were Professor Shaler's of
Harvard. ' Mr. R. A. Marston, on the other hand, writes to the
London Times, showing that Bacon had a surprising acquaintance
with Pope's 'Iliad,' or Pope with the Bacon cipher.
Meanwhile a Spanish review in Barcelona claims to have dis-
covered Shakespeare's will, wherein he confesses himself to be an
"unworthy member of the Catholic, Apostolic, Roman religion."
MUSIC.
A Step in the Right Direction. — We see from the Catholic Citizen
(Feb. 1st) that a meeting of priests of the Green Bay Diocese was
recently held at Bishop Messmer's house, with the purpose of rais-
ing the standard of Church music. The plan of forming a circuit
of several cities, and engaging a thoroughly competent instructor
to visit these cities regularly and drill the different choirs, may
possibly be instituted in the near future.
Items such as this we always chronicle with genuine pleasure.
GEOGRAPHY AND ETHNOLOGY.
An Interesting Anthropological Discovery. — We see from the February
number of the Holy Family Parish Calendar, Chicago, that the re-
searches of an educated Navajo Indian concerning an old tradition
of the tribe, has led to the discovery that the Navajos of sun-baked
Arizona and the Tinneh Indians of ice-bound Alaska are branches
of the same original tribe. This discovery is of value to anthro-
pologists, as it strongly confirms a long-believed theory that the
American Indians migrated from the North to the hunting grounds
on this continent, displacing the original inhabitants of America,
and that, furthermore, they originally came from Asia.
THE STAGE.
The " Ueberbrettel." — It was announced in the despatches lately
that we Americans are to have a tournee of a German "Ueber-
brettel" in the near future. What in the world ma}7 "Ueberbrettel"
mean? The word is not to be found in the dictionary. The
"Ueberbrettel" is a creation of 1901. The Countess von Krockow,
in a recent letter to the Independent, describes it as follows :
As for the word, it is slang, having Nietzche's "Uebermensch"
probably for its father. It means songs of all kinds, some decent
and some indecent, but all breezy, sung by authors or singers
from stages arranged in the manner of cozy sitting rooms, or cozy
little coffee rooms, or cozy something or other; and sometimes it
means the reading by authors of their own things, and sometimes
it means acting short pieces. Always it means to be something
more clever, more refined, yet just as naughty as the variety
theater. And though the name is German, the character of the
"Ueberbrettel" is French. It is the iatest German fad. The
rebelliousness that is suppressed in political lifehas to take refuge
in some guise into some art. The "Ueberbrettel" songs are fre-
quently lyrical caricatures, so to speak, of events and complement
the serious stage, which caricatures institutions.
91
MISCELLANY.
Balls for Pious Purposes. — "Will Dance to Aid Church," is the
title of a news article of a kind which is getting- unfortunately all
too common in these piping- days of Americanism in praxi. The
latest one that attracted our notice, in the Chicago Chronicle of
Feb. 3rd, is graced with the likeness of the zealous pastor, Rev.
Father John M. Dunne. It announces a "charity ball" in aid of
the new Blessed Sacrament parish, the grand march to begin at
9:30 p. m.
The holding of balls for church or other pious purposes is in
direct violation of the law. " Mandamus quoque," says the Third
Plenary Council, "ut sacerdotes ilium abusum, quo convivia paran-
tur cum chords (Balls) ad opera pia promovenda, omnino tollendum
curent." (Decretum 290.)
A clerg3^man who has recently written us several letters on the
subject, speaking of this decree, says : " Mandamus — the wording
is such that not the least shadow of a doubt can be left as to the
meaning of the decree itself as well as the obligation it imposes.
It is usually held that a decree so worded binds under mortal sin.
Must not a person, seeing that bishops, priests, and Catholic pa-
pers are silent with regard to the almost universal breaking of
that solemn Mandamus, come to the conclusion that the whole
Council is a farce ?"
Unfortunately, this is the conclusion many, especially laymen,
have drawn. "The Baltimore Council," we have heard it said
more than once, "is a dead letter ; the priests and bishops disre-
gard it ; why should we be bound by its law?"
Thus do those whose sacred duty it is to enforce the law and
to make it respected, assist in undermining it among a people
whose respect for authority is, in consequence of their political
institutions and conditions, naturally neither deep nor reverential.
If they complain more grievously from year to year of growing re-
belliousness and contempt for law, and authority, have we not the
right to tell them : " Quis tulerit Gracchos de seditione querentes?"'
The decrees and regulations of theThird Council of Baltimore are
not all to our taste or liking; but they are the law for the Catholics
in this country. Let the hierarchy and the clergy enforce that
law, or, if it needs modification, let them modify it in regular or-
der. The spirit of looking upon a law that displeases many peo-
ple, as a law that should have never been made and is best killed
by steady and even ostentatious non-observance — such are, for
instance, the Sunday closing laws in some of our States and cities
— this spirit applied to the legislation of our Holy Mother the
Church, is a symptom of the "Americanism" which Leo XIII. has
condemned and which every loyal Catholic must combat as a dan-
gerous tendency with all the power at his command.
Leprosy in the United [States. — A circular letter recently sent
from Washington brought out the alarming fact that there are
275 reported cases of leprosjr in the United States, besides an un-
92 The Review. 1902.
known number not reported. Of these 275 cases 4 are in New
Orleans alone, and at least 200 in the State of Louisiana ; 23 in
Minnesota, chiefly among- Scandinavians in country districts ; 15
in North Dakota, and 2 in South Dakota. There is a bill now be-
fore Congress, or soon to be introduced, designed to meet the
growing demand for federal legislation on the subject. No lepers
are in future to be allowed to come into this country and persons
emigrating to this country, who come from leprous families, are
to be under the strict supervision of the authorities for at least
seven years. A square mile of public domain is to be set aside
for the colonization and isolation of lepers who are willing to ac-
cept refuge under public care. A national commissioner of lep-
rosy— a phj'sician of experience with the disease — is to be ap-
pointed, and while isolation will not be compulsory for lepers, it
is hoped that many of the victims of this awful scourge will gladly
avail themselves of the opportunity. Besides having an unknown
number of lepers in our different States, it is estimated that we
have some 30,000 more in Cuba, Porto Rico, the Philippine aad
the Hawaiian Islands, so that the fear that leprosy will become a
national scourge, is not entirely unfounded. The Louisiana leper
colony, at Camp Spring, is in charge of Sisters of Charity from
Emmittsburg, Md. It has lately been connected by telephone
with the outer world.
About Paying Debts. — An exchange tells a story of five men who
owed $15, $10, $5, $5, and $5, respectively, but who had altogether
only one $5 bill. Then A, who owed the $15 and who had the bill,
gave it to B. and so reduced his indebtedness to $10. Next B.
gave it to C. and thereby reduced his indebtedness to $5. C. gave
it back to A. and thus wiped out his debt. A. gave it again to B.,
who gave it to D., to whom he owed $5, and got himself clear. D.
paid it back to A. and left himself free. A. paid it out once more,
and this time to E., who handed it back to him. So one S5 put in
circulation, paid $40 of debt and came back to stay in the hands of
the man who started it on its round.
At this time of the year it would be a good resolution for all per-
sons to take — to pay their indebtedness, especially all their small
bills.
Pay jTour bills. Pay them to-day, if your can. Pay everybody
you owe. If The Review is one of you creditors, pay it.
A Study in Divorces. — From the record of divorces in Michigan
for the last year — a record showing one divorce for every ten mar-
riages— the Detroit Tribune has drawn some interesting deduc-
tions. It learns from its study of the figures that the acute di-
vorce period is between the date of marriage and the completion
of the fifth year. Of the 2,418 divorces in 1900, 685 of the appli-
cations came within the five-year division. From five to nine years,
inclusive, the number of divorces was 665 ; from ten to fourteen
years, 406 ; fifteen to nineteen years, 292, and from this period
the decrease was rapid, winding up with one couple divorced after
fifty-five years. It thus appears that the test of married life is
during the first ten years. Another point of interest is that in
1,091 of the divorce cases, nearly a half of the total, the divorced
couples had no children.
93
NOTE-BOOK.
Editorial Letter-Box. — Our readers are again reminded that
when they forward money to pay their subscription, receipt is
acknowledged on the little yellow address label pasted on each
copy. Only by special request does the office send out postcard
receipts George A. Eglin. — The Cyclopedia of Fraternities is
edited by A. C. Stevens and published by the Macoy Publishing
and Masonic Supply Co., 34 Park Row, New York. Price $5, if I
am not mistaken- Rev. A. K. — The Improved Order of Modern
Redmen is a secret society which mimicks Indian customs,
modeled on the lines of Oddfellowship. Like the Odd Fellows the
Red Men have cut their cloth after Masonic patterns. They have
a female branch, the Daughters of Pocahontas. For more par-
ticulars see the Cyclopedia of Fraternities, p. 238. In our opinion
the Red Men belong to the secret societies that a Catholic is for-
bidden to join. Student. — Julian Hawthorne's alleged history of
the United States (New York : P. F. Collier) is not a history in
the true sense, but an unreliable if readable statement of the au-
thor's views and theories. Fiction. — All the information you
ask for is contained in the Catalog of Catholic Fiction published
by the International Catholic Truth Society, Arbuckle Bdg.,
Brooklyn, N. Y. Price 10 cents. Amico Lovanensi. — I have
received the Revue des Questions Scientifiques for January and
shall be thankful to get it regularly. Is The Review to be sent
in exchange? ■
±* -»«► J^
We are asked to correct the statement on page 58, No. 4, that
the three sisters who form the nucleus of the new congregation
of Polish school-sisters to be known as Sisters of St. Francis of
St. Louis, have been transferred hither from the Sisters of St.
Francis of Oldenburg, Ind. They have been transferred from the
Sisters of St. Francis of Joliet, 111.
v v v
The Vera Roma, published in the Eternal'City, under the very
eyes of the Roman authorities, gives in its No. 4 (January 19th)
the gist of our recent observations on the Knights of Columbus
(cfr. The Review, vol. viii, No. 39). In a vigorous editorial
leader it praises The Review for courageously exposing a society
which it declares to be "fiiu massonico che cattolico" (more Masonic
than Catholic) and expresses the hope that no loyal Catholic lay-
man, and above all no priest, will in future join the Knights of
Columbus, and that those who have enrolled as members will
promptly withdraw.
There is no doubt that if the authorities take up the matter, as
we trust they will, after having their attention drawn to it by one
of their own favored newspaper organs, their ultimate decision
will be that the Knights of Columbus will either have to sacrifice their
secret features and Masonic afiery or be condemned as a semi-Masonic
lodge.
We know they will scorn our predictions as they have scorned
our objections ; but they ought to remember the fate of the "Am-
94 The Review. 1902.
ericanists," who in spite of our reiterated declarations, refused to
believe that Rome would decide against what they gave out to be
a figment of inquisitorial soreheads, until the pontifical Brief
"Testem benevolentiae" fell upon them like a thunderbolt from
heaven.
*>» V« Tr»
The editor of the Catholic Citizen pretends to have found the
golden key which unlocks the door to success for Catholic news-
paper publishers. He says (No. 13) :
"It is the experience of most Catholic newspaper publishers,
that twentjr-four subscribers drop their paper through indiffer-
ence, where one drops it because he disagrees with the editor.
The moral is to change the ratio. If you make your paper so
bright, spicy, and positive, that twice as many people will get mad
at the editor, half of those who are inclined to stop through indif-
ference will hold on, and the proportion will then be twelve stops
through indifference and two stops because the editor is wrong.
Try it, dear brethren. Don't be goody goody anymore. Step on
their corns."
Our confrere is shamming. Whatever success he has had as a
newspaper publisher is due to the fact that he has made himself
the bold exponent of that unfortunately too numerous wing of the
Catholic population of America which believes in "liberal ideas"
and in reconciling the Church with the age. We don't like to be
rude, but as the Citizen advises us to cultivate the useful virtue of
stepping on other people's corns, we will say that if the Citizen is
bright, its lustre is like that of rotten mackerel in the moonlight,
and when it appears to be positive, it is with the positiveness of
strutting negation.
J~ J* J~
As we were wondering where the church was located whose
pastor, "Father Knetgeal," according to the Catholic Telegi'aph
(No. 5), "pays a dividend" to his parishioners, the Pilot of Feb.
1st reached us with a special correspondence on the subject,
which informs us that "St. John's Catholic Church at Little Chute,
Wisconsin, is perhaps the only church in America which has ever
paid to its parishioners a dividend on its own pew rentals. Father
T. Knegtel, the pastor, made the unusual announcement a few
Sundays ago that there would be a general distribution of the
church's surplus wealth. The pew rents for the past year were
about S200 in excess of the year before and as the revenues of the
church were more than sufficient for its needs, and there was no
church debt to pay, the pastor declared a dividend of SI to each of
the 172 pew holders, thus distributing nearly the entire amount of
the surplus."
Turning to the Catholic Directory, we find that Father Kneg-
tel's church, St. John Nepomucene's at Little Chute, Outagamie
Co., Wis., is "Hollandish" and has a parochial school with 114 pu-
pils, taught by three Sisters of St. Dominic. Father Knegtel's
method is certainly novel, and we are not surprised that it is "re-
garded with curiosity and interest by the Catholic clergy and
laity of the East." Your average pastor would plan improvements
if money accumulated on his hands ; or if the parish buildings
No. 6. The Review. 95
were in prime shape, would lay up the surplus to endow the pa-
rochial school.
It is disheartening- to find this tyrannical ukas ascribed to a
Catholic archbishop :
"The city pastors will please announce in their schools that
wherever parents so desire, children will be vaccinated free of
charge by the physicians of the Health Department. Otherwise
the children must bring to the pastor a certificate of vaccination, dated
within the last two years. The pastor may arrange as to time with
the Health Officer." (Italics ours.)
Fully convinced that vaccination is a humbug and a crime, that
it endangers the life and health of children, that a bishop making
it a condition of attendance at parochial schools positively trans-
cends his power and authority, I would, rather than submit to
such tyranny, withdraw my children from school and educate
them at home until the foolish smallpox scare that has evidently
dictated the above order of an otherwise sane and pious prelate,
had died out.
9 9 9
The thinking few, who believe in reason and liberty, should do
their utmost to bring about in every State of the Union the pass-
age of a bill modeled upon the anti- vaccination law of Utah, which
reads :
"Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Utah — Section
1. That hereafter it shall be unlawful for any health board, board
of education, or any public board acting in this State under the
police regulation or otherwise, to compel by resolution, order or
proceeding of any kind, the vaccination of any child or person of
any age, or make vaccination a condition precedent to the attend-
ance at any public or private school in the State of Utah, either as
pupil or teacher."
£ a &
We earnestly desire every one of our readers to procure and
read one or all of the following books and pamphlets :
Vaccination a Crime, Felix Oswald, M. D., A. M $1.00
The Value of Vaccination, G. W. Winterburn, M. D 50
The Fallacy of Vaccination, Alex. Wilder, M. D 15
Opposition to Vaccination, Rev. Isaac Peebles 10
Vital Statistics, Pierce 10
Vaccination Curse, Dr. Ameridge 10
Royal Commission, Wm. Tebbs' evidence 20
Sir Lyon Playfair Dissected. 50
What About Vaccination ? Milnes 50
10th Annual Report (London) 10
Brief Extracts, etc 1.00
Vaccination (Illinois) Lawbaugh 50
The above books and pamphlets, which can be had from Frank
D. Blue, 1320 N. 12th Street, Terre Haute, Ind., cover every phase
of the vaccination question.
M M M
<^r <^S" <^V
Every lover of truth and justice should, likewise, join the Anti-
Vaccination Society of America, an association of persons who,
96 The Review. 1902.
having- learned the facts about vaccination, desire to inform each
and all regarding- the crime of putting pus poison in a healthy body-
under an}T pretense whatever, and the folly of attempting to cast
out Beelzebub by Beelzebub.
When people learn that vaccination is, at the very best, the in-
oculation of healthy persons with pus poison from a festering sore
on a diseased animal, of cowpox extraction, and that cowpox is a
disease of the cow analogous to syphilis in man, doctors will no
longer be allowed to practice this fiendish inhumanity, and we
make no apology for asking your aid to teach these facts.
The fee for joining is but twenty-five cents, and there are no
dues, but each member is urged, 'at least, to subscribe for the jour-
nal, Vaccination^ and assist the work as he best can, by circulating
literature, etc. Address the Secretary, Frank D. Blue, as above.
When Jan Kubelik was here in St. Louis, the other week, the
daily papers printed columns of unspeakable rot about his need-
ing a love affair to develop his art, to "find his soul." As the
Mirror [No. 5] points out with rightful indignation, such talk is
"the talk of the satyrs of the theatrical profession to every young
girl w^ho goes upon the stage. She will never have genius till she
has loved. She will never know passion till she has abandoned
herself to it. She must study her soul and heart by violating and
soiling both. That is the philosophy of the 'gent' in the fur-lined
overcoat that has given to the stage its bad name. When that
philosophy is proclaimed as to Kubelik, it is publicly proclaimed
as to every other aspirant to the ecstacy of expression. The pub-
lic approval of the theory is simply a mask for licentious indulg-
ence in the name of art. It is immorality in its subtlest appeal.
It is infamous theory and its result is diabolical practice."
It is to be hoped that the youthful Kubelik, who is a Catholic,
sees it in the same light and will not be seduced.
^* ^* ^^
If we may draw a conclusion from the first official acts of the
new President of Chile, Sr. Riesco, that Republic now has a genu-
ine Catholic to govern it. On the very first day of his presidency
he called to the Council of State Msgr. Fernandez Concha, Titular
Bishop of Epiphania, a prelate highly esteemed by all for his
knowledge and virtue. He furthermore made generous budget
appropriations for parochial schools, parish houses, and poor
priests.
ar 3f 3P
The Bishop of Blois has forbidden the priests of his Diocese to
communicate anything to the press — excepting only the official
Semaine Religiense — without having first submitted it to the
"Ecclesiastical Press Commission" instituted by him, and obtained
their imprimatur. That is a severe censorship, but many a one will
doubtless feel that even such an unusual curtailment of liberty is
better than the license which in America allows a priest to write
Socialistic books and pamphlets and to contribute to Social-Demo-
cratic journals, apparently without the slightest interference on
the part of his ecclesiastical superior.
Was St. Peter in Rome ?
HTTn able pamphlet has been published lately by the Rev. C.
Jf/jL A. Kneller, S. J., under the title : ' ' Herr Soltcin und St.
IpSVV^I Peter,'*) in which the learned historian once more defini-
tively answers the above question. He establishes this thesis :
"Aside from the facts related in the Holy Scripture, there is none
in the history of the early Church so well authenticated as St. Peter's
stay and martyrdom at Rome' (p. 5.)
It will perhaps be serviceable to the readers of The Review to
see the arguments briefly reproduced.
At the outset, it may be asked : How is it possible that such a
well-established fact can be disputed and rejected by a whole
school of such learned men as Prof. Baur and his followers of
Tubingen?
To answer this question we must consider the way in which the
facts of the early history of the Church have come down to us. St.
Peter and the other Apostles, in fact the early Christians gener-
ally, were no men of a highly literary education. They did not de-
vote their time to literary or historical studies, nor did they en-
deavor to transmit to posterity a record of the events of the early
Church. They rather strove to have their names inscribed in the
"Book of Life ;" for the rest they cared little. Their main occu-
pation was to preach, to baptize, to lead the people to Christ. Of
many of the Apostles we do not even know for certian the field of
their labors nor the place of their sufferings and death. When
occasion prompted, some of them, as also of the early Fathers,
wrote a letter or an instruction, which were read in various
churches, copied and preserved. If we had to rely for the early his-
tory of the Church solely on these writings, we would have little
or no knowledge of such important events as the various persecu-
tions of the Church by Nero, Domitian, and Trajan, or the re-
peated destruction of Jerusalem and its accompanying horrors.
How small a volume the writings of the New Testament form, we
all know. Even less numerous, comparatively, are the written
records left by the early Fathers of the Church, up to A. D. 155
or 175. In the years mentioned, St. Justin and St. Irenaeus un-
dertook a defence of the Christian religion against pagan calumnies
and the slowly rising heresies. How can we expect that up to that
time the records should contain a defence of a fact so universally
*) Frankfurter Zeitgemasse Broschuren, May, 1901. Hamm i. W.
Breer & Thiemann.
The Review, Vol. IX, No. 7.
98 The Review. 1902.
known to all as that St. Peter lived and died at Rome ?
Nevertheless, there are a number of references to this fact,
even one in Holy Scripture, and about half a dozen in the writings
of the Fathers before the firstlhalf of the second century of the
Christian era had closed. Later the testimonies multiplied. St.
Irenaeus and a host of witnesses after him proclaimed the fact
all over the globe. The earliest testimonies are little more than
allusions and hints and might be contested if they were not cor-
roborated by more stringent evidence.
Let us, then, begin with St. Irenaeus. He was born in Asia
Minor about 140-145, was a missionary among the pagan Celts in
Gaul, and died as Bishop of Lyons in 202. He had seen and heard
St. Polycarp, the venerable Bishop of Smyrna, a disciple of St.
John the Apostle. In his work ' ' Adversus Haereses, 'written about
175, he speaks repeatedly of St. Peter's sojourn in Rome. Mat-
thew, he says, published a Gospel in writing among the Hebrews,
'"while Peter and Paul preached and founded the Church at Rome"
{Adversus Haereses, III, 1, 1.) Again he says (lb. Ill, 3, 2): "Whilst
it wTould be too long to enumerate all the successors of the Apostles
in all the churches, it is only of the greatest and oldest church
known to all, founded and established at Rome by those two noble
Apostles, Peter and Paul, that we mention the Apostolic tradition
and the faith .... which through the succession of the bishops has
come down to us."
Not satisfied with this statement, he goes on to give a com-
plete list of the successors of St. Peter up to his own time. "After
the blessed Apostles had founded and built up the Church, they
appointed Linus to administer the episcopal office. His successor
was Anencletus (in Latin : Anacletus), etc." (Ill, 3, 3.)
St. Irenaeus wrrote against a subtle class of heretics, who wrould
certainly have objected and refuted him had he not spoken the
truth. Or, was the time of which he spoke so far distant that the
matter could be obfuscated ? Is the memory of George Washing-
ton, for example, not vivid enough to-day to convince us of his ex-
istence even if there were no books and waitings?
Besides, the testimony of St. Irenaeus does not stand alone. Of
the same date we have witnesses in various places, very distant
from each other. St. Irenaeus lived in Gaul. Dionysius, Bishop
of Corinth, who' died in 180, writes to the Romans :
"You have by 3rour urgent admonition closely united the planta-
tion established at Rome by Peter and Paul writh that of Corinth.
Both. . • -have taught and suffered martj'rdom at the same place
and time" (Eus. H. E. II. 28.)
Tertullian f 160-240), presbyter in Carthage, Africa, speaks thus
of the Church of Rome : "Oh, how happy is this Church, where
No. 7. The Review. 99
the Apostles poured forth the fullness of doctrine together with
their blood, when Peter was made equal to the Lord in the manner
of his suffering- and Paul to that of John" (the Baptist). (De
Praesc. 36, cf. 32 ; Adv. Marc. 4, 5).
Gaius, a presbyter at Rome (died probably in 217), says: "I can
show you the trophies of the Apostles (Peter and Paul). When
you go to the Vatican on the road to Ostia, you will find the
trophies of those who founded those churches" (Eus. H. E. II, 28).
Clement of Alexandria (d. 217), Origen(d. 254) and St. Hippolyte
(d. 236), likewise speak in a manner which makes it evident that
nobody in those days doubted this fact. It was quite generally
known and admitted and'served as a basis for proving other things.
It follows, then, that before and about the end of the second
century, it was universally known and admitted, and that by
ecclesiastical writers of the different churches, both Latin and
Greek, Syrian, Armenian, and Coptic, that St. Peter, the Prince
of the Apostles, lived and died at Rome.
In this light the earlier testimonies of the Apostolic Fathers and
of Holy Scripture itself serve to confirm our thesis. When, e. g.,
St. Ignatius begs the Romans to pray for him and adds : "I do not
command like Peter and Paul, because they were Apostles" (Ad
Rom. 4, 3), these words could hardly be understood unless the
Romans were intimately acquainted with those Apostles. Like-
wise,, when St. John (Joh. 21, 18. 19.) mentions the prophecy of
our Lord concerning the death of St. Peter, his readers must have
known the particulars of his death, which at that time (A. D. 100)
had already taken place. Otherwise he would surely have ex-
plained the matter more clearly. Or, can we imagine he would
have spoken of the end of St. Peter in such terms unless he sup-
posed it as a generally known fact ? And if the fact was general-
ly known, the place must have been known where it happened.
We have convincing evidence that fifty years later this place was
everywhere admitted to be Rome. It is absurd tosay that in so short
a time such a general conviction could have been created, unless
it were based on truth. And if St. Peter did not die at Rome,
where did he die? There was not a city but would have claimed
the honor of possessing the relics of the Vicar of Christ, if there
had been sufficient ground for the claim.
I pass over another proof, viz. : that the end of St. Peter belonged
to those things which were generally known about the year 100,
(e. g., a letter written by St. Clement, St. Peter's third successor
as Bishop of Rome, in the year 96.)
In conclusion, let me mention the place from which St. Peter
dates his first letter (1 Peter, 5, 13): " Salutat vos ecclesia quae est
in BabyJone coelecta." What is meant here by Babylon? Let us
100 The Review. 1902.
hear what an able Protestant scholar, C. P. Caspari ( Quellen zur
Ckschichte des Tanf symbols, etc., Christiania 1875, III, 290,) has to
say about it : "Without hesitation I agree with those who take
Babylon in 1 Peter, 5, 13, to mean Rome The character of the
passage and the whole letter suggest the symbolic interpretation.
This finally agrees with an immemorial and very general
tradition of the Church, that Peter labored and died a martyr's
death at Rome, whilst there is no trace whatsoever of his having
been at Babylon."
As mentioned in the beginning, it was the school of Baur, a
Tubingen Professor, that tried to destroy this "immemorial and
very general tradition ;" but with only a partial success of no long
duration. There militates against their theory another mass of
evidence — proof that can not be obliterated, viz.: the records in
brass and stone that have been and are daily brought to light in
the Eternal City.
Father H. Grisar, S. J., has collected them in his Geschichte
Roms und tier Pafiste (. History of Rome and the Popes) Freiburg,
Herder, 1901. Vol. I, pp. 219-239, of this splendid work contain
an exhaustive treatise on the sepulchre of St. Peter. Whatever
has been brought to light by the numerous excavations, bears tes-
timony to the fact that St. Peter was buried in Rome. Rodolfo
Lanciani, who is considered to-day the best authority on the to-
pography of Rome, says in his work 'Pagan and Christian Rome'
(quoted by Grisar, p. 225): "For the archaeologist, the presence
and execution of SS. Peter and Paul in Rome are facts established
beyond the shadow of a doubt by purely monumental evidence"
(p. 123). "There is no event of the imperial age and of imperial
Rome, which is attested by so many noble structures, all of which
point to the same conclusion — the presence and execution of the
Apostles in the capital of the empire" (p. 125). "Must we consider
them all as laboring under a delusion, or as conspiring in the per-
petration of a gigantic fraud?"
Not to mention, then, our Catholic authorities, "the majority of
Protestant scholars," as Card. Hergenrother says [' Kirchenge-
schichte,'!, 110], "acknowledge that St. Peter lived and suffered
martyrdom at Rome."
Father Kneller enumerates^more than two dozen prominent
non-Catholic authors of different nationalities who uphold Peter's
presence at Rome. Harnack, for instance, {.Chronot. d. altchristl.
Lit. Leipzig, 1897. I, p. IX,) says: "The suppositions of the
school of Baur are now, we may almost^say, generally given up ;"
and he repeats what Gieseler had confessed long before [ib. p.
244]: "It was first Protestant bias, then biased critical prejudice,
that denied St. Peter's martyrdom at Rome That it was a
No. 7. The Review. 101
mistake is to-day apparent to every student who is not blinded.
The whole critical apparatus by means of which Baur contested
the old tradition is to-day justly considered worthless." And the
Anglican Bishop Lightfoot, one of the best authors on early
Christianity, in his treatise on Peter and his primacy gives ample
and detailed proof for the sojourn of the Prince of Apostles at
Rome.
In conclusion the question may be asked : Do we need historical
evidence to prove the Catholic doctrine of the primacy of St. Peter
and his successors? and would anything- essential be lost if the
records of the first centuries had been destroyed?
Answer : No, we do not need those historical evidences to prove
the primacy of the See of St. Peter. From the Gospel we know
that Our Lord built his Church upon Peter and entrusted to him,
and to him alone, His whole flock. "Thou art Peter and upon this
rock I will build my church." "Feed my lambs, feed my sheep."
It is moreover evident from the Gospel that the Church is to last
"unto the consummation of the world," and that "the gates of hell
shall not prevail against it." But as long as the Church is to last,
so long must her foundation, i. e., Peter and his successors, last
and rule and govern the Church. Where are the successors of
St. Peter? Rome is the only city that |has from the earliest days
of Christianit}7 laid claim to this honor, nor has her claim ever been
disproved : — a fact which can not butQimpress us with the convic-
tion that it mustjibe true. There [must be, according to Holy
Scripture, a successor of St. Peter on earth. The only one who
claims to be the successor of St. Peter, and who is without a rival
in his claim, is Leo XIII.
Professor Holweck, of Eichstatt, author of a well-known and
excellent commentary on the Index, in an article in No. 17 of the
Berlin Germania, calls the attention of a Protestant opponent to
the fact that Protestants, too, have an index of forbidden books.
Not of the kind to which reference was made on page 13 of the
present volume of The Review, but an "Index Tacitus Protestan-
ticus," as against the "Index Scriptus Catholicns." Its legend is :
'" CathoUca -non leguntur" and is rigidly observed ; the other pre-
scribes : "acatholica ne legantur" and is frequently disregarded ;
it does not even accept the idea "acatholica'' universally, while the
Protestant Index extends the idea " catholica" to the most harm-
less things if their Catholic origin is in any way recognizable. To
induce Protestants to read the Jesuit Luis Coloma's stories,
Ernst Berg in his collection of popular novels had to omit the "S.
J." after the author's name. And where is the Protestant home
into which a Catholic book or periodical finds its way ?
102
The Church ai\d the Truth.
Oportetiffitur veritatem esse ultimum finem totius universi.—
. Thoru. Surama Contra Gentes, lib. I, cap. I.
•■L'Eglisc n\i besoin que de la vdriti" This truth is generally
admitted by all Catholics, — at least in principle. There are some,
however — their number is happily decreasing-— who very illogic-
ally fear the application of the principle. They deny evident his-
torical facts, or to say the least, close their eyes in order not to
see them. Sometimes they even distrust the loyalty of those
Catholics who follow a more critical method.
The main reason why certain Catholics are opposed to the views
of Father! Grisar, is that they have a too lowly, I might say, a too
human idea of the revealed truth. In our age more than ever we
should realize that God's work, both natural and supernatural, ex-
ceeds our limited reason. Being weak men, short of life and short
of the understanding of God's judgment and law (Wisdom IX, 5),
we should never lose sight of the truth that the sublimest human
conception of God's work is still far beneath the reality. "'Who
has known the mind of the Lord?" (I. Cor. II, 16.)
The wisdom of God is different from ours. He sent his only
begotten Son as a helpless Babe, to die on the tree of shame. "His
own received Him not." They knew it better. He was even a
scandal to them. Nevertheless, though this Divine Babe is still a
folly to the Gentiles, He is adored in every part of the world. He
is the true and only Light that enlightens this world, despite the
wickedness 'of "the sensual man, who perceiveth not the things
that are of the Spirit of God." (I. Cor. II. 19.)
I may be allowed to quote the following words of the Abbe de
Broglie from his lecture' Trcnscendance du Catholicisme:'
"You are acquainted, gentlemen, with those superficial books,
of history which have for their object the demonstration of the
Christian religion. Their procedure is very simple. According
to them, everything in Christian doctrine is clear and evident, all
is perfect in the schools in which it is professed ; the doctrine is
absolutely without obscurity ; no one can deny it, except he be of
bad faith. Christians in general, and above all the clergy and the
religious orders, always possess all the virtues; whosoever contests
this assertion is necessarily a calumniator. The Christian nations
are all prosperous and happy ; there reigns among them a pure
morality and a profound and lasting peace. They will hardly con-
cede that there is any spot on this admirable tableau ; that in rare
instances, the reproaches of adversaries can possibly have some
foundation ; that there is in the world any other evil than that
which consists in deviating from dogmatic truth and in combating
the Church, the source of all good without exception.
"On the contrary, all must be evil and corrupt outside the realm
No. 7. The Review. 103
of truth. Catholic Christianity is the full light, the reign of abso-
lute goodness and of truth without a cloud ; paganism, the here-
sies and schism, are profound darkness, absolute evil, error, and
perpetual falsehood.
"When a person places himself on this ground, he is certain to
fail in his demonstration, which he is unable to construct, except
by abandoning scientific truth and historical impartiality. It is
by no means true that there is in the history of Christianity this
continually evident perfection, nor that the false creeds, and the
countries where they are practiced, [are totally void of light and
truth.
"Doubtless the doctrine of the Church is pure and without
blemish, but it is often mysterious and obscure, because God did
not wish to reveal everything to man. There is in the Church an
admirable efflorescence of saints; but there are also disorders and
abuses, arising without intermission, in spite of ever renewed re-
forms. This discrepancy between the ideal and the real is con-
stantly attested by the words of councils and of the popes
To praise all in the history of Christianity and to blame all in the
false creeds, is deviating from the truth, making religious history
inexact and substituting preconceived notions for the facts.
"But unhappily, such is the tendency of certain defenders of re-
ligion. They believe[themselves obliged to thus force the colors
on both sides, in order to producela stronger impression on their
readers.
"How often does it not happen that books written to defend re-
ligion serve only to weaken it? How often are not edifying his-
tories destructive of the faith, which they ought to sustain?"
This lesson in history, although more than twenty years old,
deserves thoughtful meditation.
Leo XIII. has also warned Catholics more than once against the
dangerous tendency, so severely criticized by the Abbe de Brog-
lie. In his encyclical letter to the French clerg}^ [Sept. 8th, 1899]
we read : "The Church historian will be so much more successful
in bringing out her [the Church's] divine origin, superior to every
terrestrial and natural concept lof lorder, the more loyal he is in
concealing none of the trials which the faults of her children and
sometimes even of her ministers, have brought upon her, the
Spouse of Christ, in the course of centuries. Studied in this way,
the history of the Church, taken by itself alone, constitutes a
magnificent and conclusive [demonstration of the truth and divini-
ty of Christianity."
May these noble words be impressed on the mind of everyone
who in our time rises in arms to defend the revealed truth. Hon-
esty, loyalty, and a passionate love of truth are more necessary
104 The Review. 1902.
and successful than the big- words and the cheap rhetoric of a
method much in vogue with electioneers and partisan politicians.
We do not doubt for a moment the perfectly good intentions of
those uncritical defenders of the Church ; on the contrary, with
the Apostle we gladl3r bear them witness that they are zealous for
God, but not according to knowledge [Rom X, 2.].
It is so easy, especially for simple minds, to substitute precon-
ceived ideas for the reality and to confuse false conceptions of the
truth with the truth itself.
It is dangerous, on the other band, *'to wound the delicate ten-
derness of Catholic sentiment," but more dangerous still "to base
faith on human opinions generally but falsety believed in the past,
not having their roots in revelation and condemned to disap-
pear by the irresistible movement of the human mind." Msgr.
d'Huist called this "the greatest of all temerities." *]
"If there ever has been a time," says Leo XIII., who is no less
"the Pope of Science," than "the Pope of the Laboringmen,"
"If there ever has been a time which needed an abundance
of learning and erudition to defend the Catholic cause, it is
indeed our age, in which a certain race to the summit
of civilization often gives tbe enemies of Christendom the oppor-
tune of attacking the faith. Equal force therefore must be
brought forward in order to withstand the attack ; the territory
must be preoccupied ; we must wrest from their hands the arms
with which they endeavor to break asunder every bond between
the divine and the human We are not less 'debtors to the wise
than to the unwise, ' so that with the former we must stand in battle-
array, and raise up and strengthen the latter when they totter. "f]
In August. 1899, Msgr. von Keppler delivered a remarkable lec-
ture before the general meeting of the Gorres Society, in which
he said : "All the sound and vital elements of modern culture
should be made serviceable to the eternal Truth and to the
Church. This is the great life-thought of Leo XIII; and this
thought contains a whole program, a truly Catholic program."
The Catholic Church has always been a staunch guardian of the
truth, natural and supernatural. If we are true to this "tradition,"
we need have no fear, like men of little faith, but, full of confidence
in the God of truth, we can sing with Weber :
" Und da sich die neuen Tage
.\u$. dem Scluitt der alien batten,
Kann ein ungetrilbtes Auge
Rilckzvarts blickend vorzvarts schauen."
*] Discours frononci au Congres Scicntifiqne des Catholiques a
/Jrnxcnes,Z—K Sept. 1894.
• J Kncyclical H Militantis Ecc/esiae," Aug. 1st, 1897.
105
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
Statistics of Catholic Orders. — Msgr. P. M. Baumgarten is getting
out complete statistics of the religious orders. According to in-
complete returns, there are 71,053 members of religious communi-
ties, viz., 16,458 Franciscans, 15,073 Jesuits, 9,464 Capuchins,
4,565 Benedictines, 4,538 Trappists, 4,350 Dominicans, 3,304 Laz-
arists, 2.149 Fathers of the Holy Ghost, 2,000 Carmelites, 1,858
Augustinians, 1,698 members of the Society of the Divine Word,
1,580 Oblates of the Immaculate Conception, 1,539 Conventuals,
1,194 members of the Paris Seminary for Foreign Missions, 1,000
White Fathers, 283 members of the Lyons Seminary for African
Missions. This number comprises priests, scholastics, novices,
and lay-brothers.
Baumgarten counts 15,060 Christian Brothers, with 5,397 novices
and scholastics, that teach 322,573 pupils in 1,964 schools. The
Marist Brothers number 6,000.
According to Baumgarten there were in 1899 in Germany, 818
Franciscans, 515 Capuchins, 432 Benedictines, 154 Trappists, 113
Carmelites, 81 Augustinians, 70 Dominicans, 65 Carthusians, 58
Redemptorists, 26 Cistercians, 231 Alexian Brothers, 613 Brothers
of Charity, 159 Franciscan Brothers, 189 School Brothers, 592
members of missionary societies, altogether 4,116 male religious.
The number of female religious in Germany is nearly eight times
that, viz., 32,731. Total number of religious, 36,847.
Considering that quite a number of orders are not included in
the above figures, we may safely venture to place the total number
of male religious in the neighborhood of 100,000, and all good Cath-
olics will rejoice and thank God for the existence of this select
body in the army of the Lord ; may they never grow less !
LITERATURE.
P. Pesch's Philosophy of Life. — A fifth edition has recently appeared,
together with a French translation, made by Pere Biron, O. S. B.,
of P. Tillmann Pesch's 'Christliche Lebensphilosophie: Gedanken
iiber religiose Wahrheiten.1 By the French translation this ex-
cellent book is made accessible to many English speaking Catholics.
An English version, we believe with the Tablet, would have to be
made more after the manner of an adaptation. The book is one
to be read at leisure, well digested and pondered. It combines
the functions of a book of informal meditations or "considerations"
with those of a popular treatise on many points of dogmatic and
moral theology and philosophy, and we do not at all wonder that
it has proved so popular in Germany as a sort of vade-mecum for
young men. To the French edition, by the way, there is pre-
fixed an interesting and edifying biographical sketch of the rever-
end author, a man who with unflagging zeal and industry devoted
himself to the twofold task of a rehabilitation — in a form suited to
modern needs — of the Scholastic philosoph}*- commended by His
Holiness Leo XIII. and to the instruction of educated Catholics in
106 The Review. 1902.
those sound principles of religion and morality" which modern
education, so-called, too often leaves out of sight.
An Introduction to English Literature. By Maurice Francis Egan,
A. M., LL. D., J. U. D., Professor in the Catholic University of
America. Boston, Marlier & Co. 1901. Price 50 cts.
Mr. Egan tells us in his preface that "this book is intended, not
so much to give facts as to develop a taste for the best, ethically
and aesthetically, in English Literature." Nevertheless it is the
facts between the covers which constitute all the value which the
book has. Mr. Egan's method of accounting for some of these
facts will not be satisfactory to older readers, and is not safe for
students.
But the chief objection to this book is an inexact use of words
and a careless, untidy construction of sentences. A book which
purports to be an introduction to the study of literature should at
least be correct in style. In this work occur many lapses which
are against the most elementary rules of rhetoric. They are
caused by inaccurate amateur habits of thought. The orderly,
well-trained mind never chooses a word without being conscious
of its meaning and its fitness for the idea to be expressed.
A Tainted History. — We are asked about the character of 'Nations
of the World.' published in sixty volumes by Peter Fenelon Collier
& Son, New York. We have not thoroughly examined the work
ourselves, but a Catholic critic in the Cleveland Universe recently
[No. 1421] stated as the result of a careful scrutinjT that it is
"marred and disfigured by prejudice as destructive to real his-
torical research as it will be distasteful to fair-minded readers,"
and quoted a clergyman of unquestioned judgment as stating that
"it is the most bigoted history I have ever seen." The head of the
Collier firm is said to be a Catholic and has procured the subscrip-
tions of a number of prominent prelates and priests, which are used
as a bait to catch others. It is doubly important for this reason
that the Catholic public be warned against the 'Nations of the
World. '
Carl May, a Discredited Author. — Carl May, a romance writer at one
time exceedingly popular among German Catholics the world
over, is to-day a thoroughly discredited author. Dr. H. Cardauns
and Carl Muth have shown up the inferior literary quality of his
work. Dr. Cardauns has furthermore established the fact that
May has prostituted his pen to the writing of fiction which is posi-
tively pornographic, and now comes a German Catholic journal
(the Kolnische Volkszeitung, No. 73) and declares him to be no
Catholic at all, but a Protestant. If this is true, May is one of the
most consummate hypocrites in modern literature.
ART.
Handbuch der Kunstgeschichte von Dr. Erich Frantz. Mit Titelbild und
393 Abbildungen im Text. (B. Herder, 1901.)— This book has been
long on our library table, awaiting a notice in The Review. It is
a compendium of the history of art, written with the acumen of a
German professor who has made the subject his life-study, yet in
popular language, interestingly throughout. Prof. Frantz, who
No. 7. The Review. 107
is also the author of a history of Christian painting", in three vol-
umes, has the true conception of art and of its educational miss-
ion. The present work is elegantly printed and sumptuously il-
lustrated. We heartily recommend it to all lovers of art. [Price
$3.20 net.]
INSURANCE.
Bad Condition of the Modern Woodmen. — The "Head Camp Readjust-
ment Committee" of the Modern Woodmen, appointed some time
ago to devise ways and means to keep the order from going under,
says in its official report (see the Modern Woodman for February) :
"Having determined that correct insurance principles should
be applied to the contracts of the Modern Woodmen of America,
and having already stated these principles, and having determined
from its own statistics that the plan of the Society is not based up-
on correct insurance principles and is wholly inadequate to meet its
obligations, and having concluded that its plan should be readjust-
ed, we are now met with the question : Is the present condition of
the Society such that this readjustment can now be properly
made, or is it too late ?"
The Committee recommends as the only possible remedy, double
assessments and absolutely no remission of the initiation fee, by
way of premium or otherwise, and earnestly requests all members
to vote in favor of this suggestion.
"The Modern Woodmen of America must not die because of a
bad plan and because of broken insurance contracts."
But we fear it will die of these ills, and nearly all of its sister-
lodges are bound to go the same way. The reckoning-day is fast
approaching.
HISTORY.
An Unreliable Handbook. — We have before us 'Studies in General
History,' by Mary D. Sheldon, published in two editions, the
'Student's Edition' and the 'Teacher's Manual.' The 'Student's
Edition' contains "a collection of historical materials." The sum-
maries of events and the extracts from authorities, for any given
period of history, together with the "Studies" or questions on the
same, are to enable the student to form a fair judgment of the
time in question and its tendencies. It is not our intention to
criticize "this new way of studying history"; rather would we
pick out some passages to show that the author is not familiar
with what is Catholic.
Thus, in her 'Student's Edition,' we read on p. 267: "This
Council (of Chalcedon) also made Rome and Constantinople equal
seats of episcopal authority and the highest of appeal."
Among the famous men of the 6th century (p. 258), we find St.
Benedict, an "eloquent preacher ; founder of the sect of Benedict-
ine monks. ..."
In the 'Teacher's Manual' she says of Luther (p. 12+): "... .he
was eminently a conservative, and his respect for the authority of
the church was only exceeded by loyalty to the best truth he
could discern." But the extracts to which she refers (pp. 423,
424) are too meager to warrant such an assertion, especially since,
from Luther's life and words, the contrary "is plainly to be seen.'"
108 The Review. 1902.
Again, on p. 165 of the same book, we read of Victor Emanuel:
"Trained in the catechism and Roman history, he was a good
Catholic and an intelligent patriot "
These quotations show that Catholics must not consult these
books to g-et at the truth about their own matters. Nor must the
editors and publishers of historical works expect to see them in-
troduced into Catholic schools before they succeed in being- per-
fectly fair to objective truth. We can not allow to be torn down
by pseudo-histoiw what is built up in religious instruction. Cath-
olic schools need Catholic books, with Catholic, i. e., true, con-
tents and Catholic terminology.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
Modern Cave-Dwellers. — The San Francisco Monitor recently [No.
13], lamented the increase in that city of what it called "social
cave-dwellers" i. e., inmates of so-called family hotels and apart-
ment houses. The boarding and lodging house evil is assuming
alarming proportions in all our big cities. The Monitor is right
in branding it as fatal to the vital spirit of family and domestic
life. Apartment house existence usually means a thwarting of
nature's laws for the propagation and perpetuation of the race
and tends to moral and social degeneracy. What made America
strong in former years was the fact that it was a country of homes.
The home, in the true meaning of that sweet term, is the founda-
tion and hope of society, and the civilization which substitutes for
it the "'family hotel" and the apartment house, has decay written
across its countenance.
PHILOLOGY.
A Book on Conditional Sentences. — The McMillans publish a bulky
volume (6vo. pp. xxviii, 694) from the pen of Richard Horton-
Smith, on 'The Teory of Conditional Sentences in Greek and
Latin.' To compose, in isolation from the world of scholarship,
a book on a difficult and important point of Latin and Greek syn-
tax, ignoring the most noteworthy writings of professional schol-
ars in the same field, is a singular proceeding, and, it must be
said, somewhat Anglo'Saxon. This is what Mr. Smith has done.
His bulky book is in no sense a contribution to the literature of
the subject with which it deals ; though as an exemplification of
heroic devotion to classical studies, so generally neglected now-a-
days, it excites admiration.
The Pronunciation of Foreign Names. — Mr. Joseph Fitzgerald, in his
latest work 'Word and Phrase,' an elaboration of his little book
called 'Pitfalls of English,' propounds a novel theory of his own
regarding the pronunciation of modern foreign names. Very few
of us, he insists, could pronounce these as they are spoken in their
native haunts, howsoever hard we tried, and the attempt naturally
savors of affectation. But arbitrarily to give them English phon-
etic values is equally objectionable. The golden mean should be
adopted : they should be pronounced "about half-right." A
strange doctrine for one who undertakes to instruct others in "the
true and false use of English."
109
MISCELLANY.
"Who is Right?" — Under this caption a priest of the Diocese of
Vincennes writes The Review :
From our Bishop I have received a most urgent appeal for the
support of the Negro and Indian missions, signed by Cardinal
Gibbons and Archbishops Ryan and Kain. In this appeal is
quoted an extract from a memorial of the Director of the Bureau
of the Catholic Indian Missions to the archbishops of the U. S.,
wherein I read : "If our schools are suspended, all the pupils of
those schools will necessarily be forced into the government
schools. It is a fact beyond question, that the government schools
are often bitterly anti-Catholic, and at best totally indifferent in
religious matters, etc." Again : "We must not omit to notice
that the moral tone of many of the government schools is such
that no Catholic could in conscience patronize them." And again :
"The truth is, no matter how much we would like to think other-
wise, by suspending our schools, we are simply turning the pu-
pils of those schools over to the Protestant propaganda" . . . ."We
must take into consideration the fact that the Indian is entirely
helpless ; even those who have money and wish to pay for their
children in the schools of their choice, are prevented from doing
so by a positive order of the Secretary of the Interior," etc., etc.
Now Archbishop Ireland of St. Paul (according to a despatch to
the Indianapolis News, Feb. 7th) in a speech at the annual banquet
of the Carroll Institute at Washington, "sought to disabuse his
hearers of the impression, which he believed prevailed amongst
Catholics, that they suffered because of their religion, suggesting
in this connection that many persons of that faith appeared evi-
dently anxious of being half persecuted. He asserted that Cath-
olics do not suffer because of their religion and said the idea that
they did is gradually disappearing. They have, he said, a better
chance of accomplishing what they desire, than formerly, etc."
Who is right?
The "Crime-is-disease" Theory well Punctured. — Even at this
late date the following editorial of the Chicago Inter- Ocean, Nov.
20th, is worth reproducing :
American Medicine, in its current issue, calls attention to one
beneficial effect of the assassination of President McKinley. It
has silenced the theorists who but a short time ago were so loudly
and continually proclaiming that all crime is merely disease, and
that society, instead of punishing the criminal, should attempt to
cure him.
"When the public conscience is not aroused," remarks American
Medicine, "it is very easy to be bold with dogmatic denials of free
will and with dogmatic assertions that structure absolutely rules
function. If this is so the criminal is impelled to his deeds by his
cerebral mechanism and is irresponsible. Punishment must be
out of the question where the criminal is irresponsible. Strangely
enough, the materialistic alienists have not said a word about this
highly important fact since Czolgosz committed his crime. They
should have the courage of their philosophy."
The "crime-is-disease" theorists are all what the world has been
wont to regard as educated and intelligent men and women. They
110 The Review. No. 7.
were supposed to possess that moral courage which only convic-
tion of truth can give. Yet they are silent when confronted with
a public indignation which, intense as it was, at least some anar-
chists did not fear to face. In fact, the anarchists, poor and ig-
norant and despised as they are, showed a courage which the
"crime-is-disease" theorists totally failed to display.
For this there can be but one explanation. The "crime-is-dis-
ease" theorists never really believed their own doctrine. If they
had they would have stood up for it at such a time before all
others, no matter what the consequences. But they are silent,
and their silence is a confession of cowardice which must hereaf-
ter deprive them of any claim upon public attention. Here was a
supreme crisis for their faith, and by failling to proclaim it, stand
bjT it, die for it, if need be, they have ad mitted that it was no faith,
but merehT the speculation of misused brains.
And this is well. For the "crime-is-disease" theory is, in fact,
a denial that God reigns in his universe. It reduces man to the
level of an insensate machine. It might be tolerated until some
such event as the murder of the President roused the nation to
the consciousness that, however man may err and perish, God
still lives and reigns. In the face of that aroused consciousness
the deniers of the fact which it recognized were silent. Their
courage oozed out at their finger-ends. They felt that the voice
of the people then, if never before, was truly the voice of God.
And before that overwhelming voice they were hushed into silence.
The Thesa.\irus Lii\g\ia.e La.tii\a.e.' — The Commission of the
united German academies tor the publication of the 'Thesaurus
Linguae Latinae' recently held a conference in Munich. The
editor-in-chief, Prof. Vollmer, reported that four parts of the
monumental lexicon (A — acuo, an — Ardabur) were already print-
ed, while a fifth is almost ready. The interest taken in the work
all over the world is apparent from the unexpectedly large num-
ber of subscribers. Several German governments which were
not yet associated in the undertaking by academies, have contrib-
uted liberal amounts of money. The 'Thesaurus,' as our readers
know from previous notices, is intended to comprise the entire
Latin language, from its earliest beginnigs till far into the Middle
Ages. It is entirely in Latin. The price per part, of 112 solid
double-column pages, lexicon octavo, is in this country $2.25.
The VaJue of Music in Dentistry. — Tests recently made have
demonstrated the value of music in the dentist's office. Some
men. and more women, when thej^ visit their dentist for the re-
moval of a tooth, become strangely affected by the nitrous oxide
that is administered to deaden the pain. The}r sing or laugh vo-
ciferously, move uneasily, and some try to dance. Others have
vivid recollections come to them of a fishing excursion, or a foot-
ball game, or, in the case of women, of a ball, or concert, and with
the memory comes an uncontrollable desire to tell the doctor all
about it. This is annoying to the physician. Most dentists, un-
der such circumstances, turn on the nitrous oxide faucet full
strength and send the noisy person to complete unconsciousness.
But with a music-box in running order only a modicum of the gas
is needed. The patient listens to the notes, his nervous system
is calmed, and he sleeps.
Ill
NOTE- BOOK.
Editorial Letter-Box. — 0. S. B.. Fort S?nith, Ark. — We have
not seen more than four numbers of that monthly and can not say
whether it has improved or not. The circular is three-fourths
puffery. Rev. JY. C/i. — I have twice called the attention of the
Postmaster of St. Louis to the 'Devil in Robes' and twice received
the reply that he would do his best to prevent its further trans-
mission through the mails. The U. S. secret service has had the
matter in hand, and I still hope something- will be done. Mean-
while we are powerless to stay the nefarious propaganda.
Mr. Joseph F. Wagner, publisher of the Homiletic Monthly, 103
Fifth Ave., New York, writes to The Review that he considers
the warning we published against his list of plays, in No. 3 of the
current volume, from the pen of Rev. P. Antonine Wilmer, O. M.
Cap., unjustified. He declares that "the plays referred to are ac-
tually and exclusively for male performers, inasmuch as these
plays without exception are intended or suitable for performance
by males." The misunderstanding seems to have arisen from the
fact that a portion of Mr. Wagner's list of plays, as printed in the
Homiletic Monthly, were so-called "Black Face Farces," and the
publisher assumed that "it is pretty generally known that female
roles in black face farces are invariably played by male perform-
ers." Father Wilmer's note ought to show him that it is not so
generally known as he thinks and that it will be advisable in future
to head this list of "plays for male characters only" with the re-
mark with which Mr. Wagner has prefaced it on one of his circu-
lars which he has kindly sent us, viz.: "The Female Roles May be
Assumed by Male Characters."
*^ «,* «,»
A representative of the Omaha Texas Oil Company, Mr. F. W.
Browne, of Chicago, writes to us to say that he believes we have
done his company an injustice by our remarks in No. 4, page 63.
We did not mention his company at all, but warned our readers
generally against get-rich-quick concerns, quoting from the cir-
culars of one of them to show how shrewdly they strive to rake in
the dimes of the unwary. Mr. Browne of the Omaha Texas Oil
Co. admits the correctness of our standpoint, but asserts that his
own company is all right, and that he is willing to give us every op-
portunity to scrutinize its claim. We have neither the time nor
the inclination to make the examination. Let those who have
money to invest in oil stocks attend to that themselves. The
Omaha Texas Oil Co. may be all right or it may be all wrong ; in
view of the confession of its own Mr. Browne in his letter to The
Review, that "the mails are full of fake circulars," we think our
general warning was entirely justified, especiall}7 as now-a-days,
where so much capital lies idle, profitable investments do not need
to go begging for the nickles of the clergy.
112 Thk Review. 1902.
It has pleased God to add to the number of His angels in Heaven
our dear little son Alfred Joseph, in whom we had put such
fond and loving- hopes. It is a cruel bereavement, but the Father's
will be done ! With sorrowing- hearts we still praise His name
and kiss the hand that has struck us.
Arthur and Pauline Preuss.
The Reaper and the Flowers.
There is a Reaper, whose name is Death,
And, with his sickle keen,
He reaps the bearded grain at a breath,
And the flowers that grow between.
"Shall I have naught that is fair?" saith he,
"Have naught but the bearded grain?
Though the breath of these flowers is sweet to me,
I will give them all back again."
He gazed at the flowers with tearful eyes,
He kissed their drooping leaves ;
It was for the Lord of Paradise
He bound them in his sheaves.
"My Lord has need of these flowerets gay,"
The Reaper said and smiled ;
"Dear tokens of the earth are they,
Where he was once a child.
"They shall all bloom in fields of light,
Transplanted by my care,
And saints, upon their garments white,
These sacred blossoms wear."
And the mother gave, in tears and pain,
The flowers she most did love ;
She knew she should find them all again
In the fields of light above.
O, not in cruelty, not in wrath,
The Reaper came that day ;
'T was an angel visited the green earth,
And took the flowers away. — Longfellow.
The Responsibility for the Spanish War.
HiLE foreign nations are vying with each other to show us
that they were friendly to us in the Cuban crisis, the
American public is apt to forget that our war with Spain
was an unjust war. The responsibility was located last June when
the administration published the diplomatic correspondence lead-
ing up to this war.
Spain had yielded to nearly all of our demands and seemed
plainty disposed to meet them all.
The proof is very simple. It lies on the face of the despatches.
Passing by all preliminaries, we find Secretary Day on March 27th,
1898, telegraphing instructions to Minister Woodford to make
three demands :
"First. Armistice until October 1st. Negotiations meantime
looking for peace between Spain and insurgents through friendly
offices of President United States.
"Second. Immediate revocation of reconcentrado order.
"Add, if possible,
"Third. If terms of peace not satisfactorily settled by October
1st, President of the United States to be final arbiter between
Spain and insurgents."
Now what followed ? On March 31st the reconcentrado order
was revoked, and a special credit of 3,000,000 pesetas put at the
disposal of Governor-General Blanco to care for the homeless Cu-
bans. There was our demand number two promptly complied
with. The offer to concede demand number one was cabled by
Minister Woodford on April 5th. It read :
"Should the Queen proclaim the following before twelve o'clock
noon of Wednesday, April 6th, will you sustain the Queen, and
can you prevent hostile action by Congress?
" 'At the request of the Holy Father, in this Passion Week and
in the name of Christ, I proclaim immediate and unconditional
suspension of hostilities in the island of Cuba.
This suspension is to become immediately effective so soon as
accepted by the insurgents in that island, and is to continue for
the space of six months, to the 5th day of October, eighteen nine-
ty-eight.
I do this to give time for passions to cease, and in the sincere
hope and belief that, during this suspension, permanent and hon-
orable peace may be obtained between the insular government of
The Review, Vol. IX, No. 8.
114 The Review. 1902.
Cuba and those of my subjects in that island who are now in re-
bellion against the' authority of Spain.
I pray the blessing- of Heaven upon this truce of God, which I
now declare in His name, and with the sanction of the Holy Father
of all Christendom.
April 5th, 1898.'
'"Please read^this in the lightjof all my previous telegrams and
letters. I believe that this means peace, which the sober judg-
ment of our people will approve long before next November, and
which must be approved at the bar of final history.
"I permit the' papal nuncio to read this telegram, upon my own
responsibility, and without committing you in any manner. I dare
not reject this last chance for peace. I will show your reply to the
Queen in person, and I believe that you will approve this last con-
scientious effort for peace."
What could be'cnore moving, moreipathetic, more like an unex-
pected messenger of peace to be greeted with devout thankful-
ness, by all Christian' hearts? But how did President McKinley
greet it? He telegraphed Minister Woodford that he "highly ap-
preciated the Queen's desire for peace," but that he could not
"assume to influence the'action of the American Congress." Yet,
if an armistice were offered, he would "communicate that fact to
Congress." Yes, but how did he communicate it? Did he cite a
syllable of the pious and exalted language of the Queen? Did he
explain how the venerable Pontiff uhad exerted himself to prevent
a wicked war? No, he simply added a couple of vague and cold
paragraphs at the very end of his message. Read the passionate,
eager words of the Queen of Spain ; read the solemn exhortations
of Minister Woodford, and then read how President McKinley
presented the matter to Congress :
"Yesterday, and since the preparation of the foregoing mess-
age, official information was received by me that the latest decree
of the Queen Regent of Spain directs Gen. Blanco, in order to pre-
pare and facilitate peace, to proclaim a suspension of hostilities,
the duration and details of which[have not yet been communicated
to me.
"This fact, with every other pertinent consideration, will, I am
sure, have your just and careful attention in the solemn delibera-
tions upon which you are about to enter. If this measure attains
a successful result, then!our!aspirations as a Christian peace-lov-
ing people will be realized. DIf it fails, it will be only another justi-
fication for our contemplated action."
Congress, of course, paid not the slightest attention to this per-
functory tail-end of a message.
115
An Expert Report on Methods of
Dealing With the Social Evil.
he Committee of Fifteen's report on 'The Social Evil, with
Special Reference to Conditions Existing- in the City of
New York,' has just been published from the press of
G. P. Putnam's Sons.
The monograph of 188 pages is almost wholly the work of Mr.
Alvin S. Johnson, now an instructor in economics in Bryn Mawr
College, and bears the approval of every member of the Fifteen.
It embraces a brief review of the history of prostitution and care-
ful accounts of the relation of the government toward it in Berlin
and Paris and other cities. Five chapters are devoted to a study
of governmental regulation, in its moral, sanitar}^, and practical
aspects, in which the arguments, pro and con, are weighed with
such care and in so judicial a spirit as to place the book at once in
a class by itself. There is a chapter dealing with the probable
effectiveness of regulation in New York, and one on the moral
regulation of vice.
The report shows beyond question that no adequate remedy
for^the evil is to be found in any such system of State regulation
and sanitary control as is advocated by many. The Committee
frankly says that on moral grounds alone it would discountenance
anjr such policy. Its reasons for doing so, however, are not the
old stock arguments that the government must not by toleration
become the partner of vice, and that it is putting a premium on
immorality to endeavor to suppress its resulting diseases. The
diseases in large measure are transmitted to the innocent, and
Mr. Johnson holds that if any system of regulation could stamp
them out, even at the cost of some protection to vice, the human
race would be benefited. But careful study of the results of var-
ious methods of regulation shows that under them sanitary meas-
ures completely fail to accomplish their object, and are attended
with most unfortunate m»ral consequences. Regulation does not
mean the lessening of disease ; it makes more difficult the refor-
mation of immoral women, and it gives the social evil a recognized
status which is demoralizing to the young of both sexes, who, ow-
ing to defective training, hard circumstances or inherited weak-
ness, are on the borderland between vice and virtue.
The demand that this evil be kept from sight is often denounced
as mere hypocrisy. It is said that as long as we must have it, let
us frankly recognize the fact and cease useless efforts to have it
suppressed or seem to be suppressed. But it is not hypocrisy to
seek by moral quarantine to keep an evil which can not be eradi-
116 The Review. 1902.
cated from civilized society, from spreading to thousands who are
not by their own nature destined to be its victims. The Commit-
tee of Fifteen recognizes that prostitution can not be stamped out
in a great city, and properly characterizes the marplots who al-
ways interfere with efforts for amelioration by demands for in-
stant cure. On the other hand, it recognizes that a laissez faire
policy is intolerable. But if the State can not suppress and may
not regulate, what alternative is there to leaving vice alone, letting
it spread just as the state of individual moral sentiment permits,
and remanding its victims to the physical and social penalties of
their own sins? The Committee's answer is moderate, humane,
and practical. It proposes a policy that does not attempt the im-
possible, that does not offer delusive hopes of suddenly changing
the evil in the human heart, but which attempts to reduce the
evil, alleviate the suffering it causes, lessen temptations, and make
moral redemption of society ever the aim of government.
To this end the Committee recommends strenuous efforts to
prevent in the tenement houses the overcrowding which is a pro-
lific source of immorality. Attempts already made for the more
decent housing of the poor have produced only a feeble impress-
ion, and if the social evil is to be abated, it must be attacked at its
sources. The Committee urges that by private munificence or
public provision purer forms of amusement be furnished to sup-
plant the attractions of the resorts in which pleasure-loving, but
not evilly intentioned, young people now find their tastes debased
and their sensual natures stimulated. It also calls for improve-
ment in the material condition of young wage-earning women.
The Committee says : "It is a sad and humiliating admission to
make, at the beginning of the twentieth century, in one of the
greatest centres of civilization in the world, that in numerous in-
stances it is not passion or corrupt inclination, but the force of
actual physical want that impels young women along the road to
ruin." The report says that the New York hospitals should, on
grounds of public health as well as of humanity to the sufferers,
have much larger provision for treating outcast women, and that
minors of notorious immorality should be confined in reformator-
ies. The Raines law hotels are found to be a most potent influence
for the spread of vice, offering undreamed of facilities to the weak
and wavering.
Finally, the Committee declares for a change in the attitude of the
law. The proposition is to exclude prostitution from the category of
legal crimes, not to make it less odious as a sin, but to make possible
its more efficient discouragement. "A law on the statute books
that can not be enforced is a whip in the hands of the blackmailer."
This source of police corruption being stopped, the Committee
No. 8. The Review. 117
recommends that prostitution be driven as a public nuisance from
the tenement houses and apartments, be forbidden to invade the
homes of the poor and debase children, be prevented from all ob-
trusive manifestation of itself calculated to tempt the innocent,
and be confined in houses, but not allowed to segregate itself in
any particular quarter of the city, since such concentration would
make a veritable plague spot.*) The result of this policy, it is
said, would be, "indeed, the continued existence of houses of ill-
fame, partly in streets formerly residential and deserted by the
better class of occupants, partly scattered in the neighborhood of
the great thoroughfares and elsewhere, and these will remain un-
disturbed, under the condition that they remain unobtrusive." t)
The Committee recognizes that this will be criticized as making
compromise with sin, and adds : "The serious and weighty objec-
tions that lie against the existence of such houses are well known.
But they are in every case objections which really apply to the ex-
istence of prostitution itself. They could only be removed if pros-
titution itself could summarily be extirpated."
Recognizing that this is impossible, the Committee believes in
treating the evil in such a way that it will work the least harm.
That way, most people who impartially study the subject will
agree with it, is to be found in preventing so far as may be the
spread of the infection of immorality. Some men and women
there always are who will be vicious, but there are thousands who
will be what circumstances make them, and the morals of a com-
munity depend largely on the comparative temptations to vice and
incentives to virtue held out to this large class.
*) This is a useful hint for our St. Louis Police Board, who are trying to segregate the social
evil. """ '
t) In advising the creation of a special body of morals police, the Committee makes a grave
mistake ; for European experience, as shown even in this report, has proved everywhere the
futility and the inevitable degradation of such a force. At best these men become oppressors ;
at worst, blackmailers and procurers. Everywhere they are objects of contempt and execra-
tion, and all too frequently themselves among the worst offenders against morality.
Dr. Flinders Petrie, the archaeologist, announces that he has
deciphered the cuneiform inscription on a tablet he excavated in
the plans of Assyria, and believes that it is a copy of a prehistoric
comic paper. Among other items it contains the following merry
jest, which bears a strangely familiar sound : "Now, there were
gathered together at the place of the telling of stories many of
them that have lived long in the land, and one of them lifted up
his voice and said : 'Behold it groweth cold with much extreme-
ness. ' Whereupon another made answer saying : 'Verily, it doth.
But let us separate and get hence, for here cometh Methusalem
the aged, and if we tarry he will even tell us again of the cold spell
of the year 40. ' And they got hence with much speed." This
item of news, which appears exclusively in the Baltimore Ameri-
can, is not, however, accompanied with an affidavit.
US
Growing Unbelief in Protestant
Germany.
P. Cathrein, S. J., has an article on this subject in the Theo'
logisch-prcictischc Quartahchrift (Linz, 1902, No. 1, pages 13-25),
which shows the truly hopeless religious disintegration of the
non-Catholic population of the "Fatherland."
The notorious "Philosopher of the Unconscious," E. v. Hart-
mann, was perhaps the first to draw public attention to this disin-
tegration, some thirty 3rears ago, in a work written on this very
subject. Since then, matters have grown much worse. The
"undogmatic Christianity" of the Ritschl school now predominates
in the Evangelical theological faculties of the German universi-
ties. Harnack and his numerous followers belong to this school,
which rejects both the Trinity and thelDivinity of Christ, the fall
of man and his redemption.
At the last conference of the Lutherans (August, 1901) at Ber-
lin, Privy Councillor v. Massow declared, in the presence of a
number of Protestant professors of theology : "If a modern theo-
logian had the courage, he would pronounce his theses as follows:
I do not believe that the Word was in the beginning with God. I
do not believe the miraculous birth of Christ. I do not believe in
his miracles, his expiatory death, his resurrection and ascension.
.... The infidel professors are more dangerous than we imagine."
A resolution was adopted by the same conference, deploring
the defection of the theological faculties from the achievements of
the Reformation, which has rendered them unfit to train 3'oung
theologians for their vocation.
Matters are no better in the philosophical faculties, where
about all the non-Catholic philosophers of any name, viz.: Zeller,
Paulsen, Ziegler, Wundt, Doring, v. Gizycki, Spicker, etc., openly
deny the fundamental doctrines of Christianity : the Trinity, the
Divinity of Christ, the possibility of miracles, nay even the exist-
ence of a personal God and the immortality of the human soul.
They are zealous followers of such pantheists and materialists as
Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Herbart, Beneke, and Feuerbach.
The same must be said of the non-Catholic professors of the
natural sciences. Prof. Hackel, whom the readers of The Review
know as an implacable opponent of Christianity, boldly and with-
out contradiction, declared some years ago, in an assembly of nat-
uralists, that nine-tenths of them shared his "religious creed."
Hackel relegates belief in God and the immortality of the soul to
the fables of the nursery.
I remember an American gentleman telling me once that, being
No. 8. The Review. , 119
a Presbyterian, he went to a German university to study law, and
that already in the first term he lost his faith and became an avowed
infidel. This is almost typical for the non-Catholic (and alas 1 also
some Catholic) students at the German universities. As Hackel
declared years ago, a large proportion begin to doubt in the first
term of their studies, and lose the faith entirely during their stay
at those places of learning. Afterwards they form the so-called
educated classes, and we may imagine their state of belief.
"Most educated people have lost the faith in a future life," Prof.
Ziegler declared recently in a public assembly ; and on another
occasion : "We of a liberal mind must protect our right to fulfil
our moral duties without floating a loan upon a future life."
That he and his colleagues, who have made similar statements,
tell the truth, is borne out by numerous facts. The enormous
circulation and ardent praise, e. g., which the sacrilegious writ-
ings of Nietzsche have found ; the frantic outcry of all the so-
called liberal parties, when it was proposed to establish by law
Christian denominational schools ; the spread of the so-called
ethical societies, whose aim it is to introduce a code of morals in-
dependent of religion and the belief in God, that does not need, as
they blaspheme, the crutches of religion ; the utterances of the
newspapers and other periodicals, are as many proofs for the
growing unbelief of the Protestant educated classes.
Lately two new periodicals have been started in Germany for
the avowed purpose of combating the Christian world-view. One
of them, Der Heide (The Pagan; says: "The broad masses of the
people are now drawn into the battle, not merely against the Cath-
olic Church, but against the entire Christian world-view." The
other, Dasfreie Wort (The Free Word), which counts among its
contributors many university professors and Protestant preach-
ers, has set up for its program "to free the souls from the press-
ure of the dogma of the Church and to lead them to an indepen-
dent religious life, — hence separation of Church and State, emanci-
pation of the school from all ecclesiastical influence, and intro-
duction of a moral instruction without the bias of any denomina-
tional creed."
To what an extent the masses have emancipated themselves
from the Church, is shown by the spread of the so-called Social
Democracy. According to its leader, Mr. Bebel, it tends to athe-
ism. Officially it says that religion is everybody's private busi-
ness, but practically it is most hostile to religion. In the last
election (1898) this anti-Christian party obtained more than two
million votes, i. e., nearly one-third of all the votes cast. The
larger cities with their predominantly Protestant population, are,
with one or two exceptions, either entirely, or to a very large'ex-
120 The Review. 1902.
tent, represented in the Reichstag- by Social Democrats ; thus
Berlin, Hamburg-, Altona, Halle, Frankfort, Hanover, Dresden,
Leipsic, Chemnitz, Stuttgart, Brunswick, Konigsberg, Darm-
stadt, Elberfeld. Mannheim, Niirnberg, Liibeck. Although it
can not be said that all who vote the Social-Democratic ticket,
share their leaders' unbelief, it nevertheless furnishes a forciblear-
gument for the growing alienation from the Christian faith when
such large numbers support this party. This is especially
the case in the larger cities. And what is the attitude of those
who should combat this tendency, — the preachers and ministers?
While it can not be denied that there are preachers who faithfully
adhere to Christianity, there is a large number who hardly de-
serve to be called Christians. As early as 1892, in consequence of
the controvers}- about the Apostolicum, it became evident that the
majority of the professors and educated Protestants no longer
acknowledged its essential articles, and the High Council of the
Protestant Church (Oberkirchenrath) at Berlin was forced to de-
clare that it was "far from their mind to make the confession (i.
e., the Apostolicum) or any of its parts a rigid doctrinal law." Can
we wonder that among the younger ministers to-day few accept
the Apostles' Creed as "a doctrinal law," when we consider the
education they receive at the universities?
We should, under these circumstances, expect that an effort
would be made to check the growing evil. But nothing of the kind
is done. Instead, all seem to unite on bitter warfare against the
Catholic Church. Growing unbelief may be found in England and
in America, as well as in Germany; but in one respect German Prot-
estantism takesthe lead — in its bitter antagonism against the Cath-
olic faith. When German Catholic assemblies and papers lately
sounded the alarm of a "new Kulturkampf," it was this growing
antagonism they principally had in view.
It is altogether incredible what accusations are cast up against
Catholicism in Protestant Germany. Without entering upon this
matter more at large, I will only mention the words of two such
eminent men as Professor Hermann, of Marburg, and Professor
Harnack, of Berlin. The former, a prominent systematizer of the
school of Ritschl, says in a small pamphlet : ('Roman and Evan-
gelical Morality'): "What the Roman Church officially calls mor-
ality is the death of morality" (p. 12). "The Roman Church
earnestly endeavors to'suppress such an understanding (of true
morality) in the men whom she wishes to educate into Christians"
[p. 20.] Her morality is "degenerated Christianity ;" "unscrupu-
lousness, want of principle [Gezuissenlosigkeit] is not only fostered
by some of her members, but the church with her whole
authority places herself at the head of this movement ; sheen-
No. 8. The Review. 121
courages unscrupulousness" [p. 30]. We can scarcely harbor
any hope that "the Roman Church will extricate herself from this
moral swamp and find her way to Christ" [p. 42]. He accuses
Rome of leading- millions of our people into "moral rascality"
\_moralische Verlumpung. ]
And Harnack, speaking- of the moral system of the Jesuits and'
its results, says : "This order, by means of probabilism, has
changed nearly all mortal into venial sins. Again and
again it has given directions how to wallow in the mire,
to entangle the conscience, and, in the confessional, to can-
cel one sin by another. . . .The method remains unchanged, and it
exercises its devastating influence upon dogma and ethics, up-
on the consciences of confessors and penitents to-day perhaps in
a worse degree than at any other time. Since the 17th century
the forgiveness of sins has in many ways become a subtle art :
one learns the art of hearing confessions and absolving from sin,
as one learns stock-jobbing. And yet — how indestructible is this
Church, how indestructible a conscience that seeks its God. It
finds him even in its idol and hears his voice where all the tunes
of hell resound." [Harnack, Dogmengeschichte, III, 1, p. 641 sq.]
We Catholics know the utter calumny contained in these words;
we are naturally filled with indignation when we hear or read
them. But there is hardly anything to be done. Our refutations
are either ignored or misrepresented by these adversaries.
Learned and able men though they be, they will not take the
trouble to study a Catholic catechism, in order to learn and under-
stand the Catholic teaching, so great is their prejudice and some-
times their contempt and hatred.*]
*] Cfr. J. Mausbach, Die Katholische Moral Bin Wort zur Ab~
ivehr and Verstandigung. [Koln, 1901.]
A reverend correspondent writes us :
"In connection with your late paper on the necessity of Catholic
labor unions (No. 6) I think you are decidedly right in maintain-
ing that an amalgamation of Christian with Socialistic labor or-
ganizations is impossible. But would it not be better to found
Christian instead of Catholic labor unions? If we establish dis-
tinctively Catholic labor federations, the inevitable consequence
would be that the Protestants would set up purely 'evangelical'
organizations in opposition to ours, which would mean a renewed
split."
We are ready to print any further observations that are apt to
elucidate this important and difficult question.
122
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
LITERATURE.
Die Stadt Gottes. A German monthly, edited by the Fathers of the
Divine Word, Stej^l, Holland ; distributed in the U. S. by the same
Fathers at St. Joseph's Home, Shermerville, 111. Price $1.20 a
year.
Die Stadt Gottes deserves a place in every German family circle.
The contents of numbers 1, 2, and 3 of vol. 25, just received, are
interesting-, the illustrations abundant and well executed. The
net proceeds are for the many missions confided to the Fathers of
the Divine Word. The periodical must have an immense circula-
tion to realize even a modest net profit over and above the expense
of publication.
The Perfect Woman. Translated from the French of Charles de
Sainte-Foi by Zephirine N. Brown. Marlier & Co., Boston. 1901.
Price, S1.00.
The writer of this book is not only a sound theologian, but a
careful and thorough student of human nature and, especially, of
the nature and sphere of woman. He is therefore able to apply
to the circumstances of every-day life the teachings of Christiani-
ty, and this he does in so clear and explicit a manner as to
make it impossible for the reader to commit the common fault of
divorcing theory from practice and admiring and enjoying the ex-
position of a system without perceiving the advisability of its par-
ticular application. Nothing could be more timely than the chap-
ters on marriage, on the love of the world, and on luxury. The
translator's English is clear, forcible, and fluent, and she deserves
much credit for placing within reach of the women of this country
a work which will be productive of good not only on account of
the value of its contents, but because of the attractive manner in
wrhich they are set forth.
St. Anthony in Art and Other Sketches. By Mary F. Nixon-Roulet.
Marlier & Co., Boston. Price S2.00.
This book is published in very attractive form and contains
fifty photogravures of famous paintings. In the articles there is
pleasant chat about the artists and the subjects of their works.
The Marriage of Laurentia. By Marie Haultmont. London, Sands
& Co., St. Louis, B. Herder. Price SI. 60.
A Catholic novel of English life. The interest is well sustained.
Some of the incidents and one or two of the characters are over-
drawn, but the book has considerable merit.
The Triumph of the Cross.-~By Fra Girolamo Savonarola. Trans-
lated from the Italian. Edited, with Introduction by the Very
Rev. Father John Procter, S. T. L., Provincial of the Dominicans
in England. Sands & Co., London. Price $1.35.
A translation from the Italian version of Savonarola's apologia,
written by him in Latin and Italian for the purpose of vindicating
his orthodoxy. It is not only valuable from a historical stand-
No. 8. The Review. 123
point, but is a logical and convincing treatise on the truth of Chris-
tianity, just as pertinent to-day as it was four hundred years ago.
This is the first time that 'The Triumph of the Cross' has ever
been published in its entirety in English.
EDUCATION.
The Reform Gymnasium in Germany.— A large convention ofjthe
directors of the so-called "'reform" gymnasiums, also termedjthe
"Frankfort and Altona" system, held recently in Cassel, was a
revelation of the strength of this movement in the German educa-
tional world. The leading characteristic of these schools is their
"lateinloser Unterbau" [no Latin !] and also the far more recom-
mendable innovation that fewer studies are taken in a single year,
and these finished, if possible. Eighty-four representatives of
these institutions were present, of which there are now thirty-
seven scattered over Germany, new ones being established every
year. The new scheme has been able to compel recognition in
many quarters. At the Cassel meeting the government was for
the first time officially represented. The movement has evidently
become a fixed fact in secondary school discipline in Germany.
HISTORY.
Did the Pilgrims Come to this Country in the Mayflower? — At first blush
the question is shocking to the patriotic as well as to the historic
sense. To raise it will seem to some almost a blasphem}7. And
yet, given as we are in the present day to critical researches into
the details of our colonial history, it is certainly not an impropriety
to discuss the question of the vehicle by which the Pilgrim Fathers
reached these shores and the authority upon which we have set
the Mayflower before us as an object of veneration.
A little volume entitled 'Mayflower Essays,' written by Rev. G.
C. Blaxland, at one time domestic chaplain to the Protestant Bish-
op of London, and as such custodian for some years of the original
Bradford manuscript, contains a brief note in which attention is
called to the remarkable fact that in no place in the narrative does
Governor Bradford record the name of the vessel in which the
first party of Plymouth colonists made their voyage. An examin-
ation of the history shows this statement to be correct.
Nor is there any mention of the Mayflower in 'Mourt's Rela-
tion,'so-called, in the preparation of which two members of the
Plymouth Company united.
It is likewise to be noted that Bradford, in recording the name
of the vessel in which the company arriving in 1629 made their
voyage, does not in any manner intimate that this is the arrival of
an old friend, in which the first settlers made their home during
a long and troublous voyage, in which they remained for several
weeks in the harbor of Provincetown, and from which they made
their final landing at Plymouth.
John Smith, a contemporary in point of time, but not a member
of the Plymouth Company, is one of the chroniclers of the begin-
nings of New England; but although he tells of the voyage and of
the disasters which befell the Pilgrim Fathers, he makes no men-
124 The Review. 1902.
tioti of the name of the ship which brought them. This disposes
of all contemporary narrators.
Our authority for the supposed fact that the Pilgrims came in
the Maj'flower, is Nathaniel Morton, who was seven years of age
when the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, but did not come to Am-
erica till 1623. Morton certainly had ample opportunities to learn
the truth, and as he is generally reliable, faithfully reflecting in
his 'New England's Memorial,' wherever be utters anything that
is not the echo of Bradford or Winslow, the common opinions and
passions of the community in which he passed his painstaking
life,*) we do not see wh}r his testimony on this particular point
should be rejected, even though unconfirmed by earlier documents.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
About Tramps.— Prof . McCook, of Trinity College, Hartford, has
recently published some absorbing studies in tramp life. One of
the craft, in a letter quoted verbatim by the Professor (Independ-
ent, No. 2768), classifies the tramps (whom he calls "Haut beaus")
in three categories, with occasionally a woman. There is the
harmless hobo who tramps because he has no home and no friends,
usually "got on the road from drink." Class 2 is made up of fakers
and "mush-fakers" (umbrella-menders), mechanics and others
hunting work, and it comprises some of the best mechanics who
"get on the road by spending their money too liberal and partly
from drink." There appears to be a kind of brotherly feeling
among this class, but they have no use for class No. 3, which is
composed of ex-convicts, jailbirds, and regular deadbeats. These
are the "mean Haut Beaus that will venture to do anything — insult
women, steal, and fire barns, can't be trusted." This makes it
bad for the honest tramp, as the public thinks they are all chips
of the same block, while in reality, according to Prof. McCook 's
hobo authority, there is "just as much difference in the Classes
as there is in the Classes of societies in a City, or a village." The
few women who tramp are described as "generally very
low down creatures" and go by the name of "Bags" or "Old Bags."
We suppose their manner of life is much like that of the " Tifi-
i>ehchicksen 'in Germany, so graphically described of late by Hans
Oswald in the Berlin Zukunft (vol. ix, No. 28.)
ART.
Tissot's Pictures. — Our readers will recollect that when Tissot's
Life of Christ was published by McClure Phillips, The Review
refused to recommend the work for purely artistic reasons. A
correspondent of the Catholic Citizen (No. 14) now warns Catholics
against buying the book, which, it appears, is sold at a much
reduced price, for the reason that the publisher has been stupid
enough to accompany the pictures with the Protestant text of the
Scriptures, going so far even, in one instance, as to say in a foot-
note, that the Blessed Virgin gave birth to other children after
the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ.
*) Cfr. Moses Coit Tyler, 'History of American Literature,' I,
127.
125
MISCELLANY.
Why are so Many Protestant Ministers Violent Prohibitionists?
— Our esteemed and learned confrere of the Northwest Review
[No. 24] has undertaken to answer this question — an interesting-
one, which is often asked. He finds the first and most obvious
answer in the fact that such aberrations are the legitimate out-
come of Protestantism. The Reformation was founded on the
utterly false principle that the abuse of a good thing justifies the
destruction of that good thing. There were abuses in the con-
duct of Catholic clergymen, therefore the Catholic Church must
be destroyed. Similarly, there are great abuses in the sale and
consumption of intoxicating drinks, therefore all sale and consump-
tion of intoxicating drinks must be prohibited. In both cases the
false principle was visited with condign punishment. The first
reformers, with few exceptions, deserve the name Dr. Littledale
(a High Churchman) gave them of "unredeemed villains," and
their teaching was followed by an appalling increase of immorality
in their followers. ' In the same way any attempt to enforce pro-
hibition, except over small areas and under deep religious influ-
ence, has resulted in much greater evils than follow in the train
of high licence.
Our confrere's second answer is that a reputation for sanctity
is more easily attained through the ostentatious profession of
temperance than in any other way, and for men whose religion
consists essentially in what other people think it is, nothing is so
sweet as the repute of holiness. 1_, J
His third answer is that Protestant ministers of the evangelical
type are terrorized by their congregations. Undergoing the inev-
itable nemesis of rebellion against legitimate authority, they
have to submit to the dictation of the most irresponsible and irra-
tional of human beings and are especially subject to the caprices
of hysterical women. Mrs. Grundy, whose name is legion, avers
that it is a sin to sip any intoxicating drink, and against her
screeching all the best theological authorities and Scripture testi-
monies avail not.
Meanwhile, our contemporary concludes, the Catholic looks on
calmly at this great comedy, being fully aware that, however dan-
gerous liquor may be, there is not the slightest sin in drinking the
strongest specimens thereof, when one has a sufficient reason.
The Financial Relations Between Pastor and People. — On this
subject the Boston Pilot in a recent issue printed a summary of
an excellent sermon. The preacher referred to the injustice of
the charge that priests are money-grabbers, but pointed out that
the charge should be met by fuller explanations on the part of the
clergy of the reasons why money was needed. Children, he said,
should be trained from their earliest years to give something to
the support of the Church and its pastors, and this habit being
once formed will remain with them for life. I J
The Antigonish Casket (Feb. 6th) thinks there is yet a better
way of meeting the charge that priests are money-grabbers, and
of spurring the people to generosity towards the Church and its
pastors. "Let the priests,'' it says, "themselves be generous in
126 The Review. 1902.
giving-, and then no one will ever dare to accuse them of money-
seeking-. Miserliness is an evil. Probably not one priest in a
thousand is ever addicted to it. But if we may apply some words
of St. Paul to the case in point, and say 'Let us avoid even the ap-
pearance of evil,' then it will often be advisable for a priest to give
away to the needy and destitute even more than he can afford."
t The question : "Why should it be necessary for the priest to
go out of his way to persuade his people that he is not working
for money?" our contemporary answers as follows : "Because he
has an evil influence to contend against, which never interferes, e.
g., with the ph3Tsician. The Devil through his agents upon earth
is doing his utmost to create an estrangement between priests
and people, and his most potent argument to bring this about is
the charge that the priests are working for money, and that they
are in alliance wTith other forces which are fattening on the life
blood of the poor. The Prince of Darkness has succeeded in a
very great measure in opening up this chasm betwreen clergy and
people in many of the Catholic countries of Europe, and we may
be very sure that he is busily working in the same direction in
America. If the clerg}'- will mingle freely with their people and
give as generously as it is given to them and never be exacting
with regard to their 'fees of the stole,' these diabolical machina-
tions wTill be of no avail."
Decimals a.i\d Duodecimals. — E. S. G., of Yonkers, N. Y., points
out in an interesting communication that the newspapers, in dis-
cussing the metrical system, nearly all make the mistake of con-
founding the metric with the decimal system. In countries where
the metric system obtains, the unit is the metre ; in England and
the United States, the foot. The metre is subdivided into centi-
metres and millimetres — that is, into hundredths and thousandths.
Although the metre is nominally the unit, it will be found that
practically for small measurements it is the millimetre. Thus,
the practician would be more likely to say and to write 57 milli-
metres than 5.70 centimetres, and again, 178 centimetres rather
than 1.78 metres. Even 1,067 millimetres is sometimes used
rather than 1.067 metres. The tendency will always be to use
multiples of units rather than units and decimals of a unit. It is
probably due to the desire to avoid that terrible source of error,
the decimal point, the nightmare of all calculators, as well as for
the sake of brevity in speech. We divide the foot decimally or
duodecimally, according as one or the other division is more con-
venient for whatever work we have on hand. Both S3rstems are in
actual everyday use. Probably the two greatest practical advant-
ages of the duodecimal system, as applied to the foot, are, first,
that the duodecimal subdivision has a distinct name (the inch),
and therefore can not be confounded with the unit of wrhich it is a
part, and be divided exactly and without a remainder by a great
number of divisors. Thus, one-third and two-thirds of things are
divisions of everyday use. They can be expressed exactly in the
duodecimal system, for one-third of a foot is exactly four inches,
and two-thirds exactly eight inches. On the other hand, it is im-
possible to express exactly one-third or two-thirds in the decimal
system.
127
NOTE-BOOK.
Editorial Letter-Box. — Query: Can any of our readers furnish
reliable information on the antecedents, especially the religious
training-, of J. Wilkes Booth, the slayer of Lincoln? W. R.,
O. f, m. Trj'- the Chicago New World, the Sacred Heart Review,
of -Boston, the Dubuque Catholic Tribune or the Catholic Colum-
bian of Columbus. O. The Catholic News, of New York, we be-
lieve, caterslespecially to farmers and common people.
One of our clerical contributors in the middle West writes us :
Three weeks ago the manager of a Bible house was shown up in
The Review as trying to coin money out of his religious faith.
To-day I received a circular from a Catholic settlement society,
claiming the approval of an archbishop and his suffragans and of
a certain religious order, and aiming to introduce Catholic settlers
into the parishes of the middle West. The concern does not de-
serve the patronage of any priest, for it starts out with a big fib,
saying: "We have already large holdings near your church, "while
I am sure they have not an inch of ground for sale near my miss-
ion, for the simple reason that no large holdings are to be had
here, and what is for sale is in the hands of local real estate agents.
Several communications have reached us, bearing on 'our posi-
tion on the legend of the Holy House of Loretto. We do
not deem it advisable to print these communications just at pres-
ent, but think it better to follow the advice of our correspondent
in No. 3, p. 48, lines 13 — 14. Besides, a careful study of the ar-
ticles we printed on May 23rd and July 25th last, may remove
many misgivings. Some of the leading theologians in Italy and
Germany have taken the same stand as The Review on this ques-
tion of the Santa Casa, and we expect to hear from Rome soon with
regard to the views of the Church authorities.
S§ N^ S^
In reply to an enquiry about the Lenten regulations the Western
Watchman (Feb. 6) says : "There is evidently a mistake in the
Lenten regulations of most of the bishops. The regulations for
this diocese follow in the main those of most of the dioceses of the
country ; but there is a palpable error in the construction of the
indult" . . . ."We speak with some reserve ; but our opinion is that
the indult practically does away with Lent for the vast majority of
our people."
An indult of this kind depends for its application on the good
pleasure of the bishops ; when they refuse or fail to apply the full
extent of the powers conferred upon them, it ill becomes a Catho-
lic editor to speak of a "palpable error in the construction of the
indult." On the one hand, it is disrespectful to the ordinaries, on
the other, it is misleading for the laity. If a bishop gets extraor-
dinary powers to absolve or dispense in a certain number of cases,
say twenty, it does not follow that he must apply it to the first
128 The Review. 1902.
comer, but only where a serious reason demands the relaxation of
the law.
^^ ^^ ^^
After boxing the ears of one of her pupils, a Holden teacher re-
ceived the next day the following- polite note from the boy's
mother : "Nature has provided a proper place for the punishment
of a boy, and it is not on his ear. I will thank 3rou to use it here-
after."
5 5 5
One of our Franciscan friends rightly thinks that the protests
of American Catholics against American official tyranny in the
Philippines, such as described in our No. 5, must prove futile, if
the bishops and priests in those islands, under whose e3res these
outrages happen, remain silent.
Prof. U. F. Miiller, C. PP. S., of Collegeville, Ind., writes us :
In P. Gallwey's Watches of the Passion I came across the fol-
lowing passage, which would seem appropriate for inscribing in
the autograph album of every Knight of Columbus :
'* 'And James and John, the sons of Zebedee, came to Him
(Jesus) saying : Master, we desire that whatsoever we shall ask,
Thou wouldst do it for us' (St. Mark, x. 35-36.)
"They want out Lord to bind Himself before He hears their
petition Whenever we wish to ensnare any one by engaging
him to promise in the dark, is not this a sure sign that our desire
is evil? 'He who does evil hates the light' (St. John, III). Herod
leaped into the trap when he swore to give to Salome, whatever
she might ask, without having heard her petition. Afterwards the
king was sad; but because of his oath, and through a weak fear, he
committed the horrible murder. We must make no promises in the
dark.'1''
Women suffrage conventions come and go and leave no trace be-
hind. Although there is the amplest of discussion of the question
and notwithstanding that educational facilities for women were
never so great as they have been during the last twenty years,
the theory of women suffrage appears to gain little with the
masses of intelligent women. Their conviction is apparently that
all the woman suffragists hope to accomplish by means of the bal-
lot in women's hands, can be accomplished without imposing upon
women the additional burdens and responsibilities of the suffrage.
& & &
The Rev. editor of the Providence Visitor (No. 19) says :
'* We have cultivated an editor's conscience ; we have had ideals.
Now it is an inconvenient thing to have ideals, when you are occu-
pying a post in which the nickel is the final measure of things. In
Catholic journalism, in especial, is it found that nickels and ideals
are not in accord, if the public, as is too often the case, be de-
bauched by the mere comfortable standards of the secular press."
Municipal Support of Parochial
Schools.
The Lowell Plan and What Killed It.*)
his extract from an essay of the old New Englander Review,
April, 1848, sets one a-thinking, and puzzling- questions
arise from the following" note in the United States Cath-
olic Directory, 1845-1849 :
"There are common schools for both male and female children
in most of the cities and towns of this diocese [Boston], having
Catholic teachers. In Lowell they are supported at the public ex-
pense ; but in all other places at the expense of the parents of the
children, aided by collections in the churches."
What? Is it possible ? In the State of Massachusetts? Cath-
olic schools supported at the public expense? Yes, possible, true,
a fact.
I.
Religion, the Orthodox faith, that is, the Congregational church
doctrine, was not only honored, it was supreme in old colonial
Massachusetts, and right down to 1830 the union of Church and
State was strong.
A brief review of the early Massachusetts idea of religion and
education will naturally lead up to our story.
There was not in the strict constitutional sense of the phrase
"union of Church and State" in Massachusetts, but there was the
unwavering conviction that religion was the foundation of society,
hence that its furtherance was a private function of the body poli-
tic, "its support by taxation a necessity." The statute left it open
for each town to decide what ecclesiastical order it would adopt
and support, so strong was the principle of home rule and town
government.
The people were all of one church, the Congregational, for a
long time, and no one could vote, much less hold office, unless he
were a church member.
These people, so anxious for their civil and religious liberty,
did not wish persons of any other denomination to come or to stay,
but fear of losing their charter privileges held them in check ;
*) A lecture by Rev. Louis Walsh, Supervisor of Schools of the Archdiocese of Boston. We
have c ondensed the paper somewhat. The Providence Visitor rightly calls it a remarkable
produc tion and says : "It is impossible to avoid drawing one melancholy, but most instructive,
lesson from Father Walsh's pamphlet. The people of New England were willing to support
Cathol ic schools for Catholic children until it was discovered that we should thereby secure
too lar ge a portion of the funds. In other words, it was anti-Catholic bigotry that killed the
idea of the State-supported religious schools for Massachusetts.' '
The Review, Vol. IX, No. 9.
130 The Review. 1902.
Episcopalians and Quakers, and, later, Baptists, made their way
in, and when these dissenters were numerous enough the law was
changed, so as to allow each separate congregation to claim its
share of the ecclesiastical tax for the support of a clergyman of
its own persuasion. This conviction, "so strongly was it in-
trenched in popular tradition," was made an article in the Bill of
Rights, forming part of the Constitution of Massachusetts in 1780,
namely, suitable provision to be made "for the support and main-
tenance of public Protestant teachers of piety, religion, and mor-
ality."' Indeed John Adams, at the Constitutional Congress in
Philadelphia, declared "that a change in the solar system might be
expected as soon as a change in the ecclesiastical sj^stem of Mas-
sachusetts." He was not a good prophet, for the stars still roll on
in their courses, wThile the secular spirit lhas destroyed the Mas-
sachusetts s3Tstem.
The Congregational church and doctrine were built up and
maintained by such legislation, and despite the fact that the Fed-
eral Constitution distinctly opposed all such religious tests and
props, in Massachusetts up to April 9th, 1821, "no person was
eligible to the office of governor, lieutenant-governor, or council-
lor, or that of senator or representative of the general court, un-
less he would make oath to a belief in the particular form of relig-
ion, adopted or sanctioned by the State." Again until Nov. 11th,
1833, "every citizen was taxable by the constitution and laws of
the State for the support of the Protestant religion, whether he
was a Catholic or Protestant or a believer in any other faith."
What has been said of religion, may be equally said of educa-
tion, for the two were inseparable, in fact the prime motive of ed-
ucation, primary, grammar, and collegiate, was to build up relig-
ious, and particularly Congregational men. Education was nec-
essary to know "the principles of religion and the capital laws of
the country," hence was compulsory by statute law. Religious
training was even more desirable, the very end and motive of edu-
cation, hence honored and given the most important place.
The division of money for public worship and for schools was
possible, was practical, was working smoothly in harmony with
civil rights and religious liberty.
II.
When the public school movement began to make headway at
the beginning of the nineteenth century, it was understood that
the religious instruction was not to be interfered with, and the
ministers of the various denominations, while wishing to enter in-
to the new way, declared that they would give up the whole plan
and return to denominational schools, rather than yield on the
fundamental point. After having, for two hundred 5rears, built
No. 9. The Review. 131
up and maintained the "glorious old commonwealth" by denomi-
national religious schools, and having prided themselves thereon,
these people all at once saw a new kind of light flash out from some
hitherto unknown source, and the pious rulers then decided that,
after all, religious training was not so necessary and could very
well be dispensed with. The star of secularism, with its pale re-
flected light from French Atheism and Naturalism, appeared on
the horizon. Unitarian idealism, to be personified in Horace
Mann, was just peeping out of the clouds, and these two flicker-
ing rationalistic rays were guiding Massachusetts away from her
old traditional course. The logic of events, however, was the
most potent factor of all, and as the "Irish" and so-called "papists"
were coming in every ship, they too would rightfully claim and
logically demand their own religious training, hence better far to
give it up entirely, than grant it to them. [See Martin : Evolution
of the Massachusetts School Svstem, p. 229, 231.]
Now Lowell was one of the chief centres for the Irish people,
and already from 1822 to 1831, they settled in good numbers on
the "Acre," as the district of the present St. Patrick's parish was
popularly known. Lowell was a mission of Salem from 1827 to
1831, Father Mahoney being the pastor, and it is certain that pre-
vious to 1829 he opened a school "in a two-story building, next
above Dr. Blanchard's meeting house on Merrimack street," and
placed an Irish school-master in charge. Possibly this school,
perhaps an earlier effort is referred to in the following : "By the
advice and efforts of philanthropic persons, a room was soon [af-
ter 1822] rented and supplied with fuel and other necessaries, and
a teacher placed there, who was remunerated by a small weekly
tax, I think six cents a week for each child [the common tariff in
those days]. From the poverty, however, and indifference of these
parents [just as in the case of the first Puritans], the school was
always languishing and became extinct. From time to time it re-
vived, and then after months of feebleness again failed."
At the annual town meeting in May, 1830, an article was insert-
ed in the warrant for the appointment of a committee to "consider
the expediency of establishing a separate school for the benefit of
the Irish population." The committee reported in April, 1831, in
favor of such a school, the report was accepted, and on the old
district plan the sum of fifty dollars [$50] was appropriated for
thelmaintenance of a separate district school for the Irish. Here
was probably the first municipal regulation on such matters and
the origin of the separation of the two races. The experiment
failed, as "did all endeavors to connect these children with the
Yankee Schools" says the chronicler. "It has many vicissitudes,"
"with an average number of children about thirty," "kept only a
132 The Review. 1902.
part of the year," "was often suspended, because a suitable room
could not be had." On the whole, the situation was just as unsat-
isfactory in 1834 as in 1830.
The question of dividing1 the school fund on a fair basis was
evidently discussed, and the following- letter from Rt. Rev. Bishop
Fenwick to an Irish Catholic gentleman in Lowell speaks in tones
not to be misunderstood. Mr. Philip F. Scanlan, honorable and
honored name, had moved from Dover, N. H., to Lowell because
there was a Catholic school here and none there, and in answer to
a letter on a question, written by him to the Rt. Rev. Bishop, re-
ceived the reply :
"Dear Sir : . Boston, March 26th, 1831.
I received a few days ago your kind communication. I see no
impropriety in the Catholic school in your town receiving aid from
the school fund, especially if the Catholics of Lowell have contrib-
uted their portion by the payment of taxes or otherwise, toward
the support of said fund. Common justice would entitle them to
somethinglout of it, for the payment of their Master. But I real-
ly do not understand how, in this liberal country, it can be made
a condition to their receiving anything, that they, the Catholics,
shall be in that case debarred from having a Catholic teacher,
learning out of Catholic books and being taught the Catechism of
the Catholic Church. We can'never accept such terms. I have
no partiality for Mr. further than I think him a conscientious,
good, moral man. As to his qualifications as a teacher I have not
much to say. I am aware that they are not very great, but are
they not sufficient as yet for those little children he has the care
of? However, if the good Catholics of Lowell have an objection
to him, I shall not wish to retain him. But it is all important, that
the individual, whom they may select to replace him, be one quali-
fied to instruct children in the principles of their religion, for I
would not give a straw for that species of education, which is not
accompanied with and based upon religion."
Clearer words to put forth the Catholic position have never been
penned.
III.
In 1835, the Rev. Mr. Conelly made application for a share in the
school funds. The Committee favorably considered the petition
and the following conditions were insisted upon as indispensable
before any appropriation of the public money could be made :
1. That the instructors must be examined as to their qualifica-
tions by the committee, and receive their appointments from them.
2. That the books, exercises, and studies should be prescribed
and regulated by the committee, and that no other whatever
should be taught or allowed.
No. 9. The Review. 133
3. That these schools should be placed, as respects the exam-
ination, inspection, and general supervision of the committee, on
precisely the same footing- with the other schools of the town.
On the part of Mr. Conelly it was urged that to facilitate his
efforts, and to render the scheme acceptable to his parishioners,
the instructors must be of the Catholic faith, and that the books
prescribed should contain no statements of facts not admitted by
that faith, nor any remarks reflecting injuriously upon their sys-
tem of belief. These conditions were assented to by the commit-
tee ; the books in use in the other public schools were submitted
to his inspection, and were by him fully approved.
On these principles the committee proceeded, June 14th, 1835,
"to assume supervision of the private school already existing un-
der the Catholic Church" and elected Patrick Collins its teacher,
one of the public instructors. They next chose Miss Stevens,
teacher of a private school, to be established in the same place.
This lady "not being to be procured," Mary J. Woodbury was
chosen. On September 14th, 1835, another Catholic school, in the
vicinity of Chapel Hill, taught by Daniel Mcllroy, under the aus-
pices of Rev. Mr. Conelly, was adopted as a town school, and the
salary fixed the same as in other schools.
The number of pupils becoming very large, an assistant was
necessary, and in June, 1836, Richard Walsh was chosen at one
hundred and twenty-five dollars [$125] per annum. The school
of Mr. Collins was for the older and advanced pupils, and he was
paid at the rate of four hundred and fifty [$450] per annum,
which was the average compensation'of teachers in the writing and
grammar schools, including principals and assistants.
In the summer of 1837 another room was prepared under the
Catholic church, a new Catholic school, being the fourth, was
opened, and Mary Ann Stanton elected its teacher. In June, 1838,
Mr. Collins' and Mr. Mcllroy's schools were united, denominated
"Fifth Grammar School" and moved to Liberty Hall, since which
time the distinction betweenCgrammar and primary schools has
obtained in Irish and other schools.
Such was the Lowell system of separate Irish Catholic schools,
with Catholic teachers, books approved by the Catholic pastor,
school-rooms in the Catholic church, or rented elsewhere, teachers
and all current expenses paid by the town. It will be noticed that
nothing is said about "religious instruction," and probably that
was allowed, perhaps was given by the priest. Devotional exer-
cises, after 1837, were not only allowed, but openly encouraged,
could be most harmoniously adjusted to the wants and tastes and
convictions of all parents and children. Bishop Fenwick certainly
would not otherwise have accepted the plan.
( Continued next ztte1*, )
134
The "Dogmas of Science."
"Scientific propositions — almost all of them — are working- hypo-
theses, some of which may be objectively true, while many of
them are certainly not true. But they are treated, and quite
property so, for science purposes, as if they were true. The
world overlooks this and does not question the objective validity
of the placita of science."' *)
Such is the language of truly scientific men, who know that their
knowledge of certainties is very limited, and even of those who,
having long boasted of the glorious dogmas of science that were
to replace the infallible dogmas of faith, have learned of late to be
a little more modest.
In physical science the stuy of electricity had hardly solved
some difficult problems hitherto unexplained, when new problems
arose that made the former solutions extremely questionable.
Thus, according to the Courrier de Bruxelles [Jan. 14th], M. Mas-
cart said of late at Nancy :
"The cathode rays, the X ra}^s, the radiation of certain active
bodies, whose activity is similar to that of the uranium salts, are
constantly causing scientists great trouble." And with as much
competence as uprightness he added :
"These singular substances, whose electric action "does not
wear out, and which omit light indefinitely, without any one know-
ing as yet from what source they draw it, would seem to contra-
dict even the principle of the conservation of energy, which never-
theless must be considered as a dogma of science."
These dogmas of science, these so-called acquired truths — will
they ever rise above the realm of hypotheses ?
Astronomy, the most advanced of all sciences, rests on a simple
hypothesis, the nebular theory. But who has proved that it is true?
Even geometry has lost that character of certainty' which used
to make it appear to us as the most exact of all sciences.
"In our times," said M. Berthelot before the French Academy,
"doubt constantly grows. The doubtful character of those propo-
sitions which were formerly considered as axioms in geometry, has
been made evident by the discussions on the theoiw of parallels
and the non-Euclidian geometry."
The same holds true for mechanics.
"The fundamental theses which serve as basis for rational me-
chanics," according to the testimony of the same savant, "have
been shaken more severely still by the same logical scepticism,
*) H. DeLaak, S. J., at the Third Annual Conference of the
Catholic Colleges' Association. Report, page 59.
No. 9. The Review. 135
which has caused scientists to agree to look upon them as purely
empiric."
In one of the most interesting- congresses held at Paris during
the Exposition of 1900, the Congress of Philosophy, the Academi-
cian Prof. Poincarre, considered since the death M. l'Hermite the
first mathematician of the age, did not hesitate, in a conference
on the principles of mechanics, to declare the laws of nature to be
contingent and scientific truth to be but on approximation.
Hence our boasted twentieth-century science offers naught but
approximation and hypotheses, and M. Poincarre dared to say :
"The thesis that the earth revolves around the sun is not truer
than the opposite thesis ; it is only handier and simpler."
Thus it may yet happen that we shall hear science proclaim as
literally true Joshua's famous command : "Move not, O sun, to-
ward Gabaon, nor thou, O moon, toward the valley of Ajalon."
Another savant, M. Painleve, has lately set down as purely ar-
bitrary the law of gravitation, hitherto esteemed as the greatest
conquest of modern science. And he asked the question whether
the law of Newton was not likewise simply an assumption uncon-
tradicted by facts."
All this means that in science there is hardly anything certain ;
the great principles and dogmas of science are not true in the ab-
solute sense of the word. They are artificial syntheses of con-
cepts, accommodated to our limited understanding, and only rela-
tively true. Thus we can understand how theories once held by
the ancients, may for a time be revived, disappear only to come to
light again in a similar, if not identical, form. Where the evidence
has been absolutely conclusive, there has been no variation. 2 plus 2
have been four since the days of Adam, and will be to the end of
the world. But where the evidence was doubtful or incomplete,
guesswork has taken its place, and what an infidel world is pleased
to call "dogmas of science" and to play as trumps against the di-
vinely revealed dogmas of religion, is at best, in the language of
M. Painleve, who can not be suspected of religious bias, "simple
assumption uncontradicted by the facts," so far as we know them
to-day ; and how extremely limited our knowledge of the facts is,
new researches and discoveries show more clearly from day to
day.
One of our subscribers, a competent teacher and organist, de-
sires a change of position for the fall term. Besides English and
German he can teach also the commercial branches. Middle-aged;
nine years' service , references the very best. Address : Teacher
A. B., this office.
136
How We Blundered Into an Unjust
War.
'he paper in our last number on the responsibility for the
Cuban war fixes the chief blame uponlthe late President
McKinley.
It is no more than just, however, to add that it is questionable
whether anything- Mr. McKinley could have done, would have pre-
vented the outbreak of the war with Spain.
As the Philadelphia Record has lately pointed out (Feb. 19th),
"there was a madness in the blood of the American people at the
time ; those who were exempt |from the fever were few, and the
tumultuous debate in Congress which preceded the official declar-
ation of hostilities, fairly reflected public feeling-. Party lines were
obliterated in the final vote for war as well as in the previous vote
granting- 550,000,000 to be used at the discretion of the executive
for strengthening the national defenses."
Nevertheless, it remains a fact that President McKinley failed
to communicate to Congrees the full import of the note handed to
him on April 10th, 1898, by Senor Barnabe, the Spanish Minister
at Washington, and thus left something .undone that might have
strengthened the hands of the opponents of war and, perhaps,
might have enabled them to rally a majority in favor of a peaceful
settlement.
This charge should not be confounded with one recklessly made
a few weeks ago by the New York correspondent of the London
Times, in which it was claimed that the Barnabe despatch of April
10th had been "suppressed" — an assertion which the journalist re-
ferred to has since been obliged to retract. The despatch was in
fact alluded to in the President's message of the same date, and
was published in full two or three days later. Nevertheless, it
must be admitted that the importance thereof was not as strongly
emphasized by the President as it might have been, and that a
previous message from General Woodford, the American Minister
at Madrid, which should have been read in connection with the
Barnabe note, was withheld and remained unpublished for three
years.
The Woodford despatch of April 5th, 1898, which included a
proclamation of a truce proposed to be issued by the Queen Re-
gent on the next day, was printed verbatim in our last number
(pp. 113, 114) and should be carefully reread by every one who
does not remember the pious and exalted terms in which the
Queen's appeal was couched.
We have already shown (p. 114) how perfunctorily President
No. 9. The Review. 137
McKinley referred to it in the tail end of his message. IWe will
here recall the fact that to the touching- appeal of the Queen Re-
gent, incorporated in this Woodford despatch, Secretary Day was
permitted to make a perfunctory reply, stating that the desire for
peace shown by the Queen was highly appreciated, but that the
President's message would go to Congress on the morrow. It did
not go until five days later, during which time Consul General Lee
was preparing for his departure from Havana. In this message
the Barnabe note of April 10th was referred to as having contained
an offer to arbitrate the question of responsibility for the explo-
sion of the Maine and a further offer of an armistice in Cuba, "the
duration and details whereof have not been communicated ;" and
yet there was Woodford's despatch giving the Queen's proposal
to proclaim a truce immediately, unconditionally and for a period
of six months ! The President's other demand upon Spain — the
revocation of Weyler's reconcentration order — had been complied
with, according to Minister Woodford's note of March 31st, 1898,
in which the additional information was contained that General
Blanco had been given a special credit of 3,000,000 pesetas to de-
fray the cost of returning the reconcentrados to their farms.
Spain had thus yielded to every demand made upon her in the
name of the United States ; nevertheless the message refers to the
outcome of the diplomatic negotiations as "disappointing."
The truth of the matter is that, in the language of the Record
(1. c), "the President was not a man of the fibre of an Andrew
Jackson. Nothing would have satisfied popular feeling in the
United States short of a demand on Spain for the independence of
Cuba and the immediate evacuation of the island by the Spanish
troops. This demand the President had not the forcefulness to
make, and, accordingly, he turned the whole matter over to Con-
gress, which thereupon did what the executive dared not do on his
own responsibility. His message was not intended as a guide for
a Congress determined on war ; it was nothing more than a letter
of abdication. A strong man would either have assumed the lead
in creating a rupture with Spain, by making the demand which
everybody knew would mean war, or he would have stood like a
rock in stemming the tide of passion which was sweeping every-
thing before it. The President was not a strong man, and the
lack of emphasis of his message to Congress was an exemplifica-
tion of this shortcoming" "He was probably unconscious of
having held back anything important and of the fact that full sig-
nificance was not given to the Spanish correspondence in his com-
munication to Congress."
It was no accident that the United States had a large fleet in Asi-
atic waters, which promptly "went for" the Spanish possessions
138 The Review. 1902.
there, while our own sea-coast was unprotected ; nor was it "des-
tiny" that sent our troops to Porto Rico before any attempt had
been made to assist Cuba. That our commissioners at Paris had
to insist on the surrender of the Philippine Islands, notwithstand-
ing- the American disclaimer of the desire of territorial aggrand-
izement, is only another illustration of the hypocrisy which char-
acterized the whole business. The latest developments regarding
the conduct of Germany and England during that time show con-
clusive^, that the people of the United States have been systemat-
ically misinformed throughout.
If the history of that war will ever be truthfully written, it will
be an everlastingldisgrace for the United States.
COISTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
Marriage Dispensations. — Whenever a dispensation for a diriment
impediment is required, it will be necessary hereafter to observe
these rules : 1. not to ask for it by telegraph ; 2. to mention all
the canonical reasons in support of the petition in the same letter;
3. not to consider 1 he dispensation as given, as soon as the petition
is mailed ; 4. and, in mixed marriages, when there is question if
the non-Catholic party is baptized, to require stronger proof than
the simple affirmation of the interested party. We give below the
text of the Roman document which has lately been discussed in
the Catholic and even in a portion of the secular press. It is ad-
dressed to Cardinal Gibbons, bears the signature of the Prefect
of the Propaganda, and is dated Rome, Aug. 2nd, 1901 :
'"Erne et Revme Domine :
Sacrae huic Congregationi de Propaganda Fide relatum est, in
quibusdam Dioecesibus Statuum Foederatorum America? Sep-
tentr. quosdam abusus irrepsisse et nonnullas irregularitates com-
mitti in concessione dispensationum matrimonialium. Dicitur
enim alicubi vigere praxim, saltern pro casibus urgentioribus,
non solum utendi via telegraphica ad obtinendas dispensationes
matrimoniales, sed etiam supprimendi totaliter mentionem cuius-
cumque causa? canonical in supplici libello, item supprimendi
hasce enuntiationes et circumstantias, quas Instructio S. Congre-
gations de Propaganda Fide die 9 maii 1877, omnino necessarias
declarat.
Dicitur etiam, quibusdam in locis, in casibus urgentioribus ha-
beri praxim considerandi tatiquam obtentam dispensationem cuius
libellus supplex iam fuerit proiectus in arcam postalem.
Fertur insuper saepe non recte applicari principium, vicuius
baptismus dubius habendus est ut validusin ordine ad validitatem
matrimonii. Contingit enim sacerdotem, cui incumbit inquirere
utrum pars acatholica fuerit baptizata necne, totam suam inquisi-
No. 9. The Review. 139
tionem limitare interrogation! factae parti acatholica? utrum ipsa
fuerit baptizata. Si haec respondit affirmative, nullo requisito
documento aut probatione, habetur ut baptizata et petita tantum
dispensatione ab impedimento mixtae religionis, celebrantur nup-
tiae. Unde fit plura matrimonia sic contracta esse irrita propter
impedimentum disparitatis cultus, quia pars acatholica non f uit
baptizata, licet id affirmaverit.
Haec omnia Eminentiae Tubs significare opportunum censui ut
in proximo futuro annuali congressu Amer'um Archiepiscoporum
istius regionis de his etiam pertractetur, et, siquidem opus fuerit,
opportune provideatur."
Diocese of Sioux City. — At last we have authentic information, by
way of Les Missions Calholiques(¥eb. 7th) that the Holy Father has
erected the diocese of Sioux City. It comprises the western part
of the Archdiocese of Dubuque, viz.: the counties of Lion, Osceo-
la, Dickinson, Emmet, Kossuth, Palo Alto, Clay, O'Brien, Sioux,
Plymouth, Cherokee, Buena Vista, Pocahontas, Humbolt, Web-
ster, Calhoun, Sac, Ida, Woodburg, Monona, Crawford, Carroll,
Greene, and Boone. The Missions Catholiques say nothing- as yet
about the nomination of a bishop.
LITERATURE.
As to Catholic Writers. — The New World ought to know that Miss
Agnes Repplier is not, properly speaking, "a Catholic writer,"
and that any honor the University of Pennsylvania may bestow
upon her can not be construed as an honor to the Catholic' faith or
Catholic literature. Miss Repplier is a writer of the stamp of
Justin McCarthy, who passes for a Catholic and whose declara-
tion that his religion never proved an obstacle to his success in
life was recently commented upon by the Ave Maria as follows :
"There will be many to think that if the fluent author had asserted
his religious convictions more frankly in his book, the handicap
might have proved more real." (No. 7.)
Miss Agnes Repplier writes well and interestingly; but nothing
in her books so far as we are aware, would lead one to
infer that she was a Catholic. There is no reason, therefore, why
the Catholic press should feel flattered or print her portrait with
complimentary remarks if a secular university confers a degree
on her.
Catholic Truth Society Pamphlets. — The Catholic Truth Society of
San Francisco presents for the Lenten season new editions of
'The Gospel Story of the Passion' and 'The Ceremonies of Holy
Week Explained.' Also a sketch of St. Patrick, by the Rev. Ar-
thur Ryan. These pamphlets may be had in quantities at $2.50
per hundred copies. Address the Catholic Truth Society, Flood
Building, San Francisco, Cal.
MUSIC.
Music in America. — We have hundreds of composers ; but only
two or three of them are of more than ephemeral importance; and
for every singer or player we send to Europe, a dozen come to us
140 The Review. 1902.
across the Atlantic. So we shall have to try and console ourselves
with the acknowledged fact, recently commented upon in the In-
dependent, that we are musically preeminent in three things : We
make the best pianos and cabinet organs ; we have invented the
various kinds of semi-automatic instruments, which, while falling
below the performances of the great artists, are nevertheless do-
ing a great deal to foster a love of music and make the people ac-
quainted with a wider range of compositions; we also export more
musical instruments than we import.
Ragtime and Inebriety.— The average layman does not understand
the demand for ragtime airs, for the reason that he is not the per-
son for whom ragtime was written. It is to our mind a sort of
musical accompaniment to inebriety, and the strange thing is that
the first crusade against it should not have originated with the
temperance workers.
PHILOLOGY.
The Oxford Dictionary. — With the word Kyx, odd even in the odd-
est (K) assemblage of our alphabet, the Oxford English Diction-
ary closes its fifth volume. The collection of the non-English ini-
tial combinations Ka, Kh, Kl, Ko, Kr, Ku, Ky, shows an abund-
ance of exotic words which have crept into our language.
It is this feature, however restrained, which makes an English
dictionary a world's thesaurus to an extent unapproachable by
any other.
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.
Oleomargarine. — The annual debate on oleomargarine in Con-
gress has brought out the fact that certain creameries habitually
buy milk from farmers, make it into butter and sell it to city folks,
and then buy oleomargarine and sell it to the very farmers from
whom they bought the milk. This droll fact was learned by the
Internal Revenue Department in Chicago. Another interesting
fact was brought out in the congressional debate. The butter-
makers have contended all along that oleomargarine ought not to
contain any coloring matter that would cause it to resemble but-
ter. It ought to be sold and placed on the table white. Now
winter butter is white also in its natural state, and the butter-
makers put coloring matter into it, and they use the vegetable
substance, arnotto, which the oleomargarine-makers first adopted
in their manufactories for this purpose. The buttermen had
previously used a different and inferior substance. They virtu-
ally stole the arnotto process of coloring, and then had the impu-
dence to ask Congress to compell the oleomargarine people to de-
sist from using it. The fact seems to be, however, that the sale
of oleomargarine is increasing rapidly, and that one of the causes
of the growing sales is the large amount of free advertising that
it has received from the debates in Congress and the State legis-
latures and the newspapers, in consequence of the efforts made
to suppress it.
141
MISCELLANY.
Thoma.s Jefferson's Bible. — Representative Lacey (Rep. Iowa)
has asked the House to authorize printing- 9,000 facsimile copies
of the 'Morals of Jesus of Nazareth,' prepared by Thomas Jeffer-
son. This book is known as Thomas Jefferson's Bible, and is
now in the National Museum. When Congress purchased Jeffer-
son's library, Miss Randolph withheld this volume, but later sold
it for $400. Mr. Jefferson strips the Bible of all its miracles and
leaves nothing but pure morals, that he might compare the same
with the morals of Confucius and of other pagan philosophers.
The proposition that this book be printed at government ex-
pense is characteristic of the spirit that inspires some of the
members of the highest legislative body of this "Christian coun-
try." We wonder if there is Christianity enough left in the ma-
jority to vote down this outrageous bill.
Twentieth-Century Historians. — Equipped with elaborate station-
ery and high-sounding typewritten and printed paraphernalia,
"The Pan-American History Company" has now come upon the
scene. By way of explanation, the company is not organized for
the purpose of making history, only to record it, and this at the
rate of $150 the page. You pay your fee, send in your biography,
and the "Pan-American History Company, Publishers of the
Official History of the American Republics," spreads it over two
continents in English and in Spanish. Senator Hanna has taken
one page for himself ($150) and four for the late Mr. McKinley
($600), and there are others.
History is no longer written, so it seems, by the unaided pen of
the scholarly recluse, whose studies, however wide and deep, and
whose publishers and booksellers, however enterprising, lack
the indispensable accessories of modern organization — its presi-
dents and vice-presidents, its roll-top desks and long-distance tel-
ephones, and last, but not least, the talisman of official sanction —
from some source or other. Imagine "The Decline and Fall Pub-
lishingCompany, EdwardGibbon, President and General Manager;
Offices at Athens, Rome, London, and New York ; Wireless Tele-
phone ; published with the Official Sanction (obtained in advance)
of Caesar Augustus, Nero, Attila, and Charlemagne, with half-
tone portraits and autographs."
Pa.rochiad Finances.— Rt. Rev. Bishop Quigley, of Buffalo, in a
letter to the pastors of his Diocese, gives many salutary and prac-
tical admonitions on the management of parochial affairs, which
are well worthy of general consideration. The following extract
from the letter will be found of special interest, as it touches upon
a matter that is frequently and freely discussed among the laity
everywhere — the furnishing of regular reports to the parishioners
of the receipts and expenditures of the parish.
"The pastor and trustees" — says Msgr. Quigley — "should un-
dertake nothing of importance without the consent and moral sup-
port of the majority of the members of the congregation and the
advice of the Bishop. By the adoption of a policy of mutual confi-
dence, such as this, unanimity.of effort will be obtained, whilst dis-
satisfaction and disunion shall as surely result from a management
that ignores or disregards it. The most effective way in which
142 The Review. 1902.
the pastor and trustees can bring- about and preserve the cooper-
ation of all the members of the congregation, is to recognize prac-
tically their right to be informed of everything that is done or un-
dertaken, and by regular and exact reports of the financial condi-
tion of the parish, show them that what they contribute of their
hard-earned substance is judiciously and carefully applied to the
ends for which it was given. For this reason, in the synod of
three 3Tears ago, we earnestly exhorted pastors and trustees to
furnish a printed report of receipts and expenditures to their re-
spective congregations every year. This recommendation of ours
resulted in the almost universal adoption of this praiseworthy
practice throughout the Diocese. Urged thereto by clergy and
lait}7, we have now made it of obligation upon all. The printed re-
port will be identical, as far as possible, with the one made, to the
Bishop, and we desire that it include an exact statement of the in-
debtedness of the church. This published statement we firmly
believe will be of inestimable advantage to pastor and trustees in
the administration of the finances of the parish. It will keep the
people well informed of the financial condition of their church,
be the best defense of pastor and trustees against fault-finders
and murmurers, often more anxious to know where the money
contributed by others goes than to contribute themselves ; but
above all, it will redound to the honor of the good priest found
faithful in the work of the ministry in the eyes of his Bishop and
grateful parishioners."
How to Spell "Turner." — He walked up to the hotel register and
signed his name, with a flourish, "E. K. Phtholognyrrh."
"Look here, Turner," exclaimed the clerk, who knew him well,
"are they hunting for you, or what ? Where did you get that out-
landish name?"
"Get back, my boy, get back ! You're slow," replied Turner,
airily, as he lit a cigar. "That's my same old name, written in
plain English and pronounced as usual — just Turner. Of course,
I do it just to get them all guessing. They wonder what nation I
am from, what my name is. It is, as I said before, English spell-
ing. 'Phth,' there is the sound of 't' in 'phthisis ;' 'olo, ' there is
the 'ur' in 'colonel ;' 'gn,' there is the 'n' in 'gnat ;' 'yrrh,' is the
sound of 'er' in 'myrrh.' Now if that does not spell Turner, what
does it spell?"
"United States of America.," Plural or Singular? — Wm. R. Moore,
of Memphis, believing that the "United States of America," while
they used to be, prior to 1861-65, a sort of confederation of States
properly to be written about and spoken of in the plural, is now a
nation, and to be recognized and treated only, under any and all
circumstances, in the singular number; lately addressed a letter
to Justice D. J. Brewer of the United States Supreme Court, en-
quiring why he had employed the plural in a public address. Mr.
Brewer replied that he used the plural because that is the form
employed in the Constitution. The last clause, Section 9, Article
I., "no person holding any office of profit or trust under them ;"
Article III, Section 2, "treaties made or which shall be made un-
der their authority ;" Article III, Section 3, "in levying war against
them ;" Article XIII, Amendments, adopted after the war, "with-
in the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction."
143
ISOTE-BOOK.
Editorial Letter-Box. — A reader recently enquired about
'Trials and Triumphs of the Catholic Church in America.' We
are assured by several clergymen in whose judgment we have
confidence that the book is worth the price asked for it by the
publishers G. H., o. p. m. — Interesting- newspaper clippings
are always welcome ; but I can not guarantee to return them al-
ways.
^* ^* T^
A priest of the Archdiocese of St. Louis writes to The Review:
Your remark, p. 91 of The Review, that the laws of the Church
should either be observed, or, if modification be necessary, be
modified in regular order, seems to be very much to the point.
The other day the editor of the Western Watchman, Rev. D. S.
Phelan, had an article in a daily paper, which was copied by a
great many other secular papers, about marrying during forbid-
den times. He said that only solemn marriages are forbidden.
This, I think, is the rule all over the world, but it is not so in the
Archdiocese of St. Louis. Our 3rd Synod says (p. 51, No. 24):
" Voluntas, ut intra temftas clausum matrimonia non contrahantur,
sine speciali Nostra Ueentia." These words are very plain and
simply forbid all marriages during Lent and Advent. If that law
is a bad law, it should be revoked in regular order ; but I think
Father Phelan is not the one who can do that.
In the synodal paragraph preceding the one just quoted, mar-
riages after 5 p. m. are forbidden. It is openly held by a good
many priests that this regulation does not apply to mixed mar-
riages, and they act accordingly. In a footnote on that same page,
however, I read : "Hoc statutum, ut ad mixta qnoqiie matrimonia
extendatur, mandavit Rmus Ordinariits"
^m ^» ^»
It is high time for the Catholic Citizen to do what all other Cath-
olic papers have done long ago, — choke off that insufferable scrib-
bler M. T. Elder. La Verite of Quebec pointed out on Feb. 15th
that the crazy notions she has been latterly exploiting to the dis-
advantage of the Catholic education of our youth, are diametric-
ally opposed to the teachings of the sovereign pontiffs. What
does Miss Elder care for the teachings of the sovereign pontiffs?
Her views are "very American," you know, and they create a sen-
sation, make her famous, don't you see ! And as Mr. Tardivel
puts it — cela suffit, sans doute.
J>~ :>+ ±*
The Northwestern Catholic (of Sioux City, la., which town has
just been raised to the dignity of a bishopric) has not been
able to protract its miserable life long enough to hail the advent
of the new bishop, Dr. Garrigan, of Washington, whom the news-
papers have appointed a long time ago, but who still appears to be
waiting anxiously for the bulls. Two years after the death of its
former editor, John Brennan, the paper has given up the ghost. Its
144 The Review. 1902.
publisher says in his valedictory that he will not discuss the causa
mortis. Further down in the same article, however, he intimates
that it was inanition. "We have demonstrated to our own satis-
faction that a first-class Catholic weekly can not be published at
less than S2 per year." And the N. W. Catholic, since Brennan's
demise at least, was not even a first-class weekly, but decidedly
third or fourth rate. The few prepaid subscribers it had will re-
ceive the Iozva Catholic Messenger, which is goody-goody but spir-
itless, and the new see of Sioux City will have to get along without
an "official organ.*'
? 5 5
The President's decision in the Schley appeal has been various-
ly judged ; it is to be hoped, however, that in his main purpose, to
put an end to the Schley agitation, Mr. Roosevelt will be success-
ful. Nothing is to be gained hj anybody, politically or personal-
\y, b}T continued hallooing on this subjet. Congress can do noth-
ing, press and public can do nothing, except further to exacerbate
the situation and further discredit the navy. Admiral Schley
may continue in his travels, if his own sense of propriety does not
restrain him ; and grocery-store disputants may argue the weari-
some old case over again till their teeth fall out ; but, for the rest
of us, let us decently inter the dead controversy and turn to living
questions.
J* -^ J*
A wise Chicago writer finds the difference between biography
and autobiography to consist in this : Biography shows a man as
he is, while autobiography shows him as he thinks he is.
4&* j^ ^*
La Verite, the leading Catholic journal of French-speaking Can-
ada, devotes over a page of its No. 30 to a summary of our late ar-
ticle on the Knights of Columbus. Like the Vera Roma, our Que-
bec contemporary fully and entirely agrees with our own conclu-
sion that this society is suspect and dangerous and ought to be
combatted by every loyal Catholic.
"What legitimate object,"' asks Mr. Tardivel, "can this secret
society hope to serve? Can it in any wise assist the Church in
her essential work of saving souls? We do not believe it. The
Church has never yet had recourse to such means or approved
them. Whatever may be alleged to the contraiw, the Knights of
Columbus are not approved by the Church, and we do not think
they ever will be. The approbation of a few isolated bishops does
not constitute the approbation of the Church. The approbation
of the Church is the approbation of the Pope or of a council whose
decrees have received pontifical approval. A bishop at the most
can approve an order within the limits of his diocese. But the
Knights of Columbus, claiming to have the approbation of certain
bishops (we have seen episcopal addresses delivered before lay
meetings in which the order seemed to be approved ; but if it en-
joys episcopal approbations in canonical form, we are ignorant of
the fact; appear to believe they can spread everywhere at will."
Tke Preventable WaLr With Spain.
ncle Sam still appears to be most chucklingly complacent
over the uncommon eagerness displayed by several for-
eign nations to claim his gratitude on the score of non-
interference in the war with Spain. The recent diplomatic blab-
bing, however, has brought out the humiliating fact that all Eu-
ropean nations were at the time, and are no doubt still, agreed
that the Spanish concessions "had removed all legitimate cause
for war." The important historical enquiry is continually brought
back to us: Did the President have in his hands, in April, 1898, a
basis for the relief of Cuba and peace with Spain — a basis which a
resolute executive could have used in a way to avert war?
Our late articles on the subject have doubtless convinced the
reader that Mr. McKinley did have such a basis. Let us now
summarize the historical documents, not in words of our own,
but in the language of a thoroughly independent and conscientious
secular journal, the New York Evening Post [Feb. 18th] :
Looking first to the President's own message to Congress of
April 11th, we find him describing his final demands of Spain as
follows : 1. "the immediate revocation of the order of reconcentra-
tion;" 2. "an armistice until October 1st." The message went on
to say that the reply of the Spanish cabinet was received on March
31st, and that it agreed to an armistice only as prepared by the
Cuban (parliament, which was not to meet till May 4th. This the
President called a "disappointing reception" of his "last overture
in the direction of immediate peace," and said that with it "the
executive is brought to the end of his effort."
Now, we ask, what was lacking in the statements of this part of
the President's message? In the first place, any intimationlthat
Spain had agreed to his demand for the abolition of reconcentra-
tion. Yet there it lies in the very despatch of March 31st, to
which he refers, but which he did not publish. "The reconcen-
trados order has been entirely abrogated in the western prov-
inces," wrote the Spanish Minister, and Gen. Woodford tele-
graphed the same day to the same effect, adding that Gen. Blanco
had been given a special credit of 3,000,000 pesetas to help the peo-
ple back to their farms. All this the President withheld from
Congress. So he did also|the definite offer of the Queen Regent, re-
ported by Gen. Woodford on April 5th, to proclaim an "immediate
and unconditional suspension of hostilities in the island of Cuba
The Review, Vol. IX, No. 10.
146 The Review. 1902.
for the space of six months, to the 5th of October, 1898."
Further on in the message, the President referred to the later
Spanish note of April 10th, with its offer of an armistice, though
he said of this armistice that its "duration and details have net
yet been communicated to me." They had been, however, in the
Woodford despatch of April 5th. Of that he left Congress wholly
in ignorance. It was, in fact, jealously guarded in the State De-
partment for more than three years.
All through those later despatches the President showed a
strange disinclination to alter his message to make it square with
the new facts. When ' that moving and pious message of the
Queen's was telegraphed him, he replied at once that he highly
"•appreciated" her "desire for peace," but that his "message will
go to Congress to-morrow." The only reason that it did not go
was to give Consul-General Lee time to leave Havana. Not even
then was there any hint, that the message would be modified to
fit the changed situation. Even the Spanish note of April 10th
the President tucked away in a cold reference at the very end of
his message. That note, he said, had been received "since the
preparation of the foregoing message." It ought really to have
made him throw away his message and write a new one. But he
was so enamoured of it that he could not bear to change a word ;
and so laid it before Congress, with its unmistakable leaning to-
ward war, although he had just received a communication from
Spains which, in the opinion of all the foreign ministers in Wash-
ington, "removed all legitimate cause for war." We put aside all
unofficial stories about the way in which Mr. McKinley came to
do this. The official account is given in a despatch from Mr. Day
to Gen. Woodford of March 30th, 1898. In that we read that there
was "profound feeling in Congress," and that it was held in check
"only by assurance from the President that. . . .he will submit all
the facts to Congress at a very early day" — that is, let the war
party have its head.
Some people get angry when told that President McKinley, at
that crisis, "abdicated." But he himself admitted it. In his an-
swer, through Mr. Day, to Gen. Woodford's urgent appeal, he
said, "The President can not assume to influence the action of the
American Congress." But who said that? Why, the man who
had in his own hands the entire negotiation. It was his sworn
duty, his solemn obligation, to conduct the affair alone, and to re-
port to Congress, if he could, a completed solution of the grave in-
ternational problem. Yet, instead of seizing eagerly upon the
great concession by Spain, and using it to build up an honorable
peace, he turned politely away with the remark that he could not
think of undertaking to influence Congress ! There was the un-
No. 10. The Review. 147
raistakable surrender of the powers and duties of a great office.
What we assert is that a determined executive, at once accepting
and publishing Gen. Woodford's despatch, hailing it, as he well
might, as a great triumph for American diplomacy, and throwing
his superseded message into the waste-basket, where it belonged,
could have rallied such a peace party throughout the country that
a Congress mad for war would have been brought to a. muttering
submission. There was the great opportunity to prevent the
war. It was an "inevitable" war only in the sense that the Presi-
dent of the day was one who would inevitably yield to the pressure
of hotheaded Congressmen. "In war," said Napoleon, "men are
nothing, and a man is everything." Unluckity, that man was
wantingan those critical days of April, 1898.
Municipal Support of Parochial
Schools.
The Lowell Plan and What Killed It.
{Concluded From Last Week.)
IV.
id the system work ? How was it developed ? When and
how did it cease ? The authentic records will answer
all these natural questions. "These schools have been
in operation more than half a year, and 3rour committee have the
satisfaction of believing them to have been eminently successful,
and that they are doing much good to this hitherto neglected por-
tion of the community. Children brought under the influence of
these schools during the year, numbered four hundred and sixty-
nine; the average number attached to the school has been two
hundred and eighty-two, of which the average daily attendance
has been two hundred and eight, showing a punctuality and regu-
larity of attendance fully equal to the other schools. The com-
mittee think the advantages of this arrangement must have been
obvious to every observer in the improved condition of our
streets, in their freedom from noisj', truant, and quarrelsome
boys, and it is confidently hoped they will soon be equally obvious
in the improved condition and respectability of these children, in
their redemption from intellectual and moral degradation (familiar
Yankee terms for poverty, untidiness, and lack of schooling). The
committee was generous in appropriating money, and would earn-
estly recommend these schools to the continual fostering care of
148 The Review. 1902.
their fellow-citizens. Nor can they refrain from expressing their
obligations in the prosecution of this object to the benevolent and
persevering efforts of Rev. Mr. Conelly, to whose zealous and
efficient cooperation their success may be mainly attributed."
A similar report was made in 1838. "A general interest is mani-
fested in the prosperous condition of our Irish schools. They
now consist of three grammar and two primary schools,
kept by four male and two female teachers. The whole
number of " different pupils reported as having attended
these schools more or less during the year, is seven
hundred and fifty-two. Most of these pupils attended three
months at least. The [average number connected with these
schools at once is four hundred and thirty-five ; average daily at-
tendance three hundred and forty-two ; increase this year one
hundred and twenty-two in average number, and eigthy-three in
daily attendance."
The same satisfactory report was made year after year. In
1842 the city even prided itself upon the great success. "From
inquiries," the Report says, "informally made respecting the
bearing of the common school system upon the Irish population
in other cities and large towns, the committee have derived new
evidence of the wisdom of the plan adopted in this city and which
is believed to be peculiar to ourselves. No other place, it is sup-
posed, can exhibit the same proportion of this class of children in
the commonl schools. Their general attendance at school can
scarcely be too highly appreciated even as a matter of policy and
protection from juvenile delinquency. As these children are ad-
mitted to the Highschool, and to all other schools, when their
parents desire it, on the same terms with other children, the sys-
tem is chargeable, on oar part, with'no prejudice or exclusive-
ness. Nowhere has greater proficiency been witnessed than in
these schools. Nor can any countervailing evils be apprehended
from the concessions by which these benefits are secured, as
long as the course of study and instruction is prescribed by the
committee and is the same as in other schools. Grammar school
No. 5 and primaries 11 [basement of Catholic church,] 15, 19, 21
are of this description. All the grammar school houses, but the
building occupied by the Irish grammar No. 5, are owned by the
city. A new house for the more perfect accommodation of that
interesting school, in a more eligible situation, is much wanted.
The Irish primaries 11, 15, 19, 21, 22, on Lowell, Fenwick, and
Winter streets are all well conducted and better patronized than
heretofore. They are quite too full ; and it is very desirable that
other rooms for one or two schools in or near the new Catholic
church [St. Peter's] should be immediately furnished by the
city."
No. 10. The Review. 149
V.
For eight years harmony prevailed, and good results were rec-
ognized on all sides. The agreement was carefully and faithfully
carried out.
In June, 1844, there were one grammar and five primary schools,
having. Irish Catholic children exclusively, an average of about six
hundred and thirty-eight, with daily attendance of four hundred
and forty-three. At no time did the committee feel better satis-
fied with the attendance and proficiency in studies and deport-
ment. There had been, however, rumors of trouble for some
months, and a storm was evidently about to break.
The Catholic parents presented in June a petition, numerously
signed, calling for the removal of seven teachers, and the principal
of grammar school No. 5, Mr. Flynn, resigned at the end of the
month.
The summer vacation followed, about two weeks, and on July
15th, at the reopening of school, only one hundred and thirty-two
pupils appeared, to the surprise and regret of |the committee.
"'The Irish schools were suddenly annihilated for nearly three
weeks."
An investigation followed and the committee felt called upon to
review the whole policy touching the special agreement for Irish
Catholic schools. A sub-committee was appointed '"to report the
history of the practice and the arrangements which have been en-
tered into in relation to this matter by the town and former
committee."
After several secret hearings, and a full debate on the causes of
the trouble and the report of the sub-committee, it was judged best
not to provoke any useless quarrels by the publication of the
charges, to accept the resignation of Mr. Flynn, to elect a new
principal and to continue in force the agreement.
This episode, to superficial minds perhaps discreditable and to
be cited as a fact and argument against the system, ought and
would prove to more thoughtful people and practical educators
that Catholics were not blind to faults of a serious kind in the
teachers of their own race and religion, but had the good of the
school always at heart, and would use every good and reasonable
means to maintain a fair standard. Hence, on October 9th, 1844,
the schools were again in good order. The name, however, of the
new principal, Mr, Shattuck, already suggestsl what was to be-
come eventually of the original contract, and foreboded danger of
final disruption. In 1845 the committee reported of school No. 5:
"Notwithstanding a year of many adverse influences and discour-
agements this was a quiet and pleasing school."
150 The Review. 1902.
In 1847, the primary schools 15, 22, and 23, which had been for
several years under the Catholic church at Fenwick Street, were
removed to a new schoolhouse on Adams Street. An effort, too,
was made to bring the pupils from the Irish schools into the High-
school and many scholars were reported each year as well quali-
fied, but the best pupils always "left school to go to work in the
mills," and in 1S48, out of seven presented from grammar school
No. 5, not one consented to go.
The State Board of Education had made great progress in visit-
ing the schools of the State, about this time, and already in 1850
the old No. 5 in Lowell was called the "Mann School," after the
first secretar3T of the Board, Horace Mann, "the great American
educational'agitator. "
When his successor, Secretary Sears, visited the school in 1850,
he wrote : "I have seen no school of the kind to equal it in all my
visits to schools ;" and similar remarks were made after inspect-
ing the primaries, thereby showing that Lowell had established a
unique and successful system. The appointment of Catholic
teachers had for one reason or other lapsed, for, in 1848, in nine
schoolrooms there were only four Catholic teachers, and not any
principals, hence a fundamental point had been suppressed or
weakened, just at a time when new conditions were to test the
fibre and strength of the whole civic organization.
VI,
The great waves of Irish immigration were rising fast and high
in 1848 and 1849, and Lowell was one of the first places to feel the
onward movement.
In the year 1851 the State authorities felt and openly showed
anxiety, even to intense alarm, at the invasion of foreigners, a
regular crusade was started to compel attendance of all children
at school, quite in contrast to the sleepy indifference that charac-
terized so many of the towns and cities previous to that year. The
"non-attendance of foreign children at school is assuming a fearful
i mportance," says the State Board's report of 1851, and the Lowell
committee in citing this "cry of alarm" adds, "constituting, as
they do, nearly two-fifths of our school children in Lowell, and in-
quiry is pertinent." "A generous and enlightened," a "wise and
liberal policy was adopted in Lowell." "Of the few schools at-
tended only by the Irish some are deserving of the highest praise
in point of order, vivacity, and proficiency in study. The quick-
ness, intelligence, and spirit of the Celtic race are easily excited
by a teacher of an earnest, commanding, and enlightened nature."
At this time the "Mann" and "Franklin" schools were the Irish
No. 10. The Review. 151
schools of Lowell, and the Public Highschool was for a time in
the old brick Catholic church on Suffolk Street, now the St. Pat-
rick's boys' school, so cordial and intimate were the relations be-
tween the two peoples. In 1852 the Sisters of Notre Dame were
introduced to teach a free school for girls in St. Patrick's parish,
thus beginning-, or better, reopening that great movement that
places Lowell to-day with its four thousand five hundred Catholic
children in its seven schools among the very first cities of the land
in Catholic education.
At first this event did not stir more than the surface, so serene,
of the committee, and the only question was, whether, in view of
the opening of a Catholic parochial school, the distinctive feature
of the Irish schools should not be changed.
This school, like the earlier parochial school, might have been
taken under the supervision of the city authorities, the standards
of city and State demanded, legitimate, reasonable inspection re-
quired, and thus, while giving all the education in mental and civic
development that could justly be imposed by State or city, would
have added, as it did add to this day, the higher religious virtue
and Christian character ; thus, too, exciting a wholesome compe-
tition with the merely secular or neutral schools. No good reason
was alleged to disprove such a plan; it was simply a development,
a perfecting of the happy compromise, already reached, and would
have thus stood forth, if the "demon of bigotry" could only have
been chained for a few years, and results awaited.
The teachers were ladies of good, gentle, refined manners and
education. The garb they wore was simple, perhaps a little singu-
lar to some untrained eyes, but, 'rightly understood, only intend-
ed to symbolize the purity, Christian penance, devotion and self-
sacrifice of a whole life in talent, time, and energy to the instruc-
tion of the young and the care of the poor.
Alas! no, it was not to be, and the Lowell system failed
after sixteen years of trial, simply lapsed by the development
of the parochial schools. The principle was correct in the
main, though not applied with sufficient breadth of vision
to a complete development of the physical and spiritual
fibre of the growing child. It was based upon respect for natural
differences and conscientious needs, and, as peculiar to Lowell,
exemplified that sturdy old axiom of home rule, so much idolized
in theory in early New England, and often lost sight of in practice
since, when!something else seems to promise more power, or ca-
ters to selfish greed, or checks the inevitable slipping away of
long, continued sway. Lowell, and in so far, Massachusetts, lost
the golden opportunity of showing and perfecting a "just, wise,
and liberal policy" in the most important matter of education.
152 The Review. 1902.
Libert}-, equality, respect, and consistency might, at least in
Lowell, have swayed the committee, but in the next year, 1853, the
"old Devil ran around in all his fury," and Lowell did not escape
the widespread disease, "inflammatory and contagious," with
which the public American spirit seemed to be inoculated.
VII.
When one reads in the present light of facts and of the history
of the past forty or fifty years, the lurid prophesies of danger and
disaster, that were belched forth from the pulpit and rostrum,
governor's seat and judge's august tribunal, at the increasing
waves of "illiterate foreigners" and "superstitious papists;" "how
the ship of state was to beltossedand wrenched into destruction;"
how the Catholic schools [otherwise called sectarian] were to be a
danger to unity, liberty, knowledge, patriotism ; how ''darkness
and ignorance greater than ever was to follow ;" "how the great
bulwark of our liberty and indepence was to be'undermined ; how
the sacred inheritance of civil and religious liberty [which never
existed in early colonial Massachusetts] was to be stolen from the
pious heirs;'' "how our only hope lay in constitutional amend-
ments, restricting for all time the influence and voting powers of
the new comers from forefathers' lands ; how the great, model
Republic was doomed ;" when we read all this in the official docu-
ments, in the press, and in the pulpits of the time, we are inclined,
not indeed to anger, hatred or revenge, but rather to smile, even
to have a hearty laugh, at the hysterical fear of the wise-acres,
whose ears were truly to the ground, in the wake of diabolical
echoes, instead of faces, minds, and hearts uplifted to catch the
new light and hope and strength from the heaven's clear revelation.
This was the beginning of that shameful and shameless histori-
cal epoch, known as the Know-Nothing Movement. Hostile feel-
ing inflamed the public mind of Lowell ; a band of fanatics came
to destroy the convent and drive out the Sisters ; they threatened
to burn the church ; the mayor and his committee came to "smell
around" the convent and school in search for secret cells and
dungeons ; the Sisters were in dread night after night ; the Irish
girls and women and men gathered regularly their heaps of stones
as ammunition against the enemy ; the brave Father O'Brien and
Father McNulty withstood the mob; governor, judge, mayor,
militia and all seemed banded together in one diabolical tie and
one hellish purpose ; the spirit was put into rules of voting, laws
against bearing fire-arms, constitutional amendments against
Catholics; but finally all this was in vain and passed away like a
cloud, not to return, yet a warning to teach modern men and
No. 10. The Review. I53
women not to repeat a page of history that must ever be a stain
and shame upon Massachusetts.
The early schools were called "Irish" for the very plain reason
that there were no other Catholics. Now there are French and
German and Italian and Polish Catholics, who will all be willingly
Americans, proud of their adopted country, hopeful, courageous,
patriotic, even optimistic as regards the destiny which God has
in store for this great nation, but who ought not and will not sacri-
fice their God, their faith, their Church, which are one and insep-
arable.
Is it not time to come to a reasonable compromise? Is it not right
to give to religion and God the place that belongs to them in the
growing minds and hearts of children that are to be our future
men and women?
The Rt. Rev. Bishop McQuaid of Rochester, N. Y., said in Bos-
ton in February, 1876, that Massachusetts or Boston would solve
the complex school question and do justice finally to parent, child,
city, State, and Church.
In the Lowell system he would have said that it was almost
solved. Let Lowell or Boston have the honor of renewing and per-
fecting the compromise.
#
The "home companies" of Missouri and some other parts of the
West are obtaining more publicity than seems to be quite weicome
to certain officers of the concerns. A Kansas City newspaper has
just been sued for half a million dollars damages in con sequence of
its endeavor to work out the ultimate results of the financial
scheme adopted by practically all the twenty-odd enterprises
which have been launched in the wake of the pioneer company,
now some seven months old. This plan provides for payments of
$1.35 a month from each member until the contracts mature, and
thereafter of S5.35 a month, until the cost of the thousand-dollar
home which the company undertakes to bujr for the member is
covered in full by his monthly instalments. Not all of the pay-
ments, however, are devoted to home-buying purposes. An en-
trance fee of S3 is appropriated by the private partnership which
constitutes the company. Ten cents a month goes to a r ©serve
fund, twenty-five cents a month is used for "expenses" of manage-
ment. A contract "matures" only so often as S50 has accumulated
in the "home fund," to which $1 a month from each member with
an unmatured contract is appropriated. Then the company buys
a house, and undertakes to pay $50 a month on it thereafter.
From holders of matured contracts, the home fund receives $5 a
month.
154
COD/TEMPORARY CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
Bishop Messmer vs. Rev. Th. McGrady. — Rt. Rev. Bishop Messmer of
Green Bay deserves the thanks and applause of every right-mind-
ed Catholic for warning the people of his Diocese against the per-
nicious Socialistic propaganda of the Rev. Father Thomas Mc-
Grady, of Bellevue, Kentucky, Diocese of Covington, which has
repeatedly been the subject of strenuous criticism and protest in
this Review (see vol. viii, Nos. 32, 34, and 36). In a letter to the
Green Bay Gazette, His Lordship says :
"'Kindly allow me a little space in your esteemed paper to warn
the Catholics of the city of Green Bay against attending a lecture
to be given here by Rev. Thomas McGrady of Bellevue, Ky., on
Tuesday, March 11th. If the lecturer were not a Catholic priest,
I would remain silent. But I consider it my duty toward the Cath-
olic flock of the Diocese to protest against the appearance of this
priest among them as a lecturer on Socialism. He does so in defi-
ance to the express -wishes of his own Bishop. But what is of more
importance, according to creditable reports, he proclaims doc-
trines opposed to the official utterances of Pope Leo XIII., whose
wonderful encyclicals on the social questions of the day, Rev. Mc-
Grady has publicly and contemptuously called 'the mere private
opinions of Cardinal Pecci on economic questions.' He often lec-
tures under the auspices of Socialistic concerns and publishes his
later writings through a firm at Chicago, which acts as an agency
of Socialist literature. His first book had to be withdrawn from
the public market, at the request of Archbishop Elder of Cincin-
nati, until its contents would be corrected.
"For Catholics to countenance a Catholic priest playing such a
doubtful role is, in my viezv, an insult not only to Our Holy Father Leo
XII L, but also to the clergy and laity of the Church in general, who
have with cheerful and proud submission accepted the teachings of
our glorious Pontiff, who has repeatedly shown us, in the light of
Christian truth, the real nature and true solution of the important
social question, which so greatly affects the safety and happiness
of modern society. I trust the Catholics of the city will show their
loyalty to the Holy See by staying away from Rev. McGrady's
lecture." (Italics ours.)
This is an episcopal act worthy of the highest commendation,
and we sincerely hope the example of the courageous Bishop of
Green Bay will be followed by every bishop into whose diocese
Rev. McGrady undertakes to carry "his deplorable and damnable
propaganda in future. Why the misguided cleric's own ordinary,
Msgr. Maes, has suffered the abuse to go on for so many months,
why he has not issued a command when he saw that his "express
wishes" were disregarded, is a question we are unable to answer,
since an enquiry on our part to His Lordship of Covington last
October elicited nought but a vague and evasive reply from a sub-
ordinate diocesan official.
The Catholic Federation Movement. — While the Secretary of the Am-
erican Federation of Catholic Societies is endeavoring, by semi-
No. 10. The Review. 155
monthly letters to a portion of the Catholic press (The Review
has not yet been honored with one of them) to work up interest
for the movement, the German Catholic press, which was never
very enthusiastic in the matter, is growing cold and suspicious.
The St. Paul Wanderer (Feb. 20th) demands a complete recon-
struction of the plan of organization adopted at Cincinnati, insur-
ing absolute autonomy to the German State federations and the
Central Verein, and the Milwaukee Excelsior (No. 965) declares
that if the Federation at its coming Chicago congress does not
take a decided stand with regard to the various questions that are
just now agitating Catholic public opinion, such as the education
of our Catholic Indians, the treatment of the Philippine friars, the
school question, and the unjust discrimination practiced against
Catholic benevolent institutions in our own country, it will have
missed its purpose and have no longer a raison d'etre. "If the
Federation wants to accomplish its object, which is to champion
the cause of the Church in this materialistic country, which, des-
pite its religious indifference, continually prefers Protestantism ;
to conquer, defend, and preserve the equal rights which we Cath-
olics can and must claim as full-blood citizens of this country :
then it must not be afraid to precede its .warriors with the banner
of truly Christian principles, fearlessly, clearly, and distinctly
expressed, and to lead them in the battle against injustice, bigotry,
and intolerance. A Catholic federation which can not find it in its
heart to do this, which does not even dare to call things by their
true name, would be a still-born child and ought to get itself
buried."
Bishop McFaul is aware of the difficulties of the situation, and
we hope the Chicago convention will be guided by his spirit, as
expressed in his recent letter to the Baltimore Catholic Mirror
(Feb. 8th), in which he said :
"It will require great care and prudence to bring it (the Feder-
ation) to maturity. The next step after the new constitution has
been published should be the federation of States. Ohio is already
federated, and the Central-Verein has formed a federation of Ger-
man Catholics in fifteen States. There is, therefore, a splendid
basis upon which to build, provided we respect one another's
rights and privileges. We must be careful to unite all, and to do
nothing that may offend any nationality."
INSURANCE.
A Sad Travesty. — We note from the independent [No. 2778] that
the Protected Knights of America, a fraternal organization oper-
ating in Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi, has yielded to the inevi-
table consequence of attempting the impossible — namely, fur-
nishing life insurance upon a scheme which does not provide the
means. The Supreme Protector announces in a long communica-
tion to the Protected Knights that they are no longer protected.
Since the order -was chartered, he says, 7,800 benefit certificates
have been issued, and there were 50 death losses. This means
that the members refused to pay for protection, and the letter
records that more than one-half lapsed "'before the deputy received
his full compensation," and did not pay a cent into the mortuary
fund. In November-January last "mortality was appalling;"
156 The Review. 1902.
chapter after chapter became suspended, until the membership
was reduced below 2,000, and $25,000 was due for death claims.
An arrangement was made for transfer to the American Guild ;
this organization is twelve years old, and the late Supreme Pro-
tector appeals to all "'to hold themselves in readiness to be trans-
ferred to the Guild," adding his own conviction that "all of our
cheap fraternal orders must go down or raise their rates."
The Royal Arcanum in Need of New Blood. — The average age of the
members of the Royal Arcanum is said to be about forty-one
years. Fully convinced that only new blood can save the organi-
zation, the Supreme Secretaiw has asked the legislature of Massa-
chusetts for an act to permit the admittance to membership of
persons between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one years. The
bill provides that the Supreme Council may issue benefit certifi-
cates and make contracts with such persons, and says further that
"the statements, covenants, agreements, and warranties of such
persons with said corporation shall be legal and binding upon
them, notwithstanding their infancy."
Experienced insurance men say this is the most important step
yet taken by this order. If permitted to insure "under age" risks,
and enough young lives are secured, the order may gain each year
in premium income a sum sufficient to offset much of the loss oc-
casioned by the heavy mortality among older members. Respect-
ing the proposal, an insurance expert is quoted as follows in the
N. Y. Evening- Post (Feb. 21st):
"I believe that the salvation of the order depends largely on its
ability to attract young men. It can not get along without them.
Old men are dying off rapidly, and each death means curtailment
of income, besides the payment of a $1,000 to $3,000 claim. This
can not go on for ever, and until rates are raised material^ (which
the membership would be loath to agree to) something must be
done to protect the reserve fund. The order needs young blood
and plenty of it."
LITERATURE.
The Dolphin. — We have received No. 2 of the Dolphin, "an eccle-
siastical monthly for educated Catholics." It is the lay edition of
the American Ecclesiastical Review, edited with the same consum-
mate skill, and highly deserving of the support of the few hund-
red educated Catholic laymen of which this country can boast,
—too few, we fear, to make a high-class ecclesiastical monthly at
$4 per annum a success.
EDUCATION.
The Protestant Bible in Public Schools. — We see from the San Fran-
cisco Monitor that the protests of the priests of Oakland, Cali-
fornia, against the introduction of the notorious Bible Readings
(repeatedly exposed in The Review) into the public highschool,
have proved effective. The Observer (No. 39) says that the same
book is in use in the public schools of Pittsburg, and we sincerely
trust that our valiant contemporary will succeed in its campaign
against this injustice.
157
MISCELLANY.
Are Catholics Discriminated Against? — The Chicago Western
Catholic (No. 9) sharply criticizes Archbishop Ireland's recent
address before the Carroll Institute in that city. Our contempo-
rary fails to see "why any cleric or layman should willfully blind
himself to the glaring fact that Catholics are discriminated
against on every occasion where opportunity for recognition is
afforded the appointing power to show its distrust for those of
that denomination," — a fact which it says is evident in every walk
of life. The very address of the Archbishop, it declares, admits
that a strong belief in the existence of such discrimination pre-
vails among American Catholics. We do not notice the clergymen
of other denominations seizing opportunities to assure the world
that their coreligionists are not discriminated against because of
their faith. Perhaps the sly "Pauline Praelate" chose this method
of calling public attention to a condition by denying its existence.
The Western Catholic concludes its article with this remarkable
paragraph :
"The Archbishop probably is ignorant of the fact that, in com-
munities outside of large cities in the East, the Masonic emblem
is needed to secure nomination and election. It may be added re-
gretfully that in some instances Catholics seeking office were so
impressed with this knowledge that they actually became Masons
and believe they owe their election to their perversion."
Spiritistic Jugglery. — Flammarion, the Barnum of astronomers,
has been for years a staunch believer in Spiritism. Now it has
come to pass that the prestidigitateur Cazaneuve, has got the better
of Flammarion. Cazaneuve according to the New York Journal,
quoted by the Mirror of Feb. 13th, offered to reproduce every
phenomenon of the Spiritists before the scientist. The challenge
was accepted. Flammarion, with the assistance of his Spiritistic
associates, prepared a program embracing the most astounding of
the manifestations of the disembodied with which they thought they
had been in communication. Cazaneuve had studied these matters
and had his apparatus ready. In the presence of Flammarion and
others, it is said, he first performed all the suggested miracles.
The Spiritists charged him with being a medium and employ-
ing occult means to get his results. His answer was to expose
the mechanism he employed and, by repeating the tricks in the
open, to demonstrate that only natural means had been employed
in the performance of the prodigies. He capped this by offering
a reward of 10,000 francs for a bona fide materialization, which re-
ward was unclaimed. "Now," said Cazaneuve, "I hope my friend
Flammarion will not again make a fool of himself."
Flammarion's recantation is complete. He and Bois express
through Le Matin their conviction that the marvels that impressed
them for years were deceptions and that skillful jugglers can
duplicate them all.
Catholic Books for the Blind. — We see from the Pittsburg Ob-
server (Nos. 39 and 40) that there has lately been established, by
Rev. Joseph Stadelmann, S. J., at 27 West Sixteenth Street, New
York City, a printery of Catholic books for the blind. With the
158 The Review. 1902.
assistance of some charitable ladies, who have formed a Catholic
Free Publication Society for the Blind, Fr. Stadelmann has al-
ready gotten out eleven different religious works of one hundred
volumes to an edition, and placed them in various public libraries
throughout the United States. According to librarians, the books
have been eagerly sought. There are not now enough to supply
the demand. They are not for sale, with the exception of the
Manual of Prayers which is for personal use. All the other pub-
lications are meant for free and general circulation among the
blind, and are placed free of charge in all public libraries applying
for them and giving a guarantee that they will be placed in free
circulation and catalogued with other books of the library. The
Society also publishes a monthly magazine called the Catholic
Transcript for the Blind, (subscription $1.50.)
The Catholic Free Publication Society for the Blind, intending
to benefit the blind throughout the whole country, naturally ex-
pects a little help from every quarter.
Potatoes a.nd Priests. — In an old Philadelphia periodical called
the Reformer, Mr. Martin I. J. Griffin has found (Vol. iii, 1822,
page 192) the following curious note, signed "A. M.":
"The schemes for planting the United States with potatoes and
that Christian parents should annually pay for each of their child-
ren a sum to the education societies for missionary purposes are
additional disgusting proofs of the ingenuity of a mercenar}'
priesthood, exerted to establish a system of finances that shall
securely yield them the means to live in pomp and luxur}'-, and to
fasten from time to time more firmly the chains of prejudice and
subordination to their plans, upon the necks of the people of these
United States. Our country if thus duped will be overrun with
priests and will be likely to resemble old Spain, sunk in poverty
and wretchedness and blind servility to an overbearing, covetous
priesthood."
Clergymen a.s Investors. — Rev. Dr. Northgraves writes in the
Catholic Record (No. 24) :
"There is, we understand, a scheme being evolved from the
brains of altruistically inclined gentlemen.for the purpose of bene-
fitting the clergy. The details are simple — the soggarth pays so
much cash for stock and will receive a respectable dividend some-
time before his death, if not sooner. And, bear in mind, that it
is merely for the purpose of enabling our reverend friends to
amass a fortune. It is certainly consoling to know that such 18
karat unselfishness is lying around promiscuously. But we re-
member what Ruskin wrote to a promoter of railroads, who con-
tended that he should be rewarded for having acted so benevolent-
ly towards the public. He said that if the British public were in-
formed that they could make a railway to hell they would instant-
ly invest in the concern to any amount and stop church-building
all over the country, for fear of diminishing the dividends. If we
desire to go a-journeying to the temple of Mammon let us avoid
the short cuts which are dotted with swamps and pitfalls for the
unwary and inexperienced."
159
NOTE-BOOK.
The lay President of the national Catholic Federation in a Prot-
estant pulpit ! That is the sight the citizens of Columbus, Ohio,
will soon be able to witness if the Catholic Columbian (No. 9) is
correctly informed. Says our contemporary :
"Rev. Washington Gladden has invited Hon. T. B. Minahan to
give an address in the First Congregational Church, outlining the
general plan of the anti-treating movement. Dr. Gladden has
placed his pulpit at the disposal of Mr. Minahan, the regular Sun-
day evening services to be dispensed with for this purpose. Mr.
Minahan has accepted the invitation and the address will be de-
livered in the near future."
It may be of interest to any community inflicted with the pres-
ence of Margaret Shepherd, to know that the Catholic Truth So-
ciety has published a pamphlet exposing her unsavory record.
Copies ma}7 be ordered by writing or wiring the Catholic Truth
Society, room 87, Flood Building, San Francisco. One hundred
copies cost only two dollars.
We know of no more effective way of counteracting the nefar-
ious propaganda of this shameless creature than to distribute a
few hundred copies of this Catholic Truth Society pamphlet gratis
at the doors of the hall or room where she lectures. This method
puts the information into the hands of those who are most in need
of it and causes no sensation, such as an attack in the papers
would. Sensation is what this woman battens on.
^^ ^^ ^^
At a masquerade ball, held near Omaha, Neb., by a lodge of
Modern Woodmen which consists largely of Catholics, one of the
members appeared in the garb of a bishop, another was dressed
like a priest, still another wore the costume of a nun. The two
representing the priest and the nun paraded around the hall arm
in arm. Not one of the soidisant Catholic men who witnessed this
scandalous scene raised his voice to protest. It goes to show once
again how these semi-Masonic lodges tend to corrupt the faith and
morals of our Catholic people.
£ 4 1 a
In connection with Fr. Walsh's paper on the Lowell plan, which
we conclude in this number, the subjoined news item will be read
with special interest :
Senator Martin has introduced in the senate of the New York
legislature a bill which is designed to extend to all incorporated
schools in New York Cit}7 the privilege now accorded to a few, to
participate in the distribution of school moneys. The bill pro-
vides that the representatives of all legally incorporated schools
of New York City may appear before the Board of Education and
make application for their share of the school moneys at a rate of
$15 a year for each pupil, provided that the teachers they employ
shall meet the approval of the Board of School Superintendents.
160 The Review. 1902.
The bill, according to Senator Martin, will permit parochial
schools, by complying- with the conditions required, to share in
the public school moneys.
J>* J>* J+
We are requested to appeal to the charity of our readers for the
Alaska Mission of the Yukon, which is in sore need of outside
help in consequence of a devastating plague which in a short time
has carried off fully one-half of the native Esquimaux population.
The missionaries exhausted their means in nursing the sick and
have not now the wherewithal to support their orphans and carry
on their other work. Contributions may be sent directly to Rev.
J. L. Lucchesi, S. J., Koserefsky P. O., Alaska, or to Rev. J. M.
Riet, S. J., Gonzaga College, Spokane, Wash. The Jesuits have
sixteen priests in the Yukon Mission and mass intentions would
be most welcome.
M TS& M,
•^v <rv <&y
As we took notice of the press despatch stating that Blanche
Walsh, the actress, had become a Buddhist ^No. 5), we deem it
our duty to record, from the Intermountain Catholic (No. 22), her
emphatic denial of the news of her alleged change of faith. "I
was born a Catholic," said Miss Walsh, "and I have never aband-
oned the Church. In the Catholic faith I hope to die." This dec-
laration honors the bright young artist.
-**• *r <*r
Governor Taft has recently repeated his injurious allegations
against the Philippine friars before a committee of Congress. His
statements stand unchallenged and undenied, though the Francis-
cans, the Dominicans, the Jesuits, and the Augustinians have breth-
ren in this country. When the Pittsburg Observer some time ago
wrote to a prelate formerly in high office in Manila for authentic
information in the case, its request was ignored (v. Observer, No.
39), and the Philippine bishops are silent on the outrages com-
mitted against Catholics in the islands, of which we recently (No.
5) reported two instances. Thus the Catholic American press is
left mute in the forum of public opinion against the enemies of
the friars. It can not even find out if the friars are willing to be
deprived of their lands, even for a price.
A young girl, according to the Library Journal came into a pub-
lic library and asked for a book about worms, because she had to
teach the subject next morning. It was duly handed to her.
"I don't want these," she said, "I want the worms that turn into
butterflies." Then she added quite solemnly : "I don't know any-
thing about the subject, but I know the proper methods of teach-
ing it. That is the important thing." And a few days afterward
a little boy came into the same library with a penny picture of a
cold, flabby, modern Madonna, and said to the librarian: "Will you
please tell me if this is beautiful?" The librarian told him that
she thought it hideous. "Oh, I'm so glad," said the child. "Teacher
gave us each a picture, and told us to live with it until we could
see all its beauty, and I've lived with this for three weeks, and the
more I look at it the homelier it seems to get."
"Roman Ideas" vs. "Americanism,
he Quebec Virite recently (No. 21) requested the opinion
of The Review on this passage from an article of the
Ami du Clergi, of Lang-res, France (Nov. 14th):
"In the United States the Germans constitute a very large pro-
portion of the immigrant population ; and wherever they feel them-
selves numerous enough, they strive to rule, and with their usual
tact become an element of irreducible discord. We have already
related how, four or five years ago, they barely failed to kindle a
fire in the Catholic University of Washington and to confiscate the
rectorship. In the dioceses where they form the majority they
have moreover succeeded in obtaining from the Propaganda bish-
ops of their nationality. But the American bishops, with Msgr.
Ireland at their head, explained to the Roman authorities the
danger which such a concession would create, inasmuch as it
would perpetuate race antagonism in the American Republic and
retard or blight the so desirable fusion between the immigrants
and the native-born population. The Holy See has recognized the
justice of this view, and to-day it is guided by the policy of ap-
pointing American bishops whenever possible."
While we were prevented from taking up the matter, several of
our German Catholic confreres reproduced the remark of the Ami
du Clergc, together with La VeriWs own sane and correct observa-
tions thereon, which were to this effect :
The accusation made by the Ami du Clerge against the German
Catholics of the United States is utterly unjust. While the Ger-
mans, like all other nationalities, have their faults, we are sure
that without them the Church in the United States would be in an
even more deplorable condition than she is now. It is notorious
that [the German Catholics of America are firmly attached to
Roman ideas. It is not among them that Americanism, condemned
by Leo XIII. in a celebrated Brief, manifested itself. They also
understand better than many others the absolute necessity of
supporting parochial schools and the grave danger of public State
education. In a word, thejr are the most powerful factor of resist-
ance against the encroachments of all the errors of modernism.
The fuss in the Catholic University arose precise^ from the at-
tachment of the Germans to the truly Catholic idea of education.
So far as the fusion of the immigrant with the native-born popu-
lation is concerned, what does the writer in the Ami understand
by "population indigene" ? Surely not the aboriginal Indians. If
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 11. St. Louis, Mo., March 20, 1902.)
162 The Review. 1902.
he means the Yankee element, he is strange!}' mistaken if he be-
lieves it very desirable that the Germans, the French, the Italians,
etc., should become Americanized as rapidly as possible, that is to
say. that they lose their distinctive stamp and become purely Am-
erican in the abusive sense in which this term is usually applied.
In matter of fact the Americanization, or, to speak more accurate-
ly, the Anglo- Americanization, of the German, the French, the
Italian, and other Catholics, far from being "si desirable," is con-
sidered by those who have studied the question seriously and
without prejudice, as a consummation, inevitable perhaps, but
very much to be dreaded, and therefore to be retarded rather
than advanced by coercive measures. For if it is to be accomp-
lished without ruinous consequences, it must be brought about
very slowly. And even under this condition, those who know what
the Anglo-American spirit means, view the process of assimilation
with considerable apprehension.
For these reasons, which we have summarized as briefly as we
could, 'Mr. Tardivel is satisfied that the Holy See will continue to
appoint for this country bishops who, while being loyal citizens of
the Republic, are not altogether "American" in the sense in which
this word is generally employed in the United States— a subtle
sense which has probably escaped the writer in the Ami du Clerge
of Langres.
"The fusion has not yet been accomplished in the United States
by any means," concludes our esteemed Quebec confrere, "and
untilit is accomplished, Rome will take into account the peculiar
situation of the Church in that country and do nothing to hurry
assimilation, at the risk of losing many souls. For certain peo-
ple in the States the most important thing, no doubt, is the
rapid Anglo-Americanization of the immigrants ; Rome looks
chiefly to the salvation of souls."
One of the German Catholic newspapers which reproduced Mr.
Tardivel 's article, the St. Paul Wanderer (No. 14), after empha-
sizing the lobvious fact that the charges of the Ami du Clerge
contain nothing new, but are the same venerable old chestnuts
that have been served up time and again in the course of the last
two decades, expressed the apprehension that their repetition at
this time might possibly be the signal of a new press campaign
against the German speaking Catholics of the United States. This
fear has happily proved unfounded, as we expected it would,
knowing the excellent character and good will of the reverend
editor of the Ami du C/erge, which would be all the more effective
in the service of Catholic truth if they were complemented by a
more evenly balanced judgment and a more accurate knowledge
of Catholic affairs in this country.
No. 11. The Review. 163
For the rest, we do not know what we could add to Mr. Tardi-
vel's observations, which are trenchant and to the point, unless it
were the remark that the largely German dioceses of the United
States, which are now ruled by bishops of German blood, are likely
to have German bishops so long as the German element is strong
enough to assert itself in the traditional and well-defined process
of drawing up the lists for new episcopal appointments. In a dio-
cese where the great majority of the faithful and their pastors are
German — either of German birth or descent — it is perfectly nat-
ural that, under a bishop of the same nationality, the diocesan
consultors and irremovable rectors should be German, and when
they meet after the death of the ordinary to draw up the usual
terna, under the rules of the Third Council of Baltimore, that they
should select the candidates from among their own number. And
unless there are special and personal reasons to make an excep-
tion, the Propaganda will surely continue to respect the wishes
of a diocese and select its bishop from such terna, as it has done
in the past.
Would the French speaking priests of an American diocese in
which French speaking people formed the majority of the faith-
ful, act otherwise ?
It is nowhere written that the bishops of the Catholic Church
in America must be Yankees or Anglo-Americans or Irish-Amer-
icans, and it would be contrary to the spirit of the universal
mother, who embraces all nationalities with an equal love, to re-
verse her traditional policj' for the sake of a handful of nois3r chau-
vinists and their misled journalistic allies.
The fundamental and essential fallacy which underlies the note of
the Am idu Clergi, and which amounts to nothing more nor less than
a calumny — that is, a false accusation knowingly and maliciously
made, to the injury of another — in the mouths of those Americans
with whom it has originated, is the insinuation that a naturalized
citizen of German birth, or a man born in this countr}7 of German
parents, is not an American in the true and full sense of the word.
It is all the more unjust and inexplicable because it is fathered
chiefly by men who have themselves immigrated to America from
a foreign land and whose only claim of superiorit}r — and a slim claim
it is, indeed ! — over the Germans, the French, the Italians, and
other fellow immigrants, is their previous knowledge of the Eng-
lish language, which happens to be the official language of the
government and the prevailing idiom of the majority of the pres-
ent citizenship of these United States.
Mr. Tardivel has touched the secret spring of the whole differ-
ence when he mentioned "Roman ideas." They are the criterion
of true Catholic^, and, fortunately, in this regard the German
164 The Review. 1902.
Catholics of America are not found wanting, while some of their
opponents, unhappily, are so impregnated with false Americanism
as to make a proficiency in the English language and conformity
to modern ideas ("conformari huic saeculo," in the words of St.
Paul) the standard of faith and means of salvation.
The Bishop of Nancy and M. Leon
Harmel.
Ihe clamor of certain lay Catholics for a larger share in the
government of the Church was condemned by the last
collective letter of the English bishops. In France the
laymen are not clamoring for such a right, but de facto exercise it
in an undue manner. Two of these laymen, L. Harmel and M.
Fonsegrive, are treated by the Bishop of Nancy without kidgloves
in his brochure already mentioned. And as both pass also in this
country as leaders in the "broadminded" world, it may be well to
place the documentary evidence of Bishop Turinaz before the eyes
of our readers.
For the last twenty years M. Leon Harmel has pretended to
teach all the world the true solution of the labor question, to ex-
pound the teaching of the Pope and the Gospel, to pose as the
ideal Christian employer. He addresses himself preferably to
seminarists and young priests, writing them letters and uniting
them in congresses at Val-des-Bois, where he has his factory.
One ot these letters was published by La Vie SociiJe in Aug. 1901.
It reads :
"Dear Sirs, and allow me to sa\ : Dearly beloved Friends : —
Gladly would I have responded to your affectionate appeal, had I
been able. Let me at least express to you the J037 of my heart, in
saluting you, young men, called by God, who answer that
call with such generosity. In times of persecution such as we are
entering, we need devoted priests, docile to the voice of Jesus
Christ, echoed by His Vicar, Leo XIII.
"This noble, this venerable old man, our well-beloved father,
has in his frail body a soul of fire, like that of St. Paul. He pushes
you towards the people, who are as a Lazarus, covered with wounds,
stripped of the essential goods of truth, lying at the door of the
clergy to receive the alms of the body and of the blood, of the
choice viands of which the priests live, the alms of virtue and love.
"Jesus Christ does not desire that Lazarus receive only the pity
No. 11. The Review. 165
•of clogs, — of us laymen who can only ease, but not cure his wounds.
He wants Dives, dressed in purple and linen (the sacerdotal and
royal dress) step forth from his mansion and consecrate himself
to Lazarus. If he does not do it, he incurs the malediction of God;
and then will be realized the word of St. John Chrysostom : 'Pav-
imenta infernorum, capita sacerdotum.'
"Our French people has fallen to its present depth, because
Dives stayed in his mansion, gorging- himself with the body and
the blood, unmindful of Lazarus. In the world such a one is
called a saint. The Gospel speaks differently.
"Yes, my dearly beloved friends, you are right in despising the
critics, those who blame the Christian Democrats, those who re-
venge themselves by doing nothing, by casting evil-minded sus-
picions on them that act. When we shall have everywhere a young
priesthood formed for the apostolate such as Jesus Christ in the
Gospel wants it, and as Leo XIII. interprets it, the people of
France will receive the truth of life ; Lazarus will rise from his
couch of misery and humiliation and become the soldier of Christ,
the Savior of the Church."
From such a bragging letter, one naturally would infer that
Val-des-Bois was the place for young priests to learn practic-
ally the direction of workingmen in a big factory. Indeed, in
France and Rome it is believed that M. Leon Harmel employs at
least from 8-10,000 men. In matter of fact, however, be employs
only 400 laborers over, and some 200 under, 18 years of age. One-
third of that number are women and girls. For these 600 em-
ployes M. Harmel has established no less than seven confratern-
ities : a conference of St. Vincent de Paul, a confraternity of the
Blessed Sacrament, a branch of the Third Order of St. Francis,
one of the Living Rosary, a confraternity of St. Joseph, a con-
fraternity of Our Lady of the Factory, and a branch of the Apos-
tolate of Prayer. What Christian employer has ever thought of
imitating such zeal?
May not the seminarians and young priests learn a practical
lesson from that "Bon Pere" about the proper wages which he
pays according to the teachings of Leo XIII. and about charity
towards the laboringmen and especially towards the married
women ? From the noisy protestations of Leon Harmel and the
Christian Democrats one should surely expect it. But it is not so.
The employers of the North, repeatedly accused by Leon Harmel
of having failed in that regard, in 1894 published a brochure under
the title, 'Leon Harmel at the Congress of Mouveaux,' in which
they say :
"If we take as a point of comparison the factory at Val-des-Bois,
we find that, in the same industry, the wages are from 10 to 15
166 The Review. 1902.
per cent, higher at Fourmies, and from 20 to 30 per cent, at
Roubaix-Tourcoing-. If M. Leon Harmel is rightly considered as
a model employer, who fulfills all the duties of justice, equity, and
charity towards his employes, it can not be said that our employ
ers are inferior to him or that on this capital point they do not
obey the teaching of the Encyclical. Moreover, at Val-des-Bois,
the woolen mills run day and night. No doubt, reasons of excep-
tional gravity must have moved M. Harmel thus to split up the
families and contribute to the downfall of the race and of morals,
whilst our weavers resist such an odious practice. On this point
too, then, we can not be blamed for misinterpreting the thought
of Leo XIII. Still, in the sale of the products of our industries,
we have no greater competitor than Val ; and if 3Tou estimate the
enormous advantage nvhich that firm derives from lower wages
and nightwork, you have the measure for the sacrifices which our
empk>3Ters make in order to make their conduct tally with their
belief. '*
That is enough to characterize Leon Harmel in his role of a
"model Christian employer." How about M. Harmel the gentle-
man ? The following epistola^ extracts will tell us. M. Harmel,
accused of having attacked the employers of the North and their
Congress at Mouveaux, wrote in a letter dated July 30th, 1894 :
"'I have never occupied myself with newspaper articles, wrhether
they blame or praise me. I wish to march with you and care not
for journalists."
"I was firmly resolved not to interfere in the debate, for it is al-
together contrary to my principles to enter into newspaper pol-
emics."
These letters are quoted in the brochure published by the em-
ployers of the North, pages 17 and 25, with this remark :
"And yet we read in a letter written by him (Leon Harmel) to
several persons, and quoted in the Semaine Religieusc of Cambrai
of Aug. 18th : "Every day I write letters to the newspapers."
Is this the conduct of a gentleman ?
In conclusion let us look at M. Harmel as the Christian layman,
respectful of authority. When, three years ago, La France Libre
had attacked several bishops, Cardinal Couille remonstrated re-
peatedly. The editor replied by filling the first page of his jour-
nal, on three consecutive days, with wild attacks and by opening
a subscription list in order to provoke a manifestation in his favor.
He at once received a despatch, saying : "Leon Harmel and his
sons subscribe 500 francs."
167
For a Catholic Social Movement.
s the direct outcome of a war that has lately been waged
between the Socialistic Arbeiterzeitung and our courag-
eous Catholic daily contemporary, the Buffalo Yolks-
freund, Rt. Rev. Bishop Ouigley has issued an open letter, ad-
dressed to the priests of the German parishes of his episcopal
city, in which he scores in no uncertain terms the doctrines of the
Social Democratic party. As the Catholic Union and limes rightly
observes, in printing this letter (No. 47), its "'effects will be felt
not only in Buffalo, but in every Catholic community in the coun-
try, for the statements set forth are not merely Bishop Quigley's
ideas, but the accepted interpretation of the attitude of the Cath-
olic Church on the subject." The salient passages of the letter are
as follows :
"Practical militant Social Democracy exhibits itself in outspoken
contradiction to the teachings of Christianity and particularly to
those of the Catholic Church. Social Democracy denies the exist-
ence of God, the immortality of the soul, eternal punishment, the
right of private ownership, the rightful existence of our present
social organization, and the independence of the Church as a so-
ciety complete in itself and founded by God. Therefore, no Cath-
olic can become a Social Democrat. Therefore no Catholic can be-
comela member of a Social Democratic organization or subscribe
for or in any way contribute to the support of a Social Democratic
newspaper organ."
The practical conclusions are :
"First :— Catholics who obstinately refuse to renounce the prin-
ciples of Social Democracy make themselves liable to be deprived
of the sacraments and ministrations of the Church.
"Second :— Catholics who belong to a union which has become
imbued with the poisonous doctrines of Social Democracy are in
duty bound, in the interest of the working classes as well as of re-
ligion, to make every effort to expel all trace of Social Democracy
and its doctrines from the constitution and laws of their union.
Let every workingman clearly understand, that the Church does
not condemn labor unions, but only condemns the doctrines of
Social Democracy wherever found. A workingman may be a union
man and a good Catholic, but he can not be both a Social Democrat
and a Catholic.
"Third :-- Catholics are strictly forbidden to contribute to the
extension of Social Democracy directly by word or writing, or in-
directly through financial or moral support given to a party news-
paper organ advocating its principles."
In conclusion the Bishop requests the clergy to whom the letter
168 The Review. 1902.
is addressed to instruct their people in the teachings of our Holy
Father on the rights and duties of employers and employed, as
the only Christian solution of the labor question.
We are glad to see the German Catholic workingmen of Buffalo
promptly rally round their chief pastor in his crusade against So-
cial Democracy. At a meeting held on Sundaj% Feb. 23rd, it was
unanimously decided to recommend the union of the Staatsver-
band and the Reform Association, under the name of Catholic
Federation, with the constitution of the Reform Association,
warmly approved by the Bishop, for a basis. Resolutions were
adopted, thanking His Lordship for his letter and receiving the
same as a true and lucid explanation of Catholic doctrine ; con-
demning Social Democracy and declaring the determination of the
Catholic workingmen of Buffalo to support every Catholic paper
which is boycotted by Social Democracy and to patronize all busi-
nessmen boycotted because of their advertising in such papers.
This preliminary meeting was followed, on the subsequent Sun-
day, by a mass meeting in St. Ann's Hall, attended, in spite of
snow and sleet, by over three thousand Catholic laboringmen from
all parts of the city. Bishop Quigley was present, together with a
large number of the local clergy, and was given a rousing ovation.
In a brilliant address he unfolded the fallacies of Socialism more
at length than he had been able to do in his pastoral letter. There
were also addresses by Father Pfluger, P. Rockliff, S. J., Rev.
Dr. Heiter, and a layman, Mr. A. Kurz. The stirring resolutions
adopted by the meeting contained a number of opportune and
practical recommendations, e. g., the holding, in the various par-
ishes, of frequent conferences, for the purpose of making known
to every Catholic of Buffalo the stand taken and always held by
the Catholic Church on Socialism, and particularly on the rights
and duties of both capital and labor, as expounded in the instruc-
tion given by His Holiness Pope Leo XIII. in his memorable en-
cyclical on the Condition of Labor.
It is sincerely to be hoped that the lectures of Archbishop Cor-
rigan, the pastoral letter of Bishop Quigley, and the warning of
Bishop Messmer against the Socialist propaganda of the Rev.
Thomas McGrady (Cfr. our No. 10, page 154) will prove to be the
harbingers of a movement all along the line for the extirpation of
the pernicious Socialistic errors that have been spread among, and
threaten to corrupt, Catholic laboringmen all over the country.
The social question is not as important yet in these United
States as in the older and more densely populated countries of
Europe; but with the growth of trusts and the development of new
and less favorable industrial conditions it is assuming a more
threatening aspect, and Socialist agitatorslfind the field better pre-
No. 11. The Review. 169
pared from year to year. What we need is a strong- Catholic social
movement, based on the principles so luminously stated in the en-
cyclicals "Rerum novarum" (1891) and "Graves de communi"
(1901). Buffalo German Catholics have taken the initiative ; let the
Catholic Federation inaugurate a national campaign along the
lines of Bishop Ouigley's pastoral and Archbishop Corrigan's re-
cent pulpit expositions.
If we do not in a measure anticipate the social movement that is
steadily developing, and guide it into the right channels, there is
no telling what harm it mav cause when it breaks the dikes.
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOVS WORLD.
The Trouble at North Brookfield, Mass., and its Probable Outcome. — It is
a long time since we have printed anything about the trouble at
North Brookfield, Mass.. — so long in fact that we shall have to re-
view the case briefly in order that our readers may understand
the latest developments. Some three or four years ago, the
French-Canadian Catholics of North Brookfield, feeling that they
were numerous and strong enough to support a parish of their
own, incorporated as a religious society and petitioned the Bishop
of Springfield for a pastor of their nationality. For some reason or
other they were refused. Thenewspaperstookahand in the matter
and serious difficulties arose. Msgr. Beaven sent Fr. Wren, an
Irish-American priest who had received his education in Canada
and speaks French perfectly, to North Brookfield, to take the
place of the then rector, Father Tuit. About the same time the
Abbe Berger, a French priest without canonical standing, came
to North Brookfield and prevailed upon the dissatisfied Canadians
to employ him as their pastor, making a written contract for five
years. Subsequently, after a mission held by Pere Emard, M.
Berger and the recalcitrant Canadian families were excommuni-
cated. They had meanwhile built a little church of their own, St.
Ann's, in which M. Berger officiated regularly. When the sen-
tence of excommunication had been pronounced, the majority of
the Canadians cut loose from Berger and attended religious ser-
vices held for them by Fr. Wren in a public hall. The minority
continuing to stick to Berger, who held regular services as before,
in St. Ann's, the majority elected new trustees, who voted to close
the church. The dissidents got an injunction, and the other day
it was decided by the Massachusetts Supreme Court that the
church could not be closed except by unanimous vote of all the
members of the congregation, or, to be more precise, of the relig-
ious association as incorporated under the State laws, which com-
prises practically all the French speaking Canadians of the town.
The religious situation at North Brookfield at the present moment,
170 The Review. ' 1902.
therefore, is this : There is first St. Ann's Church, in which M.
Berger gathers his handful of adherents about him every Sunday;
there is secondly St. Joseph's Church, of which Fr. Wren is pas-
tor, for the English speaking Catholics ; there is in the third place
the majority of the Canadians, for whom Fr. Wren or his assist-
ant holds services in a public hall, and fourthly a small portion of
Canadians who, disgusted and sick at heart, no longer attend Mass
at all. If we ma}' believe a representative of La Presse, of Mont-
real, who recently examined the situation on the spot and reported
it to his newspaper (we read his report in the Fall River Inde-
pendant of March 6th), Father Wren has announced that Bishop
Beaven would soon send the French-Canadians of North Brook-
field a pastor of their own nationality. To the outsider it seems
that the whole trouble, with all the terrible consequences it has al-
ready had, and will still have, in the loss of souls and the embit-
terment of many, young and old alike, would have been avoided,
had the ordinary complied with the reasonable and legitimate pe-
tition of this French- Canadian parish in the very beginning. Not
knowing all the circumstances, however, we can not, of course,
pretend to pronounce any sort of judgment in the premises, but
must content ourselves with deploring, once again, that such ser-
ious difficulties so often arise without apparent reason or justifi-
cation.
Catholic Federation. — The German Catholic press is growing more
and more pessimistic with regard to the success of the Catholic
society federation movement, and, to tell the truth, our own hopes
are less buoyant to-day than ever before. President Minahan,
who has so far forgot himself as to accept the invitation of a Prot-
estant preacher to address a Protestant congregation on an ethi-
cal subject (see our last issue, page 159), in a paper which we find
in No. 9 of the Catholic Mirror, not only reiterates the ludicrous
and fatal error that politics must remain forbidden ground for a
federation whose chief aim is to defend the civil rights of Catholics,
but insists that the right to take the initiative in county, State, and
national matters be in every case reserved to the national officers,
thus denying the principle of autonomy which was a condition of
the German State federations joining the national body. More-
over, the tendency of the central officers is to sink nationalities.
This is a splendid idea in theory, but utterly infeasible in praxi.
We hold with the Wanderer (March 5th) that the only way, under
present conditions, to bring about permanent successful national
federation, is to organize the Catholic men of the country (not the
women) according to nationalities, on the strategic principle to
march separately and to fight united. Only if this principle is
consistently followed out will it be possible to avoid collisions be-
tween the various nationalities that make up the great body of the
faithful in this country. The German Catholic State federations
have shown by their past activity in various instances (let us men-
tion only the fight of the Wisconsin and Illinois federations against
unjust school laws) that they are well able to take care of their lo-
cal and State interests, and while they could easily be induced to
consult and cooperate with Irish, French-Canadian, Polish, Bo-
hemian, etc., brother federations in each State, they would never
consent to have their local policy, which they, being at home, can
No. 11. The Review. 171
judge best themselves, dictated by a set of far-away national
officers. There has been, we sincerely regret to say, little wis-
dom of late in the utterances of leading- federation advocates (we
except Bishops McFaul and Messmer) and unless a ringing plat-
form is adopted, a rational constitution drawn up, and a moderate
and practical policy mapped out in the forthcoming Chicago con-
vention, the whole movement, so auspiciously inaugurated and so
pregnant with good promises, will, we fear, turn out a fizzle.
SCIENCE AND INDVSTRY.
Science and the Hexaemeron. — Desperate, not to say violent, efforts
are made by the so-called "concordists" to show that the hexae-
meron of Genesis agrees on all points with the placita of science.
The history of these successive efforts is interesting ; but the re-
sult does not recommend the system itself. One may ask whether
all these "conciliations" do not rest on a false supposition. Do
science and the Bible look upon the origin and formation of the
world from the same view-point? If yes, then "concordism" is
right ; we have but to seek the best form under which it can
be proposed. If no, it is useless to harmonize statements which,
while they no doubt concern the same object, refer to it from quite
different points of view. In this case there need be neither har-
mony nor discord between the Bible and science. You may de-
scribe a city in two ways : either by following up the progressive
development of its wards — that is the order of time, — or bj^ divid-
ing it up into certain sections of equal surface — that would be an
artificial or purely graphic order. Ward 1 and section A
would have nothing in common ; if perchance they coincided, it
would be a mere accident. This comparison may be applied to the
six days of the hexaemeron compared to the astronomic and gen-
ealogic phases^through which the world has passed in its forma-
tion. (Cfr. Etudes, vol. 90, page 338.)
MUSIC.
Trashy Church Music. — Rev. P. Barnabas Held, O. S. B., writes us
from Munster, Texas :
The Berge Music Co. of New York is sending out circulars and
sample copies of "Church music" to pastors and choir-leaders. It
has received endorsements from Sisters of the Good Shepherd,
Sisters of Mercy, Bro. Henry Austin, Sacred Heart Convent, East
Camden, etc., and by one of these endorsers Mr. Louis Berge's St.
Hubert's Mass is put down as "unquestionably his ablest effort,
and worthy of all the praise that can be given it."
We also received a sample copy of the Kyrie of St. Hubert's
Mass and several samples of Ave Marias and O Salutaris. It is
nothing but trash, and trash of the worst kind, poor music in a
general sense, full of mistakes against the rules of good composi-
tion, totally devoid of originality, in short, bag-pipe music, love-
song style, not even good enough for a variety show. And such
rot is calle'd "Church music" and recommended by our pious Sis-
ters and Brothers and taught in our schools ! No wonder the re-
form of Church music is making such slow progress.
it:
MISCELLANY.
Practical Results of the Zionist Movement. — According to recent
mail advices from Jerusalem, the establishment of Jewish colonies
in Palestine to provide for destitute immigrant Jews, has brought
about a great change in the aspect of the country, and an example
is now given to the rural population of how the best results may
be obtained from an intelligent cultivation of the soil with modern
implements.
One of the colonies known as "First in Zion" has become the
centre of a very considerable wine industry, with a large es-
tablishment for storing wine as well as a depot for the sale of the
product in Hamburg. Another known as the "Gate of Hope"
grows oranges, largely export ; a third, at El Ekron, grows fruit,
which is preserved and sent to Europe.
The changes in the county around Jaffa, in consequence of
these colonies, is said to be remarkable. The cultivation of fruit,
■chiefly oranges, is extending over Jaffa plain, where an area of
more than a thousand acres is covered by orange plantations, the
profits from which have been considerable, owing mainly to direct
and rapid steam communication with Liverpool. The Jaffa orange
is said to be superior to the Spanish fruit, and gets a higher price,
but last year the market was overstocked. A German colony also
produces wine ; the Palestine wines generally compare favorably
with the common French and Italian wines, and, as increased care
is being taken in their production, the demand for them in the
European market will improve. In a short time it is expected that
Jaffa will be exporting 500,000 boxes of oranges ; last year this
fruit formed more than a fourth of the total export trade of Jaffa;
(soap, and sesame, also, which are grown near Jaffa, form an im-
portant article of export.) They are. esteemed because of their size
and flavor, and go in large quantities to Constantinople and the
towns along the Syrian coast.
A Masonic Apron Ma.de by Nuns For Gen. Washington. — In his Re-
searches Mr. Griffin brings out the curious fact that a Masonic
apron, wrought with gold and silver, hand made by nuns of
Nantes, was, on August 10th, 1782, presented to General Wash-
ington by Watson & Cassoul, a French-American firm doing bus-
iness in France. It is now in possession of the Alexandria-Wash-
ington Lodge of Alexandria, Va. (Cfr. Hayden's 'Washington
and His Masonic Compeers.')
Surely the good Sisters of Nantes did not know what they made
when they stitched that Masonic apron for Gen. Washington.
By the way, will Mr. Griffin kindly inform The Review whether
there is positive and reliable evidence that Washington was a Free-
mason ?
Father Ho£an's 'Clerical Studies' in French.— Clerical Studies,
by the late Father Hogan, S. S., to some of whose views on
Holy Scripture we objected at the time of the book's publication,
has now been translated into French. From a lengthy article on
the work in the Catholic World (March, 1902) we learn that al-
though for diverse reasons it had no large success in the U. S., it
is expected that its sale in France will be immense, something
similar to that of the French Life of Father Hecker. The same
apparatus is again put in motion ; the book is prefaced by the
No. 11. The Review. 173
Archbishop of Albi, Msgr. Mignot, and the entire Catholic press,,
except that portion of it which fought Americanism, is booming
it. The question may be asked, Will this new work share the
fate of the Life of Father Hecker ? It almost looks like it. The
Archbishop chosen to write the preface, Msgr. Mignot, wrote also
a pastoral letter on the study of Holy Scripture, which, though des-
tined exclusively for his diocesans, made such a stir outside the
Diocese of Albi, that the Archbishop was called to Rome. "I da
not know," writes the Roman correspondent of the Semaine Re-
ligieuse of Montreal (Jan. 20th), "what took place between the
Archbishop and the Holy Father ; but I believe that, after this
audience, Msgr. Mignot will not be tempted again to write a pas-
toral letter in the same strain on the same subject."
En passant be it said that, shortly after Christmas, the news
was spread that a special commission on the study of Holy Scrip-
ture had been appointed by the Pope. The London Tablet even
published a list of members and consultors. We now learn that
the commission has not yet been appointed, and it looks as if the
list of the Tablet had been fathered by the desiderium of its editors
or correspondents.
Bogus Catholic History. — At a "successful public section" of the
Knights of Columbus at Hartford, Conn., Rev. Walter J. Sbanley,
Rector of St. Joseph's Cathedral, declared in an address on "the
Chief and Governing Functions of the Knights of Columbus," ac-
cording to the daily Courant (Feb. 24th), that "the independence
of the United States would not have been obtained if it had not
been for the aid of the Catholics. He declared that it was the in-
fluence of the Papal Nuncio at the French court that caused the
King of France to send troops to America to assist it in the war
for independence of England. This was done after Benjamin
Franklin had failed in his mission to France. The speaker said
that both Washington and Franklin had recognized this service
of Rome, the favor being brought about by Bishop Carroll of Bal-
timore, who persuaded the Pope to send his nuncio to France to
urge her to give assistance to America."
Father Shanley, whose only sources of historic knowledge are
evidently the newspapers, ought to have added to this fairy story
the further detail that Benjamin Franklin humbly knelt before the
Papal Nuncio at the court of Louis XV., because that posture
alone could express the gratitude of the American people to the
Nuncio for persuading the King to come to the support of Wash-
ington.
In matter of fact, as Mr. Griffin has shown time and again in
his American Catholic Historical Researches, the whole story is fic-
titious. There is no mention of the incident in history. Nor is
there anything to bear out the statement that the Papal Nuncio
was alone responsible for the success of Franklin's mission at the
French court, or that he had anything whatever to do with the ne-
gotiations.
It is worse than silly, as the Intermountain Catholic has lately
remarked with great justice and pertinency, for Catholics to
parade fables as examples of exalted patriotism, because along
with inviting denial and criticism, they give rise to the conviction
that we must go outside of truth and fact to establish our part in
our country's history.
174
NOTE-BOOK.
"The Schoolmaster of Sadowa" is famous the world over and
still bids fair to grow in fame. The State Superintendent of
Schools of Pennsylvania adduces him in support of his theory
that the State should develop its elementary school system by the
highschool. (Philadelphia Record, Feb. 22nd.) The supposition
is, of course, that the better education received by the German
soldiers was the cause of Prussia's victory over Austria, while in
matter of fact the "Schoolmaster of Sadowa" was quoted original-
ly in a ludicrous way as the cause of Prussian success because he
made his pupils pray for the victory of the Prussian arms.
Pennsylvanians who are posted on this matter, will have a good
laugh at their sage Superintendent of Schools.
**» Tr* Tr»
"Why does not The Review support the Catholic Columbian in
its plea to have Corpus Christi raised to a holy day of obligation in
this country? We have too few holydays and the consummation
of the Columbian's wish, which is shared by many pious Catholics,
would redound greatly to the honor of our Eucharistic Lord."
While we would be glad to see Corpus Christi made a holyday
of obligation and generally observed as such throughout the
country, we believe with the Fathers of the Third Plenary Coun-
cil of Baltimore (v. Acta et Decreta, No. 109) that "it is not advis-
able for the present to multiply the holydays of obligation," for
the reason that "it is the sad experience of pastors that few even
of the small number of such holydays we now have, are rightly
observed, as many of the faithful do not attend Mass on them,
and a still greater number fail to abstain from servile labor ; in-
deed the great majority of our people can not keep these holydays
properly without endangering their only means of support."
•^ *,» *,»
The Catholis of France did not join in the homage that was paid
to the memory of Victor Hugo on the occasion of the recent cen-
tenary of his birth. Not because they do not recognize his excel-
lence as a writer, which on the contrary they cheerfully acknowl-
edge ; — witness P. Suau's article, L'ldole, in the second February
number of the Etudes ; — but for this reason expressed by the same
writer in the same article : As a poet they would gladly have hon-
ored him ; but they must refuse to adore him as a popular idol.
For it was the glory and the misfortune of Victor Hugo — glory
in his own eyes, a misfortune in ours — that by constant design
and obstinate endeavor, he became Vidole — the idol.
Ng Ng Ng
A good friend in the Northwest recently mailed us several
newspapers in which a great fuss was made by and in behalf of
Mr. James Neill, the actor, because, while being initiated into
the Klks at Spokane, he received a blow from a stuffed club. Mr.
Neill seems to resent this indignity very strongly, though he pro*
No. 11. The Review. 175
tests in the same breath that he was ready to take any obligation
that would have made an Elk of him. The Northwest Review (No.
18) points out the curious perversion of the moral sense displayed
by Mr. Neill. "He sees no dishonor," justly remarks our worthy
contemporary, "in binding- himself by oath to unknown obliga-
tions, though this means an immoral submission to the worst kind
of tyranny ; but his pride revolts at a piece of boyish tomfoolery,
which, although somewhat degrading to a grown man, is after all
not in itself a breach of the moral law or an attack on the liberty
of the individual, who ought to expect such asinine proceedings in
all secret society initiations. Mr. Neill is like the olden Pharisee,
straining out gnats and swallowing camels, a very common failing
among non-Catholics, a consequence of the loss of mental balance
following fast on the loss of Catholic faith."
Our esteemed neighbor, the Herold des Glaubens, has gotten out
a Catholic Guide of the City of St. Louis, containing, besides an al-
phabetical street directory, a directory of the municipal govern-
ment, a list of the large office buildings, railroad ticket offices,
banks and trust companies, clubs, hotels, theatres, express com-
panies, public parks, dispensaries, etc., valuable statistical infor-
mation regarding the Archdiocese of St. Louis, a complete direc-
tory of all the Catholic churches, with the street-cars that lead to
them, a list of Catholic educational institutions, hospitals, asylums,
homes, religious communities, and cemeteries, together with a
directory of various Catholic societies. The useful booklet can be
purchased at B. Herder, 17 S. Broadway.
Messrs. F. J. Lange and M. J. Costello, President and Secre-
tary-Treasurer, respectively, of the Catholic Settlement Society,
No. 530 Globe Building. St. Paul, Minn., write to The Review to
say that the clerical contributor who wrote the note on page 127,
No. 8, had evidently received one of their circulars by mistake,
and that his insinuation that their undertaking is fraudulent rests
on no solid foundation. Their aim is to "direct to established Cath-
olic parishes Catholics who contemplate migration to Minnesota
or either of the twoDakotas."
Our reverend correspondent had not mentioned the Catholic
Settlement Society of St. Paul, therefore Messrs. Lange and Cos-
tello can not truly claim that The Review has "assaulted" their
undertaking, which it can neither commend nor condemn, because
it knows nothing about it.
£ a a
A reader in Philadelphia sends us a cutting from the North
American of March 6th, in which it is announced that General
Smith has issued vigorous orders to his brigade and the real war
against the Filipinos is only about to commence.
"Is it not about time," comments our correspondent, "that the
local authorities of our Church in those islands let the world know
how the war is conducted and how their poor people are mal-
treated ? The testimony of Governor Taft and sundry army
176 The Review. 1902.
officers before the Congressional Committee discloses a terrible
state of affairs in 'our new possessions,' and it is highly desirable
that the American people get reliable and accurate information
about the actual conditions there."
±* J>* J*>
Miss Alice T. P. Keary, President of the Catholic Woman's
National League, 428 E. 41st Street, Chicago, asks us to publish
in The Review an invitation to all clubs of Catholic women in the
country to unite in forming a general federation of Catholic
women's clubs, to be known as the Catholic Woman's National
League. A convention is to meet in Chicago, April 5th, 1902, to
which each club is invited to send three delegates.
Outside of considerations of space, we fear our circulation among
Catholic club-women is altogether too limited to make it worth
while to print Miss Keary's circular ; but to show our good will,
which extends to every Catholic movement, we have inserted this
brief note.
J* +<r -»r
"'There is a growing custom in our churches about this season
of the year," says the New York Independent (No. 2779), "to set
apart a day, called Decision Sunday, at which time the youth in
the Sunday-school and in the Christian Endeavor societies shall
be urged to make the decision to begin a Christian life. Inasmuch
as decision of character is of prime importance for success in any
phase of life, and not least in religion, such a provision to encour-
age the decision to live a Christian life is commendable."
Not to speak of the purpose of amendment, which is essential to
the validity of every confession, the inauguration of Decision Sun-
day confirms that ancient and useful Catholic practice of renew-
ing the baptismal vow at first communion and confirmation.
3P 98 SF
The Iowa Catholic Messenger, having swallowed the Northwest-
cm Catholic, now appears with the cumbersome heading : The
Iowa Catholic Messenger and Northwestern Catholic. The editor
says (No. 9) that he will try to make it "a paper worthy of the
Dubuque Archdiocese." But the Messenger- Catholic is not pub-
lished in the Dubuque Archdiocese ; it hails from the episcopal
city of the Diocese of Davenport. Dubuque has a Catholic paper of
its own, the Catholic Tribune. Why not let it thrive on its own
ground? Davenport and the new Diocese of Sioux City would
seem to be sufficiently large territory for the little consolidated
paper with the big name.
The Boston Republic, once a fairly well-conducted Catholic
weekly, but latterly on the verge of inanition, has passed into the
hands of Congressman Fitzgerald, who has shown himself a
strong, unquailing Catholic in public life. We hope Mr. Fitzger-
ald will succeed in reviving the decrepit old sheet. It will not be
an easy thing, for Boston has two other Catholic weeklies besides
the /Republic — the Pilot and the Sacred Heart Review, both of the
first rank.
The Clergy in Politics.
'Ie have received the following" communication from an old
friend, whom we know7 to be a practical Catholic and a
good citizen :
"On the day before the Democratic primaries for the aldermanic
election I received by mail two circular letters, exact duplicates
except the signature, of which I enclose a copy. One was signed
by Rev. Father X. as 'Rector of St. N's Church," the other by
Father Y. as 'Rector of St. N.'s Church.' There was up for re-
nomination Alderman Z., conceded to be one of the most (if not
the most) capable and honest members of our present Common
Council, who has served as such for four years. The other can-
didate, W., was a new man. After receiving the above-mentioned
circulars, I for the first time in my life, went to the primary and
voted for Z. and urged all I could reach to do the same. He was
renominated by acclamation. W. was not in it. I have lived in this
city for nearly forty years and never before heard of Catholic
priests mixing up in ward politics in this way. What do you think
of it ? Have they a right to use their holy office in this way ?"
The circular to which our correspondent refers reads thus :
"It is especially desirable this year, that safe, reliable Aldermen
be selected. I have reason to believe, and special assurances, that
Mr. W. is such a man. He possesses qualifications which make
him a very desirable man to represent us people of the Xth ward
in the City Council. He is a man of rectitude and a fearless de-
fender of the people's rights.
"He will be a candidate for nomination at the primaries of the
political party with which he affiliates. To elect him, we must re-
member to vote for him primary day, as well as on election day.
"The primaries are held on Saturday, March 8th, between the
hours of twelve and seven o'clock in the afternoon, and the day of
election is April 1st.
"I trust you will give Mr, W. your support on both dates, confi-
dent that his election will be an advantage to us all. N. N., Rector
of St. N.'s Church."
As a citizen, the pastor of a Catholic congregation undoubtedly
has the right, like any fellow-citizen, to give his vote to, or use his
personal influence in behalf of, any candidate for public office
whom he may deem worthy and fit.
As a priest and shepherd of his people, however, he must be
guided by the ecclesiastical law, which for reasons easy to under-
stand, circumscribes this right to a degree.
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 12. St. Louis, Mo., March 27, 1902.)
178 The Review. 1902.
"Saluberrima Patrum Baltimorensium *) monita de rebus poli-
ticis a clero arcendis nostris praesertim diebus iterum iterumque
urgenda censemus" — thus the Fathers of the Third Plenary-
Council. — " 'Clerus noster. ' ita loquuntur, 'prudenter cavit, ne se
omnino fidelium judiciis interponeret ; quae quidem in omnibus
quaestionibus. quae ad civilem socialemque rationem pertinent,
intra fines doctrinae et legis Christianae, libera esse opportet.
Vos igitur, venerabiles fratres. hortamur, ut eandem persequam-
ini viam, sicut decet ministros Christi et dispensatores mysteri-
orum Dei. . . .Relinquite mundanis curas et sollicitudines civilium
factionum. contentiones potestatis, delusae ambitionis aegritudi-
nes. Videte ne ullo pacto res sanctae fidei nostrae ad cujusquam
factionis fortunam applicetis.' Itaque a discutiendis publice re-
bus politicis aut mere saecularibus. turn extra ecclesiam turn
multo magis in ipsa, saeerdotes sedulo abstineant. Quae tamen
ita intelligenda non sunt, quasi omnino silendum esse de gravis-
sima obligatione. qua cives tenentur etiam in rebus publicis sem-
per et ubique juxta conscientiae dictamen, coram Deo, pro majori
bono turn religionis turn reipublicae patriaeque suae adlaborare."
Anglice :
"We deem it well to emphasize again and again, especially in
our da3\ the most wholesome admonitions of the Fathers of the
Ninth Provincial Council of Baltimore with regard to keeping the
clergy out of politics. 'Our clergy,' they sa}r, 'have prud-
ently abstained from anj- interference with the opinions of the
faithful, which must be free, within the limits of doctrine and
Christian law, in all those things which pertain to civil and social
institutions. We therefore exhort you, venerable brethren, to
follow in the same path, as it behooves ministers of Christ and dis-
pensers of His mysteries Leave the cares and and solicitudes
of civil factions, the struggles for power, and the disappointments
of deceived ambition to those who live in the world. Be careful
that you never pin the holy things of our faith to the fortunes of
any political faction.' Hence priests must sedulously abstain from
publicly discussing politics or purely secular affairs outside of,
and still more in, their churches. This does not mean, however,
that the clergy must be absolutely silent on the subject of the
grave obligation by which every citizen is held, also in public
affairs, always and everywhere to labor for the greater good of
religion, the State, and his fatherland, according to the dictates of
his conscience before God.*'
While The Review is not, of course, in any sense an official in-
terpreter of the law, we think we can boldly assert that, while it
may become a sacred duty for a pastor, as the shepherd of his
' ) Cone. Prow IX, litt. pastor.
No. 12. The Review. 179
people, to use his political rights to the fullest extent, with all the
weight of his pastoral office, when important church interests or
high moral issues are involved *) ; for a priest to attempt to influ-
ence the voters of his parish by signing political circulars evident-
ly dictated'by one aldermanic candidate against another in the mad
struggle for spoils, where none of the higher interests of the faith
or of morality are involved, t) is clearly against the spirit of the
above quoted decree (No. $3) of the Third Plenary Council, and
any such practice on the part of a considerable portion of our
clergy would inevitably result in serious injury to the true inter-
ests of religion and of our Catholic people.
•-■•••) Such as was the case, for instance, in Illinois and Wisconsin, a few years ago, in the fa-
mous fight against unjust and tyrannical compulsory education laws, which threatened to
subvert the Catholic parochial schools.
t) Clearly, no such higher interests were involved in the aldermanic campaign under review
here, else the two pastors would have so stated in their circular.
About Vaccination.
[The Secretary of the Anti- Vaccination Society of America, and
editor of the monthly journal Vaccination, Mr. Frank D. Blue, of
Terre Haute, Ind., has prepared for The Review a few brief pa-
pers on the subject of vaccination, of which we print the first to-
day, by way of an opening. We earnestly request those who take
the opposing view to put their position and their arguments into as
concise and strong a shape as possible and mail them directly to
Mr. Blue, 1320 N. 12th Street, Terre Haute, Ind., who will take
them up in The Review.]
At the present time, more than for many years past, the ques-
tion of vaccination is being agitated.
Yet there is no proof offered toestablish the worth of vaccination,
save statistics — absolutely none. Now I claim that vaccination can
be shown to be right or wrong regardless of any and all statistics.
If a man will but use his own good common sense, and exercise
the faculties he possesses, and not take it for granted that the
doctors know^what they assert so confidently, he will soon reach
the truth about vaccination and discover a key to fit every fetter-
lock that a mistaken medical clique has forged about our liberties.
I assert, being fully able to prove :
1. Vaccination has no scientific basis ;
2. Vaccine virus is at best pure disease ;
3. Vaccination does not prevent smallpox ;
4. Vaccine virus is of necessity dangerous ;
5. No one knows what proper vaccination is ;
6. Scientific medicine openly confesses it does not know
the specific cause of smallpox.
Terre Haute, Ind. Frank D. Blue.
ISO
Some Results of State Workingmen's
Insurance.
i.
N 1883 Germany passed a law providing for insurance
against sickness ; in the following year another, provid-
ing insurance for accidents, and five years later, in 1889,
a third, providing old age insurance. When, a few years ago, we
made a study of their workings, we found that all three worked
smoothly, though each increased both outlay and income from
year to year. However, our statistics reached only till 1894 in-
clusive.
From European journals we now learn more of the recent develop-
ment. According to figures taken from the Lorrain of Metz by the
Courrier dc Bruxelles (March 1st) there have been collected and
paid out in favor of the insured workingmen in Gemany, up to the
year 189S :
Contributions by the employers 1,337,741,176 marks.
" " employes 1,173,449,805
Total, - - - 2,511,190,981 '.'
($620,000,000.)
The indemnities paid to the assured amounted to 1,702.184,100
marks, or 528,000,000 marks more than they had paid in.
Already in 1897 the amount of indemnities had reached 233,700,-
000 marks. It increases annually about 15,000,000 marks. To meet
the increase there is a reserve fund of 850,000,000 marks.
In 1900, 125,821 pensions were paid to invalids, 6,677 to sick peo-
ple, and 19,867 old age pensions, in all 152,365 pensions. Assess-
ments were paid back in 156,229 cases of marriage, 235 cases of
accident, and 34,197 cases of death.
Since 1900, the sum total of indemnities has been more than
300,000,000 marks, or a million a day, counting 300 workdays in the
year. Many tears have been dried, much misery has been allev-
iated by such generous distribution. That is the bright side of
compulsory State insurance. But it has also its dark side.
II.
On Jan. 9th last the German Minister of Finance declared in
the Reichstag that new resources were needed for the imperial
treasury, giving as one of the reasons that the diverse insurance
branches owed in all 140,000,000 marks. Assuming out of it the
legal share which the State was bound to contribute, there would
No. 12. The Review. I81
be still a debt of 108,000,000 marks, with a prospect of increase
during- the coming- year.
As the State does not contribute except to the old age pensions,
there must have been considerable miscalculation. For it was ex-
pected that by 1900 the number of deaths and new pensioners
would be about equal, burdening the State with a contribution of
from $5,236,000 to $5,474,000, whilst actually the State has to pay
$8,000,000 and the total contributions fall short by $27,000,000.
Similar experiences have been made in Australia, as we learn
from the Sydney correspondent of the N. Y. Evening Post (Jan.
25th.)
Varying systems of old age pensions have been for three years
in force in New Zealand, for more than a year in Victoria, and
have lately been brought into operation in New South Wales. The
New Zealand system has on the whole worked smoothly. There
the maximum pension has been fixed at the very moderate sum of
£\% yearly, and though a clamor has arisen to have it raised, the
government has successfully resisted the augmentation, on the
ground that the colony, which is yet the most prosperous of all
these colonies, can not afford it. In impecunious Victoria the
amount was liberally fixed at ten shillings weekly, but was cut
down by the local magistrates, in the exercise of the discretion
allowed them by the statute, to an average of little over seven shil-
lings. A great outcry ensued. The Victorian government stood
firm, and proposed to reduce the statutory sum to seven shillings,
but was compelled by the legislature to raise it to eight. In New
South Wales the pension was also fixed at ten shillings, and there
the statute has been so sympathetically administered by local
boards that practically no reductions have been made.
Is the pension a right or a dole ? Different views are taken.
The democratic Minister of Works in New South Wales declares
that it is a right, and there are some persons who are proud of
being pensioners. But that is not the general view.
The New Zealand government refuses to make the pension uni-
versal, and confines it to the necessitous. There the pensioners
resent the publication of their names by the newspapers. In
Victoria the'posting up of their names is forbidden. In New Son th
Wales the local boards enquire into the ability of sons or daugh-
ters of applicants to support them, and sometimes reject an appli-
cation if these are found to be well-to-do. In New Zealand, on the
other hand, the legislature has just refused toallow such enquiries
to be made. Frauds and evasions are common. The Premier of
Victoria admits that there have been "some shocking cases of im-
position." Some of the applicants look young Ifor their certified
years. Others are evidently able-bodied. Some would-be pen-
182 The Review. 1902.
sioners commit the Lear-like folly of making over their property
to their children, in order to evade the clause which requires that
a proportionate deduction shall be made from the amount of their
pension.
The IPremier of New Zealand describes a "new profession"
that has arisen in connection with the Maoris, to whom the statute
has been generously extended. Colonists "go round hunting up
applicants" for pensions, and then charge a high fee for their
services. The practice may partly account for the large number
of pensions granted to Maoris — 1,098, or more than 1 in 40, as
compared with 11,308 granted to the whites, or about 1 in 80.
The New Zealand statute stipulates that pensions shall be paid
only if there is a sufficient surplus revenue, and the Victoria Act
requires that payments shall not exceed $150,000 annually. These
are mere breakwaters against an ever-rising tide. "Democracy
is like death," said Disraeli; "it gives back nothing." The pen-
sions will be paid out of a loan, if there is no surplus, and the esti-
mates have been greatly exceeded in all three colonies. The
amount is rising year by year, and still it will be paid. The sys-
tem has proved the best bower-anchor of the New Zealand gov-
ernment. Dreading the repeal of the statute, not only actual and
prospective pensioners, but all those on whom they would have
become dependent, crowded to the polls at the last general elec-
tions and returned the ministry by an overwhelming majority.
The actual working of the act in the three colonies is still con-
tested. A Victorian legislator asserts that the only class that
has hitherto benefitted by the pensions is that of publicans, and
the same thing is alleged in Sydney.
183
Model Saloons.
here is in England a society, called the English Associa-
tion, or Central Public House Trust. It is a business
organization, conducted on business lines, with a sharp
eye to a 5 per cent, return on its capital, and as such it has been
a great success. Most of its public houses are in rural districts,
but it has gone into larger and larger towns, and may eventually
extend its activity into parts of London. It now controls twenty-
two houses, each in charge of a manager who receives a salary and
a commission only on the sale of non-alcoholic drinks. Each
house is prepared to supply food at short notice, and each is kept
scrupulously clean, and made just as attractive aspossible. There
is no enticing display of liquors, or manufacturers' placards,
while articles of food, coffee, tea, etc., are conspicuously displayed.
The profits of the bar have never been allowed to lower the rates
charged for liquors, lest this prove a stimulus to liquor-drinking,
and signs urging moderation are to be found in each barroom.
While there is thus a discrimination against the sale of liquors as
such, there is none against any particular brewers, or distillers,
all of whom have an equal chance to dispose of their goods. But
the* Association insists upon having liquors of a high standard, as
one of the motives which led to its foundation was the desire to
suppljr the workingman with pure drinks. No liquor is sold to
children, and all excise laws are strictly enforced, managers being
held to account for this by frequent and rig-d inspections. It is
interesting to note that only four managers have failed to carry
out their instructions, and that, as a body, they have worked ear-
nestly and successfully to decrease drunkenness, the forbidding
of credit being a particularly useful measure for this purpose.
By means of reading-rooms, billiard-rooms, bowling-alleys,
etc., the public houses are made as attractive as possible.
The English Association uses for this purpose all profits
above the 5 per cent, on the capital, and so attractive has
it made its houses that wealthy land-owners offer it the
most advantageous terms to take over the management of public
houses on their estates. Until the Association entered the field
there was but one public house in Newcastle-on-Tyne, all applica-
tions for the privilege of conducting others being refused. The
remarkable work of the Association's house in the way of reduc-
ing drunkenness and encouraging temperance in this town is
one of the most striking examples of what has been accomplished.
From the American point of view the English movement has
184 The Review. 1902.
made its way under far more favorable auspices than would pre-
vail here, particular^ in our chief cities. In England there is no
large license fee, and the number of saloons is restricted so as to
limit competition. The lack of these conditions would make very
much against the financial success of a similar undertaking in
New York, for instance, particularly if the reformed or model
saloon should undertake to live up to the requirements of the
Raines law.
In consequence of Earl Gre\T's explanation of the work of this
English society in New York, a movement has been started there
to try the plan in this country. An organization called "The So-
cial Halls Association," with a capital of $100,000, has already been
formed to undertake work of a similar character.
The N. Y. Evening Post (March 14th), while not very sanguine
as to the success of the experiment, hopes that it will be tried on
a scale large enough to show whether it is feasible in this country,
and if it should be deemed inadvisable to undertake it in New
York City under existing laws, our contemporary suggests that
the villages and towns along the Hudson, the Harlem, or the
Sound offer a great field. Most of them are afflicted with the
drinking saloon in its worst form, and are unable to offer their
young men any place of recreation, barring an occasional library,
to keep them from temptation at home or from wandering off to
the great city so near at hand. •
Anything which will throw light on the saloon problem is to be
welcomed. And so well has the "'Gothenburg" system of making
the leading citizens of a town responsible for its liquor traffic,
worked in Sweden and Norway, as to make it altogether desirable
that a movement in a similar direction should be begun in this
country at an early date. Out of it there might at least come that
restriction of the number of saloons which is so greatly needed
in most of our towns and villages.
We hear much about the stupendous extent of the British Em-
pire, upon which "the sun never sets." W. W. Deatrick points out
to the N. Y. Tribune that if its figures of 64 degrees 34 minutes west
for Santa Cruz, and 117 degrees 3 minutes east for Balabac are
correct, the sun shines every day at all times upon United States
territory. In fact, we have three minutes to spare. This is be-
cause, contrary to common opinion, the sun, owing to its greater
size than the earth and to refraction, actually illumines 181 degrees
40 minutes of arc in longitude. As the span eastward from Santa
Cruz to Balabac is 181 degrees 37 minutes, it is evident that we
have three minutes of arc to spare, or, in other words, for twelve
seconds of time the sun shines on Santa Cruz before it has set on
Balabac.
185
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
Archbishop Keane and the German Catholics of Williams, la. — We learn
from the Western Watchman (No. 16) that Mt. Rev. Archbishop
Keane has won his case against the German Catholics of Williams,
Iowa. The case is of long- standing- and had its beginning under
the regime of the late Archbishop Hennessy. "'In 1895." accord-
ing to the Watchman, "the Catholic Church of Williams was blown
down by a tornado and the Catholics were left without a church.
The Catholic population of Williams is composed of a large num-
ber of German-speaking persons, and twenty-nine of these wrote
a letter to Archbishop Hennessy, promising to subscribe liberally
for the building of a new church, providing a priest would be sent
to them who could speak the German and the English languages
fluently. In accordance with their promise these German Catho-
lics subscribed about S3.000' for the new church which was soon
after built. But for some reason or other, no dual-language-
speaking priest was sent to take charge. This raised a protest
from those Germans who had subscribed and they began suit to
have the church sold and recover the money. Before proceedings
were commenced in court Archbishop Hennessy died and the
trouble devolved on Archbishop Keane for settlement. He laid
the matter before his council and that body decided that the Cath-
olic population of Williams was not altogether composed of Ger-
man-speaking persons and that a majority could understand the
English language. Other reasons were advanced as to why the
plaintiffs had no grounds for a case — one being that as head of the
Diocese of Dubuque Archbishop Keane has a right to send what-
ever kind of priest he deems best to any and all parishes."
We have heard it said, and it would seem to be a natural conclu-
sion from the facts as stated above, that the late Archbishop Hen-
nessy had promised the German Catholics of Williams a German
speaking priest, and that they subscribed the money for the new
church on the strength of this episcopal promise. If this be true,
we must say, that while the decision of the District Court in favor
of Msgr. Keane may be in accordance with the law, it does not
seem to square fully with the dictates of justice.
The Threatening Schism in France. — The Western Watchman scouted
the idea that France was facing a schism. We quoted against him
the very words in which Leo XIII. uttered his apprehension of
such a danger. Now the Bishop of Nancjr, Msgr. Turin az, has
published a brochure full of documentary evidence. In eight
chapters the Bishop treats of the different sources whence he sees
the danger come. Although his language is very calm, pepper
and salt are not wanting in places. Thus in the chapter on the
famous "Ecclesiastical Congress" at Bourges he says in part :
"Formerly there were no congresses. To-da}r they are numer-
ous. After the congress of priests came the congress of semin-
arians. Wh}T not to-morrow a congress of highschool pupils for
the purpose of determining the courses and methods of their
studies and moderating the discipline? Why not a congress of
1S6 The Review. 1902.
soldiers and conscripts to have their resolutions transmitted to
their generals and staff officers ? Why not a congress of sacris-
tans to regulate divine worship in Ithe churches and the ad-
ministration of the parish finances? Why not a congress of house-
keepers to regulate the domestic affairs of the clergy ?"
Again, answering the objection that bishops preside at such
congresses, he quotes the words of the Bishop of Dijon, saying:
"But on the part of these venerable presidents, may we not wish
for a more visible and efficacious direction, for a better control of ,
and larger participation in, the preparation, guidance, and conclu-
sion of the debates? Has the direction of the enterprise really been
put into their hands? Do they really elect those who assume
charge in their stead ? Are matters conducted under their eyes
and inspiration? In short, does not the alleged direction of the
bishops frequently remind one of the saying applied to kings :
kings reign but do not rule?"
Things must be pretty bad when a bishop in France uses such
language.
EDUCATION.
Catholic Universities for Austria and Holland. — The Catholics of Aus-
tria are steadily pressing forward their plan of establishing a
Catholic university at Salzburg. At the last meeting of the socie-
ty formed to advance this undertaking it was reported that the
sum of S210.000 is already available. In Holland, the question of
the necessity of a purely Catholic university is being ventilated in
the Catholic press. While the general sentiment seems to be fa-
vorable to the project, a few prominent men take the view that the
Catholics ought rather to strive at obtaining Catholic professors
and tutors in the universities already existing. It is said that at
present there are onty two Catholic pi-ofessors in the four State
universities, Fr. de Groot, O. P., at Amsterdam, and Dr. Spronck
at Utrecht.
THE CATHOLIC PR.ESS.
The Catholic Press of Ho//and.~Rev. P. G. Rybrook, O. Praem., of
St. Norbert's College, West De Pere, Wisconsin, furnishes us the
following statistics of the Catholic press of his native country,
Holland: Catholic daily newspapers, 13 ; semi-weeklies and tri-
weeklies, 27 ; weeklies, 51 ; semi-monthlies and quarterlies, 39.
This makes a total of 130 Catholic newspapers and other periodi-
cals for a population of less than two millions. Some are, of course,
weak, but many are high-class, and the general average is very
fair.
An Appeal With Regard to a Catholic Daily Newspaper for the U. S. — We
are asked to give space to the subjoined appeal :
The necessity and usefulness of Catholic dailies has been much
discussed of late years and almost generally admitted. Tbe abil-
ity of the American Catholics to publish and keep up one or sev-
eral dailies has not been denied. Some writers on the subject
have advanced discouraging figures in regard to the expense con-
nected with a venture of the kind. The expense will, however,
No. 12. The Review. 187
depend a great deal on the manner in which the daily will be issued
and on the management of the enterprise. It is well known that
many of our Catholic institutions, as also our parochial schools,
are conducted and kept up at one-third less expense than others.
I know of a wealthy non-Catholic in Ohio who, when asked why he
contributed more liberally to Catholic institutions than to others,
gave this answer: Because I know that the dollar I give to a
Catholic institution will go twice as far as the one I put elsewhere ;
and it was always my aim to put my money where it will do
the largest amount of charity.
My own experience as well as personal observation has shown
me that a number of very difficult undertakings have proved suc-
cessful, though man}' persons had predicted that they would be
complete failures. Those wTho wish to see a Catholic daily started
in this wealthy country of ours should not be so easily intimidated ;
on the contrary, the greater the oppositon the livelier should our
efforts be. The cause is too important to be dropped so quickly.
The first Catholic daily should be started in a city like Chicago,
and, of course, on sound business principles. Within a radius of
from two to three hundred miles from Chicago an immense num-
ber of Catholic homes can be reached within twenty-four hours.
Let us choose one or more centres of correspondence, to which
the friends and advocates of the project can send their encourag-
ing letters, and thus pave the way forlgetting in touch with those of
the same disposition and tendenc}*.
We may thus also find out where those are who wish to make
special donations and subscriptions. It is possible that we will
meet with sufficient encouragement to make the expected daily
soon forthcoming.
Who is willing to make a special donation of $25 or more to start
a Catholic daily ? (The undersigned is willing to give $100.) Who
is willing to subscribe for three years and pay in advance $6 a
year, or twice that amount, for the contemplated Catholic daily?
(The undersigned is willing to pay $12 a year for three years.)
After favorable answers shall have been obtained, a place will
be appointed where those interested in this matter can meet and
consider what practical steps should be taken for future proceed-
ing in the direction towards a lively and wide-awake Catholic daily.
Correspondents may address their letters to (Rev.) M. Arnoldi,
Ft. Jennings, Ohio.
LITERATURE.
An Estimate of Huysmans as a Writer. — P. Jean Noury, in an ap-
preciative review of Huysman's latest book, De Tout, (Paris,
Stock, 1901), in the Etudes of Feb. 20th, gives the following fine
and judicious estimate of this sensational convert as a wTriter :
"Huysmans is a poet, whether he is aware of the fact or no ; he
sees the soul of things, very frequently at least, and only a poet
could write the descriptions which fill his books. He is a painter,
though he may never have even touched a brush ; the ideal at-
tracts and charms him. Poetic and artistic traits are spread over
all the pages he has written. But we find there also, in an almost
equal dose, a taste for the extraordinary, the bizarre, frequently
even the grotesque. He loves stupefying, monstruous, improb-
188 The Review. 1902.
able things Huysmans is a painter, we repeat it ; but he pre-
fers caricature to portrait painting-. Everywhere he forces his
colors, whether it is the good or the bad he depicts. It is claimed
that he is not commonplace; I readily grant it ; he is excessive in
everything, and this feature, no doubt, is one of the attractions of
his books. We sincereh' believe that he owes his vogue and suc-
cess as a writer to his faults at least just as much as to his good
qualities From the religious view-point the present work is
unobjectionable. It shows profound respect tor the faith, for
pietj", for the Church. But no more than his other writings can
we recommend De Tout to the young as a medium for cultivating
their taste. He has in him the stuff for a litterateur, but he will
never be one. He deviates too far from the sound traditions of
the masters of our tongue. In becoming an apostle of the realistic
and impressionist school, he has closed for himself the portals of
the future. Had he become a disciple of Louis Veuillot, instead
of swimming in the wake of Zola, he might have been able to take
an honorable place in the literary gallery of our time."
A New Edition of Kaulen's Translation of Josephus' Antiquities. — We
have received from B. Herder, 17 S. Broadway, Flavins Josephus'
Jiidische AUerthumer. Ucbersctzt von Dr. F. Kaulen. Dritte Auf-
lagc. Druck unci Verlag von J. P. Bacheni. Koln am Rhein. This
is the third revised and corrected edition of the excellent German
version of Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews, begun in the early
fifties by Professor, later Bishop, Conrad Martin, continued by
Velten, completed, and now entirely overhauled, by Rev. Dr. Kau-
len. It is destined chiefly for educated people who aspire to a
scientific knowledge of our religion, and must prove especially
useful to those who teach Bible history. The notes are few and
brief, but to the point, and some rather irrelevant chapters spun
out by Josephus (such as the dialogue between Joseph and Puti-
phar's wife) have been shortened, which does not detract from
the value of the work, as the professional scholar will refer to the
original anyhow in his studies and quotations. (For sale by B.
Herder, 17 S. Broadway, St. Louis. Price, net S3.15).
Revue des Questions Scientifiques.— Published quarterly at Lou-
vain, Rue des Recollets 11, by the Societe Scientifique of Brux-
elles. 320 pages, large 8°. Price per annum, 20 francs.
The January number.before us is very interesting even to those
who cannot soar to the full height of the learned scientists whose
essays fill these pages. It has long articles on the plurality of
inhabited worlds, sanatoria for consumptives, the diverse expedi-
tions to the North Pole, electric furnaces, etc.
We recommend it to all who understand French and wish to
keep well posted on scientific questions.
Religious Education and Its Failures. By the Rt. Rev. J. Bellord.
Ave Maria Press. 10 cts.
Msgr. Bellord declares himself a decided opponent of learning
catechism by rote. He wants the teacher to interest his pupils
by the living word. We agree with him in full and recommend
his little essay to all teachers and catechists. But his views on
memory we do not approve, nor can we concede that learning by
rote is as universal as he would have us believe.
189
MISCELLANY.
A Practice Which'Ought to be Discouraged. — In connection with
the note in No. 5 of The Review, Why BishopQMatz Refused a
Purse, a reverend subscriber writes us :
The Bishop of Denver has set an excellent example in refusing
a purse from his clergy. His excuse was plausible and his man-
ner of declination in keeping with good taste and decorum. A
few more examples of the kind will do much toward discouraging
the abominable purse fad. He who busies himself about getting
others interested in making up a purse, to be given to somebody
who is not on the verge of poverty, lays himself open to the sus-
picion that his main object is not so much to help and honor the
recipient of the purse, than to ingratitate himself with the same,
at the expense of all those who are called upon to contribute.
Getting up a purse for somebody who is not greatly in need of
help, is putting him so to say on the poor list, most likely against
his will, if there is some principle and self-respect about the man.
How Bishop Glennon Would Celebrate St. Patrick's Day. — Rt. Rev.
John J. Glennon, Coadjutor Bishop of Kansas City, in an address de-
livered in this city (St. Louis) on St. Patrick's Day, said, among
other things, according to the report of the daily Globe-Democrat
vMarch 18):
*'It appears to me that properly to celebrate the feast (St. Pat-
rick's) one mass is not sufficient. Did the liturgy of the Church per-
mit,! would gladly see three solemn masses said this morning. The
first should be for St. Patrick. In white vestments with joyous
music — with pomp and ceremony — would we honor St. Patrick.
And then at its conclusion we would lay aside our vestments of
white to put on the red vestments that symbolize martyrdom, we
would celebrate another mass in honor of the Irish martyrs, the
men and women who in all these hundreds of years, died for Erin
and for God. Then, again, I would change these vestments. I
would wear the color of sorrow. I would set the black pall before
the altar and I would chant a requiem for the thousands and mil-
lions of Ireland's children who went down to death — victims of
starvation; who filled ditches or nameless graves in the old land,
or, driven into exile, found resting-places in the watery deep or
the fever camp on some foreign shore. Thus would I celebrate
St. Patrick's Day, and in this threnody would I represent the his-
tory of Ireland."
Ping-Pong. — This new game has suddenly become *'the rage,"
and there are reasons for believing that it is a real addition to our
enduring games. The Independent publishes the best descrip-
tion of ping-pong we have yet seen:
"Ping-pong is nothing else than lawn tennis reduced to the
dining-room table. The rackets, ball, and net are miniatures of
its grass court parent. The rackets are little battledores, and
the ball is of white celluloid and of such egg-shell weight that
it will not scratch the most polished table or break the bric-a-brac.
The scoring is the same as in lawn tennis. The only difference
between the two games is that in ping-pong but one ball is allowed
for the service, and no ball can be hit on the volley — that is, every
190 The Review. 1902.
stroke must be returned on the first bounce. One might imagine
that this would make the game monotonous and unskilful, but, like
golf, its virtues only reveal themselves to the devotee. There is
a great deal more exercise in ping-pong than 'in billiards, though
one does not have to play in flannels."
As the game does not demand unusual strength, endurance, or
any running, but only a quick eye and wrist, a woman can play it
about as well as a man. Our contemporary recommends ping-
pong, therefore, as an ideal social sport for evenings and rainy
days, and especially for those persons who lead sedentary lives
and who cannot enjoy sunshine athletics.
Although ping-pong does not afford so much variety or such
opportunities for the display of delicate skill as billiards, it has
the great advantage of being within the means of the slenderest
purse and of furnishing a greater amount of exercise.
The new fad, by the way, already has its new book: 'Ping-Pong
(Table-Tennis): The Game and How to Play It,' by Arnold Par-
ker, winner of the Queen's Hall open ping-pong tournament.
There are numerous illustrations, and the little book is likely to
be servicable to what it calls "intending pongists." The author
magnifies his office, exhorting "'ladies who intend to take up this
charming and fascinating pastime to give it the serious attention
it merits. For," he concludes, apparently without irony, "'there
is no other game which offers so many possibilities to excel and
play on equal terms with men." The little manual bears the
Putnams' imprint.
A Modem Historian's View of the "Cogent Parallels" Between
Buddhism a.i\d Christianity. — In his India Old and New (New
York: Scribner's Sons), just published, Professor E. Washburn
Hopkins, of Yale University, devotes a chapter under the caption:
Christ in India, to the much mooted question as to the .possibility
of direct or indirect connection between Buddhism and Christian-
ity historically. He carefully weighs the so-called "cogent par-
allels" between the two religions and shows that most of the Budd-
histic resemblances can actually be proved to be later than Chris-
tianity, and concludes:
"'We may, I think, as open-minded historical students, safely
assert that the Christian religion, according to all the evidence,
was not plagiarized but original. At the same time we must ad-
mit that there is historical possibility in the view that the Christian
narrative may have been affected by Buddhistic tales, but we
must just as decidedly maintain that no cogent proof of this view
has yet been furnished."
The much exploited resemblances between Krishnaism and
Christianity are similarly discussed. Strong enough evidence is
brought forward to show that, instead of being influenced, Chris-
tianity must itself have exercised an influence at least upon the
later developments of this great religious rival of Buddhism in
India. On the whole question of presumed Indian influence on
Christianity, the author concludes that the historical data furnish
'no base for the belief that the original narrative of Christ's birth
and teaching derives from Hindu sources."
191
NOTE-BOOK.
Editorial Letter-Box. — G. A. Sch. — 1. The Review will prob-
ably treat the question of Christian labor unions at some length
in the near future, and then your note will find proper considera-
tion. 2. Public Opinion, New York, is a journal along- the lines
you indicate.
-^ *r ~r
Speaking of the several new Catholic journals that have latel}-
sprung- up, the Catholic Telegraph (No. 9 J expresses the opinion
that "the result, for most of them, will be the expenditure of hard-
earned cash, and, finally, disastrous acquaintance with the sheriff."
It is an easy thing to start a Catholic newspaper — as easy as
falling off a barkless log with no knots on it ; but an infinitely la-
borious and thankless task to keep it alive for any length of time,
except at the cost of prostituting especially its advertising columns
to all sorts of base uses. Crede Roberto exferto!
^K 4&t ^k
Since it has developed into "the model Catholic weekly of the
United States," the Church News, now the New Century, of Wash-
ington, D. C, no longer reaches us as an exchange. The other
day a reader sent us three clippings from the issue of that paper
dated February 15th, which afford food for thought. The first is
a letter of approbation by Cardinal Gibbons, in which His Emin-
ence expresses his "hearty approbation of the Neil) Century and
the work it has undertaken." Of the nature of this work we get
a startling idea from the second cutting, taken from the same is-
sue, in which J. William Lee, undertaker, is permitted to adver-
tise that he has a "crematory on the premises," and from the
third, apparently7 an editorial expression in the same number, in
which we are assured that "the only government in nineteen hun-
dred years that has treated the Church fairly," is our American
government.
If such a newspaper "answers a need in the presentation of
Catholic thought and sentiment," as the Cardinal says in his letter
of approbation, Catholic thought and sentiment in the Archdiocese
of Baltimore, and particularly in the capital city of the nation,
must have sunk to a deplorable ebb, and we are no longer sur-
prised that we have been stricken from the New Century 's exchange
list, for with "Catholic" periodicals of this kidney The Review
has notoriously^ neither patience nor mercy.
a a a
In various parts of the country there has been inaugurated a
new movement for the taxation of Catholic church and school
property. In Chicago, the Turners and Labor federationists, to-
gether with a few German infidel lodges, have begun a public agi-
tation for the taxation of all church property, that funds may be
obtained for the free distribution of text-books in the public
schools, a proceeding which the Catholics of that city have recent-
ly prevented by a mandamus against the School Board. In Wil-
192 The Review. 1902.
mington. Delaware, the attorney for the Levy Court 'some Ma-
sonic or semi-Masonic lodge, we presume) has filed a suit against
St. Patrick's Catholic congregation to compel payment of taxes on
their parochial school buildings, which, under the State law, are
exempt from taxation. It will be well for Catholics every-
where to watch these spasmodic resuscitations of A. P. A.-ism and
nip them in the bud. Vigilance is the price of liberty.
With the Januarv issue, the American Catholic Historical Re-
searches, published'by Mr. Martin I. J. Griffin, at 2009 N. 12th St.,
Philadelphia, began its nineteenth volume. As the editor rightly
observes. "That's la Hong time for a publication not ap-
pealing to popular tastes, passions or whims to live."
The Researches, which aim to open up to the general
public the original sources of information on the his-
tory of the Catholic Church in this country, has lived so long be-
cause it had a useful purpose, and fulfilled this purpose. We
trust it will live for many 3Tears more to expose fables and fakes
and to bring out the truth, which Leo XIII. has declared to be the
chief object of history. Being published quarterly at one dollar
a year, it deserves much wider and more enthusiastic support
than it has yet received, and we write these lines, dictated by per-
sonal gratitude to the labors of Mr. Griffin, in order make his Re-
searches known to all our readers and to procure for them at least
a few new subscribers. Mr. Griffin as a temperance reformer we
have often opposed ; but Mr. Griffin as a historical researcher has
always had our sympathy and support, and now that he has given
up his polemical Journal and is devoting all his time to historical
work, we consider it a duty and a privilege to advertise him and
to further his work to the best of our ability.
4 & &
The felicitous coinage of "morganeer"' suggests that our vocab-
ulary might be still further expanded on the same principle and
incidentally serve to perpetuate historic names. Why in time to
come should we not say that our universities have been "rockefel-
lered'' rather than endowed? That our public libraries have been
"carnegied,'' our literary fields "howelized," and our rum shops
"nationed?" There are no plainer ways than these of preserving
and popularizing the large facts of history while we talk.
*•• *» *•
We are glad to see at least one of our more widely circulated
popular Catholic weeklies take up the "endless chain prayer"
humbug. The Catholic Columbian says in its No. 9 :
"An 'endless chain' prayer in honor of St. Joseph is being wide-
ly circulated through the mails. Its origin is shrouded in my-
stery, and owing to the numerous times it has been copied and
re-copied, it has become incoherent, absurd, and scandalous. It
is a species of pious fraud, the work of a crank, and does consid-
erable mischief.''
We hope all the other Catholic papers will lend their aid in its
suppression.
Education in the Philippines.
ne of the most interesting articles in the March number
of the North American Review is entitled "The Philip-
pines— After an Earthquake," by Stephen Bonsai.
Speaking- from an intimate knowledge of the Malay character, de-
rived from extensive travel in Malay countries, Mr. Bonsai says :
"The thinking Filipinos are traitors from the highest to the low-
est, and the great majority who do not think at all follow their
leaders blindly." What American officials themselves sincerely
think on this point, the writer learned the day of the earthquake
at Manila — December 15th last.
After the vibrations were over, Mr. Bonsai joined a launch party
on Manila Bay, when some of the government officials spoke for
the first time with extraordinaiw frankness concerning the situa-
tion. One of them, "a well known pacificator of provinces," con-
fessed.that, though not a cruel man, "if a tidal wave had to follow
upon the earthquake, he hoped it would sweep with overwhelming
force over a certain district where despite frequent announce-
ments of peace rebellion rages." We might drown them out, he
said, but "this rubbing out process is too expensive."
Not to be outdone in candor, a certain civil administrator con"
fessed for his part that civil governments of provinces of which
we have heard so much in the United States Senate, rest only"up-
on the bayonets of our soldiers ;" that the decrees of civil admin-
istration, "despite the roaring of the typewriters that fill the pal-
aces and the subtle agency of card catalogues, are not honored be-
3^ond the range of our rifles," and that every Filipino in govern-
ment employ, either out of misguided patriotism or from fear of
assassination, contributes part of his salary to the insurgent
treasury. This official declared in conclusion that the only change
he had observed in the situation during the last year. was "that
the rebellion has become chronic, and that through the treason of
native civil servants our government has become saddled with the
support of the insurrection as well as with the expense of combat-
ing it."
But what is of special interest in this paper, is Mr. Bonsai's ac-
count of the educational experiment of our government among the
Filipinos. When glowing descriptions were given of the success
of this experiment, many American people became somewhat re-
conciled to untoward conditions in the archipelago, in the hope
that the educational process would attain what neither the army
nor the political government could accomplish. During the de-
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 13. St. Louis, Mo., April 3, 1902.)
194 The Review. 1902.
bate on the Philippine tariff bill, Senator Piatt, of Connecticut,
drawing upon reports of the War Department, spoke with great
unction of the eagerness with which Filipino children flocked to
the schools ; of their remarkable aptitude in learning, and of the
good effect the schools were already producing in removing native
distrust of the honorable intentions of this government. He said
that American teachers, women as well as men, had opened
schools in perfect security in villages far beyond the protection of
the army. Instead of being molested, the teacher has been wel-
comed with enthusiasm.
As for the great majority of the teachers sent out, Mr. Bonsai
admits their fitness for the task. Some, he says, are of "excep-
tional capacity." He visited twenty of them in their schools, but
"all the teachers seemed discouraged, and not a few frankly ad-
mitted it." This discouragement was not wholly due to their
novel and undesirable surroundings, but "also in a measure to the
rapidity with which the Filipino's thirst for knowledge is assu-
aged.1* Two weeks after the schools were opened, many of the
teachers told him, the attendance dropped off as much as thirty
or forty per cent. Some of the teachers "were living — and with
good reason — in daily fear of being killed," and a considerable
number had already resigned, some to engage in business pur-
suits. One of the young school mistresses said : "Well, I wrote
to Manila yesterday asking for transportation home immediately,
and if I can only get a boat via Suez I will have girdled the globe,
anyway." But the experiences of the American teachers in the
Philippines do not find their way, as a rule, into the reports of the
War Department and thence into the speeches of administration
senators.
One passage of Mr. Bonsai's article deserves to be quoted in
full:
"One day I was brought into the great nipa schoolhouse at the
history hour, when the Malay children are inoculated with the
virus of American history and American ideals. The lady teacher
was recounting to the rows of stolid little boys (with the low fore-
heads and shifty roving eyes of their race) the immortal story of
George Washington and the cherry tree. For a moment I suc-
cumbed to my surroundings, and a pleasurable chill ran through
me. After all, this was the real thing. It might not go down very
far, or stay very long, but this is what we came to the Philippines
for.
"Behind the bench of stolid looking boys sat three mothers, all
dressed in starchy camisetas, come to see how their offspring pro-
gressed.
'Who cut down the cherry tree?' read the teacher, while her
No. 13. The Review. 195
Visayan assistant put it as best she could into that poverty stricken
Malay dialect, and the boys began to show signs of interest.
4 'I can not tell a lie, father ; I did it with my little hatchet.'
"As the Visayan interpreter worked away on the idea, brighter
and brighter rays of intelligence shone from the faces of the little
Malay boys; and one of them shouted out : 'Chunkoi ! The booby!
He could not tell a lie !' and all the others chorused their contempt,
while one of the mothers leaned over to me to show that she had
not missed the point of the story, and said : 'Poor mother ! To
bring into the world such a booby son !' There are certainly not
many Visayan mothers who have to bear this cross."
It is indeed refreshing to read of attempts to teach the Filipinos
"history" by telling them the silly story of George Washington's
hatchet. To make George answer: "I can not tell a lie, instead of:
I will not tell a lie," must certainly fail to impress the average boy
with the Ihonesty of the "Father of His Country," and it is no
wonder that the children there did not understand the point, but
laughed at the young hero's stupidity.
By the way, the American system there must be interesting for
the natives, since the "teacher" needs an interpreter to make the
pupils understand the lessons. Does the teacher comprehend the
translations made by the interpreter ? And if not, why not en-
gage the interpreter to teach ?
Such a system seems a regular farce, introduced simply to find
good paying positions for a number of favorites of the adminis-
tration at public expense.
Could not the Philippine clergy let the world know what is really
being done there? The great mass of the American people would
soon see to it that the natives get justice. As a matter of course,
the Catholic population of the U. S. would have to assert itself,
since our political leaders fear nothing but votes.
1%
The President of the Catholic Fed-
eration and The Review.
i.
Ipmber 10 of The Review contained, on page 159, this
entrejilet :
"The la}' President of the national Catholic Federation
in a Protestant pulpit ! That is the sight the citizens of Colum-
bus, Ohio, will soon be able to witness if the Catholic Columbian
[No. 9] is correctly informed. Says our contemporary :
" 'Rev. Washington Gladden has invited Hon. T. B. Minahan to
give an address in the First Congregational Church, outlining the
general plan of the anti-treating movement. Dr. Gladden has
placed his pulpit at the disposal of Mr. Minahan, the regular Sun-
day evening services to be dispensed with for this purpose. Mr.
Minahan has accepted the invitation and the address will be de-
livered in the near future."
This little news note, reproduced from the Catholic Columbian
with a cautious, doubting if, without a syllable of unfavorable
comment, has brought forth from the Honorable Mr. Minahan an
open letter to the Editor of The Review, which reached us in the
shape of a galley-proof last week Monday, too late for considera-
tion in No. 12.
Since Mr. Minahan has seen fit to communicate his epistle to
the Catholic Columbian, which journal printed it prominently in its
edition of March 29th, and evidently also to several, if not all, other
Catholic newspapers of the land,*) we are compelled to take up
the cudgels in self-defence.
We do it reluctantly, because the Catholic Federation move-
ment, its organizers and officers have from the very beginning, as
our files bear witness, had our unstinted'sympathy and support,!)
and because we believe that, instead of sharpening and broaden-
ing the lines of division, we ought all of us to endeavor to wipe
them out as far as possible, since the Federation can not accomp-
lish its noble ends unless it become truly .national, comprising
in its' ranks the Catholics of every State, tongue, and nationality,
who, despite their little differences, have so man}' interests in
common.
>ee e. g. the < 'atliolic Citizen, March 29th, the Catholic Union
and Times, March 27th, the Pittsburg Observer, March 27th.
t) The Catholic Columbian (March 29th) in alleging the con-
trary, deliberately lies !
No. 13. The Review. 197
II.
The first part of Mr. Minahan's letter is as follows :
Columbus, Ohio, March 22nd, 1902.
Editor The Review, St. Louis, Mo.:
To-day a marked copy of The Review came to me. I am in-
debted to the editor, I take it, for the kindness. In your "Note-
Book" department you say : "The lay president of the National
Catholic Federation in a Protestant pulpit !" That is the sight
the citizens of Columbus, Ohio, will soon be able to witness if the
Catholic Columbian is correctly informed, etc. A word on this
subject. The Columbian spoke of the invitation as being extended
to Mr. Minahan as an individual — not in his representative capac-
ity. Why does The Review lug into the incident the President
of the Federation? Must the Federation necessarily sneeze every
time its president takes snuff? Even though the president of the
Federation were to accept such an invitation, why the horrified
exclamation point? At least four priests, two of them eminent
Jesuits, said of the invitation : "By all means accept it." Bishop
England once accepted from a Methodist minister an invitation
to fill his pulpit on a Sunday evening, and not only preached in the
meeting house of this sect but took his text, I believe, from the
Protestant Bible that happened to be in the pulpit.
If an address aimed at the senseless custom and curse of saloon
treating by a layman from a Protestant pulpit gives The Review
the black vomit, what have you, Mr. Editor, to say to the prece-
dent of Bishop England? Bishop Moeller, of this diocese, cer-
tainly is sound enough in his judgment of proprieties as well as
orthodox enough in his Catholicity to direct in the city of his own
residence. Hisapproval shows 3'our carping criticism in its reallight.
Does not your holy horror over the incident give to your over-sen-
sitive conscience the coloring of i" Honi soil qui mal y fiense"?
Or better, is not the matter much of pharasaical ado about nothing
— especially as it was not at all certain, until now, that the address
would be delivered? Mr. Editor, to be broad — where nothing is sac-
rificed— is to be American— but by no means a "liberal Catholic."
We pause and marvel at this "fine derangement of epitaphs"
— as Mrs. Malaprop would say — which an innocent exclamation
point has caused.
Father Coppens, in his excellent handbook of rhetoric, calls the
ecphoneme or note of exclamation "a wonder mark," and our
standard grammarians tell us that it denotes a pause with some
strong emotion of admiration, joy, grief or other feeling. But we
have nowhere learned that it is a symptom of "the black vomit,"
a sign of "carping criticism" or "holy horror," an indication of an
"over-sensitive conscience" or a marking-iron for branding "liberal
Catholics."
Mr. Minahan would like to know why we "lugged into the inci-
cident the President of the Federation," which, to judge from the
way he winces, seems to have been gall and wormwood to him. As
an individual, Mr. Minahan, at least outside of the city of Colum-
198 The Review. 1902.
bus, is a nobody ; only as President of the "American Federation
of Catholic Societies" is he known to The Review and the public
at large. As the President of the Federation he is a representa-
tive Catholic, whose utterances and acts are subject to public crit-
icism, carefully watched by friend and foe alike. If he gives pub-
lic scandal (of which we have not accused hircO the Federation and
the Catholic cause generally suffer. Mr. Minahancan not ascend
a Presbyterian dominie's pulpit to address a Protestant congre-
gation, and then say that he did it in his individual capacity, and
not as the President of the Catholic Federation. Logicians make
such fine distinctions, but in practical life they will not hold.
Had we censured Mr. Minahan for accepting Dr. Gladden's in-
vitation, we would have had sound objective reasons for such cen-
sure, and his lugging in Bishop England would have elicited no
other reply but the old saw : "Quod licet Jovi, non licet bori."
But despite our "native disposition to carp," we have not cen-
sured Mr. Minahan ; we have not spit "black vomit" nor given
vent to "carping criticism" or "holy horror." We have simply, by
quoting a curious news item from the Columbian with a little
ecphoneme, informed our readers of a fact which we thought they
would be interested to know and at which we opined they would
be slightly surprised. Even if it be true that Msgr. Moel-
ler and four priests have advised Mr. Minahan to accept Dr. Glad-
den's invitation, the prospective sight of the President of the
Catholic Federation addressing a Protestant audience from a her-
etical pulpit is nevertheless sufficiently novel to make many an old
fogy gasp with astonishment. Why will Mr. Minahan deny us
plain unlettered people out here on the edge of creation this inno-
cent wonderment ?
III.
The second part of Mr. Minahan's letter is much more exten-
sive and so utterly irrelevant that we would fain spare our valu-
able space for better reading matter. We will reproduce it, how-
ever— first, to give Mr. Minahan a much-needed lesson in polemics,
viz., always quote your opponent in full when attacking him in a
paper whose readers can not be supposed to be conversant with the
matter you criticize ; and secondly, because it is in itself a sort of
character sketch of the President of the Federation. As for the
possible consequences, it is better surely that the Honorable
Mr. Minahan lose his position as presiding officer of the Catholic
Federation, than that the whole movement go to the demnition
bowows; forwearecertain that it can not survive without the hearty
cooperation of the numerous and strong local and State federa-
tions of the German speaking Catholics of the land, which thrived
No. 13. The Review. 199
and scored glorious triumphs years before the body now headed
by Mr. Minahan was conceived.
We proceed with the quotation of this extraordinary document,
verbatim et literatim :
You had an item in The Review under the head of "The Cath-
olic Federation Movement." This subject is of far more conse-
quence and interest. Since you invite the opportunity, permit
me to say something- upon the subject. How much of carefully
studied misunderstanding there is in some quarters about the
Federation movement! It brings to mind, "There are none so blind
as those who will not see." Some people there be who are never
at heart's ease unless when misconstruing others or carping at
something or somebody. Dyspepsia in many men interferes with
their usefully employing what little brains God endowed them
with.
I think it was Tennyson who wrote : "A lie that is half a truth
is ever the blackest of lies." The Cincinnati Federation conven-
tion did not blatantly announce that it was out for blood ; that it
could discount the Archbishops of America in its Catholicity and
the proper method of defending the same. It did not do this,
therefore it "ought to get itself buried." This is the insidious
summarizing of The Review from the Wandereroi St. Paul and the
Excelsior of Milwaukee. I know nothing of the Wanderer. It may or
may not be a "tramp" at the back door of Catholic journalism.
One thing is certainly true, there is much excellent information
the Excelsior has overlooked upon the Catholicity of Federation.
Federation is not quite Catholic enough ! Well, Archbishop Elder,
Bishops Maes, Horstmann, McFaul, and Messmer appeared quite
well satisfied that the Cincinnati convention was not weak-kneed
in its Catholicity.
"But there isn't enough fight in Federation," they complain.
Well, one of the most valiant of warriors of old modestly said :
"Let not the soldier who putteth on his armor but rather the one
laying it aside boast himself."
"Large professions and little deeds" will not be one of the sins
of Federation. The leaders in the forefront of Federation knows
full well the facts as to Catholic grievance. It knows too, however,
that the tooting of tin horns did not cause the walls of Jericho to
be breached. It does not by any means follow that one is made of
milk and water, amiable stuff, because he is not loud mouthed.
The greatest exemplar of intellectual power in the world to-day —
the incomparable Leo — has been as gentle as he is firm. What a
change has come about since he took the reins from the enfeebled
grasp of Pio Nono ! Leo's power has been that of the Almighty
inspiring his tactful, diplomatic, intellectual grasp. The results
of his great pontificate have been felt — they were not heralded.
Cardinal Gibbons' influence and achievements are surpassed by
no other churchman in America. The bells throughout the coun-
try, though, do not ring in every church-tower before he "touches
the button." No, no ; Federation did well to make no loud, high-
sounding professions or threats. As a matter of fact the only fear
of the really masterful leaders — the Archbishops — their fear in
connection with Federation seems to have been that it
might mistake bluster for force. Dreading blatant impru-
2<Xi The Review. 1902.
dence. they feared Federation might become a curse
rather than a blessing. No man honestly interested
in Federation need worry about the stanchness of its Catholicity;
need doubt its full and keen realization of unfair discrimination,
or question its absolute fearlessness by proper methods to battle
"against injustice, bigotry and intolerance." Help, Mr. Editor,
to cement just a single stone in the great arch of Catholic unity
Federation is striving to build. Do this and The Review will
have done work exceedingly more to its lasting influence and
credit than by indulging what appears to be a native disposition
on its part to carp and tear down in the general work of Catholic
unification.
Federation is a stern, earnest necessity. Catholics, of all nation-
alities, realize this wherever they give the subject consideration.
They are too intelligent to be long misled by half-baked specimens
who think an instant and prate an hour. The scare-crow of na-
tional differences will not, either, serve the purpose. As Bishop
McFaul, voicing his own and Bishop Messmer's sentiments, wise-
ly and truthfully saj^s : "Federation will do nothing that may of-
fend any nationality."
The effort is being made, we are advised, through the German
papers, to cause the Germans to grow "cold and suspicious" to-
wards Federation. Knowing this fact, we are glad of the occa-
sion to counteract the pernicious influence of misrepresentation.
The autonomy of no society can, in anjT particular, be possibly
affected by coming into the Federation. The Federation, when
its constitution is properly interpreted, says to all Catholic socie-
ties : Keep 5rour separate aims and distinct objects ; cling to your
customs and traditions ; retain your languages ; all this is the
business of each society, it is not the business or concern of Fed-
eration ; whether doing these things be wise, is not within the
jurisdiction of Federation. It has no disposition to become a
meddler. What Federation aims at is to fashion one grand, homo-
geneous unit that will stand for all Catholic societies and protect
their common interests. Under the constitution, as adopted in
Cincinnati, all Catholic societies and branches thereof, are entitled
to full and complete recognition in the Chicago convention. The
policy, however, of permanent organization in the Federation is
along the lines of local or county, then state and finally National
Federation. This was the judgment of the Federation as clearly
indicated by the constitution adopted at Cincinnati.
Is there an American of any nationality who will repudiate being
an American? He is a bold man who will dare to challenge the
Americanism of any Catholic. The American government inter-
feres with no man's nationality, language or customs. It protects
them all. It wisely aims to amalgamate them all. God Himself
it would seem, in His beneficent dispensation, to have intended
that here the tangled and bloody skein of national hatreds and
jealousies should be forever unraveled ( ! ). That in America there
should be, because of nationality, no
"Separate heart-beat among all the races of men."
While our government meddles with no man's nationality, tastes
or customs, it aims to assimilate a.nd firo/ert them a\\. In its
courts, legislative halls and public offices it speaks a common
No. 13. The Review. 201
language. The general trend in everything is towards the Am-
erican idea — amalgamation, unification. This largely from ne-
cessity Our children are bound to become American in every-
thing pertaining to custom and language, whether we wish it or
not. Another fifty years will blot out by intermarriage and asso-
ciation, for the most part, all differences. Be this as it may. Un-
der the present conditions in American life there is no strife. Our
cosmopolitanism cuts no practical figure. We follow what cus-
toms we please, we speak whatever language suits us, and above
all is the shield of the power of American unity. Federation can,
as it seems to me, follow in this regard no better or wiser model
than our own American idea of organization. This, too, I think,
from the necessity of our environment. Suppose we aim to build
permanently along other lines. Suppose a national convention of
Federation so constituted that it be made up of the great national
organizations with their human nature of striving for precedence
and control, jealousies and contentions(?). Suppose to this is added
component parts made up of a German Federation, a Bohemian
Federation, an Irish Federation and a Polish Federation — each
distinct and supreme — might it not tax the genius of a Mr.
"Dooley " to describe the scene and sum up the general catastrophe?
The onl}r serious difficulty about pursuing the American plan
of organization is this exceptional instance. The German socie-
ties in very large numbers and in many states had already feder-
ated before the idea of the present movement came in vogue. They
say, must we after long years of organizing and the sacrifices we
have made in the struggle to do this very work of getting together,
must we now tear down and begin over? This very question was
discussed at Cincinnati. It was at least partially solved there.
There was no dissatisfaction taken away, on the score of organi-
zation as being followed now, from that convention. Why should
meddlers exert themselves to muddy the stream ? Because the
problems of Federation are difficult, so much the greater necessity
for all to exercise good common sense.
One thing is settled ; no matter who tries to prevent it, Feder-
ation is with us to stay. It is gaining ground every day in all sec-
tions where the Catholic people come to understand its real aims
and appreciate the conditions that make it a necessitjr. Of course
it is, it will be, attended wTith great difficulties. Carping and mis-
representing wTill untie no knots. Everybody's views can not be
adopted. The constitution stands for what is authority to-day in
the matter or organization. Let us drop quibbling and discussing
and goto work organizing iS). Our dearest interests invite to unity
of action ; our children's interests demand that we unite and act.
T. B. Mm ah an,
President American Federation
of Catholic Societies.
IV.
Those who will turn back to our note in No. 10 (page 154-5)
which Mr. Minahan denounces so vehemently without com-
municating its text to the readers of the newspapers for
whom this "open letter" appears to have been primarily in-
202 The Review. 1902.
tended, will find that, like the 'other oitrcjilel which aroused
his ire, it is nothing- but a quotation, or rather three quota-
tions ; — one from the St. Paul Wanderer, which, by the way, is not
"a 'tramp' at the back door of Catholic journalism," but one of the
oldest, most widely circulated and most respected newspaper or-
gans of the German speaking Catholics of this country ; — the sec-
ond from the Milwaukee Excelsior, practically, if not formally,
the organ of the bishops of the ecclesiastical province of Milwau-
kee, a journal than which there is none more ably edited and more
staunchly Catholic in all the wide world ;— and the third from a
letter of Rt. Rev. Bishop McFaul in the Baltimore Catholic Mirror.
As is our wont, we conscientiously gave the exact source of the
citation in each particular instance.
There was not one word of comment added to these quotations
except theverj' obvious, not to say superfluous remark, that the
German Catholic press are "growing cold and suspicious" in regard
to the Federation movement.
Mr. Minahan essays a refutation of some of their arguments
and observations, and we might have refused to print the second
portion of his epistle on the simple ground that the blunderbuss
of his invective is clearly aimed at the editors of the two German
papers whom we quoted. We shall leave him and his expectora-
tions to their tender mercy and content ourselves with one or two
necessary observations.
With respect to Mr. Minahan 's sneering appeal to The Review
to aid in cementing together the great arch of Catholic unity by
advancing the cause of federation, we believe we can truthfully
say that we have done our full share towards bringing about this
end among our numerous and truly national clientele, in the face
of fierce opposition, long before the melodious name of T. B. Min-
ahan was ever heard outside the limits of Columbus city.
And with regard to Mr. Minahan 's acrimonious slurs against
the German Catholic newspapers of the country, which, both daily
and weekly, are generally far superior inability and soundness of
doctrine to the Catholic weekly press published in English, to
charge them wholesale with "carefully studied misunderstand-
ing" and willful iblindness is not only absolutely and criminally
unjust, but highly temerarious and impolitic on the part of the
President of an organization professing such tender love and pro-
found respect for all nationalities. The French-Canadian Catho-
lics have roundly refused the cold, clammy, dead-fish-like hand of
fellowship proffered by the Honorable Mr. Minahan. Can he ex-
pect the Germans to do otherwise after this unprovoked and vic-
ious assault upon their representative newspaper organs?
We are sorry for Mr. Minahan; but we are infinitely sorrier for
No. 13. The Review. 203
the cause of Catholic Federation — a cause we have so dearly at
heart and have done so much to further, and which is bound to
suffer serious harm from all this unwisdom and mistaken zeal —
''unless," as we said in our No. 11, "a ringing platform is adopted,
a rational constitution drawn up, and a moderate and practical
policy mapped out in the forthcoming Chicago convention"; and
unless — we deliberate^ add to-day — a prudent, self-possessed,
and level-headed leader is chosen in the place of this raw and thin-
skinned Columbus epistler, who sees fit to preach temperance re-
form from a heretical pulpit and to cover those of his Catholic
brethren who venture to differ with him on the subject of ways
and means for a common end, with billingsgate and slanderous
abuse.
About Vaccination.
II. — What Smallpox is.
mallpox is primarily a disease due to unsanitary condi-
tions. An aggregation of persons seems to favor it,
thus it is very frequently said to be a disease, and it
does always follow war, as in the United States and England at
the present time.
Still, smallpox is unlike some other diseases of the zymotic or
filth class. It ma}*- exist to a certain extent where sanitation ap-
pears to be excellent.
It is owing to this fact that so many doctors, who see only re-
sults, fail to analyze the question. They argue : Surely, one who
lives in a big house, large air}- rooms, with excellent drainage and
sewerage, can not take smallpox, if it be purely a filth disease.
But I ask, why not? Smallpox is one of the vultures of nature.
It eats up the carrion and cleans out the diseased body. Now
what reason is there for supposing that clearly and comfortably
housed persons should be exempt? How do they live ? What do
they eat and how is it prepared ? Filth may be outside or inside
the body, and it is more likely to be inside than outside. How
many of us can pass muster upon correct living? Not a great
many know how to live, and I am sorry to say only too man}' of
this few do not live as they know they should. This information
is never learned in a medical college, therefore we say, with truth,
doctors are simply blind leaders of the blind.
Terre Haute, Ind. Frank D. Blue.
204
CONTEMPORARY CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
The Taxation of Church Property. — We are informed that the move-
ment in Chicago to which we have referred in our last number,
aims at the taxation of such church propert}' only as is not direct-
ly used for church or school purposes, but is leased with a view
to profits. By the revised code of the State of Illinois, church
property used for worship when the land is owned by the congre-
gation, and the property of institutions of learning "not leased by
such institutions or otherwise used with a view to profits," is ex-
empt from taxation. But in what is locally known as the "South
Town," two institutions alone are said have S2,500,000 of produc-
tive, income-bearing property on which the3T pay no taxes, and the
total for the whole city is estimated at something like 520,000.000.
It is true, to be sure, that some of the institutions claiming exemp-
tion appear to have been freed of taxes by their charters, but in
most cases these charters antedate, and by that reason, it is
claimed, are modified by the new constitution since adopted.
This may be the position of the moderates, but unless we have
read the papers all wrong, the Turners and other infidel German
societies want all church property without exception taxed, and
their agitation is receiving wide support. This movement we
must oppose with all our might for reasons we have repeatedly
set forth in this journal. Whether productive property owned by
churches should be exempt from taxation is an open question. It
has been decided negatively in New York and elsewhere and will
probably be disposed of in the same way in Illinois, especially in
view of the surprising fact that the amount of such property is so
large, and that some denominations traditionally opposed to the
sale of strong drink own and lease saloon property.
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.
Theology and Science. Tombs are the resting-places of history.
Before the coffin, the genius of humanity halts, as if musing on
the plan of eternal wisdom which he is called to execute upon and
with us mortals. Yet the plan itself is not revealed on monuments,
but in the temples. There we receive the impulse to meditate on
the most awful questions which no one is able to slight or to stave
off. They are the questions : Whence! — Whither? — the ques-
tions of theology. Theology has two allies, in whose unshakeable
earnestness and invincible power she trusts : the logic of numbers
that encompasses all life, and the logic of death that puts the terrible
final question.
The question has been and is still discussed : What is the right
and the character of theological faculties? Is the higher scientific
instruction in universities to be organized with or without
theology ?
Substantially the discussion is ended. If once we learn to get
along without tombs, we can hope to close the temples too. Once
we succeed in suppressing the questions which death puts to the
No. 13. The Review. 205
living-, we may also pass the answers which the science of theology
gives to these questions. But as long as there are tombs, temples
will rise on, and at the side of, them. And as long as the natural
and mental sciences, comprised in the old term of \vorld-wisdom,'
are unable to give a final answer to the final questions which the
created spirit can not by any/manner of means escape, so long the-
ology will have to be the crowning spire of the edifice of human
knowledge. — Rev. Dr. Karl Braig, Zur Erinnerung an Franz
Xaver Kraus, p. 58.
Spirit Photographs. — As a result of a profound study of so-called
spirit photographs, in the current fascicle (No. 2) of the Stimmcn
aus Maria-Laach, Rev. Jul. Bessmer, S. J., formulates the sub-
joined conclusions :
Spirit photography has not proved that dead persons have mani-
fested themselves. It has not demonstrated to a certainty that
spirits really materialize. It has not even established it as a fact
that there is such a thing as materializations unconsciously pro-
duced by a medium. Hence if Spiritists appeal to alleged photo-
graphs of deceased persons, they are guilty of charlatanry ; to
make such photographs the basis of any inferences with regard
to the most important questions of life, would be inexcusable folly.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
The Coming Childless Age. — The Harpers have just published An"
ticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress
Upon Human Life and Thought, by that eminent twentieth-cen-
tury student of social, economic, and scientific problems, H. G.
Wells. Mr. Wells declares that "it is impossible to ignore the
forces making for a considerable relaxation of permanent monoga-
mous marriage in the coming years, and of a much greater varie-
ty of establishments than is suggested by these possibilities with-
in the pale. Our present society must show a quite unprecedented
and increasing number of male and female celibates. The
institution of permanent monogamous marriage, except in the
ideal Roman Catholic community, is sustained at present entirely
by the inertia of custom and by a number of sentimental and prac-
tical considerations." He admits that the monogamous family has
indisputably been the civilizing unit of the pre-mechanical civilized
state, but he remarks that it involves an element of sacrifice both
for husband and wife, "is an institution of late appearance in his-
tory, and does not completely fit the psychology or physiology of
any but very exceptional characters in either sex." And he con-
cludes by asking : "How does it fit into the childless, disunited,
and probably shifting menage of our second picture ?" Evidently
Mr. Wells' coming century will be the end of the world, since it is
to be childless.
THE CATHOLIC PRESS.
The Catholic Press of Germany. — From Keiters Handbuch der ka-
tholischen dentschen Prcssc we cull these statistics :
In 1900 there were 200 Catholic dailies in the German language.
Of these in Germany itself 171, in "Catholic" Austria only 8 ; in
Switzerland 7 ; Luxemburg 1 ; North America 3 (?•).
206 The Review. 1902.
Of the 171 Catholic dailies in Germany, 157 have one issue daily;
11 have 12 issues weekly ; 2 have 13, and 1 (the Kolnische Volks-
zeitung) 19 issues a week. The Kolnische Volkszeitung has 16,000
subscribers ; at least 10 have more than 20,000 ; 1 has 35,000 and
1 has 37,000. Besides the dailies there are 7 with 4 weekly issues,
92 with 3, 57 with 2, and 86 political weeklies — all in Germany ;
Austria has 19 that appear 2 to 4 times a week, Switzerland 30 with
2 to 5 weekly issues.
Forty-two weeklies are semi-political and semi-religious; 7 have
between 24,000 and 35,000 ; 1 has 62,000 ; 2 have 72,000 ; 1 has
150,000 subscribers.
The three leading illustrated magazines are : the Alte und Neue
Welt with 37,000; the Deutscher Hausschatz with 3S, 000 ; the Stadt
Gottes with 64,000.
Exclusively religious 65 periodicals.
Devoted to Theology (Zeitschriften, Pastor-
al-Blatter, etc.) 58
Political Economy, Social Question, etc .... 34
Pedagogy 34
Natural Sciences 3
History 4
Philosophy 2
Christian Art 10
Music 11
Literary Criticism ! 16
For Children 21
Catholic Missions 3
The Catholic almanacs (Kalender), 175 in number, show a great
variety. Besides those of a general character — of which several
have an edition of 40,000 to 60,000, one 100,000, one 200,000— there
are :
3 for Workingmen. 7 for Teachers.
4 ' Farmers. 1 " Mothers.
1 ' Servants. 1 " Soldiers.
2 " Girls. 4 " Clergymen.
2 " Children. 1 " Students. _
What have we American Catholics to compare with this superb
showing ?
LITERATURE.
Textbooks of Religion. Fourth Grade. By the Rev. P. C. Yorke.
304 pages 12°. The Textbook Publishing Company, San Francisco.
The Fourth Grade contains mainly the history of the Old Tes-
tament, each chapter accompanied by a lesson from the Baltimore
Catechism, a hymn, and a usually appropriate illustration. We say
usually, for not all the pictures are what they should be in a Catholic
manual. There was no need of nudities, as in the picture of Pharao's
daughter in the bullrushes, or as in one of the previous manuals
in a picture of the Deluge. What we have said of the first three
manuals, we can repeat here of the fourth : it is couched in splen-
did diction, contains choice selections and illustrations, and is of
beautiful workmanship. How a teacher is to get through such a
large Bible history pensum, is another question.
207
NOTE-BOOK.
A reader in Philadelphia sends us the subjoined clipping- from
the Sunday Record, March 23rd, page 7 :
"Chicago, 111., March 22. — The Catholic Laymen's Association
of Chicago is to develop into a national organization. At a secret
session of the executive committee resolutions were adopted re-
quiring all Catholics in this Diocese to join the ranks in the pro-
motion of purity and good government in the Church.
"Many replies have been received, and communications have
come from persons outside of the Chicago district, especially from
Washington, D. C, and this has prompted the national movement.
The organization in this city has a membership of 10,000."
Our correspondent asks : "Do you know anything about this
new movement ?"
We do not. But we have a considerable number of subscribers
among the reverend clergy and educated laity of Chicago. Per-
haps one of them can give us some information about the Catholic
Laymen's Association, its character and purposes. Possibly the
whole thing is a myth.
a a &
We are glad to notice that our esteemed and solidly orthodox
contemporary, the Southern Messenger, of San Antonio, Texas,
approves our position with regard to the Knights of Columbus.
After quoting the Vera Roma, it says in a note in its No. 1 : "The
aping of Masonry and other kindred secret organizations by so-
called Catholic societies has become too prevalent of late in this
country. Sensible people look upon it as a nuisance that should
be abated."'
Unfortunately, all our Catholic people are not sensible. We even
read of a clergyman the other day in Milwaukee thanking God
publicly that He has given His Church in twentieth-century
America that wonderful and blessed institution yclept Knights
of Columbus ! How are we to characterize such bombastic fol-de-
rol?
J» J» J*
While the immigration laws should be amended so as to keep
out paupers, criminals, and insane, it should not be forgotten that
a man or woman of healthful body and sound mind but unpossessed
of cash is not a pauper in the true sense under our constitution.
Ability and will to labor constitute all the capital required to be-
gin life successfully in this country.
5 5 5
According to a note in the Philadelphia Record (March 14th),
Rupert Fritz, the New York caterer, who, as steward of the Lied-
erkranz, contracted to furnish the luncheon to Prince Henry and
his suite and the guests invited to the launching of the "Meteor,"
was forced to make an assignment, because souvenir fiends had
stolen so much of the valuable silver-ware he had borrowed for
the occasion, that he was unable to make good the loss. He sajTs
208 The Review. 1902.
that the souvenir fiends can treasure their loot not only as me-
mentoes of Prince Henry, but as a token of the absolute ruin they
have brought upon a poor man.
"If the report is true," comments one of our friends in Philadel-
phia, who sends us the clipping-, "it is high time to teach in the
public schools at least the ten commandments."
As our readers may imagine, we printed Miss Blanche Walsh's
indignant denial of being a Buddhist and her declaration that she
was brought up and intended to die as a Catholic, not without an
arriere-pensee. When her admirers in the Catholic press, on the
strength of this denial and declaration, call her "a model Catholic
lady," it is well to remember, as the Catholic Citizen reminds us,
that she "is the leading exponent on the American stage of the
erotic French dramas of Sardou." The Northwestern Review
(No. 22) even says that "an actress whose reputation rests on La
Tosca, Gismonda, and Cleopatra can not be a good woman, much
less a model Catholic," but it adds : "However, it is some comfort
to know that 'Fatty' Walsh's daughter still holds to her father's
faith. It is easier for a bad Catholic than for an apostate to turn
to God."
We see from the daily papers that Judge Magee in Minneapolis,
Minn., has dissolved the Tontine Savings Association, which, or-
ganized in 1898, had done a tremendous business h\ means of
"endless chain" features and other tricks. It was a get-rich-quick
concern, which netted its five directors, on a capital of $2,750, dur-
ing 1901 alone, $89,000 in dividends, leaving for its depositors and
investors a deficit of $1,292,290. Ex uno disce omnes!
^j. 5j. 5j,
It makes one's heart ache to see American Catholic papers re-
produce the fake story of infidel German publications on the
"greatest house-cleaning on record in the Vatican, the first in four
hundred years," with all its repugnant and slanderous insinuations
against the papacy. The Catholic press of Europe nailed this
lie as soon as it started. The San Francisco Monitor (No. 23) and
the Salt Lake City Intermountain Catholic (No. 22) reproduced it
as news without a word of comment !
It is pleasing to learn, from the N. Y '. Evening Post (March
13th;, that the New York Board of Health has officially declared
against compulsory vaccination.
By the way, the believers in and the opponents of vaccination as
a preventive for smallpox are to have a chance to demonstrate
their views, if a bill introduced in the New York legislature by
Assemblyman Cadin becomes a law. The bill provides for the
creation of a State commission, to investigate into and report on
the history, nature, and pathology of smallpox and also of vaccina-
tion as a preventive of the disease. The members must devote
their entire time to the work of investigation, and their salary
i^ to be $500 a vear each.
For the Freedom of the Press.
[E do not recollect whether we have ever told our readers
about Mr. H. Gaylord Wilshire, the millionaire Socialist,
his paper the Challenge, and his trouble with
Third Assistant Postmaster General Madden. Wilshire started
his magazine in Los Angeles and later moved it to New York,
where it was denied the second-class privilege l(one cent a pound)
on the ground that it advertised its publisher. Mr. Wilshire took
his tabooed publication to Canada, where he got it admitted with-
out question to second-class privileges, and it is now going through
the mails of the United States, as Wilshire }s Magazine, under the
protection of the British government, paying less than half the
revenue it would otherwise pay, as the postal rates for newspa-
pers are lower in the Dominion than here.
Mr. Wilshire is also sending out some remarkable advertising.
His return envelopes are printed in red and black ink. The black
ink gives the name of his magazine, his own name and his old ad-
dress in New York. But the red ink gives the interesting infor-
mation. In the upper left-hand corner we read : "Now published
under protection King Edward." The next line is startling:
"Banished to Canada." Next comes C"Suppressed by the U. S.
Post Office"), and then the new address, "74 Wellesley St., Tor-
onto, Canada."
There is something so remarkable in this banishment of an
American periodical that we have followed the matter closely and
perused the last few issues of the Magazine with particular inter-
est. Mr. Wilshire's doctrines are those of radical Socialism, and
we can not, of course, approve them. But it seems to us the Post
OfficelDepartment has transcended its powers by denying him
the second-class rate upon such a flimsy pretext. Is liberty and
equality of the press become an iridescent dream in these United
States ?
In the words of Mr. Bryan : "Whether the editor conducted his
paper in a modest way or whether he unduly injected himself into
his paper, is not a question with which the Post Office Department
has anything to do."
The action taken against Wilshire has been followed up by ac-
tion against the Appeal to Reason, a Socialist paper published in
Girard, Kansas, which, on the strength of a test which was evi-
(The Reyiew, Vol. IX, No. 14. St. Louis, Mo., April 10, 1902.)
210 The Review. 1902.
dently not a fair one,*) was denied the "second-class privilege until
it could show that approximately half of its readers were bona
fide subscribers.
The Fanner's Advocate, of Topeka, Kansas, and the Pawnee
Chief, of Pawnee City, Nebraska, have recently been asked to
show cause why they should not be denied second-class rates, the
first on the charge that it did not comply with the law requiring
that a majority of the circulation be composed of bona fide sub-
scriptions, the second because it was accused of being- conducted
primarily for advertising purposes.
Finally Mr. Bryan himself was tackled by the Post Office De-
partment because he mailed some copies of his Commoner regu-
larly to members of the House of Representatives and Senators
who were not regular subscribers. The copies which he thus
sent out complimentary do not amount to one-half of one per cent,
of] the total circulation. Moreover, a ruling madejbyithe Third
Assistant Postmaster General in this case takes out of the legiti-
mate list of subscriptions those made by one person for another,
when the person subscribing for the other does so because of "the
principles advocated." This ruling, we agree with the editor of
the Commoner {ior whom we have otherwise very little sympathy),
ought to be corrected by act of Congress.
The whole controversy is not without a degree of inter-
est for the Catholic press. To-day certain rules are used to dis-
criminate against certain political papers ; under an anti-Catholic
administration the same rules might be used to discriminate
against Catholic papers. While it is perfectly proper that there
should be a reasonable proportion between the number of actual
subscribers and the total circulation, the Department ought to be
held by law to treat all newspapers alike without political or other
prejudice.
No matter what our differences on various topics may be, we
American editors are all believers in the freedom and equality
of the press. Hence while we may be antagonists upon this ground
or that, we are comrades on the broad field of the battle for lib-
erty. Therefore The Review extends its sympathy to Mr.
Wilshire, Mr. Bryan, and the rest of them and promises to use its
mite of public influence towards the end that equal justice be
meted out to all.
<=) The Department sent out enquiries to one hundred of the readers asking whether they
were bona fid'- subscribers, ami received answers from sixty-six. Out of sixty-six. thirty-seven
claimed that they were subscribers, while twenty-nine denied that they were subscribers.
Thirty-four did not answer at all.
*
211
A Heathen Protest Against Cremation,
Right Rev. Bishop Hurth writes to us from Dacca (Bengal), un-
der date of Feb. 17th, 1902 :
My dear Mr. Prkuss : —
When Christians become weak-kneed in defending their time-
honored positions it seems that the good God raises up pagans to
chide them. This thought made me cut the enclosed letter from
the principal daily paper of the Indian Capital and lay it aside
for you. The writer is a Kulin (Noble) Brahmin and he writes
from a government educational institution. It is well known
that in India cremation is the ordinary mode of disposing of the
dead, and only people of low caste and outcasts are buried. Nor
has the Brahmin written this letter to ingratiate himself with his
so-called Christian superiors, for the bulk of British officials are
Freemasons and in favor of cremation.
With best wishes to 3'ourself and family I remain
Sincerely yours in Christ,
f P. J. Hurth,
Bishop of Dacca.
The clipping referred to is a letter by Mr. Nitya Gopal Mukerji,
of Libpur, to the Bombay Englishman, and reads thus:
I presume the advocates of cremation prefer science to religion,
and reason to sentiment, and that such arguments as the adoption
of the rite of burial by races when they became Christians and
the greater tenderness and reverence attached to the custom,
would have no effect on them. I also presume the advocates of
cremation will allow me to regard the dead body of a human being
as being of equal value or of equal nuisance, weight for weight, to
that of any other animal, and that if cremation is to be regarded
as the best form of disposal of the dead bodies of human beings,
it is also the best form of disposal of all carcasses. Let me assume,
for the sake of argument, that the whole world is converted to
this cremation principle, and that sanitary science wins the day.
Let ns look at the consequences of this principle being acted on
universally. So long as the cremation fad is carried on by a small
section of the human race, and so long as the bodies of the major-
ity of animals of all grades get disposed of in a manner repugnant
to the ideas of the followers of sanitary science, so long no great
harm is done. But let us imagine the consequences of the uni-
versal adoption of crematoriums and incinerators for the disposal
of all animal matter. Perhaps the sanitarians will not
stop at animal matter only, they would consign to the
212 The Review. 1902.
flames whatever they could get in the way of vegetable
and animal refuse — sewage, town refuse, etc. Nature intends
that the soil should be gradually enriched by the products of the
soil. The animal products enrich the soil far more than the veg-
etable products, but the vegetable products are also richer
than the native soil. The laboratory of nature is at
work day and night, that this very end may be accomp-
lished. The minute bacteria are utilising the free nit-
rogen of the atmosphere and helping the growth of higher vegeta-
tion. Animals feeding on this vegetation, and their bodies after-
wards getting mixed up with the soil, add to the fertility, and the
capability of the soil to accumulate fertility. There is no sub-
stance in the world, which is so rich in plant-food as the carcass
of an animal. When it is burned and converted into ashes, all the
work accomplished by nature in her laboratory, is wasted, the
nitrogen is dispersed in the air. At 8d. a pound the nitrogen in
flesh and bones in each [human carcass is worth about Rs. 2. It
is worth while stowing it away at the roots of plants, instead of
allowing it to disperse in the air. Of course, this can be done in
the most sanitarj^ manner practicable, but the most rational way
of disposing of the bodies of all animals is that indicated by na-
ture herself. Cremation can do little harm so long as it is prac-
tised by few, but universally adopted, it will only mean a few mil-
lion tons of food less per annum, and a gradually diminishing sup-
ply of food for the existing races of animals. I know of no other
place in the whole world, where scientific precision is so scrupu-
lously observed as in the Pasteur laboratory in Paris. There all the
carcasses of animals that die in connection with the various exper-
iments, are put in vats containing a solution of sulphate of copper,
and 24 hours later, farmers are allowed to take them away and to
utilise them as manure. I would rather imagine my body slowly
passing into the substances of mangoes and "gold mohurs" planted
in cemeteries, than that it should be resolved into its native ele-
ments by a violent process in the course of an hour, and I would
be the last person to will away my body to the crematorium for
the sanitary benefit of the starving generation that is to follow if
crematoriums and lincinerators are to have their way. — Nitya
Gopal Mukerji.
213
Hypnotism.
nder the title Der Hyfinotismus, seine Entivicklung und
seine Bedeutnng in der Gegemvart, P. Rissart has lately
published at Paderborn, Germany, (Jungfermannsche
Buchhandlung) a study of hypnotism, its development and import,
in the light of present-day research. We shall in a few brief para-
graphs acquaint our readers with his principal conclusions, inter-
posing here and there a remark of our own.
I.
What is hypnotism?
The term is used to signify an entire group of artificially pro-
ducible conditions or phenomena, which closely resemble and are
connected with, the conditions of natural sleep.
Its manifold phenomena may be divided into two principal categ-
ories. Those of the first category, which must be considered
as the fundamental condition of all the rest, form a condition simi-
lar to that of sleep, called hypnosis, brought about in a person by
continued and gentle passes which cause fatigue of certain sense
organs (sight, hearing, and feeling). The second category com-
prises all those phenomena which can be produced in a person in
the h}rpnotic state.
We do not know wherein the essence of hypnosis consists.
Charcot et al. believe it to be an artificially produced neurosis or
nerve disease. Meinert and Rieger think it is an artificially pro-
duced and transient psychosis or mind derangement. The Nancy
school*) hold it to be a species of ordinary sleep, with this differ-
ence mainly, that in ordinary sleep man with his dreams and ac-
tions stands in a certain relation to himself, while in the hypnotic
state he depends more or less from the hypnotizer and is in-
fluenced by him.
II.
The hypnotic sleep can be induced by tivo means: somatic or
psychic. The old magnetic theory, that an invisible fluid passes
from the operator to the subject, is no longer held by scientists.
The somatic method consists in passes which the hypnotizer
makes with his hands over the subject's head and other parts of
the body, down to the knees or the feet. The hypnogena or sleep-
generating points of the body differ in different subjects, and the
operator must ascertain them in each case by experimentation.
The psychic method is by suggestion (snggcrer, to suggest, to
talk into, to put into one's mind, to create a conception.) The
:) Prof. Bernheim, Dr. Liebault, and others.
214 The Review. 1902.
suggestion may come from the patient's own mind (auto-sugges-
tion "> or from the mind of another. The idea suggested is always
that of sleep. It may sometimes be made at long distance, e. g.,
b\T letter. The possibilit}% alleged bj- some, of purely mental sug-
gestion, by a simple interior act of the will without outward com-
mand or sign, has not been surely established. The character-
istic symptom of the beginning of hj^pnosis is suggestibility with
a cessation of the will power and the faculty of judgment.
The awakening from the hypnotic sleep is spontaneous and
takes place after a short or long interval, according as the hyp-
nosis was slight or profound. In the latter case it is not consid-
ered safe to await the natural awakening, but somatic or psychic
means are used to hasten it, such as laying the hand on the fore-
head, breathing the subject in the face or letting a cool draught
pass over his head. Violent means are strictly to be eschewed.
III.
Who can be hypnotized? Nearly all persons, particularly the
young and ignorant, except those who are incapable, for some
reason or other (insanit}', hysteria, drunkenness, etc.), of con-
centrating their attention sufficiently, and those who firmly re-
fuse to become subject to the spell. It seems that some animals,
too, are capable of hypnotization, but this is not yet absolutely
proven. Those interested in this particular branch of the sub-
ject are referred to Max Verworn, Die sogt. Hypnose der Tic re.
(Jena 1898.)
IV.
By hypnotic phenomena we understand those phenomena and
processes which not only accompany, but are produced under the
influence of, hypnosis. Their proper cause is suggestion, inspir-
ing the subject with the idea of that which he is to perform. This
kind of I suggestion does not differ essentially from that by which
the hypnotic sleep is superinduced ; for the sake of clearness,
however, it is termed intra-hypnotic, to distinguish it from the
former, which is called ante-hypnotic.
So long as the question regarding the essence of the hypnotic
state is unsolved, nothing certain can be known with respect to
the essence of the hypnotic phenomena, and they can not be divided
off with metaphysical accuracy. Charcot distinguishes three dif-
ferent kinds of hypnotic phenomena; Liegois, six; Bernheim,
nine, etc. The best division probably is that made by Dessoir,
the well-known Berlin psychologist, who distributes the hypnotic
phenomena into'two groups, those consisting in changes of the vol-
No. 14. The Review. 2lS
untary movements, the others manifesting- themselves in changes
of sense perception.
Regarding the hypnotic phenomena in the vegetative life, it is
to be remarked that a variety of disturbances have been cured by
hypnotic suggestion, such as digestive troubles, constipation,
(when there was no inflammation), etc. Moll, Forel, and others
succeeded in producing a swelling, and even blisters, in certain
parts of the body of a patient, some of which broke out into sores
and festered for several days. These cases are well authenticated.
In regard to the motory powers, these phenomena have been
produced by hypnotic suggestion : Aphasia, inability to answer a
well understood question in articulate words ; agraphia, absolute
inability to write even one single letter ; ataxia, inability to walk
straight and safely ; amimia, utter absence of face expression ;
catalepsy, inability to move any limb of the body ; lethargy, a pro-
found sleep connected with insensibility and forgetfulness ; auto-
matic obedience to commands, and an almost automatic imitation
of various motions made by the operator (dancing, running,
jumping, etc.)
In this connection it may be remarked that the widely received
opinion, that hypnotized persons can see with their eyes closed or
tied, is incorrect.
The phenomena that entail a change in sense perception are
likewise manifold ; but no case of sense transposition (enabling
the subject, e. g., to see with his ears) has ever been proven.
Prof. Preyer is probably right in his theory that all hypnotic
changes in sensation are due not to changes in the different or-
gans, but in the brain. Hearing, it appears, is the least suscep-
tible of all the senses to hypnotic influence. The sensus communis
is susceptible to a high degree in some subjects, in which hypnotic
suggestion is capable of producing anaesthesis as well as hyper-
aesthesis. Leading scientists like Liebault, Bernheim, et al., have
employed hypnotic suggestion in surgical operations, but they
agree in giving chloroform the preference.
V.
For its prober domain hypnotic suggestion has, of course, the
imagination. Its peculiar effects on this faculty are hallucinations
and fictitious representations. Such hallucinations may be either
positive, i. e., the fancied perception of a thing which in reality
does not exist ; or negative, i. e., the fancied non-perception of a
thing which has objective reality. They comprise the entire field
of sense perception.
The memory, too, is susceptible to hypnosis, though not in the
same degree as the senses. It may be affected in a threefold way:
216 The Review. 1902.
its activity may become weakened (amnesy), or it may be enhanced
to an extraordinary degree (hypermnesy), or it may be deceived
(paramnesy.)
Nor are the intellectual faculties exempt. While it seems to be
certain that the intellect can not be entirely reduced to inactivity,
it can be influenced and deceived in various ways. The will can
be strengthened, or weakened to a degree of total subversion, so
that the subject becomes an automatic tool in the hands of the
operator.
VI.
The actions induced by suggestion may be intra- or post-hypnotic.
Intra-hypnotic actions are those which are performed in the same
hypnosis in which the3r are suggested ; post-hypnotic, those per-
formed after the sleep is over. The intervening period may
comprise weeks or even months ; one case is on record where it
lasted a full year. It has been established that a hypnotized sub-
ject can not only be made to perform some deed which he would
never commit under ordinary conditions, but can be made to har-
bor the firm belief that he has done such deed spontaneously, of
his own accord. The alleged long-distance effects of medicinal
drugs in consequence of hypnotic suggestion, are now generally
considered fictitious.
VII.
Clearly the spread of hypnotism gives rise to a number of high-
ly important medico-legal problems. Rissart asks and answers
these five questions :
1. Can a hypnotized subject be injured by hypnotism ?
2. Can he be made the victim of a crime ?
3. Can he be made the will-less tool of. a criminal?
4. Is a hypnotized person to be considered responsible?
5. Ought hypnotism to be forbidden?
The first question is to be answered in the affirmative. Even
Wundt, who is very liberal in his views, demands that only scien-
tifically trained physicians be permitted to practice hypnotism.
That a hypnotic subject can be made the victim of a crime, is
conceded by all authorities. When a person is a helpless automa-
ton in the hands of another, he can easily be imposed upon in
different ways, robbed, be induced to will his property away, etc.
The third question must also be answered affirmatively. A
clever operator could not only induce a subject to commit theft or
murder or any other crime, but he could get others to bear false
witness, thus endangering thelwelfare of society.
The question whether a hypnotized subject is responsible, must
be answered negatively, both from the legal point of view and
No. 14. The Review. 217
from that of Christian morals. There can be no responsibility
where the will is not free.
Should the practice of hypnotism be forbidden ?
Rissart agrees with Schultze, Wundt, Schutz, and a number of
other authorities that it should. He goes so far as to advocate
the absolute prohibition of hypnotic experiments, even scientific,
except where an experienced and conscientious physician has
good reasons to think that he can by means of suggestion thorough-
ly and permanently cure a disease which causes the patient greater
suffering and injury than would probably result from the applica-
tion of hypnotism as a remedy.
VIII.
Of the dangers, of hypnotism, as now freely taught and prac-
ticed in this country, we have an example in a widely circulated
book, entitled A Course of Instruction in Personal Magnetism.
There L. B. Hawley, M. D., of the New York Polyclinic College,
tells how to hypnotize difficult subjects. The quintessence of his
teaching is :
" Y"ou should have'.the subject lying down on a couchor bed or
in a physician's chair. Tell the subject to close his eyes and think
determinedly of sleep. Give him suggestions for fifteen minutes."
. . . ."While giving these suggestions, stand facing the top part of
the subject's head and make passes with both hands, commencing
with the three fingers of each hand in the center of the forehead,
passing over the temples, leavinglthe subject's face at the cheek-
bones. Repeat these passes slowly and lightly during the time
the suggestions are being 'given. You'should have a bottle of
chloroform and a handkerchief handy so that you can get it quick-
ly. After making the passes and giving the suggestions, sprinkle
a little chloroform on the handkerchief and hold it so the subject
will inhale the vapor. As he is doing this, say to him, 'You can
smell chloroform — it is making you sleepy and drowsy — you are
becoming sleepy — you are breathing heavier — you can not resist
its effects— it will soon put you asleep — it will have no bad effect
upon your system in any wayr — you will not be sick at your stom-
ach in the least — after you awaken you will feel splendidly.' Re-
peat these suggestions until the subject becomes unconscious.
"Another plan I have often used with good success is to sprinkle
a little alcohol or anything else with a pungent odor on a handker-
chief and impress upon the subject's mind before attempting to
put him to sleep that it is a special preparation composed princi-
pally of chloroform. Give him the same suggestions you would
were you using chloroform. In giving the suggestions, it should
be called chloroform, as it will have a much stronger mental effect.
By using the latter method, it will prevent any possible chance of
218 The Review. 1902.
sickness, which often follows the nse of chloroform. Keep sug-
gesting:, 'You will not feel sick after you awaken.' This method
will have a much stronger effect than if chloroform or ether were
really used, without the suggestions. I advise every physician in
placing anyone under the influence of an anaesthetic to give sug-
gestions of sleep, telling the patient to be operated upon that he
is getting drowsy ; he is so sleepy ; he must breathe deeply and
concentrate his mi ad upon sleep ; that if he will, no sickness will
follow. Less anaesthetic is then required. You should continue
giving the sleep suggestions until the patient is thoroughly under
the influence of the anaesthetic."
These suggestions are found in a widely advertised popular
handbook, which any one can purchase for a pittance. Is it not
time that a law be made against such a dangerous propaganda?
CONTEMPORARY CHROMCLE.
LITERATURE.
Catholicism in the Middle Ages. By the Rev. Thomas J. Shahan, D.
D., San Francisco, Catholic Truth Society. Price 10 cts.
Dr. Shahan draws a beautiful picture of the Church's activity
during the "dark" ages. Forgetting, for once, "modern aspira-
tions," he tells us that the cultivation of personality was one of
the main aims of the Church even at that time ; that her mission-
aries had to learn the languages of the peoples to which they were
sent; that "it has always been her policy to respect the natural
and traditional in every people so far as they have not gotten ut-
terly corrupted."
"When Dr. Shahan compares the Vehmgerichte with our inching
bees he is decidedly off. (Cfr. article "Vehme" in the) Kirchen-
I ex ikon. )
A French History of Philosophy. — We have received for review and
read with great interest the Histoire dc da Philosophic par V Abbe
//. Dagneaux, Professeurde Philosophic a VEcolc Saiiitc- Marie dc
( audiran pr'cs Bordeaux. Paris. Victor Rctcaux, igoi. It is a well-
written book, clear in style and faultless in method, especially
adapted, by its lucidity and good resumes after each chapter, for
an introductory purpose. Though we do not find ourselves in full
accord with the reverend author on all points 'the characterization
of Roger Bacon, for instance, as"un rebelle double d'un fanfaron"
is clearly strained), and consider the chapter on contemporary
philosophy as altogether too meagre, particularly in its utter neg-
lect of modern English philosophic thought, (a fault which would
No. 14. The Review. 219
have to be supplied in a possible English translation), we do not
hesitate to recommend the Abbe Dagneaux's manual to all who de-
sire a readable and trustworthy handbook of the history of phil-
osophy in the French language.
THE RELIGIOVS WORLD.
In Re Catholic Federation. — Mr. John B. Oelkers, one of the most
representative German Catholics of the East and co-founder of
the German Catholic State Federation of New Jersey, writes to
us from his home in Newark :
"I believe that we must have a fedei-ation of all Catholics in the
U. S., for the purpose, pure and simple, to protect the rights of
the Church and of our Catholic citizens. Therefore, at the wishes
of my esteemed friend Rt. Rev. Bishop McFaul, I have attended
conventions and done my best to help organize a Catholic Federa-
tion 'through societies of Catholics,' though I was satisfied, and
am now more satisfied than ever, that a Catholic Federation can
only be effective if organized through the congregations, by dio-
ceses and States, all finally coalescing into a national union. A
Federation so formed would not interfere with State unions or
with societies of Catholics of different nationalities, who could
maintain their own separate unions and collaborate with the na-
tional union wherever necessary. We have the idea in an army
of soldiers, made up of artillery, cavalry, infantry, pioneers, engi-
neers, who all unite to beat the enemy. When at the Cincinnati
convention it was voted to admit women delegates, we saw that
most of the delegates present did not understand the object of
Catholic Federation. The convention elected its officers and dis-
banded. In the near future the first attempt to form a federation
will be dead. They tried to erect a house and built the roof first.
The foundation of the Catholic Church is not the benevolent so-
ciety but the congregation. Some of these benevolent societies
are anything but Catholic, except in name.
"It is a good thing that the end of this so-called Federation is
bound to come so quick. The first symptom of decay is that the
supreme officers want to dictate in all matters, both local and na-
tional. The fatal climax will be President Minahan preaching
temperance from a Protestant pulpit."
At the present writing we have not yet the comments of the
German Catholic press on Mr. Minahan's open letter to
The Review, which is bound to prove a boomerang. But
the St. Paul Wanderer says, in its edition of March 26th,
that "the Federation has fallen among the robbers." It was Mr.
Minahan, that paper points out — the same Mr. Minahan who now
cries himself hoarse to "'keep the Federation out of politics," who
inspired the telegram which the Cincinnati Convention sent to
President Roosevelt.
The circulars of the Federation officers seek to create the im-
pression that the Central Verein. which has united a number of
the German State unions, has joined the Federation. This
is not true. And as far as these State unions are concerned, "few
of them," says the Wanderer, "will be ready to buy the favor of
sending two delegates to the national meetings and receiving rules
220 The Review. 1902.
of conduct from the central officers, by a per capita tax of three
cents a member, and moreover allow the Federation to organize
their local branches into count}' federations at the price of another
per capita tax. The State Union of Minnesota at least, of this we
are quite positive, will not join the Federation. Nor can any one
blame it for this, seeing- that even 'the best Catholics'— bless the
mark ! — namely the Knights of Columbus, are simply ignoring- the
Federation."
THE CATHOLIC PHESS.
Planning a Catholic Daily for India, — If we do not look to our laurels,
our Catholic brethren in far-away India may yet reap the honor of
getting out the first and only Catholic English daily newspaper in
the world. At a recent meeting of the Old Boys (alumni) of St.
Benedict's, at Colombo, an interesting discussion arose in conse-
quence of a lecture on "The Newspaper" by Mr. T. E. de Sampa-
yo, barrister-at-law. Mr. Advocate C. Brito said he remembered
the suggestion made to the Archbishop of Colombo to make the
Catholic Messenger a daily paper, a suggestion which His Grace
had not carried out because he did not believe the Catholics were
prepared to support him in the undertaking.
Mr. de Sampayo said there had been a desire shown for the
possession of a first-class newspaper among the Catholics of Cey-
lon, but the idea did not come into fruition owing to the financial
difficulty. He thought the highest sum required for a paper of
that sort would be about Rs. 100,000, and the collection of this
sum, he ventured to saj', would be an easy task among the Catho-
lics. There was a Catholic population of about 300,000, and he
thought one-third of these would be newspaper-reading Catholics,
and a subscription of a rupee from each of them would give the
amount required. Somebody ought to begin, and he thought they
must begin. If persons like Mr. Brito came forward, they would
not only have commenced, but would have practically accomplished
their object.
The Bombay Catholic Examiner (No. 8), from whose columns
we have condensed the above report, adds this editorial note in
comment :
"Well, if the 300,000 Catholics of Ceylon could succeed in mak-
ing their deserving organ, the Ceylon Catholic Messenger, a daily
paper, which, with their marked prosperity, can not be too diffi-
cult, they would not only secure to themselves a much more im-
portant part in the administration of their Island than they possess
now, they would also achieve immortal renown as being the first
in the Catholic world to establish a daily English Catholic paper.
There are hundreds of daily Catholic papers in other languages,
but there is none in the English language, neither in England, nor
in Australia, nor in America. In the United States there are
several daily German Catholic papers, but there is none in Eng-
lish. Whatever may be the reasons for it, this is a fact. Efforts
or at least suggestions have been made from time to time to start
Catholic English dailies, but nothing came of it. We hope Ceylon
will rise to the opportunity and take the lead among the English-
speaking Catholics of the world."
221
MISCELLANY.
The "Continental Bible House" and 'The Devil in R.obes.'— The
San Francisco Monitor has heard of 'The Devil in Robes' and the
"Continental Bible House" in this city and indignantly demands
(No. 23) that the attention of the Post Office authorities be directed
to both.
If the editor of the Monitor would read the St. Louis Catholic
papers, he would know that his suggestion has been carried out
several months ago both by The Review, the Church Progress,
and the Western Watchman, and, if we are rightly informed, by
several private parties besides ; that the Postmaster promised to
do what lay in his power to stop the nefarious propaganda, and
that according to last accounts the matter was in the hands of the
United States secret service.
Hence, what could possibly be done in this regrettable affair
has been conscientiously and promptly done, and we now have
simply to wait whether our Uncle Sam will deem it worth while
to interfere.
For the rest, we do not believe that the vile publication referred
to is doing nearly as much harm as some of our contemporaries
seem to think. How it strikes the average fair-minded Protest-
ant may be seen from the subjoined quotation from Watson'' s Illum-
inator, which we reproduce from the Pilot (No. 11):
"A good Catholic friend has handed me a circular advertising a
book purporting to be published by the 'Continental Bible House'
of St. Louis. It is printed largely in red, and it is indeed a san-
guinary affair. As I read the tale unfolded there it made my knot-
ted and combined locks to part, and each particular hair to stand
on end, like quills upon the fretful porcupine. I was inform
that all of us devout Protestants are to be hung, burned, boile(^
in oil, flayed, strangled, poisoned, and buried alive ; for every
priest has registered an oath in Heaven to visit this miscellaneous
assortment of vengeance on all 'heretics. '
"Now, that's a good outlook, isn't it? And subscriptions to the
Illuminator coming in by the hundreds every week, too! But either
the holy fathers are more utterly regardless of their oaths than
some of our Protestant liquor officers are, or else this fiery, un-
tamed circular writer has skipped his trolley, for I haven't heard
of a man being boiled in oil in Maine for more than three weeks !
The publication which this circular describes has a Devil of a title
and must be a lead pipe cinch for agents, as the veracious — or
voracious — advertiser says that 'every Protestant buys this book.'
I am already curious to see if I shall buy it. I have an abiding
conviction that this 'Continental Bible House' is a Continental
humbug. I don't suppose I could ever become a first-class Cath-
olic ; but it is my impression that if the writers of such idiotic
rubbish as constitutes the circular in question, were either sent to
an asylum for the feeble-minded or to a penitentiary — according
to their moral responsibility — the public good would be greatly
subserved."
The Co-operative "Home Companies" in a. Bad Way. — We have
recently printed some information on the cooperative "home com-
panies" (No. 10, page 153). With the criticism of actuaries, ex-
22 The Review. 1902.
posures of lawyers, and relentless, persistent ventilation in the
press, these companies have passed a bad month. Their plan of
action has been condemned by half-a-dozen different States, Cal-
ifornia and Indiana included, and their agents forbidden to do
business by those entrustedlwith the execution of statutes regu-
lating- building and loan associations. In Kansas City, where the
scheme was first started, and where imitators became most plen-
tiful by reason of the original company's tremendous popularity,
the number of active companies has dwindled from twenty-four
to fifteen, and most of the latter, it is said, are- preparing to go
out of business. The winding up of the newer concerns is easy,
as they had few, if an}r, contracts for home purchase matured.
As they work without reserve funds, and the continued prosperi-
y and even solvency of such associations can be shown to be de-
tendent upon constant and considerable accessions to their mem-
pership of contributors, few observers in Missouri expect the
bder organizations to run very long courses.
Penalty for Observing Christmas irv Massachusetts in 1670. —
"For preventing disorders arising in several places within this
jurisdiction, by reason of some still observing such Festivals, as
were Superstitiously kept in other Countries, to the great Dis-
honor of God and offense of others :
C "It is therefore ordered by this Court and the authority thereof,
that whosoever shall be found observing any such day as Christ-
mas or the like, either by forbearing labor, feasting, or any other
way upon any such account as aforesaid, every such person so
offending, shall pay for every such offense five shillings as a fine
to the Country."
This law was passed in 1670, in a bill also prohibiting gambling,
dancing in public houses, card and dice playing, and it is found on
page 57 of the General Laws and Liberties of the Massachusetts
Colony ; it was repealed in 1680.
Mr. James F. Brennan, of Peterborough, N. H., who prints it
in No. 2 of the current volume of the American Catholic Historical
Researches, adds an extract from Bradford's History of the Ply-
mouth Plantation, illustrating the aversion the inhabitants had as
early as 1621 for the celebration of Christmas.
Friday Abstinence in Spanish Countries. — It is often stated that
in Spanish countries the people have been dispensed from observ-
ing the Friday abstinence since 1509, when this permission was
granted them by Pope Julius II. on account of the help they gave
in the wars against the Moorish infidels. Pope Gregory XIII., so
it is said, "confirmed and still further extended this concession";
and, according to one account, "although the reasons for which the
privilege was first granted no longer obtain, the exemption con-
tinues in force ; and the alms which are still contributed by the
people are expended in charity."
A correspondent of the Sacred Heart Review recently asked
for reliable information on this interesting subject, especially
whether the dispensation extends to all Spanish dependencies,
including Cuba and the Philippines. We have seen no reply to
these queries. Can any of our readers throw light on the matter?
223
NOTE-BOOK.
On Tuesda}\ February 23rd, 1802, one hundred years ago, the
New York Evening Post printed the following- editorial note :
"The person, who this morning- paid for three insertions of an
advertisement, is desired to call at the office, and receive his
monejr back. It was not discovered till he had gone the length of
the street, that this advertisement was intended to aid the news-
paper called, The Temple of Reason. Without intending to be-
stow a censure on those who may think that payment should insure
insertion to every advertisement, we entertain a different opinion.
Believing, as the editor does, that the object of this paper, called
the Temple of Reason, is to propagate principles hostile to estab-
lished religion, subversive of good morals, and levelled at the hap-
piness of society ; he should feel conscious of meriting the re-
proaches of every man of a correct mind and virtuous habits, were
he directly or indirectly to give it the most remote encourage-
ment, or to lend the aid of his press to extend its circulation."
Where are the American daily newspapers to-day that would
refuse hard cash for an advertisement, even if it directly antag-
onized religion, good morals, and the happiness of society? You
can count them on the fingers of your right hand. Even in the re-
ligious press — so-called — such honest integrity is a rara avis. If
the public press is the thermometer of public opinion and public
morals, how our country must have degenerated since 1802 !
i. & &
A reverend contributor writes :
Sacerdotal and episcopal recommendations are seen in the pub-
lic press for pianos and pianolas, for seeds and patent insoles, for
Keeley cures and kill-em-quick-nostrums ; the other day the
name of a Southern priest even figured as a drawing-card among
the directors of a Texas oil company. The next thing on the pro-
gram, we fear, will be a recommendation from some priest or
prelate for one of the many bucket shops, wheat pools, etc., as the
quickest means of shearing the innumerable "lambs" bent on
getting rich before the month is over.
3F SF sr
A German American Catholic writes us :
Have our Irish Catholic brethren a different catechism ? In a
sample copy of the Chicago New World, March 22nd, 1902, I read
the following :
"A minstrel show arranged by St. Thomas Court, Catholic Or-
der of Foresters, was followed by a dance at Rosalie hall, Fifty-
seventh street and Jefferson avenue. Among other balls was one
at Apollo hall given by the Irish-American Boer ambulance corps
for the purpose of raising funds to help the Americans who are
British prisoners of war at St. Helena, and another at the North
Side Turner hall given by Company C, Seventh Regiment, I. N. G.
Dances were given near by at the same time at a ball given in
Brand's hall by Cathedral Court, Catholic Order of Foresters."
224 The Review. 1902.
We are forbidden bj^ our priests to dance and are admonished
to stay way from public entertainments during the lenten season.
Who. is right? What about the forbidden time? Is it a dead letter ?
£ a 0
"A little the smoothest thing- Kansas has ever known in the way
of a 'card of thanks,' " says the Kansas City Journal, "recently ap-
peared in a Topeka paper. "We extend our heartfelt thanks,"
said the sorrowing- family, "to the pastor who officiated, to the
choir which sang, to the friends who sent flowers, to the under-
taker who so delicately performed his sad mission, to the friends
and relatives who mingled their tears with ours above the bier."
Yet, as nearly perfect as this is, it is convicted of a fatal omission.
The colored man who drove the one-e}red mule which hauled the
coffin box ahead of the hearse to the cemetery seems to have been
entirely forgotten.
^» v» v
Our readers know how strongly we have always opposed mixed
marriages. If this evil continues uncheked, we shall soon have
many instances of the kind which a writer in the Catholic Colum-
bian reports in No. 9 of that worthy journal :
"Forty years ago, in the fertile and beautiful Frederick valley,
the garden spot of Maryland, there was a Catholic church which
was filled on Sundays and feast-days with Catholic families.
Gradually the congregation dwindled, and in recent years virtual-
ly was extinguished. So the church building has been sold to the
Lutherans. The only explanation given was mixed marriages."
The writer (Mr. James R. Randall) adds the significant remark :
"We congratulate ourselves upon conversions, but how many are
lost to us by such nuptials?"
^ V€ Ng
In reply to a query in No 11 of The Review, Mr. Martin I. J.
Griffin writes us :
"Washington was a Free-Mason. The records of the Fred-
ericksburg, Va., Lodge show : 'Nov. 6th, 1752. Received of Mr.
George Washington for his entrance fee jQ 2, 3. March 3d, 1753.
George Washington passed Fellow Craft. August 4th, 1753.
George Washington raised Master Mason.' Many records attest
his continued fellowship with the Order. At his death the funeral
arrangements were in charge of the Alexander (Va.) Lodge.
"There is no more reason to doubt or deny his membership in
the Order than there is with regard to his presidency. I may in
the July Researches set forth the record more fully, as it is a ques-
tion I have often been asked."
In discussing the origin of the Angelus, Father Thurston, S. J.,
comes to the conclusion that it was not the Angelus which grew
out of the curfew, but rather the curfew which developed out of
that triple monastic bell peal, which seems to him tolbe the true
germ and origin of our present Angelus.
Some American Catholic "GescKichts-
l\ie^en."
^jN the April number of his American Catholic Historical
Researches, that indefatigable searcher after the truth
and sham-killer Mr. Martin I. J. Griffin shows, up a
number of historical lies which have become current in the Cath-
olic American press.
1. The first is that Washington, Rochambeau, Lafayette, and
De Grasse were at a Te Deum in St. Joseph's Church, Philadel-
phia, on Nov. 4th, 1781, or at some other time, in commemoration
of the victory of Yorktown.
No such Te Deum was chanted at St. Joseph's. It was in St.
Mary's, by appointment of the French minister. Washington,
Lafayette, and Rochambeau were then in Virginia.
2. It is not true that Father John Carroll got the Pope to use
his influence to induce King Louis of France to aid America, and
that it was through Father Carroll that the Catholic generals,
Steuben, DeKalb, Kosciusko, and Pulaski, were inspired to link
their fortunes with the revolutionists.
Steuben and DeKalb were not Catholics. Kosciusko and Pul-
aski may have been, but there is no record that they ever mani-
fested any concern about the Church or Church matters.
3. There is not a word of truth in the fable that Washington
said in New York to Lafayette, that of all men in America Arch-
bishop Carroll's influence had been the most potent in securing,
the success of the Revolution, and that Lafayette answered, that
only for Carroll the King of France would never have sent the
French army.
4. It is a lie out of the whole cloth that Archbishop Carroll was
appealed to by Jefferson to give his views on liberty ; that he or-
dered a Jesuit to write down the Catholic principles in the matter;
that this declaration was handed by its author to Mr. Jefferson,
who copied therefrom the universal doctrines promulgated in the
Declaration of Independence.
5. Nor is there the slightest foundation for the statement that
King George of England refused to grant Catholic emancipation
on account of the action taken by Bishop Carroll in favor of the
Revolution and that Pitt resigned in consequence.
6. It is not true that the people of Boston turned out to receive
the French army, led by a Catholic priest, through the streets of
the city, or that the old English statutes against the Catholics
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 15. St. Louis, Mo., April 17, 1902.)
226- Thk Rewew. 1902.
were repealed on that day. There was no Catholic church in
Boston during- the Revolution.
7. It is an error that Rev. Robert Harding-, S. J., of St. Mary's
Church, Philadelphia, was called "The Peter the Hermit of the
American Revolution." Fr. Harding died Sept. 1st, 1772. There
is no record of any word of his against "English tyranny."
8. It is not true that Francis Scott Key, who wrote "The Star-
Spangled Banner," was "a Catholic, married into the family of
Chief Justice Taney, another Catholic, whose descendants to-day
in Maryland are all Catholics."
Key was an Episcopalian. Chief Justice Taney was not much
of a Catholic, though our Catholic press loves to sing his praises
loudly. He had no sons. His daughters were raised Protestants
in accordance with an ante-nuptial agreement that the female off-
spring should be brought up in the faith of the mother.
9. The false allegation that a Catholic priest was a resident of
Philadelphia in 1686 arises out of a mistake in Watson's Annals.
We publish this brief summary of Mr. Griffin's article to aid
him in laying these lies for good. As he rightly observes, "There
are others," and we hope he will succeed in killing them all. Let
truth be the first law of history. We Catholics of the United
States need no Geschichtslilgen to bolster up the good name of our
fathers.
The History of Religions.
he first volume has just appeared of the Proceedings of
the First International Congress on the History of Re-
ligions (Actes du Premier Congres International d'His-
toire des Religions, Paris, ipoo. Premiere partie: Seances gener-
ales. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1901.) We commented on this
Congress at the time it met, but are surprised to learn (p. xiii), that
among its members there was enrolled Mile, (sic!) Rev. Mary
Baker Eddy, the foundress of "Christian Science," so-called (lucus
a non lucendo!) because it is neither science nor Christian.
The N. Y. Evening Post, in a review of these Proceedings
'March 8th), rightly declares that this Paris Congress and the
movement it has started are an indirect result of the Chicago
Parliament of Religions. Only a few years ago the time would
not have been ripe for such an enterprise. To-day we have uni-
versity chairs in most countries for the study of comparative re-
ligion. The striking exceptions are Germany and England. And
in this connection we note in the Mayence Katholik (vol. lxxxii, 1)
that Dr. Adolph Harnack, Professor of Evangelical Theology in
No. 15. The Review. 227
the University of Berlin, in a recent lecture, declared against the
evolution of the Protestant theological faculties of the German
universities into chairs for the history of comparative religion,
on the ground 1. that such an enlargement of these faculties
would prove too burdensome, since the study of the history of
religions presupposes an accurate knowledge of the history, civil-
ization, and language of the various nations ; 2. because for a fac-
ulty to confine itself to the study of Christianity is not tantamount
to a narrowing-down, inasmuch as Christianity is the religion of
the Bible, the Book of Books, whose singular position is undeni-
able ; inasmuch as it comprises a period of nearly three thousand
years! and offers in its historical development the effectuation of
all important religious phenomena in universal history ; and inas-
much as it is a living religion, from which alone certain knowledge
can be derived. Professor Harnack's third reason is that Christ-
ianity is the religion par excellence, and his fourth that the main
object of the theological faculties is to train ministers for prac-
tical life.
Dr. Seydl shows in the same number of the Katholik that this
view is inconsistent with the position of Harnack, who boasts
of being a theologian outside of any symbolum or dogma, and who
ought therefore, on the contrary, to work with all his might for
the suggested development of the theological faculties, in order to
bring them in line with the secular faculties which are continually
expanding their scope.
Harnack's chief reason : that Christianity is the religion and
should therefore be the only subject of study in the theological
faculties, valid enough though it be per se, is futile in the mouth
of the Berlin Professor. Granted that Christianity presents it-
self to Harnack, from his historical view-point, as the most emi-
nent religious phenomenon in the world's history, this circum-
stance alone can not give to it that singular, overshadowing im-
portance which he view claims for it. Christianity, if it be no more
than humanity raised to the x or y power, is not the religion ; it
is not the religion xar i&xw, if its founder was a mere man and if
it does not preserve the body of its adherents from slipping into
dogmatic errors, as Harnack is known to hold (Cfr. his Dog-
mengeschichte, 3 vols. Freiburg i. B. 1894-1897, and Das Wesen des
Christenthums, Leipsic 1900).
The objection that the theological university faculties are chief-
ly intended for the training of ministers of the Evangelical church,
is quoted last by Harnack, — last but not least. In his address
which we are here considering, Harnack offers to the rulers of
the Evangelical church the free service of the university faculties,
advises them not to attack the liberty of theological science, and
228 The Review. 1902.
tells them very plainly, if delicately, that they stand face to face
with an intellectual movement to which they will inevitably have
to capitulate.
Capitulation and bankruptcy, this is the Hobson's choice before
modern Protestant theology. Harnack himself will have to cap-
itulate. His "free" position will be followed by one still freer and
which, with radical consistency, which will demand the substitution
in Germany, like elsewhere, of faculties for the history of com-
parative religion, for those now devoted to Evangelical theology.
That this revolution will make itself felt also in Catholic circles
is not improbable ; but the representatives of Catholic theological
science, and especially those "quosSpiritus Sanctus posuit regere
Ecclesiam Dei,*' will surely prevent it from doing overmuch
harm. The argument based on the character of Christianity as
the religion *«"*' i^o^v, so lame and inconsistent in the mouth of
Harnack et al., will prove a real and powerful weapon in the hands
of Catholic theologians and bishops, who believe and teach that
Catholic Christianity is supernaturally revealed and therefore the
onlv true faith.
Some Things the Common School
Should Do For the Child.
on. W. W. Stetson, State Superintendent of Public
Schools of Maine, has published a little brochure, treat-
ing of various educational subjects. The most interest-
ing and important chapter it contains is entitled, "Some Things
the Common School Should Do For the Child." It deserves the
widest possible circulation and we therefore reproduce it here in
toto.
I.
It would be better for our children, and hence best for all insti-
tutions with which they are, or may be, associated, if the school
gave them better ideas of the relative value of facts. These stub-
born things have always been with us and will remain to the end,
but we should see clearly that isolated details are not only difficult
to master, but when mastered, become burdens, increasing in
weight, not only as they increase in number, but as we add to the
length of time they are to be retained. When related and we see
this relation, they are of service, because they give us an under-
standing of the principles underlying them, and a conception of
the teachings they embody. Unless facts illuminate or stimulate
No. 15. The Review. 229
our investigations, it would be better to house them in books than
in heads. If stored away in the mind, by a conscious effort, they
tend to stupefy and paralyze. One's information becomes a means
of grace only when he knows a thing- so well that he is unconscious
of his knowledge. We are learning the unwisdom of trying to be-
come wise by making ourselves walking encyclopedias. We are
beginning to discover that these labors not only sap the vitality
out of life, but communicate to it a certain wooden quality which
takes from living its warmth, richness, power. The man who is
satisfied with details grows narrower with the years and leaner
as his horde increases. The miserly spirit is as surely developed
by this process as it is in the poor wretch who gloats over his
shining accumulations. Such a one has reached his limit of use-
fulness when he has told the few things he thinks he knows.
The work of the public school develops keenness of observation
and skill in handling material in its student force, and hence the
children come to have an unusual facility in doing things, but the
development of these powers without the safeguard of a high
moral sense tends to produce rebels instead of safe citizens.
Pedagogical vagaries have taken on many forms, but perhaps
the least excusable is found in the so-called enrichment of our
courses of study. These additions have given us many new sub-
jects and an almost unending list of new topics to be strained
through the sieves in the tops of the children's heads. The result
has been that children have come to place a higher estimate on
the form than on the life it shelters, or may give to the seeker for
its blessing. They have developed great capacity for absorbing,
but have not the power of digesting the facts devoured ; hence,
they have become the least interesting and the most hopeless of
intellectual and moral dyspeptics. They suffer from all the evils
incident to an excessive and intoxicating diet. They have but
little of that staying quality, or love for work which results from
wholesome conditions. Even the physical food of the child is
stimulating and irritating rather than satisfying and nourishing,
while his clothing is designed to attract the attention of others
and cultivate the vanity of the wearer.
Our teachers are coming to see that all questions are, in their
ultimate analysis, moral questions. The age at which the child
should enter school, the length of time he should remain therein,
the studies he should pursue, the manner in which he should do
his work, the spirit which should control him, the purpose he
should have in life and his willingness to serve, are among the
things which should receive the first consideration but which are
too often left to the decision of accident. The child can never be
well taught until those having the direction of bis training come
230 The Review. 1902.
to see that they are responsible for fitting- a human being- to become
a worthy citizen of the State. Physical surroundings, mental
drill, moral nurture are only useful so far as they contribute to
this end.
The schools have gone much too far in directing physical action
and in limiting the moral judgment of the child. His first and
greatest right is the right to grow, physically and morally. The
former depends upon proper and sufficient food and exercise; the
latter upon counsel and guidance and also upon freedom to learn
through his mistakes. If all acts are performed under external re-
straint, the actor is not only enfeebled, but debased. It would be
better if we said less frequentty, "don't" and more frequently
permitted the child to learn from experience the evils of wrong
doing and the rewards of right living. Crutches are useful to the
invalid, but crippling to the robust. Suggestion and even com-
pulsion have their place in the training of the child, but if the one
is used too frequently or the other is insisted upon too strenuous-
ly, the victim can neither go afoot nor alone ; he can neither ren-
der a service nor increase his ability to work.
We. need a saner plan for the work of the schoolroom. Intelli-
gent thoughtfulness would teach us that facts are based upon
simple principles which can be so worded as to be easily within
the comprehension of the child. Facts and processes should be
mastered for the purpose of making principles, not only compre-
hensible, but luminous. When one understands the principles
involved in facts studied, he is not only growing, but is nurturing
the desire for growth, and still better, is breeding the wish to
give to others of the riches which ficod his life and delight his
soul. This better understanding not only gives zest and stimulus
to work, but also develops the catholicity of spirit necessary to
intelligent citizenship.
We often wonder why many of the so-called best people in the
world most hinder its progress. It is largely due to the fact that
they have become so absorbed in existing conditions that they are
incapacitated for seeing either the genesis or the final conclusion
of things. When the problem in which they are specially inter-
ested seems nearing solution they busy themselves with placing
obstructions in the way of further progress.
A pupil who has been so trained that he can see that all the pro-
cesses in any subject of study are based upon a few principles
will grow to understand that the Ruler of the universe has an in-
telligent plan in the management of the world. Such enlargement
of his view and powers will bring to him with controlling force the
thought that much will be required of those to whom much has
been given ; that wherever light and virtue are found there exists
No. 15. The Review. 231
the responsibility of carrying- these blessings to the dwellers in
darkness and to the victims of vice. The arguments in favor of
expansion, as statements of facts, may or may not be convincing ;
the cry of imperialism, as an excuse for spasms, is of no special
interest, but the principle holds, that he who has ability in large
measure, is responsible for the growth of the best in others who
are less fortunate. When one sees clearly the principles involved
in a given course of action, then he is prepared to appreciate the
moral quality of the items incident to such action and is not in
danger of being blinded by a mass of details.
No school is worthy of the name unless the children taught
therein come to have a sense of their personal, community and
national responsibility. This knowledge will show them that
every violation of rules or laws, every instance of malicious de-
struction of property, every manifestation of vandalism, all exhi-
bitions of impudence and insolence, all forms of disrespect for
persons, places, positions, sacred things, help to make possible
the development of an anarchist and the evolution of an assassin.
When the school shall have come into its highest estate, the child
will grow to feel his accountability to himself and to that Power
which has given him life, that he may hasten that day for which
the world is toiling, with a faith manifest in works as beautiful in
spirit as they are wonderful in results.
Even the child must learn that the welfare of this Nation does
not rest in the hands of its rulers, but in the lives of its common
people. If this is to be a safe and a wholesome country to live in,
then this multitude must come to an appreciation of the fact that
true greatness consists in simplicity, gentleness, faithfulness, in-
dividuality ; in doing our duty in the place in which we find our-
selves. Station, wealth, office, name, none of these^ nor all of them,
are necessary to the rendering of a worthy service. The child
should be taught to reverence the head of a household who is true
to all the interests committed to his care, and is faithful in all
work his hands find to do, because he is the man who gives us the
mastery, not only of the world's markets, but of its destiny as
well. . .
It is quite as important for one to be anxious to do his work, as
as it is for one to work out his own salvation. The desire to walk
under one's own hat ; the ability to earn the hat ; the capacity to
do one's own reading, thinking, voting ; the determination to
represent one's self and count one when standing alone, are evi"
dences of a working plan of life the world much needs in these
days.
The silent as well as the oral instruction of the teachers should
help the child to something better than a mastery of text-books if
232 The Review. 1902.
lie is to do the work of life worthily. His schoolroom experiences
should teach him that he is the sufferer as well as the loser if he
makes it necessary for any one to fight for his rights, whether
they be social, financial, political or religious. He can learn while
yet young- that failure to pay his proportion of the public assess-
ment of service or tax is a crime against himself and one for which
he will find it difficult to atone. He will here have opportunities
to learn that he is not only doing the right thing but promoting
all his best interest when he seeks to give to others equal or better
opportunities than have fallen to his own lot.
The wisest man since Plato has said : "There are a thousand
who can talk for one who can think, and a thousand "more who can
think for one who can feel ; for to feel is poetry, philosophy and
religion all in one." No school can assist in fitting a child for life
unless it leads him to see that it is as necessary for him to feel a
truth as to know what is true. There can be no question but that
feeling is the highest form of intelligence yet discovered by the
subtlest psychologist. Our great poets have been not only the
historians of the future, but have also lived most because they
have loved most. The thrilling pulse of nature has startled them
with its power ; the wisdom embalmed in the daisy has taught
them of life, death and the judgment to come ; the}' have read the
record written in the rocks because they have been in touch as
well as in tune with Nature.
The child has a right to look to the teacher for light and guid-
ance. It is his privilege to stand between the masters and the
child and with an expression more halting, render it possible for
him to make companions of the great souls and drink of the foun-
tains which they, like Longfellow's Pegasus, have left for the re-
freshment of all who will drink.
It was not the learning of Mark Hopkins, the wisdom of Dr.
Arnold, nor the vision of Horace Mann, that made each a power
while living and a blessing in these latter days, but it was the fact
that they possessed in fullest measure that fine appreciation of
life in all its forms which found its highest manifestation in old
Domsie. This love of art and the child made that old stone school-
house in the glen among the pines more than a university and
kept Domsie on the watch for the boy o' parts and gave him a
sagacity which made it easy to provide ways and means to send
the youth, when found, to Edinboro.
The child is entitled to such an introduction to the masters as
will enable him to understand the stations into which they were
born, the conditions under which they worked, the sufferings
they endured and the service they rendered. To him the lives of
Wagner, Millet, Michel Angelo, and Lincoln must be something
No. 15. The Review. 233
more than dates and names and places. He must appreciate the
humble homes into which three of them were born, and the noble
parentage Of the fourth, and he must be able to discern, as his
acquaintance with them becomes more intimate, that each loved
some form of nature with a great passion ; that'each had a pur-
pose to which he was true through appalling sufferings ; that each
sweat great drops of blood that other lives might be better lived,
and that each opened the windows of the souls of millions and let
in the light of truth and beauty. This acquaintanceship should
be promoted until the child is able to pass his hand within the arm
of one of the saviors of the race and go with him down the long
path which leads to the haven of all good. While on one of these
pilgrimages his cheeks will be aglow, and his eyes will shine with
the light that glorifies the face of the devout peasant when he gazes
enraptured on the masterpieces of Raphael.
He must learn while yet young, that there are two atmospheres
in this world : the one is physical and fills our lungs ; the other is
spiritual and gives new and better life to our souls. The first
serves its purpose in the act which makes use of it ; the second
remains with us through all time. It comes to us through seers
and prophets, making the divine manifest in human life.
He must be so taught and must so train himself that he can
walk in Elysian fields, through jasper gates, along golden streets;
kneel at the great white throne, and see sights never revealed to
mortal eyes, because he has that vision which the imagination,
warmed by sympathy, can bring to him of the Paradise seen by
John Milton and the Pilgrim created by John Bunyan.
The right reading of the thirty-eighth chapter of Job, the nine-
teenth, twenty-third and ninetieth Psalms, the twelfth chapter of
Ecclesiastes, the fifty-third chapter of Isaiah, the fifth chapter of
Daniel, the Sermon on the Mount, the fourteenth chapter of the
Gospel of St. John, the thirteenth chapter of First Corinthians,
and the twenty-first chapter of Revelations, will help him to see
something of the power and wisdom of God as well as His love for
His children, and will permit him to trace in his ancestors the
pathways he has traveled and to catch glimpses of that undis-
covered country toward which he is journeying.
The child has a right to know quite as much of the Christ who
was born in a stable, cradled in a manger, who lived in a peasant's
cottage, worked at a carpenter's bench, who was so poor that he
had not where to lay his head, and yet was heard gladly by the
common people because he brought light and life into the world,
as he is required to learn of the unsavor5r details of the gods of
so-called heathen nations.
It would be well from the pedagogical standpoint, if our teachers
234 The Review. 1902.
sat at the feet of the Great Teacher of Nazareth and learned some
of the simple, homely lessons of daily life. Such instruction
would make it impossible for them to devote so much time to the
evils of wrong doing, but would induce them to win the children
to a better life by showing them the blessings which come from
righteous living. It would make them more hospitable toward
truth wherever found, whether it be in the heart of a child or the
teachings of the sage. It would give that kind of courage which
would cast out all fear, except that which comes from the dread
of being a coward. They would learn that it is not a difficult mat-
ter and not often an important item for one to have opinions, but
it is vital that he be controlled by convictions, otherwise he will
be carried into devious and dangerous paths by the foolish teach-
ings of the unwise. They would discover how to become rich
without wealth and happy without luxurj^. Under these influences
the whisperings of the message of the spirit will be heard while
the clamor of its physical embodiment will be but little heeded.
They will grow so sensitive for others that they will have no time
to be sensitive for themselves. They will come to know that life
is alive so long as it is used to give life to others. They will see
that the world needs to-day, more than ever before, not the arro-
gance of knowledge, but the graciousness of culture. That above
all, and giving the motive to all. will be the faith that the love
which cleanses the lover will purify the world.
The school will help the child as it makes it possible for him to
grow, to master himself and his tasks, to feel the pulse of nature,
to live in close communion with the wise of heart, to rejoice in the
companionship of those who have pointed the way and gone on be-
fore, to receive truth and embalm it in daily living, and to be glad
to be alone with God and his own heart.
A nation born in righteousness must live righteously. The
menace of to-day is not ignorance, but the lack of a controlling
moral sentiment. We can not endure as a people if we place a
higher estimate on learning than we accord to virtue. The time
has Come when we would better teach less cube root and devote
more attention to the fundamental principles of right living. That
training of the will which keeps us in the right path is more to be
desired than the wisdom found in books. That school serves the
child best which helps him to do instinctively the right thing, to
feel approval for the act done, and at the same time, to have an
intelligent understanding of the issues involved.
The school that does this work gives to all organizations that
are seeking to make good things better the help they have a right
to demand.
No. 15. The Review. 235
II.
According- to Mr. Stetson, therefore, who is surely a competent
judge in these matters, our public schools are in a bad way. Their
inefficiency, which is at the same time their danger, springs from
a threefold defect :
1. With regard to the body, too much drilling and physical ex-
ercise, to the detriment of the nobler part of the child's nature ;
2. With regard to the mind, an overburdening of the courses of
study, superficiality, insufficient digestion of the facts devoured,
— facts denuded of their principles and lessons, — whereby the
judgment becomes atrophied ; 3. With regard to the heart and
conscience, a deplorable absence of moral and religious instruction,
whence there results for the pupil an absolute incapability of
mastering himself and of embalming the eternal truths in daily
living.
The remedies he suggests may be thus summarized :
1. We must occupy ourselves more with the soul. than with the
body, cultivate moral growth more assiduously than physical ; 2.
We must look more to the quality of teaching than to the quantity
of facts imparted, and inculcate the facts with a steady view to
their underlying principles ; 3. We must provide moral and re-
ligious instruction to win the children to a better life, by showing
them the blessings which come from righteous living, by making
them realize their personal responsibilities, otherwise called
duties, towards themselves, towards God, towards their fellow-
men, towards humanity and their native land, so that they may
be in a position to contribute to the well-being of others while
seeking their own.
It is sad to contemplate that the solution of this most important
problem is radically impossible for Protestantism, because it is
split into a hundred and one sects. In a system of schools fre-
quented by children of various creeds, there is no means of pro-
viding a satisfactory religious training. To have peace, the State
decrees the absolute suppression of religious instruction, — a de-
plorable error which nips morality in the bud. Instead of making
the greatest sacrifices for the preservation of religious training,
the ruling powers on the contrary do what they can to secure the
purely secular and undenominational, i. e. godless character of
the public schools. Enlightened men like Mr. Stetson keenly feel
the inconsistency, knowing as they do from reflection and' exper-
ience, that morality without religion is impossible.
On the other hand, it is extremely consoling for us Catholics to
take notice of such declarations as this of the Maine Superintend-
ent of Public Schools, inasmuch as they are practically a justifica-
tion of our system of parochial schools, based on the principle of
236 The Review. 1902.
religious instruction, built up and supported by dint of tremen-
dous sacrifices, involving- as they do the payment on the part of
our generally none too wealthy people of a double school-tax. It
is in our independent Catholic parish schools where Mr. Stetson
and those who share his views, can find their ideal. It is there
that the threefold development of the child, physical, mental, and
moral, is thoroughly and harmoniously provided for. It is there
that good citizens and good Christians alike are trained under the
nurturing care of Mother Church.
The onty means for our Protestant brethren to correct the de-
fects they feel so keenly, is to adopt a system of denominational
schools. True, it would involve a revolution of the present plan ;
but is not the bodily, mental, and moral welfare of our youth
worth any sacrifice that can possibly be imagined?
Let every church, in its own school, with the support of the
State if necessary, impart to its children what light and life it can
give. Catholic^ would have nought to fear in the competition
that would ensue from such a salutary innovation.
Possibly it is a profound, if silent, conviction of the intellectual
and moral superiority of the Catholic Church, that would inevit-
ably lead to its ultimate victory all along the line, which prevents
men like Mr. Stetson from carrying out their ideas to their prac-
tical conclusions and joining forces with us in the advocacy of a
confessional, in place of the "non-sectarian" and godless school
system that is now poisoning the sources of our national life.
#
In reply to a recent query we are to-day enabled to print the
following reliable information :
The so-called "Catholic Laymen's Association" mentioned in
No. 13 of The Review, is the creature of three priests, who op-
posed the consecration of Bishop Muldoon as Auxiliary for the Arch-
bishop of Chicago. One of these priests, Fr. J. J. Crowley, was
excommunicated by Cardinal Martinelli, and on March 27th, 1902,
was declared to be in open rebellion to ecclesiastical authority. Any
priest assisting him by moral or financial support is declared sus-
pended. The case of the other two priests is under investigation.
The Laymen's Association holds meetings in the Sherman House,
Chicago, where Fr. Crowley is boarded by some supporters. Mr.
Ritchie, who is the attorney for Fr. Crowley, is also the attorney
for the Association. He is not a Catholic. There are three or
four leaders in the Association, and no more than sixty ever at-
tended any meeting. Many, in fact most, of these are not prac-
tical Catholics. They meet in secret and then tell the press of
their resolutions. Their claims to a large membership are cer-
tainly fraudulent.
237
NOTE-BOOK.
Referring- to Mr. Minahan's recent "open letter" and its publi-
cation in a number of Catholic newspapers, the Cincinnati Catholic
Telegraph (edition of April 3rd) says :
"Mr. Arthur Preuss, editor of The Review, of St. Louis, has
the Telegraph's sincere congratulations. During- the last two
weeks he has obtained thirty-two columns of advertising in four-
teen of the leading Catholic journals of the country, and has not
had to pay a cent for the same. In his day, and in one way or an-
other, Arthur has made much copy for his esteemed contempo-
raries."
All of which proves that The Review is a thought-provoker ;
and thought-provokers, as an eminent bishop has said, is what we
need in thesedaysof intellectual lethargy and religious indifference.
VP S£ N£
We see from the Milwaukee Sentinel (March 31st) that in that
city too certain priests (Polish) have taken a hand in partisan pol-
itics, advising their people from the pulpit to vote the Democratic
ticket because a Pole was a candidate for the office of comptroller.
If the Catholic press does not stop these things, they will some day
revenge themselves on the Catholic body at large. We do not
speak our own mind in this matter, but that of the Third Plenary
Council, whose decrees, — as Father Schulze has rightly pointed
out in the introduction to his excellent Manual of Pastoral Theol-
ogy (page 6) — besides forming part and parcel of the ecclesiastical
law for the United States, contain a vast amount of practical wis-
dom and pastoral prudence. "Multo minus," say the Fathers,
speaking of the ministry of teaching the divine truth, "se civili-
bus aut politicis rebus immisceat ; aut de magistratibus vel rem-
publicam moderantibus ea quaeaeque an inique sentiat in medium
proferat. Quod quidem sine maxima bonorum off ensione et sacri
muneris dedecore fieri nunquam potest" (No. 142). That is to
say : "Much less shall the clergy, in their preaching, mix up in
civil or political things, or vent their opinions, favorable or unfav-
orable, on the public magistrates or civil rulers; for this can not
be done without giving the greatest offense to good people and de-
grading the sacred ministry."
In this connection a word on patriotic sermons, so-called, may
not be out of place. It is a subject which has been often brought
to our attention by members of the reverend clergy and laymen
alike. The correct view of it, we believe, is given by Father
Schulze, of the Provincial Seminary of St. Francis, who quaintly
remarks in his Manual of Pastoral Theology (page 272):
"Even so-called patriotic harangues should not find their way
into the pulpit. They belong to the lecture room and to the pub-
lic hall. Patriotism is hardly lost sight of by any people in our
days. It rather needs a check lest it turn into a false pride and
race hatred, than a stir."
238 The Review. 1902.
The style in which this pertinent quotation is couched, leads us
to make a remark we have been wanting- to print ever since our
first perusal of Father Schulze's Manual, to-wit : it is a pity that
this book, penetrated as it is by such a thoroughly orthodox spirit
and freighted with so many true, timely, and practical observa-
tions, is written in such inferior English. Turned into idiomatic
phrase and pruned down a bit here and there, it would, we venture
to believe, speedily obtain the wide sale which its merits deserve.
The reading public now-a-days looks to the form quite as much
as to the matter of a book, and an awkward and faulty style invar-
iably proves a drawback even to the most deserving publication.
+r +r *r
Our friend Father Spaeth, of Port Huron, Mich., set an example
for the imitation of his clerical brethren everywhere, when he
had William A. McGraw arrested for attempting to defraud his
people by means of a bogus church calendar. McGraw is prob-
ably the same swindler whose operations in various parts of the
Northwest were mentioned some months ago in The Review. He
induced Father Spaeth to sign a contract for a parish directory
and then started out to collect for the advertisements, which it
was distinctly stipulated he was not to do. With $200 of such ill-
gotten gain he took French leave. Father Spaeth sent the sheriff
after him ; McGraw was landed in Toledo, brought back to Port
Huron, and compelled to pay $104 and the costs of prosecution,
amounting to $45.
A safer and less troublesome method will be for the reverend
clergy not to contract with strangers for the publication of church
calendars, no matter how seductive the terms they offer.
t? 0 0
A reverend subscriber in Ohio, referring to a recent contribu-
tion by a brother clergyman on the subject of "the purse fad,"
thinks that "there is room here for various tastes." "If a
man does not accept a purse, but declines it! with taste and
decorum, or turns it over to his congregation, he is worthy of
commendation. With regard to the making up of a purse for a
worthy person, there need be no desire of ingratiation on the part
of the collector, because, as a rule, he is an unknown quantity or
a friend that does not need or look for favors. The contributors
give as a body and are thanked as such. This much is gladly
conceded : If a man has high Christian ideals, he will either de-
cline the money offered to him in the shape of a purse, or turn it
to some good purpose, as was done by a Cleveland priest some years
ago. About being put on the poor list — no priest can object to
that, being a follower of Christ and his holy counsels."
±* +r +r
The Fall River Ind£$>endant, one of the five or six daily newspa-
pers of our French-Canadian brethren in the New England States,
has recently entered upon its eighteenth year. Its daily edition
dates from 1893, making it the oldest French daily newspaper
now published in New England. The first French daily in those
parts, if we are rightly informed, was Le National, issued by M.
No. 15. The Review. 239
Benjamin Lenthier at Lowell, Massachusetts. It suspended pub-
lication in 1894.
The fndependant and its four or five daily contemporaries,
while they fall short of our ideal of a Catholic daily journal, are
decidedly superior in tone and character to the average English
daily published in New England cities such as Fall River, Lowell,
Manchester, etc., and doubtless constitute one of the bulwarks of
the faith for the Catholic Canadians in a country where the faith
is so variously and strongly imperilled. May they all of them live
long- and prosper !
Tr* V« V
A schoolteacher in Newark, N. J., received the other day the
following letter irom the father of a pupil : "Dear Teacher —
Please don't teach Johnny any more about bis insides. It makes
him sassy." It seems that Johnny had become entirely too scien-
tific and critical concerning the family bill of fare.
at at at
A physician who would like to obtain a good practice, will find
it in his interest to communicate with Rev. H. Wagner, at St.
Mary's, Missouri. One who speaks German preferred.
jtK ^X ^K
We notice that some papers are striving to construe the stereo-
typed telegram conveying the Apostolic Blessing to the recent
national convention of the Knights of Columbus (in response to
their prayer therefor, wired to Rome by the Bishop of Hartford)
into a canonical approbation. The order must be in sore straights
if it really needs such transparent fictions to bolster up its repu-
tation.
-^ J* ^~
"'Amicus" writes us: Although he does not state that he saw the
president of a federation of Catholic societies addressing a Prot-
estant audience ifrom a heretical pulpit, the correspond-
ent of the Globe- Democrat who accompanied Gov. Hunt,
the chief executive of Porto Rico, on a trip around that beautiful
island, does inform the readers of that paper (issue of April 6th,
page 9) that the spirit of Americanism is in the air of the tropics
— that the Porto Rican Smart Aleck will find that when it comes
to shrewdness in driving a bargain he will have to "go away back
and sit down" — that the Yankee schoolmarm is the most cour-
ageous soldier among all of Uncle Sam's brave volunteers — that
he saw at the base of a crumbling statue of the Virgin the glaring
advertisement of Chicago hams — and concludes with the state-
ment that the light of civilization is at last kindling in the Antilles.
Satis verborum !
a a a
One of our lay subscribers desires to know "whether the souls
in limbo might not possibly be capable of enjoying to some extent
a vision of Christ's glorified human nature as the chief element of
their beatitude. He bases his affirmative view on the fact that
many persons saw our Lord after His resurrection and that the
240 The Review. 1902.
Apostles who saw Him transfigured upon Tabor were not in that
vision admitted as participators in the Beatific Vision."
Our correspondent, we presume, refers to what is commonly
termed in theologic parlance "limbus puerorum." Holy Scripture
teaches nothing specifically about the fate of the children that die
unbaptized. Nor has the Church ever pronounced a definitive
judgment in the matter. The teaching of the best authorities, as
we understand it, is that, while their state is not one of positive
unhappiness (tristitia), they can not, because of the stain of orig-
inal sin, enjoy the full measure of even natural beatitude. (Less-
ius, De Perfect, div., 1. 12, c. 22, n. 144); for they always remain
an object of divine hatred because of this stain, and are excluded
from the friendship of God, though they probably do not realize
the nature of their privation. The "limbus" is generally counted
as a part of the ''infernus," and these unfortunates can therefore,
as P. Pesch remarks (Praelect. dogm. Ill, p. 150), rightly be said
to be in hell and in the thral dom of the Devil.
If we are wrong, we hope some competent theologian will cor-
rect us.
Sf 3W 3F
Bishop Donahue, of Wheeling, according to his more or less
official organ, the Church Calendar (No. l) has a nervous dread of
the newspapers. And we do not wonder at this when we learn
the reasons. After having been, some time ago, accused in the
public press of contempt of court in resisting a decree of a judge
at Kingwood, W. Va., he went on an episcopal visitation to a cer-
tain part of the Diocese only to read in the local intelligencer that
"Rt. Rev. Bishop Donahue and Mrs. Donahue" had arrived in town
and were the guests of Rev. Father at the rectory.
"'A foundation has now been laid for a bigamy indictment,"
humorously comments the Church Calendar. "Or will they have
him applying for divorce? Or will it be just plain murder?"
Areverend subscriber sends us an advertisement that for several
weeks regularly appeared in a California local newspaper, announc-
ing a "social dance" to be held Easter Tuesday at the local opera
house "for the benefit of the Catholic church," — "dancing all even-
ing."
"Without further comment on the decree Mandamus already
referred to in The Review," says our correspondent, "it may be
well to emphasize that the sins of the Mardi Gras are numerous
enough without introducing some more of the same kind after
Kaster."
^m ^» ^r*
It seems that Rev. Fathers Pitass and Kruszka, who were chosen
by the late Polish American Catholic Congress to go to Rome to
seek the appointment of Polish speaking bishops in the United
States, will not make the trip after all. A Milwaukee despatch
states that they have accomplished their purpose by correspond-
ence and that the gratification of the most ardent wish of the
Polish Catholics 6f this country is now only a question of time.
We do not know how much truth, if any, there is in this report.
Losses to Catholicism in the
United States.
he Rev. M. F. Shinnors, O. M. I., has recently contrib-
uted an interesting: article to the Irish Ecclesiastical
Record on Ireland and America, in the form of a mission
tour in the United States. Speaking- of the progress of Catholici-
ty here, he says, according to the Tablet's extracts, that in one
way it has been as rapid and marvelous as any growth of faith in
the history of the Church. But, he proceeds, there is another
side of the picture. The population of the States has been. in-
creasing by leaps and bounds. Has the Church increased her
membership in the same ratio? The answer must, unfortunately,
be a decided negative. There are many converts, but there are
many more apostates. Large numbers are rescued from infideli-
ty or heresy, but larger numbers lapse into indiff erentism and irre-
ligion. They begin by being bad Catholics and they end in ag-
nosticism. It is very hard to give even an approximate guess at
the number of these deserters, but is, alas ! too evident that they
may be counted by the million. During the last 60 years, I think,
it is no exaggeration to say, that as many as 4,500,000 men and
women of the Irish race emigrated to America. Of these nearly
all were Catholics, and nearly all left their homes in the prime of
youth or in the full strength of early manhood. With the pro-
verbial fertility of the Irish race is it too much to say that, at
present, there ought to be as many as 10,000,000 Catholics of
Irish birth or blood in the United States? But besides these, you
have to reckon some millions of Catholics from other countries,
from Germany, Poland, Italy, France, Austria, and Canada. I do
not think, therefore, that I am very wrong in asserting that if all
emigrants and their children had remained faithful to the Church,
we should to-day have in America a population of 20,000,000 Cath-
olics. In other words the leakage of the past 60 years must have
amounted to more than half the Catholic population, as account
must be taken of the large numbers of converts that I have
alluded to.
One out of every two lost to the Church ! Ten out of twenty
millions gone in the way of unbelief and perdition ! The figures
are appalling. To say, that we have in the States 10,000,000 less
Catholics than we ought to have, is not, oi course, to assert that
there have been so many actual deserters from the Church, but
only that there are so many unbelievers or religious waifs and
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 16. St. Louis, Mo., April 24, 1902.)
242 The Review. 1902.
strays, most of whom would be Catholics but for the apostasy or
the religious indifference of their parents.
And let us always bear in mind that those who so fall away, not
only renounce the Catholic faith, but, as a rule, fling away belief
in every form of Christianity, and reject every idea of the super-
natural. In these latter times you hardly ever hear of a Catholic
going over to any one of the numberless sects in the country.
Their only god is the dollar, their only heaven a luxurious home,
their only hell a life of poverty or privation. They think no more
of a future state than the ox or the ass.
What is the proportion of Irish Catholics who are thus swall-
owed up in the dark abyss of unbelief? One can not conjecture
with anything like accuracy, but there is no doubt that the pro-
portion is large. Indeed there are reasons to fear that the great
majority of the apostates are of Irish extraction, and not a few of
Irish birth. For the Irish seem to get much more easily Ameri-
canized than the other people, and to be Americanized (I use the
word, of course, in an obvious sense) is to be dechristianized. Other
immigrants, such as Germans and Canadians, keep up their own
language, and their ignorance of the language of the country is a
protection for their faith. The Irish unfortunately have not a
language of their own to preserve, and the consequence is that
they plunge at once into the habits and manners and modes of
speech of those around them ; they become a few months after
their arrival more American than the Americans themselves ;
they are caught many of them by the spirit of irreligion that
breathes everywhere around them, and if they do not formally
give up the faith, they become careless and indifferent, and by
and by they bring up their children without any knowledge of God
or of His Church.
This, I think, is one of the most mournful facts in our mourn-
ful history. The people who would gladly die like their fathers
for the faith at home, deliberately give up this precious treasure
in America as a sacrifice to the unbelieving spirit of the country.
In the mind of the priest, in the mind of any true Catholic, can there
be a stronger argument against emigration? Our hearts grow sick
or our blood takes fire, as we read of the thousands upon thous-
ands of our race who died of fever fifty or more years ago in their
passage across the Atlantic, and whose uncoffined bones lie at this
moment in the depths of the ocean. From a Christian standpoint,
was not their fate enviable when compared with that of the Irish
emigrant of to-day, who flies across the waters in one of our palace
steamers, only to lose his faith and his soul at the other side?
Since my short tour in America I have been more than ever sad-
dened by the sight of our departing emigrants, for I could not
No. 16. The Review. 243
help looking- on them as rushing to their own spiritual destruc-
tion. How heart-breaking this constant procession of our people
to Queenstown or Liverpool for New York, this unceasing stream
of the lifeblood of a nation that deserves to live, but that day by
day comes nearer to death ! See that crowd of fine young men full
of faith, full of piety, showing in their faces the candor, the hon-
esty, the courage, the hope, the manly purity within their souls.
What will they be after a few years amid the corrupting influences
of one of America's great cities? Still sadder is it to see our
beautiful Irish girls, true children to Mary Immaculate, pictures
of sweetness, grace and innocence, hurrying away unconsciously
to their ruin, both temporal and eternal !
Much better than we at home can American priests and bishops
understand the awful perils that encompass the Irish emigrant in
America, and they appeal to us in language the most earnest and
the most vehement to help our people in their own land. From
Cardinal Gibbons, from Archbishop Corrigan, from Archbishop
Ryan, from every American ecclesiastic that takes an interest in
our Catholic nation, comes the constant cry to the Irish hierarchy
and clergy : Stop the tide of emigration. Save your flocks from
the American wolf. Sacrifice not your faithful children to Moloch.
For your people America is the road to hell !
Would that this cry rang in the ear and in the soul and conscience
of every priest in Ireland ! For I believe that to our priests more
than to any other class of men it belongs to apply a styptic to this
wound through which the nation's blood is flowing. Could there be
any more useful subject for the pastoral discourse on Sunday
than the perils of emigration ? Could not priests use their great
influence to create and foster a healthy public opinion on the sub-
ject? Could they not do much to tear away the glamor that sur-
rounds American labor and American citizenship with false
splendor and to exhibit the Irish emigrant in the States, as alas !
what he is too often found to be — godless, faithless, hopeless, sunk
into depths of social misery and spiritual debasement from which
there is no arising.
*
Thus far Father Shinnors. His warning cry has been prompt-
ly re-echoed by a number of American Catholic papers. It is in-
teresting to note that his estimate of the losses of the Church in
the United States tallies with the figures given in the Cahensly
memorial of the St. Raphael Society, submitted to the Holy See in
1891 and so virulently attacked at the time by certain Irish Am-
erican Catholics and their newspaper organs.
244
The Religious Situation in the
Philippines.
i.
he Rev. J. F. Mendl writes to The Review from Mont-
clair, New Jersey :
In No. 13 of The Review you ask the question : "Could
not the Philippine clergy let the world know what is really being
done there?"
Well, how could they ? Most likely not one of the clergy speaks
English, and perhaps very few any other language except Spanish
or one of the dialects of the Islands. Under the existing circum-
stances the priests have no chance to meet in a body, in order to
draw up a memorandum. Martial law prevails over all the Islands.
And supposing they had a chance to do so, to whom would they
address it? Most likely to the superiors of the respective relig-
ous orders in Rome. No doubt, these superiors are in possession
of much reliable information on the condition of affairs in those
unfortunate Islands. The Archbishop of Manila is in Rome at
present and he certainly has made a full report of "what is really
being done there."
Suppose these reports from Rome would be published here, and
would contradict, as might be reasonably expected, most of the state-
ments made by the Philippine Commission, Mr. Taft & Co., per-
haps giving numerous details of outrages committed by our mili-
tary and civil officers and schoolteachers — what would be the re-
sult? Would our hierarchy make a move ? Or would, as you say,
the great mass of the American people soon see to it that the na-
tives get justice ? If the American people have such a natural in-
stinct for justice and fair play — why is it, for instance, that we
Catholics can not get our share for the support of our schools in
our own country? "For if in the greenwood they do these things,
what shall be done in the dry?"
It seems to me the only feasible way to ascertain the exact state of
affairs in those Islands would be through a Catholic commission,
as suggested by a correspondence from Washington, D. C, in the
Freeman 's Journal of April 5th, and I am confident that priests and
laymen would contribute liberally toward defraying the expenses
of such a commission.
II.
The idea of a Catholic Philippine commission suggested by
Mr. Maurice B.Alexander in the Freeman 's Journal, deserves care-
ful attention.
No. 16. The Review. 245
Meanwhile The Review is able to present some more authentic
information regarding the actual condition of affairs in the Islands
and the position of the friars, by printing the subjoined letter
from a Franciscan Father stationed at Manila.
"There are neither words enough to express, nor tears to de-
plore, the evils that have flooded our people. Although most of
the parishes still have their pastors, they are looked upon with
contempt by both the Americans and the leaders of the revolution.
In the provinces of La Laguna and Batangas, it looks as if
almost all of the natiye priests have been imprisoned under the
suspicion of abetting the Filipino cause. However that may be,
the rebellion there seems to increase from day to day. As to the
religious orders, much may be said ; I shall confine myself to the
most necessary observations. There is no little animosity against
them in these islands, some of it coming from Freemasonry, some
from Protestantism, the cause being always the same : hatred of
Our Lord and His true religion. However, this enmity has done
no harm. For whatever was said against the religious before
civil or ecclesiastical tribunals, turned out false upon closer in-
vestigation. And not only do the Filipinos as a nation not hate
the religious, but they insist upon their continuance in office, pre-
ferring them to the secular clergy. Since 1898 numerous pueblos
have asked for the return of their padres, of whom many are again
in their old places.
If all religious have not returned to their former parishes, it is
because of the opposition of the Federal Party, that is in high
favor with the Americans. They ridicule the friars before the
natives and slander them with the American officials. Let them
say what they will against the religious orders, so far all calumnies
have fallen back upon the calumniators. No impartial and well-
balanced mind approved of the war undertaken by their enemies
against them. If the U. S. had no worse enemies in these Islands
than the friars, they might safely recall their armies at once.
Since the evacuation of the Islands by Spain, the American govern-
ment has had no more loyal subjects than the friars, and that not
from fear but for conscience sake. As to the future of the relig-
ious orders in these Islands, it is impossible to foretell what divine
Providence, which we adore [and submit to entirely, has in store
for us. Humanly speaking, I am inclined to believe that we will
not be driven from these Islands unless all that history and com-
mon opinion tells of the fairness of the Americans, be a fable.
The friars are, indeed, if not the only element of order, peace, and
tranquillity on these Islands, at least the most faithful subjects of
the new authorities. Thanks to God, until now they have not
been justly rebuked or reproached for anything, and with God's
246 The Review. 1902.
help it will be so in future. That can not be said of others, not
even of those who were more American than Uncle Sam.
Finally, if the government at Washington does not override the
Constitution of the U. S., we can expect that it will leave the friars
on the Islands despite all the opposition of the Katipunan. The
Stars and Stripes float over all kinds of men and religions,
provided the}' respect it. On this fundamental principle the
U. S., the freest nation in the world, was built up, and from that
principle we conclude that the religious orders will not be driven
from the Islands. But if sectarian hatred should triumph over
this fundamental law, we, according to the words of the Savior,
would shake the dust from our feet and preach the Gospel else-
where, for neither these religious orders, nor any others, are
necessary to preserve Catholicism [in any part of the world. If
Americans want to act unjustly, they can do so ; but it shall never
be said that the Spanish religious left to the ravenous wolves of
Masonry or Protestantism the dear Filipino people whom thej7
raised from Paganism to a high degree of Christian civilization.
They alone, among all nations of the old and new world, have
preserved Catholic unity from their conversion until 1898.
Our English teacher, a native of England, is about to publish a
series of pamphlets, in which he will show what the religious or-
ders have done for the Filipinos; as soon as they appear, I shall
take pleasure in mailing them to you . . . . "
About Vaccination.
in.
The Argument From Germany.
m
T is commonly urged in favor of vaccination that Germany,
by a compulsory vaccination law, first passed in 1874,
has practically exterminated smallpox.
As to the date at which vaccination first became compulsory in
Prussia [for "Germany" can not be spoken of as a whole before
the union which succeeded the Franco-German War] much con-
troversy has arisen. A law passed in 1835 is disputed by vaccin-
ists on the alleged ground that its terms do not directly enforce
vaccination, but only apply in its favor an indirect pressure. The
objection, however, omits all reference to the Royal Proclamation
at the head of this law, enjoining obedience on pain of fine and im-
prisonment "by everyone within the whole extent of my mon-
archy.*' But as we only wish here to deal with facts beyond dis-
No. 16. The Review. 247
pute and admitted by both sides, the law of 1835 need not be fur-
ther discussed at present.
But no one disputes that in 1834 a most severe law was passed
for the Prussian army, enforcing' a vaccination or re-vaccination
on every recruit with ten insertions in each arm, and no objections
being- listened to. Combined with the conscription, which makes
every health}*- adult male serve his time with the colors, this law
secured the re-vaccination of every such male in Prussia. Yet
when in 1871-2 the great pandemic struck Prussia, and she lost
124,948 of her citizens by smallpox, there is not the smallest evi-
dence to show that the adults in this terrible mortality were pre-
vailingly female ; in fact, what evidence there is points rather the
other way.
Again, it is claimed that the great diminution in smallpox that
has occurred in recent years in German3r, is due to the enforce-
ment of vaccination under the law of 1874.
But that law was passed on April 8th, 1874, and only came into
force on April 1st, 1875 ; and then allowed of twelve months from
birth before vaccination became compulsory. Now the smallpox
deaths per million living in Prussia for the five years before the
new law could have had any real effect on the vaccination of the
population, stand thus —
1871—2,432. 1872—2,623. 1873—356. 1874—95. 1875—36.
So that the improvement had been made before the law came in-
to force; and as not even medical effects can precede their causes,
it becomes clear that whatever it was which caused the decline of
smallpox in Prussia, it was not the law of 1874.
Nor is direct official evidence of the failure of vaccination in
Germany wanting ; the difficulty is rather to select from its
abundance. Berlin, in the great epidemic above alluded to, had
17,038 cases of smallpox officially returned as "vaccinated," and of
these 2,884 died. In Cologne, in the same epidemic, out of a total
of 2,282 ascertained cases, 2,248 had been vaccinated or re-vaccin-
ated ; and of the 362 deaths among these cases, 340 had been vac-
cinated or re-vaccinated, and 17 more were little babies below the
vaccination age. At Neuss, a town near Diisseldorf, records were
kept from 1865 to 1873, and during that time a total of 248 cases
of smallpox was recorded, every one of which had been vaccinated.
If the German experience is cited to support proposals for a re-
vaccination law, the appeal is equally hopeless. For in Berlin,
amongst the 17,038 cases quoted above, 2,240 were under ten years
of age, and of these 736 were fatal. Now it is proposed to enact
re-vaccination at the age of twelve. But no amount of German ex-
perience, or any other experience, can show us how re-vaccination
at the age of twelve can preserve from smallpox a child vaccinated
248 The Review. 1902.
in infancy, whom smallpox has already killed before the age of ten.
It is quite indifferent to the argument whether Prussia was as
a whole much vaccinated or little vaccinated when the great epi-
demic came. Take Berlin for instance. If Berlin was much vac-
cinated in 1871, so much the worse for vaccination that a much
vaccinated community should 3'ield so large a total as 17,038 vac-
cinated cases of smallpox. If, on the other hand, Berlin was little
vaccinated in 1871, so that the vaccinated formed but a small por-
tion of the total population, then so much the worse for vaccina-
tion that such a small portion should have yielded so many vaccin-
ated cases. If 3rou make out Berlin to have been thoroughly vac-
cinated in 1871, the answer is that thorough municipal vaccination
can not protect a community from having 17,038 cases of vaccin-
ated smallpox. Reduce then, if you please, the extent of vaccina-
tion in Berlin, till you make out that in 1871 there were only 17,-
038 vaccinated persons living there, and the answer would be that,
if so, then smallpox smote them all.
Thus, put it how you will, the German experience, rightly un-
derstood, so far from being favorable to the claims of vaccination,
teems with evidence, striking and conclusive, against the validity
of these claims.
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE]RELIGIOVS WORLD.
The Catholic University. — The Catholic University of America is
apparently having a very hard pull. Only the other week we were
advised that a New York priest had been appointed financial agent
to provide ways and means, and now we read in the Washington
correspondence of the Freeman's Journal 0$o. 3,589):
"The Catholic University has reached a period of existence
when it must be pronounced either a success or a failure. The
past two years have been hard ones, and there were times when
the scholars of the country have been tempted to declare that it
had failed. But those who'know the struggles which must come
to all young institutions are loath to take such a pessimistic view.
But the next year must see a centralization of Catholic scholar-
ship, force and thought. They must see the university attract to
it the scholarship which admittedly exists in the American Cath-
olic Church, and have the names of the University men con-
nected with the great movements which are stirring the world
and shaping the destiny of the nation. The upbuilding of a na-
tional university here with the millions of Carnegie behind should
incite Catholic scholars and scientists to renewed effort. But, in
the opinion of men of letters here, the Catholic University can
No. 16. The Review. 249
only succeed by casting out all mediocre material and gathering
to itself the master minds of the time."
The same correspondent says that at the next meeting of the
Board of Trustees a new Rector will be chosen in place of Msgr.
Conaty.
Some of the remai-ks made in The Review at the time of the
Schroder fight would now make decidedly interesting reading.
THE CATHOLIC PRESS.
Father Arnoldi's Appeal for the Establishment of a Catholic Daily News-
paper.— The only two Catholic papers that have, so far as we are
aware, noticed Father Arnoldi's recent appeal in The Review for
the establishment of a Catholic daily, are the Catholic Citizen and
the Pittsburg Observer. The Citizen says (No. 22):
"We note that Rev. M. Arnoldi of Fort Jennings, O., is very de-
sirous of establishing a Catholic daily, and among other things, he
is willing to pay three years' subscription in advance. We think
the latter step might be injudicious, as it would debar him from
the luxury of stopping his paper. For certainly a Catholic daily
could not be run for a year without giving abundant justification
for its discontinuance to those who look around vigilantly for such
causes."
And the Observer (No. 45):
"Rev. M. Arnoldi, of Ft. Jennings, Ohio, has taken up the ques-
tion of founding a Catholic daily newspaper and seeks to know
who are of a mind with him. 'Who is willing,' he asks, 'to make
a special donation of $25 or more to start a Catholic daily ? (The
undersigned is willing to give $100.) Who is willing to subscribe
for three years and pay in advance $6 a year, or twice that amount,
for the contemplated Catholic daily ? (The undersigned is willing
to pay $12 a year for three years.) After favorable answers shall
have been obtained, a place will be appointed where those inter-
ested in this matter can meet and consider what practical steps
should be taken for future proceeding in the direction towards a
lively and wide-awake Catholic daily.'
"It is a safe wager of a dime to a nickel that Father Arnoldi will
not get pledges of contributions sufficient to start an eclectic
quarterly."
The Observer ought to know, for its publisher very recently
tried to develop it into a daily.
Both papers, the Citizen and the Observer, by the way, seem to
have adopted the "Moral Code of Editors" printed in No. 2783 of
the Independent, of which one paragraph reads : "Always notice,
but never mention a rival periodical."
Meanwhile, Father Arnoldi himself is by no means discouraged.
He writes us :
"It is extremely gratifying to state that day after day encourag-
ing letters arrive in answer to the appeal made in No. 12 of The
Review. In every letter received so far willingness is expressed
to make a subscription for a term of three years ; whereas in
some of them an even better offer is advanced.
As soon as the number of offers shall have reached the desired
proportion, I will make report. Then the second step in the direc-
tion mapped out can be taken.
250 The Review. 1902.
Man}* have the good will to support the Catholic press, being
convinced that a properly edited Catholic daily will produce an
immense deal of good, and benefit the cause of truth and of Christ
throughout this vast country, perhaps even more than fine ser-
mons preached from Cathedral pulpits and at missions. However
some men of practical thought and good will would wish first to
know how the enterprise will be conducted and managed. At
present nothing definite can be said about that? it being the plan,
first to ascertain on how much of a support the contemplated daily
can count. To other matters due attention will be given at a pro-
posed meeting, when efforts will be made to form a committee of
competent men for the purpose of furthering the cause in view.
The Church has become so large and powerful a bod}' in the
United States that it is akin to criminal neglect to postpone an\T
longer the establishment of a vigorous Catholic daily press. The
irreligious poison daily spread b}T an infidel press will corrupt the
minds of the masses to the fullest extent and gradually affect our
Catholic people as well, unless we hasten to create an efficient an-
tidote in the form of well-edited Catholic dailies.
What the school is for the child, the press nowa-days is for the
adult. As we deem it necessary daily to send the child to school,
so it is evident that dail5T a good Catholic paper should reach those
Catholics who are in the habit of reading dailies. At the present
time no better means can be conceived for spreading dail}T the
superior light of Catholic thought and principle from ocean to
ocean, through hamlets and cities, than good, wide-awake Catholic
dailies.
A letter or postal card soon sent to the undersigned with the
assurance of giving support bjT subscribing for one or more 5Tears,
will do much towards bringing about at least one daily of Catholic
spirit and principle. —(Rev.) M. Arnoldi, Ft. Jennings, Ohio."
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
Direct Primaries. — The recent test in St. Paul of the Minnesota
direct-primary law furnished ample proof that the voters will take
interest in the primary if the opportunity is afforded them to
make their will effective. There is a vast difference between en-
dorsing at a primary the delegates chosen by the boss to execute
his yet undeclared will in the nomination of candidates, and their
direct choosing from a list upon which any man of repute among
his neighbors or party associates may place his name. This last
was the situation in the St. Paul primary for the choice of nom-
inees for municipal offices, and the vote polled was a proof of the
popular approval of the new law. Almost as much interest wras
shown as in a general election ; and the vote was many times
larger than that cast by both parties under the old-style primary,
being heavy even in wards where the contests were not interest-
ing. Although theDemocraticnominee was the choice of thatparty's
machine, and there were charges of corrupt methods to swell his
vote, that fact does not militate against the primary law. He is
the choice also of the party's voters, who attended the primary
to the extent of 80 per cent, of the party registration, and made
their selection in the secrecy of the election booths. Such mis-
takes in nominations can be remedied at the polls, if the people
wish.
No. 16. The Review. 251
Canada Unwilling to be Annexed to the United States. — The "American
invasion" has reached Canada and threatens to develop into an-
nexation. It is a mistake to suppose, as man}' Americans do, that
Canada is hankering: after what these people are pleased to call
"the grandest achievement of the new century, the political union
of the Anglo-Saxon peoples on the new continent." (Chas. A.
Gardiner before the N. Y. Credit Men's Association, last Janu-
ary.) "If Mr. Gardiner thinks that Canada is going- to suffer her-
self to be annexed to the United States in order to find a free
market for her agricultural products, he mistakes very much the
temper of the Canadian people. He evidently doesn't know the
history of the United Empire Loyalists. Canada has as much an
inclination to become a part of the United States as she has to an-
nex herself to Russia. She has felt that way for a good many
years, too, and it didn't take our treatment of Cuba, Porto Rico,
and the Philippines to enlighten her." Thus Mr. H. Gaylord
Wilshire, "the millionaire Socialist" and editor of Wilshire's Maga-
zine, who was compelled to take his periodical across the border
because the Post Office Department denied him the privilege of
second-class rates.
What the sentiment of the French speaking Canadians is re-
garding annexation, appears from a series of papers lately con-
tributed to La Yeritc of Quebec by Jerome Aubry. His conclu-
sions are : "From the political view-point we would probably be
better off with annexation than with imperialism. Economically
we would gain something and lose more. With respect to our re-
ligion and nationality we have everything to lose. For us French-
Canadians imperialism means fight, the hottest kind of fight,
possibly civil war ; annexation means peace, but also the gradual
but inevitable, if slow, extinction, of our nationality and our re-
ligion."
INSURANCE.
The American Catholic Union. — The "American Catholic Union,"
founded in 1900, is making tremendous efforts to increase its
membership in Philadelphia. The rates are fairly high for an
assessment concern, but not high enough to ensure permanency. It
grows at the expense of the older Catholic societies, especially
the "Catholic Benevolent Legion," as people are induced to drop
the one in order to join the other. Its claims of "economic" man-
agement are best illustrated by an extract from the Pennsylvania
Insurance report for 1900, showing a total income of $20,535.65, of
which $6,500 were used for paying death losses and $4,293.34 for
expenses, leaving $2,257.46 unpaid under that head, charged as
liability, so that $6,550.80 were needed to pay a like amount as
benefit.
The 895 members "insured" for $1,073,500 have a reserve fund
of $7,465.82 to "protect" their contracts, in other words about $7
per $1,000.
Comment is hardly necessary ; yet it is very regrettable that
so many different organizations are permitted to be started on
wrong principles, since their unavoidable failure is bound to hurt
the cause of religion as much as that of true insurance, which
may be considered an absolute necessity in our present social and
business life.
J?J
MISCELLANY.
Episcopalian Paulist Fathers. — Secular journals inform us that
the suggestion of Rev. C. R. Birnbach, of Illinois, to establish a
Protestant Episcopalian order of Paulist Fathers, meets with
favor, and the belief obtains that if a leader can be found to carry-
it out, the order will be founded and accomplish much good.
The suggestion is that Episcopalian clergymen turn physicians,
merchants, perhaps farmers, and so be able to maintain them-
selves in small places in the middle West, and on Sundays con-
duct religious services and carry on parish work. It is pointed
out that Episcopalians in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wis-
consin, Michigan, Kentucky, Iowa, and Missouri number, all toldr
but 11S.470, or only a very few more than are to be found in New
York City alone. This Paulist society projector claims that what
gain Episcopalians make in the middle West comes largely from
Methodists and other religious bodies, and that the Episcopalian
church stands well where it is known. To make it better known
is the purpose of the proposed society or order, and the mainten-
ance of the clergy while doing so is the particular phase of the
plan that is new. The aim is not so much to get the present clergy
to turn physicians and the rest, but to rear up a new corps of cler-
gy, fully equipped for the wider employment.
Thus the Episcopalians intend to go our "progressive"' Catholics
one better. But will the original Paulists suffer them to steal their
thunder?
"Vnited States of America," Singular or Plural? — In No. 9 of this
journal we reproduced a letter from Justice Brewer, of the United
StatesSupreme Court, in which he answered the question : "Which
is officially and politically proper, the United States of America
are or is? by quoting the Constitution, which invariably uses the
plural. The Freeman }s Journal, commenting on this letter, says
(No. 3581) that this is not decisive, because the Constitution is
not the supreme law of English grammar, as it is the supreme law
of the land. The United States may mean all the States taken
severally, or all taken collectively as members of one organic
whole. In the first meaning the plural verb is required by sense as
well as grammar. In the second sense the term United States
means the organic whole, a unit, a single power, and here, though
plural in form, it is singular in meaning and requires the singular
verb. But is the plural verb incorrect? Our contemporarj7. does
not think so, because those who use it may do so in the sense the
English do when they say "the government have" — meaning, the
members of the government have.
The American Minute Men.— The A. P. A. is absolutely dead in
all parts of the country, disrupted by politicians who used the
guileless association for their own selfish purposes. This is the
testimony of its heirs and assigns, through their spokesman,
Frank J. Batcheller, of Boston, chairman of the American Minute
Men. "This organization"— says the Pilot (No. 12) — "seems to
No. 16. The Review. 253
be merely the case of 'a — rose by any other name'; for there is
certainly no difference in the odor. Although the American Min-
ute Men disclaim a proscriptive policy, their program is to intro-
duce simultaneously into the next session of the legislature of
every State in the Union bills for the restriction of immigration —
except we suppose from the British Maritime Provinces — for the
prohibiting of 'sectarian' appropriation ; for the protection of the
'non-sectarian' free public school system, and for the maintenance
of the constitution and government of the United States, which
nobody is assailing. The public schools and the constitution may
well cry 'Save us from our self-constituted defenders.' '
Deception Practiced by the Modern Woodmen. — The Modern
Woodmen of America have been very busy the last few years
publishing broadcast the following as a vindication of the safety
and methods of the assessment fraternals of the Modern Wood-
men stamp : —
"Societies closely akin to the Modern Woodmen of America, or-
ganized hundreds of years ago, are still thriving. From the official
reports of the Register-General of Great Britain, it appears that
there are over sixty friendly societies in England which have been
in existence more than one hundred years. These societies are
the same in principle as our fraternal benefit societies, though
they do not undertake to furnish as large benefits.
"The Count de Winton Society of England was organized in the
year 1178, seven hundred years ago ; the Loyal Evanus in 1358,
five hundred vears ago. Both are still in successful operation.
The Manchester Unity of Odd Fellows, established 1814, now has
a membership of 597,973."
The Traveler's Record (Hartford, April, 1902) shows the utter
fallacy of this entire statement. Not only is there no record of
• such societies as the Count de Winton Society or the Loyal Evanus
Society ever having existed, but the friendly societies of Great
Britain had nothing and have nothing in common with the meth-
ods or plans of American fraternal assessment associations. The
old friendly societies provided sick, old age, or burial benefits ;
they never sold insurance. The Manchester Unity of Odd Fel-
lows is not an assessment fraternal.
The well-known actuary of New York, Mr. David Parks Fackler,
publicly offered the sum of $1,000 some time ago for proof that
friendly societies, essentially similar to assessment societies as
conducted in America prior to 1895, have existed in Great Britain
for over one hundred years prosperously and successfully. The
amount has not been called for.
It is interesting to note the fact that the Modern Woodmen are
now offering to sell so-called insurance at about $4.98 per $1,000 of
insurance, which is considerably below the net cost of simple
term insurance, to say nothing for expenses.
*
254
NOTE-BOOK.
The scheme of speculating on the Pope's death has taken hold
of others besides the manager of a Protestant Bible-house. In a
late circular, priests are invited to send in the names of some
suitable agents in their parishes for a book called 'The Life and
Work of Leo XIII.,' by one of their own number. They are as-
sured of something "original," not a compilation "from newspaper
clippings." For simply filling out the blank they shall be rewarded
with a copy. How any priest can conscientiously recommend a
work that is not yet written, we fail to understand.
^ Ng N£
According to the Revista de San Antonio, the trouble with Ven-
ezuela seems to be that it has more generals than there are saints
in the Roman Martyrology.
We are heartily glad that we are no longer alone, as we were
some years ago, in protesting against certain incongruities and
absurdities introduced into the celebration of St. Patrick's Day.
A note of the Sacred Heart Review on the subject has this year
been widely copied by the Catholic newspapers of the country.
Nevertheless, according to the same journal (No. 10), one division
of the Ancient Order of Hibernians, not far from Boston, cele-
brated St. Patrick's Day with a negro minstrel show. No doubt
a few Irish songs were introduced to give flavor to the perform-
ance,— of that class of lyrics of which "Throw 'em down, Mc-
Cluskey," and "The Mick that Threw the Brick" are samples. It
is impossible to conceive "The Harp that once Through Tara's
Halls" or "Believe me if all those Endeari ag Young Charms," sand-
wiched in between "Lamb ! Lamb ! Lamb !"' and "Ain't dat a
Shame"!
The Sacred Heart Review is perfectly right if it declares that it
argues but very little respect for the occasion and decidedly less
knowledge of what the occasion means, for a society of Irishmen
to observe St. Patrick's Day in such an unbecoming manner. And
the same might be said of a number of other ways of celebrating
the day of which we are every year compelled to read in the pub-
lic press.
& & &
There was much talk in the newspapers of late about an official
commission to be sent to Rome by the President to treat with the
Pope in regard to the Philippine friars' question. We are sorry
that certain prelates in high station at the Vatican allowed them-
selves to be inveigled into expressing much joy thereat ; for to
any one with open eyes and a knowledge of American history and
government policy it was apparent at once that the thing was most
unlikely. The Washington correspondent of the Freeman' '5 Journal
1 No. 3589) says :
"The sending of an official commission to Rome is ... . practically
abandoned, although the foreign correspondents still seem to ex-
No. 16. The Review. 255
pect one. The President at one time favored it, but he found that
the general Catholic sentiment was against it. The Secretary of
State did'not favor this commission, and the different members
of the Foreign Relations Committee failed to see its utility."
3£ 3& ft
Appearing as it does in the Freeman's Journal (No. 3589), the
following note, from a Washington correspondent, is of particular
interest : "It is rumored that henceforth all delegates Apost-
olic sent to the United States will be members of the religious
order(s). This is Rome's answer to a certain indiscreet sermon
preached here some years ago."
->«► *r *r
Queen Alexandra favors the high bodice, and decolletage, which
was the rule at court functions during Victoria's reign, bids fair
to go out of style. It was Bret Harte, we believe, who e\red dis-
mally a collection of English-women, and when asked his opinion of
them, sighed and said they were "much like inferior photographs,
over exposed and under developed."
& & &
The new railway from Konieh on to Bagdad, which it now ap-
pears is certain to be built, will run through one of the most in-
teresting countries in the world, — interesting both on account of
its historical antecedents and because of the romantic beauty of
the districts between Konieh and Mosul. The railway will trav-
erse the entire heart of Asia Minor, and it will open up the most
ancient of the Bible lands, as it will set the locomotive rolling all
through the home countries of Abraham and his patriarchal pre-
decessors. When the shriek of the steam-engine echoes past Ur
of the Chaldees, and along the banks of the Euphrates, and the
train traverses wastes where Nebuchadnezzar's sway flourished,
it may indeed be said that modern civilization has annexed the
cradle of the world's earliest life.
4^ 1&> ^*>
The curious case of a Catholic bishop applying to the Pope for
permission to marry is recalled by the Catholic Times (London)
in reference to the recent appointment of Lord Dunboyne as
King's Remembrancer. A century ago Dr. Butler, Catholic Bishop
of Cork, succeeded by hereditary right to the Dunboyne peerage.
He petitioned the Pope for a dispensation to marry, and received
in reply a severe and indignant censure from the Vatican. He
then seceded from the Catholic Church and married a Protestant
lady. There was no issue to the marriage, and shortly before
his death he was received back into the old faith. As an evidence
of his penitence he bequeathed valuable estates to Maynooth.
The addition he thus made to the college is known to this day as
the "Dunboyne Establishment."
¥* V* V*
An "evangelist" who is making many converts in Kansas,
preaches like this :
"The man who poses as a sceptic and will not listen to conclu-
256 The Review. 1902.
sive proof as to the truth of God's word is a dishonest puppy.
IU"You may announce yourself as a man, but when you go into
partnership with whiskey, either by i'-our vote or support, you
become a dirty, low down, white livered devil.
"Don't tell me you are an atheist, and then go 'round pouring
out blister mouthed profanity in the name of a God you don't be-
lieve in, you skillet headed old scub.
"'The men that can be bought at a big price here won't bring 15
cents a dozen in hell. I am reaching for you — politician."
This fellow must have been reading Thome's Globe Review.
^^ 0tF* ^K
A writer in the Boston Journal knows a man, an intense Ameri-
can, who believes in the superiority of the most stupid American
over the most learned or brilliant foreigner. He calls all foreigners,
of whatever country they may be, "Dago." The Emperor William,
the Czar, Richard Strauss, Sardou, Ibsen, Maeterlinck, the Chinese
Minister, Marconi — they are to him all "Dagos," as were Goethe,
Peter the Great, Columbus, Omar Khayyam, Confucius, George
Sand. He always refers to Americans as "God's own."
This intense American must be an ex-A. P. A. He now prob-
ably belongs to the new order of the American Minute Men, which
is going to hold its first national convention in Boston May 21st.
V» V *r»
It appears the Philippine friars are not so very willing to sell
out after all. Nor will they allow themselves to be intimidated by
American threats. They are fully aware that they are the lawful
owners of the land they hold, and that, according to the treaty of
Paris, the United States government is bound to respect and pro-
tect their rights. As a Washington correspondent puts it : ''It is
now up to the United States to show their case against the friars
and why they should be compelled to sell their possessions at a
great sacrifice." It appears that, contrary to the expectations of
the government, Delegate Sbarretti has submitted no suggestion
from the Vatican nor indicated what the Church authorities would
consider a just policy. No doubt the Vatican is waiting for sug-
gestions from the administration.
a a a
The Egyptian pyramids are soon to come out of their darkness
of 5,000 years, and will be accessible to all tourists. General
Director Maspero, of the society which has in charge the preser-
vation of the antiquities of the country, has been experimenting
with the electric light, and began his work on the temple of Kar-
nak, at Thebes. The experiment met with so much approval
that he has decided to light the inner passages and catacombs of
the great pyramids. This will provide Egyptian tourists with
new attractions, and they will be able to penetrate to the innermost
recesses of the pyramids. The lighting will be of especial value
to women, who have confined their investigations of the pyramids
of the left shore of the Nile to climbing up on the outside, as they
were afraid of the intense darkness within. With the introduc-
duction of the electric light the tombs of the Pharaohs will be ac-
cessible to all.
What is the Statistical Value of the
Catholic Directory?
he Rev. Reuben Parsons, in the Freeman* s Journal of Ap-
ril 5th, asks when we shall have a Catholic directory
which will justify a recourse to its pages. The Ecclesi-
astical Rev iezv [April, 1902] finds fault with the Directory for not
giving- a larger increase in Catholic population for 1901 than 191,-
968, whilst for 1900 it gave 645,312. The Ecclesiastical Rev iezv is
dissatisfied also with the number of priests given in the Directory,
which it states to be 11,636, being "351 less than in Januar}', 1901.
This apparent decrease is on the side of the secular clergy, as the
regulars show a gain of 34."
Where the Ecclesiastical Rev iezv got its figures, we do not know.
The number printed in the copy before us is 12,429, made up of
9,318 seculars and 3,111 regulars, showing an increase for both
over 1901, when the total number of the secular clergy was given
as 8,977 and the regular as 3,010.
Puzzled by these contradictoiw statements, we took the trouble
of adding the items given in the particular summaries, a, of the
increase of baptisms over burials ; b. of the number of the secular
clergy given for each diocese ; c. of the school statistics in several
dioceses taken at random — St. Paul, Oregon City, and Alton.
This is the result :
a. The life statistics of 23 bishoprics, with a total Catholic pop-
ulation of 3,218,000, show a natural increase (baptisms over buri-
als) of 63,882, or nearly 2 per cent. As these 23 dioceses are
fairly representative of all the dioceses in the United States, we
may take that increase of 2 per cent, for all of them, obtaining
thus a total increase of 214,000, as against 192,000 reported by the
Director}'. Hence that number is probably not much out of the
way, especially when we consider that certain dioceses (e. g. Al-
ton and Belleville) for the last ten or twelve 5^ears have invariably
reported the same number.
b. Regarding the number of clergymen, we have not verified the
addition of the general summary in the Directory ; but we have
compared the items given there with those of the particular sum-
maries, and found, in the first place, that Baltimore has 192 secu-
lars and 204 regulars, instead of the 158 seculars and 238 regulars
with which it is credited in the general summary. In Alton there
are 114 seculars, instead of 141 ; Newark has 190, instead of 195.
For Scranton the general summary gives 182 seculars, but no
(The Review, Vol. IX. No. 17. St. Louis, Mo., May 1, 1902.)
258 The Review. 1902.
regulars, whilst the statistics of the diocese show 171 seculars
and 11 regulars ; for the Indian Territory 24 regulars are given,
while in the particular summary it has but 11.
Adding the single items as given in the particular summaries,
we obtain 9,470 seculars and 3,107 regulars, whilst the general
summary for 1902 gives 9,318 seculars and 3,111 regulars. In
other words, we have an increase of nearly 500 secular and nearly
100 regular clergymen over the figures given in the general sum-
mary of 1901. How true the figures for 1901 are, we can not say,
as we did not take the trouble to investigate them.
r. Now we will take the school statistics of the dioceses of St.
Paul. Oregon City, and Alton.
The particular summary credits St. Paul with 90 parochial
schools, whilst in reality, according to the detailed account in the
body of the Directory, it has only 83 parishes or missions with
parochial schools, and two in course of erection, — in all 85. The
number of pupils is given as "about 15,600," the sum total of pu-
pils as 17,290 ! Our readers will remember how some years ago
we showed that the Archdiocese of St. Paul had in reality a few
thousand pupils less than was officially reported. Adding the
number of young people under Catholic care, as given in the par-
ticular summary for St. Paul, we find 18,774, instead of "about
24,000," as erroneously stated in the same place.
For the Archdiocese of Oregon City, the particular summary
gives the number of parochial schools as 24 ; in reality there are
26 by actual count. The total number of pupils is given there as
"about 3,021," while the sum obtained from the figures quoted for
the various parochial schools is only 2,654.
Alton, credited in the Directory with 65 parochial schools, has
only 64, the one at Kampsville having been closed since last May.
The number of pupils is given in the particular summary as 7,814,
while in reality there are but 7,638.
We shall add one more item as to the increase in the Catholic pop-
ulation. St. Paul is credited with a growth of but 10,000 in the
last 5 years, whilst the life statistics of the year 1900 alone give it
an increase of 4,715.
Such are a few errors gleaned at random. Must we not conclude
that the balance of the Directory is equally unreliable? If that
conclusion be too large, we are at least enabled to say on the basis
of our limited investigation that the Ecclesiastical Review is de-
cidedly off when it declares that the publishers deserve sup-
port land assistance for their "painstaking." When these pub-
lishers decided to raise the price of the Directory, The Review
willingly conceded that the increase would be justified if they
would give us more reliable information. Have they done so?
No. 17. The Review. 259
If the Directory is to be merely a "'business-guide," let them say
so ; but if its statistics shall have any real value, it is time for the
editors to wake up.
Meanwhile we think it would be well to quit parading these
unreliable statistics in the Catholic press.
A Bishop's Initiation Into the Order of
the Knights of Columbus.
reverend su bscriber writes to the Editor of The Review :
The Knights of Columbus claim that many clergymen,
even several bishops, belong to their order, and boast
that all applicants, Ibishops, priests, and laymen alike, have to
pass under the same Caudine yoke in their initiation. Now please
tell me what picture does a bishop cut who submits to the ritual
recently published in The Review?
Before my mind a contrast arises. A prince of the Church, a
successor of the Apostles, has arrived in a parish for confirma-
tion. |A cross-bearer, acolytes, a long string of boys and girls
dressed in white, accompanied by their pastor and other visiting
clergymen, arrive at the presbytery to conduct his Lordship Ito
the church. Hardly has he entered, when the choir entones a
magnificent "Ecce sacerdos magnus." The multitude kneels to
receive the episcopal blessing. He is led to the altar. Mitred,
staff in hand, Apostolic words on his tongue, he speaks about
the Holy Spirit, the spirit that moved over the waters in the be-
ginning, shaping and forming and vivifying all things the
Spirit that to-day in the sacrament of confirmation shall shape and
form and vivify those to be confirmed, into true soldiers of Christ.
"The Spirit Who shoes your feet with the preparation of the gos-
pel of peace : who gives to you the shield of faith wherewith to
extinguish the firy darts of the evil one, Who gives you the helmet
of salvation and the sword of the Spirit (which is the word of
God), etc., etc." In glowing words the Bishop then describes the
honor and dignity of a soldier of Christ and the enrapturing re-
ward awaiting him in the end of his fight against the world, the
flesh, and the Devil.
Now, the other picture. That prince of the Church, that suc-
cessor of the Apostles, has donned his Prince Albert. Despite the
dim light of the evening, the purple of his cravat still marks him
a bishop of the Church. With a goodly number of his flock, who
260 The Review. 1902.
heard his sermon about the "Soldier of Christ," he waits to be
"knighted." The chaplain, one of his ecclesiastical subordinates,
but now his superior, is going- through the ceremonies. The
Bishop listens, blindfolded.
"Sirs : The eye is the most delicate, beautiful, and useful organ
of the human body ; it is a masterpiece of God's handiwork, the
index of character, the window of the soul and while we have
deprived you temporarily of its use, we have done so to symbolize
the darkness and the doubt in which we all wander who are not
guided by the light, etc." (The Bishop — a blind Job? !)
"Urged by the necessity of impressing clearly and indelibly up-
on your mind a prime essential of this order, we have thus shut
out all distraction from j-our vision."
"Curiosity has ever been a great impelling force with men. It
is this that electrifies that wonderful magnet, secrec}', which at-
tracts all mankind" (.bishops included, of course. )
"Secrecy is one of the most valuable charms of this society, and
is therefore to be guarded absolutehT. Hence before you shall
behold even a glimpse of the hidden m3'steries of this order. . . .
we demand of you this indispensable pledge, the violation of which
is dishonor as a man. disgrace as a Knight, and ignominious cast-
ing out from our ranks." (The promise is read and those who
will not or can not keep it, asked to step out.) The Bishop staj^s,
if he can bind his conscience to keep secret what he does not yet
know himself, and that "until death." and as a reminder receives a
slap on his mouth. (Really edifying !)
But that is not all. Not knowing what Christ has prescribed as
means of salvation, he must listen to the fine instructions of the
chaplain about the skufl and the crucifix and Mother Church. And
to this HohT Mother Church, to whom he is already doubly oath-
bound by his double ordination, he promises by the Cross "un-
serving loyalt}r and obedience — even to the relinquishing of his
membership in this order, if in her wisdom it should be deemed
necessary, which God forbid."
If this is not blasphemy, it certainly is mockeiw. And not
yet all. To become a full-fledged knight, the Bishop has to put
on the pilgrim's garb, in order "to give edification and also to
secure respect and courtesy". . . .And now, "being impressed with
the solemnity of his undertaking," he is sent to the Worth}" W.,
who. in turn, will "escort him to the Worthy D. G. K., in order to
show the cross with which 3rou have been invested."
All this tomfoolery might be practiced on a schoolboy, but is it
compatible with the dignity of a Catholic bishop?
261
That Mission to the Vatican.
"Man merht die Absichi and man zvird verstimmt." Such was our
first thought when we heard of the alleged plan of sending. a gov-
ernment commission to Rome to confer with the Vatican on the
settlement of the Philippine friars' land question. It was as plain
as daylight to any American acquainted with the character of his
government and the trend of public opinion, that such a commis-
sion would never be sent. It was equally plain to every one who
could read between the lines, that the whole thing was gotten up
chiefly and primarily to boom that great politician in our hierar-
chy, Archbishop Ireland of St. Paul.
When the great commission simmered down tc a simple visit of
Governor Taft, the admirers of His Grace of St. Paul, far from
being discouraged, unblushingly continued to blow the horn.
Listen to this blast from the Washington correspondence of the
Minneapolis Daily Times of April 17th :
"Archbishop Ireland of St. Paul has joined issues with Msgr.
Donatus Sbarretti, the Delegate Apostolic to the Philippines, and
at present it seems that the victory belongs to the Archbishop.
The visit of Governor Taft to Rome is a distinct triumph for the
Archbishop, and it takes a certain amount of importance from
Msgr. Sbarretti's mission. Archbishop Ireland believed that an
American should be sent to settle the problem of the friars' lands,
but his advice to Rome was not accepted. The energetic prelate
from St. Paul then turned his efforts to the administration. He
was in favor of a commission going to the Vatican with full power
to settle all existing difficulty, bnt President Roosevelt, after ma-
ture consideration, decided that a commission was not needed.
In the meantime Msgr. Sbarretti arrived in this country with full
plenary {sic!) power to make terms for the friars. Neither the
President nor the Secretary of War care exactly how the question
is disposed of, so that it is satisfactory to those concerned. Msgr.
Sbarretti was! accepted and he is now en route to Manila. Arch-
bishop Ireland has, however, convinced the President that Gover-
nor Taft will accomplish better work by going directly to Rome
than if he deals through Msgr. Sbarretti. To-day it was an-
nounced at the White House that the prelate's advice had been
accepted. This will increase Archbishop Ireland's prestige at
the Vatican in a most material way. The fact that an American
official comes on a mission to the Pope, through his advice, will
place him far above his competitors for the red hat. It is stated at
the War Department that Governor Taft's visit is simply one of
courtesy, but this will not deprecate Archbishop Ireland's honors.
In Vatican circles it is stated that this is to be the opening wedge
262 The Review. 1902.
and that an agreement will soon be reached with the United States
about the Catholic possessions acquired from Spain."
Strangely, some eminent Roman prelates, if we are to judge
from- the newspapers, were induced to believe in this balderdash
and to expect wonderful results even from the attenuated mission
of the solitary Taft, whose testimony before the Philippine Com-
mission has shown him to be a narrow-minded and bigoted
fanatic.
It is all the more necessary then, that The Review inform those
in high station at the Vatican, who are its regular readers, that
Governor Taft's visit to Rome, if it really comes about, will have
absolutely no significance whatever. Already the leading organs
of the administration are protesting against the exaggerated im-
portance attributed to it especially in foreign newspapers.
'"There has been no little misrepresentation of the mission
which Gov. Taft is to have to Rome." sajrs the well-informed
Washington correspondent of the leading organ of the adminis-
tration in these parts, the St. Louis Globe-Democrat (April 22nd).
And he proceeds to explain : "He (Taft) will visit the Vatican and
confer with the Pope or his direct representatives solely to reach
a better understanding as to the relations which will be necessary
between the business representatives of the Church and of the
Commission in the transfer of the land holdings of the friars in
the Philippines Instead of the visit of Gov. Taft being one
which can be construed as a recognition of the temporal power
and authority of the Pope, it has a directly different design. It is to
end the power of the Church in the Philippines in directions which it
has been exercised under the Spanish occupation (sic!). For years the
friars who owned the lands, backed by the Spanish government,
have collected taxes, rented lands and exercised autocratic power
over the people. Gov. Taft's mission to Rome will be to end this
state of affairs and make more eas5r the negotiations which will be
necessary in arranging for the transfer by purchase of these
lands to this country. There was some talk of the United States
sending a special commission to the Vatican for the purpose, but
this has been decided to be unnecessary.
"After the visit of Gov. Taft further negotiations can be carried
on at Washington and Manila by the representatives of this gov-
ernment and in the regular way."
(Italics our- .
Our own positive advices enable us to say that this statement
contains the plain, unvarnished truth. Taft and others are partly
amused and partly annoyed by the joyful anticipations, so freely
expressed, of Catholic newspapers in this country and in Europe,
though we think they are too shrewd to imagine for a moment
No. 17. The Review. 263
that the great white diplomat of the Vatican can be caught by any
such transparent tricks as have been and are employed by various
interested persons in this whole ridiculous business.
Prof. Harnaxk on the Catholic Churck.
|ot because we value the opinion of this liberal Protestant
theologian over much, but simpljr as a matter of news,
we reproduce it here as found in his look 'The Essence
of Christianity.' In the opening of the 14th lecture he asks the
question: "What is the Roman Church?" and answers it as
follows :
"It is the most comprehensive and powerful, the most compli-
cated and at the same time most harmonious structure so far pro-
duced in history. All the facultiesof the human mind and soul
and all the elementary forces within the control of man, assisted
in erecting this structure.'1
The question, "What has the Roman Catholic Church achieved?"
he answers thus : "She educated the Romano-Germanic nations ;
she gave the youthful peoples civilization, and not for once only, to
keep them at the lowest level ; no, she gave them something that
could be developed and she directed this development for almost
a thousand years. Up to the 14th century she was their mother
and guide; she gave them ideas, defined their aims, and developed
their powers. Then they became independent and followed their
own ways, ways she did not point out and would not and could not
follow ; but even during the last 600 years, she did not lag be-
hind, like the Greek Church, but with comparatively short inter-
vals she always held her own in all political movements, and in
all intellectual movements she takes an important part. Of course,
she is no longer the leader; on the contrary, she often puts on the
brakes, and this is not always to be regretted when we consider
the fads and mistakes in the researches of modern scholars."
(Page 153).
Another boon for which the nations are indebted to the Roman
Catholic Church is, in Harnack's opinion, the fact that she estab-
lished in Western Europe the idea of the independence of religion
and the Church, in opposition to the attempted assertions of the
State's omnipotence in intellectual matters.
The Catholic character of the Roman Church is frankly admit-
ted by Harnack ; in fact, he calls it one of the elements constitut-
ing the peculiarity of the Church. Her Apostolic character, i. e.,
264 The Review. 1902.
the historical continuity that connects the Papal Church with the
beginnings of Christianity, could not escape his notice as a histor-
ian, and if he emphasizes (page 156) that the regular succession
of ecclesiastical officials was ever the object of the greatest solici-
tude in the Roman Church, we can only thank him for this cor-
roboration of a circumstance from which the idea of Apostolicity
is mainly developed. That he admits the unity of the Church we
have seen above, and he also grants her the attribute of sanctity :
"At all times she produced saints in as far as men can be called
such, and produces them even now. Trust in God, real humility,
certainty of salvation, giving up life in the service of brethren, are
to be found among her members : many take up the cross of
Christ and practice that judgment of self and joy in God acquired
by Paul and Augustine." (Page 166.)
It is true, Harnack fears that this gigantic structure can not
last forever. Will the Church — he asks — be able to hold her own
in the coming upheaval of things? Will she be able to stand the
increasing tension in the intellectual life of the nations? Will she
survive the retrogression of the Latin nations? Of course she
will, Mr. Harnack. The Church will survive all earthly empires,
because He who assured her of His assistance is more than man :
He is God.
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOVS WORLD.
The Federation. — It is the practically unanimous sentiment of the
German Catholic press of the country that the federation move-
ment, of which they are all so heartily in favor, is headed in the
wrong direction and that it can not hope for the support and co-
operation of the many strong German Catholic State Federations,
unless it shakes off the incubus of the utterly incompetent Mr.
Minahan and grants the State federations of the various nationali-
ties a reasonable degree of autonomy. The comments of the
French-Canadian Catholic press of the F^ast on the recent devel-
opments are pitched to the key : "I told you so ; how wise we
were when we refused to take any part in the movement at all."
This is very unfortunate. We hope something will be done at
the Chicago convention to restore confidence. The "Ceterum
censeo" of The Review is : Minahan must go! A sensible and in-
telligent president may be able to retrieve some of the lost ground,
though we fear Minahan 's egregious blunders will prove a death-
blow to the worthy and well-meant movement.
Laymen Should Study Theology. — We are informed that a steadily
growing number of Catholic students in Germany, preparing them-
No. 17. The Review. 265
selves for the secular professions, are attending the theological
lecture courses at the universities, especially those on apologetics
and Church history- They are offered all possible encouragement
in their laudable endeavor to obtain some knowledge of theological
subjects. One of our friends suggests that in this country Cath-
olic laymen are in still greater need of at least a smattering of
theolog3T. Yes, but where are they to obtain it? The present
writer would have gladly attended courses in dogmatic theology,
apologetics, and Church history, had he had any opportunity
whatever. No such opportunit\7 offered. Private study was and
is his only means of acquiring that elementary knowledge of the-
ology which is indispensible to the Catholic journalist, not to say
to every cultured Catholic.
The Independence of the Holy See. — It is refreshing to see at least
one of our great American daily newspapers taking a somewhat
juster view of the question of papal independence. In its edition
of March 2nd, the N. Y. Tribune editorially said among other
things :
'"The crux of the whole matter is that whereas the Roman Cath-
olic Church now claims, as it has ever done, to be international
and universal in its scope and sympathies, having no more regard
for one country than for another, it would apparently forfeit that
claim aad reduce itself to the rank of a mere national or local
church if it accepted the situation and made terms with the Italian
government. So long as it was seated in a territory of its own,
over which the Pope was temporal sovereign, it could maintain its
political independence. It can do so even now, with its territories
taken away from it, so long as it declines to recognize the author-
ity of the Italian government in the papal metropolis. But to ac-
knowledge the authority of Victor Emmanuel would make it polit-
ically tributary to him, and would make it simply the Italian na-
tional church. So much for the case from the Pope's own point
of view. Highly important, too, is the point of view of other na-
tions. That church now enjoys in France, Austria and other
countries a certain political standing and support. But if it be-
came in any measure identified with the Italian government we
can scarcely imagine the governments of those countries continu-
ing to give it such recognition and support. It would then be to
them an alien institution, the annex of an alien government. Thus
it would lose its standing and support. Nor is that all. The po-
litical influence of the Church is well known to be great. The ex-
ercise of that influence is tolerable so long as it is not exerted in
behalf of any particular nation, but only in behalf of the interests
of the Church. But if the Church became, or came to be regarded
as, an Italian national church, then its political influence would be
regarded as in the interest of the Italian government, and would
naturally be intolerable to other nations."'
This is not a very broad view to take, of course ; nor is it nearly
adequate, ignoring, as it does, the fundamental consideration of
justice involved in the question. But it is at least an approach to
a fairer estimate than the one that has hitherto been current in
our secular press.
266 The Review. 1902.
EDUCATION.
The Hew English Education £/'//.— The Tablet (No. 3,229) prints the
full text of the new English education bill, which it welcomes as a
bold piece of constructive statesmanship and as well calculated to
bring: about not only an equitable but a final settlement of the
vexed educational difficult}'. The bill rests, and is built upon, the
frankest recognition of the great principle, so totally ignored in
the U. S., that all the schools of the nation doing- the essential
work of teaching- the children of the people, are alike entitled to
an equal wage for equal service. Henceforth in England all the
public elementary schools, both voluntary (14,000 in number,
with some three million pupils) and board, will be treated alike,
will be under the same general authority, and be regarded as
having an equal claim upon the public funds.
Of the other features of the bill the most welcome is the clause
dealing with what are called "unnecessary schools." In the past,
though the Catholics of a district were able and willing to build a
school for their children at their own cost, it would be considered
"unnecessary," and so shut out from all share in the government
grants, if there were sufficient places in the neighboring board
school. In future, if there are a reasonable number of Catholic
children, the Catholics of the district will be free to build a school
at their own expense, and then to have it regarded as a public
elementary school, for the maintenance of which the local author-
ity will be responsible.
The removal of this long-standing and most legitimate grievance
is balanced by a concession to the Nonconformists. If a sufficient
number of parents in a parish where the onty school is a Church
of England school, declare that it is unsuitable for their children,
they may, with the permission of the local authority and consent
of the department, call for a separate school to be built at the cost
oi the rate-payers. Mr. Balfour, in making this announcement,
seemed to be under the impression that he was dispensing an
even-handed justice all around. He explained that he "drew no
distinction between the desire of parents for denominational
teaching and their desire for undenominational teaching." There
is just this distinction, that the parents who want dogmatic teach-
ing must pay for the new school themselves, while those who pre-
fer undogmatic teaching, though already protected by the con-
science-clause, may have a separate school built at the expense of
their neighbors.
On the whole, the new bill is based on broad and just principles.
When will the school question be treated with equal broadness
and justice in these United States?
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
A New Scheme to Avoid Labor Troubles. — In order to remove the most
serious obstacle to the securing and maintenance of friendly re-
lations between employers and employes, viz.: the lack of some
machinery for preventing a difference from ending in a strike be-
fore an attempt at arbitration is made, a new scheme has recently
been proposed, of which we find an account in the N. Y. Evening-
Post of Feb. 22nd.
The fundamental feature is the establishment of a permanent
No. 17. The Review. 267
body for the settlement of all questions as they arise— a body con-
stituted when both sides are cool, and considering issues submit-
ted by people who still remain cool. This "central court of settle-
ment and appeal" is to have thi-ee salaried members, chosen for a
term of not less than three years, who will be the nucleus of a
larger body of nine men, six of whom will be constantly shifting.
One of the central three is to be chosen by the workmen in the
various building trades, acting through a committee ; the second
by the employers, acting in the same fashion, and the third by
these two, Whenever a question should be raised in any trade-
as, for example, the painters— the three permanent members of
the court would be reinforced by three men representing the em-
ployers and three representing the employes in this trade, making
nine in all. These six temporary members would bring expert
knowledge of the special conditions affecting their trade to supple-
ment the grasp of general principles affecting all trades possessed
by the three who sit permanently. The nine would decide, say,
the terms on which the employing painters and their employes
should work for the coming year, and then these six temporary
members would withdraw, to be replaced by six representing the
carpenters, six who should act for the plasterers, and soon. When
all trades have thus been through the court, announcement will
be made of every agreement that has been reached, and these
agreements will be the rule by which all who have to do with
building operations, as employers and employed, are to be gov-
erned for the next twelve-month.
Should any controversy arise as to whether either side in any
trade is living up to the agreement, recourse would at once be had
to the court. If, for instance, the steam-fitters should think they
had a grievance against their employers, their three special rep-
resentatives, with the three representing their employers, would
join the standing three, and the nine would render their decision
after hearing all the evidence and considering the merits of the
case. Meanwhile the employers in every trade would be pledged
not to order a lockout and the workmen not to order a strike, so
that the development of a controversy need cause no interruption
of work or inconvenience to the public.
The proposed court would have no legal authority. It would
depend solely upon moral influence for the execution of its de-
crees. But it is believed that a hearty acceptance of the scheme
by both sides in all of the many trades would give such weight to
any decision of the body that neither side to a dispute submitted
to it would challenge the odium involved in repudiating its au-
thority.
This plan is reasonable and practicable, and we are glad to learn
that it is likely to be tried on a large scale in Boston during the
present year.
LITERATURE.
'The Marriage of Laurentia,' by Marie Haultmont (B. Herder, St.
Louis. Price SI. 60) deals with the upper-class Catholics of Eng-
land. It is one of the best, cleanest, and most interesting novels
of the year. Absorbingly interesting as is the love affair, it is by
no means the vital point, and the evil of a mixed marriage is plain-
ly shown, as well as the fallacy that one should do evil that good
might come.
268
MISCELLANY.
Dr. Hirsh and Miracles. — In the issue of the Chicago Chronicle of
April 5th we read, under glaring- head-lines, that the Jewish Rabbi,
Dr. Hirsh, in a lecture at the Johns Hopkins University, declared
the basis of the miracles of Christ to be in hypnotism. "'Jesus
Christ was a hypnotist," similar to Dowie, Dr. Hirsh proclaims.
In his opinion the miracles of the Bible are not facts.
It is too bad Mr. Hirsh did not live at the time of the Apostles.
He could have saved them the trouble of dicing- for their belief in
the Lord Jesus. If the things Christ did before many witnesses,
such as changing water into wine, multiplying the loaves of
bread, healing the blind and the lepers, raising the dead to life,
could be accomplished by hypnotism, I am sure Dr. Hirsh and
many others would soon be busily engaged in utilizing the re-
markable force for revenue's sake. He would find hypnotizing a
far more profitable enterprise than giving lectures. Would our
wine merchants and liquor dealers not smile, if they could hypno-
tize water into wine at pleasure? Vineyards and wheatfields
would at once become superfluous. What a labor-saving thing
hypnotism would be!
But what about our miserable American daily press, that day
after day, by publishing such articles, spreads the poison of infi-
delity among the people, undermines Christianity, and roots out
thoroughly the little faith that is still left in the hearts of at least
a fair portion of the American people ? Is it not leaving the field
shamefully to the apostles of infidelity to let the entire daily
press in their hands and give them the privilege to infect even
Catholic homes with their pestiferous daily rot?
If there is some stamen and love for the cause of Christ left in
the Catholics of America, they ought to imitate their brethren in
the faith of other lands and not rest until they have in various
parts of this prosperous countrj^, good Catholic dailies in a flour-
ishing condition. Tearing down is much easier than building up.
It is certainly the very poorest kind of policy to first let the irre-
ligious press do its diabolical work of destruction in the Christian
home and then, when it is too late, slowly to approach with the
antidote of Catholic dailies. We have much reason to doubt the
sincerity of a Catholic who, aware of the evil tendency of the
average American daily, is not willing to encourage the establish-
ment of good Catholic dailies as a bulwark against infidelity and
immorality.
The Craze for Ping-Pong. — The game of ping-pong, or table
tennis, which we described in our number 13, has developed into
a fad. It has become "the correct thing." Already it has its own
disease— the ping-pong shoulder, or pingpongitis, caused by too
much ping-pong. Moreover, it is developing a literature of its
own. "Ping-pong books are issuing from the press so copiously,"
says the N. Y. Tribune, "that they will soon fill large space on our
library shelves, and even the Shakespeare-Bacon controversy is
giving wav to the more fascinating contentions of ping-pong."
The Sun has conjugated the new word : "I ping, thou pongest,
he pung we grovel on the floor, ye tear your trousers, they break
No. 17. The Review. 269
the furniture," etc. And the Mirror communicates this pretty
bit of ping-pong- verse from a British contemporary :
To Ceija.
Ping to me only with thine eyes,
And I will pong with mine ;
We twain may win the Challenge Cup,
If Ping with Pong combine ;
The craze, that in my soul doth rise,-
Is doubtless keen in thine ;
I'll take the role of Pinger up,
If thou 'It be Pongstress mine.
I send a table-tennis set
Not so much honoring thee,
As hoping thou thyself mayst share
This latest lunacy ;
But if thou hat'st ball, racquet, net,
And send'st them back to me,
I'll sacrifice myself and swear
To cut Ping Pongery.
Why the Anti-Vaccination Movement is Growing.— Dr. Tildem's
Stuffed Club for April publishes a letter from Dr. Charles E. Page
of Boston, which was refused publication in the Boston Medical
and Surgical Journal Great care is taken that the truth does not
appear in the average medical journal regarding any medical de-
lusion. Dr. Page says : *'It is no disparagement of any man,
physician or layman, that he is a pro-vaccinationist. The fact of
his being that simply proves that he has never entered into the
study of the question of smallpox and vaccinia. He has simply
taken it for granted that because everybody in the profession be-
lieves in the usefulness of the procedure it must be right
The writer has often wondered if the Journal readers have not
thought it rather strange that pro-vaccinationists have never, dur-
ing all the time this question has been discussed, quoted any sta-
tistician, eminent or otherwise, who has given any study to this
question and still remains a pro-vaccinist. There is not an in-
stance, either in this country or Europe, of such a statistician at
present favoring vaccination, or indeed one who does not condemn
it out and out as a delusion and nuisance In conclusion the
present writer would state as his firm belief that no fight at all
can be made by pro-vaccinists along the line employed by anti-
vaccinationists in fighting the monstrous delusion of vaccination,
that is by going to the very bottom of matters and producing
facts which prove their contention. Hence the steady progress
of anti-vaccination in every civilized country on the globe-"
270
NOTE-BOOK
In the newspaper reports of Father H. Grisar's famous lecture
at the Munich Congress of Catholic savants (which we reprinted
in our last volume and followed up with several explanatory ar-
ticles), the eminent Jesuit was quoted as cautioning his hearers
against communicating the drift of his lecture, intended only for
the learned, to the masses of the Catholic people. As we supposed
from the beginning, P. Grisar made no such remark. What he
really said, was, as he now explains in a letter to the Kolnische
Volkszeitung (Litt. Beilage, No. 12), that it was of the utmost im-
portance that he be correctly quoted in the public press. The
synopsis of his lecture in the Proceedings of the Congress, we
now learn, was not entirely accurate. That the lecture was not
published verbatim, the learned Father tells us, was due to "diffi-
culties which had arisen in the immediate neighborhood." It ap-
pears that the Apostolic Nuncio at Munich, Msgr. Sambucetti, had
been moved to send an unfavorable report to the Papal Secretary
of State. As Msgr. Sambucetti does no.t master the German lang-
uage, in which P. Grisar spoke, the Kolnische Volkszeitung sur-
mises that he must have been misinformed.
In connection with the above, the Volkszeitung announces that
it is reliably informed from Rome, that, while the S. Congregation
of Rites has authorized certain preparatory labors looking to a
correction of the historic portions of the Breviary, it is not likely,
under present conditions, that any definite results will come from
this reform movement.
3t 9* ?C
In speaking of a commission to be sent to Rome for "settling"
the question of the friars' property in the Philippine Islands, the
Philadelphia Record (April 14th) naively says : "The United
States government is neither favorable nor hostile to any particu-
lar sect It recognizes that, although the Christian Filipinos
are practically all Roman Catholics, they are, nevertheless, a unit
in demanding that the friars leave the islands."
It were interesting to know how Governor Taft, upon whom
the Record relies as its authority in this matter, succeeded in
getting such information. According to the testimony before the
Senate Committee, and according to newspaper reports, most all
of the intercourse between Americans and natives is carried on
by "interpreters," since few Americans or natives are able to
speak both languages fluently. Even the teachers sent there from
the United States "teach" through interpreters. How is Mr. Taft
able to judge whether the translations given him express the true
sentiments of the people? And as for the Filipinos being "a unit"
against the friars, why, there never was a proper effort made to
learn the opinion of the people about anything ! Public schools
are to be forced on them, though not wanted by the natives, but
when it comes to satisfy a couple of malcontents, who are opposed
to the friars, well, that is "a horse of another color," and the "peo-
ple's" wishes must be respected !
No. 17. The Review. 271
The Axtell(Kan.) Anchor recently printed the following unique
notice : "We wish to bring- to the notice of the friends of A. L.
Gilland that his physician has cautioned him against any sudden
starts or jerks. It has been the custom many times when greet-
ing the old gentleman to take advantage of his extreme ticklish-
ness. The surgeons say that a man of his nature, after undergo-
ing such a critical surgical operation, would be liable to be badly
injured by a sudden start. Therefore, his friends should not
greet him in the old way by poking their fingers in his ribs.*'
se* sr sf
That the word liberty may become a fetish, was President
Hadley's thesis in a recent address to college students. America
is, he thinks, in danger of taking liberty to mean unrestrained in-
dividualism. Our people are too prone to disregard the principle
of authority, and to chafe under the restrictions which society and
business impose upon the individual. Now, it should be remem-
bered that precisely this sturdy individualism — this disinclination
to commit one's self to institutions — is the distinguishing char-
acteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race. It is a valuable trait, but,
carried to excess, it prevents the finest use of the liberty it se-
cures. What a very free nation needs, in addition to this belief
in individual liberty, is a sense of social obligation. The French
have no more condemnatory word for a custom or a law than this,
that it is "anti-social." There is danger always tbat competition
in business or freedom of action in the individual may assume this
anti-social aspect.
+r *r +r
The Treasury Department set aside the Constitution of the
United States a few years ago long enough to decide that an Am-
erican lost his citizenship if he remained abroad more than five
years. The United States Circuit Court, Judge Coxe, has decided
that citizenship of the United States is not within the jurisdic-
tion of an official at Washington. The news will be comforting to
American students and artists who seek broader education and
milder climates in other lands, while their hearts are true to their
own country.
ff & IF
What is the exact meaning of the title "the Son of Man" so often
used of Himself by Our Lord in the New Testament? The ques-
tion is one that has been frequently discussed. Dr. Fiebig has
just published in Tubingen an exhaustive study of the problem, in
which, in the light of the Old Testament Aramaic, the Mishna
and Targums, the Samaritan texts and old Aramaic inscriptions,
he comes to the conclusion that the term endshd and bar ends/id
signified indiscriminately "the Man." Thus Our Lord's title
would, with reference to Daniel vii., 13, signify "the Man par ex-
cellence. "
V» *r* <V
How far the American public is already used to reports of at-
rocities committed by our troops in the name of "civilization" and
"Christianity," is shown by the indifferent reception given by the
journals to such shameful news as the shooting of poor natives
272 The Reveiw. 19Q3-
without trial by Capt. Waller and his men, ("anything over 10
years old"") and now the application of "torture" to the poor
wretches. And mind you, the Americans must use interpreters,
and so it practically depends on one man's will to have the suffer-
ings of such poor people prolonged or stopped, as his whim dic-
tates. If the interpreter has an axe to grind and does not trans-
late correctly, who is responsible for the misery thus caused?
Governor Murphy of New Jersey, the other day, at a hearing on
an unsigned bill to place the control of poor orphans with the State
Board of Guardians, severely rebuked the Rev. Mr. M. T. Lamb,
because, according to his own admission, the Children's Home
Societv, of which he is superintendent," does not .believe in plac-
ing poor Catholic children in Catholic families, but desires to place
such children in Protestant families." — Mr. Lamb even had the
impudence to say that, if the bill were signed, it would make him
place Catholic children in Catholic families, which was not right
nor conducive to getting such children the best training during
the formative period.
Governor Murphy immediately asked Mr. Lamb if the Catholics
were not Christians, and Mr. Lamb, finding that he had made a
fatal mistake, floundered about in an attempt to get around the
question, but he did not retract the assertion of his position re-
garding the proper disposition of Catholic children.
(Cfr. Philadelphia North American, April 2nd.)
If the report is correct, it seems that the Catholics in all the
States should go after such concerns as the New Jersey Children's
Home Society with a sharp stick. They are another illustration
of the "non-sectarian" work of certain public or semi-public insti-
tutions.
^^ ^^ ^s
I
A New York despatch to the Philadelphia Record (April 20th)
says that General Chaffee has been instructed to exhaust his last
resource in negotiation with the Moros, rather than make a dis-
tinctly hostile movement against them. "The dread of a war with
Moslems is much greater than with the Christian Tagals, for the
religious revolt against our rule would spread like wildfire and
open the way for an endless conflict. Moreover, it is probable
that if General Chaffee insists upon carrying out his supposed
plans, he will have to import more troops from the United States.
This would be politically unfortunate, and may involve his recall."
Hence it appears that our administration does not mind a war
"with Christian Tagals," who are considered "savages" by our so-
called "Christian" troops, killed in cold blood without trial, tor-
tured and what not, all for the sake of humanitj'. But when it
comes to deal with Moslems, who have been granted special priv-
ileges regarding slavery, polygamy, etc., in violation of our laws,
and yet were spared the affliction of introducing public schools of
American pattern and similar doubtful blessings, why then the
administration is afraid of the result and its political conse-
quences. If any illustration were required regarding the import-
ance of a Catholic federation for political purposes, it is furnished
in that one paragraph.
Bishop Spalding as an Author.
he correctest estimate of Bishop Spalding- as a poet, which
we have yet seen in print, appeared in the St. Louis
Globe-Democrat of March 23rd. It is as follows :
"Why should a man who can write such ideal prose essays as
Bishop Spalding's pine to express himself in verse, especially
when the gods have clearly not called him thereto? 'God and the
Soul : A Poem' (The Grafton Press), is surety a misnomer, so far
as the subtitle is concerned, and all the spiritual and intellectual
grace thrown around the main title can not save it. The sonnets,
that make up so large a part of the book, are not of the kind by
which Shakespeare was said to unlock his heart, nor can any ad-
mirer of the noble and distinguished Bishop, scholar and author,
feel that they are the best key by which he can unlock his heart,
or brain for that matter, to the world."
So much for Bishop Spalding as a poet. But what of his "ideal
prose essays"?
As late as August 31st last, the Revue Bibliografihique Beige char-
acterized Msgr. Spalding's prose works as books full of "worn-out
axioms and advice known to all the world," himself as a truly as-
tonishing thinker, and his thoughts as mostly commonplace and
in part "terribly false and perfidious."
The Review, as our readers will remember, some years ago,
took decided exception to the Kantian sentiments and Hegelian
allures of certain of Msgr. Spalding's essays. And now comes the
Reverend Doctor Charles Maignen, of Paris, and pronounces a
truly crushing criticism of the Bishop of Peoria as a writer.*)
The occasion is the publication in French of a selection from
the Bishop's later essays, edited by the well-known Abbe Klein,
of Heckerite fame, under the title 'L'Opportunite. '
A Protestant French journal, Le Sillori, had advertised this
production in these words : "We shall place 'Opportunity among
the rare small books, such as the 'Following of Christ' among the
ancient and the 'Sources' among the modern, which one ought to
have at hand always to revive the soul and illumine the mind."
To the learned Abbe Maignen, however, already the title of the
volume appears rather bizarre, reminding the reader of a wretched
word and a wretched thing : opportunism.
"After the lectures of Msgr. Ireland and the Life of Father
*) Nouveau Catholicisme et Nouveau Clerge. Paris, V. Retaux.
Page 163 sq.
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 18. St. Louis, Mo., May 8, 1902.)
274 The Reveiw. 1902.
Hecker, he says, the Abbe Klein has now undertaken to popularize
in France some fragments from the works of Msgr. Spalding",
Bishop of Peoria. Opporhmite, however, is not a word that can
be understood without the help of a dictionary and without know-
ing the meaning of the English word, of which it is rather a literal
than a literary translation. But even thus one is not sure to
fathom the mystery of the word, for, with Emerson, Msgr. Spald-
ing assures us that 'America' is synonymous with 'opportunity,'
an explanation which certainly does not enlighten the reader,
though it shows us the circle of ideas in which the author moves.
The ideas of Msgr. Spalding possess neither the attraction of
novelty nor the merit of clearness, and it is hard to understand
how the Abbe Klein could be led to imagine that such a book
would be enjoyed by the French public. There is nothing new.
in these pages. In a rather diluted form they reproduce the
favorite and oft rehashed themes of the Anglo-Saxon Liberals :
the [Church and the age, the alliance between Catholicism and
modern progress, liberty, initiative, etc., etc.
Is there any well-read Frenchman to whom these novelties do
not seem to be shop-worn ; and who would not wish to hear some-
thing more original? We are no longer in 1892. Since that time,
already far off, when many of us believed in Anglo-Saxon superi-
ority, events have marched onward and ideas with them. The
Spanish-American conflict and the Boer war have dispelled these
legends ; the condemnation of 'Americanism,' the recent journeys
of certain 'great American prelates, ' have shed new light upon
ideas and men.
The Abbe Klein offers to a fatigued and already disabused
public, under a novel title, the same idea, the same thesis, minus
the enthusiasm of Msgr. Ireland and the naive originality of
Father Hecker. Msgr. Spalding — in French dress — is nothing
but a cold philosopher, sententious and obscure. He has the
knack, paradoxical enough, to clothe a vague idea in a terse phrase,
to [express a diffuse thought concisely. Is that the fault of the
translator or of the author?
Each chapter is made up of a number of aphorisms, almost all
of them expressing the same idea, or different aspects of the same
idea. Do not look for a logical connection between them, nor for
a bond uniting premises and conclusions ; there is no such bond,
there are no conclusions. The initial assertion is found again,
under another formula, at the end, and is repeated with a variety
of expression that is equaled only by the monotony of the thought.
We should like to know how many even of the staunchest admirers
of American genius will have the patience to read the book
through.
No. 18. The Review. 275
This fact reassures us and leads us to view calmly the unfit-
ness of a publication that would otherwise not be without danger.
For no matter how attenuated the expression may be, the funda-
mental error of 'Americanism' is found here in its entirety : con-
fidence in one's self, exaltation of the human personality, the
adaptation of the Church to the age, the worship of the future
and contempt for the past.
Msgr. Spalding- calmly writes : "We know vastly more than the
Alexandrine, Cappadocian and Antiochene doctors, who built the
foundation of theological science ; more than St. Augustine and
St. Jerome ; more than Alcuin and Scotus Erigena, more than the
great masters of scholasticism, who were almost wholly unac-
quainted with the Christian literature of the second and third
centuries. . . .We have not only greater knowledge than they, but
we have developed a critical and historical sense which they had
not and which gives the student a clearer view of Scripture, of the
development and history of the Church than hitherto it has been
possible to have."
That is certainly clear-cut. A simple student of the University
at Washington,*) has a clearer view of the meaning and contents
of Scripture, than St. Jerome, St. Augustine, and all the doctors
of the Church !
However, such pearls are rare in the present volume. Thanks
to the vagueness of Msgr. Spalding's ideas, there are very few of
his expressions that could not be understood in an orthodox
sense ; however, there are also few that could not be interpreted
in an unpleasant way. It is the misfortune of this American prel-
ate that his most ardent admirers have emphasized especially the
defective side of his work, and it is to the ambiguity of his style
and to certain deficiencies in his teaching, that he owes the ques-
tionable honor of being translated into French." —
Thus far the Abbe Maignen. We have deemed it useful to re-
produce his criticism, first because we consider it just and to the
point, and secondly because the exaggerated praises lavished up-
on Bishop Spalding, as a writer, as recently as his late episcopal
jubilee, make it necessary to stem the tide of admiration and to
show the world that there are at least some Catholics in America
who do not believe the worthy and well-meaning Bishop of Peoria,
whose real literary ability they do not, of course, dispute, a phil-
osopher, essayist, and poet sans compare.
We have been told publicly only a week or two ago that Msgr.
Spalding's writings are widely read by non-Catholics, to whom,
it appears, His Lordship has particularly catered by issuing them
:) The passage quoted is from a lecture delivered there.
276 The Review. 1902.
through a Protestant publishing house. If this is really the case,
we fear they have not done much towards converting the great
American public to the true faith, for not one of them, so far as
we are aware, is specifically Catholic and so saturated with Cath-
olic doctrine and sentiment that it could not possibly be attributed
to a Protestant bishop, or, in fact, to any other writer of some-
what more than average ability.
A New Life Insurance and Investment
Contract Analyzed.
e lately received a gorgeous pamphlet entitled 'Timely
Tips on a Troublesome Topic,' together with a circular
in the guise of an insurance policy : Special Life Insur-
ance and Investment Contract, respectfully submitted to Mr.
Arthur Preuss, St. Louis, Mo., by W. Percy Crenshaw, General
Sales Agent, Chicago, 111.
As this pamphlet and circular have doubtless been sent to a
good many other persons besides the Editor of The Review, and
as they offer some very specious inducements, we submitted them
to an insurance expert, who reports as follows :
Returning you "Illustration," etc., and "Timely Tips," etc., re-
ceived in this mornings mail, I exceedingly regret that a respect-
able life insurance company like the Metropolitan of New York
permits its agents to circulate such misleading literature, to use
no stronger term.
The contract illustrated is a sort of combination of twenty pay-
ment life and twenty year endowment policies at non-participat-
ing or stock rates. I will first explain the policy and then show
the misleading or worse parts of the statements made in the two
pamphlets.
Of the leading companies the Metropolitan of New York and
the Travellers' of Hartford are the only ones writing policies at
non-participating or stock rates. The Aetna, Mutual Life, Equit-
able, and in fact most of the other companies, write policies on
the participating or mutual plan, and also at stock rates, so the
proposition of Mr. Crenshaw is nothing new in principle, though
the slight variation from the usual terms of a twenty year endow-
ment is really a novelty, but not an improvement.
No. 18. The Review. 277
For $44.11 annual premium most any other company will issue
a twenty year endowment on age 37, guaranteeing $1,000 cash
at the end of 20 years, or in case of death, if prior. This latter
emergency we will not consider here ; the holder of an endow-
ment policy loses considerable in case of death from a financial
point of view, since he could have had plain insurance much
cheaper.
A dollar a year, paid in the beginning of the year and improved
at 5 per cent, compound interest, amounts to $34,719 in 20 years.
(You can prove it by multiplying $24.82 by 34,719, which gives
$861.72, or the guaranteed cash value of Mr. Crenshaw's proposi-
tion.)
Now let us figure :
A payment of $40.14 a year for 20 years amounts to $1,393.62
at 5 per cent, interest. Deducting from that the guaranteed cash
value $862, there remains as the cost of insurance a net loss of
$531.62. Above is Crenshaw's proposition. The Mutual Life or
any other company will charge $44.11, amounting on the same
basis to $1,531.45 in 20 years, guaranteeing a cash value of $1,000,
giving a net loss as cost of insurance of $531.45, or a few cents
less than the Metropolitan.
The terms of the "Special Contract" are a close imitation of the
terms given on deferred dividend policies, but not so advantageous.
Cash loans, cash values, and paid-up insurance are provided for in
the policies of almost every company doing business. The Mu-
tual Life, for example, will give exactly the same amount in paid-
up insurance, as the "Special Contract," but payable at the end
of the endowment period or in case of death, if prior. So the paid-
up policy of the Mutual Life will be paid in cash at age 57, of the
Metropolitan at death only. Quite a difference.
To show but one more misrepresentation, take the statement
that, "after 5 years the contract can be carried to maturity with-
out the payment of another dollar, etcr"
How about the interest? On a loan of $40,14 the interest of 5
per cent, must be paid every year, making a total interest expense
of $48.17 during the 15 years. If charged against the policy and
compounded annually, the total charge for premium and interest
will amount to $909.45 or $47 more than the cash value of the
policy, so the assured will not receive anything beyond the insur-
ance, which, owing to the steadily increasing debt, will be continu-
ally reduced, amounting than less the $100 the twentieth year.
The "Timely Tips," etc., are a bitter attack on the modern sys-
tem of writing participating policies with deferred dividends, (or
dividends payable at end of stated periods, 10, 15 or 20 years).
The Massachusetts report for 1901 shows the total insurance in
278 The Review. 1902.
force of 33 regular]companies for December 31st, 1900 to be $6,923,-
161,146— -of which the
Aetna have - - - $192,592,816
Metropolitan, - - - 154,900,241
Travellers, .... 109,019,851
A total of - $456,512,908,
or less than 7 per cent, of the whole. In other words, the three
representatives of non-participating- policies carry less than $7
for every $100 of outstanding- insurance.
It hardly becomes an agent of the Metropolitan to charge other
companies with extravagance of expenses of management or
agencies. For about $31,000,000 received for premiums, that
company paid $10,865,000 for expenses in 1900, or about 40 cents
per dollar collected. This is a higher figure than shown by any
of the regular companies.
In 'Timely Tips" a grain of truth is used skilfully for decep-
tion.
Evolution and Dogma.
he Civilta Cattolica publishes in its quaderno 1243 a short
but very important article on the subject of evolution.
The Freeman's Rome correspondent, whose translation
we use, introduces it as follows :
"Since Mivart's defense of the theory that the human body has
been evolved from some lower form of animal life, a number of
prominent writers, whose Catholicity is beyond question, have
written some books and a quantity of articles in the magazines to
show that the Church does not condemn the theory. The article
in the Civilta, which has obviously been written on the very best
of authoritative information, completely discountenances the sup-
posed lawfulness of such advocacy. Two prominent Catholics
who defended evolution as applied to the human body have been
obliged by the Holy See to withdraw their works from circula-
tion, and although there has been no official condemnation of the
theory, it can hardly be doubted now but that no Catholic can
openly profess it without incurring the censure of 'temerity.' "
Here the article : —
* *
*
On the publication, some time ago in the Dublin Review, of an
article by Dr. Hedley on Prof. Zahm, which was reproduced with
lavish encomium by the Rassegna Nazionale, of Florence, we
No. 18. The Review. 279
printed a brief study on the subject, in which we confirmed the
unfavorable judgment which the book had seemed to us to deserve
when it first saw the light.
Insisting particularly on the fact that the principal objection
which faced studious Catholics against the admission of evolution,
as applied to the body of man, did not arise from the fear of con-
tradicting the Bible, but rather from the want of scientific found-
ation for the system, we concluded that nobody could escape the
censure of "temerity," who, in opposition to the traditional pro-
nouncement of the Fathers, defended the gratuitous theory of the
derivative origin of the human bod}r from the monkey or any
other brute.
The Catholic must not only believe, but reason. This being so,
he may not and can not accept as a scientific theory something
which, according to Dr. Zahm himself, has never been proved, and
which there is no hope of ever being proved. Then, too, the re-
spect which the Catholic, as believer, owes to the Bible, certainly
demands of him not to interpret and twist the words of eternal
truth to fit in with gratuitous hypotheses, which oblige him to
affirm to-day according to one theory what he will be obliged to
contradict to-morrow according to another.
That our judgment on the work of Zahm was not exaggerated,
is clear from the declaration which he himself made public four
months later. In this document he asserted that he had learnt
"from a sure source that the Holy See was opposed to a further
diffusion of his work, 'Evolution and Dogma,' and that he there-
fore desired "that the work should be withdrawn from circula-
tion."*)
Anybody who knows the wise course of procedure prescribed
by Benedict XIV. and observed in all cases by the Congregations
of the Holy Office and of the Index, and who is acquainted with
the indulgent course followed by both the Congregations in par-
ticular cases, when the works of Catholics of some reputation are
under consideration, will have no trouble in understanding the full
force and the real significance, theoretical and practical, of the
above declaration.
The fact is, Dr. Zahm's work met with the same fate as that
which another work on the same subject by Father Leroy, O. P.,
met with four years previously. This writer also defended the
derivative origin of the body of man from the body of a brute ; his
work: also was denounced to the Holy Office, and he, too, in order
to avoid a public censure, made a public declaration "to disown,
retract, and condemn the said theory" and "to express his inten-
*) This declaration is dated May 16th, 1899. We published the
English text at the time. — A. P.
280 The Review. 1902.
tion of withdrawing from circulation, as far as possible, the copies
of his book."t)
In both cases the "competent authority" which examined the
works and judged them, and whose orders were praiseworthily
obeyed by both Leroy and Zahm, was the authority of the Su-
preme Tribunal of the Holy See.
We would be very glad to abstain from repeating and reaffirm-
ing these things, were it not that a recent letter written by Dr.
Hedley has drawn us personally into the matter, by throwing
doubt on the accuracy of our information and conclusions con-
cerning the case of Father Leroy. |)
This letter was addressed by him to an Anglican minister, the
Rev. Spencer Jones, who, availing himself of the permission kind-
ly given him to publish it, has had it printed in a volume recently
issued from the press. §) From this volume Dr. Hedley's letter
has passed, with serious prejudice to the truth and the good cause,
into the columns of several newspapers, both Catholic and non-
Catholic, of the Old and the New World.
The substance of it is as follows : Dr. Hedley, after recalling
the article in the Civilta Cattolica of Jan. 7th, 1899, and the docu-
ments published in it, after confessing that, "supposing the infor-
mation of the Civilta Cattolica to be genuine," he had admitted in
the London Tablet that Mivart's theory (defended by Leroy and
Zahm) must be called temerarious, adds :
"The Civilta quoted no decision of any Roman Congregation,
but only spoke vaguely (sic !) of authority. I have since been in-
formed that the condemnation in question, if it ever was pro-
nounced, emanated merely from the Dominican Superior, and not
from the Holy Seeiat all There has been no action nor inter-
vention on the part of the Holy See, or of any tribunal of the Holy
See." ('England and the Holy See,' page 299.)
In our article we expressly declared that the Holy See had for
excellent reasons not deemed it yet opportune to condemn by a
public act this theory, which, as a matter of fact, is continually
losing credit among true scientists.
We have no doubt whatever that the illustrious Dr. Hedley has
been thus informed ; but we grieve to say he has been badly in-
formed ; for both of the assertions contained in his letter are be-
yond all doubt erroneous.
10 This important document, in the original French text, sub-
scribed by Father Leroy on Feb. 26th, 1895, was published
in the Civilta, Jan. 7th, 1899, page 49.
X) Dr. Hedley makes no allusion whatever to the case of Prot.
Zahm. Perhaps he has not yet heard about it.
§) P^ngland and the Holy See. An Essay toward Reunion. Long-
mans, 1902, pages 298, 299.
No. 18. The Review. 281
If this categorical answer of ours does not please him, let him
by all means take it as not having- been given. The royal high-
road for arriving at genuine and authentic information on the sub-
ject in question is still open to him. Let him write ex officio to
the "competent authority," and we are certain that he will receive,
even if it be in a confidential way, not contrary but still more
detailed news, of a nature which makes it neither right nor poss-
ible for us to give it to our readers.
C01XTEMP0RAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
The Holy Shroud of Turin. — We learn from Paris that great inter-
est has been excited there by the researches of M. Paul Vignon,
the eminent French scientist and teacher of zoology at the Sor-
bonne, regarding the images of the body of Christ imprinted on
the Holy Shroud preserved in the Cathedral at Turin. The re-
sults were communicated to the Academie des Sciences by M.
Yves Delage the other day. The shroud bears, traced in hues of
brown — that is, the hues of dried blood-stains — what is alleged to
be a double impression of the figure of Christ. The outlines of
the face and back have been reproduced with wonderful exactness
by modern photographic processes. M. Vignon has satisfied him-
self that the portrait is no copy of any known work of art. Indeed,
the impression is exactly of the kind which would be produced by
a dead body steeped, as the Scriptural narrative declares; in oils
and aloes.
The Vignon theory is that the aloe-steeped shroud acted as a
photographic plate. The extraordinary reappearance on the
shroud of the stigmata of the dead Savior, opens up the question
of the possibility of the reproduction of the marks of the wound-
ing and the flagellation which are said to be minutely imprinted
on the shroud.
The Lancet, the leading medical journal published in England,
says that investigations seem to indicate the possession by the hu-
man body either of radioactive properties or a capacity of throw-
ing off vapors whose emanation produces a similar effect. The
London Times finds a deeper and more sacred interest in the in-
vestigations for the human race.
The French Associations Law. — Father John Gerard, S. J., has pub-
lished the papers recently contributed by him to the Month on
the French Associations Law, in pamphlet form. He considers
the following points to be clearly established in regard of the As-
sociations Law :
1. It originated with the extremist section of the Radicals, who
forced it upon the Ministry of M. Waldeck-Rousseau as a condi-
282 The Review. 1902.
tion of their support, and who regard it as a first step in their
campaign against Christianity, or even religious belief in any
form.
2. It constitutes a gross violation of the fundamental principles
of liberty, depriving men and women of rights common to all,
without any excuse ; for although there have been accusations
brought against those whom it affects, there has been no attempt
to substantiate such charges.
3. Those of the party now in power who wish in any form to
tolerate the Church or institutions belonging to her, are manifest-
ly determined to do so only on condition of making her to the full-
est extent the vassal of the State, and stamping her as a mere
human institution for State purposes.
Catholics in India. — The Indian Catholic Directory for 1902, gives
tables from which we gather that the total number of Catholics in
India and Ceylon (excluding Burma) is at present 2,235,934. These
are are ministered to by 848 European missionaries and 1,772 na-
tive priests (of whom 764 are Goanese and 467 priests of the Syro-
Malabar rite). There are 2,905 primary schools, with 169,304
children in school attendance — excluding orphanages and colleges.
EDUCATION.
The Catholic University's Troubles. — Msgr. Conaty has promptly
and emphatically denied the current report that he intended to
resign as Rector of the Catholic University and that disharmony
among the faculty and financial embarrassment were endangering
the future of the institution. It is an open secret, nevertheless ,
that the University is, and has been for some time, in a bad way.
It has not received the support it thought it was entitled to as a
timely and worthy papal foundation. It has recently been obliged
to enlist an extraordinary procurator fiscalis to collect funds, and
to retire a number of its minor professors and lecturers because
it had not the wherewithal to pay them for their services.
In a note in some of the daily newspapers, apparently inspired
by the Rector or some one near him, the hierarchy and the clergy
were blamed for their lack of interest in the University. That
such lack of interest has made itself felt, no one can deny. And
we violate no confidence When we say that it was and is due not
so much to a want of appreciation of the Holy Father's ideal in
erecting the University, or of the necessity of such an institution
in twentieth-century America, as to the mistakes and blunders
committed by the management, especially under its former Rec-
tor. After treating Profs. Pohle -and Schroder so unjustly, and
after ousting Dr. Peries so unceremoniously, and filling their
places with scientific zeros, the University authorities could not
expect the German and the French speaking Catholics of the
country, who looked upon those able men as their particular rep-
resentatives in the faculty, to show greater interest in an institu-
tion which they had viewed from the very beginning with a de-
gree of suspicion on account of the liberalizing views of some of
its chief promoters ; nor could they hope to impress the Catholic
public at large with their desire and ability to make the faculty a
constellation of the first magnitude. Not to speak of Prof.
No. 18. The Review. 283
Bouquillon, who has marred his previously excellent reputation
by his public and uncalled-for advocacy of false and dangerous
educational theses in the famous school fight, the University has
to-day among- its body of regular professors but one single scholar
whose name commands universal respect. European universities
all, without exception, look down upon our "Washington high-
school" as an institution whose big pretensions are by no manner
of means borne out by actual results. This is to be regretted,
not only for the sake of its pontifical founder, but for the sake of
Catholic learning in America as well. No sincere lover of the
Church can glory in the shame and misfortune of an institution
which was designed to be the focus of Catholic scholarship in
this land of unlimited resources and towering ambition. We
share the universal hope of its real well-wishers that the Catholic
University may succeed in extricating itself from its financial
difficulties and at length begin to develop in the right direction,
under the leadership of men distinguished not only for zeal and
good will, but also for absolute orthodoxy, for unshakeable fideli-
ty to the old Catholic traditions, for superior learning and the
ability to attract and to hold real scholars such as the University
had at least a nucleus of in the days when Pohle, Schroder, Penes,
and Hyvernat shed upon it the combined lustre of their names
and gave it a standing among the Catholic universities of the
world.
MUSIC.
Don Lorenzo Perosi on Church Music. — We are asked to call the at-
tention of our readers to the Rassegna Gregoriana, a new liturgical
magazine published in Rome. It is devoted chiefly to Church
music and follows the Solesmes school of Gregorian chant without
polemics. We quote a paragraph contributed by Don Lorenzo
Perosi, the promising young composer of masses and oratories :
"The liturgical function," says Don Lorenzo, "is the important
thing in the church. Music should have no importance there for
its own sake ; it should help, not absorb, the attention of the wor-
shippers. Hence, in writing sacred music for the church, I have
always aimed at working not only in simplicitate cordis, but also in
simplicitate artis. What is played or sung in church should de-
tach us altogether from the memories and passions of the outside
world. If the music of Palestrinaand Lasso was adapted by them
in their own day to madrigals and love-songs, now-a-days, at least,
it is purely religious, for madrigals and love songs are not now
sung in this style ; it brings no earthly affection to our minds.
But even when the suggestion of profane topics is absent, the re-
ligious music of our own times is often defective because it stands
too much by itself ; its themes are developed at too great a length.
Music which stirs emotions for its own sake should have no place
in the solemn rites of the Church."
If we may believe the Rome correspondent of the Tablet, by the
way, there is no truth in the report that the young priest-musician
is preparing the way for the production of some operatic work.
He has no intention whatever, despite manifold inducements, to
devote his powers to the stage.
284
MISCELLANY.
The Bishop of Sava.i\i\a.h a.nd President Roosevelt. — There was
a time when our bishops attended quietly to their official duties
and hardly paid so much attention to politics as to go to the polls
and vote. Now-a-days there is a new school, unfortunately in-
creasing, who delight in hobnobbing with local and national party
leaders, taking a hand in partisan affairs, and delivering public
political harangues. We are sorry to see the new Bishop of Sa-
vannah affiliating himself with this modern school of political prel-
ates, whose activity is neither edifying Catholics nor helping
the cause of Catholicity in the eyes of the great American public.
According to a press despatch from Savannah, Msgr. Keiley,
in a Memorial Day address delivered in a public hall in his epis-
copal city April 27th, protested against a certain remark made
about Jefferson Davis by Theodore Roosevelt in one of his many
books, and violently denounced Mr. Roosevelt, now President of the
United States and therefore chief representative of the civil au-
thority in this country, as "the recreant son of a Southern woman
— the rough rider of Republican politics at the accidency of 1902
— the lightning-change artist of the White House, who can hob-
nob with the Kaiser's brother and sit cheek by jowl with an Ala-
bama negro ; who can indulge in meaningless platitudes while
South on the bravery and common heritage of Southern heroes,
and denounce them before the Grand Army as anarchists ; who
can profess a broad American spirit which brands sectionalism
as a crime, and laud the loyalty of our veterans of 1861-65 to the
Constitution and reunited country, while the damning evidence of
his own written words shows that he compared 'the noblest Roman
of them all' — Jefferson Davis — to a Benedict Arnold. Jefferson
Davis was a statesman, a soldier, and a man of high character ; a
Senator, a Cabinet officer, a President not put in office by a bullet,
but by ballot. Theodore Roosevelt's title to immortal fame will
rest on shooting beasts and profiting by the murderous act of a
reprobate who shot a man."
We sincerely hope Msgr. Keiley has been misquoted. Such
language as the press has put in his mouth is utterly unbecoming
to a disciple of the Prince of Peace and Charity and to the official
representative of a Church which inculcates respect for civil no
less than for religious authority.
The Pope a.nd Catholic Lay Editors. — La Verite Frangaise (No.
3197) extracts from the Gaulois a passage from a lengthy account
of an audience recently granted by the Holy Father to M. Ferdi-
nand Brunetiere, Editor of the Revue des Deux Mondes.
"On the strength of a phrase contained in the last pontifical let-
ter"— says M. Brunetiere — "I ventured to take the liberty to ask
the Pope what he thought about the intervention of laymen in
apologetic and religio-philosophical questions, such as I had taken
pleasure in treating during the last few years. Far from approv-
ing the rather excessive zeal of certain bishops, whom I need not
name here, the Holy Father intimated to me that I should take no
account of their reproaches or their attacks."
One of these over-zealous bishops La Verite" believes to be Msgr.
Le Nordez, of Dijon, who, it will be remembered, publicly cen-
No. 18. The Review. . 2So
sured the editor of the Revue des Deux-Mondes for his much-dis-
cussed article, "Do we Want a National Church?"' The Bishop
had even accused M. Brunetiere of undertaking1" to teach the hier-
archy a lesson, while, as a matter of fact, the learned and wide-
awake editor had, without indulging- in any personalities, simply
pointed out the apparent drift and possible dangers of certain
Masonic and governmental tendencies towards the disruption of
the Church in France.
It is refreshing for the whole Catholic editorial profession to
learn that the Supreme Shepherd does not approve the excessive
zeal of those who would deny to competent and well-intentioned
Catholic lay journalists the right of publicly criticising public
utterances and affairs, and of raising a warning voice against
threatening dangers to faith, morals, and good government.
A Character Sketch of Dr. TaJn\a.ge. — The St. Louis Miri'or con-
tained in its No. lljthe best characterization we have yet seen of the
recently deceased Rev. Dr. DeWitt Talmage, one of the "leading"
and "most successful" Protestant preachers of the United States
during the last three decades :
"Talmage would have been a success in almost any trade or pro-
fession. He had a capacity for work, a concentration of habit, an
appreciation of men, and a knowledge of the value of money that
meant triumph no matter in which channel directed. He was a
good mimic, a close bargainer, and a thorough believer in himself.
When he acted he deluded himself first ; when he argued he first
convinced himself ; when he trafficked he never got the worst of
it. Unlike most men of God, he was very wise in temporal affairs.
He dealt largely and profitably in Brooklyn mortgages and, al-
though he was twice married and begot many children, his estate
will reach to a worth of seven figures. Throughout his active
career he steered as clear of the flesh and the Devil as most good
men. He did not believe in evading the world of men and things
about him, preferring to go after them righteously with the Bible
in one hand and a business contract in the other. He was to re-
ligion what P. T. Barnum was to the circus, what Jack Haverly
was to minstrelsy, what W. J. Bryan was to politics. In life he
had his traducers, but they were of his own spiritual associates.
He was tried by a jury of Presbyters upon a charge of 'falsehood
and deceit,' and but five of his six judges voted against him. The
best that can be said of him is that he worked, worked as few
men of his cloth have worked, let his reward be what it will."
A Word on the McKee Legacy.— Of all the laudatory newspaper
comments on the peculiar will of the late Colonel McKee, (a Prot-
estant negro), by which the Archbishop of Philadelphia is made
trustee of the large estate, which is to be used for Catholic char-
itable institutions, the natural heirs being almost entirely disin-
herited, only one mentioned the intention of Msgr. Ryan to ex-
amine the matter closely, before accepting the bequest. From a
worldly viewpoint that may look odd, far "pecunia non olet" is a
popular saying ; not so, however, in the Church of God.
According to the uniform teaching of the Fathers, man is not
the absolute owner of what earthly goods he may acquire, but on-
ly the administrator. He may use for himself what he reasonably
286 The Review. 1902.
may require for his maintenance, but the rest he must employ in
good works, especially in supplying the needy. And, according
to the same teaching, property, to be real property, must be just-
ly acquired. Hence no alms were accepted in the church from
thieves or despoilers of widows and orphans. (Cfs. St. Aug., Sermo
355, c. 3, 4.) St. Augustine refused to accept legacies from testa-
tors who had disinherited their children. When, under Gregory
the Great, a Roman matron, Ammonia, had willed her property
to the Roman church, upon the appeal of Calixenus, her son, and
Stephania, her daughter-in-law, both needy, the Pope commanded
that the property be returned to them.
The same Pope demands that every donation come from a pure,
God-pleasing intention. He says (Part 3, Pastor, c. 1, Admoni-
tum 21.): "Who gives what he has to the needy, but does not re-
frain from sin, gives his property to God, but himself to sin ; what
is best, himself, he delivers up to sin ; his fortune he gives to God,
himself he hands over to the Devil."
Similarly Walaf ried Strabo (De rebus ecclesiasticis, c. 14) says
that no donation made to a church or convent could be pleasing to
God, unless it came from persons who observed the command-
ments with a pure heart. An Irish synod of the eighth century
decreed that no priest could accept a legacy unless he personally
knew the good moral character of the giver ; for gifts from wicked
persons hurt those who accept them. (Quoted by d'Achery, Spicil-
egium, torn. IX.)
The bishops assembled under Charlemagne in 813, after declar-
ing that "what any one justly and reasonably has offered to God
from his own possessions, shall remain in the firm possession of
the Church," blamed those who coaxed the faithful to make dona-
tions to the Church. This synod also decreed that all legacies
obtained by undue influence should be returned to the rightful
heirs ; the Church should keep only what has been given to God
"juste et rationabiliter."
The Church, in these matters, has always adhered to the rule
laid down by St. Epiphanius : "The Church accepts gifts only
from those who have wronged no one, who have done no evil, but
lead a pure life." (Expositio fidei christianae, c. 24.)
Canada and Her Indians. — Canada has been more successful in
her treatment of the Indians than we have. A writer in the Bos-
ton Transcript has a long article, telling why, which may be sum-
marized as follows : 1. Because in Canada agreements and treaties
with the Indians have been faithfully kept. 2. Because up to the
present time the Indian reservations of Canada have been kept
comparatively free from the inrush of white settlers. 3. Because the
general character and efficiency of the men in the Indian service
of Canada is superior to those in the United States. 4. Because
theCanadian government has been'as prompt in punishing offences
committed by white men against Indians, as in punishing offences
by Indians against white men.
287
NOTE-BOOK.
Says the Catholic Citizen (April 26th) :
"The Apostolic Delegation on Monday received from the Vatican
the briefs appointing Very Rev. Philip J. Garrigan Bishop of the
newly created see of Sioux City, Iowa, and Rev. William J. Kenny
Bishop of St. Augustine, Fla. Should none of the American bish-
ops die before the consecration of these latest appointees the Am-
erican hierarchy will be complete for the first time in more than
ten years."
What about Cheyenne ?
& & &
Look out for the Cicada Septemdecim ! With his wife and child-
ren, he is on the wing, ready to become a burden (he belongs to
the grasshopper family) some time in the month of May. Resi-
dents of the cultivated suburbs, and others who have leisure for
learning, will immediately recognize the Cicada Septemdecim as
the Seventeen-Year Locust. This is his year, and unless all signs
fail, he will demonstrate that he has not been biding his time un-
derground for nothing. It is true that there has been an opinion
in scientific circles in recent times that the Seventeen-Year Locust
is not all that he represents himself to be, and that he will bear
watching. It is intimated, for instance, that his most fundamental
title to fame, his seventeen-year periodicity, is all a delusion. But
there is one point upon which there seems to be no difference of
opinion — namely, that he is coming this year, that there will be
more of him than usual, and that he will be a great nuisance. One
of the worst things about him is the noise he makes. He is worse
than a small boy with a drum on the Fourth of July, for you can
take the drum away from the boy, but the Cicada Septemdecim
carries his with him. His wife, also, is an inconsiderate female.
She has a perfect passion for laying eggs — 500 at a sitting. It has
all along been claimed that it takes seventeen years to hatch these,
but this does not seem to discourage her. Perhaps she knows
better.
+r +r +r
We learn from a source which we consider reliable the follow-
ing facts :
"There is no longer any doubt that Rt. Rev. Bishop Messmer
of Green Bay is to become Archbishop of Manila. It appears that
strong influences are at work to place in his present see a Polish
bishop. This may explain the paragraph of the Chicago Record-
Herald, of April 17th, page 8, column 1, viz.: that Archbishop
Ireland and Bishop O'Gorman urged the President to settle the
friars' land question at Rome, instead of through the Archbishop
of Manila. It may also explain the just indignation of Archbishop
Katzer against Rev. W. Kruszka, the poet historian of the Poles
in the United States. The latter had been elected, together with
Rev. J. Pitass of Buffalo, by the Polish Priests' Society, to pre-
sent their grievances at Rome and urge the representation of the
Poles in the Catholic hierarchy of the United States by the nomi-
nation of a Polish bishop. (It seems Green Bay was the see most
288 The Review. 1902.
favorable for the purpose.) Archbishop Katzer appears to have
come to realize the perplexing- state of affairs. He therefore wrote
a confidential letter to the delegates, which was indiscreetly pub-
lished (in part or in toto, I do not know). The Poles are in-
censed at the indiscretion of Rev. W. Kruszka. 'The decision in
favor of Rome will involve 'a change in Msgr. Sbarretti's plans,'
says the Chicago Record- Herald (1. c); I think it will necessitate
a change in certain other gentlemen's plans also."
34- 34- 34-
In Vol. 4, No. 39, The Review predicted the collapse of the
Union Franco-Canadienne, unless its founder, the Abbe Auclair,
had a Klondike or was in partnership with Professor Emmens,
who was then conducting experiments to extract gold from sea
water. Thereupon we were violently attacked by the Canadian
Catholic press, and in particular by one Robillard, Secretary of
the Union, who in all his replies seemed to believe we were attack-
ing his personal honesty. We did not know Robillard, but judged
simply from the figures furnished that the society could not live.
Now it happens that this same Robillard, after securing the bulk
of the society's cash, takes French leave to parts unknown. Ac-
cording to the Fall River Independant (No. 370) this "honest man,"
who pretended that we had grievously slandered him — kept no
ledger; according to the expert employed, of $53,944 that can be
accounted for in 1901, there remains only $3,435. What has be-
come of the rest? M. Robillard drew a salary of $10,208. Be-
sides he had himself an extra allowance voted by the society, of
$900, which he was not able to pocket on account of his hasty flight.
There were also paid out of the funds of the Union $9,328 for
publishing Le Pionnier, of which M. Robillard was the proprie-
tor. The worst feature for the society is that M. Robillard, contra-
ry to the requirements of the law, did not furnish any security.
Our Canadian confreres do not seem to worry much about the
affair ; perhaps they are right. May not M. Robillard have gone
to parts where he is cocksure to realize five or even six per cent,
on his investments?
*» v» >•
Father Thomas McGrady, of Bellevue, Ky., has lately been ad-
vocating his pet hobby, Socialism, in Philadelphia. Together with
a Protestant minister he stood on the platform of the Academy of
Music and told an audience, largely made up of women, that
"every man who thinks seriously on economic questions, must
come into our (the Socialist) camp." (Cfr. Philadelphia Record,
April 25th). .
One of our readers sends us the Records account of the meet-
ing with these lines in comment : "Is there no way of stopping
such conduct? The address of Rev. McGrady is an insult to in-
telligent Catholics, and only respect for the man's calling prevents
me from taking up his assertions in the local papers."
A man who does not respect his own calling, deserves no such
consideration. Intelligent Catholics everywhere ought to do what
this misguided priest's ordinary should have done long ago and
what Bishop Messmer did when he recently lectured at Green
Bay : — refute and expose him in the public press.
The Reorganization of the Federation
Movement.
he St. Paul Wanderer (April 23rd) voices the views, we
believe, of the entire German Catholic press, when it
makes the following suggestions for the reorganization
of the Catholic Federation:
The plan of organization must be simplified. The number of
delegates to the national convention must be limited. This can
best be accomplished by organizing the Catholic societies in the
different States by nationalities. Let the C. K. of A., the C. O.
F., the C. M. B. A., etc., and the State federations of the German
and other non-English societies choose each one delegate for every
4,000 members. Let provision be made that, if the convention
city be too far away, one delegate can vote for all the rest.
Whether it is advisable to organize county federations, our con-
temporary does not undertake to decide. He advises, however,
the appointment, by the various federations existing in each
State, of a State executive committee, which is to elect its own
officers, to meet once or twice a year, and to appoint a vigilance
committee to keep a watchful eye on the proceedings of the legis-
lature while in session.
The per capita tax provided for in the constitution of the Na-
tional Federation is too high. The assessments for the central ad-
ministration expenses ought not to exceed two cents per member.
The central officers shall have no right to dictate to the local
and State federations what policy they should adopt in matters of
purely local concern. Such matters may be discussed by the
federation in its annual conventions, but the State federations
must be left as free in their action as the various States of the
Union are free under the federal constitution. Article III. of the
constitution of the National Federation appears to offer sufficient
guaranty on this head, but this guaranty is rendered extremely
doubtful by Article VI, Section 7, which contains the following
passage :
"When the interests of the Federation, or its members are to
be protected or advanced, in either a county or a State, the local
Federation of the county shall act only with the consent of the
Bishop of the Diocese in which such county is situated ; and only
with the consent of a majority of the Bishops in the State in a State
matter. When the local Federation shall have obtained the re-
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 19. St. Louis, Mo., May 15, 1902.)
290 The Review. 1902.
quisite consent, the Executive Board shall determine whether the
matter is national, State or county, according to the nature of the
questions at issue, and shall also deter mine the nature of the proceed-
ings to be taken." This contradiction in the Constitution on a very-
important point, probably explains the varying and contradictory
interpretations of the same by Mr. Minahan.
After these amendments have been made, the next step will be
the adoption of a clear, unequivocal, and decisive platform. "If
the Federation desires to accomplish anything- for the Church
and the Catholic citizens of the country, it must set aside all 'dip-
lomacy' and step before the Catholic men of the country with an
unequivocal prog-ram. The very important ecclesiastico-political
questions that agitate the country and render an effective organ-
ization of Catholics a necessity, can not be solved with meaning-
less phrases and 'declarations.' As executors of this program,
i. e., as officers of the Federation, we will have to elect men who
unite in themselves all those qualities which Mr. Minahan does
not possess. And if there can not be found among the educated
laity a sufficient number of men who can be entrusted with the
delicate task of holding together the organization, then we must
not be afraid to choose priests, for priests and bishops too are citi-
zens and as such are free to champion the civil rights of Catholics.
This is one of the few points in which we can not agree with the
esteemed Bishop of Trenton. If the Catholics of Germany, Hol-
land, etc., had not counted so many excellent clergymen among
their leaders, they would scarcely have accomplished their his-
torical triumphs."
"We are well aware," concludes our St. Paul contemporary,
"that many a drop of water will flow down the Mississippi River
before we shall have an effective Federation ; perhaps we shall
not live to see it. We are firmly satisfied that no national federa-
tion of all the Catholics of the country can ever be brought about
by the methods at present employed (disregard for the already
existing federations, and the leadership of such 'patent patriots'
as Mr. Minahan.) If the Chicago convention does not turn over
a new leaf and take a clearer and firmer position than the majori-
ty of the delegates did at Cincinnati, the Federation is bound to
prove a flash in the pan."
We have reproduced the quintessence of the Wanderer's article,
not only to communicate to the general public the views and sen-
timents of the German press, but also for the reason that we con-
sider them correct and just and give them our unqualified appro-
bation.
291
A Protestant American's Tribute
to the Catholic Woman-
hood of Mexico.
[The subjoined beautiful tribute to the Catholic women of Mex-
ico is from the pen of an American Protestant, Mr. F. R. Guern-
sey, the regular correspondent of the Boston Hei'ald in Mexico
City.— See Boston Herald, Feb. 23rd, 1902.]
he missionaries have made no impression whatever on the
upper classes in Mexico. Women are everywhere con-
servative, and in Mexico the women are stanchly Catho-
lic. They are the mainstay of the ancient and dominant Church.
Say what you will, the old Church appeals to women ; the Virgin
is their protectress, and many are the female saints honored in
the calendar. Catholicism, with its rites, its daily contact with
human lives, its traditions and observances, slowty gathered and
adopted through the long centuries, enters into the very existence,
is part of the intimate life of its women adherents. To Mexican
women of all classes the Church is their spiritual home ; they
could not imagine their lives apart from its protecting care. The
education of young girls in Latin-American countries is quite
distinct from that of American or English girls. Upper class
girls here attend the convent schools, girls of the middle and
lower classes usually gain what little education they receive in
schools where there is a distinct religious training. The primi-
tive Christian idea is the dominant one in the education of girls
and young women, viz., that this world is a place of trial and temp-
tation, that one must by meditation and prayer, by the reading of
books of devotion and religious counsel, fortify one's self against
the seductions of worldly life, and so keep apart from the world
while compelled to live in it. The Mexican woman who does not
give a part of her day to prayer is an exceptional member of her
sex. A certain unworldty sweetness, a graciousness which seems
to come from a heart that pities the sinner, characterize the
Mexican woman. Her outlook on life is not that of the American,
German or English woman, who from her childhood is taught
to regard life as something cheerful, joyous, to be made the most
of. The Mexican young girl sees the world as did the early
Christians and the sincere believers of the Middle Ages ; she is
intellectually a daughter of the age of faith. Modern education
in northern lands is strikingly pagan in its inculcation of love of
life, in its insistence on the joy of existence. It is Greek, it is not
Christian as one sees real Christianity outlined in the New Testa-
ment.
292 The Reveiw. 1902.
The modern Anglo-Saxon girl asks herself: "How much enjoy-
ment can I get out my youth?" So she exercises much in the
open air, she is eager for foreign travel, and absorbs every new-
experience with intense pleasure. She is a true pagan though
she is nominally a Christian. The New Testament view of the
world as the kingdom of the evil one, as a place where the soul is
tried by subtle temptations, where one must learn to walk
straightly if heaven and its rewards are to be attained, is not a
part of modern thought in the busy, achieving, energetic northern
countries of civilization. The old severe, nobly austere Protest-
antism, which really had much in common With Roman Catholi-
cism, has decayed visibly. Ministers may preach and bishops,
Episcopalians and Methodist, thunder forth their warnings;
their flocks are joyously skipping in green and flowery fields,
and finding it all very agreeable !
Girls in these Catholic lands of the South retain the conven-
tional modesty; their ideas are wholly distinct from those of their
sex in the "advanced" countries. The ideals presented very early
to the Mexican girl are those of humility, submission, devotion,
and looking to the invisible world for strength. The result of
this view of life is that one finds a cha.rm as of women of some by-
gone age among the women of the South. Their sweetness of
character is such as is only to be had by spiritual nearness to
things celestial.
One hears enterprising lady "sociologists" from the United
States, and women book makers from England, pitying the
Mexican women. "They have no ideas, they are slaves of the
men, who are none too good; they are led about by priests, they
know nothing of our intellectual life!" This is the usual formula.
But the northern woman with her activity of mind, her broad
pagan outlook on life, her Grecianized Christianity, canlnot under-
stand the woman formed by prayer, spiritual contemplation, and
old-fashioned ideals of life. Here are several million women who
live at home, who have no clubs, no interest in the "vital questions
of the day," who never think of systematically "cultivating their
minds," who will never "read a club paper," and whose ideal is
not pleasure seeking. Rather the Latin woman places duty first,
and so centres herself in her home. Her life maybe "narrow,"
but so, the Scriptures say, is the way to eternal happiness. She
believes this heartily, and her life is one of self-sacrifice, and in
her old age she achieves a beauty of the soul, a tranquillity of the
heart, rarely seen in the lands of feminine endeavor after pleasure
and intellectuality.
So, without striving with Ibsen's heroines to "develop their in-
dividuality," the women of Latin-America gain something that
is perhaps better.
No. 19. The Review. 293
Talk to the Mexican woman of the college professors who
reject the stories of miracles, of the higher critics who are pulling
the Bible out of its binding, of the preaching of evolution in the
pulpits, and she will find all this a most alarming manifestation of
heresy. She will not call down the vengeance of heaven on the
heretics, but will remember to pray for them very sweetly and
tenderly next day at church! That is her way, a resort to the
invisible champions of her religion.
Archbishop Corrigan.
hile not entirely unexpected, the death'of the Archbishop
of New York, Msgr. Michael Augustine Corrigan, is
doubtless a severe loss to the Church in the United
States and will be felt as a personal bereavement by the many'
thousands of conservative Catholics the world over, who revered
the departed Metropolitan as the ever alert and undaunted cham-
pion of Ultramontanism during a period when Liberalism was
playing such havoc within the fold. We of The Review have par-
ticular reason to mourn his — from a human view-point — untimely
demise; for while he was not the only American archbishop who
supported this journal by personal subscription, he was the only
one among the august council of the metropolitans who added to
such support the gift of a warm and unstinted sympathy, freely
and frequently expressed ; the only one of his exalted rank who
was ever ready to furnish us inside information on ecclesias-
tical questions and subjects. We have interesting and val-
uable letters from him in our archives, and the day may come
when we shall have occasion to publish some orlall of them. Not
one line therein but attests his Apostolic zeal, his kindliness, and
his profound and active interest in every movement which made
for the cause of Catholic truth and justice.
With all our heart we pray that the Lord, whom he has served
so well, may grant him peace ; and we bespeak from all our read-
ers a memento for the sempiternal rest of his beautiful and noble
soul.
294
A Plan for Improving and Elevating
Our Church Choirs.
n the April number (1902) of the Ecclesiastical Review
there is a very able article on "The Mind of Rome in
Church Music." The writer advocates a reform in
the musical part of our ecclesiastical services. He shows that
something- should be done and also that a great deal can be done
if the parties interested be animated with the true spirit of our
holy religion. Believing that a discussion of this very timely
question may be interesting to the readers of your esteemed
Review, I herewith submit to you a plan which is to be put into
operation in the Diocese of Green Bay in the near future.
Two circuits are formed, consisting each of seven parishes,
that are adjacent to each other or easily accessible by railroad or
electric lines. The fourteen parishes engage the services of a
professor who is thoroughly competent to teach Church music in
the spirit of the Church.
Now as to the operation of the plan. The parishes, as stated
above, are divided into two circuits. Beginning in September a
competent professor will devote five months to each circuit.
Commencing with the first circuit he starts with the first parish
on Sunday. During highmass he will reconoiter the choir
At a suitable hour in the afternoon he instructs the school-child-
ren both theoretically and practically. In the evening the regu-
lar members of the choir have their drill in theory and practice.
On Monday the professor is at the neighboring parish, giving
instructions theoretically and practically during the day to the
school-children, in the evening to the regular choir ; and so on
each day in the week in a different parish through the first
circuit. Thus in a course of five months each parish will have the
services of the professor for twenty-one days, three of which will
be Sunday, part of the time being devoted to the children and part
to the Iregular choir. The work must be supplemented during
the week by the local choir-master or music-teacher along the
lines laid down by the professor.
The second circuit will be conducted in the same manner.
I am pleased to state that the Rt. Rev. Bishop Messmer is giv-
ing the proposed plan all possible encouragement and that the
fourteen pastors of the parishes constituting the two circuits are
enthusiastic in regard to the new departure. Several meetings
were held, the Rt. Rev. Bishop being present to further the good
work.
The difficulties are certainly not to be underestimated. There
No. 19. The Review. 295
seemed to be an idea in the minds of some that the object of the
proposed plan is. to banish all poly phone music from our churches.
This is not the object that we have in view. We do purpose to
banish theatrical, profane, music from our choirs ; but polyphone
music that answers the requirements of the ecclesiasticalldecrees
shall be fostered and encouraged.
The principal difficulty that this new departure will have to
cope with, is the depraved taste of some people, singers, and, I ven-
ture to say, pastors too ; but the proposed plan goes to the root of
the evil in taking in besides the regular choir, the children, whose
taste is not yet vitiated, instilling into them a love for true Church
music ; the children are the germ of the future choir.
Our "reform advocates" are not promising themselves great re-
sults from one course of five months. The work of the professor
is to continue for a number of years ; and thus, with a good will
and the cordial cooperation of all parties concerned, we hope that
something can be accomplished for the honor of God, the edifica-
tion of our people, and for the glory of our Holy Church.
Lathomos.
Dr. Lieber and the German Centrum.
[Rev. B. Guldner, S. J., in the May Messenger.']
he German Catholics, mindful of Windthorst's oft-re-
peated words, "Remember me in your prayers wThen I
shall be no more," had just in prayerful gratitude com-
memorated, on March 14th, the eleventh anniversary of the death
of their great chieftain ; the echoes had not yet died away of the
eulogies pronounced on the Westphalian "peasants' King," Baron
Schorlemer, on the occasion of the unveiling of his statue in Miin-
ster on March the fifteenth, when, two weeks later, on Easter
Monday, the startling news of the death of Dr. Lieber filled all
Catholic hearts in Germany with poignant grief. The coincidence,
be it said by the way, is worthy of notice, for among the many
great laymen that Providence raised up for the defense of the
Church in Catholic Germany during the second half of the nine-
teenth century, none had so won the hearts of the people as these
three men.
Ernst Maria Lieber was born in the town of Camberg, in the
Duchy of Nassau, on November 16th, 1838. That the whole life
of this remarkable man was rooted in love for the Catholic Church
and absorbing devotion to its sacred cause, he owed in great part
to his excellent parents. His father, Dr. Moritz Lieber, a man of
296 The Review. 1902.
eminent ability and great learning-, was one of the foremost cham-
pions in Germany for the liberty of the Church during the first
half of the nineteenth century, which he defended with pen and
speech for forty years. The second Catholic Congress, held in
Breslau in 1849, chose him for president. His mother, in the
words of her son, was "great in faith, simple in life, a faithful
wife, the tenderest mother, kind to the poor, devout without os-
tentation, cheerfully ready for every sacrifice, faithful to duty in
every situation of life — a valiant Christian.'' Under the watchful
care of such parents Ernst Igrew up and, having finished his
course at the gymnasium of Hadamar, he pursued the study of
philosophy and law at the universities of Bonn, Munich, and Heid-
elberg. At Munich, where he took the degree of Doctor utriusque
juris, he enjoyed the affectionate friendship and protection of his
uncle, Vicar-General Windischmann. For a short time he thought
of embracing the academic career, and began it as Privat-docent
at the law faculty at Munich, but his father having in the mean-
time died, he retired to his home to assist his mother, in the edu-
cation of the younger children. It was providential in view of his
future career that he never held office or engaged in any profes-
sion, thereby securing his cherished independence; fortunate, too,
that he was a man of private means who did not need to be solici-
tous for his daily bread. For, let us state it at once, the member of
the German Reichstag must serve the people gratis, receiving no
remuneration for his work ; and the Catholic in particular, who
enters the halls of that body as a member of the Centre-party,
"must leave all hope behind," so far as government patronage is
concerned. Dr. Lieber made his first public appearance in Jan-
uary, 1868, on the occasion of a great Catholic meeting which had
been called to protest against the dastardly invasion of the States
of the Church by Garibaldi.
One of the results of the war in 1866, between Prussia and Aus-
tria, was that the Duke of Nassau, whose loyal subjects the
Liebers had been, was expelled, the Duchy was annexed to
Prussia and Lieber became a Prussian subject. In 1870, his home
district elected him member of the Prussian legislature and. at
the next elections for the Reichstag, in 1872, the same district
sent him to the latter bod}', and these two seats he held uninter-
ruptedly till the day of his death, so that, dying at the age of six-
ty-four, he gave exactly the half of his life, all his self-sacrificing
toil, his wealth of knowledge, and his splendid eloquence to the
service of the people as their representative in the legislative
bodies. He looked upon these self-imposed labors in the light of
a sacred duty in accordance with Christian principles. To his
lofty conception of a true representative of the people he gives a
No. 19. The Review. 297
strong, if poetically exaggerated, expression in a private letter,
quoting some lines from a famous German poet :
"Ein Volksvertreter,
Der in Gerechtigkeit bestanden einen Tag,
1st frommer als der fromme Beter,
Der im Gebete fiinfzig Jahre lag." *)
Lieber stood at the cradle of the Centre-party and grew up with
it. Those were the ever memorable days of storm and stress of
the Kulturkampf. Even in Germany the fierceness and unrelent-
ing cruelty of that historic struggle are scarcely realized by the
new generation. What glorious men they were under whom
Lieber made his political apprenticeship ! Hermann von Mallin-
ckrodt, "the knight without fear and without reproach," Windt-
horst, "the pearl beyond price," the brothers Reichensperger,
Baron von Schorlemer, to mention only a few. Who can say what
would have become of Catholic Germany in those fateful days if
those great men had not arisen? Great they were in character,
in genius, in devotion to Church and Fatherland. These men
trained under their eyes a galaxy of younger men who have gi-ad-
ually, as the older leaders passed away, stepped into their places,
having grown great by contact with their greatness, so that to-
day the leading members of the Centre-party in the parliaments
stand peerless for ability, skill, eloquence, and devotion to parlia-
mentary duty. From the example of these heroic men he early
learned the lesson of absolute and undivided devotion to the sacred
cause for which they fought to the last breath. If a man had the
elements of greatness in him, such surroundings were sure to
bring all his latent powers into action. The exiled Archbishop of
Cologne, doomed nevermore to set eyes upon "Holy Cologne,"
wrote from his place of banishment these noble words to the
Catholic champions in Berlin : "Since our priests have been torn
from their altars and pulpits and cast into prison or driven into
exile, you have erected a pulpit in the very capitol of the empire,
and from the tribune of Parliament in which you preach Catholic
doctrine, your voice is heard by the whole nation." Aptly may
we apply to these men the poet's words :
"Im engen Kreis verengert sich der Sinn,
Es wachst der Mensch mit seinen grossern Zwecken."t)
The vast correspondence of the leaders, the finding and sifting
and verification of documents, often involving long journeys ;
*) "A representative of the people who has upheld justice one
day, is a more pious man than he who has persevered in prayer
fifty years."
t) "In narrow surroundings man's genius is cramped; he grows
great with his greater aims."
298 The Review. 1902.
the clearing- up of doctrinal points in civil law, in Canon law, in
theology, in history ; much of the work to be done in the commit-
tees, usually devolves upon self-sacrificing-, laborious, learned
men, who hardly ever appear before the public eye, whose names
are rarely mentioned in parliamentary reports, who scarcely ever
deliver speeches, yet are known in the inner circles of the party
as absolutely indispensable ; they are indeed the honey-bees. As
the old leaders passed away, one by one, he, as the heir of their
traditions, rose little by little ; and, after Windthorst's death,
Lieber, with a parliamentary experience of twenty years, having
given surpassing proofs of ability and devotion to the cause, be-
ing, moreover, by character a born leader of men, became, not by
virtue of any deliberate choice, but in the natural course of events,
the undisputed head of the party in the Reichstag.
To be quite accurate, his leadership was questioned for some
little time by a small but influential aristocratic wing of the party,
who, by long tradition of absolute loyalty to the government, were
too ready to yield to the powers that were. It brought about a
serious crisis in the Centre-party. This was a time of extreme
suffering for Lieber, when he was misunderstood and misrepre-
sented by many and when some of his old fellow-workers turned
away from him. A man of weaker will and less devotion to a sa-
cred cause would have given up the fight in discouragement. His
iron will and loftiness of aim sustained him. Be it said, to the
everlasting honor of the few noblemen who opposed him, and
whose aims were also beyond suspicion, that rather than bring
about disunion and a fatal split in the party, they generously with-
drew from Parliament. Some of them, a few years later, returned,
and accepted his leadership ; one of these, Count Ballestrem, be--
ing at present President of the Reichstag. What higher praise
could be given to the new leader than that he received the great
party from Windthorst, counting so many men of eminent ability,
and neither wrecked nor weakened it, but raised it to that com-
manding position which it now holds and never held before? It
is one of the secrets of the strength of the party that they repre-
sent not one class, one profession, one interest, one section of the
country, but the whole Catholic people of the empire : all parts of
Prussia — Rhineland, Westphalia, Silesia, Hanover, Hesse, Nas-
sau; and in the south: Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, Baden. On the other
hand, to keep all these, in many respects centrifugal elements
welded together, and presenting a united front, demands the ut-
most skill, political sagacity, and self-discipline on the part of the
leaders, as well as political schooling of the people. Even greater
skill is required on the part of the head of the party to keep the
leaders in harmony, many of whom no doubt, such is human na-
No. 19. The Review. 299
ture, feel conscious within themselves of being able to take the
reins of supreme leadership. It is a democratic party in the best
sense of the word, elected in the first place by universal suffrage,
and, moreover, as we have said, drawn from all ranks of the peo-
ple. In one district, for example, the Silesian Magnate, Count
Ballestrem is elected, in the neighboring a master chimney-sweep;
rn one district of Rhineland or Westphalia, a nobleman, who traces
his pedigree to the days of Charlemagne, in the next a coal-dig-
ger ; and all o£ them men of character and ability. Truly a unique
gathering of Catholic men : prince and peasant, poet and priest,
university professor and schoolmaster, retired merchant and re-
tired army-officer, judges and magistrates, lawyers and physi-
cians, journalists, and business men.
\_To be concluded^
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
LITERATURE.
"Quid Mihi et Tibi est, Mu/ier?"—The words of John II, 4 : "Quid
mihi et tibi est, mulier?" have been made the subject of two
essays by the Rt. Rev. Abbot Heigl, O. S. B., in which he seeks
to prove that grammatically, logically, and exegetically the mean-
ing of these words is : "What have we, I and you, to help them in
their need?" Thus the apparent rudeness of the Latin text and
of most translations is obviated. But whether the learned ap-
paratus set in motion by the author is sufficient to settle the ques-
tion, or merely renders his own opinion probable, we leave to wiser
heads to decide. As a rule, when hundreds of learned men dis-
cuss a question and can not agree, a newcomer can not set aside
the opinions of all others, no matter how plausible his arguments
may appear, and Dr. Heigl's certainly do appear most plausible.
New vs. Old Books. — A good old book was a good thing to have and
to hold and to bequeath to posterity. It was almost as substantial
as real estate. It was not like a cook stove, a refrigerator or a
toothbrush, which, once used, becomes valueless. The more it
was used by a person who knew how to appreciate a good book,
the more interesting it became, and, if it had to be sold, it brought
something like its original price. Such a book as that could be
held in one's hands and pressed and even caressed without giv-
ing one the impression that he was holding a package of envelopes
or a dog biscuit. It was smooth, firm, solid, and substantial. It
did not bulge at the edges nor cave in at middle. It was all book
and all genuine.
We are now told by a well-known firm of book publishers that
we do not know how to open a new book. We go at it in the old
300 The Review. 1902.
way, without proper knowledge of the nature of the thing- which
we are handling, and of course it breaks and cracks and warps
and rolls and spills its contents over the floor. To open a new
book, we are informed, we must rest its back upon a table or
desk, hold one of its covers in each hand fiat upon the table with
the leaves standing- upright, and then we must press the leaves
down five or ten at a time at front and rear simultaneously until
we arrive at the middle of the volume, when we will be delighted
to discover that the binding has been eased and that its back has
not been broken. Anyone who has tried this interesting experi-
ment will be free to say that some of the leaves will lie down and
some of them will not, and that pressure to accommodate them to
this position results in most cases in the total wreck of a thing
which ought to have been a book but which is not.
The average new book lacks a good deal besides a flexible back-
bone. The publisher who will remedy its obvious defects ought
to find fame and fortune.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
A New Political Party. — There is an inelegant and injurious old say-
ing to the effect that a fool is born every minute. This is prob-
ably a rash announcement, not based, there is reason to believe,
on adequate investigation or on statistical data. But, whatever
the fact may be about fools, it is reasonably safe to declare that a
new political party is born almost everyday. We see from the
Evening Post that there is a new one at Washington, D. C , though
what they want of a political party at Washington, where no-
body votes, is more or less difficult to see. The new one at Wash-
ington has to do with Justice, with a very large J ; Justice for the
needy and worthy ex-slaves, Justice for Southern taxpayers, Jus-
tice for every man of every color, creed, and clime ; Justice for the
Jew and for the Gentile, for the Protestant and for the Catholic,
for the rich and for the poor, as well as for every man, woman,
child, or thing which can be described in words. All these, and
much more, are demanded in the platform. The party is the pet'
idea of a worthy person named Vaughn, who was at one time Mayor
of Council Bluffs, la., but who now lives in Washington. A circu-
lar, issued in the course of the new party's propaganda, says that
the platform is "simple, but strong enough to bear any weight."
An unsympathetic observer might call attention to the fact that all
political parties, without exception, demand justice for everything
in sight, and that some statement as to the exact brand of justice
aimed at by the new party might prove more convincing. But
this suggestion, it is assumed, coming from such a source, would
not disturb Mr. Vaughn in the least.
Bad Way to Remedy an Evil. — Rev. Dr. Washington Gladden has re-
cently stepped out of the city council of Columbus, O., being fully
persuaded that this body offers no place for a man of nonpartisan
honesty. He could do no good while his fellow conncilmen were
spending their time planning evil, each party group against the
other. Presumably Mr. Gladden's withdrawal makes room for
another man of the kind of which he complains. Have his some-
what notable studies in sociology led the reverend gentleman to
the belief that this is the right way of remedying a wrong?
No. 19. The Review. 301
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
A Significant Incident. — At the recent installation of the pastor of
a Universalist Church in one of the New England cities, a Metho-
dist delivered the prayer, a Congregationalist preached the ser-
mon, the "right hand of fellowship" was extended by a Baptist
with appropriate remarks, short addresses were delivered by an-
other Congregationalist and by a Unitarian, and a graceful letter
of welcome and congratulation was read from the rector of an
Episcopalian Church. "No especial significance is attached to the
fact that the Catholic Church was not represented, and that no
rabbi took part in the exercises" says the N. Y. Times of May 1st,
to which paper we owe this interesting item — "but perhaps some
may be discovered in the fact that no Presbyterian considered it
in keeping with his clerical duty to attend and say pleasant things.
There are doubtless many who will regard the combination above
described with an interest akin to that which irresistibly attracted
us a generation ago to the cage of the Happy Family in Barnum's
Museum ; but the more it is considered the more pleasing and
gratifying the incident appears. Evidently Christian unity is
making substantial progress."
This "substantial progress" consists chiefly in the gradual re-
linquishment of the last miserable vestiges of Christian dogma
by the various sects in favor of a broad, rationalistic humanitar-
ianism, and the significance — for there is an especial and grave
significance — of the non-participation of the Catholic Church in
such gatherings as the one mentioned lies, in this that she still re-
gards herself as the divine custodian of the undiminished and un-
diluted truth revealed by Christ our Lord.
SCIENCE AND INDVSTRY.
Books as a Means of Propagating Contagious Diseases.— The public has
been warned frequently against the danger of contagion from
schoolbooks and books from circulating libraries. The latest
Careful experiments have shown that injections prepared from
strips of paper taken from such books caused the death of guinea-
pigs, whilst unprinted paper, or even printed paper ready for the
bindery, had no such effect.
The result of experiments to discover the life-duration of bac-
teria that were found in closed books, was as follows : the germs
of cholera were dead after 48 hours ; of typhus, after 95 days, of
diphtheria after 28 days ; staphylococcus aureus after 31 days.
The germs of tuberculosis retained their vitality after 103 days.
Formaldehyde is a good agent for disinfecting books, provided
the leaves are exposed singly to its vapors. Half an hour's ex-
posure to hot water vapors has the same effect ; however, leather
bindings are ruined thereby.
To guard against infection from books there should be a law
compelling teachers and librarians to disinfect, before giving them
out again, all books that have been in the hands of infected per-
sons.— Dr. Peter J. Latz.
It seems to us there is greater danger of infection from money
— coin and especially paper — than from any other source. Yet
what law could compel people to disinfect money before passing
it on ?
302
MISCELLANY.
Outlandish Words irvlthe English Language.— A careful study of
the latest (fifth) volume of the great Oxford Dictionary might
keep a scholar busy for weeks. It is particularly interesting to
note the outlandish words that have been assumed into the lang-
uage of late years, so far as they come into the scope of this vol-
ume. One of the outlanders made at home by virtue of English
colonization is Kangaroo, which, passing from the aboriginal name
of the animal, has come to signify a native of Australia, a chair, a
bicycle, and a mining share. The substantive has also begotten
a verb, '"to jump"; a Chicago journalist having avoided the com-
monplace phrase by writing of "those who kangaroo from the
foregoing inferences to the conclusion." Kanaka (which the Aus-
tralians improperly stress on the penult instead of the antepenult)
is Hawaiian and South Sea Island for "man." Khaki, so lately in
vogue with us, is, as a fabric, as old as 1848 in use by Indian
troops, and creeps into literature as early as 1857. Its signifi-
cance is found in its Persian root, 'dust,' referring to its color.
Kodak, our American Eastman's creation, in 1890, lines up in ap-
pearance with the most primitive antipodal accession. Another
Americanism is Kerosene (Kerocene, as Abraham Gesner would
have had it in 1854). Instruments of torture like Knout and Koor-
bash occur in this section of the Dictionary ; and though the
Boers' Sjambok is neithe.r here nor to be looked for, the Dutch
Keelhauling is, and the barbarous practice was abolished in Hoi"
land only in 1853.
Advertisements on Church Windows. — Under this caption the
St. Louis Post-Dispatch last Thursday published a "special" from
Danville, 111., from which we extract these interesting points :
The Vermillion Heights Methodist Church at Danville has a
unique set of stained-glass windows. One of them commemorates
the late President McKinley, another contains the business card
of a Danville department store, and still another that of the local
union of the United Mine Workers of America, which in bold let-
ters appeals for an eight-hour da}\ Eight other windows of the
most beautiful glass tell no less unique stories. The McKinley
memorial window contains a portrait of the murdered President.
Below the picture are the last words that passed his lips : "God's
will, not ours, be done." Emblematic of his Christian life are pic-
tures of the cross and the crown. The window of the miners
bears, emblazoned in bold letters, the inscription :
-Local Union No. 348, U. M. W. of A. Without us this would
be a cold, dark world."
In another panel is the emblem of the Union, a pair of clasped
hands and the letters in capitals, "Eight Hours." The third one
of the large windows is the gift of a Danville mercantile house?
bearing its advertisement.
This is a novel scheme and one which, if carried to its logical
limits, is bound to pay splendidly. We recommend it to those
among us who believe that "the Church must keep abreast of the
age" and who are so quick to adopt all sorts of novelties.
303
NOTE-BOOK.
On Saturday the cable brought us the news of the demise, in
Rome, of our dear friend Msgr. Otto Zardetti, Titular Archbishop
of Mocissus. As ordinary of St. Cloud he was the only American
bishop who, when The Review was founded in 1893, publicly
hailed and approved it as a necessary and fruitful undertaking-.
His active interest in the paper continued to the end. Only a few
weeks ago we received from him a long- and kindly letter, full of
sympathy and good will. It appears that the Holy Father was
about to send him as his Apostolic Delegate to Canada when he
was fatally stricken with pleurisy.
May he rest in peace !
» #£ 3£
The London Dispatch, a secular journal, argues for an Irish
Catholic University in this way : "The Catholics do not ask for
the endowment of a single theological chair. They only wish sup-
port for their literary and scientific branches of instruction.
They pay the piper : why should they be denied the right to call
the tune?" If this plain principle had an honest hearing, observes
the Ave Maria, it would promote the solution of certain vexatious
questions in this country as well as in Ireland.
%£. M St.
<^r <&r ^v
We ought, in fairness, to make Spain a public apology, as many
of our army officers have said in private that they would like to
apologize to Gen. Weyler. The young Spanish King will come of
age and is to be crowned, on May 17, and the Evening Post (May
1st) suggests that a special penitential embassy be sent to grace
the occasion. Our leading fire-eaters of 1898 should be appointed
to serve on it, including Senators Proctor and Gallinger, whose
hearts were so torn by what they saw of misery under Spanish
rule in Cuba. A handsomely engrossed copy of Major Garden-
er's report might be handed to King Alfonso, as a testimonial of
our sincere regard for Spanish methods, and with it might be
presented a copy of the report of that other American Civil Gov-
ernor in the Philippines, who informed us thatil00,000 out of the
300,000 people of his province had been benevolently assimilated
to their graves, under American sovereignty. This would be
the only honorable amends that we could now make, and would
so flatter Spanish pride, while humbling our own, that the next
American minister to Madrid would not be cut so dead by the
leaders of society in that capital as the present one has been.
3? 3? 3?
We venture to think that the Rev. Keough of St. Gabriel's, the
Rev. Clancy of St. Elizabeth's, the Rev. O 'Bryan of St. Pius', and
several other Chicago clergymen, could put their time and ability
to better uses than in "endeavoring to unite the various Catholic
parochial schools of the city into a baseball league, on the same
plan of organization which exists among the public high-schools."
The New World, of April 26th, whence we get this news, says
304 The Review. 1902.
that the reverend gentlemen are encouraged in their undertaking
"by the offer of a beautiful prize banner" by one of the local dailies,
which is no doubt employing this ruse to increase its circulation
among the Catholic people.
0 0 &
After the fierce three days' battle at Leipzig, in which the
French lost 20,000 killed, 7,000 wounded, and 20,000 prisoners,
Napoleon described his crushing defeat in these terms :
"Let word be sent to the Duke of Valmy that, after multiplied
encounters, in which the glory of arms always remained with us,
I am taking the direction of the Saale ; and that the Emperor is
well."
And General Bertrand, the right bower of Napoleon, wrote to
his wife :
"We have beaten the enemy. We are all well, the Generals
Morand, Delort, Bellair, Lobau, Durosnel, the Dukes of Padua
and of Plaisance, and others of your acquaintance. I have not
heard of one general being killed."
Yet the Marechal Poniatowskj^ remained dead on the battlefield.
If Kitchener and Co. did not learn how to win battles after the
example of the great Corsican, they have at least learned how to
report them.
** V* V*
At the death of Lord Dufferin there was no end of eulogies of
the defunct statesman even in Catholic (English) papers. Yet
this same Lord Dufferin was of the opinion that all the trouble in
Ireland was due to overpopulation. Although Ireland had lost
already five millions of inhabitants, he demanded that at least
a million and a half more should emigrate or starve, before har-
mony between landlords and tenants could be established.
According to Adolph Menzel (Lecture at Vienna, Jan. 21, 1891),
the first strike on record took place A. D. 1525, in the mining
district of the St. Joachim valley, Bohemia. Great excesses were
committed, requiring a large military force to check them, but
there was no bloodshed. The strike was settled by arbitration
in favor of the miners.
+r +<r +r
In England adulterated food is popularly called "sophisticated
stuff." Modern food adulterations are greater than the sophisms
of Protagoras or the Eleates. The French chemist Chevalier
mentions 600 articles of food that, according to his knowledge, are
adulterated in from 10 to 30 different ways, and admits there are
many more of which he has no knowledge.
a a a
All of us are bound, according to our opportunities, — first to
learn the truth ; and moreover, we must not only know, but we
must impart our knowledge. Nor only so, but next we must bear
witness, not be afraid of the frowns or anger of the world,
or mind its ridicule. If so be, we must be willing to suffer for the
truth. — Newman, Sermons on Subjects of the Day.
About Archbishop Ireland.
rchbishop Ireland, of St. Paul, is the subject of a long-
article in the Dublin Freeman, provoked by the circula-
tion of a report that he was ashamed of his native land
and shunned its people in his adopted country. The Freeman de-
clares the accusation to be false and points out the number of
Irish priests in the St. Paul Diocese, many of whom are natives of
Limerick, the spot which this prelate cherishes as the dearest on
earth — the scene of his childhood. Then the Freeman explains
why some Irishmen accept such reports against Msgr. Ireland.
It says :
"We must, however, bear in mind that Archbishop Ireland, al-
though a true and warm-hearted Irishman, is also an ardent Am-
erican, and that he has done a great deal to prevent non-English-
speaking peoples from obtaining the upper hand in America, and
naturally enough, during his 'anti-Cahensly' campaign, his love for
Ireland was necessarily somewhat obscured by his aggressive
spirit of Americanism. Thus, when asked by the Bishop of Os-
sory — his native diocese — to preach at the opening of the new
cathedral, his answer was both characteristic of the man and of
his surroundings. 'How can I,' said John of St. Paul, 'go over to
Ireland and open my heart to my countrymen, and speak to them
of the fullness of my love for Ireland, at a time when, in America,
I am bidding foreigners to leave behind them the traditions of
Europe, and to give all the love of their souls to the country
of their adoption, and all their energy to the attainments of its
ideals."
This is interesting, to be sure. Still more interesting are the
comments made on the Freeman 's article by the Intermountain
Catholic [No. 30], of Salt Lake, whose editor is an enthusiastic ad-
mirer and champion of "John of St. Paul."
"This reply," he says, "expressed the Archbishop's creed in
one word. Not for his distinction as theologian or administrator
of purely church affairs do American Catholics yield admiration
to John Ireland, prelate of St. Paul. It is to citizen Ireland's
sterling patriotism, well balanced judgment, and far-seeing states-
manship. These qualities united in Bishop and citizen have proved
him a bulwark against the enemies of the Church in this country
as well as establishing him in high favor with those who control
the nation's affairs. No man has a better hold on the common
people nor nobody better qualified to arbitrate questions involving
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 20. St. Louis, Mo., May 22, 1902.)
306 The Review. 1902.
industrial dissension or national peril. Archbishop Ireland is a
man abreast of the times in promoting religious faith and urging
civic virtue.
"This is the American estimate of the St. Paul prelate, shared
alike by Catholic and non-Catholic admirers. Viewed from such
standpoint, we hardly go amiss in our analyzation of Ireland's
character. For example, it would be difficult to discover in Arch-
bishop Ireland any passionate love of music, least of all that he
would display it in his own person. Not that love for music is
illogical to reasoners of the Ireland mould, but it seems a contra-
diction of the real Ireland. The Archbishop possesses a strong
voice of distinct tone, well fitted to his often dramatic oratory, yet
it is not what artists would call a musical voice. At least this is
the opinion of a St. Paul church organist who always found it
difficult to accompany him during the celebration of high mass.
Minnesotians now residing in Montana, who attended mass in the
old basilica at St. Paul, will smile when they read this paragraph,
taken from the Freeman:
" 'Besides being a scholar and a statesman, Archbishop Ireland
is a natural born poet and a musician of no mean quality, possessed
of a beautiful, strong, clear voice, to which he can impart the most
soul-touching expression. Those of his intimate friends, chiefly
among the older Irish, settlers of St. Paul, with whom he some-
times passes a pleasant evening, when he can steal the time from
his overwhelming occupations, and relieve his great mind from
their many cares, are often charmed by his entrancing rendering
of Moore's melodies and other patriotic songs.' "
In conclusion, our confrere of the Intermountain Catholic tells a
little story of his own about Msgr. Ireland's appreciation of music.
The incident is alleged to have "happened at St. Cloud, Minn., in
the Archdiocese of St. Paul (s/c/)," and bears internal signs as
well for being considered apocryphal :
"The occasion was the laying of a corner stone for a German
Catholic church. The population of St. Cloud is essentially Ger-
man, so the German idea of eclat is strikingly manifest in affairs
like the one in question. No program would be complete without
music — martial music. Accordingly, the brass band of the town
was brought into requisition. It occurred to the priest who ac-
companied Archbishop Ireland from St. Paul that the presence of
this band and the music it played was entirely inappropriate, but
he said nothing. Just as the benediction was concluded the band
struck up rag-time music to the tune of 'There's a Hot Time in
the Old Town To-night.' Very good air to stimulate enthusiasm
when we first heard of Schley's battle off Santiago, but entirely
out of place at a religious ceremony. The music, ■ however, did
No. 20. The Review. 307
not disturb the composure of the Archbishop of St. Paul, although
it vexed and mortified the St. Paul priest. Talking- over the inci-
dents of the day that evening, the priest sarcastically mentioned
the music. 'I know nothing about music,' replied the Archbishop.
'The Germans do. What was wrong in the music?' 'Tis not the
music as music that I object to,' said the priest, 'but the airs the
band played. Did you observe the last air, for instance?' 'The
last air? Let me think where I have heard it before,' said the
Archbishop, reflecting. 'Oh, yes. It sounded like "There's a
Great Time in Town." So there was — so there was. The Ger-
mans are great people for music' "
We will round out this amusing chapter with a revelation made
by a writer in the St. Louis Globe- Democrat (May 11th), which is
important if true.
This writer states that President Roosevelt "curtly declined to
yield to the demand made upon him that he should intimate to the
Vatican, either directly or indirectly, his wish that a red hat might
be conferred upon Archbishop Ireland. Indeed, the President is
reported to have expressed no little surprise and resentment that
his intervention in any shape should have been asked in the
matter."
"The President," continues the same writer, "acted with much
judgment in the affair. For it is doubtful whether any such inti-
mation on his part would have been received with favor at Rome,
where there are many insuperable obstacles to the elevation of the
Archbishop of St. Paul to the Sacred College. It has never been the
policy of the present Pope to permit the Church or its principal
dignitaries to become too closely identified with one political party
or another in countries endowed with legislative form of govern-
ment, since that would naturally tend to place the Church in a
position of antagonism toward the rival political faction ; and the
grant of a red hat to Archbishop Ireland would bear so much the
aspect of a recognition of his services to the Republican party,
rather than of his services to the Church, that an altogether false
impression would be given of the motives that guide the Pontiff
in making nominations to the Sacred College, and the latter in
ratifying the appointment."
Coming from a leading Republican newspaper, this expression
is doubly significant.
**#^
SOS
The Proiestantization of the Philippines
|y special request we reproduce from the Catholic Citizen
[No. 26] the material portions of a letter received by the
Mt. Rev. Archbishop of Milwaukee from an American
in the Philippines.
"To begin with, the head of the whole educational system is a
Rev. Dr. Fred. W. Atkinson, a Protestant clergyman, whose record
in selecting- only Protestants and notably Protestant clergymen
for his leading assistants is sufficient proof of his bigotry. 'By
his works we shall judge him.' He has placed the city schools of
Manila in charge of Rev. Mason S. Stone, a Vermont Protestant,
a Presbyterian clergyman, who in turn has appointed only Pro-
testants as principals and teachers in the public schools of this
important city. There are only two Catholic teachers (ladies) in
this city and seventy Protestants to teach Catholic children and to
supervise the education of Catholic youth. This is heart-break-
ing and it makes me indignant, and I shall and will protest in God's
name and the name of justice against this outrage, and I have
reason to be indignant for this is not all. In order to provide for
a Protestant corps of native teachers, it was planned and the plan
is in operation to 'fix these native candidates' for teachers while
they are attending the normal schools. It is not enough to offer
as an inducement a double salary to native teachers who apostatize
and attend Protestant Sunday schools (double the salary that is
given the native teachers who remain true to the Catholic faith)
but they give the choice of positions to these apostates in the
provinces. The bigoted Protestant division superintendents and
city superintendents have done this and are doing it all over the
archipelago to-day, in order to make the native teachers tools in
proselytizing the children.
"The educational department (Rev. Atkinson et al.) has estab-
lished a system of normal schools for the islands with the head
schools in Manila, and placed at the head of this system Rev. E.
B. Bryan, a most bigoted Protestant clergyman. He has several
times occupied the pulpits in the newly erected Protestant
churches here and denounced the 'corrupt Catholic friars and the
Catholic Church of the islands.' This bigot has a corps of all
Protestant teachers for his assistants, selected with a view to
getting his plans of proselytizing native candidates to work to his
satisfaction. Not one Catholic is to be found among any of the
American teachers who are employed in the education and train-
ing of native teachers. It seems their plan to give these natives
the impression that to become 'American' they must become
Protestant, and this is why only Protestantlteachers are permitted
No. 20. The Review. 309
to take charge of this most important work in normal schools.
"Now what of results? I have found upon personal investiga-
tion at the normal school that the most bitter abuse of the Cath-
olic religion and the friars is served up to edify these bigots in
the form of essays and compositions. I have asked to be per-
mitted to carry away with me as my property, some of these es-
says to send you as proof, but my requests have been refused. I
am not to be turned down by these bigots, so I visit the school
and make my daily investigation as it suits me and will continue
to do so as long as I remain in this city. Every student that has
attended the normal school thus far has left the Catholic Church,
and all of them are now employed as Protestant Sunday school
teachers in order to gain and maintain favor with the American
superintendents, who are running the educational affairs here,
directly with a view towards proselytizing the natives in spite
of the 10,000,000 American Catholics in the United States, who do
not seem to care whether these conditions exist or not.
"God willhold us responsible for the souls of these millions and
the children yet unborn that will be lost to the true faith through
the indifference of American Catholics, some of whom have suf-
ficient power if used to prevent this outrage against our beloved
Mother Church.
"When visiting one of the Manila public schools three weeks
ago, one of the American teachers, thinking, perhaps, that I too
was a bigot and that it would please me to learn of the progress
she was making in 'educating' these natives, told me that nearly
all her pupils had been induced to join her Sunday school classes
and were regular in attendance thereat. She was about to tell me
more when the Rev. Superintendent Stone, fearing that
she was whispering to me such secrets that would be for him on-
ly, called me away to visit another school. I have been unable to
locate the woman since or I would have secured her name for more
positive proof. The bigoted principal of the head school in the
walled city (a Mr. Oliver) said the other day that the sight of any
Catholic priest makes him crazy and he always feels like wring-
ing their necks when he meets them on the streets. This man
was 'fired' from a mess at which he took his meals, because at
every meal he became frantic, denouncing the Catholic Church and
telling stories about the immorality of the friars.
"This is a fair sample of the American teachers the United
States government has sent over here to 'civilize and educate'
those whom we have adopted as our foster children under our free
flag and under a government for which the blood of thousands of
Catholics has been shed. Catholic teachers are sent out into the
distant provinces away from cities so that their influence with the
310 The Review. 1902.
natives of prominence will not be hurtful to the plans of prosely-
tizing- by the department. Seven out of the ten division superin-
tendents on the islands are Protestant clergymen who have never
taught school in any place before coming here, yet when through
the appeals of the Catholic hierarchy a number of Catholics of ex-
cellent education were recommended to Supt. Atkinson, he re-
fused to accept them on .the ground that the}' had not sufficient
experience as teachers. All this in the face of the fact that not
one-third of the Protestant teachers who have been engaged have
ever taught one day before coming here. It seems to be a ques-
tion solely of whether a candidate is Catholic or Protestant.
"A recommendation from a Y. M. C. A. secretary, a minister, a
Protestant college or a Free-Mason lodge, is always sufficient to
entitle a candidate without experience to get a $1,200, or $1,500,
or even a $2,500 position here, while graduates from Notre Dame
or Washington University, D. C, (Catholic) must have years of
experience to entitle them to get a $900 to $1,000 position. And
it often happens that at this lowest salary they are refused on the
pretext of not sufficient experience.
"In the face of all this bigotry, these bigots wonder why the
Catholic priests oppose the public schools here. How can a worthy
priest do otherwise than oppose ? I feel like congratulating these
priests upon their loyalty and devotion to their divine calling. I
was told by this Rev. City Superintendent Stone the other day
that the government intends to compel the attendance of all child-
ren in spite of the protests of the priests. He said that it is the
intention of the government to refuse positions under the city or
insular government to graduates or students from Catholic pri-
vate schools. This is the latest scheme these blind bigots have
for coercion and it is practically what they have been doing all
along as far as selecting Catholic teachers.
"'To-day I learned that out in the provinces, Catholic teachers
(Americans), are paid only $1,000 for exactly similar duties per-
formed by Protestants who receive $1,200, and these Protestants
are inexperienced as well. At the homes of Protestant American
teachers the Protestant missionaries are entertained and through
the assistance of these teachers Protestant bibles and tracts are
distributed free to native children and placed into native homes
in the language of these natives. Here in Manila this week a Prot-
estant minister entered without permission into a Catholic private
school and began distributing his Protestant bibles free to the
pupils and then said that he wished to address the children upon
the necessity of becoming Christians and members of the 'true'
Christian church which he represents. The sisters sent for the
priest at once and this impudent bible distributor was put out.
No. 20. The Review. 311
Yet the daily papers, all of which are anti-Catholic (American),
insulted the priests for not permitting- this outrage, which even the
law prohibits, from the public schools.
"If such is attempted in a Catholic private school during school
hours, what can not be expected in the Protestant public schools dur-
ing school hours when all the teachers are in sympathy with this
proselytizing campaign? Such a thing as this in any public school in
America would never be tolerated even by a Protestant teacher, for
the public school teacher in America dare not attempt this and it
would be the means of losing his or her position if attempted. So
you see that the conditions are far worse here than in America,
and the clergy here, even the alert Jesuit Fathers with whom I
discuss this matter daily, are unable to do anything, because they
are Spanish and all Spanish priests are ignored by the American
local government. Traitors to our Church are to be found on all
sides. The Filipino members of the Philippine Commission that
rule the islands are the worst enemies of the Church, yet these
followers of Satan call themselves 'Catholic' at times, though they
belong to the Free-Masonry of the islands. These rascals, to-
gether with every Filipino connected with the government under
the American Commission, are constantly plotting to drive out
the friars and secure the rich lands at a price far below their
value."
Dr. Lieber a.nd the German Centrum.
[Rev. B. Guldner, S. J., in the May Messenger.]
II.
he Centre could never have risen to the position of power
which it now holds, thanks to Lieber's masterly leader-
ship, had it confined itself to the defence of purely re-
ligious interests. The party leaders knew full well that they
could only extort their rights as Catholics from an unwilling gov-
ernment if they demonstrated that, in purely political or econom-
ical questions, they were able to throw into the balance their de-
cisive vote for or against the government. Their make-up from
all classes of the people has enabled them to adjust opposing
claims and by mutual concessions deal out distributive justice to
warring interests. Hence, they aptly call themselves the Centrum,
standing midway between opposing extremes. This position
they are holding at the present moment in the angry controversy
about the new tariff-law. And this commanding position they
312 The Review. 1902.
have gained without sacrificing one jot or tittle of their principles.
From the foregoing remarks the reader will readily infer what
forethought and insight, what tact and knowledge, in a word, what
consummate ability is demanded of him who is called to the su-
preme leadership of the party. We do not say that Lieber never
made a mistake, he would have been more than human if he had
never taken |a false step ; but it is safe to say that he never did
anything that seriously hurt the great party or was inconsistent
with its immortal principles. In the early days of his leadership
he was often reproached with being a democrat, in later years
that he had become unfaithful to his democratic principles. The
truth is, that from first to last he was a thoroughly independent
character who never sought nor accepted favors for himself from
those in power, true to the noble motto which he framed in the
following exquisite couplet when he was a university student :
"Keines Ordens Ritter,
Keines Fursten Rath,
Frei wie Ungewitter,
Knecht in Gottes Staat — in civitate Dei sancta." *)
An ardent lover of the people always and as such a true demo-
crat, whenever he found that by cooperating with the government
he could serve the true interests of the people, he rallied round
him the party to the support of the government. Any attempt,
however, on the part of the government to curtail the liberties of
the people found in him an opponent hard as adamant. For the
propagation of Windthorst's last creation, the Volksverein, "the
Catholic people's Union," he worked indefatigably ; Sunday after
Sunday, during whole months when Parliament was in session,
his services were engaged as speaker. He would travel during
the night and on Monday was back in his seat in the House.
Wherever he appeared, he was received with such extraordinary
marks of affection and enthusiasm that he was often quite over-
come with emotion. The banner of the Centre-party with the
rallying-cry : "For truth, liberty, justice" was held aloft by him to
the last. His last great legislative effort was the famous tolera-
tion-bill, which, while laying bare before the civilized world the
incredible religious intolerance of some of the German govern-
ments, rallied around him for very shame all the parties of the
Reichstag.
The question has sometimes been asked, even by Catholics,
outside of Germany : Why does the Centre-party exist ? Its very
*) "I shall not accept knighthood from any prince ; I shall re-
fuse to enter the privy council of sovereigns ; I will be free as the
thunderstorm ; servant in the city of God alone.
No. 20. The Review. 313
existence makes a new persecution absolutely impossible. If the
French Catholics, in the late crisis, had had a Centre-party, there
would have been no exodus of religious orders. Moreover, by
their dominant position, their wise moderation, their unflinching
perseverance, they are bettering the Catholic position in the Em-
pire from day to day. And by their positive work they give the
Catholic people that courage, self-respect and self-assertion so
necessary in the midst of an intolerant Protestant majority. The
average Catholic does not court martyrdom ; he glories, indeed,
in the Catacombs and the bloody arena of the Colosseum as a great
memory, and the young German Catholic recalls with pride how
his father, thirty years ago, suffered imprisonment for the faith,
but he does not wish such scenes to be reproduced under his
eyes, much less to be himself the victim of persecution ; on the
contrary, he wishes to see the Church of Christ honored among
men, looked up to, strong and influential. It is the memory of
past persecution and the sight of present power that helps the
thousands of Catholic students who throng the universities, to
hold fast to the faith. Not a few of them, whom human respect
might have enslaved, are saved because, through the Centre-party,
the Catholic Church is like a city built upon a mountain ; Catholics
are not despised helots, but free men, who speak a free word and
do a brave deed for Church and country. And lastly, that bene-
ficent legislation for working men, in which Germany is far in ad-
vance of all other nations, pensions for old age, for accidents, for
the sick and invalid, is in great measure due to the initiative and
cooperation of the Centre-party.
Again, it is asked, Why is it that, with all its power, the Centre-
party has not yet succeeded in repealing the anti-Jesuit law? The
anti-Jesuit law which, by an absurd fiction, includes the Lazarists
and the religious of the Sacred Heart, is now the only law of tbe
Empire directed against religious orders. This law has been four
times repealed by the Reichstag, itself a glorious achievement of
the Centre-party. The German people have repudiated it. But
the Bundesrath, representing the German sovereigns, has so far
refused to concur in the repeal. But why does not the Centre
force the government by opposition or obstruction? Such a policy
would only have irritated other parties, with one or another of
which they must always cooperate to achieve success. Such
policy, moreover, would have been contrary to their principles.
It has been their aim to prove to the Protestant majority that
Germans can be good Catholics and lovers of their country at the
same time, and prove it not only by words, but by deeds. Hence,
good laws they have passed, imperfect laws they have amended,
and bad laws alone they have rejected. That is sound states-
314 The Review. 1902.
manship. Besides, if they had gone into opposition simply for the
sake of harrowing" the government, they would have been identi-
fied themselves with the Socialists. Now the principles of the
Socialists, put in a nutshell, are these three : In religion atheism,
in politics the republic, in economics collectivism or the abolition
of private property. To all these principles the Catholics, of
course, are absolutely opposed. Some complaints were uttered
two years ago at the Catholic Congress in Bonn that no progress
was made by the Centre in the matter of the anti-Jesuit law. In
his great closing speech Lieber says : "Remember that the situ-
ation is entirely changed ; we are now the ruling party, (his ene-
mies sometimes spitefully called him 'Reichsregent,' the regent
of the Empire), the law-making machinery is in our hands, ours
is the responsibility ; we must do positive work for the good of
the country and can not amuse ourselves with obstruction. You
must trust us, trust your leaders, though we can not let you look
behind the curtain of political affairs. Believe me that all Catho-
lic interests are ever nearest to our hearts. I, in particular, how
could I forget the Jesuits who, during my late illness, when my
life was despaired of, celebrated 4,000 masses for my recovery?"*)
One of Dr. Lieber's brothers is a Jesuit, who has labored many
years on the missions in Sweden. No doubt the Jesuits them-
selves, bitterly though they feel the unjust law that oppresses
them, are the first to acknowledge that the Catholic Church in
Germany has even greater things at stake than the cause of their
return. To his dying breath, Dr. Lieber was faithful to Catholic
truth, in private life as well as in public ; a happy husband and
father, surrounded by ten children, he was qualified as no other,
to discourse in great Catholic gatherings, on his favorite subject:
the duties of Catholic men. For liberty and justice, likewise, he
stood up always and everywhere with unflinching courage and
with all the resources of his splendid eloquence. We may men-
tion here, that Dr. Lieber was well known in our country, where
— not to speak of a sister who is a religious in one of our convents
— he had many warm and life-long friends. He crossed the ocean
three times at the invitation of his friends to take part in the annual
congress of the German-American Catholics, whom he delighted
with his eloquence and roused to enthusiasm for the sacred
cause of religion. He, also, bade them, without detriment to the
loyalty they owe to their new home, or to the language of the
country, cherish the noble language and rich literature of old
Germany.
[To be concluded.]
*) Those who have read Bismarck's memoirs, know now some-
thing about the influences which have been at work in this matter,
behind the curtain of political affairs, and can readily account for
Dr. Lieber's unwillingness to designate them.
315
MISCELLANY.
The McKee Legacy. — Anent our recent note (No. 17) on the
much-talked-of McKee legacy, Mr. Martin I. J. Griffin of Phila-
delphia writes us :
Col. McKee didn't give his estate for Catholic charitable insti-
tutions. He ordered after the death of his daughter and her
children, to whom he gave miserable life annuities, that a college
for boys for the navy should be established and that the Catholic
clergy should have the management thereof. Archbishop Ryan
is executor with a Catholic lawyer who drew the will.
In 1884 Col. McKee made a will, copied after that of Stephen
Girard, excluding all religious exercises and the presence of
clergymen. Since then a Catholic colored church was located
near his home. By common report it appears that that influenced
his mind and he changed his will of 1884 by selecting Catholic
clergymen to conduct the college and casting out all the former
expressions debarring clergy from the institution. White and
colored boys are to be admitted.
Were his will of 1884 his last, no public outcry would have been
made to this imitation of Girard. It is his placing the institution,
which may not be founded for fifty years, under Catholic manage-
ment, which caused a sensation. ,^Many supposed Col. McKee was
astray somewhat when doing that, but the publication of his will
of 1884 proves that away back he intended to do as he has ordered
done in his last will, only changing one specification.
Everywhere you hear good spoken of him as a landlord. He
seems to have been exceptionally kind and charitable and
good willed. He gave his hundreds of tenants a turkey at Christ-
mas and the children toys. He was lenient with those in arears
and helpful to those in distress. In this he was unlike his model
Girard, but after his death he intended that his name should be
the counter part of Girard's, but Girard 's charity develops infi-
dels and his college alone of all institutions in our land halts the
minister of religion at its gate and turns him away. But perhaps
God's retributive justice is manifest by McKee giving Catholics
the management of an institution from which religion will not be
excluded, though the consciences of all will be satisfied.
The Western Wa.tchn\&.n a^nd the Catholic University. — The
Western Watchman admits in its No. 26 that the Catholic Univer-
sity is in a bad way. "The two millions in bonds that was bring-
ing in five per cent, has been reinvested at four per cent. That
means a shrinkage of $20,000 in its revenues. As a consequence
some lectures have been discontinued." The Watchman concludes
an editorial article on the subject with the following remarks,
which are as untrue as they are malicious :
"The straightened financial condition of the Catholic University
has loosened the tongues of thousands of advisers who have never
given the institution ought but advice. Some of them are of the
class that fatten on decay, while others poorly conceal under the
cloak of advice the desire to see the institution dashed upon the
rocks of disaster. Of the latter class are the rag-tag and bob-tail
clientele of a certain German professor who left the University
316 The Reveiw. 1902.
for the University 's good and went back to his native land, neither
for the land's nor his own good. In the category we may number
the entire German Catholic press of the United States. We must
say that the devil never calculated on making a hypocrite out of a
German, and he must be surprised to find any followers among
that race. A German is by nature honest and straightforward,
and if he lies you can always see through his awkward attempt at
deception. But there is a degenerate and mongrel German who
loves to prowl about newspapers and who is successful in his
hypocrisy from the fact that his habits and person forbid close
scrutiny into his methods and manners. Standing to the wind-
ward of him or viewing him at a distance you would take him to
be a pedant or a palmer. If you shift places you discover that he
is a moral and physical insufferability. Happily their number is
small and their career short."
It is generally conceded by the Catholic press, including the
Watchman, that "if the Catholic University is to be lifted from its
present embarrassment it will have to be taken under the protec-
tion of the whole Church in the United States and made a national
institution."
Uncalled-for and libelous attacks upon whole bodies of brother-
Catholics on the part of newspapers which pose as the particular
champions and semi-official organs of the Catholic University, are
not apt to bring about that unanimous and hearty cooperation of
all American Catholics which can alone save the institution and
develop it into something like the ideal of its august founder and
all its true friends, to which class the German Catholics of the
country, despite the Watchman's malicious allegation, belong.
Three Lies to Bolster up Vaccination. — There are three state-
ments upon which the pro-vaccinationists seem to rest their case.
The first, the Franco-German war statistic that 23,000 French
soldiers died because they were unvaccinated, while the Germans
only lost 278. The second, that it is only since the vaccination
law of 1874 that Prussia has been free from smallpox ; and the
third, that the Montreal epidemic of 1885 was due to the fact that
the city was unvaccinated.
The reply to the first is that it is a lie, pure and simple. The
reply to the second is that the Prussian vaccination law was
passed in 1835 and that it has been rigidly carried out ever since.
In 1870 Hall' fs Journal of Health said the reason Prussia was ex-
empt from smallpox was because of its successful vaccination, and
in the English Parliament the same argument was used, in en-
deavoring to increase the severity of the English law. We all re-
member what happened to Germany in 1871-72 — the greatest
smallpox epidemic of modern times. The answer to the third is
that more than 1,400 of the deaths from smallpox in Montreal
were among vaccinated persons, as shown by official records.
These lying statements have been and are still being used by
health boards everywhere.
Concerning Parish Entertainments. — The New World is rightly
dissatisfied with the average class of the popular parochial enter-
tainment. Its comments are worth repeating. They are to this
effect : "There is too much of the boisterous, vulgar kind of
No. 20. The Review. 317
amusement passing now under the name of high-class entertain-
ment. There are the everlasting German and Irishman, with
brogues and clothes never heard of worn any place in the world
except on the cheap variety stage. And every word they utter,
their gestures and manner — all are of a class of would-be humor
more or less insulting to real Germans and Irishmen. It is cur-
ious to note how otherwise sensitive people are often willing to
pay for and seem to thoroughly enjoy seeing their own nationali-
ty travestied. Amusement, good jokes, songs, are pleasant means
for passing a few hours away, and for making one forget for a
while the hard realities of life. Life without some form of amuse-
ment would be very dull indeed. It is the bright flash of the sun
on a placid sea that makes the scene beautiful. And since amuse-
ments, jokes and songs are the sunbeams of life, they ought to be
of such a character as to elevate as well as merely entertain.
That which is truly ennobling can never be dull. A witty saying
does not lose its wit because it is good and true. Our amateur
entertainers, therefore, should rise a little higher. In a way they
are the popular teachers ; and the expression by them of ennobling
sentiment will cause a corresponding sentiment in those who
listen to them."
The Franta. Case. — We have kept our readers informed on the
case of Veronica Franta et el., against the Bohemian Roman Cath-
olic Central Union of the United States, which has been prominent
in the local courts at intervals since March 23rd, 1894. The plain-
tiffs are the relicts of Peter Franta, who was at one time a mem-
ber of the defendant association. They sued for insurance
he carried in the organization, and the defense was that
under the rules of the society members were compelled
to be active members of the Catholic Church, and make
their Easter duty every year; that Franta had failed to
do this and had been suspended from the order in consequence ;
had never been reinstated, and that under the by-laws no death
benefits could be paid when a member died while his membership
was suspended. The plaintiffs demurred to this plea on the
ground that it was hostile to the constitutional guaranty of liberty
of conscience, and Judge Fisher sustained the demurrer. On ap-
peal to the Supreme Court of Missouri the decision was reversed
and the cause remanded. We printed this important decision in
full in one of our numbers of last year. The judgment On the
second trial, which has just been rendered, was again for the
plaintiffs, on the ground that the defense had failed to prove the
facts constituting the answer pleaded and to establish the fact
that Franta had been properly suspended under the terms of the
by-laws.
The case has proved a boon to Catholic mutual benefit societies
generally by eliciting from a State Supreme Court a unanimous
decision to the effect that such a society has a right to expel a
member for neglect of his religious duties, if the faithful fulfil-
ment of such duties is part of the contract according to the con-
stitution or by-laws. Its final outcome ought to be a warning to
these societies to proceed with caution and in strict compliance
with their constitution and by-laws in every case where a mem-
318 The Review. 1902.
ber's neglect to make his Easter duty or to pay his dues renders
his suspension necessary.
The Clergy in Politics. — Msgr. Lacroix, Bishop of Tarentaise,
France, who, during his audience with the Pope in his recent visit
ad Umina, asked His Holiness for some instructions as to the at-
titude to be taken by the clergy in the elections, gives the fol-
lowing report of the Holy Father's reply :
'"The priest, b}^ reason of the purely spiritual mission he has
received from heaven, should hold himself aloof from and above
all parties. In his quality of citizen he possesses the right and
the duty to vote for the candidate who appears to him to be most
capable of serving the religious and patriotic interests of his
country. But as experience has repeatedly shown that whenever
the clergy place their influence at the service of a political group,
they inevitably draw reprisals on themselves, they will act more
prudently in joining no party or parliamentary group."
These instructions are directly intended for the French clergy;
but they ma}' be justly applied, we believe, to the clergy, higher
and lower, everywhere, also in the United State, where we have
the sorry spectacle of one bishop prominently identifying himself
with the Republican party, another allowing his Democratic sym-
pathies to move him to publicly insult the President of the coun-
try, and of some pastors taking an active part in ward politics,
not to speak of the Kentucky priest who travels from city to city
lecturing in favor of Social Democracy.
NOTE-BOOK.
We read that the police force of Montreal, Canada, are hearing
lectures once a week on both civil and criminal law. This timely
innovation ought to be transplanted to our soil. American blue-
coats generally have sore need of an elementary knowledge of the
law they are sworn to protect.
j* +r +r
To call things by their right names and to know their right
value is half the science of life. Their true names are the names
God calls them by, their true value is the value He sets upon
them. — Father Faber.
^^ ^^ ^^
The conviction is gaining ground among writers on hygiene
that children should not be sent to school before they are eight
or nine years old.
+r +r ~r
The Western Watchman (No. 26) declares that the archbishops
of the United States unanimously resolved to have mixed marriages
performed in church when the parties so desire, but that this re-
solution was as unanimously rejected by the suffragan bishops.
This is news to the general public, and we question the advisa-
bility of publishing it in a popular newspaper, especially in the
No. 20. The Review. 319
manner in which the Watchman does it, i. e., with the insinuation
that the suff ragans consider their "senatorial metropolitans" as
"dangerous invaders of their rights."
A school of instruction for laundry girls is to be established in
Chicago. The School of Domestic Arts and Sciences, founded
in that city a year and a half ago by a nnmber of philanthropic
women, is to bring about the innovation, and the laundry school
is to be a department of this institution. Miss Isabel Bullard,
head of the school, says that washing is just as much of an art as
making pie or baking bread, "and as for ironing, that is a fine art."
A subscriber writes :
"According to the daily press the Health Commissioner of St.
Louis is preparing a compulsory vaccination ordinance. What
sort of resistance would you advise if such a damnable or-
dinance should pass the Assembly and become a law?"
Such an ordinance is clearly beyond the power of the municipal
assembly and if passed ought to be fought in the courts until de-
clared unconstitutional.
The proper thing to do now is to see that the bill is defeated,
and this can doubtless be accomplished if the proper information
is placed before the Assembly. We advise that each and every
member be supplied at once with facts and figures and that the
anti-toxine deaths be made good use of in combatting this new
outrage.
s& a* s$
The French Bishop of Tarentaise, Msgr. Lacroix, who, a few
months ago, announced with much ado that he had taken the
political editorship of L'lndependant Savoyard, has already had
enough of the job ; for the Savoy papers have it that he has given
up his editorial chair to a layman. "That is without contest the
Bishop's most telling and effective stroke since he .entered into
the political field," maliciously remarks Father van der Heyden
in his latest letter from Louvain to the Catholic Sentinel.
a$ * as-
The Western Catholic, of Chicago (May 17th), speaking of the
late annual meeting of the Federation of German Catholic Socie-
ties at Aurora, declares "that the leading spirits at the conven-
tion were anti-Irish" and winds up a heated editorial with the
cry : "Public repudiation of the Aurora knownothings and their
ideas is necessary."
We wonder where our contemporary has gained this utterly
false impression of the sayings and doings of a gathering held
under the protectorate of his Lordshio of Belleville and partici-
pated in by some three score of the most estimable priests of the
four Illinois dioceses. We have followed closely the discussions
and resolutions of the Aurora convention and believe we can
truthfully say that they contained nothing which could be by the
widest stretch of even a Chicagoese editor's imagination, be con-
strued into an attack upon the Irish or any sort of knownothing-
320 The Review. 1902.
ism. On the contrary, its whole trend was strongly for harmony
and co-operation within the pale.
& & £
We learn from the Western Watchman that "the 'Los von Rome'
movement is followed by a 'Hui zu Rom' counter movement."
That's a new one on us. Hui !
+r +*r +r
A renewed interest in the Franciscan legend has brought about
the organization at Assisi of a Societa Internazionale di Studi Fran-
cescani. Among the founders are M. Paul Sabatier, the well-known
student of all matters Franciscan, and the Rev. Francesco Dall'
Olio, curator of the convent of Assisi. The object of the Society
is to compile as complete a catalog as possible of existing Fran-
ciscan manuscripts in the European libraries, to collect material
for a bibliographical dictionary, and to build up a Franciscan
library in Assisi. Membership .will be of two classes — honorary,
with an annual fee of five francs, and annual dues of the same
amount. Active members have the further duty of presenting to
the Assisan library two copies of any work they may write on
Franciscan subjects — one for use in the library, and one for cir-
culation. The annual meeting is held on the second Sunday after
Whitsuntide. The permanency of this movement is assured, for
in case the Society should lapse, its library and other property
revert to the municipality of Assisi. Since Saint Francis is ven-
erated in all lands and among all religions, the organizers of the
society hope for support from many quarters.
ft V 0
Secretary Shaw is fond of telling of a dinner given by one of his
friends to some rural gentlemen from Iowa. "He furnished them
with the best of everything — terrapin and canvasbackduck," says
the Secretary. "The climax of the feast was a watermelon, into
which had been emptied two quarts of champagne. When the
farmers began to eat the watermelon they smiled and smacked
their lips and ate again. Then of one accord they slipped into their
pockets a handful of the seeds. They wanted to raise some of
the same kind of melon on their own farms."
v *" y
Recent writers have left our knowledge of the battles of the
great Persian war and of the size of the armies in a deplorable
condition. We do not know, for instance, whether at Marathon
the Athenians were posted on Mount Agrieliki (Meyer), or high
up in the valley of the Avlona (Grundy); whether the battle was
fought in that valley (Delbriick) or in the plain (Grundy); or
whether the Greeks (Busolt) or the Persians (Grundy) stood on
the defensive. The estimates of the Persian force range from
ten thousand to sixty thousand. There are as great differences
as to the size of Xerxes's army. Delbriick estimates it at 65 —
75,000, Meyer at 100,000, Busolt (following Niebuhr) at 300,000,
and Grundy at half a million. The reasoning of any one of these
writers might convince us, were it not for the equally cogent ar-
guments of the others.
Dr. Lieber and the German Centrum.
[Rev. B. Guldner, S. J., in the May Messenger.']
III. — ( Conclusion.)
r. Lieber had been suffering- for years from a dangerous
chronic disease which, in the spring of 1900, brought
him to death's door. He recovered, miraculously, as he
thought, owing to the prayers of Catholics all over the world and,
though still weak, he appeared at the Catholic Congress of Bonn,
where he delivered the closing discourse, developing before the
assembled thousands, who received him with indescribable en-
thusiasm, the great outlines of a Catholic political program. In
the winter of the same year, he visited Rome and was received by
the Holy Father, who created him Grand Commander of the Or-
der of St. Gregory and admitted him into the famiglia pontificia,
by appointing him private chamberlain di spada e cappa. He who,
from his student days, had adopted the motto, "Keines Ordens
Ritter,"' and had refused the high decoration offered by the Em-
peror, felt most happy to be thus honored by the Pope. His last
public appearance was at the Catholic Congress at Osnabriick last
September. This imposing assembly was, as he said, "a delight
to his heart"'; he again delivered the closing oration, "The Catho-
lic Church and the Papacy," which rang out into a profession of
faith. "Let us all do our part in the great work which the Holy
Father has outlined for the Christian Democracy : the general
cooperation of all, that all may share in the treasures of Christian
civilization. In this solemn moment let us crown the hopes which
the Holy Father has set upon this Congress with the vow of sac-
red obedience to our bishops, in these our efforts of obedience to
the Holy See and the successor of St. Peter. And in this spirit
let me cheer you on with these parting words : Onward, courage-
ously ! Onward under the sign of the cross !" These were
Lieber's words of farewell to Catholic Germany ; they also paint,
in one phrase, his whole life.
He had overtaxed his strength at Osnabriick and returned to
his home a very sick man, never to leave it again. "Our great
dead," says the German/a, "Mallinckrodt, Franckenstein, Windt-
horst, Schorlemer, Reichensperger, they all share with Dr. Lieber
the common lot, that only after their death they have met with
the recognition due to them even on the part of their political op-
ponents in the parliaments." The Norddeutsthe Allgemeine Zeit-
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 21. St. Louis, Mo., May 29, 1902.)
322 The Review. 1902.
u/ig; the semi-official organ of the government, pays him a tribute
which honors the journal as much as the dead statesman : "The
news of the death of Dr. Lieber will arouse the liveliest sympathy
far and wide. The deceased parliamentarian was one of the most
conspicuous personalities in the public life of the nation, and as
leader of the strongest party in the Reichstag one of the most in-
fluential politicians in Germany. The creation of the new Civil
Code of the Empire, the raising of our military strength, the laws
of 1898 and 1900, creating the fleet, and many other important
new laws, promoting the healthy development of the inner affairs
of the Empire, as well as its power in foreign relations, have been
effected with Dr. Lieber's distinguished cooperation. Even his
political opponents must acknowledge that to the solution of the
weighty problems which of late years have engaged the labors of
Parliament, Dr. Lieber has given his great ability and vast and
varied knowledge in the sincere desire of serving the welfare of
the German people." Count Biilow, the Chancellor of the Empire,
sent the following telegram to the widow of Dr. Lieber : "Deeply
grieved by the sad tidings just received, I express to 3^ou and 3^ours
my heartfelt condolence. Purity and unselfishness of character,
fidelity to conviction and absorbing activity in the service of the
fatherland, assure to your deceased husband a lasting memory.
Personally I shall always hold in grateful remembrance the politi-
cal support and friendship he gave me." *) In giving some ex-
tracts from the obituaries of some of the leading Berlin party-
organs, we premise that none of them was friendly to Lieber dur-
ing life, most of them extremely hostile. The Kreuzzeitung says I
" After Windthorst's death the sole leadership of his party
in the Reichstag passed into his hands His action as party
leader became more and more positive during the last years
In character and -talent he was entirely different from his prede-
cessor. He was a man of passion, yet in his oratory he kept con-
trol of himself, spoke as deliberately and was as careful of the
form as if he dictated his speech for print The Centre-party
owes much to him and it will not be quite easy to find a successor
for him as leader in the Reichstag." Windthorst, the incompar-
able debater — far and away the greatest that Germany has yet
produced — and who in the great popular Catholic assemblies al-
ways delighted his hearers with his wise and witty speeches, was
not strictly speaking an orator, whereas Lieber possessed all the
) A secret which Lieber had shared with but a few of his most intimate friends, has become
public property since his death. After the passage of the navybill of 1898, the choice was-
offered him of the post of governor of Jhis native Province of Nassau, or of Min-
ister in the Prussian Cabinet, or of Secretary of State in the Empire. That he resisted so allur-
ing a temptation is a new proof of his absolute disinterestedness and of his single-hearted de-
votion to the j/reat cause to which he had consecrated his life. If anything had been wanting
to enshrine his memory with undying affection in the hearts of the Catholic people, this revela-
tion would have done it.
No. 21. The Review. 323
elements of the orator : the splendid physical presence, the great
voice, a fine imagination, a well-stored mind and above all — pectus
quod facit disertum. There was something- very grave and ma-
jestic about his eloquence ; his periods often swelled out in beau-
tiful scientific construction ; it was a delight to follow them. In
the perfervid heat of eloquence he sometimes made utterances,
eagerly snapped up by his enemies, that he afterwards regretted,
a thing which never happened to the wary Windthorst. Says the
Deutsche Tageszeitung : "... .The hatred with which he was pur-
sued we have never understood. To be hated is usually the lot of
true manhood ; but the peculiar hatred which singled him out, he
did not deserve. We mourn in him a man of lofty genius, of strong
and earnest will, who in his way has done much for the German
Empire and for his party."
The hatred with which the Centre-party is pursued was con-
centrated upon this distinguished leader. The lies told about him
were often exasperating, sometimes ludicrous. Like his great
master Windthorst, he always kept the party free from any en-
tanglement in the extravagances of the anti-Semites or Jew-
baiters. In 1896, the news made the round of the press, that Dr.
Lieber was the husband of a Jewess. Of course, the Germania
at once stated that Dr. Lieber's wife was a German lady and a
Catholic. Lieber himself, referring to the report, in a private
letter, expresses the following noble and deeply religious thoughts:
"As long as the Blessed Mother of God remains a 'Jewess,' I do
not see how any Catholic could make it a reproach to a man to
have enabled his children through a (baptized) mother from the
chosen people to glory before God with the priest during the most
solemn part of the Canon of the Mass in the words, patriarchae
nostri Abrahae. The whole thing is simply laughable, and had
it not concered my wife, I would have said, if I had thought it
worth the while to say anything at all, that I should choose any
day blood-relationship with Christ and His Apostles rather than
with men like Sigl and their ilk. The older Berlin Catholics will
smile who remember, that since 1830, scarcely a single Catholic
work has been started in the capital without the active assistance
of my wife's father At the last elections I had 'sold my
daughter to a Jew,' my dear daughter who was then a child of
eighteen and has since become a Sister of the Poor of St. Francis,
and now I am the husband of a Jewess." The Reichsbote, the or-
gan of the Protestant parsons, has this to say : " . . . . The Centre-
party has sustained a great loss by his death. After Windthorst's
death he soon stepped in the first place, soon also recognized that
by mere opposition, success could no longer be achieved. Hence,
he sought to give a commanding position to the Centre by positive
324 The Review. 1902.
work. And in this he succeeded the more easily that no other
part}* could boast of political leaders eminent enough to enable
them to obtain greater influence for their parties He was an
exceeding- hard worker, a quality most necessary in a parliament-
ary leader who wishes to gain and retain influence. Not only was
he very active in Parliament, always ready to strike a blow at the
right moment, but out of session time, too, he agitated up and
down the country for his policy and in the interests of the Centre-
party. He possessed in a high degree the sympathy of the Cath-
olic clergy. His passing away will not cause a crisis in the party,
for the instinct of self-preservation brings home to them the ab-
solute necessity of union, a union preserved and strengthened by
the clergy upon whose support the Centre-party rests." And the
Post: "... .He always knew how far he could go and still draw
the bulk of his party along with him When he lay at death's
door, two years ago, the affection of the people for him showed
itself by demonstrations such as have never been bestowed upon
any other Centre-man except the idolized Windthorst." The Na-
tionalzeitung, a bitterly anti-Catholic liberal sheet, Iwrites : "
If he is to be judged by results, it must be conceded that he has
achieved distinguished success For the Centre-party, the
death of a parliamentarian of such singular gifts, means a great
loss. In the history of the German Parliament he has secured
for himself a permanent place by having given to the greatest
party a radically new direction But it must not be forgotten
that his whole political activity in and for his party was simply
a means to the one great end: 'Clerical Domination.'" These
opinions, expressed by more or less unfriendly papers, will assist
the reader of this sketch to complete his own estimate of the life-
work and character of the leader whose loss has brought mourn-
ing to Catholic Germany. Two party organs, that of the Socialists
and of the rDvangelische Bund, as they slandered him in life, so
they vilified him at his open grave. The Germania, which had
been the faithful mouthpiece of his thoughts, says : "We are over-
whelmed with grief, yet not discouraged. Our leaders die, but
our principle is immortal. Onward, courageously ! Onward, un-
der the standard of the Cross !"
Ernst Maria Lieberdied as he had lived, in the arms of Mother
Church, with whose sacraments he was fortified in his last hours.
The Holy Father and many eminent men in Church and State
sent heartfelt messages of condolence to his bereaved family.
The funeral oration was delivered by the Bishop of Limburg, who,
speaking to a great throng, among whom the leaders of the
Centre-party were conspicuous, took for his text the words of St.
Paul : "I have fought the good fight," and eulogized the deceased
No. 21. The Review. 325
statesman's political career, the Catholic piety and the happy and
beautiful family life of the man who, in the face of death, after re-
ceiving- the last sacraments, affirmed that never in his life had he
entertained a doubt against the faith.
Grace Dispensaries of the Holy See.
s the Apostolic See has courts of justice, so it also has
those of mercy, to whom a great number of cases is
annual^ submitted, such as those for removing impedi-
ments of marriage, annulling marriages, granting the privilege
of a domestic chapel, dispensing from irregularities, extending
the faculties of bishops, etc. These matters are either submitted
to the respective Congregations, or they are referred to the
proper officials, the Penitentiary and the Dataria. The Sacred
Congregation of the Propaganda claims the right to act in all
these matters exclusively for the territory under its jurisdiction,
viz.: Northern Europe, North America, and the mission countries
generally. The Congregation of Bishops and Regulars is the
competent court for petitions of religious, but most cases are re-
ferred to the two dispensaries mentioned above.
As its name implies, the Penitentiary was originally the su-
preme penitential court. At its head is the Cardinal Grand Peni-
tentiary, and his office is one of the most important in the Curia.
It is at present filled by Cardinal Serafino Vannutelli, and one of
its privileges is to assist the Pope on his deathbed ; on Ash Wed-
nesday the Grand Penitentiary gives the ashes to the Pope in
his chapel, and at the opening of the jubilee portal in St. Peters'
he hands the Holy Father the golden hammer, and on closing it
the golden trowel. When he assumes his office, he takes posses-
sion of the throne of the Grand Penitentiary in the three patri-
archal basilicas of St.# Peter, St. John Lateran, St. Mary Major in
the most solemn manner, and in Holy Week he goes to these
churches to fulfil his office. In each of these three basilicas there
are as his representatives a number of so-called Apostolic Peni-
tentiaries, Franciscans of different nationalities, who hear con-
fessions in various languages and who have extensive faculties
from him. Next to the Cardinal comes the so-called Director
(regens) of the Penitentiary. He is the standing representative
and vicar of the Grand Penitentiary. In difficult cases he must
confer with him, whilst very difficult ones are submitted by the
Grand Penitentiary t( the Holy Father himself. The Director is
326 The Reveiw. 1902.
assissted by a theologian and a canonist, and it is their duty to
examine all petitions from a moral and canonical view. The former
is always selected from the Society of Jesus, the latter is a secu-
lar priest. In most cases submitted to the Penitentiary questions
of conscience aretreated, hence names aregenerally not mentioned,
and this court deals with cases, not with persons.
The dispensary for papal graces in foro externo is the Dataria.
To it belong such cases as granting of benefices, the appointment
of canons, etc. As these favors depend on the concordats agreed
upon between the different governments and the Holy See, it is
obvious that the execution of the matters submitted to the Dataria
is very much diversified, and this explains the great number of
officials employed in this commission. At its head is the Pro-
datarius, at present Cardinal Aloisi Masella. By virtue of his
office he is the first cardinal of the Apostolic palace, but as it is
bestowed on him mainly through the confidence of the Pope, it
becomes extinct with the demise of the latter. He is assisted by
the Subdatarius, at present Msgr. Spolverini, who accompanies
the Prodatarius to his audience with the Pope every Tuesday.
The principal officials of the Dataria convene twice a week to
discuss the petitions sent in. These petitions are accepted only
from the so-called Apostolic agents, and are by them expedited
and received, the same as by lawyers in secular courts. The fees
that are charged for the privileges of the Dataria go to the sup-
port of its officials, and the surplus is used for benevolent pur-
poses.
"Sleuth-Hound Heresy Hunters."
his is an epithet which the Milwaukee Catholic Citizen has
repeatedly applied to those Catholic journalists who de-
nounced Liberalism, or its first cousin, Americanism.
For the edification of the Citizen and others ejnsdem furfuris, we
reproduce here 'A Page from History, ' which the Rev. Dr. Charles
Maignen publishes in the Vei'ite Francaise (No. 3193):
"The fight of St. Vincent de Paul against Jansenism contains a
great many lessons. St. Vincent wrote of Arnauld's book on
Frequent Communion : 'It is not to be wondered at that M.
Arnauld sometimes expresses himself like other Catholics ; there-
in he but imitates Calvin, etc.,' while the book and its author thus
severely judged, were highly esteemed by many persons 'of piety
and condition,' as the saying then was. From its very appear-
No. 21. The Review. 327
■ance, St. Vincent, despite the many episcopal approbations which
it bore, had denounced it at Rome. When the Papal Nuncio,
Msgr. Grimaldi, was informed of it, he became greatly excited.
He wrote to the Cardinal Secretary of State that he felt obliged
to remind his Eminence, that twenty doctors of the Sorbonne
were involved in this affair, together with fifteen bishops well-in-
tentioned towards the Holy See and highly esteemed for their
great piety ; and that he hoped Arnauld's book would not be pro-
hibited, because it could not be done without great prejudice to
these prelates, and that nothing be done without giving them
warning in writing or without previously hearing their opinion.
"St. Vincent, then seventy years old, was well aware of all these
facts. He had himself informed Anne of Austria that among the
prelates who had approved of the work, two, at least, had not
read it. The Queen-Regent was greatly astonished and asked the
Saint whether it was possible that a bishop could approve a book
without having read it. All these-we may call them extrinsic-con-
siderations did not check St. Vincent. He saw the ravages caused
in the Church by the spread of the new doctrines and insisted on
their quick condemnation.
"Yet before condemning the book on 'Frequent Communion'
Rome hesitated and waited until all the bishops who had approved
of it, were dead. When, after forty-six years, the book was finally
condemned, St. Vincent de Paul had been dead three decades.
His zeal had led him to anticipate the judgment of the Holy See
by nearly fifty years.
"Had St. Vincent been listened to in 1644 (date of the Nuncio's
letter), it is permitted to believe that Jansenism would have caused
less damage in France. St. Vincent, therefore, did not believe
he sinned against charity by denouncing a book whose condemna-
tion, would have greatly prejudiced the reputation of fifteen
bishops, "well-intentioned towards the Holy See"and distinguished
for "great piety." It may be said that he made an effort to bring
trouble into the Church, yet the Church has placed him on her al-
tars and says of him in the lessons of the Breviary : ' 'Serpent 'es
errores simul sensit et exhorruit.''
"All this is apparently changed to-day ; for every one knows
that to denounce errors propagated by persons 'well-intentioned
towards the I Holy See,' is tantamount to being a 'refractaire.'
Never-the-less, the example of St. Vincent can not but encourage
those who are impatient. The condemnation of the Life of Father
Hecker and the book of Madame Marie du S. Coeur (a book like-
wise approved by fifteen bishops, several of whom confessed that
they had not read it) came almost with the quickness of lightning,
less than two years after their appearance. That of the 'Chris-
328 The Review. 1902.
tian Democrats,' is coming- about by pieces. The Encyclical
Graves de communi has been for them a grave warning. The
late instructions of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiast"
ical Affairs is a second summons ; if it is not listened too, a third
will follow ; we shall not have to wait forty -six years to see this
error damned."
Now, what has all this to do with the Catholic Citizen and its
editor? Apparently nothing, in reality much. Time and again
The Review has blamed the Citizen for uncritically copying
ridiculous news despatches about Church events from the secular
press, as when, a few years ago, it soberly told its readers about an
afternoon militar\T mass in a Catholic Church. About a month
ago the same Citizen lectured other careless Catholic editors, ad-
vising them not to rely upon the secular press for Church news.
We do not believe the Citizen will call St. Vincent de Paul a
"sleuth-hound heresy hunter," but we hope by just such examples
to induce our contemporary by and by to muster courage enough
to stand up for the truth and every particle thereof, regardless of
consequences.
COISTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
The Quest/on of a Catholic Daily Newspaper Press. — The State Con-
vention of the Federation of German Catholic Societies of Mis-
souri has appointed a committee — Rev. P. Timothy, O. F. M.
and the Editor of The Review being among the members — to en-
quire into the feasibility of establishing a Catholic daily newspa-
per in the English language.
The Chicago Western Catholic (May 3rd) fears "that the dis-
tinguished journalists who control the weeklies are not in touch
with the needs»of the Catholic masses." It believes "they (these
journalists) do not appreciate the menace, the dailies of the secu-
lar press are to the morals of Catholic families," and continues :
"The dailies, with their nauseating descriptions of murders,
scandals, suicides and debaucheries, are not superior to the cheap
novel, which the Catholic purchaser of the daily will vehemently
condemn. The modern daily caters for the prurient and immor-
al. The suggestive picture and prolixity of indecent detail ren-
ders the modern yellow journal unfit for the perusal of Catholic
youth.
"A clean newspaper will be welcomed by the plain, clean think-
ing people who are disgusted by the morbid accounts of coroner's
inquests held over the remains of weak victims of degenerate and
No. 21. The Review. 329
brutal men. The average American is weary of the columns given
to the life history of some courtesan or debauchee, while 'half a
stick of type' chronicles events of vast importance to suffering
humanity.
"We invite the attention of the great (?) Catholic weeklies to the
following extract from the latest Encyclical of His Holiness, Pope
Leo XIII. : 'The mind of youth is enthralled by the perverse
teaching of the day. It absorbs all the errors which an unbridled
press does not hesitate to sow broadcast and which depraves the
mind and the will of youth and foments in them that spirit of
pride and insubordination which so often troubles the peace of
families and cities.' The great Pontiff has again proved himself
to be abreast of the times and his grave warning should not pass
unheeded.''
EDUCATION.
Another Argument for the Necessity of a Christian Education. — In a pa-
per read before the recent National Prison Congress, the Hon.
Samuel J. Barrows, Commissioner of the United States on the In-
ternational Prison Commission, made the statement that "No
codes and statutes can take the place of that education into moral
and social duty which develops into the highest justice and the
most perfect brotherhood." (See Public Opinion, No. 19.)
If even a Commissioner of the United States on the International
Prison Commission comes to the conclusion that "no codes and
statutes can take the place of that education into moral and social
duty, which develops into the highest justice and the most per-
fect brotherhood," it is about time that the American school sys-
tem be thoroughly remodelled. No such education is possible in
our public schools, as at present conducted, and unfortunately
the home can only in isolated cases complete the work that the
public institution leaves unfinished in this respect. If there is
any argument needed for the necessity of a Christian education,
it is furnished by the above statement of thePrisonCommissioner.
LITERATURE.
Dictionarium Marianum, sive Encomia, Symbolicae Expositiones,
Figurae, etc., de Dignitate et Pietate B. Mariae V. a Fr. Josepho
Calas. Card. Vives, O. M. C, Collecta. Romae, Typis Vaticanis,
1901. 75 cts net.
The most complete Dictionarium Marianum or collection of
names, attributes and figures of the Blessed Virgin is the Poly-
anthea Mariana, published in 1683 by Ippolito Marracci. He be-
longed to the Clerics of the Blessed Virgin Mary and dedicated
his whole life to the glory of the Mother of God, collecting every-
thing worthy of note that was ever written in praise of his august
patron. His Polyanthea Mariana was republished by Migne in
his Summa Aurea (vols. 9 and 10.) The present book of Cardinal
Vives is an extract from, or a condensation of, Marracci's exten-
sive work and will be a welcome gift for all children of Marjr, to
whom the costly collection of Migne is not accessible.
A Warning. — Catholics are hereby warned not to buy the set of
330 The Review. 1902.
books called 'The World's History and Its Makers.' The work
contains the most abominable historical falsehoods.
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.
Speed on Electric Railways. — The German Society for the Study of
Electric Railways has lately experimented upon speed, and in
some of its trials 100 to 105 miles per hour was attained. The air
resistance was found to be equivalent to the force of wind with a
velocity of 12 feet per second. This is a velocity which has only
once been reached by German storms, namely in the hurricane of
February, 1894. The experimenters are confident that speeds
much exceeding- 100 miles per hour can be maintained on electric
railways.
Mummy Wheat. — Popular journals every now and again recount
that wheat found in mummy cases has been planted, has germin-
ated and grown. Certain wheats of Egyptian origin are known as
mummy wheats. The legend will probably live ; but it has no
verifiable basis. M. E. Gain has recently tried extensive experi-
ments with wheat taken from Egyptian tombs and finds that no
cereals there found will reproduce their kind. The embryos of
such grains are completely dead, although the reserve material is
perfect^ fit to nourish them were they alive.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
Catholic Labor Unions. — Under the heading, "No Catholic Labor
Unions, "the Catholic Columbian, lately (March 29) wrote: "Re-
cently the Columbian objected to a movement to make Catholics
withdraw from existing labor organizations and form societies of
their own. It has good company in its opposition, for the Rt.
Rev. Bishop Quigley is with it. Lately the Bishop condemned
those of the principles of Socialism that are not contrary to
religion (?). For this he has been attacked by the State Committee
of the Social Democratic party. One of the statements against
him is as follows:
" 'And as if to remove all doubts as to the real import of that
sudden crusade against Socialism, Bishop Quigley and his asso-
ciates inaugurate a movement for the organization of — Catholic
labor unions. Labor unions organized on religious lines! Can
any workingman conceive of a greater absurdity or monstrosity?
Imagine a strike of any trade in which the workingmen of one
creed only participate, while the others continue to work ! How
very effective — for the capitalists !'
"Bishop Quigley promptly denied the accusation. He made it
clear that he did not propose to organize a Catholic labor union,
but to preserve Christian principles in the organizations to which
Catholics may belong. He said to the Catholic laboring men of
his diocese :
'"With the approbation of your Church, then, you have organ-
ized your labor unions, and it rests with you, Catholic working-
men of Buffalo, to see that these unions shall not become hotbeds
for the propagation of irreligion, atheism, and anarchy. It is j^our
duty to take hold of the administration of the affairs of your
No. 21. The Review. 331
unions and see to it that these bad principles shall be cast out.
We do not tell you to leave the unions. The enemies of religion
and society would be glad if you were out. Then they could ply
their nefarious business unchallenged. We want you to stay
there to guard the unions against the influence of the enemies of
Christian labor.'
"That is precisely what the Columbian said : The Catholics now
in tolerable labor societies should stay in them in order to keep
them in line with justice and to prevent Socialists and Anarchists
from getting control of them. To form a labor society on a de-
nominational line would mean the speedy discharge of most of its
members from their present jobs and the inundation of the labor
world by the rising tide of Socialism."
Will the Catholic Columbian or any one else please refute with
solid arguments what Dr. G. Ratzinger says in the second edition
of his classical book, 'Volkswirthschaft,' page 192:
"At present, especially in trade circles, there is a strong predi-
lection for a new organization after the model of the guilds. But
it was not the exterior organization that gave the old guilds their
technical progress, development, and prosperity, but the quick-
ening spirit which created that organization after the model of
the family. When this spirit of the love of God and of
neighbor, which beheld in the associate not the competitor, but
the brother, had disappeared, and egotism and envy had taken its
place, the organization itself became a means of decadence and
pauperism, a dead weight on all development and progress. If
the prosperity of the Middle Ages is to be brought back
again, the spirit of Christian charity must be reawakened. Living
organizations can not be created by outward means alone. When
all the strata of society once more consider labor as a moral calling,
as a God-given office, then, in place of commercialism and compe-
tition we shall have a noble rivalry to do one's best in the service
of the whole community, and organizations will spring up from
interior motives that answer the necessities of the age."
Were there no other problem to be solved than that of wages,
in the solution of the social question, we might agree with the
Catholic Columbian ; but the question of wages is neither the sole
nor the most important problem. To solve the question of wages,
to create fairer conditions of labor, etc., Catholic laboringmen
may remain members of unions that are not in opposition to
Catholic teaching ; but Catholic labor unions are the onty means to
make them a leaven fit to regenerate the working classes and
-effectively ward off Socialism.
Compulsory Arbitration of Railroad Disputes. — A plan for compulsory
arbitration of railroad disputes, now before the Canadian Parlia-
ment, has certain novel features. First, the bill makes strikes
and lockouts illegal, and provides penalties for this newly created
offence. Disputes within the provinces are to be referred to
provincial boards, consisting of three members, one elected by
the railroad companies, one by the emplo}7es, and the third ap-
pointed by these two, or, on their failure to agree, by the provin-
cial governor in council. The supreme tribunal is to be the
Dominion Board, composed of two each from the companies and
the labor representatives of the provincial boards, and a fifth
332 The Review. 1902.
member to be appointed by the other four, or by the Governor-
General. The fact that the project has so far excited little dis-
cussion may be taken as a sign that Canada is willing- to enter up-
on that path of labor legislation which New Zealand and Australia
have broken out; but it may equally well signify indifference. An
interesting feature of the scheme is its strict limitation to rail-
road disputes. Mr. Mulock, who introduced the bill, holds that
these institutions touch the government and affect the general
welfare at so many points that they are properly the subject of
special legislation. The logic of events is rapidly forcing that
view upon this country, which in the main has been averse to laws
that discriminate different kinds of corporations.
ARCHAEOLOGY.
An Archaeological Calamity. — Nothing less than an archaeological
calamity has happened on Mount Athos, where eleven centuries of
Byzantine art, architecture, and tradition have perished utterly
in the flames. Fire broke out in the monastery of St. Paul, and the
entire building, with all its contents, was destroyed. The mon-
astery dates back eleven centuries, its library was rich in manu-
script documents of the Byzantine emperors, and the interior was
a treasure-house of Byzantine art. The reliquary was full of
objects of the highest legendary interest. Among the other ob-
jects it contained what a tradition of the Greek Church held to
be the identical gifts presented in homage by the three Wise Men
of the East at Bethlehem. All have perished.
MEDICINE.
A New Cure for Malarial Fever. — An important discovery in medical
science is announced by M. Armand Gautier in the current
number of the Comfiles rendus. He has found that sodium
methylarsenate, injected into the blood in minute amounts, is an
absolute cure for malarial fever. Particulars are given of the
treatment of nine cases, all of which had been contracted in
Africa, and which were of such a severe type as to be refractory
to large doses of quinine. The nine cases were rapidly cured, two
only showing a slight relapse, and these yielded at once to a
second injection. The progress of the cure was followed in each
case by the examination of the blood, and the treatment was
always followed by the disappearance of the specific hematozoa.
The salt was also found to suppress entirely the anaemia asso-
ciated with malaria. Mr. Gautier regards the results as suffi-
ciently definite to authorize the substitution of this drug for
quinine in pernicious malaria, although it still remains for
further researches to determine the best dose, and whether
administration by the mouth or hypodermically is to be preferred.
****
333
MISCELLANY.
About Va.ccii\a.tion. — Dr. M. J. Synnott of Montclair, N. J., re-
cently sent us the following- :
"At this time, when physicians and health officers throughout
the country are struggling to combat the wide spread epidemic
of smallpox, articles opposing vaccination, such as have appeared
in The Review of late, are particularly annoying. There is no
longer any doubt or difference of opinion among scientific men
about vaccination. It has been proven conclusively long ago that
a successful vaccination is an almost certain preventive against
smallpox. Of course if the vaccination is not successful, or does
not "take," it affords no immunity. This fact is important in ex-
plaining certain statistics which on first thought appear unfavor-
able to vaccination. In the rare instances where smallpox has
been known to follow successful vaccination, — and theses cases
are very rare, — the disease is not nearly so fatal, and it pursues
a milder course. Another fact lost sight of by those who compile
anti-vaccination statistics is the importance of re-vaccination. It
is now known that the immunity afforded by vaccination lasts only
a few years. Therefore one should be vaccinated every four or
five years, or oftener if directly exposed to the disease. It is un-
necessary it seems to me to go into any defence of vaccination.
Personally I can not understand how any one can be other than
an advocate of vaccination, unless blinded by prejudice or misled
by meaningless statistics, but none are so blind as they who will
not see. Editors should unite in urging their readers to submit
to vaccination, and articles opposing it should be condemned at
this time particularly when the disease is so prevalent. Believe
me, Mr. Editor, when I again assure you that all scientific men
throughout the world, almost without exception, are advocates of
vaccination. The few physicians who oppose it, are not scientific
men and are without standing in their profession. — M. J. Synnott,
M. D."
This is a characteristic letter from a man who thoroughly be-
lieves in vaccination because he has been taught it is true and has
accepted the statement as made, without question. He is not to be
blamed in his unreasoning faith, so we just pity and forgive.
But we would like to ask a question : Who are the persons
who "compile anti-vaccination statistics"? There are no figures
save those made by vaccinationists, and Dr. Synnott ought to know
it. We are willing to admit most smallpox figures are "meaning-
less statistics," even when they are partially true, but that is not
the fault of the anti-vaccinationists.
We admif'there is no doubt or difference of opinion among scien-
tific men about vaccination," because it is true each and all admit
vaccination has no scientific basis. Not only do they agree upon
this, but so complete is their agreement that there is not on earth
to-day a single man, medical or otherwise, who will even assert
he knows what vaccination is ; and this has been true during the
whole 100 years of its practice. With universal condemnation of
all scientists on the one hand and confessed ignorance of its de-
fenders upon the other, is it surprising that more and more op-
334 The Review. 1902.
pose vaccination and that anti-vaccination societies now extend to
the uttermost parts of the earth?
The quibble about successful vaccination or a "take" can not be
satisfactorily answered until the medical profession tells us what
vaccination is: a question that has "stumped" them for 100 years.
Even the "great" Welsh of Philadelphia "fell down" here before
the Pennsylvania legislature; as did all of vaccination's defenders
before the English Royal Commission. That is the reason, prin-
cipally, wrhy England abolished compulsory vaccination.
As to smallpox fatality, is not 36 per cent, as great as ever — yet
this was the rate in the Philippines, among our many times re-
vaccinated soldiers ; or were they not vaccinated property? Per-
haps Dr. Synnott ought to instruct the United States army sur-
geons how to vaccinate.
Among the "few physicians who oppose it," are to be found
some of the world's greatest medical men of to-day — -men like
Elmer Lee, Ex.-V.-P. Am. Med. Assoc, New York ; E. M. Crook-
shank, of Kings College London, Hubert Boens, Gov't Phys.,
Brussels, and hundreds of others both noted and famous in all
medical lines.
The Bull Dispensing Spaniards From Friday Abstinence. — The
Casket had the subjoined note in a recent issue (No. 14) anent an
enquiry printed in our No. 14 :
"An enquirer writing to one of our exchanges asks whether it
is true that the Spanish nation was dispensed from the Friday
abstinence early in the sixteenth century. No answer was given
that we have seen. We can not say what the law is in Spain it-
self, but we are credibly informed that the Friday abstinence has
never been in force in the Spanish colonies, such as Cuba, Mexico,
and the Philippines except on the Fridays of Lent, Ember Days,
and Vigils. It will be charitable to suppose, therefore, if we see
Cubans or Filipinos eating meat on Friday in this country, that
they have not yet learned that abstinence from flesh meat on that
day is a law of the Church with us. Even in Arizona, New Mexi-
co, and portions of Colorado, although these are no longer under
Spanish or Spanish-American rule, there is yet no Friday absti-
nence, with the exceptions above mentioned."
A learned friend writes us on the same subject :
The papal bull dispensing Spaniards from the Friday abstinence
and granting them certain other privileges, is proclaimed annual-
ly on the eve of the first Sunday in Advent and can be had in every
Catholic book store in Madrid for a few cents. It is very old.
When the Spanish nation, under Ferdinand the Catholic of Arra-
gon and Isabella of Castile, made immense sacrifices to prevent
Christian Europe from being flooded by the Saracens, they were
rewarded by an Apostolic bull granting them a number of special
privileges and favors, mostly spiritual, for a limited number of
years. These privileges were renewed and adapted to the times
by subsequent popes and the alms from the sale of each bull are
devoted to charitable works. On May 17th, 1890, Leo XIII. re-
newed it for the term of twelve years, beginning with the first
Sunday in Advent of that year, assigning the bulk of the proceeds
to the poor churches and charitable institutions of Spain. ' Con-
trary to the allegations of anti-Catholic newspapers, the Vatican
derives no income. from this source.
335
NOTE-BOOK.
The Washington correspondent of the N. Y. Freeman '5 Journal
(No. 3592) makes the interesting- revelation that the total number
of lay students at the Catholic University is sixteen, including a fe-w
undergraduates. This sorry condition of affairs is attributed to
the fact that "there is not a sufficient number of Catholic laymen
who desire a higher education."
No doubt the number of Catholic graduates who are willing and
able to take a university course, is comparatively small; but there
are surely more than a dozen in all the land. We know of one at
least who would have attended the Catholic University if it had
been a true Catholic university, instead of a fourth-rate nursery of
Liberalism ; and what about the hundreds of Catholic students at
Protestant universities?
& ^ &
The Catholic Universe (No. 1452), whose editor says he is "not
associated with the Knights of Columbus," declares as the result
of an enquiry among members of the Order that, while "doubtless
priests have been initiated in the K. of C. and can be initiated now
if they choose to go through the ceremony," "they ma}' become
full members without an initiation, and we understand that the
officials of the K. of C. prefer that priests would not go through
the initiation. We certainly would oppose and deprecate such a
ceremony, with its interrogations, for a priest."
We have been told by members of the Order, boastfully, that
bishops and priests have to go through the same initiation cere-
monies as the humblest layman, because the Order is absolutely
democratic.
Who is right? We do not remember having seen in the consti-
tution of the K. of C. any provision excepting clergymen from the
indignities of the semi-Masonic mummery prescribed for the ini-
tiation of new members.
+r +r +<r
The Southern Messenger (No. 13) says in this connection :
"The Catholic Universe defends the initiation ceremonies of the
Knights of Columbus by showing that bishops and priests are not
subjected to them, and adds 'We certainly would oppose and de-
precate such a ceremony, with its interrogations, for a priest.
However, we do not see that any harm can result to laymen, etc'
This is what might be called 'damning with faint praise.' '
SP Sg* SP
Bishop Keiley's speech, which we criticized in our No. 18, has
elicited the following letter from Msgr. T. P. Thorpe to the Cath-
olic Universe (No. 1452):
"As a priest and an American citizen, I sincerely thank the
Catholic Universe for its prompt and judicious condemnation of
the lurid and highly imprudent utterances attributed to Dr. Keily,
Bishop of Savannah, by the daily press. As Dr. Keily, a citizen
of the State of Georgia, he has a right to think and speak as he
336 The Review. 1902
pleases about the inception and the ending- of the Civil War, but
as Dr. Keily, wielding- the crozier of a Catholic Bishop, he has no
right to publicly insult the Chief Executive, who has never sought
to injure the Church, or to compromise the Catholics of the whole
country by such a display of miserable sectionalism. Benjamin
Keilj* may display his feelings regarding those he deemed his
enemies in the 'Lost Cause, ' but Bishop Keily, as you well and
calmly say, should remember that he is a ruler in the household
of the Prince of Peace."
To the honor of the Catholic press be it said that it has quite
unanimously, if respectfully, deprecated the wild utterances at-
tributed to Msgr. Keily. Strangely, the chief champion of the
Republican party in our hierarchj^ Archbishop Ireland, has not
deemed it worth while to defend President Roosevelt against the
terrific onslaught of his brother prelate of Savannah.
^^ 4&- ^K
Those who believe that "Americanism" is dead in this country,
will do well to ponder this extract from the Catholic Citizen 's (No.
27) obituary of Archbishop Corrigan :
"In the prelatical church controversies which ensued in this
country between the year 1886 and 1899, Archbishop Corrigan
lent the prestige of his name and position to the conservative
party, which has undoubtedly won, so far as the arbitrament of
Rome goes, many points in the controversy ; but the brains of the
conservative party was pretty well circumscribed to 'the Germans
and the Jesuits.' It was never a popular side with the masses of
American Catholics. Its last clap, the letter on 'Americanism,'
excited wonderment rather than enthusiasm among the laity."
Sap. sat.
->»■ *r *r
According to common belief, a United States senator leads a
jolly life ; his days are free from care and strife ; but the events
of the last few weeks must extirpate this popular error. Senator
Tillman has got into a fist fight with Senator McLaurin ; Senator
Money has drawn a knife on a street-car conductor ; and Senator
Clark of Montana has been arrested for running an automobile
above legal speed. True, Senator Tillman apologized, but in sec-
tions of South Carolina an apology is still regarded as a weak-
kneed way to avoid the field of honor. Senator Money pleads that
the knife was only a little one, but that excuse must simply serve
to destroy his reputation as a statesman in those parts of Missis-
sippi where the "bowie" is recognized as the orthodox weapon for
settling disputes between gentlemen. Senator Clark, too, declares
that he didn't know he was going too fast; but in Montana, where
Senator Clark is accustomed to drive newspapers, courts, and
legislature at any pace he pleases, his defence must seem like a
pitiful evasion, unworthy of Montana and the man. Altogether,
then, here are three senators who are laying up the worst kind of
trouble for themselves at home. Of course, any moralist can see
that they are in difficulties because they do not stick through
thick and thin to their highest ideals of the strenuous life. Clear-
ly, the atmosphere of Washington is enervating, and is sure
sooner or later, to sap the manhood of our most virile leaders.
CaJholic Parochial vs. Si&te Schools.
9
homas P, Kernan, in a paper on Catholic Parochial Schools
and the Public Schools in Moshers Magazine (No. 5)
presents these interesting- figures :
The Catholic Directory for 1901 gives the number of Catholic
parishes having parochial schools in the United States in 1901 as
3,812, and the number of children attending these schools during
the previous year as 903,980.
The report of the Commissioner of Education of the Urited
States for 1901, Vol. I, page ix, has the following : "Total enroll-
ment in schools and colleges. There were enrolled in the schools
and colleges, public and private, during the year 1899-1900, 17,-
020,710 pupils, the same being an increase of 282,348 pupils over
the previous year. Of this number the enrollment in public in-
stitutions was 15,443,462."
The Commissioner, on page xiii, gives the following reliable
figures in regard to the cost of the common schools of this
country :
Expenditure per pupil (of average attendance):
For sites, buildings, etc., - - $ 3.62
For salaries, 12.94
For all other purposes, - - 3.73
Total expenditure per pupil, $20.29
The total expenditure is given as :
For sites, buildings, furniture,
libraries, and apparatus, - $38,083,553
For salaries of teachers and
superintendents, - - 136,031,838
For all other purposes, - - 39,158,963
Total expended, - - $213,274,354
Expenditure per capita of population, - - $2.83
From this official report of the Commissioner of Education of
the United States we see that the total amount expended for com-
mon-school purposes during the year 1899-1900 was more than
two hundred and thirteen million dollars, and that the cost for
the education of each pupil in the common schools for that year
was a little more than twenty dollars.
If the 903,980 pupils who attended the Catholic parish schools
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 22. St. Louis, Mo., June 5, 1902.)
338 The Review. 1902.
in 1899*1900 had attended the common schools, at the same rate of
expenditure, $20.29 per pupil, the additional sum of more than
eighteen million dollars ($18,341,754) would have to be added to
the common-school estimate for that year. But these 903,980
pupils attended schools supported by the Catholic Church, and
consequently that large sum was saved to the common-school tax
of the different States in one year. Any approximate estimate of
the money spent by Catholics on parochial schools during the past
fifty years would be hundreds of millions of dollars.
New York City alone, not including Brooklyn or Staten Island,
had in 1899-1900 sixty Catholic parish schools for boys and sixty-
one for girls, a total of one hundred and twenty-one schools, at-
tended by over forty thousand children (40,939). When we re-
member the high value of real estate in Manhattan Island, it is
evident that for the Catholic Church to build and maintain so
many schools in the city of New York must be an enormous tax
on its members.
If the common saying is true that "money talks," Catholics are
the most earnest supporters of education in this county, for they
not only pay their share of taxes for the support of the public
schools, but they moreover maintain Catholic parish schools of
their own.
In England, a Protestant country, the people think it onl}T just
to grant Catholics an allowance from the public funds towards
the support of free schools of their own. There Catholics are
taxed for the maintenance of their own schools, which, of course,
must come up to a certain standard in secular branches, and they
are not taxed for the support of other public schools. Mr.
Kernan hopes, and we share his hope, that the day may come
when in the United States a similar course will commend itself to
the sense of fairness of the Protestant majorit3\
The Cradle of Christian Civilization.* }
akoxius wonders that in the sixth centum, when idolatry
was extinct throughout the whole world, it should }ret
have, when St. Benedict arrived, deep roots among the
Cassinese, through the negligence of their bishops. But, since
there were no longer any bishops there, and idolatiw could not be
rooted out of the Roman Empire at once, it is not to be wondered
at that there should be left in those places some remnants of the
') A Leaf From Abbot Tosti's Life of St. Benedict, pp. 78-82.
No. 22. The Review. 339
old superstitions. These are troublesome weeds. You may tear
them up in one place, but their roots germinate in another, until
time at last kills them .... I do not know what reception the Cassi-
nese gave to St. Benedict and the little monastic colony from
Subiaco, which he brought amongst them ; but, from what we
shall relate a little later, it will become clear that his reception
was kind, and that in a short time, a paternal bond united to the
heart of the Saint that poor people, who, without pastor or civil
government, and terrified by the misfortunes they had endured,
had wandered from the path to heaven, whence alone the consola-
tion of hope can come to us. St. Benedict, conscious of the mis-
sion which he had received from God, to bring back this people to
the faith of Christ, no doubt called to mind the instructions with
which the Apostles were sent forth to convert the nations. They
were to be poor, to be the bearers of peace, to eat the bread of
hospitality, to heal the sick, and to announce the coming among
them of the kingdom of God.
Such were those few monks with their Master. Peace be to this
house, they said, and it did not return to them rejected, but
awaited them at the table of hospitality. The most splendid rev-
elation of the Divinity of Christ and of His Sacraments, took place
in the symbolical feasts at Cana of Galilee, in the house of Simon
the Leper, at the last supper, and in the town of Emmaus. St.
Gregory mentions the preaching of St. Benedict and the wond-
rous cures that he wrought, after the destruction of idolatn^, and
the building of Monte Cassino. But, both the one and the other
were begun at his first arrival in the Cassinese settlement. What
a history there is in that first meeting of St. Benedict and that
people ! Here that great Apostle of the Gospel cast the first seed
into the heart of the individual ; here he fostered it in the bosom
of the family, by the prodigies of his charity. Here that family
afterwards grew into a civil community, civitas S. Germani, and
was gathered around the Monastery of St. Benedict, dedicated to
Our Saviour. From this spot, the seed grew into a tree, so large
as to receive into its branches the whole of Europe, civilized and
sanctified by the Order of St. Benedict. Beautiful and precious
are the treasures that record the ancient grandeur of their Roman
city ; but these, perishable as they are, can never equal the im-
mortal glory of having given a cradle to modern Christian civiliza-
tion. The name of St. Germanus is the blazoned symbol of the
nobility of this city.
St. Gregory tells us that the Saint gave himself to the conver-
sion of the Cassinese and the neighboring territories by contin-
ual preaching — fraedicatione continua — to show that the supreme
motive of his coming into these parts, was to bring back to the
340 The Review. 1902
faith of Christ those souls that had strayed away into the false
worship of idols. Therefore, without any delay, on his first
arrival in the land, he made a beginning of his Apostolic ministry;
and did not desist from it on ascending- the mountain, on whose
summit the pagan divinities had their seat, until he had made
Christian again that people which was to help him in the destruc-
tion of the idols and in the foundation of his first monastery. But
as the germs of ancient Christianity had not yet been killed by
the tares of pagan superstitions, through the remarkable grace
which shone forth in the countenance and words of the Saint, and
by the wonders which he wrought, he quickly gathered around
him a good number of faithful, who, venerating him as a messen-
ger of God, and loving him as a father, were unwilling to leave
him.
The mountain, which takes the name of Cassino from the region
which is on its side, is one of those heights which descends from
the chain of the Mediterranean Apennines into the valley of the
Luis and guards it like a sentry, whilst the others run towards
the north to join the Aprutian Mountains. To-da3T wild-lcoking
and despoiled of its woods, and white with calcareous rocks, it
offers a spectacle of sadness. But the Saint found it all clad with
ancient forests, sacred to the'worship of devils, as St. Gregory
tells us, and in which, even to that time, a number of foolish pa-
gans offered sacrifices to the gods. Those sacrifices were a folly ;
but to have preserved those woods, for which the pagans had so
great a regard, was a work of hygiene, which the Christians of
these times, without so man}^ gods and sacrifices, would do well
to imitate. To denude the mountains is to let the rain rush down
to their base, and there cause marshes and pestilences. The
road which leads from east to west, winding along the side of the
mountain, and for three miles bordering its summit, was the same
by which, to our own days, the ascent was made on horseback, and
which was afterwards paved differently, and in some parts fol-
lowed a different direction. By that path, as St. Gregory tells us,
the foolish country people ascended, in order to offer their sacri-
fices at the ancient Fanum, which was dedicated to Apollo. This
temple is on the highest crest, on the site of the ancient Acropolis
of the city of Cassino. St. Gregory speaks only of Apollo ; but
the Monk Mark, in his poem, relates that the blinded crowd
venerated there profane images, and held, as gods, sculptured
idols ; that they built these temples and altars, on which they
offered bloody sacrifices ; that they called the place Arz, and had
consecrated it to gods of stone. The best name for it, he says,
would have been infernal chaos. The whole mountain was, then,
consecrated to idols, and was, as it were, a Pagan Pantheon.
341
Some Academic Publications
From Fribourg.
he Catholic University of Fribourg- in Switzerland seems
to have realized from the outset of its career the ideal
of a university which is more especially identified with
the German theory and practice than with those of our own de-
gree-ridden and examination-ridden system — viz., that the first
consideration in creating a true seat of learning is to gather to-
gether a staff of highly qualified scholars, who shall be specialists
in their own particular lines of study and a great part of whose
energies shall be devoted to scientific research and the advance-
ment of science. The fame and success of a German university,
and its power of attracting students, are based rather upon the
possession of several such masters of thought and research, than
upon the mere size or the difficulty of their degree examinations.
Judged by this standard, the University of Fribourg must com-
mand respect. For the quality of an academic staff is estimated
largely by the scientific output of its members, and in Fribourg
we have before us as we write abundant evidence of the literary
and scientific productiveness of its various professors during
little more than a decade. To say nothing of the independent
works published by its professors during that space — Berthier's
splendid edition of Dante's Divina Commedia, with its scholastic
commentary, occurs to the mind on this score — or their numerous
contributions to specialist reviews, we will confine our attention
to the goodly pile of strictly academic and collective publications
which have issued from the university press between 1890 and
1902, and which lie before our eyes at this moment.
From 1890 to 1892, these memoirs issued under the collective
title of Indices Friburgenses, of which seven appeared, of varied
bulk and belonging to various branches of learning. Bedier's
critical edition of Le Lai de l'Ombre, an old French 13th century
romantic poem, and Streitberg's study on the German compara-
tives in 6z (103 pp., 1890), together worthily inaugurated the series
from the philological side. Effmann's elaborate illustrated essay,
Heiligkreuz und Pfalzel : Beitragezur Gaugeschichte Triers (159
pp., 1890), followed the same year, a valuable contribution to the
ecclesiastical archaeology and architectural history of the Middle
Ages. Next year Weyman edited a Latin classical text, the
Psyche et Cupido of Apuleius (52 pp., 1891), and a little-known
branch of European literary history was illustrated by Kallen-
bach's interesting study, Les Humanistes Polonais (72 pp.)
342 The Review. 1902.
Early Christian art received a valuable elucidation in Berthier's
beautifully illustrated memoir, La Porte de Sainte-Sabine a Rome
(90 pp., 1892). The series was closed by a study from the law
faculty on Illegality as a Ground for Compensation, by Reusing.
The following year the publication, whilst retaining its large
quarto format, changed its title to Collectanea Fribargensia, of
which the first series lasted from 1894 to 1900, whilst the second
(large 8vo. size) began last year. The first issued was a consid-
erable volume of 214 pages on a historical subject, the corres-
pondence of Alfonso and Girolamo Casati with Leopold V. of
Austria, by Reinhardt. The Casati were Spanish ambassadors
to the Swiss Confederation (1620-23), and this publication of their
letters is an important contribution to Swiss history. The next
fasciculus was the first of Hubert Grimme's exceedingly learned
and important studies on Semitic philology, in which branch of
science he holds a high position. It was devoted to the prosody
of the Syriac father, St. Ephrem. In 1895 Marchot edited the
most ancient Rhaetoromanic text known (Les Gloses de Cassel,
67 pp."1; and Jostes contributed some hitherto inedited texts as a
contribution to the history of German mysticism (Meister Eck-
hart und seine Junger, 160 pp.) Grimme appears once more in
1896 with a minute study of Hebrew accents and vowel systems
(Grundziige der hebraischen Akzent-und Vokallehre, 148 pp.)
But quite the most considerable volume of the series, and the one
that has perhaps been the most widely read, was Michaut's new
critical edition of Pascal's Pensees, which was crowned by the
French Academy, and awarded the Saintour prize. This is quite
a large volume (190 and 469 pp.), and will probably prove to be the
edition definitive of the celebrated French classic, based as it is
on the original MS., and with the variants of all the editions. In
1897 Biichi contributed a study of the quarrel between Austria
and Fribourg, which led to the latter state going over to Savoy
and joining the Swiss Confederation. An important chapter in
the history of philosophy is Mandonnet's study of Averroism in
the 13th century, a critical essay based on inedited documents.
It appeared in 1899, and was crowned by the French Academie
des Inscriptions. The ninth and last fasciculus of this first series
was Schnurer's enquiry into the important mediaeval chronicle
known as Fredegar's (Die Verfasser der sogenannten Fredegar-
Chronik, 263 pp., 1900).
With the new century the Collectanea assumed a more handy
form, large octavo, and three volumes have been published in it.
First came Giraud's able study of Taine (Essai sur Taine, son
Oeuvre et son Influence, 322 pp., 1901) which has likewise been
crowned by the French Academy.
No. 22. The Review. 343
Finally, there have appeared within the last few months two
more issues of this new series, which form substantial additions
to the critical study of the Old Testament, and are therefore well
worthy of the attention of scriptural scholars. Zapletal's Tote-
mism and the Religion of Israel is not merely of interest from
this point of view, but is also a very well-informed study of the
whole difficult subject of totems (Der Totemismus und die Reli-
gion Israels, ein Beitrag zur Religionswissenschaft und zur Erklar-
ung des Alten Testamentes, 176 pp., 1901). The learned author
shows himself thoroughly at home with the numerous English
writers who of late years have made themselves the leading au-
thorities on totemistic problems, — J. G. Frazer, Robertson Smith,
Spencer and Gillen (for Australia), MacLennan, Andrew Lang,
Tylor, and others, to say nothing of German and French special-
ists. An exhaustive and impartial study of all that has been
alleged in favor of Israelitic totemism leads the learned writer to
a decidedly adverse decision on the theories adduced.
H. Grimme, the only professor who has contributed more than
once to this academic series, is the writer of the last fasciculus
which has so far appeared. It is a highly specialistic treatise on
the metres of the Book of Psalms, a study which is absolutely
essential as a preliminary to critical or exegetical investigation.
The above hasty review *) of the literary output of a small and
quite recent university, all of whose faculties are not yet com-
plete, and limited to only one academic series of publications,
affords, we think, sufficient proof of the activity and ability of its
staff, and is a guarantee of its excellence. It may very well chal-
lenge comparison with many older and larger and far better
known seats of learning.
To us American Catholics it naturally suggests the query :
What has the Catholic University of America done to compare
with this brilliant record of the Fribourg institution?
*) We owe it to the Tablet (No. 3,225).
344
COIXTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
EDUCATION.
English Catechism in German Schools. — We read in the current
number of the Teacher and Organist:
*'A meeting of the German Catholic pastors (of Milwaukee) was
held at the residence of Archbishop Katzer last month, at which an
important step regarding- the language question in the German
Catholic'parochial schools was taken. Hereafter the catechism in
the schools will be taught in the English and German languages.
Heretofore it has been taught in German. The matter has been
under discussion for some time and was talked over at a prelimin-
ary meeting held at the residence of Father Willmes of St. Mary's
church. In speaking of the matter Father Willmes said :
'The matter has been discussed for some time by the local
pastors and we have finally decided that hereafter catechism shall
be taught in both the English and German languages. Hereto-
fore it has been taught in German. It was found, however, that
some of the pupils were not sufficiently conversant with the Ger-
man tongue to follow the study in that language. On the other
hand, others who learned their catechism in German found it
difficult afterwards when they attended English-speaking parishes
to understand catechetical terms and other matters of church
terminology and usage which they had learned in German. For
this reason it was thought wise to teach catechism in both tongues,
and we adopted a catechism with that point in view. All the other
studies in our schools are taught in English.' "
In taking this step the German pastors of Milwaukee have
simply followed the example of many of their brethren in other
parts of the country, in conscientiously providing for their flocks
according to the exigencies of the times. It is another proof that
the German speaking clerg3r of this country, contrary to the
chai-ges of some of their enemies, put faith before language, re-
ligion above nationality.
Corporal Punishment. — The question of corporal punishment in
schools has an interest for the young and the old. In a work
published in Germany, some account is given as to how discipline
was once maintained in a German schoolroom. Johann Jacob
Haberle — who died some years ago — kept a diary, and he jotted
down in the course of his fiftj'-one years' schoolmaster's career
the number of times he administered punishment to his recalci-
trant pupils. Schoolmaster Johann records that he distributed
911,517 strokes with a stick; 240,100 "smites" with a birchrod ;
10,986 hits with a ruler ; 136,715 hand smacks ; 10,235 slaps on
the face ; 7,905 boxes on the ears ; 115,800 blows on the head ; 12,-
763 tasks from the Bible, catechism, the poets and grammar.
Every two years he had to buy a bible, to replace the one so
roughly handled by his scholars; 777 times he made his pupils
kneel on peas, and 5,001 scholars had to do penance with a ruler
held over their hands. As to his abusive words, not a third of
them were to be found in any dictionary. American sentiment-
No. 22. The Review. 345
alists would call the old teacher a brute, while his scholars bless
his memory.
INSURANCE.
The Passing of the "Mutuals." — Eight years ago, according to our
State Insurance Commissioner Wagner, there were in Missouri
26 legally operating assessment life associations, having in force
25,000 certificates, for $53,721,330. Of this number 12 have either
reorganized on the basis of level-premium or have disappeared by
reinsuring ; 9 are in receivership ; 3 have withdrawn from the
State ; one was, and still is, operating as a "fraternal ;" and
one alone of the 26 is still in Missouri as before. Many citizens
of the State have lost their insurance entirely, and are now past
the age limit or physically impaired. Mr. Wagner, therefore, de-
sires the repeal of all laws which recognize or permit this method
of business.
In Minnesota, the Commissioner thinks, the time is near when
not a dollar of so-called insurance on that plan will be written, for
it has been almost entirely wiped out. What else could possibly
happen, under the test of time, to a scheme which attempts to
pay out money without providing adequate means for getting the
money in ?
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.
The Brain Not a Mind Organ. — In a paper written for the youngest
of our exchanges, La Nonvelle France (March number), Dr. Sur-
bled, of Paris, the famous author of Le Cerveau, who is at once a
celebrated cerebrologist and a staunch Catholic, sums up most
lucidly all that is known about the functions of the brain.
"The brain," he writes, "which scientists of a bygone age looked
upon as the organ of the mind, is no more than an organ of sense
and motion : its cortical surface is strewn with sensory and motor
centres, the action of which is daily verified by physiologists and
clinicians. All its parts have been explored, studied and are now
known : there is no room left for the intellect. In the name of
science the conclusion must be that the intellect, having no organ,
is not a function, is not corporeal, and is therefore spiritual."
Further on in the same article he says: "What is now ascertained
and is being confirmed more and more, is that the brain is not an
intellectual organ. Its cortical surface is not the seat of psychic
faculties. Why? Because it manifestly belongs to the sense-
faculties, because the spiritual faculties can not be localized, have
not and can not have an organ."
MUSIC.
Protestants in Catholic Church Choirs. — The Catholic Record would
like to know why Protestant vocalists are invited to assist our
choirs? "Think of a non-Catholic singing the 'O Salutaris'!" says
our contemporary. "It may please the fuss-and-feathers kind of
a Catholic, but it is disedifying in the extreme to the one who
goes to church to pray and to adore the God on our altars."
346
MISCELLANY.
The Ethics of Advertising. — A subscriber of the Catholic Citizen,
who recently enquired of the editor whether he could safely en-
trust his money to the various investment concerns advertised by
that paper, was bluntly told (No. 23):
"We can not advise readers as to the value of such investments
as are advertised in our columns. Of course we exercise some
care in the admission to our columns of investment company ad-
vertisements. But about the only rule we can follow in this mat-
ter is to ascertain whether the officers of the company are reput-
able business men with a standing" in the community. If they are,
we accept the advertising ; but that does not necessarily prove
the investment is going to pay or is a profitable one. Fakes,
frauds or humbugs in the investment line are, of course, excluded
from our columns. And some investment companies that are per-
haps all right, but of whose officers wTe know nothing, are also ex-
cluded."
A perusal of the Citizen's advertising columns has satisfied us
that they occasionally contain a number of recommendations-for an
advertisement is a recommendation — of concerns which are plain-
ly fraudulent. Common sense suggests that, with capital as cheap
and as abundant as it is at present, no established business of any
legitimate character, earning or assuring even reasonable divi-
dends, as all these concerns do, would dream of adopting this
method of distributing its shares at from ten cents to a dollar a
piece. There are scores of capitalists vainly searching for op-
portunities for the safe and advantageous employment of idle
wealth. Absolutely no bona fide oil, mining or other company in
a position to offer a tithe of the '"inducements" held out by "fake"
concerns ever approached small investors in the fashion described.
Hence, we fully agree with the Monitor (No. 2) in its opinion
that, on their face, all such propositions are a swindle pure and
simple, and are deliberately worded to deceive and defraud ignor-
ant and unthinking people among the patrons of a class of papers
which, in an exceptionable degree, enjoy the confidence of their
readers. This it is that aggravates the injustice of the course of
such publications in selling space in their columns to unscrupu-
lous rogues for the promotion of manifestly dishonest schemes.
Herbert Spencer on Va.ccina.tion. — In his latest work, 'Facts and
Comments,1 which he intends to be his last message to mankind,
Mr. Herbert Spencer vehemently denounces vaccination. He
tells us that a distinguished biologist once used these words in
his presence : —
"When once you interfere with the order of nature, there is no
knowing where the results will lead."
Mr. Spencer summons statistics to show that vaccinated infants
are more prone than the unvaccinated to fall victims to aggravated
cases of other diseases. "It is clear," he says, "that far more
were killed by these other diseases than were saved from small-
pox." In short, he concludes that the immunity against smallpox
produced by vaccination implies some change in the components
of the body which renders it less able to resist perturbing influ-
ences in general.
No. 22. The Review. 347
How American War Heroes are Manufactured. — How war heroes
are manufactured by our newspapers is shown by the Philadel-
phia North American, a staunchly Republican journal, (issues of
May 13th and 15th;.
It appears upon the testimony of Gen. Greely and others in a
position to know, that Funston never swam across the Rio Grande
River, but crossed over in a boat after two of his privates,
White and Trembly, had swum over and taken a rope across, the
opposite bank being- kept clear of the enemy by American fire.
Funston had never swum in his life and could not swim a stroke.
The only danger he really faced in the expedition in which he
captured Aguinaldo by such foul and disgraceful means, was
hunger. The story was told correctly at the time in Harper's
Weekly by John F. Bass, but some correspondents were enthusi-
astically busy just then making reputations for "heroes," and
as Funston was a favorite with them, they did not hesitate to give
him a "boost" b}^ garbling the story.
"Many other 'heroic' feats of the Cuban and Philippine cam-
paigns," the North American declares editorially (May 15th), "rest
upon a similar basis. An officer climbed a tree to see something,
and, behold ! he was lauded to the skies as a man of desperate
daring. War was a new thing to the correspondents as well as
to most of the volunteer officers and men, and to the excited im-
aginations of the reporters an officer who actually took the same
chances as a private was a person of marvelous courage. Fun-
ston was a victim of this hysterical sort of hero-worship in the be-
ginning, and for that he can-not be blamed. But with all his vol-
ubility, Funston never has made public disclaimer of the honors
thrust upon him, nor has he given credit for the swimming of the
Rio Grande to White and Trembly."
So far as the bogus reputation for daring conferred upon him
by newspaper friends was instrumental in advancing him in the
army, Funston has profited by the fraud and made himself a party,
by silence, to false pretenses. To that extent at least he is a
pinchbeck 'hero' and unworthy of honor, and his promotion at the
people's expense can not but effect the morals of the army in-
juriously.
The Origin of the Word "Toast." — The origin of the word "toast,"
in drinking to health, is interesting. The drinks most in use in
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were sack, canary, claret,
sherry and others, to which it was customary to add honey, sugar,
ginger, cinnamon and other ingredients, also a piece of toast,
which floated on top of the liquor, and was supposed to give it an
additional flavor. Later on, in the eighteenth century, Dr. John-
son relates : "A certain beau, being at Bath, pledged a noted beau-
ty in a glass of water taken from her bath, whereupon another
roysterer cried out that he would have nothing to do with the
liquor, but would have the toast — that is, the lady herself." From
this incident, it is said, arose the habit of giving a lady's name to
preface, or flavor, the drinking of wine. Hence, a popu-lar lady,
whose health was often drunk, became "a toast" or "a great toast."
Later the word has come to mean any sentiment which prefaces
a drink.
348
NOTE-BOOK.
. The Catholic Citizen [No. 29] opens its columns to a long and
rambling epistle from a Protestant dominie, Rev. Silliman Blag-
den, of Boston, who declares that Cardinal Gibbons "most remark-
ably resembles Pope Leo XIII., in mind, character, learning,
mental poise, erudition, the highest type of spirituality, and sing-
ularly devout and inspired piety," and exhorts "all newspapers,
as well as priests and prelates, and men of influence," to "keep
Cardinal Gibbons' name and high attributes before the public eye
and powers in authority," so that he may be elected successor on
the pontifical throne. While we are pleased to learn that Mr.
Blagden has a high opinion of our Cardinal, we Imust ques-
tion the propriety of a Catholic journal printing such a queer ap-
peal from a Protestant parson.
& & a
The appointment of Bishop Messmer to the archbishopric of
Manila, of which we know positively that it was contemplated
some months ago by the Holy Father, appears to be still hanging
fire. On the 21st ult. the Bishop answered a query of the Cincin-
nati Catholic Telegraph by stating that he had "no information,
either private or official," of his transfer to the Philippines, and a
day later the Washington correspondent of the N. Y. Free?nan,s
Journal wrote to his paper that "there are hints here in high
quarters that the name of Bishop Messmer is not now under con-
sideration (for Manila), as the conditions have changed since his
personality was discussed last summer." It remains to be seen
if the strong pressure brought to bear upon the Vatican to pre-
vent the elevation of Msgr. Messmer to the metropolitan see of
Manila will prove effective. We can not help wishing that it will,
since the Church in the United States can ill afford to lose the
learned and energetic Bishop of Green Bay.
J» J* J»
One of our subscribers, a competent teacher and organist, de-
sires a change of position. Besides English and German he can
teach also the commercial branches. Middle-aged, good refer-
ences. Address : "Catholic Teacher," this office.
3& ^g &
One of the editors of the Ohio Waisenfreund writes to us :
In No. 17 of your valuable Review we find a notice "Should Lay-
men Study Theology?" suggesting, in connection with the example
of Catholic students atGerman universities, that Catholic American
laymen are in still greater need of "a smattering of theology."
The notice concludes, that no opportunity of hearing lectures on
theological subjects, especially on apologetics and Church his-
tory, has been offered, and that private study was and is the only
means for a layman in this country of acquiring that elementary
knowledge of theology which is indispensible to the Catholic jour-
nalist, not to say any cultured Catholic.
You are right, and the reason of the deficiency is the want of
No. 22. The Review. 349
proper collegiate training,above all in ecclesiastical and secular his-
tory. Reviewing- the second volume of Rev. A. Guggenberger's,S.J.,
History of the Christian Era in our Ohio Waisenfrcund, Dec. 11th,
we wrote : The writer of these lines has been for more than 30
years engaged in elementary and collegiate teaching. Here he
could not fail to observe that, in spite of the superior ability of our
American born students, they had a greater want of training
than students of the same age recently arrived from Germany.
Hitherto the knowledge of European historical events has been
something indifferent and comparatively unknown to our young
Americans. And yet, in our opinion, a thorough knowledge of
general history must be the foundation of a general culture,
which would be onesided without it. How could students of the
classics, of philosophy and, if called to the dignity of the priest-
hood, of theology, understand these higher branches without an
acquaintance with general history, such as is demanded in German
and Austrian colleges in preparation for a university course.
» 3^ »
Yes, we have read 'The Story of Mary MacLane,' over which
certain "yellow" newspapers are making such a fuss. It pur-
ports to be the autobiography of a Butte (Mont.) girl, aged nine-
teen years. If genuine, it offers material for investigation by the
alienist and neurologist, being a crazy, immoral, and profane out-
break of youthful tremens. We incline to the belief that it is a
"hoax," worked up to make money.
J* J* +r
The Wichita Catholic Advance, which has now become the
Kansas edition of the Milwaukee Catholic Citizen, rehashing
nearly all of that paper's reading-matter in plate-form, devoted
two sticks-full of its scant "original" stuff in its edition of May
20th to the Knights of Columbus, saying among other things :
"Men in the east who do not belong to the Knights of Columbus
are suspected as not being up to the standard as practical Cath-
olics."
This choice morsel was clearly inspired, if not written, by State
organizer Hayden, who expected to visit Wichita an the 21st with
a view to organizing a council of the Order there. It shows the
spirit of the average "Knight," who would make the silly fol-de-rol
of this soidisant Catholic organization, the standard of practical
Catholicity. Such impudent and ludicrous claims will simply
hasten the inevitable condemnation of this semi-Masonic body,
which is now also endeavoring to spread in Louisville against the
express desire of the Ordinary of that Diocese.
-*• "*• Vi
Mr. Walter J. Blakely sends us this clipping :
"Antivaccinationists will be annoyed to learn that practically all
the cases of smallpox in St. Louis the past year were of people
who had not been vaccinated," and asks :
"How do you reconcile your anti-vaccination theories and state-
ments therewith.' "
Such stories are common, but wherever they have been investi-
350 The Review. 1902.
gated. they have fallen to the ground. This is true in all large
cities — e. g., the Minneapolis Health Board said that of 500 cases
of smallpox only 5 had been vaccinated ; investigation of only 65
showed that 42 had been vaccinated.
The way these figures are made is best explained by the Chica-
go method, which is that "true vaccination must be repeated until
it no longer takes," and that nothing else is vaccination — and this
also leads to the other stand that a man who takes smallpox has
never been vaccinated, for if he had, he could not have taken
smallpox, because vaccination alone prevents smallpox, thus com-
pleting the logical circle.
In all St. Louis not 100 persons will be found vaccinated accord-
ing to this doctrine.
That this is true is shown by the printed circular of the Chica-
go Board, a part of which reads : "Not one of the 346 had been
vaccinated according to this definition ; of the total number 306
never had been vaccinated at all, though most of them claimed
they had. "
What further proof do you want of the falsity of Health Board
figures?
Finally let us say that the doctors who know most about vacci-
nation think least of it.
A reverend subscriber in Chicago sends us this cutting from
the Chronicle of that city, issue of May 20th :
'What does the university require of its president?' enquires
a writer in a current magazine. Well, the recent weight of opin-
ion seems to be that he ought to be a combination of the church
debt-raiser, the gold brick operator and the moral philosopher.
As such men are rather rare, some colleges have had to be con-
tent with executives who are strong on the two first-named quali-
fications, but a little shaky on the third." —
and enquires : "Does the Chronicle mean the Catholic Univer-
sity of America?"
It pains us to receive such malicious skits, which prove that the
Catholic University has not even the confidence of a portion of the
reverend clergy. We hope the institution will graduall}' succeed
in dispersing the cloud which its former management has drawn
upon it by its blunders and mistakes.
V* ¥* If
His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons, it appears, declined to make
the opening invocation at the dedication of the Rochambeau mon-
ument in Washington for the reason that the Protestant Episco-
pal "Bishop" of Washingtsn had been put down on the program
for the closing prayer. A correspondent of the Chicago Tribune
[May 23rd] is authority for the following details regarding this
interesting incident :
"The Cardinal originally took the position that as France was
distinctively a Catholic country and as Rochambeau was a devout
son of the Church, such religious ceremonies as were necessar}^ for
the dedication should be confined to the Catholic ritual. When it
was explained that the United States was not a Catholic country
and that it had been the custom here to recognize all religions, the
No. 22. The Review. 351
Cardinal went on to explain at some length that personally he
would be glad to officiate on the same platform and jointly with
the Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Washing-ton, but orders had
been received long- ago from the Holy Father himself, prohibiting
all such combinations. At the time of the Parliament of Religions
which was held in Chicago in conjunction with the World's Fair,
Cardinal Satolli and others participated together with Presbyte-
rians, Unitarians, Hebrews, Buddhists, and infidels. Soon after
that, however, the Pope sent a letter here in which he declared in
the most positive terms that, while he fully believed in fraternity
of religion, he was not willing that the most distinguished prelates
of the Catholic Church should mingle with representatives of
other religions."
It will be well to make a note of this curious item as a valuable
precedent on the part of a prelate who is generally considered to
be one of the most liberal of his cloth in the United States.
It appears from Archbishop Corrigan's will that a change for
the better has been made in the method of holding church prop-
erty in New York. Archbishop Hughes held all of the church
property in the Archdiocese, amounting to millions of dollars, in
his own name, as trustee. Since then, however, most of the
churches have been incorporated, each taking title to its own
property, so that most of the holdings in Msgr. Corrigan's name
were those of a few churches perfecting their organization.
The value of the late Archbishop's personal property, by the
way, has been unduly exaggerated by the sensational press. It
amounts in all to about $10,000, including some money in bank,
left to him b}' his father, a life insurance policy of $4,000, and
minor personal belongings, such as books, vestments, chalices,
etc., being monthly presents from his friends.
^^ ^^ ^*
We notice that Archbishop Keane's friends are booming that
distinguished prelate for the New York successorship. His name
is not on the clergy list, but there is no telling what the archbish-
ops will do. With the clergy of New York we believe in "home
rule.'' It would be a veritable "testimonium paupertatis" for the
great see of Hughes and Corrigan if it had to get a new shepherd
from the far West.
Rev. W. Kruszka writes to the Catholic Citizen [No. 29] that it is
not true that he indiscreetly published a confidential letter to
Archbishop Katzer on the question of a Polish bishop for Green
Bay. The Citizen is wrong in attributing such a statement of
Editor Preuss of The Review. The statement was contained in
a communication which we printed, distinctly marked as such, in
our No. 18. The correspondent who made it is doubtless able to
furnish proof.
3 ? ^
Contrary to the Freeman's Journal, the Western Watchman (May
15th) holds that there are enough Catholic students at Yale, Har-
352 The Review. 1902.
yard, and Columbia, to make the Catholic University, if they at-
tended it, "one of the largest in the country."
Why don't they attend the Catholic University ? Is it not be-
cause they or their parents have for years been told by a certain
clique of "liberal Catholic papers that the Protestant colleges are
superior to the Catholic, that religion cuts a very small figure in
higher education anyhow?
The few who are not imbued with this pernicious error would
probably attend the Catholic University, if it were a true Catholic
University after the mind of the Pope and offered them the
courses they want. As it is, the}^ apparently prefer Georgetown.
Sf 3? Sf
Ira D. Sankey, the famous "singing evangelist," has gone over
from Methodism to Presbyterianism. In an interview in the
Philadelphia North American (May 22nd) he declared that "the
change is largely a matter of convenience and personal friend-
ship." This should give the sectaries food for reflection. If re-
ligion is a "matter of convenience" merely among even the "shin-
ing lights" of Protestantism, why waste so much money for the
different publications setting forth the merits of this creed and
that, and for spreading one creed at the expense of another among
the heathens? Let every one suit his own convenience, let pro-
selytizing, newspaper and missionary propaganda cease and the
money now spent on these things devoted to charitable purposes
or the "convenience" of the ministers !
& & &
The Independent (No. 2761) expects that "those Catholic jour-
nals which are more Democratic than they are Catholic, and there-
fore detest Archbishop Ireland, and can see no possible fault in
the conduct of the monastic orders, will be angrier than the Prot-
estant bigots" over the Taft Commission, adding that "common
sense will rule the judgment of most people." We are conscious
that we do not belong to this category of journals. We have
simply emphasized, as the Independent itself emphasizes in the
same paragraph of the editorial article from which the above
phrase is quoted, that the dream of those who thought that the
Commission is "a step to establishing a legation at Rome and
bolstering papal claims for civil authority," are vain and utterly
without foundation. Knowing how the Taft Commission has been
brought about, (on which point the Independent has allowed itself
to be deceived by the notorious "Innominato,") we can not share
the hope that it will lead to anything but fresh trouble.
Ng N£ N£
Judge E. F. Dunne, of Chicago, recently attended the baptism
of an infant, between whose parents he had, by kind words,
effected a reconciliation a year previous, when the wife sued for
divorce. Judge Dunne is, if we are not mistaken, a Catholic. His
conduct in this case is vastly more inspiring than the discussion
carried on not so very long ago in certain newspapers on the
question if a Catholic judge can with a safe conscience grant a
divorce.
Another Chapter in the History of the
Variations of Protestantism.
)]he "Brief Statement of the Reformed Faith" which was
adopted by the Presbyterian General Assembly the
other day (May 22nd) was said by the committee which
drafted it not to be intended as "a substitute for or an alternative
of our Confession of Faith." Yet there can be no doubt that the
new creed, as accepted, will supplant the old. It will do so im-
mediately in the popular conception ; it will do so gradually in the
practice of the churches ; and it will do so ultimately in Presby-
terian law.
As the N. Y. Evening Post promptly pointed out [May 22nd],
the new creed "exhibits a new kind of Calvinism. It may be called
a polite Calvinism. For the rough-spoken style of John Knox, it
substitutes considerate language which would suggest to Col.
Newcome his one classical quotation about the mollifying of
manners."
But there is not only a difference of diction, but a difference of
doctrine. Witness these parallels :
[From the Westminster Confession.]
"By the decree of God, for the manifestation of his glory, some
men and angels are predestinated unto everlasting life, and others
foreordained to everlasting death. These angels and men, thus
predestinated and foreordained, are particular^ and unchange-
ably designed The rest of mankind God was pleased
to pass by, and to ordain them to dishonor and wrath."
"Works done by unregenerate men, although for the matter of
them they may be things which God commands, and of good use
both to themselves and others, yet are sinful and can not
please God, or make a man meet to receive grace from God."
[From the Revised Creed.]
"Of Election. — We believe that God from the beginning, in His
own good pleasure, gave to His Son a people, an innumerable mul-
titude, chosen in Christ unto holiness, service, and salvation ; we
believe that all who come to years of discretion can receive this
salvation only through faith and repentance."
"We believe that God requires of every man to do justly, to love
mercy, and to walk humbly with his God ; and that only through
this harmony with the will of God shall be fulfilled that brother-
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 23. St. Louis, Mo., June 12, 1902.)
354 The Review. 1902.
hood of man wherein the kingdom of God is to be made manifest."
The new creed is purposely vague. Its phrases are calculated
to include opposites and to make a basis for a comprehensive
Broad Church. The assertion about the Bible is that it is "the
faithful record of God's gracious revelations," and "the only in-
fallible rule of faith and life." Prof. Briggs, who was cast out as
a heretic, would have assented to that heartily. So would every
higher critic in existence. In the article on eschatology there is
a similar vagueness. At the Last Judgment, says the new creed,
"the wicked shall receive the eternal award of their sins." Any
one who believes in the annihilation of the wicked could subscribe
to that. So could a restorationist. One has only to compare it
with the explicit statement of the Westminster Confession : "The
wicked shall be cast into eternal torments, and be punished
with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord."
In all these points and several others we have a clear change or
modification of the old doctrine. We concede that the change
was inevitable. As the Evening Post puts it :
"To the Presbyterian Church as a whole, the Westminster has
ceased to be a living creed. It is not preached by the majority of
the clergy ; its more grisly parts are shuddered at by the vast
body of the laity — if, indeed, the Presbyterian laity can be said
to be aware of their existence. It has become a creed not to be
championed but to be explained away. Now explanation of a
creed, as Leslie Stephen has told us, is a common way of making
it die. That process has so long gone on with the historic creed
of the Presbyterian Church that, even in the judgment of its own
members, it now waxes old as doth a garment."
Nor will this irenic creed preclude farther changes. If the
Presbyterians congratulate themselves that now there will be
perfect harmony and no more heresy trials, that is, in the words
of the Independent [No. 279L], "beautiful rhetoric and nothing
more. There will be still other and more liberal views propounded
and defended and assailed. The higher criticism, which has con-
cerned itself with the Old Testament, is already, even in the
Presbyterian Church, investigating the New. Those who have
been enlarging the domain of myth in the Old Testament will find
more and more legends in the New. The assailants of Old Tes-
tament miracles will attack those of the New, even in the Presby-
terian Church. The men who are in doubt, who do not find con-
clusive proofs of their credal statements, will require more and
more tolerance, while those who are satisfied when they think
they hear a 'Thus saith the Lord' will protect the tottering ark.
There will still be liberals and conservatives, and new theological
No. 23. The Review. 355
conflicts will arise, and wider space for faith will be conquered,
too often after bitter conflicts."
All this simply proves that Presbyterianisra is a heresy ; for it
is the character of heresies to be changeable. From the origin of
Christianity all heresies have shown this same trait. Long before
the time of Arius, Tertullian had said (De Praeter. c. 42): "Her-
etics vary in their rules, namely in their confessions of faith
Heresy never changes its proper nature in never ceasing to inno-
vate ; and the progress of the thing is like its origin. What is
permitted to Valentine is allowed to the Valentinians ; the Mar-
cionites have equal power with Marcion ; nor have the authors of
a heresy more right to innovate than their disciples. Everything
changes in heresy ; and when we go to the bottom, it is found, in
course of time, entirely different in many points from what it had
been at its birth."
This character of heresy has always been observed by Catho-
lics, and two holy writers of the eighth century have written that
"heresy, however old, is always in itself a noveity ; but the better
to retain the title of being new, it innovates continually and daily
changes its doctrine." [Eth. et Beat. lib. i. contra Eliss.]
Now, variations in doctrine are, and have always been consid-
ered by Christians to be, a mark of falsehood and inconsistency.
Faith speaks with simplicity ; the Holy Ghost sheds pure light ;
and the truth which He teaches has a language always uniform.
^'In the true Church," as one of the earliest Christian writers puts
it, "the rule of faith is unalterable and never to be reformed."
The Catholic truth proceeding from God, has its perfection at
once ; heresy, the feeble offspring of the human mind, can be
formed only by ill-fitting patches. "When, contrary to the pre-
cept of the wise man, we venture to remove 'the ancient land-
marks set by our fathers,' (Prov. xxii, 28), and to reform the
doctrine once received among the faithful, we launch forth with-
out a thorough insight into the consequences of our attempt.
That which, at the commencement, a false light, made us hazard,
is found attended with such inconsistencies as to oblige these re-
formers every day to reform themselves, so that they can not tell
when their own minds are at rest or their innovations terminated."
(Bossuet, Variations, Pref.)
In conclusion let us mention, a titre de cnriosite, that the new
Presbyterian creed treats the Pope much more politely than the
old Westminster.
[From the Westminster Confession.]
"There is no other head of the Church but the Lord Jesus
Christ. Nor can the Pope of Rome in any sense be head thereof;
but is that anti-christ, that man of sin, and son of perdition, that
356 The Review. 1902.
exalteth himself in the church against Christ and all that is called
God."
[From the Revised Creed.]
"The Lord Jesus Christ is the only head of the Church, and the
claim of any man to be the vicar of Christ and the head of the
Church, is unscriptural, without warrant in fact, and is a usurpa-
tion dishonoring- to the Lord Jesus Christ."
The fundamental error is still there, of course ; but the im-
proved wording- of the article shows that our polished present-day
Presbyterians are not quite as rabid as the old divines "who
feared not the fact of man."
On Secret Societies.
[A reverend contributor sends us the following notes, especial-
ly dedicated to our friends, the Knights of Columbus.]
I.
Fichte, the philosopher, who was also a prominent Freemason,
wrote to his fellow-Mason Fessler : "Can a man reasonably join a
secret order, where he can obtain under the pledge of secercy no
more kncwledge than outside of the order a little study might
confer ?"
II.
The philosopher Bro. ' . K. Chr. Krause says : "Most honest
Masons are convinced that secrets are an absolute necessity to
our order, that publicity would undermine its existence I,
on the contrary, together with my friends, boldly assert : All that
concerns humanity should bj^ no means be surrounded by secrecy,
and this striving for secrecy is a disease of our modern time.
Those insisting on secrecy should consider that secrecy must
bring us face to face with the disfavor of the most venerable and
meritorious moralists of the age, nay, that it bars thousands of the
best and most honorable men from our threshold, whilst those
who flock to our halls are only little souls, and certainly not the
noble elite of humanity, since curiosity alone attracts them to our
ranks."
III.
The Protestant preacher Dr. Reinhard says in his 'System der
christl. Moral':
"The craving for secrecy in our modern associations owes its or-
igin to the bad inclination to join with others for ends unknown.
No. 23. The Review. 357
Christians (mind well a Protestant speaks) must consider it as
very doubtful policy to join a secret society, no matter what its
name may be. For if the end of such a society be sinful, it is sin-
ful to join it ; while if the end be good, the Christian must know
that he must do good publicly, as Christ and His Apostles did ;
that it is ver}' imprudent to join a society whose institutions and
true spirit they do not know ; that such participation usually
involves the loss of precious time, distraction and expenditure, and
often neglect of other duties; that such obligations are more easily
contracted than fulfilled or rescinded ; that such societies, at least
in the beginning, demand an absolute confidence and a blind
obedience, which a Christian can not reasonably promise ; that
such societies, because they are secret, are liable to corruption,
or at least to cause strife, by generating a foolish pride in those
who think they have more knowledge than the uninitiated. All
this considered, Christians should not seek initiation into any
secret society."
Thus is the wise attitude of the Church confirmed by the com-
mon-sense philosophy of Protestants and Freemasons.
An Appeal to the President.
To the Editor of The Review. — Sir:
At an open meeting of the Catholic Truth Society of Pittsburgh,
on Sunday, June 1st, the enclosed letter was read, and a resolu-
tion was offered to the effect that the letter be forwarded to Presi-
dent Roosevelt. The resolution was carried by a unanimous and
enthusiastic vote. Thinking that the action of the Catholic Truth
Society of Pittsburgh will, if given publicity, have a stimulating
effect upon Catholics in other parts of the country, and perhaps,
inspiring emulation, be the starting point of a general movement
in the same direction, I ask you to reproduce this letter in your
paper. Surely American Catkolics, who as Catholics love the
truth, and as Americans also must love the source of their free-
dom (" Veritas libei'abit vos") can not stand supinely by while the
children of the Church in the Philippines are forced under a yoke
little less grievous to be borne or less dangerous to their faith
than that imposed on the Irish of a hundred years ago or the
Catholic Poles of to-day. Knowledge of the facts and a little en-
couragement is all that is needed to rouse us from our apathy and
358 The Review. 1902.
to make us give vent to a protest which shall re-echo from one
end to the other of the "Land of the Free." T.
The Catholic Truth Society, Pittsburgh, Pa., May 31, 1902.
437 Fifth Avenue,
Your Excellency : — The published news reports of the condi-
tion of affairs in the Philippine Islands, which appear from day to
day in the public press of this and other cities, convey to us in-
formation substantially as follows :
That the Filipinos are practically all Catholics; that their
spiritual welfare has been in charge of Catholic clergy; that Cath-
olic institutions own property, acquired honestly, and secured by
valid title ; that the United States government proposes to banish
the religious orders from the islands, and take possession of
their property, whether the owners are willing to dispose of it,
or not ; that the banishment of the Catholic religious orders will
leave thousands of the Filipinos with practically no clergy to
their spiritual necessities ; that while the Filipinos are all Cath-
olics, the system of education which it is proposed to establish
for them is one which Catholics can not approve in conscience, or
consistently accept ; that Americans of no religion, or of a faith
at variance with the teachings of Catholicity, are in charge of all
branches of Filipino public education ; that ninety per cent, of
the teachers sent to the Philippines are non-Catholics ; that many
of those in charge of the Philippine educational system are using
the schools to pervert the natives from the Catholic faith ; that
the Commission appointed by the United States government to
look after the Philippine affairs is without Catholic representa-
tion; that the Filipinos are subjected to wanton and barbarous
cruelties at the hands of our soldiers ; that their towns and homes
are pillaged and destroyed without just cause ; that their
churches and other places of worship have been looted and de-
stroyed, and the plunder carried off by American soldiers.
Those reports reach our ears with such persistent frequency
that we feel it necessary to appeal to you to make a strict and
searching enquiry into the religious and civil injustice to which
the Filipinos are compelled to submit, with a view of determining
and laying before the American people the whole truth as to their
treatment.
We, as citizens of the United States, most earnestly petition you
that if, upon investigation, you find such reports to be correct,
you immediately, by virtue of the powers vested in you as Chief
Executive of this nation, apply proper and adequate corrective
measures.
This matter vitally concerns upwards of twelve millions of your
No. 23. The Review. 359
Catholic fellow-citizens in the United States, and seven millions
of Catholics in the Philippines.
We have full confidence that an investigation such as we ask
will result in the Filipinos receiving at your hands that simple
justice which you, as President of the United States, are pledged
to secure to the humblest and weakest subject ; that simple jus-
tice which the Constitution of this Republic guarantees to them,
and which every principle of right reason established among man-
kind requires should be meted out to them.
Respectfully,
The Catholic Truth Society,
Honorable Theodore Roosevelt, of Pittsburgh.
President of the United States,
Washington.
A Distinguished Catholic Scientist oi\
Evolution.
ne of the leading Catholic scientists of the present day is
Rev. P. Erich Wasmann, S. J. The Canadian Entomol-
ogist [Jan. 1895, p. 23] calls his 'Kritisches Verzeich-
niss der myrmekophilen und termitophilen Arthropoden' "the
greatest contribution to this interesting subject ever made, and
one that must become a classic in entomologjr." The Revue
(V Entomologie (1895, p. 7) called it "une de ces oeuvres capitales,
dont l'utilite n'est pas a demontrer, et que tous les entomologistes
devront avoir dans leur bibliotheque." Similar testimonies might
be adduced from other leading scientific periodicals of Europe.
In this country, Prof. Wheeler, of the University of Texas, writes
in the American Naturalist (xxxv, 1901, pp. 414-418): "Wasmann
in his numerous writings has undoubtedly done much, at least in
Germany, towards the exposure of this (aathropomorphistic)
pseudo-psychology (which represents animals as endowed with
intellect) and a more rational conception of ant behavior. His
long familiarity with these animals and their guests has given
him a singularly lucid insight into their activities. My own more
limited observations on our North American species has led me
to agree with him so far as the facts are concerned and many of
the inferences which he has drawn from them." Which testimony
of the American Professor is all the more valuable, because he
disputes the principal contention of P. Wasmann, i. e., that there
360 The Review. 1902.
is an essential difference between animal instinct and the human
intellect.
Of this eminent Catholic scientist Nature (London) recently
(Dec. 12th, 1901, p. 136) published the following- : "The observa-
tions of Herr E. Wasmann on the relations subsisting- between the
staph ilinid beetles dwelling parasitically (or commensally ) in the
nests of ants and termites are already classic. The subject is
further elaborated in a paper (the first of a series) which appears
in the Biol. Centralblatt for November, in which the author sug-
gests that in some of these parasites ive have instances of the actual
evolution of species going on before our eyes''1
The correctness of the italicized portion of the above quotation
being questioned in this country, a contributor to The Review
wrote for information to Father Wasmann, whom he formerly
used to accompany on "ant-hunting" expeditions. The reply was
as follows :
"I confirm the accuracy of the passage in question. Only the
bracketed remark is erroneous; it is my 118th paperon thesubject.
That I have made concessions to Darwinism, no one will say who
has read my article. Only in so far as evolution is provable as a
scientific hypothesis, have I acccepted it. I have even refuted the
Darwinistic principle of selection in part iv." (Luxemburg, Jan.
20th, 1902.)
Father Wasmann's position is evidently shared by several of
his learned German follow-Jesuits. In No. 1 of the current volume
of the Stimmen aus Maria-Laach there appeared under the title,
"A Reaction Against the Evolution Theory," an estimate of
Fleischmann's book, 'Die Descendenztheorie' (Leipsic, 1901),
which wound up with this paragraph :
"While Fleischmann deserves great credit for showing once
again how easily some naturalists accept the theory of evolution,
though this theory is unable to establish scientifically the alleged
genetic relationship between the larger divisions of the animal
kingdom, he goes too far and falls into the other extreme if he
condemns absolutely and entirely the whole evolutionistic hypo-
thesis. It can not be denied that many systematic genera and
species at present existing can be proved with great probability
to be descended from each other or from common fossil ancestors.
The same is true of not a few zoological families. Therefore we
would rather keep the golden mean between overestimating evo-
lution and entirely condemning it ; for this is the only position
that is scientifically tenable."
While some Catholics may be loath to accept Fr. Wasmann's
position, we of The Review can unhesitatingly do so, for we have
always held and defended the thesis that evolution is a scientific
No. 23. The Review. 361
hypothesis and needs to be established by scientific arguments;
that," when this is done, religious truth will have nothing to fear ;
but that so long as we have to do with a mere hypothesis, we pre-
fer to stick to the traditional view.
But is it safe to admit even a limited form of evolution? Why
should it not be safe, provided such evolution is proven to be a
fact? The following propositions were formulated some years
ago by an able professor of physiology and biology, a Catholic
priest — and we think every sensible Catholic will admit them :
1. Evolution is not sufficiently proven to be a fact ; but it is a
scientific hypothesis.
2. Evolution is not yet refuted, neither by a priori principles,
nor by facts.
3. There are man}*- phenomena in nature which make it prob-
able that a limited evolution must be admitted.
4. If evolution should ever be proved to be a fact, there is noth-
ing in Scripture or in the teaching of the Church which forbids
us to admit it — as long as man is excluded.
This last point may be illustrated by a quotation from one of
the popular tracts 'Volksaufklarung, ' No. 29 : 'Woher? Wohin?
oder Mensch und Thier,' by R. S. (a Jesuit living in this country):
"Darwin's theory found so many enthusiastic adherents only
because they believed they had found therein a means for doing
away with the Christian view on the descent of man. The ques-
tion is asked: Is this theory really opposed to revelation ? If
proved, is it apt to tear a hole in tradition ? By no means ; at least
not so long as the descent of man is not lugged in. We can safely
say with that great expounder of Holy Writ, P. Knabenbauer, S.
J.: 'There is nothing in our faith to prevent us from accepting
the evolution of our present plant and animal species from a few
prototypal forms, and there is nothing in this theory which is con-
tradicted by the sources of the faith ' (Stimmen aus Maria- Laach,
vol. xiii, p. 125.) Already St. Augustine, more than fifteen hund-
red years ago, wrote in a similar vein on the creation. According
to him God created all things simultaneously, not so that the
single beings came at once into individual existence, but by creat-
ing the elementary substance of all things and dropping into it all
those powers and germs, like hidden seeds, out of which the var-
ious individual things were to develop in the course of time. Dar-
win spoke in nearly identical terms in his 'Origin of Species' (last
sentence of the concluding chapter):
" 'There is grandeur in this view of life, with it several powers,
having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms
or into one ; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on ac-
cording to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning
362 The Review. 1902
endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and
are being- evolved.'
"With this reference to a creator, however, many of Mr. Darwin's
friends were displeased — it dulled the weapon for their purpose,
which was to eliminate the Creator from the universe and to de-
clare him 'scientifically unnecessary.' Consequently Darwin
omitted such 'disagreeable' allusions in his later works. But all
those fanatical evolutionists who, in the words of Prof. Ecker,
wish to be 'more Darwinistic than Darwin' himself, ought to
make a note of the words pronounced by that great scientist on
the eve of his life : 'Though I wavered ever so much in my relig-
ious views, I have never denied the existence of God. I believe I
must call my religious standpoint agnosticism (a lack of knowl-
edge).'
So then, if the first of the four propositions above enumerated
should at any time be disproved, i. e., if it should be scientifically
established beyond all doubt that evolution, in the limited sense
mentioned in No. 4, is a fact, we have nothing to fear, knowing as
we do that no scientific discovery can or will ever contradict our
faith. There can be no unpleasant or annoying truths for us
Catholics, because such truths do not exist ; because every truth
is itself divine and a liberator of the human mind. He who is
scared out of his wits every time he hears the words "modern
science," "historical criticism" or "evolution," is unworthy of the
name of an enlightened Catholic.
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
LITERATURE.
A Scripture Life of the Blessed Virgin. By the Rev. W. H. Colgan.
Catholic Truth Society, San Francisco. 5 cts. retail.
A complete summary of all the sacred texts referring to the
Blessed Virgin Mary. The notes added give the common inter-
pretation to these texts, so as to make them easily understand-
able for even ordinary minds. It is wrong to say, as in the note on
page 13, "To Him (Jesus) we offer up the holy sacrifice of the
Mass." Instead of "Son of Justice" it ought to be "Sun of Justice"
at the end of the second paragraph of the notes on page 17.
New Fragments of Sappho. — The Director of the Egyptian section
of the Royal Museum in Berlin, Dr. Schubart, has discovered in
the new acquisitions of that museum a fragment of a manuscript
containing poems from the fifth book of Sappho. The manuscript
is of the sixth or seventh century A. D., and it has already been
No. 23. The Review. 363
known that poems of Sappho now lost were preserved at that date.
The late copyist evidently did not understand what he was writ-
ing-, but his mistakes are for the most part easily corrected.
There are fragments of two poems, which show in their form new
combinations of hitherto known metric elements. In the first
poem a pupil of Sappho's is taking a tearful farewell ; the teacher
comforts her and reminds her of the joys they have had together,
especially in the worship of the gods. In the other she appears
to be comforting a friend who longs for Atthis, a young maiden
already known through Sappho's verses, who has married a
Lvdian.
The Encyclopaedia Britannica. — The ninth edition of the Encyclo-
paedia Britannica has been bought by thousands without question
as the latest edition of the great library of reference, though the
first of the twenty-four volumes appeared as far back as 1875, and
the last in 1889. No doubt many purchasers have been disap-
pointed, if not disgusted, upon making a closer examination of a
work which, in 1902, refers to the death of Livingstone, for
example, which occurred in 1873, in a note as something too re-
cent to be mentioned in the text. Now the proprietors of the
London Times have met a novel situation in a novel way by bring-
ing out a new edition without superseding the old one. They
propose to issue eleven supplementary volumes to cover all that
men have done and thought and suffered during the last thirty
years, and to link the two editions, or sets of volumes, with one
comprehensive index which will include 600,000 cross references.
Some idea of the scale of this undertaking may be gathered from
the fact that the eleven new volumes will contain 31,000 pages
contributed by 1,000 experts. Nor is there danger this time that
the first volume of the work will be out of date before the last is
finished, for we are promised the whole eleven within the year.
The first volume, already out, is well executed ; but it is to be
regretted that the anti-Catholic spirit which permeates the En-
cyclopaedia itself, threatens to invade also these supplementary
volumes. The Tablet points out that the article on Anglican Or-
ders, e. g., is not only obscure and written throughout in a spirit
of bitter partisanship, but in many respects is positively mis-
leading.
THE STAGE.
Ancient Drama in Athens. — Since 1896 there exists in Athens a so-
ciety whose sole aim is to rehabilitate the ancient classic drama
and to render it familiar to the Athenians of to-day. The actors
are amateurs, mostly university students and graduates of the
Arsakeion, a girls' academy. This spring the society is per-
forming Euripides' Tauric Iphigenia, which they have already
given twice last November. The music for the choric songs was
written for this play by a native of Constantinople, Dr. Pachtikos.
Dr. Daniel Quinn, who has witnessed several of these perform-
ances, says in a current review, that the acting is overdone and
the enunciation imperfect, which is no doubt due to the fact that
the modern Greeks have no practical way of enunciating with ac-
curacy the mellifluous metres of the ancient verses.
364
MISCELLANY.
Wha.t Va.ccine Virus Is. — Vaccine virus, the poison used in vac-
cination, is supposed by many people to be smallpox in a mild
form, but this is not always true. Cowpox, from which the virus
is usually taken, is a disease of the cow analogous to syphilis in
man and at times causes that disease. It has been traced to the
syphilitic sores on milkers' hands. There was a kind of virus in
use derived from smallpox given to cows, but this virus quite fre-
quently made smallpox direct and has generally been discarded.
Vaccination can only give disease and never prevent, cure or pro-
tect from disease. Safety lies alone in sanitary measures, not in
corrupting the blood of life. The folly of putting in one disease,
in the hope of preventing another, ought to be apparent.
The Kattie Lynn Oil Company. — We are requested by an Ohio
clergyman to print the following observations :
An apparently pen-written circular has been issued recently
by Easton & Thompson, of Cincinnati, to a number of priests in
Ohio, Kentucky, and possibly elsewhere, setting forth the im-
mense advantages of the "Hattie Lynn Oil Company" away in
Texas. The company produces a trump card of speculative power,
because the very president and vice-president are two prominent
priests of the Covington Diocese, Rev. J. Blenke and Rev. P.
Kolopp, respectively. These names are given as a sure guarantee
of the honesty of purpose of said oil company ; and, as we sup-
pose, are considered by the "knowing winkers" usually occupy-
ing the "lower orchestra" choirs in all stock companies, as an irre-
sistible attraction to the gullible elements among the Catholic
clergy.
The writer of this is not'personally acquainted with the Revs.
Blenke or Kolopp, and therefore does not wish to speak dispar-
agingly of their purpose in fathering this company. He merely
wishes to make the observation, through The Review, that the
time is past when the names of prominent Catholic priests, at the
head of speculating enterprises, were considered by wise Catholics
a sure sign of honesty of purpose. Vide the history of the Ger-
mania Investment Company of Cincinnati, or the Montana Mineral
Development Company of Carey, Ohio. We understand Rt. Rev.
Bishop Maes to be absent from his Diocese in Europe. Were he in
Covington, the circular of the "Hattie Lynn Oil Company," owned
and managed by Rev. J. Blenke and Rev. P. Kolopp, might not
have been sent around so soon.
The Destruction of St. Pierre Anticipated by Daniel Defoe. — The
N. Y. Evening Post reproduces from the second volume of Lee's
'Life and Newly Discovered Writings of Daniel Defoe' (London,
1869,, a paper contributed by Defoe on July 5th, 1718, to Mist's,
Journal, on the "Destruction of the Isle of St. Vincent" by volcanic
outbursts. This imaginary account, presented to the readers of
that day as the true report of a real disaster, is remarkable for
the number of incidents which have an almost exact parallel in
the catastrophe of 1902, and shows Defoe to have been a clever
fore-runner of our present-day "yellow journalist." At that time
he had not obtained fame and great popularity by the success of
No. 23. The Review. 365
'Robinson Crusoe' and his other novels, but he was an exceeding-
ly industrious and skilful pamphleteer, book-maker, and journal-
ist. In 1717 he had undertaken the management of MisVs Journal,
a Jacobite organ. He wrote for it matter of all kinds — gossip,
letters on various subjects from fashions to politics, and trans-
cripts of foreign news. He showed particular aptitude, however,
in a kind of work that stamps him as the first and greatest of
"yellow journalists." He would take a small hint or scrap of news
and weave about it an astonishing web of circumstance and detail,
that made it an altogether interesting and convincing narrative.
Indeed, a rival journalist declared that Defoe's hand was evident
in Misfs on account of the "agreeableness of the style .... the little
art he is truly a master of, of forging a story and imposing it on
the world for truth." These forgeries were all on a small scale,
till he applied his genius with such striking results to the fabrica-
tion of 'Robinson Crusoe.
About Old Jokes. — Speaking of ancient and venerable jokes, as
they crop out every now and then in the newspapers and maga-
zines, a writer in the Independent says that the one that seems
endowed with perpetual life, and which meets the eye most fre-
quently, was first put in printed form in The Hundred Merry
Tales, which was published about 1525 and is mentioned in
Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing. The story, which will
be readily recognized, goes thus :
"A certayne merchaunt and a courtear, being upon a tyme to-
gether at dyner hauing a hote custerd, the courtear, being some-
what homely of manner, toke parte of it and put it in hys mouthe,
whych was so hote that it made him shed tears. The merchaunt,
loking on hym, thought he had ben weping, and asked hym why
he wept. The courtear answered and said, sir, quod he, I had a
brother whych dyd a certayne offence wherefor he was hangyd,
and chauncing to thynk nowe uponn hys deth, it makes me to
wepe."
The story continues, telling of the surprise of the "'merchaunt"
upon also taking a bite of the "hote custerd," and how he wept,
too. Whereupon the courtier asks him why he weeps, and the
merchant responds :
"I wepe, because that thou wast not hangyd, whenne that thy
brother was hangyd."
This same story, with the exception that the characters are
American Indians, who experiment with cayenne pepper, appears
in one of the March magazines, attributed to the late Bishop
Whipple. It is not the only one of ancient lineage that is seen
every dajr. It may be that the quips and jests which lure the
chuckle and the smile to-day are but reincarnations of happy do-
ings and sayings that have lived their little lives many a time and
oft in the dim past, and have come to us again, because in them is
the vital, inextinguishable spark of humor, pure and undefined.
The Moro's Opinion of us Americans. — We read in the Philadel-
phia Record of June 2nd :
"Reassuring news about the attitude of the (pagan) Moros of
Mindanao toward Americans we find in the Manila Times. Mr.
366 The Review. 1902.
William D. Potter, who is Superintendent of schools in the prov-
ince of Misamis, Northern Mindanao, told a reporter for that
newspaper that he did not think a war with the Moros imminent,
for the reason that he had found them exceedingly friendly to
Americans. He explained this by saying- : 'They do not regard us
as Christians.'1 If they had made the lamentable mistake of think-
ing us Christians, why then, said Mr. Potter, they would have ex-
pended upon us 'their fanatical hatred for all things Christian.'
But after narrowly observing the conduct of our soldiers in gar-
rison, they found plenty of 'evidence that we do not come from a
representative Christian nation,' and thus were ready for pleas-
ant relations as with fellow-pagans. Some of them were a little
troubled by the foolish attempt of one American teacher to intro-
duce a little religious instruction in his school, but Superintend-
ent Potter promptly put an end to that, and so redeemed and vin-
dicated the American reputation as consistently American."
This item furnishes interesting reading to the American clergy
of all denominations, as well as to our "public instructors." The
followers of Mohammed are fairly good observers, especially of
matters touching religion, and it must be gratifying to the num-
erous missionary boards of America, who are so anxious to see
the benighted Catholics in Porto Rico, Cuba, the Philippine Islands
and other places "converted" to their respective creeds, to know
that the fanatic Moros do not consider us Americans Christians
at all.
The remark that, after a careful observation of the conduct of
American soldiers in garrison (most likely officers included) they
found plenty of "evidence that we do not come from a representa-
tive Christian nation," must be pleasing to those Americans who
are so proud of the results of the U. S. system of public schools ;
and that the condition of the Americanized school system there
meets the approval of the Moros, is highly complimentary to the
successful "non-sectarian" character of these institutions.
But how about the followers of Jesus of Nazareth? If reports
are correct, about 99 out of every 100 Christians there belong to
the Church He founded, the Roman Catholic. Were they con-
sulted when the American invasion started to "reform" all the ex-
isting conditions in church and school, in such a way, as to win
the applause of Moslems? And last, but not least, why not try
our American missionary talent on the American army, instead
of on the foreign element?
Had the Moros been given an opportunity to watch the conduct
of some of the American troops in the field, instead of in garrison,
applying the "water cure," killing women and children, burning
villages, in short, making a fairly civilized part of our new posses-
sions a howling wilderness, there is no telling how far the admir-
ation of these people might have helped in establishing "civiliza-
tion" in the islands.
****
367
NOTE-BOOK.
The official report of the Secretary of State for 1900 shows that
some 67,000 Spaniards in Cuba have availed themselves of the
privilege granted them by the provisions of the treaty of Paris,
to declare and retain their Spanish citizenship, thus placing their
property under the general protection of their home government,
although choosing to remain as residents of the Island. These
peninsular-born Spaniards constitute nearly one-half of the popu-
lation and represent a large proportion of the financial and com-
mercial interests in Cuba. So far they have held aloof from Cuban
politics and still regard the idea of Cuban independence and gov-
ernment with much doubt and suspicion. They constitute an im-
portant factor in the political development of the Island, and it re-
mains to be seen whether President Palma can gain their confi-
dence.
^» ^m T»
In a paper on 'Constructive Higher Criticism' in the Independ-
ent (No. 2791), Dr. T. Allan Hoben, of the University of Chicago,
says :
"Since the rank and file of Christians are wholly dependent up-
on the philologian, grammarian, and text critic for the Bible trans-
lation which they read, why should they deem it unreasonable to
grant to the trained interpreter the superior authority which his
linguistic and historical proficiency merits?"
If they grant this, why should they deem it unreasonable to
grant to the divinely commissioned and inspired interpreter of
the Bible the superior authority which his supernatural mission,
as established by the Bible itself, merits?
But what about "the democracy of Protestantism" and the right
of every man to interpret the Bible according to his own good
pleasure ?
^^ ^^ ^^
Speaking of humorous writers, "Josh Wink" of the Baltimore
American observes that about one woman in a thousand can write
humor, and even then it will have traces of a chewed lead-pencil
in it. It may be, after woman has become thoroughly "equalized,"
that she will produce fewer "jokes" on love, tea-parties, and
"mother's coffee."
+r +r +r
Writing from Havana to the Independent [No. 2791] on the be-
ginnings of the Republic of Cuba, the well-known correspondent
Albert Gardner Robinson says among other things :
"Many dark and menacing clouds hang around the horizon of
the dawn of Cuba's new day. The pity of it all is that so many of
them might have been and should have been dispelled by the gov-
ernment of intervention. The people of the United States do not
yet realize how largely they and their government are responsible
for all that threatens failure and disruption to the new Republic.
Too many Americans have come to Cuba to find in a life
368 The Reveiw. 1902.
which was different from their own only subjects for ridicule or
contempt. To the United States there may belong the credit of
having- made Cuban independence a possibility. But it should al-
so be remembered that an American policy and American policy
have limited that independence and have placed obstacles in the
pathway of the new government that will demandan almost im-
possible tact, wisdom and patience for their overcoming."
& & &
Here are the learned gentlemen comprising the staff of "regular"
physicians attached to the charity hospital at Jamaica, L. I., throw-
ing up their jobs because the board of managers will not dismiss the
homeopathic doctors connected with the institution. And if the
management should install some eclectics or osteopaths, the hom-
eopaths would undoubtedly elevate their noses in the air and fol-
low the allopathic contingent into the street. "Is it any wonder,"
asks the Chicago Chronicle, "that Christian Science, mind-cure,
Dowieism and what not, are numbering their converts by the
thousands every week?"
We don't know about that ; but we do know that the only true
physician is the eclectic who is not addicted to "jurare in verba
magistri" of any school, but studies the principles and methods
of all schools, retaining the merits and rejecting the mistakes of
each.
According to the Tablet, 50,000 copies of the Encyclopaedia
Britannica have been purchased in the United Kingdom, while it
is calculated that 400,000 copies have gone to the United States.
What a shifting of the centre of gravity in the English speaking
world those figures suggest !
V* ¥* ¥*
The Northwest Review (No. 32) shows a profound appreciation
of the character of certain American prelates and the exigencies
of the hour when it says :
"A well endowed and well balanced mind developed by steady
work (such as that of Archbishop Corrigan) is infinitely better
than the brilliant mind that dazzles without enlightening. The
latter gets more praise, the former does more good. The master
of a matchless style is apt to spend himself in the effort to win
applause from non-Catholic critics and so to attenuate his Cathol-
icism that one wonders how a teacher in Israel can have so little
to say for his own household and so much to say for celebrities
who had no part in the Kingdom of God. The noisy advocates of
this unfortunate school are, we understand, making a combined
effort to get their great 'liberal' champion appointed to the vacant
see of New York. An in.tr usioivof so unsound and unedifying
an influence into an archiepiscopal chair, the most important in
America, which has hitherto been either militantly Catholic or
gently ultramontane, but always inflexibly opposed to insidious
error in all its forms, would be little short of a calamity, the sort
of thing all true Catholics should pray against."
A Forgotten Chapter in the His-
tory of Labor.
ow the monks of earlier days became possessed of, to us
moderns, vast estates is graphically described by Henry
John Feasey in his work on Monasticism.*)
It happened in various ways.
On the founding- of a monastery the monks invariably, in ac-
cordance with ancient precedent, settled in a desert or waste
place — places chosen because they were waste and solitary, often
unhealthy, and such as could be reclaimed only by a vast amount
of incessant labor by those willing- to work hard and live hard,
great tracts of land often given, not being worth the keeping —
forests, swamps, barren heaths. Lands which for a long period
made no return ; leaving their cultivators half starved and de-
pendent on the charity of admiring benefactors.
Thus was the great mother house of Citeaux founded with its,
in after years, 3,000 affiliated monasteries. The first monks of
Rievaulx (Yorkshire) settled there in 1131, "then," says William
of Newburgh, "a place vastae solitudinis et /lorroris." Ramsey and
Croyland were swamps accessible only b3* boats; "every wain that
came thither was shod with silver." The after glory of West-
minster was at first the "terrible place called Thorney," often
flooded by tides, and Furness (Lancashire) rose in Beckansgill,
the Valley of Deadly Nightshade.
The Cistercians, the stern Puritans of mediaeval days, invari-
ably reared their lonely homes in undrained valleys, unreclaimed
wastes, amid the bush of dense forests, full of unhealthy influ-
ences and ague-stricken fens, in order, as St. Bernard says, they
might have the thought of death ever before their eyes, and the
hope of a better country to cheer their ascetic life.
That these places of disease and desolation afterwards became
very Arcadias of fruitful delights, was entirely due to the years
of indefatigable labor spent upon them by the monks. "Give these
monks," says Gerald du Barri, "a naked moor, or a wild wood,
then let a few years pass away, and you will find not only beauti-
*) Monasticism : What Is It? A Forgotten Chapter in the His-
tory of Labour : By Henry John Feasey, Author of Westminster
Abbey, Ancient English Holy Week Ceremonial, etc. London,
Sands & Co. St. Louis, B. Herder. Price $1.
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 24. St. Louis, Mo., June 19, 1902.)
370 The Review. 1902.
ful churches, but dwellings of men built around them." The
monks of Croyland were the recognized guardians of the fens,
making it the special service of their lives to build and guard the
djTkes raised against the waters. So, too, the abbots of Furness
erected dykes to prevent the irruption of the sea at high tides and
in gales of wind, precautions neglected after the dissolution of
the monaster}', causing the sea several times to flow over the
Walney Island, doing immense damage.
Again, it was no unusual thing for kings and other large land-
owners— and, in theory, the whole land of a country was the prop-
erty of the king, who could dispose of it as it pleased him — to come
forward and offer to monastic corporations, established or to be
established, large tracts of wild and uncultivated land, on condi-
tion of its cultivation, or in exchange for other small portions,
which by their untiring industry had been rendered profitable
and fertile.
Yet again, the endowment of each monastery was frequently
made up of property brought into the community by founders,
who, like the English Roger de Montgomery, founder of Shrews-
bury ; Walter Espec, the great Baron of Helmsley and the Battle
of the Standard, at Rievaulx ; and Turketel, the great Chancel-
lor at Croyland ; and kings like Sigbert, brother of Redwarld,
King of the East Angles (630 A. D.) — themselves became monks,
and others who entered it. In the early monastic days, if the novice
was an adult, he was obliged to distribute all his belongings to the
poor. The Franciscans, in their first fervor, were very strict
upon this, and one who had divided his substance among his rela-
tions and friends, instead of the actual poor, received a stern re-
buke from St. Francis and the refusal of entrance. In after days
the permission was acceded for a grant of them to the monastery.
"If he (the new brother) hath any property," says the rule of
St. Benedict,*) "he shall either first bestow it upon the poor, or,
by a formal gift, hand it over to the monastery, without any re-
serve for himself, because, for the future, he must know that he
hath not so much as power over his own body
Large gifts of land were also frequently given for special
spiritual services rendered, for the support of various charitable
works — as the cell established at Holme, on Spalding Moor, by
certain members of the great families of Vasavour and Constable,
and two monks maintained in it to guide travelers on the way —
for the maintenance of the sick and poor in alms-houses and hos-
pitals, in which various departments the monks of England held
and utilized, as trustees for the sick and poor, and other works of
') Chapters lviii. and lix. of an old English edition of 1638.
No. 24. The Review. 371
charity, two-thirds of the whole realm of England. How well and
faithfully they fulfilled that trust is abundantly proved by the
fact that, upon the dissolution of the monasteries, in the six-
teenth century, when these same lands passed into the hands of
a rapacious king- and his dissolute courtiers, the country swarmed
with beggars, i. e., indigent poor and monks, both deprived of
their means of subsistence, by the alienation of the abbey lands,
notwithstanding that the bill for the suppression contained a
clause, providing that the old hospitality should be kept up as
of yore by their new owners, a clause not abrogated until a suc-
ceeding reign.
The charters of institution and the patrimonial titles of the
chief abbeys, are both the proof and the reward for the services
rendered to civilization by the monastic establishments. One
abbey was bequeathed a donation on condition that certain waste
lands were put into cultivation ; another received lands on the
precise understanding that it opened asylums and places of hos-
pitality for the poor and sick, for pilgrims and strangers. It was
a common practice with Charlemagne and his successors to make
grants of land to individuals on the express ground that they
should clear and cultivate them.
Not alone was lasting benefits conferred by the clearance and
cultivation of the lands by the monks, benefits which were small
when compared to those bestowed on mankind in general ; among
others, the advantages derived from their society, after they had
become large proprietors and landlords with more benevolence,
and farmers with more intelligence, skill, and capital, than all
their compeers.
In the first instance, they themselves created the villages and
towns which, in after years, they governed. To take but a few
handy examples, Boston, St. Botolph's town, the capital of the
Fens, was originally a desert piece of ground given to St. Botolph
by Ethelmund, King of the South Angles, for the purpose of
building a monastery there. In a similar way, other monastic
towns, like St. Edmundsbury, sprang into existence. Bodmin
was a growth from a solitary hut which St. Guron, a Cornish
eremite? occupied in the valley there, near a copious spring, at the,
commencement of the sixth century.
The monks, in fact, with their dependents dwelling within the
precincts of the house, formed in themselves quite a large village.
Gradually around the abbey was gathered a population whose
labor was necessary to the inmates and profitable to the material
interests of the house.
Not only did these monastic communities give to agriculture
their labor, but likewise set a valuable example, which of the two
372 The Review. 1902.
was probably of greater value to mankind. Previous to the com-
ing- of the monk, manual labor of every sort was regarded as alto-
gether incompatible with the dignity of freemen, and, tainted as
it was with the memory of slavery, deemed only fit for those un-
der the bondage of serfdom. But an abbot, mayhap a great man
in the world, "with the seedbags on his head," Hike the great
Thomas a Becket, who toiled in the fields like an ordinary monk),
and his monks, not a few of the princes of the earth, "carrying
manure on their shoulders," and "going out to their daily labor in
the fields," presented a new spectacle to the astonished world,
and one which could not be gainsaid — the spectacle of voluntary
labor, willingly and cheerfully endured. By their example they
removed the stigma of slavery from toil. The slave and the serf
were mere mechanical machines, toiling from morning to evening,
in obedience to their masters will, without wage or reward, in
the performance of work in which they had no interest ; but the
Church created the necessity for voluntary labor, for which she
offered to those who engaged in it a fair remuneration. By these
means she not only imparted a dignity to labor, but made it the
means by which the Icountry was greatly improved, her own
wealth vastly increased, and the people educated in industrious
habits. Not only so, but by the creation of centres of labor, the
monasteries attracted the population, which, relinquishing their
nomadic life, settled around them, receiving in return for their
work ample means of sustenance for themselves and their families.
The possession of large estates made the religious com-
munities also large employers of labor, and their char-
acter as masters and landlords is being continually proved
to have been both good and generous, extending to their
tenants and laborers rights and privileges which were
not enjoyed by those in a similar position under the secular lords.
And one thing must be said to their everlasting credit, that they
were the emancipators of the serfs, who were in that day no bet-
ter than slaves, bought and sold as chattels with the soil.
*
In a footnote to the statement, that the monks themselves cre-
ated the villages and towns which, in after years, they governed,
Mr. Feasey observes : "Just as some Spanish Benedictine monks
have done to-day at the settlement of New Norcia, near Perth,
Western Australia."
Which shows that the spirit which animated the mediaeval
monks is not entirely dead in their twentieth-century successors.
May we not reasonably suppose that the Philippine monks also
acquired a considerable portion of their holdings, if not all of
them, in the legitimate and praiseworthy ways outlined above?
373
Sanitaria for Consumptives.
) uberculosis is one of the worst scourges of humanity.
According to statistics, nearly one-seventh of all deaths
are due to it. Hence state and local govern ments, associa-
tions, and private individuals are incessantly at work fighting this
terrible disease. Of late all countries vie with one another to
establish sanitaria — asylums where, by an abundance of pure air,
wholesome food, and complete rest it is hoped to check the rav-
ages of the disease. To the exuberant enthusiasm with which
the establishment of such sanitaria is greeted by some, others
oppose the darkest pessimism. Thus a consumptive writes to
the Cologne Volkszeitung (No. 50), concerning the proposed
Cologne sanitarium that is to cost a million marks :
"The question may be asked whether with that million em-
ployed in another direction, more good might not be done. Ac-
cording to the prospectus, the institution is to have room for 130
patients. The building will cost a million, the maintenance will
have to be figured separately, because of these 130 patients most
will be poor. The upper 10,000 are sufficiently provided for. As
there are at least 10,000 consumptives in Cologne, only 130 would
profit of the million.
It may be asked furthermore : Is a stay at such an institution
the best that can be provided for consumptives? What success
have the existing model institutions had so far ? Let no one be de-
ceived : no consumptive has been dismissed cured. I am a con-
sumptive myself, have been in them, but I saw no one go home
cured, just as little as I myself was cured — improved, yes, but
such a result every small village can show, to which a consumptive
retires to lead a quiet life. If the sanitaria aimed only at the iso-
lation of the sufferers, there would be cheaper means. Nor will
I describe the life at such places ; it is sad enough for one who
has to live through it. What is wanting at these establishments
is work and diversion. The conversation turns about the expec-
toration and the lungs. With one patient the cavern in his left
lung grows troublesome, with the other, that in the right lung-
has not shrunk enough. And what a torture it is to hear one's
fellow-patients coughing day and night in all possible tones?
No, if a sanitarium is to be a quarantine in which the patients are
given a chance to die without infecting others, then the benefit to
the community is indeed slight. What will that million profit the
130 patients? Perhaps at the end of a year 20 are dismissed as
'improved.' But after a short while they will cough up as many
bacilli as before. That is certain. A diseased lung is never
cured. Is it, then, the proper way to check consumption? No.
374 The Review. 1902
We have to go to the root of the evil. It must be fought before it
has taken hold. That can be done only by placing weak and
scrofulous children of consumptive parents in more favorable
surroundings, either in large country establishments or private
families with healthy surroundings. The living conditions of
consumptive families must be improved. Had they built work-
ingmen's houses with large airy rooms, had they spent the million
upon gardens, as in Kiel, where the poor may go and work and
raise their own vegetables, with the same amount of money they
would have been able to rid 130 families of the conditions under
which consumption is propagated. Consumptive parents ought
to be instructed how to remove the danger of infection from their
children. In a village on the Rhine I had better success than in
Davos, for the simple reason that I could busy myself in the gar-
den and enjoy the company of healthy persons. I always found
light work'best for consumptives ; of course, they must avoid ex-
cess. Where it is impossible, at least the life conditions of the
children ought to be improved. Tuberculosis ought to be checked
in the young, not in the old."
The same and other reasons against sanitaria for consumptives
were adduced by Dr. Surbled in the Revue des Questions Scientific
ques for October, 1901. He would allow at the utmost 20 patients
to a sanitarium, but prefers the home treatment. In a long article
on the same subject Dr. Moeller tried to refute the arguments of
Dr. Surbled. However, he agrees with him on the subject of
home treatment, provided all the conditions necessary can be re-
alized. But as long as that can not be done, the safest place for
consumptives, he thinks, is the sanitarium. "Yes, consumption is
curable," he says, "we can almost always avoid it and very often
cure it. The* results obtained would be still more satisfactory, if
we — doctors and the lay public — would take recourse to proper
means in time to assure a cure. But no half-measures ! While
I do not hold that the sanitarium alone can cure tuberculosis, I
assert that in most cases it alone offers the best chances of
success."
Were it true, as was said above, that no cure, but only an im-
provement, can be effected at the sanitarium, a year or two added
to human life, frequently even to active life, are benefits that
speak in favor of such institutions. On the other hand, no one
needs to grieve if his means do not allow him this luxury. By
following closely the advice of his physician, busying himself with
light work, particularly in the open air, leading a well-regulated
life, he may be benefited as much as by a stay at such a health-
resort.
375
COISTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
LITERATURE.
Monasticism : What Is It? A Forgotten Chapter in the History of
Labour. By Henry John Feasey, Author of Westminster Abbey,
Ancient English Holy Week Ceremonial, etc. London, Sands &
Co. St. Louis, B. Herder. (Price $1 net.)
This welcome book is designed to acquaint the average Eng-
lishman with a subject of which he is grossly ignorant. It will
serve the same useful purpose for English speaking Americans.
The author deals exclusively with Christian monachism, as it de-
veloped chiefly in Britain. Within a limited area — the book com-
prises only 260 pages — he succeeds in giving a very fair idea of
his vast and important subject. Some needless repetitions might
be excised to make place for useful additions. For a possible
new edition, which the work deserves, we would also suggest
greater typographical accuracy and the addition of chapter and
verse in all the more important citations.
Our readers will be able to form their own opinion of the
author's style and manner of treatment by perusing the extracts
we give on another page of the present number of The Review
under the title. "'A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Labor."
THE RELIGIOUS WOULD.
Western Candidates For the New York Archbishopric. — A regular con-
tributor of the N. Y. Tribune, 'who has repeatedly shown himself
well informed in matters ecclesiastical, writes in that journal un-
der date of May 30th :
"It may be timely at the present moment to draw attention to
the campaign which has been started by certain members of the
American hierarchy, in the press and at Rome, with the object of
influencing the papacy to appoint some cleric who does not enjoy
the advantage of being a New-Yorker as successor to the late
Archbishop Corrigan, in defiance of the wishes of the bishops,
the clergy, and the laity of this province. The leaders of this
movement have apparently settled upon three names, namelv,
those of Archbishop Ireland, Archbishop Keane, and Monsignor
Dennis O'Connell, the former Rector of the American College, at
Rome, as worth5r of the distinction, and this selection is remark-
able in view of the fact that the three prelates in question have
been distinguished by their unrelenting and bitter antagonism
toward Archbishop Corrigan, an animosity so intense that it led
the Archbishop of St. Paul, whenever he visited this city, to neg-
lect to pay that visit to the Archbishop of New-York, which was
required by the most elementary rules of ecclesiastical etiquette
and of social courtesy. And it is generally understood that the
candidature of these three prelates, in particular that of Arch-
bishop Keane, of Dubuque, is strongly supported and endorsed at
Rome by Cardinal Gibbons.
"It would be difficult to regard the appointment of Archbishop
Ireland, of Archbishop Keane or of Monsignor Dennis O'Connell
to succeed Archbishop Corrigan as anything else than an affront
to the latter 's memory, and as a token of pontifical disapproval of
376 The Review. 1902.
his long and eminently successful administration of this great
and influential archdiocese, one of the most important of the en-
tire Roman Catholic universe. This being the case, one can not
but regret that the candidature of these prelates should receive
even the most indirect endorsement and support from the Arch-
bishop of Baltimore.-'
We can not say how much truth there is in these charges; but our
Roman advices lead us to think that any effort to have either of
the three above-mentioned prelates transferred to New York, is
foredoomed to failure. The next metropolitan of New York will
most likely be one of the bishops of the Province, who has had
some experience in the difficult task of administering an import-
ant diocese and who has shown great zeal for the Catholic schools.
We think it will be Msgr. Farley.
INSURANCE.
Fire Insurance for Church Property. — It is asserted by the Western
Watchman (No. 29) that a clause in all the fire insurance policies
issued on church buildings by the associated companies of this
cit3T, and in fact throughout the U. S., provides that the amount
recoverable by the insured in the event of total loss shall not be
the amount stated in the policy ; but such portion of it as that
amount bears to four-fifths the total value of the property in-
sured. For example : a church is insured for ten thousand dol-
lars. It is worth one hundred thousand. It burns down. The
congregation will not get ten thousand dollars ; but one-eighth of
that sum ; or simply twelve hundred and fifty dollars. For this
miserable twelve hundred and fifty dollars the congregation will
have paid one hundred and fifty dollars, or twelve per cent.
This is indeed an enormous charge for very inadequate insur-
surance ; and if the statement is true, it is to be hoped that the
clergy of the various dioceses will take the matter up and insist
on a special classification of Catholic church property by insurance
companies, or do their own insuring. Some western dioceses
have a system of mutual insurance, but we have hitherto been un-
able to ascertain whether it has proved satifactory.
ARCHAEOLOGY.
Ancient Tablets Agree With the Bible.— Dr. Albert T. Clay, Curator
of the Babylonian Department in the museum of the University
of Pennsylvania, in a recent lecture on "The Old Testament in
the Light of Recent Excavations," said :
"Accounts of the creation and deluge have been deciphered from
early Babylonian monuments. No direct account has been found
referring to the fall of mankind, although engraved rocks repre-
senting a man and woman sitting under a tree with a serpent near
by, have been found, which undoubtedly refer to it.''
The lecturer went on to show that the events recorded in the
Bible had taken place contrary to what had been contended by
critics of the Old Testament in the past few years. He presented
a photograph of an engraved rock referring to the Deluge and
translated it. Although the period of time which elapsed while
Noah was in the ark did not seem to correspond exactly to the
number of days given in the Bible, yet the historical significance
of the event was corroborated. Dr. Clay presented many such
No. 24. The Review. 377
photographs, all of which had been excavated in Babylonia and
are now in the museum. The translations of these were parallel
accounts to passages found in the Bible.
He further said : "This work is yet in its infancy. Research
has not yet come to a limit. The lowest excavations show civili-
zation in advanced stages, and there is every reason to believe that
future excavations will bring to light the most of, if not all, the
history recorded in the Old Testament."
EDUCATION.
Public Schools That Would Satisfy Catholics. — In the June Catholic
World, Lorenzo J. Markoe answers the question, "Is there any
System of Public Schools that Would Satisfy Catholics?" in the
affirmative. He pleads for a remodeling of our flagrantly unjust
public school system on the following plan :
All classes of schools — State, Church, and private — now teach
certain secular branches as necessary for an ordinary education.
Let the State provide that the teachers in all schools wishing to
share in the apportionment of the school fund, must undergo a
satisfactory examination in those secular branches, and receive
their certificates for teaching those branches from the proper
State officials. Then let the funds be apportioned to all schools
according to the actual proficiency in those studies of each child
as shown by a State examination. For each child falling below
the standard of proficiency required by the State, no apportion-
ment would be allowed ; whilst for every child successfully taking-
the examination, -pro rata apportionment would be allowed. Thus
the funds would be used for the actual education of each child ; a
system much more just than that of distributing them according
to the number of children attending school. This system is based
on real merit and actual results, and not on mere school attend-
ance. Schools would readily spring up suited to the view of each
parent, who would send his child to the school that he approved,
and thus get the benefit of the school system without any strain-
ing of. his own conscience, or any imposing of his views upon his
neighbor who may hold opposite views. Under the plan here pro-
posed only the truly successful educators would get the children,
and only they would be encouraged and sustained by the appor-
tionment of the school fund. Competition would bring to the
front the educators of real intrinsic merit ; and those of inferior
abilities would soon drop out of sight.
This would not be an ideal system, but it would be far more ac-
ceptable than the one at present in vogue, which compels some
nine millions of our population to devote annually twenty-five mill-
ions of their hard-earned money to the support of a system which
they maintain for the avowed purpose of keeping their children
out of the public schools, for which they are heavily taxed. It is
practical, being in successful operation in other countries, and
there is no reason why it can not be tried here, except the bigotry
and idolatry of a large proportion of secularistic Yankees who
worship our present unjust system as a little god.
A New Field of Child Study.— We see from the Chicago Chronicle of
June 2nd that a new field of child study has been opened up by
Miss Gertrude Palmer, a student in the junior class at the Um-
378 The Review. 1902.
versity of Michigan, who is in Chicago gathering statistics and
information wherewith to compile a symposium on the "Money
Sense of Children." Miss Palmer was granted permission by the
Chicago Board of Education to put the following list of questions
to the pupils at some of the schools, with a view to adding to her
material :
If 3'ou had 15 cents a week to spend as you chose, what would
you do with it?
What would you do with $1,000?
Are you saving any mone3r ? If so, for what ?
About how much money do you spend a week, and for what do
you spend it?
How do you get the money you have to spend ?
How often do you go to the theatre? How much do you pay for
a ticket?
These questions Miss Palmer is putting to about 1,500 pupils in
two or three schools that she has selected.
A University Problem. — The Providence Visitor [No. 35] is amazed
to learn that "there are over two hundred Catholic students at
Columbia University, in New York City, and that they are influ-
ential enough and active enough to constitute a distinct and well
organized group in the great body of the students." They have -
called themselves the Newman Club, and are thinking seriously
of founding a scholarship, open to competitors of all religious
denominations. It is said that Harvard, Yale, Pennsylvania,
Chicago, and Leland-Stanford, in California, possess similar for-
lorn hopes of militant orthodoxy ; and those who are sincerely
anxious to have our own Washington foundation built broadly be-
yond the reach of disaster, are asking ourselves what it all
means."
In its search for a remedy, our contemporary timidly throws
out the suggestion that the hierarchy forbid Catholic students to
attend Protestant universities :
'"There is a naive conviction widelj^ current among those rare
individuals who are fain to look upon themselves as making up a
cultivated class among us here in America, which holds that a
bishop's main business is to rule over his clergy, but that his
dealings with the laity, educated or otherwise, begin and end in
administering the Sacrament of Confirmation. These good peo-
ple would be very much astonished if they were told that the
hierarchy would be acting well within the compass of their Apos-
tolic powers were they to issue a prohibition, say, to attend any
of the non-Catholic higher institutions of learning. Of course,
they are not likely to do so ; but, in view of the increasing num-
bers of Catholic students at the places we have named, it would
be well to remind ourselves that the right certainly exists."
We fear the students now attending Columbia and other Prot-
estant institutions are not of the kind that would be apt to pay
much attention to any episcopal pronouncement. We shall have
to raise up a better class of young men before we can hope for a
decrease of Catholic attendance at Protestant highschools. What
can be expected of a generation that has grown up in public
schools and been taught to look upon the Faribault plan as the
ideal solution of the school question?
379
MISCELLANY.
Taft's Negotiations a.t Rome. — Our readers are aware from the
remarkably detailed reports of the daily press, of the reception
of Governor Taft by the Holy Father and the exceptional nego-
tiations which are now being conducted between this government,
through him, and the Vatican, on the "problem" of the friars in
the Philippines. The instructions of Secretary Root to Gov.
Taft, printed in the daily papers, and Taft's recent article
in the Outlook, give us a pretty clear idea of the object of his pres-
ent mission.
"The question which is presented to the civil government of the
islands is," he says, "whether there is not some means of avoiding
the lawlessness and riot which the friars' return to the parishes
is certain to involve." The purpose of the commission is to pre-
vail upon the Church to keep the friars out.
An appeal is made to the Pope direct on a principle that is
illustrated by the Governor as follows : "In such a matter," he de-
clares, "were we dealing with a secular corporation, it would seem
a wiser policy and a more American and direct method of doing
business to deal with the chief authority in the corporation rather
than with some agent having limited powers." He adds that "the
administration has concluded that the advantage of the direct
method and the possibility of settling the differences amicably
with the Church by such a method, warrant it in running the risk
of the unjust criticism that such negotiation involves the estab-
lishment of diplomatic relations with the Vatican, and a departure
from the traditions of our government in this regard."
It is the fear of such "unjust criticism," no doubt, which has
moved the administration to give out the full text of its instruc-
tions to Gov. Taft, in which it emphasizes that his errand is "not
in any sense or degree diplomatic in its nature," but "purely a
business matter of negotiating" for the purchase of property.
Our government desires that the titles of the religious orders to
the lands they now hold shall be extinguished, but that full and
fair compensation shall be made therefor.
This demand bases on the false and unjust assumption that the
religious orders in the Philippines can no longer continue to ex-
ercise on the islands their spiritual activity, which has made the
natives a civilized people and given them all the religion and real
culture they now possess.
"Flattering the temporal power in order to skin the friars is
your Uncle Sam's easy game," — says the Catholic Citizen of June
7th.
The Danger of Patent Preparations.— A firm of manufacturing
chemists in Baltimore has several heavy damage suits on hand
for using wood or methyl alcohol in several of its drinking prep-
arations, notably "Jamaica ginger."
Dr. Herbert Harlan, one of the leading oculists of the
country, called attention to the prevalence of blindness among peo-
ple who used Jamaica ginger as a stimulating beverage last win-
ter, in a long article published in the Ophthalmic Record. He
showed that in the local option towns of Pennsylvania, the Vir-
380 The Review. 1902.
ginias and Maryland, men who craved liquor, but found it difficult
to obtain, had resorted to the use of essences like Jamaica ginger,
for the effects of the alcohol which entered into their preparation.
It is said that the number of cases of total blindness in the four
States mentioned exceeds 1000, all of them directly traceable to
the use of adulterated essences. The ease with which the prepara-
tion could be secured added to its danger. Any country store-
keeper is permitted to sell "medicines."
After the publication of Dr. Harlan's paper the Baltimore Oph-
thalmic Society, urged by specialists throughout the country,
decided to begin a crusade against maters of the stuff. The result
of their investigations is shown by five suits now on the docket.
Wood alcohol frequently produces blindness when used as a
drink or otherwise introduced into the system. If a large dose is
taken on an empty stomach, death is almost certain to follow im-
mediately.
What a terrible illustration of the recklessness of manufactur-
ers in putting up, and the general public in buying and consum-
ing, patent preparations ! Our temperance apostles, or rather
prohibition fiends, ought to make a note of it.
How Archbishop Gibbons Became a. Cardinal. — "Ex-Attache" in
the N.Y. 7>y'3««6(May 30th) asserts that His Eminence of Baltimore
"is indebted for his red hat to the modesty, the self-effacement
and generosity of the late Archbishop Corrigan." He says that,
as far back as in 1886, Archbishop Corrigan was offered the red
hat, and that he not only declined it, but urgently recommended
the elevation of the Archbishop of Baltimore to the College of Car-
dinals in his stead. "Ex- Attache" then goes on to relate a rather
curious incident in this connection. Shortly after the arrival in
Rome of the letter in which Archbishop Corrigan declined the red
hat for himself, and requested its grant to the Archbishop of Bal-
timore, he received a cable despatch from the Holy See contain-
ing the words, "Your request is granted." Believing it to be the
response to the letter in question, he at once sent a private mess-
age to Archbishop Gibbons, informing him of the despatch which
he had received from Rome, and on the following day the news
that Leo XIII. had decided to elevate Msgr. Gibbons to the Senate
of the Church was made public from Baltimore. A week later
Archbishop Corrigan received a letter from Rome intimating that
the cable despatch in question referred to some totally different
request, that he had made months previously, and that it bore no
relation to the creation of Archbishop Gibbons as a Cardinal.
Greatly dismayed, Archbishop Corrigan cabled the circum-
stances of the case to Rome. The matter was placed before the
Pope, who, being very fond of Archbishop Corrigan, gave orders
that a message should be sent to him not to distress himself
about the affair, since it would be settled without delay in accord-
ance with his wishes.
It is but just to add that the Baltimore correspondent of the
Freeman's Journal '(No. 3597) denies the authenticity of this queer
story, which, "si non e vero c ben trovato!"
An Odd Saxerdota.1 Jubilee.-In the Record- Union of Sacramento,
Cal., of May 27th, we find a report of a remarkable feature of the
No. 24. The Review. 381
silver jubilee of the Rev. Father John F. Quinn, of that city. It was
a reception held in the Assembly Chamber. Father Quinn entered
the hall, accompanied by several public officers and Mr. Miel,
pastor of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopalian Church. Mr. Miel
said it was a wonderful and a glorious day when clergymen of the
Catholic and Protestant faiths met on the same platform, ad-
dressed the same audience, and were able to congratulate one an-
other on the good work done for the Master. On some lines he
differed from Father Quinn ; on many lines their beliefs were the
same. He extended to Father Quinn his heartiest congratula-
tions, and told him he should continue to pray for his preserva-
tion to the cause of the Church and Christianity, and he hoped
that when God saw fit to recall them, they would both be found in
the same place.
Father Quinn said, he prayeth best who loveth best, and that he
had ever been a true patriot. If he ever put anything before his
religion it was his patriotism. When he first started to school,
his mother taught him, if asked if he were a "Paddy" or a Cath-
olic, to repl}- : "No, I am an American," and the lesson had never
been forgotten. He had never allowed anyone to question his re-
ligion or his patriotism.
At this point "Bishop" W. H. Moreland of the Protestant
Episcopalian Church entered the hall, and Father Quinn said, he
knew of no more beautiful picture than to see an Episcopal
Bishop attending a reception given to a Catholic priest." The pic-
ture was "an allegory teaching him that there was no Protestant,
no Catholic, no Jew, but that all were Americans."
After a short address by "Bishop" Moreland, he and Father
Quinn engaged in a vigorous handshake, the audience sang "Am-
erica," and the remarkable reception was over.
The Language Question in the Philippines.— "The term 'lang-
uage of the Philippines' is self-contradictory," writes an Ameri-
can teacher from there. "There are three distinct races — the
Negrito, with twenty-one tribes; the Indonesian, with sixteen
tribes ; and the Malayan, with forty-seven tribes, making a total
of eighty-four different tribes. The numerous dialects spoken,
frequently differ so widely as to be practically foreign languages.
In certain sections, two or three of these may have expressions in
common, due to the fact of long-time intercourse between the
tribes. "Hence the Ilocanos, Tagalogs, and Macabebes, all living
in adjoining territorj', and others similarly situated, can make
themselves understood in conversation," while on the contrary,
tribes separated from each other — the Macabebe and the Moro,
the Ilocano and the Cebuanian, or the Tagalo and the Paraguan,
can by no means converse readily. "Can one deprecate the plan
of common language under these conditions, particularly when
these dialects are practically barren of literature, in the furnish-
ing of which should be one of the greatest justifications for intro-
ducing English?" asks our teacher.
Surely not ; a common language is readily conceded to be a de-
sideratum. What we deprecate is the attempted stamping out of
the native dialects and the par-force imposition of English as "the
national tongue."
382
NOTE-BOOK.
The Protestant Independent, a journal which we have always
treated with justice and courtesy, went out of its way last week
(No. 2793) to denounce The Review as "an extremely violent anti-
American Catholic paper of St. Louis."
That we strive to serve the Catholic cause, we do not, of course,
deny. Nor would we object to being- called "anti-Americanistic."
But we are in no sense "anti-American," or "violent." What you
call violence, my masters, is the bluntness which prompted the
Fathers to call a spade a spade and to denounce a heretic as a
heretic and a liar as a liar.
The Independent has borne false testimony against us, and we
call the attention of this professedly and professionally religious
paper to the warning concerning the everlasting fate of all pre-
varicators, contained in the eighth verse of the twenty-first chapter
of Revelations.
w& •& •£
The International Catholic Truth Society now issues a monthly
bulletin, which the editors intend to make "a real nexus among
cultured Catholics of the country, and particularly among the
various Catholic Truth Societies in the United States, England,
Canada, and Australia." The first (May) number contains the
third annual report of the Society's work. Besides paying several
foreign correspondents for authentic information about religious
affairs (for instance in Cuba) and circulating several thousand
copies of lists of Catholic books, the I. C. T. S. has nailed a large
number of anti-Catholic lies and refuted scores of attacks upon
the Church in the public press of the country. If it would reduce
its membership fee to one or two dollars, it would doubtless be
able to gain many new members. Five dollars is too much for the
average Catholic, who must make so many sacrifices 3rear in year
out for parochial and diocesan purposes.
J~ ~r +r
When we criticize the Knights of Columbus, the invariable an-
swer of their organs is billingsgate. Witness this choice morsel
from the Catholic Journal of Memphis, [No. 52]:
"Through some surreptitious and sneaking means he (the Editor
of The Review) obtained a copy of the constitution and initiation
methods of the K. of C, and for the second time is dishonoring
the name of the Catholic press by publishing what is and should
be known only to the members of the order. No other Catholic
editor would give it publicity, it remained for a fellow like Preuss
to resort to this dirty and contemptible business.
"The initiation ceremonies are, however, so beautiful and soul-
inspiring and so truly Catholic in word and spirit that the limited
publicity he has given them only redounds to the benefit of the
Knights. Preuss has not or can not injure this order, for there
is nothing in or connected with it that is not truly Catholic in
every sense. His disgraceful attempt to do' it injury will only re-
1902. The Review. 383
suit in bringing him beneath even the contempt of the Catholics
of the country."
A man whose judgment is so warped that he considers the
ludicrous and farcical semi-Masonic initiation ceremonies of the
K. of C. "beautiful," "soul-inspiring," and "truly Catholic in word
and deed," can not be held to possess the "sensus catholicus*' in
a sufficient degree to be able to participate in a controversy of
this kind ; and we do not wonder that his only resource is throw-
ing mud.
If the K. of C. are really and truly convinced of the paramount
excellenc3T and unadulterated Catholicity of their order, why do
they so fiercely condemn The Review for advertising them and
their incomparable ritual?
% ^ ^
But a few months ago we spoke of "the Nestor of Catholic jour-
nalists," Count Leon Carbonaro y Sol, who had been occupied with
journalistic work since 1837, and had edited his monthly review,
La\Cruz, since 1851. We are sorry to learn now of his death,
which occurred in March at Madrid. He died in the harness.
His last article was in defense of the Pope. Pius IX. had be-
stowed upon him for his eminent services the hereditary title of
a papal count. He had the singular honor of being the only lay-
man to figure among the large number of ecclesiastics represented
in the great Immaculate Conception picture which was published
several 5'ears after the declaration of that dogma. In politics he
was to the last a staunch Carlist, for which he had to suffer not a
little in his younger days. R. I. P.
0 0 &
An article on Rev. Isaac Hecker in the Providence Visitor winds
up with the following words :
"'Space will not allow me to deal with Father Hecker in connec-
tion with the well known papal letter on 'Americanism.' All I
can do here is to record my conviction that the letter, which a
certain clique of European clerics hoped would be his condemna-
tion, conveyed in fact a solemn [approval of the principle for which
Father Hecker had stood so valiantly — namely, the inviolability
of national character and institutions within the Church."
That is just as true as when a certain gentleman declared that
the "Tolerari potest" in the Faribault case meant "Fully ap-
proved." Liberalism dies hard !
Vg Sg ><
The Congregationalist, a Protestant organ, publishes an article
entitled "School Teaching in the Philippines," by Emerson
Christie, from which we find extracts in the Freeman's Journal
[No. 3597]. Mr. Christie points out that the insistence of the
Taft Commission on the exclusion of religious teaching from the
schools has thoroughly aroused the native Catholics, who insist
that as they pay the money which supports the schools, they have
a right to d'emand that their children shall be taught the catechism
and receive other religious instructions during school hours.
The writer of the Congregationalisl article is himself connected
384 The Review. No. 24.
with the newly established school system in the P hilippines. But
that fact does not prevent him from recognizing- the rank injustice
perpetrated by the Taft Commission when it issued an ukase for-
bidding- any teacher, under pain of dismissal, from teaching any
religious practice whatsoever in the public schools. We are told
by Mr. Christie that he is not alone in holding the opinion that a
great blunder was committed in the issuing of this order.
It is no wonder that this assault upon their faith has stirred the
Filipinos to deep indignation, which finds expression in a rigid
boycott of schools which are organized on distinctively anti-Cath-
olic principles.
+r +r +r
Disquieting rumors have recently circulated regarding the
health of Archbishop Kain. The truth is, according to the
Western Watchman, whose Rev. editor is in a position to know,
that His Grace is no longer equal to his accumulated and onerous
duties as head of this great Archdiocese. "The most eminent
specialist in this country has told him that he has lived thirty
years in these ten, and that while he is in years only 61, he is in
overworked tissue 78 years old. The physicians His Grace has
consulted assure him that he can live out his alloted years, but
only on condition that henceforward he shall do a tithe only of his
customary labor." It is consequently expected that an auxiliary
bishop will take from his shoulders the greater part of the phys-
ical burden of administration.
A subscriber sends us this note :
Noting the remarks and news items anent the Catholic Univer-
sity, I am surprised that no one seems to have pointed out the
fact that the two prelates who are supposed to be the most valu-
able and faithful friends of the University, are the only ones in
the country who have gone out of their way to discredit 'and in-
jure the institution. His Grace of St. Paul, by accepting a degree
from Yale, discountenanced that for which the Catholic Univer-
sity stands — a Catholic higher education ; while the erstwhile
Rector, now happily guiding the destinies of the Archdiocese of
Dubuque, by delivering an address by invitation at Harvard, en-
couraged Catholic young men to pass by the Catholic highschool
founded by the Pope and go farther afield in search of learning.
*v» v ■%•
Father Delany, the Irish Jesuit, believes that laymen should
have scientific training in theology. "I should like," said he in
his evidence before the Royal Commission on University Educa-
tion in Ireland, "that educated laymen should be given an oppor-
tunity of getting a scientific knowledge of their religion. At
present boys leaving school find newspapers and pamphlets and
reviews dealing with subjects vitally affecting Catholicity and
Christianity itself, with the existence of a soul and the existence
of God, and where are these men to get the training and knowl-
edge to enable them to meet difficulties which are suggested to
them in this way?"
In this country, too, the question still remains unanswered :
Where are laymen to get a scientific training in theology?
A Protestant Minister on Defects in
Our Public School System.
e read in the La Crosse (Wis.) Morning Chronicle*} the text
of an interesting- lecture by Rev. Henry Faville before
the Hamilton Club of that city, on the text "Defects in
Our Public School System."
Mr. Faville said :
I have done no teaching since 1873. I am not familiar
with all of the methods and theories of the present time.
I am of the laity and must speak from a layman's point
of view. But this position has its advantages. The one not
in a battle, may see how the battle is going, more clearly
than one in the thick of the fight. So the one not in the school-
room may get a perspective of the work done there, that the
teacher himself does not get, because too near. I should have to
confine myself to the perspective of a patron and a parent, and
one who sees something of youth and young people, were I to
speak for myself only at this time. But I realized my limitations
upon this subject. So I have reenforced myself with the judg-
ment of others. I wrote to some of our normal school workers
and to the presidents of the colleges in our State. I said to them,
You are receiving continually pupils from our public school sys-
tem. Do you find defects in these pupils, that seem to arise from
the system? If so, what are these defects?
All to whom I wrote answered. I shall quote them, not only to
confirm my own perspective, but to be more definite as to defects,
than I could be without them. Possibly the topic ought to read:
"What are some of the defects of our public school system, as
seen by one layman and half a dozen prominent educators in our
State ?"
I.
The system attempts too much. It spreads over too much
ground. It aims to acquaint the pupil with too many subjects. It
gives a smattering of much knowledge, but less of mental grip
than should be given in such a system.
Through the kindness of Prof. Hemmenway an outline of the
studies in our city schools was handed me. I find in our course
*) Edition of May 9th.
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 25. St. Louis, Mo., June 26, 1902.)
386 The Review. 1902
29 different studies. Some of these are related, it is true ; as un-
der English we find grammar, rhetoric, and literature. But
most of them are fields by themselves. They are fields so vast,
that in the time given in the public school, the teacher can only
take the pupil to the border there. At most he can only look over
into these fields ; he can not cultivate them for a mental harvest.
Would it not be better, I ask, to attempt less as to subjects and
do more with those that are taken up ? Is there not a fundamental
defect as to what education should give in this broad and thin
process?
The best thing education can give as a mental product, is a
mind disciplined to think. To be educated, the boys and the girls
must get possession of their powers. They must have a sense of
mastery ; a consciousness that they know a thing and that they
know that they know it. Dipping into many things, fails to give
this. In my judgment the boy of the past who knew that he could
spell every word in Sander's old spelling book, and could do every
example in Ray's old arithmetic, and could parse every sentence
in a selection from Milton's Paradise Lost, had a better founda-
tion for an education, than his brother of to-day, who has taken a
little of history and physiology and physics and botany and book-
keeping and civil government.
I am not alone in my judgment. Prof. Hardy, former superin-
tendent of our schools, is one to whom I wrote. He says : "Too
many subjects are taught and too many of them do not fit the
mark and fill for life's work." President Plantz of Lawrence
University says : "If I were to reply to your question as a teacher,
I would state that I think modern education tries to cover too
many subjects ; to do too much work in a short time ; so that
students cram words and do not sufficiently assimilate the proper
meaning. We are not producing thinkers, so much as a class of
well informed men and women." Acting President Collier of
Beloit College says : "Highschool teachers are, as a rule, noble-
minded me a and women, who have high ideals and strive to attain
them. But conditions are against them. Too much work and too
varied work is required of the teacher."
As an outcome of this condition he says the student is apt to
become lax ; this laxness becomes a chronic habit ; the habit leads
to carelessness and shiftiness in study. By shiftiness he means
an effort to answer a question at random, without duly thinking
out the answer or knowing much of the subject. This habit is
grounded in many highschool pupils, he says. And I submit
whether this can be otherwise with the average pupil, when so
many subjects are piled upon his mind before the mind is ready
for them ? The public schools of to-day are seeding the mind too
No. 25. The Review. 387
thickly with the seed of knowledge. Every farmer knows what
overseeding does with grain. It gives spindling stalks and light
heads at harvest time. Spindling bodies and light heads in our
youth may result from the overseeding of our school system.
II.
A second defect of this system is its domination. It is domin-
ated by those who are at the top of the system, those at the uni-
versity. The system plans to take every boy and girl from prim-
ary grade to graduation from State university or college. I confess
to having once been much enamored of this system myself. I do
not say now that it has no excellences. I do say that it has de-
fects. It is too much of a machine. It makes.the goal a course
of study, rather than the development of a child.
Says President Plantz : "Were I to consider defects from the
standpoint of the common schools, I would say that the defect in
modern education, as represented by Wisconsin, is that a dispro-
portionate amount of support is given to the higer institutions; by
which I mean the highschools, normals, and university. A weak
point in our educational system is that we are not looking after
the country schools either by way of adequately supporting them
or sufficiently superintending them/'
Rev. J. F. Taintor, of Rochester, Minnesota, in a paper before
the Citizens' Club of Rochester, has this to say of the domination
from above, which is the same in Minnesota as in Wisconsin :
"The theory, now wrought into a fact, that binds the school
system from kindergarten to university, into one relentless ma-
chine, is wrong in conception, for it restricts individuality ; wrong
in its results, for in its careful provision for the few, it overlooks
the needs of the many. The highschool is not made for the col-
lege or the university, he says, but the college and university for
the highschool. We have no right to shape the public school sys-
tem merely to meet the examination tests from above. Let col-
lege standards be kept high," he continues, "and let every boy
and girl who would enter, stand the test as they did in other days.
But from the depths of my soul it cries out against the system
that makes the good of the public school a certificate that admits
to the university and that of necessity makes this work of teacher
and scholar center upon that."
I second Mr. Taintor's protest. The public school system ought
not to be made to fit the university, but to fit the child. And when
it is so made, the university will find a way to fit on to the public
school.
It is no new thing in the history of progress for the machine to
become greater than the man in the thought of teachers. Nine-
388 The Review. 1902.
teen hundred years ago moral teachers made the Sabbath such a
machine. A greater teacher arose and taught that the Sabbath was
made for man and not man for the Sabbath. So some greater au-
thority than that of college or university must arise and proclaim
that the child is not made for an educational system but the sys-
tem for the child. That authority has not yet come. For as
President D. Stanley Hall says, "Few institutions of modern civili-
zation so distrust human nature, as does the modern American
highschool when under college domination." So long as this re-
mains there will be a grave defect in our system.
III.
A third defect is this : Our public schools' undertake to furnish
a systematical education, but under present conditions they can
not deliver the goods. All agree that the whole man should move
together in education so far as this is possible. The heart can
not say to the hand, "I have no need of you," neither can the hand
say to the heart, "I have no need of you." A public system with-
out manual training is therefore defective. Our, system should
be called undeveloped rather than defective here perhaps. We
have the goods in mind, but they are not yet ready for delivery.
But this is not true, I fear, as to the moral and religious element
in education. Our prospects morally are not equal to our manual
prospects. Because our system is a public system, the system of
a State, it fails upon the religious side. Nothing approaching a
study of religious truth is found in the system. From start to
finish the course of study is secular. And this makes the system
defective. For there never has been, and there never can be, a
great educator who says that moral and religious instruction are
immaterial to an education. That assertion would brand a man
or his system as a quack, in education, at once.
Prof. Hardy (whom none of us would charge with'being sec-
tarian) puts lack of religious instruction among the defects of
our system. "There must be more and better moral and religious
instruction and training," he says. "The tone of our nation must
deteriorate without better moral training." President Plantz
says : "If I were thinking of the moral trend of education, I would
say that the general feeling in our secular schools, that education
must be divorced from religion, has developed so many teachers
without religious interests, that almost the entire emphasis is be-
ing placed upon intellectual rather than upon characterldevelop-
ment. This would not be true in a Christian college," he adds,
"but it is emphatically true of the State system of education ; and
the church of the future will have no more serious matter to con-
front than the fact that a great deal of the education of the youth
No. 25. The Review. 389
is being- conducted by people without religious interests." But
so long as public sentiment is what it is to-day, and so long as our
supreme courts decide that to have the Bible in the school is not
constitutional, it can not be otherwise than that the religious ele-
ment in education should be wanting. And so long as it is want-
ing, the system is defective.
IV.
Then there are defects in the system if the intellect alone were
to be thought of. Says President Halsey of the Oshkosh Normal:
"No teacher ought to be called upon to take charge of more than
35 pupils. When the number reaches 40, it has reached the danger
point." Says President Hughes of Ripon College : "The first de-
fect is in the massing of students, giving too many students to
one teacher." Count the pupils with one teacher, he suggests, put
down the number of minutes in the school-day, subtract from
these the total number of minutes given to opening exercises,
marching in and out of the room, recess and all other things that
are necessary to the system. Divide the result by the number of
students and you will see what a small amount of time is given to
the individual student." The necessity of doing so much whole-
sale work with pupils is a defect.
Then, in the judgment of most of those to whom I wrote, the
elective part of the system is wrong. President Hughes says
here : "Unless parents take definite interest in helping the child
to select, he is apt to drift when drifting is fatal." "I think that
highschools are making a mistake in allowing so much elective
work," says Dr. Caller of Beloit. Students are apt to elect "soft
snaps"and studies that are easiest for their particular bent of mind,
and thus lose the best discipline. When elective courses were
about to be introduced into the Chicago highschools some years
since, the editor of the Times-Herald said : "The elective course
presumes in pupils the reason, the judgment and maturity that
are not theirs. A boy of 13 or 14 who enters the highschool has
hardly got beyond the period when he is puzzled to decide whether
he will be a general or a bandman, a preacher or a circus clown."
To put before him elective studies he likens to an infant experi-
menting with colored candles. And he gives it as his opinion that
if this weakening process of elective studies goes on much further
in the common school system, nothing will be left of education
but an iridescent shell. But whether he is right or not, enough
has been said to show that as a system our present common
school system has not as yet delivered the manual training essen-
tial to a full system ; is debarred from delivering instruction in
religion, and puts some weak fabrics in the intellectual goods that
she delivers.
390 The Review. 1902.
V.
I have tried to get at fundamental rather than technical defects.
I have named three. The S3^stem attempts too much, is domin-
ated by the top of the course, is unable to give an all-around devel-
opment.
I could name other defects. I believe with Mr. Taintor that
our schools require too much written work in the early years. I
believe with Prof. Hardy that our present system does not teach
English as it should. I believe with President Halsey that too
much is left to examinations for promotion, — that the judgment
of the teachers and the principal are a better test than final ex-
aminations for most pupils. And then, were I to name two of the
most defective adjuncts of the system, I would name first, school
boards who come out of the rear end of some political fanning
mill, and second, parents and patrons of the school who expect the
teachers who are working this system to do everything for their
children, from washing their faces to furnishing them brains. I
recognize the fact that educators alone can not banish these de-
fects. Taxpayers, common councils, school officers, and parents
all have a part in improving the system. At the same time I quote
with approval these words of Prof. Hardy, as to bane and anti-
dote in our system. He says :
"The most fundamental, the worst defect in our public school
system, is poor teachers. We can never have good schools under
present conditions, i. e., until teaching becomes a profession.
Teaching can not become a profession until a majority of the
teachers are men. When the majority of teachers are men,
teaching will be a profession, for the reason that men will not en-
ter into it until it becomes a dignified source of living. I am talk-
ing now of the rank and file of the teaching calling. Not that
women, with the same preparation and experience, are not better
teachers than men. But from the necessary conditions and rela-
tions of women, the majority of women teachers teach but a few
years. Every year in Wisconsin over 3,000 women teachers leave
the ranks forever, most of them to become the heads of homes
(thank God they do become for the welfare of the State and nation,
heads) ; and over 3,000 young girls, without experience,
without professional training, without proper scholastic
equipment, without knowledge of the relations of life and
society, take the places vacated. The professional schools can
furnish only about 700 teachers with some professional training.
We can not have a profession of teaching until the tenure becomes
permanent, until most of the teachers are men. Men will not go
into the profession until the pay of the rank and file is much bet-
ter than it is now."
391
Paganism in Protestant Germany
And the "Los von Rom" Movement.*)
By Rev. Victor Cathrein, S. J.
I.
egions of German preachers are hurrying into Aus-
tria to further the "Los von Rom" movement among our
Catholic brethren on the Danube. Their professed ob-
ject is to free the people from the Roman idolatry and to let in
upon them the light of the pure gospel. Places inaccessible to
preachers are flooded with gospel tracts and pamphlets, and
money collected in Germany adds power to the work.
Is this movement really prompted by religious motives? It
may be that with some misguided and confused minds such mo-
tives play their part, but to even the most superficial observer it
is evident that, on the whole, the gospel has nothing to do with it,
and that its leaders only use religion as a cloak to cover political
and anti-religious agitation.
The reader will find out the true inwardness of the movement,
at least in as much as it derives inspiration and support from
Germany, by a brief study of the religious situation among the
non-Catholic population of that country.
Some thirty years ago E. von Hartmann published a book on
the self-disintegration of Christianity; the process then beginning
has by this time resulted in the complete decomposition of Prot-
estantism.
At the universities, the system most in vogue in the theological
faculties is Ritschl's "undogmatic Christianity," according to
which we have no definite knowledge of God and Christ, and dog-
mas are but subjective imaginings adapted by each one to his own
requirements. Prof. Harnack in Berlin, and his numerous fol-
lowers, adhere to this system : they cast to the winds the doc-
trines of the trinity, the divinity of Christ, the fall and the redemp-
tion through Christ.
A typical example of such rationalistic professors is Dr.
Troltsch in Heidelberg. A year ago he published a bookf) in which
he openly admits the conflict between the Church and science,
sets it down as an undeniable fact that science has removed the
foundations of historical Christianity, and rejects the doctrines
concerning revelation, redemption, providence, and miracles,
*) This paper, contributed by Rev. P. Victor Cathrein. S. J., and Englished with his per-
mission for the The Review by Rev. Dr. J. Wilhelm, of Battle, England, !%a further elucida-
tion of an article published in our No. 8 and deserves the careful attention of every intelligent
1 t) Die wissenschaftliche Lage und ihre Anforderungen an die Theologie, i. e., the po-
sition of science and its demands on theology.
392 The Review. 1902.
heaven and hell : and according to him a supernatural basis of
theology is out of question.
These admissions of a professor of theology, whose duty it is
to form future Protestant preachers, show how irresistibly the
disintegration of Protestantism is proceeding.
Another professor of theology affirmed outright that the proper
calling of a teacher of evangelical theology is "to endanger the
faith," i. e., to destroy the pious faith which the young stud-
ents have learnt at home, and to put rationalistic scepticism in its
place.
Privy Councillor von Massow had reason to say, at the last
August meeting, in presence of many evangelical professors of
theology : "If such a modern professor of theology had the cour-
age to nail his theses to the door of St. Nicholas' Church, they
would read : I do not believe that in the beginning the word was
with God. I do not believe in the miraculous incarnation of Jesus.
I do not believe in his miraculous power, in his atoning death, in
his resurrection and ascension ; I do not believe that he will come
again to judge the living and the dead. Infidel professors are
much more dangerous than people think !"
At the same meeting bitter complaints were made against "the
coinage of false money" by liberal theologians. Among others
the following resolution was adopted: "The meeting grievously
deplores that a theology is to be found in the theological faculties
which, by its scientific methods and its teaching, marks a falling
off from the acquisitions of the Reformation and is unable to fit
young theologians for their vocation."
The assembled divines seem to have been unaware of the fact
that "the acquisitions of the Reformation" which make "the word
of God within us" the highest rule of faith, led fatally to the re-
sults of which they complained.
The philosophical faculties are on a level with the theological as
regards religious disintegration. All non-Catholic philosophers
of any note openly deny not only the fundamental truths of Chris-
tianity— the trinity, the divinity of Christ, the possibility of
miracles — but the existence of a personal God and personal im-
mortality. As instances may be quoted professors E. Zeller, Fr.
Paulsen, Th. Ziegler, W. Wundt, A. Doring, G. v. Gizycki, G.
Spicker, etc., etc. These philosophers zealously follow the lead
of the pantheists and materialists who, since Fichte, Schelling,
Hegel, Herbart, Beneke, Feuerbach, and others, have done their
best to undermine Christianity in Germany.
Of the German natural philosophers, Professor Hackel said,
at one of their meetings held some years ago, that nine-tenths of
them, were "of his own religious profession." What that means
No. 25. The Review. 393
is clear to any one who has looked into the writings of this irre-
concilable opponent of Christianity, to whom the beliefs in God
and immortality are fairy tales, only good for the nursery. The
non-Catholic natural philosophers in Germany who do not admit
the extremest consequences of the theory of evolution, who deny
any essential difference between man and beast, may be counted
on one's fingers.
And what about the large circles of the "cultured" in Protestant
Germany? Years ago Hackel told the world how the greater
part of university students begin to doubt their faith in the first
term of their studies and lose it altogether before they complete
their course. These same young men go to make up the cultured
class of the nation.
Prof. Th. Ziegler said at a public meeting: : "Most of us cultured
men (Gebildete) have lost the belief in a future life." Ziegler
knew to whom he was speaking. On another occasion he said :
"We freethinkers must protect and enforce our good right to go
through our moral tasks and duties without borrowing from a
(world or being) beyond us."
Prof. Ziegler is not the only one to take up this position. Prof.
Wundt in Leipzig openly declares : "That faith which makes a
God of the founder of the religion of humanity (Christ), and thus,
in truth, deprives him of his human and moral worth (Bedeutung),
the faith in the trinity and in miracles, has now-a-days lost its
power even with those who still call themselves convinced Chris-
tians. The number of men fully estranged from all dogmatic
traditions has increased in all classes and cultured circles in pro-
portion with the conviction that such traditional systems are in
contradiction with all other elements of our mental culture."
How any one who denies the trinity, the divinity of Christ, all
miracles, and consequently the resurrection and ascension, can
call himself "a convinced Christian," is a mystery requiring some
explanation. There is, however, no doubt that the professors
whose words we quote, have exactly gauged the religious position
of the cultured classes. Their estimate is confirmed by the
enormous circulation and wide-spread approval of Nietzsche's
blasphemous writings. Another proof is found in the hue and cry
raised in the liberal camp when a new law was introduced to se-
cure a Christian education to the school-children in Prussia, and
likewise in the rapid spread of the so-called ethical societies. The
object of these societies is to establish a moral code free from all
religion, free even from faith in God. Closely allied to the ethical
societies is Herr von Egidy's "United Christendom" (das einige
Christenthum.) Colonel von Gizycki, second president of the
German Ethical Society, thus writes in the Sp/iynx(a. monthly re-
394 The Review. 1902.
view for soul and mind-life), vol. 16 : "The German Ethical Society,
through its most influential members, denies all religion ; Herr
von Egidy strives to unite all religions on equal terms in the bonds
of love under the banner of the United Christendom."
It is the old doggerel : "Christian, Jew, and Hottentot — all wor-
ship the same one God." From the papers we learn that Herr
von Egidy's universal religion has been especially well received
by the officers in the army and by the nobility.
I To be continued.]
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
INSURANCE.
Plain Talk to Fraternals. — At the eleventh annual meeting of the
Canadian Fraternal Association, held in Toronto last month, Dr.
Mallory, President of the Association, said :
"I am an advocate of a uniform system of minimum rates of as-
sessment, to be adopted by all societies on a table sufficiently
high to meet the necessities. This can be attained in two ways :
1st. By a voluntary agreement among ourselves. 2d. By compul-
sory legislation on the part of the government.
"We admit practically that the tables of rates under which the
majority of us are doing business are insufficient, and that our
plans are wrong, that we are misleading our membership when
we tell them by inference, if not in words, that they are to receive
whole life protection. We do not want any more societies started
on a wrong system, but we want to go on and get in new members
on our old tables, which we admit are faulty. It is a difficult mat-
ter to change plans and systems which have been working for
thirty years, but honesty should compel us to have that which is
wrong made right. We can then appeal to the public with clean
hands.
"Are we not placing ourselves in a very ridiculous light when
many of us, with rates far below necessity, with an accumulation
of impaired risks on our hands, which will necessarily have to be
accounted for during the next twenty years, continue doing
wrong, and say that we can not now do otherwise?"
Above quotation from the Pittsburg Insurance World (June 3rd,
1902) should furnish food for reflection to the "leading spirits"
of our Catholic mutuals. If the President of the Canadian Fra-
ternal Association says : "We admit practically, that our
plans are wrong that we are misleading our membership,"
and further : "But honesty should compel us to have that which
is wrong made right," he not only says the truth, the whole
truth, and nothing but the truth, but he also by inference makes
a fearful charge against the management of all such "mutuals,"
'and their number is large) that do not demand sufficient rates to
insure permanency. The officers of such concerns assume a
1902. The Review. 395
terrible responsibility in not enlightening their members on the
subject. The principal loss will fall on those who have for
years paid cheerfully their hard-earned money for the benefit of
fellow-members who died during the early years of the so-
ciety's existence, in the vain hope that thereby they would pro-
vide for the protection of their own families. "When they discover,
as ultimately they must, that for want of "new blood" the society
must ask for steadily increasing contributions, or "scale" the
benefits, until at last the so-called insurance costs so much that
it must be dropped from financial exhaustion without giving any
return whatever for the money paid in, there will be a day of
reckoning, which will unfortunately destroy confidence in all in-
surance institutions, even the good ones, and may even affect the
relations of such disappointed victims to their spiritual advisers,
who did not speak the needed word of warning in time.
THE STAGE.
Hebrew Theatres. — Of the thirty-five or forty theatres in New
York City the performances in three are in Yiddish, the dialect
spoken by the Russian and Polish Jew. According to a recent
writer in the Sun, the Yiddish stage was founded in 1876 in
Bucharest, Roumania. In 1884, during the persecution of the Jews,
when the Russian government suppressed the Jewish theatre, a
troupe came to this country, followed soon by another, and they
settled down at the lower end of the Bowery, occupying three
play-houses : the Thalia, the People's, and the Windsor. The
first Yiddish plays were mostly dramatizations of Biblical inci-
dents. Since that time, however, the Yiddish drama has broken
away from religious subjects, so far, in fact, as to permit of a
Yiddish version of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' with "negro plantation
hands" and "jubilee singers." Most of the Yiddish plays per-
formed to-day are dramas of Russian-Jewish life, bearing such
names as 'Siberia,' 'The Jewish King Lear,' 'The Slaughter.'
There are comedies in Yiddish drama, as well as tragedies. The
Shakespeare of the Yiddish stage may be said to be Jacob Gordin,
the author of the three plays named above, as well as of many
others. To him, with Abraham Goldfaden and Joseph Latteiner
are ascribed more than three hundred plays, practically all of
which have been enacted in New York within the last seventeen
years. The history of the Yiddish drama should offer an inter-
esting subject for the historian of drama as well as the sociologist.
THE RELIGIOVS WORLD.
Mass on Ocean Vessels. — A decree of the Sacred Congregation of
the Propaganda, dated March 1st, 1902, reminds priests traveling
on the ocean and having permission to say mass, of the conditions
laid down for using said permission, viz., that the sea be calm, so
as to preclude any danger of upsetting the chalice ; that, wher-
ever possible, another priest assist; that, where there is no special
chapel or fixed altar, the place where mass is said have nothing
indecent or unbecoming about it, such as the private cabins of
passengers.
396
MISCELLANY.
The Incorporation of Parishes. — The following passages from
Baart's 'Legal Formulary' will throw some light on a sub-
ject much discussed in St. Louis at present. "The goods of the
Church are the patrimony of Christ ; and ecclesiastical persons
have only the use of church property. The real title or owner-
ship is in the Church, not in prelates, who have only the adminis-
tration of it. Where the Church is not recognized as a corpora-
tion before the civil law, the civil title to church property should
be placed not in any individual as such, but in a corporation rec-
ognized by both Church arid State." In several States "the
(church) property is held by a corporation consisting of the bish-
op, his vicar general, the pastor and two laymen, there being a
separate corporation for each parish. This. ... system seems
most in accordance with Canon Law and best adapted to prevent
the mixture of diocesan and parish property, which mixture is
prohibited by the sacred canons." Here in Missouri the church
property is held by the bishops who are recognized as trustees.
Rome has indicated in a decision made in a Detroit case in 1897,
that it prefers the administration of diocesan property by a cor-
poration.
A Character Sketch of Father Phelan of the "Western Watchman"
by One of His Best Friends. — In reply to a letter from Rev. P.
Joseph Sittenauer, O. S. B., wherein that zealous religious com-
plained about the conduct of the Western Watchman and requested
the editor of the Freeman'' s Journal to call his St. Louis colleague
to time for his misrepresentation of the Philippine friars, Rev. Dr.
L. A. Lambert gives the following pretty character sketch of his
friend Rev. D. S. Phelan {Freeman 's Journal, No. 3598):
"He (Rev. D. S. Phelan) is a man who, when convinced he is
wrong, has the moral courage to admit it — a kind of courage that
is not cheapened by an over supply in the market. He would not
knowingly make a false statement, but his strenuosity of consti-
tution sometimes gets the bit in its mouth and leads him to re-
marks that are broader in extension than his calmer judgment
would justify. Those who are familiar with the brilliant editorial
pages of the Watchman are so pleased with most that he says that
they allow a generous margin for strenuosity and take utterances
of too broad extension with a pinch of salt — pepper need not be
added, as most of what he says is generously supplied with that
condiment. He writes with an eye more to general effect than to
Euclidian correctness of propositions, and, like Shakespeare,
Mark Twain, Arcemus Ward, Charles Lamb and other caterers
to the instruction and gaiety of mankind, he leaves a margin for
the play of the imagination of his readers, giving them credit for
discrimination and for knowing that good wheat in its natural
state is never found without chaff. Take him all in all, with his
few faults and his many virtues and talents, it would be hard to
find another like him. There are few of his readers whom he has
not delighted, and few he has not at some time offended.
"We are pleased to learn that he has a high personal regard for
us, for we have a very high personal regard for him. This does
not, however, mean that we accept all his views of things, or ap-
No. 25. The Review. 397
prove of that strenuosity which tends to exaggeration in statement
and confounds the desired with the real, the ought to be with
the is.
"There is one point on which we must differ with our corres-
pondent. It is when he says : 'No doubt Father Phelan considers
the Freeman' s Journal superior to the Watchman.'' If this is said
in any other than a Pickwickian sense we doubt its correctness.
And we will continue to doubt it until we see Father Phelan's
affidavit, duly signed and sealed, admitting that there is any
Catholic paper published this side of the planet Neptune super-
ior to the Watchman ; or, that, compared to it, is anything more
than a farthing candle or an old-fashioned tallow dip to an electric
locomotive head light.
"We know that there are some Germans who do not appreciate
the Watchman editor's style of literature, but that is because they
are slow to catch a joke when it is tossed to them. For instance,
if, speaking of a man's large feet, he were to say — as he most
likely would — that they were so big that he had to use the forks
of a road for a boot-jack, they would reply seriously that the thing
was incredible, absurd ; that the angle caused by the intersection
of two roads has not sufficient metaphysical reality about it to de-
nude the nether understanding of footgear. At this cogent argu-
ment he would only smile. Or take another instance. If, speak-
ing of an ugly man, he were to say, in the words of Artemus
Ward, that he was so ugly that he had to get up at night to rest
his face, they would dissent and argue that the horizontal position
is more conducive to face resting than the vertical ; and, further,
that the ugly man, by reason of long practice, has grown so ac-
customed to it that it no longer hurts, particularly when he is
asleep and there is no one around to remind him of his disabilities
in the courting line. This, of course, would refute his statement,
but it would have no more effect on him than a drop of water fall-
ing on a duck's back would change said duck's settled convictions
concerning hydro-dynamics.
"For the small number of Germans of this kind he has great
compassion, but for the others, the keener and solider kind, he
has great admiration. He likes their vigorous language and has
a scholarly knowledge of it ; his library is largely German, he
recognizes Editor Preuss' fine ability, loves German music — when
played in English — and, if we mistake not, may claim a distant
kinship to the Germans, for has he not a second cousin who can
blow on the German flute?
"These remarks are made in a general way, and not in view of
our correspondent's criticism, which is just. For no one can be-
lieve the Watchmari's statement, that 'the Friars are willing to sell
their lands' without too great a strain on the muscles of creden-
siveness."
The Ma.ple Leai Mining a.i\d Development Co. — Rev. J. F. Mei-
f uss th£ other day brought us a printed prospectus of the Maple
Leaf Mining and Development Co., incorporated under the laws
of British Columbia, which appeals in a special manner to Catho-
lics by parading as its vice-president Msgr. H. Eummelen, form-
erly, we believe of Kansas, and by printing among its recommen-
dations a letter from Bishop Durien (read Durieu), of New West-
398 The Review. 1902.
minster. Father Meifuss declared his belief, that this letter, un-
dated and wrongly signed, was faked. He had hardly left our
office when the San Francisco Monitor of June 7th reached us,
with this editorial note :
"We observe that the Maple Leaf Mining- and Development
Company has been revived in the advertising- columns of some of
our Catholic exchanges. The names of a certain Catholic Bishop,
long since dead, and several Catholic priests no longer to be found
in the directory of Catholic clergy are still used to deceive unsus-
pecting seekers after sudden fortune. The scheme is being ad-
vertised over a new name and from Chicago, though it appears
the main offices of the company are 'located' in this city. The
methods of this concern were exposed in the Monito?' of
March 5th, 1898. The public was warned then against buying
stock in the enterprise on faith, or on the strength of real
or spurious clerical endorsements. We can not do better than
quote the closing paragraph of the article dealing with the matter:
" 'The Maple Leaf Mining Company should stand on the same
level as ordinary business enterprises and should be judged by
the same rules neither more harshly nor more leniently. Our
readers will make no mistake in investing in this mining venture
or in any other mining venture if, before taking stock, they make
a personal investigation of the properties in question under the
guidance of a reliable and competent mining expert employed by
themselves.' "
NOTE-BOOK.
Editorial Letter-Box. — Rev. B. E. — We have not been able to
obtain any positive information about the Modern Brotherhood of
America or the Pyramids. The Cyclopaedia of Fraternities has
nothing on the subject. Can you not procure us a copy of the con-
stitution and by-laws? Amico O. — Conscia mens recti famae
mendacia risit. (Ovid. Fast, iv., 311.) D. D. A.— Tout vient a
qui sait attendre et agir. P. Godts, Brussels.— Books received.
They shall receive proper attention.
^* +r +r
No. 18 of The Review contained a communication in which it
was alleged that Rev. W. Kruszka, one of the leaders of the "Pol-
ish movement" in this country, had "indiscreetly published (in
part or in toto)" a "confidential letter from Archbishop Katzer."
In No. 29 of the Milwaukee Catholic Citizen Father Kruszka de-
nied this charge.*) Our correspondent now requests us to say :
On the seventeenth of February, 1902, Rev. W. Kruszka pub-
*) Our brief reference to his dementi in No. 22 was rendered
meaningless by a transposition of the words of and to at the end
of the second and fourth lines.
No. 25. The Review. 399
lished the following in the Polish press : "After a mutual under-
standing Rev. J. Pitass of Buffalo, N. Y., and myself, decided to
make the day on which the Mt. Rev. Archbishop Katzer leaves
for Rome, also the day of our departure to the Eternal City, con-
cerning our affair known to all" (i. e., to procure the appointment
of Polish bishops in the U. S.) "And as His Grace the Archbish-
op, informs us by a letter in his own handwriting, dated Feb.
16th, if nothing extraordinary intervenes, he will leave on April
12th "
On March 21st a short notice appeared in the Kurycr Polski,
Father Kruszka's official mouthpiece, stating that Msgr. Katzer
would leave for Europe on April 17th and describing his route of
travel. On March 26th the following correspondence from Ripon,
Wis., was received by the Kuryer Polski: "As already announced,
Revs. J. Pitass of Buffalo and W. Kruszka of Ripon, the delegates
chosen by the Second Polish Catholic Congress to go to Rome in
order to obtain Polish bishops for the U. S., were resolved up to
the last moment to go. However, their trip has now become need-
less, for they have obtained their end by a shorter route, by way
of correspondence. The nomination of Polish bishops in the U.
S. in the near future is assured."
It would have been more accurate to say that Rev. Kruszka had
indiscreetly referred to the contents of a confidential letter from
Archbishop Katzer. His denial in the Citizen, therefore, was
formally true, materially false.
Besides, we are enabled to state, authoritatively, that "the
nomination of Polish bishops in the U. S. in the near future" is in
no wise "assured."
«C •& *6
Rev. Paul M. Kolopp, of Newport, Ky., whose name has been
used as a drawing card by the Hattie Lynn Oil Co., that company
claiming him as Vice-President on its circulars, writes to The
Review under date of June 20th :
"In your issue of June 12th you make the statement, that 'an
apparently pen-written circular of the Hattie Lynn Oil Co. has
been issued recently by Easton & Thompson of Cincinnati, to a
number of priests in Ohio, Kentucky, and possibly elsewhere.' I
wish to state, that I am no legal officer of said company, nor do I
hold any of its shares. I furthermore know nothing whatsoever
of such a circular having been issued. Please send me a copy of
this circular. I also request you to correct this error, and oblige,
Yours truly in Christ, (Rev. J Paul M. Kollopp."
"8% "IC it*
We are asked to give space to the following obituary note :
Mr. William Keilmann, poet and journalist, died in Leitmeritz,
Austria, of heart failure, on June 4th, in his 57th year. About 30
years of his life he had spent in this country. For five years he
was editor of the daily Buffalo Volksfreund. After his connection
with the Volksfreund had been severed, he was editor of the
Rundschau vom Berge KarmeU (monthly review) and the Niagara
(weekly), which publications, however, after a short existence of
two years, were discontinued. Mr. Keilmann then went to Aus-
400 The Review. 1902.
tria, where he became editor of the Catholic weekly Das Volk. I
was an intimate friend of the deceased and had the highest esteem
of his noble character and his staunch Catholicity, which he mani-
fested not only in his writings, but even more so in his private
life. All those who knew him personally paid the highest
tribute to the nobility of his character and his zeal in defending
the Catholic cause. His undertakings in this country were not
successful from a material point of view. But we may be confi-
dent that he has received a great reward from Him for Whom he
fought so valiantly, and Who rewards His soldiers not according
to their success, but according to their efforts. R. I. P. — The
only surviving child of the deceased is Sister Wilhelmina (O. S.
F.) in St. Vincents Orphan Asylum, Columbus, Ohio.
v^ S£ Ng
"Misereor super Turbam. Justice. Brotherly Love. Christian
Democracy. The organ of the Apostolate of the Christian Social
Order. Dieu le veult. To be published shortly by the Christian
Democracj^ Co., New York, under the editorship of the Rev. John
T. Tuohy. By the Christian Democracy Co., New York."
From the "Patrons' Advance Prospectus" we learn : "Christian
Democracy. The Social Order, i. e., a Social Organisation whose
aim is the common good of society, and particularly the masses
conformably to the principles of the gospel. This title weds the
Christian idea to that of Democracy, on the principle embodied in
the words of Prof. Toniolo : 'Democracy will be Christian or it
will be nothing. ' "
This definition does not square with the teachings of Leo XIII.
in his encyclical "Graves de communi," nor with the conditions
he has laid down for Democracy to be Christian in his reply to
Leon Harmel.
Then follows a grand program, rather vague here and there, it
is true ; but the subscribers may rest assured it will be properly
executed under the editorship of the "Rev. John T. Tuohy, a Pas-
tor of the Archdiocese of St. Louis, an Alumnus of the Catholic
University of America, Washington, D. C," "ordained Dec.
18th, 1883, ... .until 1883 attended several country missions of
north Missouri, and from 1883 to 1891 was assistant," etc., etc.
And if one is not satisfied yet, let him read the following beautiful
letter in the style of "Convictus sum" :
"Roma, 2d Nov. 1901. Rev. and Dear Father ;
Rediens Romam tuas epistolas, quoque quas ad Monsgr. A. . . .
missas.
Locutus etiam sum cum SecretarioS. Congregationis de Propa-
ganda
Approbo propositionem tuum publicandi laborem literarium
tuum in defensenione iurium sedis Apostolicae ac prospec-
tum operem, i. e., Apostolati activitates Democratiae Christianae.
Jam de hoc verbum feci Secretario S. Congregationis, amicaliter,
qui approbavit laudabitque. Tuum addictissimum,
*#**
Catholics and Rituals.
wo Catholic newspapers most friendly to the Knights of
Columbus have recently published remarks on the head
of society rituals, which are positively damning- for these
self-styled knights and kindred Catholic (?) organizations that can
not get along without a ritual. These two newspapers are the
Catholic Transcript of Hartford and the Catholic Mirror of Balti-
more. We quote from the Mirror, which, in its edition of June
14th, cited the Transcript, making that paper's remarks the text
of its own observations : —
The Catholic Transcript, commenting on the refusal of Msgr,
Kennedy, of Syracuse, N. Y., to allow a fraternal organization to
perform its ritual at the burial of a Catholic member, after stating
the Catholic view, that "the commitment service is counted an
act of religion, and the Church claims the competency and the
sole right to define what acts of religion shall be performed over
the remains of those who die within her communion," declared :
"It is easy for amateur ritual-makers to run into poetic excess.
It is still easier for them to embody heresy. Catholic members of
societies should do all in their pozver to discourage the ritualistic itch-
ing of the organizations with -which they are affiliated*} High-sound-
ing funeral services appeal to the ears of the afflicted. Little by
little they come to supplant in the minds of the indiscriminating
the approved and consecrated liturgy of the Church. This will
not do."
The Catholic Mirror calls this "a wise note of warning, not only
to Catholic members of fraternal organizations, but to all societies
composed of Catholics,*) in whole or in part ;" and continues :
"It is true that the Catholic ritual is beautiful enough and
consoling enough for even the most exquisite taste, and yet we
have heard Catholic gentlemen speaking in laudatory terms of
the almost meaningless liturgy of non-Catholic fraternal orders,
declaring 'they had never seen anything like it.' Probably they
have not, but when they go on to praise its beauty and its impres-
siveness and the like as beyond anything that one could imagine,
they but show their ignorance of the Church's rites and cere-
monies, with their deep symbolical meaning. No twentieth cen-
tury poet or artist could possibly improve in the slightest detail
on the Church's ritual. It is the work of God's saints and has
been devised through the ages by the best genius and purest de-
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 26. St. Louis, Mo., July 3, 1902.)
402 The Review. 1902.
votion of the Christian era. There is less prospect of it being
surpassed in these times or in days to come than there is of some
contemporary dauber surpassing the greatest conceptions of
Michael Angelo or of Rafael.
"Let our Catholics, members of Catholic or of non- Catholic organ-
izations, cease such idle, ignarant prating about societies' rituals, and
strive to learn something of the beauty and grandeur of the Church's
ceremonies*) They will learn the deep mystical meaning- of the
Church's rites, and be better prepared to assist at its services
with an intelligent and proper devotion."
We are glad to see at least two of our hitherto Knights of
Columbus-mad contemporaries returning to their sober senses.
It is the beginning, we hope, of a wholesome reaction.
*) Italics ours.
The Philosophy of Laughter.
French writer, M. L. Dugas, has recently published a
treatise on the philosophy of laughter.*)
The title, 'Psychology of Laughter,' is somewhat mis-
leading, for the author himself recognizes that he is dealing with
a phenomenon which appertains both to physiology and psy-
chology.
M. Dugas is by no means the first philosopher who has under-
taken to treat the problem of laughter ; he has had numerous pre-
decessors, each one of whom has proffered his own theory and
explanation.
One theory may be called the physiological. It is that of Spencer
and Bain, according to whom laughter is produced by an excess
of nervous force, which first discharges itself into the respiratory
and phonetic muscles and then irradiates into the muscles of the
face. It proceeds, therefore, not from emotion, but from the dis-
sipation of accumulated nervous energy which follows emotion.
This theory, while not entirely unfounded, is insufficient. For
while it applies to the laughter caused by tickling and to the facial
contortions of the idiot, it leaves quite a number of other species
unexplained.
Others define laughter as a phenomenon of sociability ; but
*) Psychologic du rire, par L. Dugas. Paris, Alcon, 1902. 12mo.
pp. vii — 178.
No. 26. The Review. 403
sympathy, which is at the bottom of sociability, increases rather
than produces laughter.
The intellectualist theory holds that laughter is born of the
consciousness of contradiction, in its broadest sense, involving
that which is inconsistent, absurd, unforeseen, etc. Contradic-
tion is at the bottom of all laughable things, but how and why does
it produce laughter?
The pessimist theory attributes laughter to pride and maligni-
ty. The laugher enjoys being above and beyond folly, moral
weaknesses, and physical infirmities. However, this sentiment
alone does not cause laughter, unless there supervenes the per-
ception of a contradiction or surprise. Malignity may explain
the laughter of cruelty ; but is there not such a thing as intellec-
tual laughter?
According to the aesthetic theory, playfulness is the principle
of laughter — the quality or state of being sportive, of showing a
sportive fancy or sprightly humor, of giving the imagination free
play, of taking everything easy. But this is not a philosophical
explanation.
M. Dugas concludes from these diverse theories and from ob-
servation, that the different kinds of laughter not only differ in
degree, but are of entirely different nature ; that there exists not
only laughter, but laughters, and that the various explanations
mentioned above are both true and false — true, inasmuch as they
are applicable to one kind or another ; false, because inapplicable
to all. He thinks that the smile will have to be examined for it-
self, as being in some cases a weak laugh, and then again some-
thing entirely different, responding to different sentiments. And
he adds : "There will be as many kinds of laughter as there are
personalities, who respond each in his own peculiar fashion to
various emotions ; in a word — laughter is essentially relative."
Being the expression of individuality, it assumes as many forms
as there are characters, minds, and soul-conditions, and therefore
can not be brought under one general theory nor become the ob-
ject of a science.
Rev. P. Lucien Roure, S. J., reviewing Dugas' book in the
Etudes [June 6th], confesses to a degree of disappointment at this
conclusion. No doubt, he says, there are species of laughter ;
but it must be possible to bring them under a common genus.
Which is the generic element or cause of laughter? Surely it can
not be und'scoverable. The various solutions offered by different
philosophers serve to explain the specific elements of each kind of
laughter in particular. The generic element is probably to be
found in a combination of nerve and intellectual forces.
Clearly, Dugas has by no means exhausted his interesting
404 The Review. 1902.
theme. Pesch (Inst. Psychol., iii, 423) defines laughter : "Risus
est motus vel vibratio quaedam subita diaphragmatis et muscul-
orum thoracis et oris ut orta ex certarum rerum cognitione et
consequenti delectatione." This definition contains both the
physiological element ("a sudden movement or vibration of the
diaphragm and the thoracic and facial muscles") and the psycho-
logical ("arising from the cognition of certain things and a conse-
quent delectation.")
On the physiological aspect of laughter we read in G. de Gohr-
en's 'Vortrag iiber die Ausgleichungsgesetze im Leben der Or-
ganismen':
"If a man, carried away by a humorous expression or a telling
joke, bursts into laughter, there was a serpent hid among the
flowers, and he has escaped the danger by laughing. A joke is
nothing else than, and has about the same effect as, tickling. It
is pretty generally known that a person may be tickled to death ;
the cause is contraction of the smallest brain arteries. To remove
the danger, nature has given us laughter. The contraction of the
blood vessels drives the blood from the brain, and the forced re-
spiration caused by laughter prevents its exit : thus one neutral-
izes the other, and the equilibrium is restored."
Lotze emphasizes the psychological element in these words :
"The shudder in presence of the sublime, and the laughter over
comical incidents, are unquestionably both produced, not by a
transference of the physical excitations of our eyes to the
nerves of the skin or the diaphragm, but by what is seen
being taken up into a world of thought and estimated at the value
belonging to it in the rational connection of things. The mech-
anism of our life has annexed this corporeal expression to the
mood of mind thence evolved, but the bodily expression would
never of itself, without the understanding of what it presents,
give rise to the mood." (Microcosmus, vol. I, iii, c. 3, §4.)
Laughing also has an ethical aspect ; for as St. Augustine al-
ready pointed out, "Jocari et ridere humanum est, non ferinum,"
joking and laughter are peculiarly human, no brute beast engages
in either. (De lib. arbit., c. 8). This ethical aspect was succinctly
stated by St. John Chrysostom, when he wrote, in his fifteenth
homily on Paul's Epistle to the Hebrews :
"It is not always time for laughter, but we may laugh in our
moments of relaxation, for laughter is not evil unless indulged in
at the wrong time or immoderately."
And St. Bernard has truly observed that "where laughter and
wit abound, perfect charity can not reign." (Serm. 63 ad Sororem.)
Et haec de risn satis.
405
Paganism in Protestant Germany
And the "Los von Rom" Movement.
By Rev. Victor Cathrein, S. J.
II.
et another sign of the religious status of the cultured
classes is forthcoming- in the daily and periodical read-
ing- matter set before them by the press. But a few
months ago a new periodical Der Heide [the Heathen] appeared
with the avowed object of undoing the whole Christian conception
of the world. In its first number the Heide says : "The intellec-
tual war, not only against the Catholic Church, but against the
whole Christian conception of the world, which since the days of
Voltaire and the encyclopaedists has been waged in secret and
only by scientists, is now extending to the masses of the people.
Modern man has ceased to feel as Christians feel; freely and
fearlessly he confesses to his unchristian dispositions ; he re-
moves the debris which obstruct the building of new religious
systems : he fights Christianity, and his fight is a fight for cul-
ture." The articles are replete with blasphemies. Among the
advertisements there is one inviting those who share the editor's
ideas to form themselves into a "Heidenbund" [Pagan League.]
Another periodical, the Free Word, favored with the contribu-
tions of many German university professors and Protestant
preachers, labors, according to its program, "for the liberation
of souls from the oppression of ecclesiastical dogmas to an inde-
pendent religious life ; hence for the complete separation of the
Church from the State, and of the school from the Church, and
for the introduction of a system of morals entirely independent
of dividing denominational hypotheses."
It would be a wonder if the infidelity rampant among the more
or less educated classes did not find its way into the broadest
masses of the nation. There may still be many faithful adherents
to Protestantism in the country districts, but in the towns the
Evangelical Church has lost its influence. The hatred of Rome,
in which all preachers agree, is the only bond which holds them
together. The preachers themselves, e. g., ex-court-preacher
Stocker, often complain that the great masses of the people are
entirely alienated from the church. Quite recently E. Franz, in
his book on Religion, Illusion, and Intellectualism (Cothen, 1901)
deplored the complete powerlessnessof the Church in influencing
the lives of the people. He attributes this want of power to the
illogical position taken up by the Evangelicals, who, e. g., whilst
they admit the miracles of the Bible, deny the miracles of the
Church. He infers that all miracles alike should be denied.
406 The Review. 1902.
Similar complaints have been made before now. Already in
18S4, Chancellor Rumelin declared in the'House of Representatives
of Wiirtemberg that the people knew nothing of the confession of
faith. "In Northern and Central Germany nearly the whole male
population has withdrawn from all living connection with the
church." This agrees with the assertion made by one orthodox
theologian at the church-diet of Wiirtemberg: "We have no cong-
regations to back us up ; 99 out of every 100 are in league with our
enemies."
The measure of the estrangement between Church and people
is accurately determined by the spread of Social Democracy. The
anti-religious principles of the Social Democrats are well known.
According to Bebel, their aim in religion is atheism. In their
official programs they relegate religion to private life, thus con-
tending that it ought to be entirely banished from public life. As
a matter of fact, however, the great masses of Social Democrats
assume an openly hostile position against Christianity and against
religion in general ; a glance at the anti-Christian pamphlets
which they distribute broadcast among the people will leave
no doubt on the subject. Only recently the Berlin publishing
house "Vor warts" sent out three pamphlets of which the
titles are : Was Jesus God, Man, or Over-Man? (Uebermensch)
Were the primitive Christians really Socialists? True Christian-
ity the Enemy of Art and Science. These writings owe their or-
igin to a resolution passed at a Social Democratic meeting at
Mayence : to publish a scientific refutation of Christianity for the
purpose of agitation. The conclusion of the first pamphlet reads:
"The real Jesus, as historical man, can not, and must not, be set
up as a religious and moral ideal for mankind ; we need other, liv-
ing leaders."
On what parts of Germany has Social Democracy taken the
fastest hold ? So far the Catholic provinces alone have been able to
oppose a powerful dam to its spread ; in the Evangelical provinces
it grows more rapidly from year to year. In 1898 the Social De-
mocratic candidates received 2,107,000 votes, i. e., almost one-third
of all the votes given. These candidates stood chiefly for Protest-
ant districts. The greater towns, in which Protestants prepon-
derate, are represented, with one or two exceptions, by Social
Democrats, either wholly or in part : Berlin (where in 1893 three-
fifths of the votes were given to Social Democrats), Hamburg,
Breslau, Magdeburg, Altona, Halle, Frankfort-on-the-Maine,
Hannover, Dresden, Leipsic, Chemnitz, Stuttgart, Braunschweig,
Konigsberg, Darmstadt, Nuremberg, Mannheim, Elberfeld,
Liibeck. In these towns the bulk of the inhabitants have evidently
broken with all Christian faith.
[7o be continued.]
407
The Alleged Miracle of Mome Rouge.
[e are requested to publish a true account of the alleged
miracle of Morne Rouge, of which there has been so
much sensational discussion in certain newspapers.
The only account so far published, is the one furnished by a cor-
respondent of the Hearst syndicate of "yellow" American newspa-
pers (JV. T. Journal, Chicago American, and San Francisco Exam-
iner.) It is substantially as follows :
The Sisters de la Delivrance, of Morne Rouge, within the zone
of Mount Pelee, had been living in constant dread long before the
eruption of the volcano. The election of deputies for the French
Chamber was to take place. In St. Pierre the Socialistic and
Jacobine element predominated. During the electoral campaign,
the Catholic clergy and religious, and Catholic mothers, had been
singled out as a target for the most opprobrious insults and
threats.
The corners of the principal thoroughfares and the doors and
walls of the churches and convents were covered with proclama-
tions and cartoons abounding in invectives and blasphemies. The
negroes boasted that the Cathedral of St. Pierre would be con-
verted into a dancing-hall. The Sisters were threatened with
having their convent chapel changed into a theatre.
The special correspondent of the San Francisco Examiner (May
31st) thus repeats the story told by Sister Mary of the Infant
Jesus :
"Thus we lived in mortal dread and for two days and two
nights remained praying in the Church of Our Lady of the Lib-
eration (N. D. de la Delivrance). When the first subterraneous
rumblings were heard and Mount Pelee had commenced to emit
vapors, Father Maria was saying the 6 o'clock mass and was fol-
lowed by Father Bruno at 7:30. The latter's mass was scarcely
finished, when many of the people of the village commenced to
arrive, impelled by terror, to seek a place of refuge in the church.
Some consecrated hosts remained and Father Bruno began to dis-
tribute them to those who asked to receive holy communion.
"All of a sudden there appeared before the altar a vision of the
Saviour, pointing towards His Most Sacred Heart. The Sisters
fell on their knees, exclaiming : Behold the Sacred Heart of Jesus !
The Holy Face appeared sad and pale. A few instants later the
divine image disappeared.
"Then we went out and saw a horrible cloud, accompanied by
thunder and lightning, descending from Mount Pelee, almost
directly over our heads, upon the City of St. Pierre.
"The whole cloud was illumined with fire. It was the most fright-
408 The Review. 1902.
ful spectacle which ever human eye beheld. We thought the end
of the world had come and continued' in prayer all of that ter-
rible day. Dense vapors and black smoke enveloped us. Fire
and hot mud were all around us. And yet the Convent of Morne
Rouge escaped unharmed. Not one person therein perished or
suffered injur}7.
"Another miracle happened on that terrible day. I took out mj^
scant stock of images of the Sacred Heart and started to distrib-
ute them among the people in the church, and when the supply
ought to have given out, I noticed I had as many as when I started
to distribute them.
"Our Divine Saviour not only appeared to us in a vision, but in
response to our prayer, He saved our lives."
Twenty-three religious arrived at Santa Lucia, where Mother
Mary of the Infant Jesus related her experience, which was cor-
roborated by all the other sisters. The correspondent adds that
he interviewed the Mother Superior and three other sisters, who
all four testified that they had seen the apparition of Our Lord
and witnessed the miracle of the multiplication of the images.
The Examiner correspondent observes on his own account : "A
curious detail of this event is that many of the blasphemous car-
toons, of which Mother Mary speaks, remained on the walls of
the ruined City of St. Pierre. They were not destroyed, though
the extremities were black as coal."
It is to be hoped that the ecclesiastical authority of the Diocese
will institute a canonical investigation, so that we can see whether,
as we strongly suspect, the "yellow" press has invented this mir-
aculous story out of the whole cloth, or whether God has indeed
deigned to ratify, by a miracle, the voice of the Sovereign Pontiff,
who has so often exhorted the modern world to seek salvation
in the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
409
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
A New Roman Decision Regarding Social Festivities for Church and Char-
itable Purposes. — In answer to a query (concerning Nos. 758 and
799 of the Latin-American Plenary Council), whether bishops
may tolerate or prudently approve excursions, social gatherings,
fairs, and other means employed by Christian benevolence in
gathering alms for the poor or for good works, especially by pious
laymen, the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical
Affairs answered under date of Nov. 5th, 1901 :
"Ordinaries can tolerate and, where necessary, prudently ap-
prove, such social gatherings (conventus) as are surrounded by
conditions of honesty, charity, or piety, so that the presence of
priests at them is neither forbidden by the rules of the Church,
nor by the (peculiar) circumstances of the country, nor that it
can be called imprudent or inopportune. About all of which the
Ordinaries alone are to judge, keeping before their eyes what is
laid down in the III. Plenary Council of Baltimore, tit. IX, cap. V."
No. 758 of the Latin-American Plenar}^ Council forbids prin-
cipally "children's balls" and makes it a grave duty to prevent
them.
No. 799 speaks of the licitness of taking up collections in church
according to the manner of the Apostle and forbids "charity
balls," worlds theatricals, and bull-fights for charitable purposes.
The reference to our Third Plenary Council is significant. As
our readers are probably aware, §290 of the decrees of this Coun-
cil prescribes that, for the prevention of abuses and of scandal,
picnics, excursions, and other "concursus qui animorum oblec-
tandorum causa fiunt," that is to say, all sorts of festivals and en-
tertainments, should 1. never he held at night ; nor 2. on Sun-
days, holydays, or fastdays, 3. nor may intoxicating liquors he
used on these occasions. Balls for charitable purposes are de-
nounced as an intolerable abuse. Bishops are held in §291 to re-
fuse their permission for all such festivals, etc., unless they are
satisfied by a previous careful examination that they are not at-
tended by proximate danger to morality nor apt to give scandal.
Unfortunately these wise provisions are a dead letter in many
American dioceses. It would truly be a disgrace for us Catholics
of the U. S., if the South American hierarchy would carry them
out in their territory, as they are advised to do in the above
quoted decision of the Sacred Congregation of Extraordinary
Ecclesiastical Affairs, while we continue to disregard them at
home.
THE CATHOLIC PRESS.
Our Catholic English Weeklies— Thz Catholic Citizen [No. 32]
presents the following interesting statistics of the Catholic Eng-
lish press in this countnr :
"There are at present fifty-seven English Catholic weekly pa-
pers published in the United States. The number has risen and
410 The Review. 1902.
fallen during- the past ten years from fifty to seventy-five. How-
many of the fifty-seven existing- weeklies are over ten years old?
About forty-five. So that twelve of the new Catholic papers started
during the past ten years still survive. But how many English
Catholic weeklies have died during the past ten years? We have
a list of fift5T-three such, twelve of which are old papers, aband-
oned after from ten to thirty years effort. Of the existing Eng-
lish Catholic weeklies, less than half have been continuously pub-
lished since 1880. Less than a quarter are paying investments. "
We may add that less than a quarter are worth the paper they
are printed on. Catholic journals, now-a-days, are published
primarily, not to serve the cause of the Church, but to afford some
broken-down hack or garretteer a living. If these editors were
men of solid classical and philosophic training, with a smatter-
ing at least of the rudiments of theology as laid down in the Cate-
chismus Romanus and some little literary or journalistic talent,
both the finis open's and the finis operantis might be subserved, i.
e., they might both help the Catholic cause and make a living. As
it is, a number of them hurt the Church by their stupid blunders
and barely succeed in eking out the merest pittance.
Not onty "from the business standpoint," as the Citizen thinks,
but from various other important coigns of vantage as well, could
interesting articles be written on the Catholic press of the U. S.
LITERATURE.
Appleton's Cyclopaedia. — In the June Messenger the editor proves
that Appleton's 'Universal Cyclopaedia and Atlas' is eminently
untrustworthy and, if worth consulting at all, valuable only as a
storehouse of antiquated Protestant traditions and misrepresen-
tations of our religious belief and history, and as a clue to the rea-
son why so many of our fellow-citizens remain in ignorance of our
character and regard us with suspicion and prejudice.
The editorial of the Messenger has now been published in
pamphlet form and deserves wide circulation. It can be had
gratis from the Messenger office, New York City.
The Holiness of the Church in the XIX. Century. From the German
of Rev. M. J. Scheeben, D. D., by Members of the Young Ladies'
Sodality, Holy Trinity Church, Boston, Mass. Paper, 32 pages,
12°. Benziger Bros., New York.
The young ladies who Englished this apologetical essay of Dr.
Scheeben, deserve praise not only for making the treatise known
to their English sisters, but also for the effective way in which
they have done it. We hope that many, not only of their sis-
ters, but brothers also, will read it and profit by it.
Stock Misrepresentations of Catholic Doctrines Answered, by the Rt.
Rev. Msgr. A. Corcoran, D. D. 43 pages. The Catholic Universe
Press, Cleveland, Ohio. With a preface by the Rt. Rev. Ign. F.
Horstmann, D. D.
The title indicates the contents. The matter is treated in such
a way that, in the words of St. Gregory, even "the knowing one
does not get tired of perusing these pages, and when he is done
would wish for more." The brochure deserves to be scattered
No. 26. The Review. 411
broadcast over the land for the benefit of both Catholics and Prot-
estants.
Parental Rights in Christian Versus Secular Education. By Rev. Michael
Daniel Collins, Jonesburg, Mo. Paper. 52 pages. 12°.
A plea for a pro-rata division of the school taxes between the
public and private schools. To read the essay is a penance, and
we should have gladly said, the last sentence in it was the best,
had we not discovered even there a mistake. It reads : "Laus
Deo, et honor Beatae Mariae Virginis."
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
"Sympathetic Strikes" and Riots. — The public is learning to judge
labor demonstrations more clearly than has been its custom,
and it is certainly high time it did. It is right that popular sym-
pathy should go forth to all laborers seeking by proper means to
better their condition. But the present labor movement has
passed far beyond a simple and orderly demonstration of this
sort, and has created at length a wholly intolerable situation. As
the N. Y. Evening' Post remarks (editorial of June 19th), there
is not a manufacturer, a builder, a merchant, or, in fact, any em-
ployer of organized labor, whose business arrangements are not
being constantly confused or upset by interruptions of work,
based often on the most frivolous pretexts. The strike in the
Wilkes-Barre lace works, because employers would not discharge
a few employes whose relatives were working at the mine pumps,
is no exceptional case. Much was made of the effort, in last year's
steel strike, to prevent the companies from employing non-union
men. The attempt failed ; but people who to-day undertake any
work such as house-building or decorating, will make the discov-
ery very quickly that the boycott against non-union employes is
in active force. Nor is this boycott merely applied by union la-
borers to the non-union worker in their own trade. The union
plumbers will leave their work half finished if a non-union mason
or painter is employed. If it so happens that, in the rush of or-
ders, only non-union men can be found to do the work, that makes
no difference. As the strike committeeman at Wilkes-Barre
remarked, when reproached for asking the soft-coal miners to
break their pledges, the watchword, in scores of such cases as we
have described, seems to be, "My Union, right or wrong !"
We believe that the kind of demonstrations in which labor has
lately been indulging must be checked, unless the public wishes
to see some very grave consequences in the future.
The Political Economy of Leo XIII.— Under this caption Mr. C. S.
Devas in the current Dublin Review, provides a summary of the
teachings of the Holy Father on social science, which he has done
so much to ennoble. Confronted with Socialism, Communism,
Nihilism, his teachings seem to have been carefully planned upon
the basis of a system of Christian and, therefore, sound philoso-
phy (Ency. of 1879). From that basis of all knowledge we come
to the basis of social life in the Christian family (Ency., March,
1880). Out of the family grows the State (Ency., Christian State,
1885; Human Liberty, 1889; Duties of Christian Citizens, 1890.)
412 The Review. 1902
From the rich and the poor to the duties of master and workmen
is a natural step. So we have the Encyclical on Christian work-
men, 1S91 — a scheme crowned and completed by the Encyclical
on Christian Democracy, 1901. In Mr. Devas' capable hands the
digest, especially of Leo's views on the question of wages, is ad-
mirably done.
Employers are guilty of injustice when they do not pay their
workmen enough wages to maintain a frugal home. The excuse
that the workman has accepted these wages freely, is a bad one,
for he is not acting freely when he believes he must either take
such wages or starve. If no other means be found to prevent such
unfair contracts between employer and employe, the State should
interfere. Wages are not a mere matter of contract. No contract
can set aside the dictates of natural justice, which demands that
employers must pa}' fair wages, and neither employer nor employe
can lawfully be party to a bargain which does not allow the labor-
ing man to get a decent living.
The Tablet, by the way, in commenting on Mr. Devas' paper,
(No. 3235) expresses the wish that an English translation of Leo's
encyclicals, alter the manner, say, of DescleVs Acta Leonis XL Tf.t
were available not only for our own people, but even more so for
our friends the enemy. "Is it beyond the means of the Catholic
Truth Societj' ? May we, without incurring either excommunica-
tion, say how much we would unreluctantly surrender of its con-
troversial literature for such a book?"
The wish is justified ; but we would suggest the Paris
collection as a model, rather than the Acta Leonis of Desclee, De
Brouwer et Soc, of Bruges, which is correct and well appointed,
but entirely too slow. The latest (sixth) volume (published in
1900) contains no encyclical or other pontifical document issued
since 1897. In the case of such a prolific Pope as Leo XIII., a
volume of encyclicals, allocutions, briefs, constitutions, etc., ought
to appear at least every year.
An English Catholic Labor League. — A "Catholic Labor League" is
planned for England. Although the program is not yet finished
in all its details, the following points appear to have been agreed
upon. A federation of all Catholic societies in England is to be
established under a common council, whose members shall be the
representatives of the diverse federated societies. A general
secretary and a number of assistant secretaries shall carry out
the resolutions of the council, give lectures on social questions,
etc. A helping hand shall be given to women, forsaken or abused
by their husbands to old people, invalids, and widows. There is
to be also a protective department for immigrant servant-girls
and young workmen. In all larger towns boarding-houses for
Catholic workmen shall be erected. Catholic literature shall be
spread among the working classes. Laborers treated unjustly
by their employers shall have free advice and help by lawyers en-
gaged by the federation. The federation shall organize both for
communal and State elections. Furthermore a central bank, with
local branches wherever possible, shall be founded for the pur-
pose of making small loans to deserving needy laborers ; also a
bureau of information to procure work to the members. All this
No. 26. The Review. 413
under the guidance of Leo XIII. 's encyclicals ' Rerum novariim'
and ' Graves de commn ni.'1
We wish the new federation all possible success and hope that
from the example of our English brethren some of our own weak-
kneed Catholics will learn that political activity is needed for the
protection of our civil rights.
INSURANCE.
Why Fire Insurance is so High. — Why fire insurance rates in most
of our larger cities are so enormously high, becomes plain by
reading the report of the fire-patrol expert of Philadelphia for
1901. It is said there, among other things :
Building Laws. — Defective flues caused 24* fires during the
year 1901. Defective flues indicate defective construction, and
that indicates defective building laws. One need but to pass into
some of the busier sections of our city to see that we practically
have no building laws, for there are structures rising one hund-
red or more feet in the air, and covering practically unlimited
ground area, a menace to neighborhoods, and, perhaps, to the
whole district surrounding them. I have one building in mind
which would destroy the whole of its surroundings if it got fairly
on fire, and involve the destruction of many millions of property.
Petroleum Fires. — Four hundred and sixty-two fires from this
cause occurred during the year 1901, more than 15 per cent, of
the total ; while the money loss was not of great moment, aggre-
gating less than $30,000, the loss of life and injury to persons was
enormous. It is reported that, as a result of these fires, about
fifty persons lost their lives, and almost 150 others were more or
less injured. No comment can be made that will add to the horror
of this sacrifice or to the responsibility of those whose duty it is
to render such occurrences impossible.
Unknown Causes. — Unknown again appears at the top of the list
of causes of fires, both in number and amount of loss, there being
560 fires and a loss of $1,657,143 out of a total of 3.017 fires and
$2,058,190 loss. Underwriters believe there is a large amount of
fraud concealed in that item, some venturing to put forth the
opinion that at least one-third of the total fire loss of the country
is of that character. Nearly $9,000,000 have been lost during the
last six years from "unknown causes." How many of those fires
were criminaily caused, either by design or carelessness? Why
are they not thoroughly investigated ? In this connection I can
but repeat my remarks of last year : "The insurance companies
interested in a fire always make as thorough an investigation as
they can, but as they are unable to enforce the attendance of wit-
nesses, or compel them to testify, they are largely powerless. As
the citizens at large are obliged to pay the losses out of their pre-
miums to the companies, they have a large interest in this subject,
and should make an effort to see that we have proper laws and
proper officers to enforce them. I know that they can depend on
the hearty cooperation of the companies in all efforts to lessen
this great and growing evil."
414
NOTE-BOOK
Joe J. Russell, late Democratic candidate for Congress, in ad-
dressing: the graduating- class of the Charleston (Mo.) public
school recently, said among- other things : "My good old mother
never spent an idle day in her life. No one ever went hungry
about her home because the cook was gone ; it was never neces-
sary to call in a fashionable dressmaker to fit a dress upon her.
She never had a carpet upon the floor that she did not make her-
self, and well do I now remember how she took the native wool as
it came from the sheep, washed it, carded it into rolls, spun it in-
to yarn, colored it, wove it into cloth, cut and made it into clothes
for me and my brothers to wear, all with her own hands. She
was worth more to the world than ten thousand society women
who think that they are too good and their fingers too soft to have
them soiled or hardened by the touch of household work."
Y* *" *"
May a priest criticize the literary productions of his
superiors? The St. Peter sburger Zeitung of April 19th writes :
"Some months ago we announced the publication of an historico-
literary work by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Nedzialkowski, entitled :
Why Has Our Poetry No Nightingales? which was severely
criticized by the Rev. Charschewski. Now we learn from the
Wafsch. Dn. that said priest was disciplined for having dared to
criticize a literary work of his Bishop. The Rev. Kowalewski,
S. T. D., defended the Rev. Charschewski by citing a list of pre-
cedents according to which the proceeding of Bishop Nedzial-
kowski was unlawful. Thereupon the episcopal curia of Plozk
suspended the Rev. Dr. Kowalewski. The quarrel is not yet
settled, and the Catholic press is divided in two bitterly hostile
camps. It would be of interest to know whether any disciplinary
proceeding would have followed, had the Rev. Charschewski
praised the work of his superior. Or is there a law whereby a
Catholic priest in general is forbidden to criticize publicly the lit-
erary productions of his superior?"
No, there is none, even when there is question of the literary
work of a pope. About the expediency of such criticisms we
should say that they may not be profitable for the individual that
utters them, but when they are true and free from irreverence,
they may do an immense amount of good.
5 5 9
Under the pious caption, "Our Lady of Lourdes, Ravenswood,"
we read the following in No. 42 of the Chicago New World, the
"official orsran of the Province :"
"The 'biggest show on earth' is going to pitch its tents in Ra-
venswood the last four days of next week. The location selected
is the corner of North Ashland and Leland avenues, where a four-
centerpole tent will be erected, under the canvas of which the
Lourdes parish circus will be given. The circus will be for the
benefit of the school building fund of the church of Our Lady of
No. 26. The Review. 415
Lourdes. A circus tent has been rented, which will accommo-
date three thousand people. All the young- people of the parish
are taking- an active interest in the affair, and they are planning
novelties and surprises for those who attend. Among the attrac-
tions will be ping-pong games, a lovers' lane, Irish village, Swiss
village, Dahomey village, dairy farm, merry-go-round, shooting
gallery, tintype gallery, horse races, dancing pavilion, vaudeville
performances, palm garden, concert after the show, red lemonade
and popcorn, freaks and curiosities, clowns, Japanese jugglers,
foretellers of the future and gypsy camps."
Ping-pong, lover's lane, horse races, fortune-tellers, etc., all in
honor of our Blessed Ladye ! ! Oh for the simplicity and innocence
of her virgin life in Galilee !
•s< N£ V<
The National Federation of Catholic Societies is to hold its an-
nual convention at Chicago in the first week in August. The
President of the German Catholic Central Society informs us that
the German, French, Polish, and Bohemian delegates are going
to hold a preparatory conference, in order to put their autonomy
demands before the convention unitedly and in definite shape.
By the way, has President Minnahan of the Federation ever
delivered that lecture from the pulpit of a Protestant church in
Columbus city, the announcement of which provoked the well-
known outbreak of temper two or three months ago?
tt 3£ $S
The Taft Commission appears to have struck a snag. The
rumors in the daily press are so contradictory that we can form
no judgment. The administration is very careful to assure and
reassure the public that the purpose of the Commission is in no
sense diplomatic, but is purely to arrive at a business-like settle-
ment of a business matter. The Pope has placed the matter in
the lands of a sub-committe of the Congregation for Extraordinary
Ecclesiastical Affairs, consisting of Cardinals Rampolla, Steinhu-
ber, Gotti, S. Vannutelli, and Vives y Tuto — three of them relig-
ious. As Archbishop Ryan pointed out in an interview the other
day, they are men who act with great deliberation and who will
surely not jump at a conclusion in this important question. Am-
erican Catholics will do well to suspend judgment entirely until
the result of the conferences is officially announced.
a? s? s?
If you do not see what you want, advertise for it. This is^the
spirit of the age, and since a church in Bristol, Tenn., advertised
for a minister and got what is believed to be a good one, there
seems no department of human activity where the rule may not
safely be applied. The Bristol church is devoted to the denomina-
tion known as Christian, and the young man who now occupies
the pulpit there, we learn from the N. Y. Evening Post (June
13th) arrived with his little family the other day from somewhere
in Nebraska, never having seen or been seen by any member of
his future congregation. Advertising for a wife is the nearest
approach which comes readily to mind to the temerity of this pro-
416 The Review. 1902.
ceeding. However, the experiment, if rash, seems to have turned
out well, and therefore similar advertisements may be looked for
from other quarters. From congregations particular as to their
theology announcements like the following are to be expected :
"Wanted — Serious young clergyman who believes in a personal
devil. None having doubts about Adam and Eve need apply." Or
for a church where the 3roung and frivolous have attained an un-
holy domination : "Wanted — Dark-eyed minister who can play
golf ; must not be opposed to dancing ; short sermons only."
±+ +r +r
A despatch in a number of daily newspapers informed us the
other day that "Rev. Father Barth, of Stephenson, Mich., is prob-
ably the only priest in the country who combines with his sacred
duties those of a theatrical manager. Father Barth rented a local
hall, and hereafter will conduct it as a theatrical enterprise in
connection with his church, superintending the giving of dramatic
entertainments for the edification of his parishioners, with a view
to counteracting the influence of places run on a less moral plane.
Brown's Comedy Company opened the new theatre with 'Her
Bitter Atonement.' "
We shall wait to hear from Father Barth himself before we pro-
nounce on this newest departure.
+r +r +r
In one of the public schools in McLeansboro, 111., it is customary
to begin classes with prayer. All children are gathered in one
room, a teacher prays with themthe"OurFather,"aftertheProtest-
ant style with the usual ending. When one Catholic boy stopped
at this passage, the teacher asked him, why he did not pray that
too. This is a fair sample of religious propaganda by public
schools. There are perhaps many cases of this kind which do
not come under the observation of even the local clergy, to a mem-
ber of which we are indebted for the above note. Parents should
exercise all the more care with their children if necessity com-
pels them to have them instructed in the public schools.
0" ^ &
Here is a pretty persiflage on the modern Protestant creed re-
vision movement :
The Committee on the Revision of the Articles of Faith had rec-
ommended the adoption of a declaration to the effect that all in-
fants are saved. The recommendation was adopted unanimous-
ly. "Now, Mr. Moderator," said a delegate from Pittsburg, Pa.,
with preternatural solemnity, "I move that this be declared retro-
active." But the Moderator did not seem to hear him.
^^ ^^ ^^
Representative Williams of Mississippi has a new negro story.
"Are you the defendant?" asked a man in the courtroom, speak-
ing to an old negro.
"No, boss," was the reply. "I ain't done nothing to be called
names like that. I'se got a lawyer here who does the defensing."
"Then who are you ?"
"I'se the gentleman what stole the chickens."
Labor Unions Once More.
uch is the heading- of an article in the Catholic Union and
Times of June 12th, to which the editor calls the particu-
lar attention of The Review and the Catholic Columbian,
and in which the author, Professor Rivier, of St. Bernard's
Seminary, Rochester, "begs leave to be as emphatic as pos-
sible in defending the only practical and justifiable standpoint
against a few of our coreligionists who to his knowledge are ac-
tuated by quite unselfish and disinterested, nay even most com-
mendable intentions." Having read and re-read the five columns of
Professor Rivier's essay, we do not know why The Review should
be brought in, unless it be because some weeks ago we quoted
a passage from the famous German Catholic economist, Dr. Ratz-
inger, which Professor Rivier "takes the liberty not of refuting,
but of showing that it must be read with certain qualifications."
The Professor speaks of labor unions as if they were trade
unions :
"A labor union," he says, "is an organization uniting strictly all
and only the workmen of the same profession. Now, the power of
this organization is derived solely from that very concentration of
all the same operatives in one single body and in one given section
of the country. Any kind of disruption of that unity or of seces-
sion within its members must have the inevitable result of jeopar-
dizing the whole purpose and raison d'etre of the union. This is
so self-evident that even a German Social-Democratic paper, the
Rheinische Zeitung, although favoring Catholic unions for reasons
of its own, says in a peremptory way : 'We consider the trade
unions under clerical guidance as being no labor unions at all'
('Wir halten die unter geistlicher Leitung stehenden Fachabteil-
ungen fur keine Gewerkschaften.') The Rheinische Zeitung lets
out the truth ; these subdivisions of the unions, with priests at
their head, can not possibly be called labor unions."
There is a difference between labor unions and trade unions;
the former embrace any kind of laborers, ithe latter only work-
ingmen of the same craft. Next, a gathering of any amount of
grains or all the grains in a country does not form a society; there
is needed an end, a common bond, uniting the members for the
same purpose. Social Democratic papers favorable to Catholic
unions are unheard of in Germany.
In §2 Professor Rivier combats Savigny's plan to set aside the
"Christian," i. e., interdenominational labor unions, in order to
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 27. St. Louis, Mo., July 10, 1902.)
418 The Review. 1902.
have, among- Catholics, purely Catholic labor unions only. We
readily agree with him, the Kolnische Volkszeitung, and the rest of
the German Centrum papers, that Savigny's suggestion is a. faux
pas. But we are not so sure as Professor Rivier is that our Knights
of Labor, our American Federation of Labor, etc., may be com-
pared in all regards to the German Christian (interdenomination-
al) labor unions. Much less can we grant that Leo XIII. im-
plicitly recommends the above-mentioned American working-
men's societies in his encyclicals on the social question. But even
were they as good as their German cousins, we assert with Msgr.
Huber, quoted by Prof. Rivier in §5, "that it is not sufficient for
Catholic operatives to join these Christian unions ; more is ex-
pected of an active and sensible Catholic, at present. Every oper-
ative must join a Catholic association of workingmen in order to
be further instructed in religious and economical matters."
In No. 21 of The Review [page 331] we said : "To solve the
question of wages, to create fairer conditions of labor, etc., Cath-
olic laboringmen may remain members of unions that are not in
opposition to Catholic teaching ; but Catholic labor unions are the
only means to make them a leaven fit to regenerate the working
classes and effectively ward off Socialism."
We will add here that to our mind Catholic labor unions alone
are meant by our Holy Father, when he exhorts priests and bish-
ops to take an active part in the solution of the social question.
In §6 of his paper Professor Rivier tries to show why Catholics
and Protestants may meet on common ground in labor unions.
"Unity and harmony for the sake of economical advantages," can
not be the explanation; but it may well be the natural law, which is
the same for Catholics and Protestants ; for although, technical-
ly, Protestants do not recognize the natural law proclaimed by
Catholics, practically they admit it as being the expression of the
voice of conscience.
And now come the qualifications with which the passage from
Ratzinger quoted in The Review must be read. We are sorry to
say the Professor reads into the quotation what is not there. As
the context shows, Ratzinger does not mean to advocate for our
day guilds such as they existed in the Middle Ages, but simply
wishes to see the spirit revived that animated these guilds at the
period of their greatest efficiency. He laments the decadence
that set in with the Reformation with its spirit of egotism and
commercialism. Dr. Ratzinger is not in the least averse to the
spirit of progress as manifested in modern inventions and improve-
ments.
Hence our Professor's fear for Ratzinger's pious illusions on
this account is entirely groundless. And when he says : "'It is
No. 27. The Review. 419
that very opposition to progress that made the suppression of
guilds a downright necessity," he is decidedly in opposition to the
late Bishop of Mayence, Msgr. Ketteler, who in his work : 'Die
Arbeiterfrage und das Christenthum' (2. ed., page 25) writes : It
would have been the duty of the State government to distinguish
the abuses that had crept into the guilds, from what still was
legitimate in them, and to combine this with what is good in mod-
ern commercial liberty.
Neither did Dr. Ratzinger "labor under some visions in regard
to' the spirit of Christian charity." What he asserts is amply
proved by Janssen in his classical History of the German People,
volume I, particularly book 3. Dr. Ratzinger's visions are shared
by another sociologist of fame, P. Heinrich Pesch, S. J. ('Liberal-
ismus, Socialismus, etc., vol. I, chapters 4 and 5.) When a Council
of Rouen forbids Catholics from joining guilds, "for the reason
that by entering them one exposes Ihimself to perjury," we can
not but praise the Fathers of the Council for pointing out such a
danger in the guilds of their day ; but to prove anything against
the guilds so highly praised by Janssen and Ratzinger, Prof.
Rivier would have to show that such was generally or nearly gen-
erally the case. He is decidedly off also when he derives the main
benefit of these guilds from their regulation of production and
consumption ; their chief blessing lay in this that they fostered a
truly Christian family life.
Prof. Rivier winds up as follows :
"The Church is giving now-a-days the remarkable spectacle of
an organization — a sainted one and the most powerful in the
world — throwing all the weight of its influence, of a devoted and
self-denying clergy, of hundreds of men of learning and experi-
ence, in order to try to help the workingmen to solve the problem
of the age, the problem of more justice and Christian charity.
Henceforth it must be made a point that labor be considered as a
moral calling, as a God-given office, to use Dr. Ratzinger's own
words. Every Catholic must endeavor to help the Church in its
grand and difficult task. For such a purpose we would say that
no greater service can be rendered than to give up once for all
that uncompromising tendency of which the plan of purely 'Cath-
olic labor unions' is but another and, alas ! a too significant ex-
ample. Truly, it is time to adopt — wherever faith, morals, and
discipline are not at stake — a more courageous, more generous,
more liberal policy. Let us remember that institutions have no
more dangerous foes than their own supporters when they be-
come, as the French put it : 'More royalist than the king, more
papist than the Pope. ' Had it not been for the folly of their stanch-
est followers how many grand and good institutions would be
420 The Review. 1902.
flourishing- to-day ! History does not teach much if it does not
show what profound truth there is in the famous ejaculation : 'O
Lord, rid me of my friends ; my foes I can manage alone.' "
Who is "more royalist than the king, or more papist than the
Pope?" Savigny's plans for Germany have nothing to do with
The Review. We never sealed them with our approval. We ad-
mit, there are Christian labor unions in Germany which deserve
to be supported. We are not quite satisfied about our own Knights
of Labor, American Federation, etc.; but granting that they are
conducted on a Christian basis, we nevertheless claim that along-
side of them Catholic labor unions are a necessity, — just such
unions as the Professor assumes to exist, but which in reality do
not exist among us, and which he in §4 beautifully describes:
"There are and always will be associations of Catholic workmen
[Arbeiter- Vereine] where the operatives of our faith are sure to
find a kind of second home, friends to enlighten them on their
own interest, priests to encourage them in their sound religious
ideas, moral sentiments and general aspirations. There it is that
the clergy and educated laymen may have every day a splendid
opportunity of showing their devotion to the cause of the laboring
man, of associating with him, in short? of displaying that solidar-
ity between all classes that must become the distinctive feature
of the Catholic world. It is to these societies of Catholic workmen
that a gentleman, whom the present writer names here with con-
siderable pleasure, the Count Albert de Mun, used to make mem-
orable and admirable addresses. What the Germans call the
Katholische Arbeiter-Vereine, the French call POeuvredes Cercles
Catholigues d'ouvriers, and His Holiness Leo XIII, in a special
Breve, designated them as Christifideliiim Societaies. In these
circles of Catholic operatives it is that the Church may show itself
most efficiently, but not in the professional labor unions, where
the great economical struggle going on obliges all the workingmen
to unite and to go shoulder to shoulder with mutual cooperation
and support/'
It is precisely suchChristifidelium societatesthatTHEREviEwad-
vocates. As to the others, we neither can commend them, nor do we
condemnthem. Therein we areno"more papist than thePope,"who
in his Encyclical Gravis de Communi writes: " We never urged Cath-
olics to become members of associations, destined to amelio?'ate the lot
of the people, nor to undertake similar work, without telling- them at
the same time, that these institutions should have religion for
THEIR INSPIRATION, COMPANION, AND SUPPORT."
And now we wait impatiently for another article from
Professor Rivier, proving that the K. of L., the A. F. of L., etc.,
are just such societies as the Pope recommends.
421
Poisoning the Wells.
n No. 2,794 of the N. Y. Independent, Dr. Henry Goodwin
Smith, Professor of systematic theology in Lane Semin-
ary, Cincinnati, shows that the evolutionistic view of the
origin and progress of man "is taught explicitly" "in the public
schools, the colleges and universities of our country" — referring
of course to the non-Catholic institutions. From the proofs which
he brings we quote :
I.
Redway and Hinman's 'National Advanced Geography' is used
in the public schools in New York, Boston, Buffalo, Pittsburg,
Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Toledo, Louisville and many
other cities. Two hundred and fifty thousand copies a year are
sold. On page 34 we read :
"We therefore conclude that at one time, many thousands of
years ago, all, or nearly all, people were more ignorant than the
most savage tribes now living. They probably did not know how
to make many things, but lived in caves, wore no clothing, and ate
only fruits, nuts, roots, and such insects as they could catch, and
such small animals as they could kill with clubs and stones. At
last some one may have learned how to tie a sharp stone on the
end of a stick, and thus make a spear with which to spear fish or
kill animals. Then some one may have learned that sticks rubbed
together will get hot and at last burn, thus starting a fire."
On page 35 is traced the progress of the race from savagery
through barbarism to civilization.
Hinman's 'Eclectic Physical Geography' is used, or has been
used lately, in the Philadelphia and Pittsburg highschools, for
example, and in a number of well-known colleges. On page 356
we read :
"Such facts as these are held to indicate that all men — the most
cultivated races as well as the rudest — have descended from more
or less remote ancestors who were as ignorant, and as low in the
scale of intelligence and civilization, as the lowest savages of whom
we have any knowledge. During the vast period of time which
has elapsed since all mankind was in this low state different por-
tions of the human family have developed their mental powers at
different rates."
'Lessons in Physical Geography,' by C. R. Dryer, is a recent
and popular book in its department. The following is the state-
ment under the head "The Ascent of Man" [page 383-4]:
"The history of the race has been one of slow progress from
this lowest stage of savagery through barbarism to civilization.
The evidence that man, like other animals, has descended from
ancestors who were unlike himself is regarded by naturalists as
conclusive."
422 The Review. 1902.
The 'Elements of zoology,' by C. F. Holder, is a representative
book in its class. On page 368 we read :
'"Man was contemporaneous with the cave bear, the mammoth
and other huge animals that lived during the Post-Tertiary per-
iod. Fossil remains and implements have been found in Quatern-
ary deposits."
On the subject of geology, Scott's 'Introduction' is a popular
text-book. It is used in Princeton, Wooster, Miami, Coe College
and many other colleges. After defining geology as "the study
of the earth's history and development, as recorded in the rocksT
and of the agencies which have produced that development," the
statement concerning the origin of man is this [page 356]:
"As we trace the history of mankind back to very ancient times,
we find that the records become more and more scanty and less
intelligible, until history fades into myth and tradition. Of a still
earlier age we have not even a tradition ; it is prehistoric."
He sums up "the obvious lesson of the whole history" as "that
of progress and development, not only of the globe itself, but of
the living things upon it, the lower giving place to higher, the
simple to the complex. Last of all appears man, 'the heir of all
the ages,' himself the crowning work of progress" [page 540].
Le Conte's 'Compendium of Geology,' used in many colleges,
teaches that man was "contemporary with the mammoth in the
palaeolithic age," and that "all the evidence points to an extremely
low savage state with little or no tribal organization. There is no
evidence of either domestic animals or of agriculture."
Dana's 'Revised Text-Book of Geology,' very widely used,
teaches distinctly the evolutionary view of the progress from
lower to higher forms of life, a progress which "from Protozoan
simplicity, through Fish and Amphibian and Reptile and Mam-
mal, has culminated at last in Man himself, the crown of creation,
sharing with the animal creation a place in nature, but asserting
by his intellectual and spiritual endowments a place above nature"
[page 464].
In the department of biology it is not necessary to quote text-
books, as "biologists declare that there are no authorities in that
science who question the evolutionary position."
In the department of history Prof. P. V. N. Myers' 'General
History' is used very widely as a text-book. On pages 1 and 2 he
speaks of the "vastly remote ages" and the "evidence of slow
growth through very long periods of time before written history
begins."
Colby's 'Outlines' begins with savages grouped together in a
clan or tribe. "The same law of development, which is so mani-
fest in the history of civilized man, appears in the prehistoric
period. Relics have been found showing successive stages in the
process toward civilization."
No. 27. The Review. 423
The first volume of Helmholt's great 'History of the World' has
recently appeared. The introduction is written by James Bryce.
On pages xx and xxiv the evolutionary principle is definitely de-
clared. On pages xxix we find these words :
"Assuming- the Darwinian hypothesis of the development of
Man out of some pithecoid form to be correct — and those who are
not themselves scientific naturalists can, of course, do no more
than provisionally accept the conclusions at which the vast major-
ity of scientific naturalists have arrived."
In the first chapter of this history, written by Prof. J. Kohler,
we read [page 20] :
"The fundamental principle of history, for the full expansion of
which we have Hegel to thank, is development."
In the succeeding chapter, by Johannes Ranke, we have the
summary of the archaeological argument of the "Driftman."
It is, however, in the field of ethics that the most significant
changes have been made, in recent years, to the evolutionary or
development conception. In the Princeton catalog two works are
referred to in this department : Mackensie's 'Manual of Ethics'
and Seth's 'Ethical Principles. ' Mackensie's work is very widely
used. It is found, for example, at Harvard, Yale, Brown, Wash-
ington, and Jefferson, Lincoln University, Oberlin, Marietta,
Miami, Hanover, Wabash, Cornell and in several theological semi-
naries. In chapter IV, on "The Evolution of Conduct," Mackensie
teaches explicitly the "germs of conduct in the lower animals."
Speaking of the moral ideas of primitive races, he says [page 115]:
"The earliest forms of moral judgment involve reference to a
tribe or form of society of which the individual is a member. The
germ of this is no doubt found in the gregarious consciousness of
animals."
Gradually, he says, law takes the place of custom, and "the
ultimate result of such a conflict is to give rise to reflection and
to the search for some deeper standard of judgment." On page
126 Mackensie gives a summary of the three main stages of the
development of the moral judgment from customs to ideas that
have a universal validity. In Seth's 'Ethical Principles' there is
a full recognition of the evolutionary principle [pages 430-434],
and on page 30 he teaches the evolution of the standards of mor-
ality also, in these words :
"It is not to be denied that the standard of ethical appreciation
has itself evolved. With the gradual evolution of morality there
has been gradually evolved a reflective formulation of its content
and significance. The evolving moral being is always judging the
moral evolution, and there is an evolution of moral judgment as
well as of the conduct which is judged."
In Miami University five books are referred to in the depart-
ment of ethics. Four of the five teach the evolutionary view
424 The Review. 1902.
clearl}\ Paulsen, in the fifth work, accepts the general evolution-
ary conception also. The four other works are Muirhead's 'Ele-
ments of Ethics,' Thilly's 'Introduction to Ethics,' Mezes'
'Ethics, Descriptive and Explanatory' and Mackensie's work,
which has just been noticed. Muirhead teaches the progressive
standard, and holds to the evolution of a universal moral order.
Mezes holds that man has existed for 240,000 years or more.
During- countless generations — for the process must have been
very slow — "man's ape-like progenitors" gradually grew in skill
[pages 136, 149]. Thilly traces the evolution of morality in primi-
tive man in connection with the emotion of fear ; the fear of pain
to himself and his family, then the fear of revenge, the fear of the
ruler, the fear of invisible powers, up to the fear of causing "ideal
pain to others." After that, sympathy, widening in its scope, and
"reverence for the law as law, the feeling of obligation." He con-
cludes this discussion thus [page 99] :
"If it is true that the development of the individual, or ontoge-
nesis, is a repetition of the development of the race, or phylogen-
esis, then we must imagine that this feeling of obligation is a late
arrival in the race consciousness, and not an original possession
in the sense that it existed in the primitive soul."
II.
Though all these teachings are opposed to the traditional
and Scriptural view of man's creation and original condition,
Professor Smith, a Protestant seminary teacher of "systematic
theology" — whatever that may mean at Lane — believing that "all
of these teachings can be harmonized with the Scriptures as easily
or more easily than the traditional view," and that "these teach-
ings of science rest upon and imply a grander and more spiritual
basis than the traditional view," has not a word of protest against
the wholesale propagation in our schools, colleges, seminaries,
and universities, of a theor}T which, far from being scientifically
established, is a mere figment of the intellect, unverifiable and
undemonstrable, because it pretends to span an impassable gulf ;
absolutely irreconcilable with the divinely revealed teaching of
the Sacred Scriptures, and disastrous in its consequences to
morality, to religion, to social life, and to individual happiness for
time and eternity.
The wholesale poisoning of the wells pointed out bjT this Cin-
cinnati theological professor, without a word of protest or warn-
ing, tends to make of our nation, whose youth are compelled to
drink from these fountains, a nation of Materialists or Agnostics;
for, as has been time and again clearly demonstrated by real phil-
osophers, Protestant as well as Catholic, evolution, finding it im-
possible to account for the spirituality of the human soul, compels
No. 27. The Review. 425
its adherents either to deny this spirituality, believe in nothing
but matter, and become Materialists ; or if they refuse to draw
the logical conclusions which flow from their false premises, to
veil their inconsistency by assuming- the sceptical position of Ag-
nostics. And both Agnosticism and Materialism not only destroy
all sound philosophy, but religion and morality as well.
The evolutionistic ethics taught in the text-books last enumer-
ated by Prof. Smith is no moral philosophy at all, but a system
of sensualistic-utilitarian pseudo-ethics, which treats of "right"
and "wrong" — a distinction too widely accepted to be ignored —
only to misinterpret these terms. There can be no right and
wrong in human acts — in fact there are no truly human acts, ac-
cording to Huxley, Spencer, and the Agnostics and Positivists
generally, because they admit no true liberty in man. There can
be no morality if there is no ultimate criterion of right and wrong,
or if this criterion, the eternal law, the divine reason, is "un-
knowable."
Paganism in Protestant Germany
And the "Los von Rom" Movement.
By Rev. Victor Cathrein, S. J.
III.
t may be thought that the old faith has found a secure
refuge among the Protestant preachers of the German
Empire and is by them carefully kept and fostered. It
can not be denied that there are still ministers who earnestly hold
fast the faith. But the number of preachers to whom the attri-
bute of "Christian" can not be given without considerable reser-
vations and qualifications, is at all events very great. It is quite
true that everywhere consistories, synods, and other authorita-
tive bodies are doing their best to stem the inrushing flood of un-
belief among the preachers, but their efforts earn but scanty suc-
cess. The authorities, having no guarantee for their doctrinal
decisions, are forced to be satisfied with half measures. When,
ten years ago, Harnack started the burning polemics on the
Apostles' Creed, it soon became evident that the majority of pro-
fessors and "learned" refused to admit its most essential articles;
the Supreme Church-Council of Berlin was driven to declare "that
it was far from its intention to make of the Apostles' Creed or of
its separate articles a lifeless rule of teaching," which, being in-
426 The Review. 1902.
terpreted, means that every one may deal with the symbolism as
he likes.
In 1894 Dr. Rebattu, pastor of St. Gertrude's in Hamburg, de-
clared before a public meeting- of more than 2,000 persons of all
classes, that now-a-days no one believed the miracles of the Bible,
not even the pastors. Pastor Galge, of St. Ansgar's, Hamburg,
did indeed demonstrate against this assertion, as he knew many
Hamburg pastors who believed in the Biblical miracles, but he too
admitted that curious things concerning others had been reported
to him on credible authority.*) "I was told of a sermon on I. Cor.
15, in which a local preacher took all possible pains to cast doubt
upon the historical part of the resurrection of Christ, respective-
ly to explain the belief in it psychologically from the painful ex-
citement of the orphaned disciples." "Another local preacher is
said to have disproved the resurrection by the laws of gravity."
"Yet another is reported to have accomplished the feat of renew-
ing the old, ridiculous explanations of the miracle brought forth
by vulgar rationalism, and this — horribile dictu — whilst preparing
candidates for confirmation. The sepulchre had two doors, the
one visible, the other secret : Jesus whose death was only appar-
ent, escaped through the secret door while the other remained
sealed. Such and similar reports are constantly brought to my
knowledge."
We are not astonished at Pastor Galge's reluctance to credit
these reports ; we have it, however, on his own authority that they
came from credible sources.
In Bremen, Pastor Fr. Stuedel has charge of St. Rembert's.
In 1900 he published (at Stuttgart) the last part of his work :
'Religious Instructions of the Young, an Aid for Teachers.' He
intends to do away at last with the false position of many pastors
who accept for themselve the results of modern biblical criticism,
but carefully conceal them in their instructions to country people
and children. He is going to make a clean breast of his own creed
to the young. Now here is the substance of this pastor's creed :
We must not conceive God as a personal being distinct from the
world. God is immanent in the world, he is the soul of the world.
Creation out of nothing implies contradiction. The Trinity, the
divinity of Christ, his incarnation, resurrection, and ascension
are untenable doctrines. "A continued existence of man, as a
prolongation of his personal and conscious life after death, is in-
conceivable. And, therefore, there is no sense in allowing on's
*) Nothschrei an die Christen auf und unter den Kanzeln Ham-
burgs, i. e., call of distress addressed to the Christians on and
under the pulpits of Hamburg. Hamburg, 1894.
No. 27. The Review. 427
self to be guided in this life by any theory concerning: a future
life." "All that lies beyond our present life is to us simply the
unreal, the unexperienced." "The notion of sacraments originated
under the influence of the heathen mysteries."
This posy of quotations sufficiently characterizes the -pastor ani-
marum of St. Rembert's. In an appendix he gives a list of books
by authors who share all or most of his views ; it shows how fre-
quently and openly the results of modern criticism are put before
youths and common people. We quote a few titles : Lietz : Edu-
cation in the Religion of Jesus as Distinguished from Dogmatic
Christianity, a Contribution Towards the Removal of an Unbear-
able Evil in the Education of our Youth, 1896 ; — Christ : Christian
Religious Doctrine, 1897 ; — Mehlhorn : An Account of Our Chris-
tianity ; a Booklet for Use in Preparing for Confirmation and for
Quiet Hours at Home, 1900 ; — Nordheim : The Fulfilment' of
Christianity on the Basis of Evolution, 1897, etc.
Ex-court-preacher Stock er was well justified in writing, some
time ago, in his paper Das Volk: "The greatest enemies of the
Christian people are the infidel pastors ; lying from the pulpit
constitutes a far greater danger than Social Democracy and an-
archism."
[To be continued.]
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
EDUCATION.
Human Nature and Co-Education.— The Mirror [No. 20] records the
fact that President Harper and a majority of the faculty of Chi-
cago University have decided that the sexes shall be divided here-
after in the lecture-rooms, on the ground that the commingling
of the sexes results in more harm than good and prevents serious
study.
The Mirror says that the Chicago University authorities, by
taking this action, turn their back on the future and face the
past. Our contemporary thinks, "if there have been isolated
cases, where attachments sprang up among and between the
students, or where flirtations interfered with the work of pro-
fessors, the remedy was simple. All that was necessary was to
dismiss the culprits. Dismissals are resorted to in other cases
and regarded as proper and adequate punishment ; why should
they not form the proper remedy in affaires du caur?"
A careful enquiry into the subject would probably convince our
contemporary that the objection against co-education, which is
428 The Review. 1902
proving a lamentable.failure all along the line, lies much deeper
than he seems to think. Our mutual friend Dr. Conde B. Pallen
goes to the root of the evil when he says :
The modern theory of education is based upon the modern
heresy, that human nature is essentially very good ; all you have
to do is to let it grow up in its own sweet way and it will bring
forth beautiful fruit. Of course regeneration and sanctification
have no place in this pretty scheme. It is the latest development
of Protestant theology, the substitution of human goodness for
divine grace. At its root it abandons the doctrine of man's fall
and the virtue of the atonement and redemption. Human nature
can do without all this and will evolve into all that is good and beauti-
ful and true ! You have only to let men and women follow their
own natural bent, and the world will grow better, sweeter, saner.
It is this heretical notion that underlies the theory of co-educa-
tion. In spite of the world's experience there have been fools
enough to imagine that it would work. It hasn't worked, and they
are beginning to find it out. A vicious experience has taught sad
lessons, and those in charge have awakened to the bitter reality
that the promiscuous mingling of the sexes in education is a
lamentable failure. The Chicago scandal in one of its most promi-
nent educational institutions will no doubt have its further effect
in bringing educators to the realization of the inevitable immoral
results in a plan which overlooks the radical weakness in human
nature. Moral training has a place after all in education, and one
of the first principles of morality is to remove the proximate oc-
casion of sin. Co-education simply thrusts that proximate occa-
sion upon its victims.
INSURANCE.
Fraternity Insurance. — Commissioner of Insurance Scofield, of
Connecticut, in his final report on fraternity insurance,
while showing a gain of business, increase of assets, and
decrease of liabilities, criticizes unfavorably an increase
of death claims of $1,347,879 and of expenses of $490,-
718. He says that rates are too low and too much reliance is
placed on lapses and increase of membership. He adds that cer-
tain societies are allowed to do business in the State only because
the State laws are too lax and do not give enough power to his de-
partment.
Fire Insurance on Church Property. — An experienced insurance man
writes to us as follows on this subject, recently touched upon in
The Review :
The statement of the Western Watchman, referred to in your
No.. 24, regarding the clause in fire insurance policies on church
property, "that the amount recoverable by the insured in the
event of total loss shall not be the amount stated in the policy,
but such portion of it, as that amount bears to four-fifths of the
total value of the property insured," is not correct. The writer
of that article evidently refers to the 80 per cent, co-insurance
clause without understanding its true intent or meaning ; here is
the explanation.
Most people (even church congregations) want to economize in
insurance premiums. For example, A and B each own houses
No. 27. The Review. 429
costing-, say, $20,000. A is "saving" and insures his property for
$10,000, while B is liberal and takes a policy for $16,000 willing to
risk but $4,000 of his own money in case of a total loss.
As the result of a fire both houses are damaged to the extent of
$10,000 each. How are the companies affected? In A's case there
is a total loss, the company must pay 100 per cent, of its policy.
In B's case the policy calls for $16,000, so the company will escape
with a payment of but 62lA per cent, of the insurance, also $10,000.
It will be seen from this that the same rate should not apply to
the two cases, (other circumstances being equal) and that A
should have paid a much higher rate than B to equalize the con-
tract with the insurance company. As it is impossible to fix a
just rate for each individual case, companies have agreed to "gen-
eralize" the required adjustment by making a condition of their
policies as follows :
"Standard guaranty to maintain 80 per cent, insurance. It is a
part of the consideration of this policy, and the basis upon which
the rate of premium is fixed, that the assured shall maintain in-
surance on the property described by this policy, to the extent of
at least eighty (80) per cent, of the actual cash value thereof ; and
that failing so to do, the assured shall be an insurer to the extent
of such deficit, and to that extent shall bear his, her, or their pro-
portion of any loss that may happen to said property."
This is entirely different from what the Western Watchman
says. A church worth $100,000, protected by but $10,000 insur-
ance, should in the first place request the pastor to increase the
insurance to the full value, as it is much easier to pay the prem-
iums than to build a new church in case of loss by fire. But sup-
pose the $100,000 building burns down. The loss is total, and the
insurance company will pay $10,000.
The calculations were different in case of a partial loss and not 80
per cent, insurance. For example, a church building worth $100,-
000 is insured for $40,000 with the 80 per cent, clause, and suffers a
loss of say $30,000. Then the company would say :
80,000 to 30,000 equals 40,000 to x
(insurance required) (loss) (insurance carried) (loss to be figured)
and by multiplying 30,000 with 40,000, giving 1,200,000,000, divid-
ing by 80,000 the result will be $15,000 as the amount of damages
payable.
In other words, insurance companies simply wish to impress
the insuring public with the necessity of carrying a full line of
insurance, or at least up to 80 per cent, of the actual cash value of
the property involved. Anyone knowing the financial condition
of most of the congregations of our Church in the U. S. will agree
with the writer that it is far better to pay the required premiums
on a good line of insurance on the church property, than to as-
sume the risk of having the work of generations suddenly de-
stroyed by a disastrous fire, and then to appeal to the generosity
of the parishioners to help repairing a financial loss that could
have been avoided.-
Any further explanation on this subject will be cheerfully given.
Like in life insurance, Catholics could do a great deal of good
in fire insurance, by combining and protecting each other. But
there is little chance for success in that direction as long as our
spiritual leaders pay no attention to the subject.
430
NOTE-BOOK.
At a meeting held by the clergy of the Leavenworth Diocese
immediately after their late retreat at Atchison, June 27th, it
was unanimously resolved to enter a formal protest against the
policy of the present administration in the Philippine Islands, as
having a tendenc}T "to countenance or allow the Filipinos to be
robbed of the faith which they have cherished for centuries, by
supplanting Catholic missionaries, who have civilized the nation,
with Protestant missionaries, who are using their positions as
government officials in the work of proselytism." The Bishop and
clergy of Leavenworth further "protest against the policy that
would drive the friars from the islands which they have Christian-
ized and civilized, by depriving them of the means necessary to
carry on their charitable and educational work," because "such a
course would invite disaster to the nation, work irreparable injury
to the cause of civilization, and retard the progress which our
government meant to promote." A copy of this protest was for-
warded to the President, and one to each Senator and Represent-
ative of Kansas in Congress.
y* ¥* ¥*
An article in the June Atlantic Monthly by Brooke Fisher com-
ments'severely on the cowardly silence of the modern daily
press upon the great issues that affect the people of this country.
The new type of American journalism, he asserts, (and every
thoughtful man knows his assertion to be true), has no opinions.
The counting-room conception of the newspaper is one never of-
fending with opinions to displease anybody, one so conducted if
possible as to turn no business away from the door. The old
theory that the press was a moulder of public opinion has been
completely exploded by the modern makers of newspapers. Not
moral influence, but circulation, advertising, dividends, are the
watchwords of the daily press to-day. There are some notable
exceptions, but, as Mr. Fisher says, you can count them on the
fingers of one hand.
Commercialism is the bane of our daily press as it is of nearly
every other manifestation of modern life.
3? 3? 3?
There was much ado lately in Chicago about the convention of
the Women's Catholic Order of Foresters, a sort of auxiliary to
the male organization of the same name. It recalled to our mind
certain remarks we clipped from the Sacred Heart Review (No.
2 of the current volume), credited to the Guidon :
"When a society of young men is no longer able to take care of
itself, when its expenses exceed its income, when it is already
dead, or nearly so, and dissolution stares it in the face, it is a
common expedient, now-a-days, to annex a body of willing females
and call it an 'auxiliary corps' or some other such name. The
duties of the women thus privileged by membership may be
many, but they are all directed to the one end, viz., that of raising
No. 27. The Review. 431
money for the moribund male portion of the conglomeration. As
a compensation for this, they are allowed to share one corner of
the society's apartments on one evening- of the week, of address-
ing each other as 'Mrs. Chairman,' 'Worthy Sister,' etc., of mak-
ing motions and unmaking them, and of devising ways and means
for the comfort and enjoyment of their lazy brothers If the
original body can not look after itself, but is dead, it would be
better to bury it decently than try to revive it by such question-
able means."
& & f?
While we rejoice in the ordination to the holy priesthood of an-
other colored man (Rev. J. H. Dorsey, ordained by Cardinal Gib-
bons in the Baltimore Cathedral. June 21st), we must protest
againstthe sermon preached at his first mass and issued in circular
form by the Rev. J. R. Slattery, Superior of St. Joseph's Society
for Colored Missions, which contains such passages as these :
"The common objection to negro priests is on the score of mor-
ality. We do not think the whites can afford to throw stones at
the blacks on this point. Mulattoes, quadroons, and such folks
drop not from the skies. For ages concubinage was rife among
the clergy of Europe. But in those times there was no refusal of
ordination."
And:—
"The events going on in Rome at this very moment afford us the
best possible proofs in favor of a native clergy. Leo XIII., the
Head of Catholicism, is one in word and deed with the United
States in requiring the deportation of the Friars from the Philip-
pines (?). And the reason why Pope and President are in har-
mony is because the Filippinos will have none of the Friars, who
to their own shame refused the natives membership in any of
their orders (?). Indeed the uprising against Spanish rule in the
Pacific Archipelago was much more against the Friars. Now
Rome by her acts ratifies the revolt (?). Had those good men in
accord with the spirit of the Church admitted the Filipinos into
membership, there would be no 'Friar Question' in Manila or to
Rome (?). 'Taxation without representation' which set the teas
in Boston Harbor forever seething, has its counterpart in the
denial of a native clergy to any race !"
•& «* •«,
Mount Pelee has burned one city and killed 50,000 people, as
estimated. In the course of our war on the Filipinos, as reported,
scores of towns have perished in one province alone. Yet the
eruption of the volcano is a "great calamity," and the war is
"glorious."
*• *• "6
W. S. Harwood gives a glowing account in Scribner's of "The
New Agriculture," meaning thereby the improvement which has
resulted from the work of the various agricultural experiment
stations established under the acts of 1887 and 1890. It is un-
questionable that these stations have done some careful and valu-
able scientific work in the short period of their existence, but a
little open-eyed travel over the country, combined with a careful
432 The Review. 1902.
study of crop statistics, must convince even the enthusiast that
the new agriculture is as yet pretty closely confined to the exper-
iment stations themselves and the files of their published bullet-
ins. Not until a more vital relation is established between this
work and the averege farmer will it be true to say, as Mr. Har-
wood sa5rs, that "the progress in agriculture in the last genera-
tion has been greater than in all the generations that have pre-
ceded."
St. Louis has given the world to understand that she will not
tolerate bull fights in this Christian city. They would draw too
many people away from our semi-weekly pugilistic contests.
*• *» *•
The second volume of the Amherst Papyri, recently edited by
Grenfell and Hunt, presents, among many other interesting
papyri, one of the early fourth century, containing three fables of
Babrius. It is very curious as presenting a bad Latin translation,
dictated, apparently, to a scribe who knew less Latin than the
translator. In it occur the unheard-of and problematic Latin
forms frestigiatur, babbandam, and sors us a.s a translation ofv^vpvs-
A notable feature of the collection — quite familiar, however, in
Egyptian jurisprudence — is that in all business and legal transac-
tions the women are rather more in evidence than the men. They
make loans and purchases, inherit property, and execute contracts
of every description with remarkable freedom and apparent
equality before the law.
9 5^
Charles B. Connolly, in the July Catholic World magazine, de-
fines a "yellow journal" as "a daily publication wherein news is
featured according to its objective truth or public interest but
with a view of bringing out some novel, unique, or hitherto unde-
veloped phase ; which aims rather to present an attractive appear-
ance than to give the happenings of the day ; which appeals more
to the eye and prejudices of the reader than to his intellect ;
which introduces, colors, and suppresses facts in conformity with
its own editorial policy, the orders of its business office, and the
dictates of its proprietor ; and which never misses an opportunity
to chronicle its own achievements for the benefit of humanity, and
to boast of its extensive circulation as compared with its compe-
titors."
That is rather a descriptive than a- metaphysical definition. We
fear Mr. Connolly is too optimistic in his prediction that yellow
journalism will not last, because "the American public can't be
fooled all the time." A venerable old adage says : "Mundus vult
decipi," and the American portion of humanity not only loves to
be deceived, but it supports those who pander to its passions.
S 5 ?
An Eastern paper, we are told, heads a review of the novels of
the day, "Books for the Brainless." If there were no brainless peo-
ple, the popular novelists would die of starvation.
Do Microbes Cause Disease?
]t is almost universally held to-day that all diseases are
generated by minute organisms called microbes or
bacilli. The germ theory of disease, taught in every
text-book of physiology that has come under our notice, holds
that the seeds or spores of bacteria, floating in the air we breathe,
in the water we drink, or in the food we eat, are taken into our
bodies, where they develop, multiply, and, each after its own
species, produce evil results.
We have already, in No. 28 of our seventh volume, signalized a
growing revolt against this theory ; some eminent physicians,
especially in England and Germany, asserting that these bacilli
or microbes, whose presence is revealed by microscopical investi-
gation, do not cause, but merely convey disease, while others
claim that all microbes are beneficent until depraved by evil com-
munications.
A still more radical stand is now taken by an American physi-
cian, Professor J. P. Schmitz, M. D., of San Francisco, in a pam-
phlet recently published, under the title: 'The Microbe-Produc-
ing-Disease Theory Inconsistent With the Laws of Nature. How
Diseases are Produced. A New Physiological Law Promul-
gated.'*)
Dr. Schmitz proceeds from the observation that all the microbe-
killing of the medical profession for the last thirty years has not
perceptibly lessened consumption, typhoid fever, the plague,
cholera, lockjaw, smallpox, whooping-cough, pneumonia, scarla-
tina, measles, diphtheria, or any other disease.
The reason of this failure he finds in this that the theory, that
diseases are produced by microbes, is all wrong,— in fact incon-
sistent with the laws of nature.
The microbe-producing-disease theory, according to Dr.
Schmitz, — who, by the way, is not a master of the laws of division
— properly involves eleven questions :
1. What is a microbe? 2. Are microbes in the human body in
health? 3. If microbes are in the human body, do they cause
disease? 4. Do microbes consume material in the human body
which the economy requires? 5. Do microbes attack healthy
tissues or change normal healthy matter in the human body into
*) Published by the Aathor, 3321 Twenty-First Street, San
Francisco, California. Price 50 cents.
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 28. St. Louis, Mo., July 17, 1902.)
434 The Review. 1902.
injurious matter? 6. Are microbes simply on account of their
presence injurious to the human body ? 7. Does abnormal or de-
composed matter contain the poison injurious to the human bod}-,
without the microbes? 8. Do microbes act as foreign ooisonous
matter in the human body and thereby cause disease? 9. Can
any disease be cured by simply killing- the microbes? 10. Why
do microbes exist? 11. How are diseases produced ?
1. In reply to the first question, Dr. Schmitz defines microbes
as "the minutest forms of life, embracing- both what is revealed
to us by the microscope and what lies beyond the power of our
most powerful optical instruments to detect." Without entering
upon a discussion of the distinction between animal and vegetable
microbes, he proceeds to show that every living vital microbe is
and must be an organism.
2. His second thesis is that there are microbes in the most
healthy organic body, a statement, we believe, which stands un-
disputed.
3. In the third chapter he claims that the microbe is not a dis-
ease producer. "In each and every disease in which it is claimed
that microbes are found and that the disease was caused by them,
it can be proved on physiological grounds, that the microbes did
not produce it." The duty and function of microbes is simply,
after the death of an organism to separate its anatomical and
chemical elements, thereby fitting them again for assimilation into
other living organisms.
"Infectious diseases are more numerous than other diseases,
and, if microbes cause the disease, by what or how do they injure
the body? How or by what do they produce the anatomical
changes? Why do some patients die and others not ? Why are
some persons immune against certain diseases and others not ?
At any rate, in what does the immunity consist? These ques-
tions have not been explained or answered, yet the bacteriologist
claims that microbes produce diseases."
4. In answer to the fourth question, our Doctor claims that,
"If. . . .a natural law exists whereby the microbes must be pres-
ent wherever organic decomposed matter exists, then it will be-
come clear that the presence of microbes can not mechanically or
otherwise injure the body, because that would work against their
law."
5. From the fact that bacteriologists have discovered microbes
in almost every disease known, which disappear as soon as the
vital forces of life are reestablished, the Professor argues that
"microbes do not attack healthy tissues, or change normal healthy
matter in the human body," and that they "consequently can not
produce disease."
No. 28. The Review. 435
6. In the sixth section he argues that "it is decomposed matter
in the body that lies at the seat of the trouble, that is, the abnor-
mal amount and quality of such matter. If that matter was not
present, then there would be no microbes present ; consequently
the simple presence of the microbes is not injurious to the human
body."
7. In section seven he proceeds to show that abnormal or de-
composed matter contains the poison injurious to the human body.
"All infectious diseases depend upon the quantity of the virus, or
auto-toxine, not on microbes. Microbes can not grow without a
suitable soil ; consequently the suitable soil is the first requisite.
Impoverishment or an abnormal change of the blood, lymph, or of
anj^ decomposed tissue furnish the suitable soil, and if the suit-
able soil is injected into a healthy individual, it causes disease ;
and if that suitable soil is derived from a specific disease, it causes
that disease." "Filth is the great breeder of disease. Pre-
vent or remove the filth in and outside of the body, and then we
need not fear the microbes."
8. Microbes do not act as foreign poisonous matter in the hu-
man body and therefore do not cause disease. Hence,
9. No disease can be cured by simply killing the microbes.
10. Why do microbes exist? "In the most perfect healthy or-
ganism (animal and vegetable) waste matter is set free. This
wraste matter is organic, because it is derived from an organism."
The Creator "created the microbes in order that all waste
matter might be of use again for animal and vegetable organisms."
"Matter that once formed a part of a vital organism, but is
now dead, is by the microbes reduced to its elementary state,
thereby fitting such elements again to be used by vital living or-
ganisms. This proves that the vital animal and vegetable organ-
ism depend on the microbes for the principal natural nutritious
elements. On the other hand, it also proves that the microbes
depend for their natural existence and functions on decayed ani-
mal and vegetable organic matter."
Dr. Schmitz declares that a physiological law exists in regard
to the isolation of decayed organic matter by microbes, to-wit :
that the vital animal and vegetable body depends on the vital
microbes to furnish the natural elements for nutrition from mat-
ter that once was vital, and that the microbes depend on animal
and vegetable decay.
11. How are diseases produced ? As long as the cells perform
their normal functions, the body is healthy. If, on the other hand,
from one cause or other, poisonous decomposed tissue accumu-
lates, it interferes with these functions and disease ensues. The
microbes do not destroy a part or the whole of a vital organism,
436 The Review. 1902.
because that is not their function, as long as every part of the or-
ganism is in a normal, healthy condition ; but as soon as any part
becomes abnormal, i. e., dead tissue, then the microbes begin
their appointed work of decomposition, and we have disease. A
cure can only be wrought by the application of a proper antidote
to the poisonous dead matter in the organism, so that the cells
can go on repairing the broken-down tissue. If this is accomp-
lished, the microbes cease their work and the normal, healthy
condition of the organism is restored.
This theory strikes at the foundation of organic chemistry ;
but it is plausible and deserving of the attention which the argu-
ments on which it bases demand. Dr. Schmitz has developed them
more at length in his text-book on physiology.
Two years ago that eminent British practicioner, Dr. G. G.
Bancock, was quoted in the Westminster Review as stating that he
had proved that "the poisons of variola, etc., are not and can not
be the product of a bacillus ; that Loeffler's bacillus is not a con-
stant, and therefore can not be the essential, element in diph-
theria ; that the essential element in typhoid is not the bacillus
typhosus ; that there is no evidence that tuberculosis is
due to the tubercle bacillus ; that the (comma bacillus can
not be regarded as the essential element in cholera ; that the
so-called pathogenic micro-organisms are constantly found
under conditions consistent with perfect health, and that
in many notable instances they actually exert a beneficent influ-
ence. All these things — which are facts, not opinions — go to show
that the modern doctrine of bacteriology is a gigantic mistake. It
is safe to predict that ere long it will be recognized that all these
various bacilli play a beneficent role in the econom}7 of nature."
The belief that microbes actually cause disease has been in-
duced by mistaking an effect for a cause.
437
Paganism in Protestant Germany
And the "Los von Rom" Movement.
By Rev. Victor Cathrein, S. J.
IV. — [ Conclusion.]
o far we have only mentioned pastors who pretend at least
to have some connection with the religion of the Gospel.
Side by side with these there exists a great number of
preachers who have openly turned their backs upon Christianity
and attack it without fear in their "religious" lectures. In almost
every great town of Germany one or more free-religious communi-
ties are to be found inimical to all dogmas, yet desirous of re-
ligious emotion or edification of some sort. Their preachers of-
ten pander to the most superficial indifferentism, holding one re-
ligion as good as another — with the exception of positive Christi-
anity. Here is a sample of the stuff to which \\\zy treat their
congregations.
I have before me a book : 'The Ten Commandments of Moses
in Modern Light,' by George Schneider, preacher in Mannheim
[Frankfort a. M. 1901]. As stated in the preface it contains lec-
tures given to a free-religious congregation and intends to show
that in such congregations "earnest religious endeavor" is not
wanting. Preacher Karl Scholl, of Munich, writes a laudatory
introduction to Schneider's work, in which he says that it is well
adapted to demonstrate the untenableness of the foundations on
which rests the Christian church, "in such a way that even to the
most ardent believer no choice is left but to give up, once for all,
his prejudiced and erroneous views." Science, he says, has
proved, long ago, that the Bible is a book written by men, con-
taining, besides a mass of myths and legends, ideas and customs
current many centuries ago and suitable only to those bygone
times. What refers to morals or ethics is alone of permanent
value. Schneider's book will help "to further the great religious
historical evolution which the reformation of the XVIth century
inaugurated with so much determination, and which is carried on
now-a-days by the efforts of the 'Ethical Societies,' the 'Free-
thinkers' the 'Egidy-Union' and the 'free-religious communi-
ties,'and also by men who still remain within the church, but
are not afraid of looking farther afield over its walls," e. g., R.
Rothe, W.Beyschlag, and others. There are thousands, continues
Scholl, who are dissatisfied with the church and search after
truth : to these Schneider's book stretches out a helping hand to
lead them on to the new faith.
And now for the Mannheim preacher's ^lustration of the ten
438 The Review. 1902
commandments. The Bible, says Schneider, "attributes a divine
origin to the law of Moses and surrounds it with a divine halo.
We need not say that we have no faith in such an origin. That
legislation is too childish to be held up as pure truth to an en-
lightened age like ours." What is the pure truth? When Moses
delivered the Israelites from the Egyptian bondage, he had to give
them laws to keep them together. "He cloaked his personal
cleverness with divine authority and secured success. It is an
old practice still kept up in our own time."
Moses, then, simply deceived the stupid Jews. Being an apos-
tate Egyptian priest, he made the best of his priestcraft. Moses
stamps his laws as divine by the expression "Thou shalt," but to
us, who have so far advanced, this is of no value. We, "who have
occasion to admire every day and every hour the eternal creative
art of all-ruling nature in the heavens and on earth, we have no
reason to allow our moral life to be influenced by a legendary ac-
count of creation." "Let revealed religions and their representa-
tives, who labor and strive for heaven before everything, fetch
their laws from heaven : we who labor and strive for nothing but
a noble and moral manhood on earth, we shall find in man and
man's nature the unchanging laws to which he is subject."
Man used to be composed of body and soul. But Schneider has
changed all that. "Man, with all his bodily, spiritual and psychic
qualities, is to be conceived as one whole indivisible unit."
Man ought to think, not to believe ; he must love his fellow-men
and work honestly. "To think, to love, to work : there is the
trinity of human duties Although no God has imposed thern,
they are yet divine, for they spring from the god-like nature of
man." It is the old story over again : God is cast from his throne
and man is placed on it.
Many hold, says our preacher farther, that the literal belief in
dogmas such as "conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin
Mary, risen from the dead, ascended into heaven," and all Biblical
wonders, area "massive faith" unsuitable for our times. Schneider
tells these Protestants that there is no choice : they must accept
or reject all miracles alike, for all rest on the same authority.
And he rejects them all. "Science knows nothing of a God re-
vealing himself and saying : I am the Lord, thy God."
This science, always mouthed by the half-cultured, — we know
it ! Schneider does not vouchsafe us a shred of demonstration :
his lambs must take his word for all he pronounces.
Dealing with the second commandment, our author tells us how
Prof. O. Pfleiderer in Berlin won him over to pantheism and made
him understand the unreasonableness of a personal God, a trini-
ty, etc., etc. Many are they who at the German universities ex-
No. 28. The Review. 439
change the saving- faith for a comfortable infidelity ! That
Schneider should harp on the "adoration of the Virgin," is not to
be wondered at in such an enlightened writer !
The Mannheim preacher is opposed to the adoration and invo-
cation of God. "We can not invoke the name of God in our dis-
tress, because our consciousness has delivered us from the vain
belief that an eternal omnipotence cares for the welfare of indi-
viduals."
But enough has been quoted of these blasphemous utterances.
Schneider, notwithstanding his book, indignantly repudiates the
accusation of being an enemy to religion — only fanatics can prefer
such a charge ! The explanation lies in the dishonest use of the
term religion now fashionable in German non-Catholic circles.
The sense of the word is so altered as to be quite changed : in-
stead of denoting a system of faith and morals, it is applied to
everjT moral or immoral code of action.
This bird's-eye view is sufficient to convince the reader of the
sad disintegration of Christianity in Protestant Germany. It
would be an easy task to multipl}' our quotations, but it is un-
necessary. Bearing in mind the wide-spread and deep-reaching
apostacy exposed in this sketch, we now put the question : Can
those German missionaries who invade Austria with the cry
"Away from Rome," be animated by purely Christian motives?
If not the propagation of the Christian faith, what are their mo-
tives? We answer unhesitatingly : political agitation against the
Catholic dynasty of Austria. German- non-Catholic papers, for
instance the Nationaheitung, make no secret of it. As Prussia
is the representative of Protestantism, so Austria is still by many
Germans looked upon as the representative of Catholicism. To
many the cry "Away from Rome" is equivalent to the cry "Away
from Austria and the house of Habsburg." There may also exist
some spiritual affinity between the Austrian originators of the
movement and the members of the Evangelical alliance, for to
this latter belong many who are Christians only in name.
In our opinion, however, the favor which the "Away from Rome"
movement has found in Germany is chiefly due to its affording an
opportunity for silencing, or hushing up the quarrels in the Prot-
estant camp by means of a combined attack on Rome. The inter-
most vital principle of Protestantism is negation, especially the
negation of papal authority, that rock upon which Christ built his
Church. Nothing, therefore, is more fit to unite the divided
brethren than the war-cry against Rome. The Evangelical
Alliance is well aware of this fact. Whenever fierce internal dis-
sensions threaten to upset the whole Evangelical fabric, the war-
440 The Review. 1902.
cry is raised, the odium paper is fanned into flames, and, for a
time, some external unit}' is restored. At such periods even
Protestants who care nothing- for their church feel in their hearts
an awakening- of "the Evangelical conscience" and go forth to
battle against the Romans.
Fortunately our Austrian brethren have now entered with great
energy upon a war of self-defence, and it is earnestly to be hoped
that their sustained effort may be crowned with speedy success.
They may adopt as a motto the prophetic words of the great
Bishop of Mayence, Emmanuel von Ketteler, pronounced fifty
years ago :
"Whilst the world voices 'Los von Rom,' let us cry, with heart
and soul, 'United with Rome.' And the more the world is divided
and tends to ruin, the more let us rest and rejoice in the thought
that we have a centre of unity in the primacy of the Pope."
CONTEMPORARY CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
The Disintegration of Episcopalianism. — A reverend subscriber sends
us a clipping from the Milwaukee Journal of July 2nd, giving an
account of the hot feud between low-church and high-church as
exemplified in the case of the Rev. Mr. Lester and Bishop Nichol-
son. Our correspondent comments thereon as follows :
The real cause of the Rev. Mr. Lester's resigning gives us
another glimpse of how indifferentism, liberalism in religion, lati-
tudinarianism, natural offsprings of the great Protestant prin-
ciple of private judgment, are a kind of preparatory school for in-
fidelit}r ; how the same pernicious and mischievous tenet is not
only leading Protestant Germany to Paganism, (as The Review
has pointed out in its interesting series "Paganism in Protestant
German}7,") but is also the dangerous microbe which is undermin-
ing and ravaging the health of the Prodigal Son of America and
gradually preparing him for the wholesale denial of Christianity
as a divine revelation, which eventually means paganism.
Involuntarily Bossuet's prediction when speaking of the great
revolt of the sixteenth century, is recalled. He says : "Every
man erects a tribunal for himself, when he becomes the arbiter
of his own belief. Although the innovators wished to restrain the
minds of men within the limits of Holy Scripture, yet as each in-
dividual was constituted its interpreter, and was to believe that
Holy Scripture would reveal to him its meaning, all were author-
ized to' worship their own inventions, to consecrate their own
errors, and to place the seal of divinity on their own thoughts. It
No. 28. The Review. -441
wis then foreseen that by this unbridled license sects would be
multiplied to infinity and men, torn asunder by so many sects,
would seek at length a fatal repose and complete independence in
indifference to all religion, or Atheism." Thus it would seem
that the suggestion of Rev. C. R. Birnbach, of Illinois, to go our
'"progressive" Catholics one better, by establishing a Protestant
Episcopalian order of Paulist Fathers to rear up a new corps of
clergy fully equipped for the wider employment (The Review,
No. 16, page 252) would find greater favor if the proposed order
would organize for "turning a crank to grind out grace by pretty
magic," to save so many Protestants from being swept into the
region of the "Unknowable."
"Mediaevalism," declares Rev. Lester; "Unitarianism," retorts
Bishop Grafton, whilst Frederick C. Morehouse, publisher of the
Young Churchman, when asked about the differences between the
high and broad-churchmen, replies: "There are practically no dif-
ferences and there never was a time when the church was so
closely united as at present."
THE STAGE.
Ben-Hur, the Novel and the Play. — Mr. Arthur Symons, a poet of
rare delicacy and an acknowledged arbiter of taste, writing, a few
weeks ago, on the dramatic version of the story now acting in Lon-
don, says :
"Strictly speaking the book is not written at all. The language
is awkward, uncomfortable, like the language of a man who is tak-
ing up his pen for the first time. We come constantly on such
phrases as : 'The goodness of the reader is again besought in
favor of an explanation'; or 'with this plain generalization in mind,
all further desirable knowledge on the subject will be obtained
by following the incidents of the scene occurring.' A Bac-
chante in the grove of Daphne, trying to talk poetically, talks after
this fashion : 'The winds which blow here are respirations of the
gods. Let us give ourselves to the waftage of the winds.' '
No wonder that Mr. Symons makes merry over the childish-
ness of such a style. A writer in the Athenaeum says :
"Maugre the wonderful popularity it has obtained in America,
'Ben-Hur,' by General Lew Wallace, is a curious product, which
can not appeal to good taste."
The Provide ncce Visitor, which has long contended, that 'Ben-
Hur' was mawkish and unsound in sentiment, points out in its No.
30, that this book is in great measure responsible for that alarming
growth of irreverence, which can await with equanimity the pro-
duction of a dramatized version of the Passion staged by Hebrew
playwrights and acted by the ordinary "gentlemen" and "ladies"
of the theatrical profession in a public theatre.
The Athenaeum reviewer, whom we have quoted, rightly says,
that "with the best of intentions, such a book must savor of irrev-
erence, and is not unlikely to incur the charge of profanity." The
root of the matter, according to the Visitor, lies in this : "Catholics
and Protestants approach Our Lord from diametrically opposite
standpoints. The Catholic reaches out the arms of his soul to
touch Him physically in the Sacraments. He comes close to Him
daily in the Mass. His Christ is an ever-present and daily Lord,
442- The Review. 1902.
his Lord, our Lord, always, and not merely the Lord, as Protest-
ants call Him. Your average sectarian, on the other hand, views
Him as a remote historical personage, about whom it is proper to
sentimentalize. That makes all the difference in the world ; it is
just the difference between Catholicism, which is essentially mys-
tical and living and constructive, and the sects, which are essen-
tially rationalizing and destructive.''
LAW.
The Law as a Profession. — Editor H. Gerald Chapin, of the Ameri-
can Lawyer, publishes in the June number of Success a rather
startling article on "The Decline of the Practicing Lawyer." He
prophesies that within twenty years, the individual or general
practice attorney will be extinct, save only in the remoter country
districts. Reduced to a chemical formula, computed on a scale
of ten, the sum of legal business, according to Mr. Chapin, may
be said to be compounded of the following :
Real estate 3 parts.
Corporations 2
Commercial cases and "collections"' 2
Wills and administration of estates 1 part.
Accident and negligence suits 1
Defence of criminals 1
In the real estate business, the lawyer has been practically
crowded out by the title -insura ace companies, who work for less
fees and are financially responsible for their errors. The incor-
poration of corporations is attended to by special companies.
The legal departments of trust companies draw up wills. Collec-
tion agencies dun recalcitrant debtors upon terms so low that the
attorney can not possibly compete. The fidelity and casualty
companies by their staffs of able counsel carry to the highest
courts of appeal any case which may be brought against those in-
sured. Criminal law in each large city is falling more and more
into the hands of a few reputable firms and a few smaller ones,
whose rank in the profession is exceedingly low.
Nor has the now thoroughly commercialized legal profession
escaped the tendency of the age toward specialization and concen-
tration. According to Mr. Chapin, there are now in New York
City about twenty-five law firms which are gradually absorbing
all business of any moment. They represent a number of wealthy
clients, whose operations, while large, are not sufficiently great
to justify them, like railway or life insurance companies, in hav-
ing a special legal department of their own. Each of these firms
is divided into half a dozen departments, in charge of experts in
different branches of the profession. The members of the firm
receive comparatively large incomes, while the salary of individ-
uals of the working staff ranges from $10 to $25 per week. The
lower amount is the average. There are thousands of young men
of excellent ability living on that income, who, under the old
regime, would have become leaders of the bar, instead of insignifi-
cant cogwheels of a mighty machine. And this condition is typi-
cal of the state of the profession to-day in all of our large cities.
These are gloomy prospects indeed for our young lawyers and
No. 28. The Review. 443
law students. Let us hope that Mr. Chapin has overdrawn the
picture and that, while the time of enormous fees is past, the pro-
fession will continue to afford to diligent and able practicioners
a liberal income. The opportunities are still large in the legal
profession, and ability, zeal, earnestness, honesty, and integrity
are bound to bring success in this as in every other calling.
EDUCATION.
Herbert Spencer on Education. — Professor William Henry Hudson
says in the Preface to his 'Introduction to the Philosophy of Her-
bert Spencer' (Appleton & Co., New York, 1894) that "his teach-
ings and speculations have been, of all men's, the most influential
in directing the intellectual movements of the nineteenth cen-
tury." The aged philosopher — we will call him by that name by
courtesy, for he is not a philosopher in the real sense — has recent-
ly published what he believes will be the last book from his fruit-
ful pen. It is entitled 'Facts and Comments' and consists of a
series of notes and observations jotted down from time to time by
this analytic man. We have alread}7 quoted in one of our recent
issues, his opinion on vaccination. His position on education will
prove equally interesting to our readers.
Mr. Spencer laughs at the theory that if men are taught what
is right, they will do right. Intellectual action has no necessary
or inevitable connection with moral action. "Were it fully under-
stood," he says, "that the emotions are the masters, and the in-
tellect the servant, it would be seen that little can be done by im-
proving the servant while the master remains unimproved. Im-
proving the servant does but give the masters more power of
achieving their ends."
In his chapter upon State Education, he once more condemns
"intellectualization in advance of moralization." The State has
no right to impose its culture on the citizen. The State should
not take by taxes the earnings of A to pay for teaching the child-
ren of B. His theorem, which he demonstrates, is that society is
not benefited but injured by artificially increasing intelligence
without regard to character. He points to the press as proof of
the evil of a forced intellectual culture. To the same cause he at-
tributes the spread of anarchism. He would give supply and de-
mand free play in the intellectual as in the economic sphere. He
believes that in education, as in other things, the natural course
is best and that course is evolutionary. He would have education
unhampered as to superior persons ; the poor to get education as
best they may.
Education, according to Spencer, "increases the power which
the emotions have of manifesting themselves and obtaining their
satisfactions — intensifies the emotional life." But in average hu-
man beings the lower emotions are more powerful than the higher,
and "hence education, adding to the force of all the emotions, in-
creases the relative predominance of the lower, and the restraints
which the higher impose, are more apt to be broken through." He
would neither have the State aid nor prevent education, but adopt
a passive policy.
The Catholic position, as our readers know, is not, like the
Spencerian, " laisserfaire ;" nor, on the other hand is it "/aire
faireS'' It is "aider J aire."
444
MISCELLANY.
Outcroppings of " American ism." — The Catholic Citizen of Mil-
waukee continues to furnish material for this rubric. In its edition
of June 28th it suggests that this petition be added to the Litany :
'"From the methods of Italian diplomacy in the regulation and
protection of the interests and liberties of the Church under the
American flag, Good Lord deliver us !"
In an editorial article on "Leo's Latest Letter" (the papal note of
thanks in reply to the jubilee greeting of the American hierarchy)
the Citizen (we quote the article from its St. Paul edition, yclept
Northwestern CJironide No. 30) insinuates that this letter contra-
dicts and revokes the doctrinal Brief "Testem benevolentiae" ! !
The inspiration of this article is to be traced to a long letter in
the N. Y. Sun (June 1st) by the Rev. Thomas Stanislaus Dolan,
of St. Patrick's Church, Washington, which the Catholic Telegraph
(June 12th) summarized as follows :
Thomas Stanislaus Dolan "leans distinctl}r in the direction of
reform. Could he have his way, the religious orders soon would
go out of existence. He even knows the Pope's mind better than
the same is known to Leo XIII. himself. He knows, and has ac-
tually told the world through the columns of the Sun, that the
Pope was humbugged into writing his famous letter on 'Ameri-
canism'three years ago. He also knows that, now better informed
with regard to things American, Leo XIII. has recently taken
back all his statements in a letter to the bishops of America."
The spirit of the Rev. Dolan's letter was characterized by
"Catholicus Neo-Caesariensis" in the Sun of June 8th as "Jansen-
istic," "un-Catholic," aye "anti-Catholic."
This is strong language, but not exaggerated. Note the way
the Washington curate writes of the Vicar of Christ. "The
Pontiff," he assures us, "issued his letter on Americanism because
he felt profoundly convinced of its expediency. This conviction
was the result of information which he regarded as trustworthy,
because proceeding presumably from reliable sources." In plain
English, his Holiness did not know what he was talking
or writing about. He continues : "The Pope's present informa-
tion is not furnished from the viewpoint of narrow partisanship."
"The late Papal letter indicates most clearly that now we are
thoroughly understood by the Father of the Universal Church."
It would seem from Rev. Dolan's letter, that those at whom the
papal condemnation was aimed, manifested such a marvellous and
peculiar humility that they at once betook themselves to Rome
and in the spirit of the same humility informed the Pope that he
blundered most grievously, and that such a thing as Americanism
never existed except in the imagination of a few ultra-conserva-
tive reactionary spirits; and that the Pope at last found opportun-
ity to take it all back.
We shall conclude this unpleasant chapter on the eruption of
Stanislaus with these words from a letter of Dr. John M. Reiner,
Professor in the Augustinian College of Villanova, to the Sun
(June 8th) :
"While Father Dolan's letter is full of confusion, one thing is
quite clear, and that is that one species of Americanism will be
No. 28. The Review. 445
condemned by serious-minded people — that mania and irresistible
attack of the summer malady, to write without information, to
write without attaching any value to either words or principles,
and to discuss such questions in the press, in one of the brightest
papers in America, in such a flippant way."
Maestro Perosi oi\ the R.evivaJ of Church Music in ItaJy. — The
Director of the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican, Don Lorenzo Perosi,
a young priest whose oratories have placed him in the front rank
of living composers, contributes to No. 2795 of the N. Y. Inde-
pendent an interesting paper on Sacred Music in Italy. He frank-
ly admits that church music in Italy at present is "in a most un-
gratifying condition." that Italian churches, particularly in the
South, "use music which the greater part of the time is absolute-
ly unfitting." But there is a hopeful revival, dating from 1877, when
P. Amelli, O. S. B., began to raise aloft in Italy the flag of "Cecil-
ianismo."
It is unfortunately true, and we are glad Don Perosi does not dis-
guise the fact, that Rome, whence have issued the best decrees re-
garding sacred music, has remained backward in executing them
herself. He attributes it, first, to the enormous number of functions
held there, with the consequent impossibility of having good music
at all of them ; second, to the habit the people have of attending
church, not to assist at divine service, but to hear a popular con-
cert gratis. Don Perosi hopes much from the work of the com-
mission recently appointed by the Pope for the reform of Church
music. He sums up his paper by declaring that there will be no
thorough reform of sacred music in Italy, until there be —
"1st. Young men of musical capacity who will devote themselves
with enthusiasm and sacrifice to the noble cause of sacred music;
"2d. The salaries of the masters of chapels raised to a minimum
on which it is possible to live, many expenses in illuminations and
decorations being suppressed ;
"3d. A reduction in the number of services so that it will not be
necessary to sing three masses in one morning, as in the Giulia
Chapel at the Vatican ;
"4th. No more insistence on the giving of bad music, the choice
being left to the maestro into whose hands the chapel has been
intrusted."
The young Maestro concludes thus : "I believe that, little by
little, the consciousness of many superiors in the churches who
now oppose the movement is awakening, and if we keep to the
wise dispositions of the highest authority we shall have no more
cause to turn red with shame when we enter and assist at a func-
tion in our churches, whether at Rome or at the extreme limits of
Italy."
As our readers are aware, this is precisely the position we have
taken with regard to the reform of Church music in this country.
[We hope, by the way, that if the Independent ever receives an-
other contribution in Italian, it will entrust the translation of it
into English to more competent hands. And Don Perosi ought
to know that there are Catholic journals in America wherein he
can discuss these things more profitably.]
446
NOTE-BOOK.
We are pained to be compelled to chronicle the rather sudden
death, on last Saturday, of the venerable Archbishop Feehan of
Chicago, under whose benign crozier The Review was founded
and prospered for over three years, despite the attempts of its
enemies to move him to muzzle it. The departed Metropolitan,
in the words of his and our friend, Father G. D. Heldmann, "had
that special gift which won him the absolute confidence and the
deepest love and affection of every nationality of his Diocese. He
possessed that subtle spiritual power which united them all in
himself. He was the kindest of a father to his priests. The poor
and downtrodden found in him a kind and compassionate friend
at all times. No one in trouble ever went to him but came away
blessed by his words and helped to bear their sorrows."
"Under his hand the parochial school sj'stem of Chicago has been
so perfected that it is second to none in the world. There are
more children in the parochial schools of the Archdiocese than in
any other in the United States. Not in vain was he called the
'Defender of the Schools.' M
MajT he rest in peace !
While the better class of Catholic weeklies are doing everything
in their power to combat the "yellow" press and to counter-
act its evil influence, some of the "boiler-plate abominations
soused in hol3T water" brazenW advertise the most vicious expon-
ents of the "new journalism." Witness this editorial note from
the Memphis Catholic Journal (Jcrae 28th):
"The Chicago American, one of the brightest papers in this
country, built up its mighty prestige on reliable news and editor-
ials which could not be questioned. There is no other way known
to successful journalism."
Thus does a soi-disant Catholic newspaper prostitute itself and
disgrace the entire Catholic press — all for a gratis copy of the
shameless Chicago rag, we presume, for there is no other motive
apparent.
A labor-union church, with the rich excluded, is the latest pro-
posal of organized labor in Indiana, according to the N. Y.
Evening Post of June 21st. The project is an interesting depart-
ure from the Biblical ideal of the rich and poor meeting together
before the Lord, who is the maker of them all. With a member-
ship limited to those in good and regular standing in trades-
unions, and with the running expenses paid by "assessments" —
as if for a strike — the success of the new evangelical venture
would seem to be assured. We presume there would be a string-
ent rule against long sermons ; twenty minutes, with a leaning to
the side of mercy, was Mr. Evarts' idea, and a labor-union con-
gregation would have peculiar advantages in enforcing it. They
could rattle their pew-doors, or all get up and go out, on the stroke
of the clock, just as they drop their hammers on week-days. The
No. 28. The Review.] 447
pastor, we fear, would find himself somewhat limited in point of
Scriptural texts — many of them he would obviously have to avoid.
3 3^
We have lengthy statements from the Maple Leaf Mining- and
Development Co., of San Francisco, and their Chicago agents,
with regard to the note we lately reprinted from the Monitor.
We have not room for the letters, but in justice to the company
will chronicle the fact that the Monitor has since declared, in its
edition of June 30th, that the present officers of the company are
"responsible and estimable gentlemen." We are glad to see that
both the president and the managing director of the concern re-
pudiate the advertising methods resorted to by the Chicago
brokers in whose hands was placed the sale of a limited number
of shares of treasury stock.
We do not wish to injure the Maple Leaf Mining and Develop-
ment Company, especially now that we have the promise of its
President that "the Board of Directors will not tolerate the use of
the name of the Church or any of its clergy for the purpose of en-
couraging the sale of stock or for any other purpose." But we re-
peat what was said in the Monitor article reproduced by us in our
No. 24 : "The Maple Leaf Mining Company should stand on the
same level as ordinary business enterprises and should be judged
b}^ the same rules, neither more harshly nor more leniently. Our
readers will make no mistake in investing in this mining venture
or in any other mining venture if, before taking stock, they make
a personal investigation of the properties in question under the
guidance of a reliable and competent mining expert employed b}'
themselves."
While it appears that the new French Premier, Combes, was
never ordained a priest, there is no doubt that for a number of
years he wore the cassock and was called Abbe. He was a colla-
borator of Pere d'Alzon, the founder of the Assumptionists, and
taught at the College of the Fathers at Nimes, where he disting-
uished himself by piety, unction, modest bearing, and great se-
verity. M. de Bernis, a former deputy of Gard, relates that when
he was a student at Nimes, he was once severely reprimanded by
the Abbe Combes for laughing during prayer. We have no de-
tails regarding his apostasy, but the Catholic papers say he is a
Freemason, and he certainly shows by his demeanor that he hates
and means to persecute the Catholic religion.
^^ ^^ ^^
We are enabled to state to-day, on the very best authority, de-
spite the denial of the Washington correspondent of the Freeman"*
Journal (No. 3597), that the account which we reprinted from the
N. Y. Tribune, of how Archbishop Gibbons became a cardinal,
(see our No. 24) was substantially correct.
Archbishop Corrigan in 1886 was offered the red hat, but re-
fused to accept it because he had no ambition and feared it might
give rise to jealousy ; he advised that the dignity be conferred
448 The Review. 1902.
either upon Msgr. Williams, or on Msgr. Gibbons on account of
his being- primate.
We are also enabled to state that the position of Apostolic Dele-
gate had been offered to Archbishop Corrigan before it was given
to Msgr., now Cardinal, Satolli.
It is not true, however, as stated in the Tribune article from
which we quoted some extracts (this particular one was not
among them), that Archbishop Corrigan suggested the name of
Msgr. Keane for Dubuque, though the question of this appoint-
ment had been virtually referred by Rome to him, and he ap-
proved, because Rome, for reasons we may divulge later, wished it.
^^ ^^ ^^
According to the Boston Republic (July 5th) Archbishop Wil-
liams has twice refused an honorary degree by Harvard College ;
and this more than a dozen years ago, before Yale, Pennsylvania,
Columbia, and other Protestant institutions became so liberal in
offering honorary LL. D.'s to Catholic prelates. We think his
Grace of Boston, in acting thus, displayed good sense and pru-
dence.
We are indebted to Mr. Joseph Schaefer, publisher, 9 Barclay
Street, New York City, for a colored print of the late Archbishop
Corrigan. It is the portrait which was first issued officially for
the benefit of the New York diocesan seminary. Size of print,
16 by 20 ; size of paper, 22 by 26 ; price fifty cents.
9 3^
The report of a miraculous apparition at Morne Rouge shortly
previous to the terrible catastrophe that destroyed St. Pierre, is
confirmed by a correspondent of the Paris Croix. According to
his account, however, the nuns did not see the Savior, but the
image of his Sacred Heart in the ostensorium.
+r +r +r
In the Revue du Monde Invisible for April, P. Poulain denies
that any case of true natural ecstasy has 3Tet been authenticated.
£• e e
Perhaps no word of recent invention has played so large a part
in public discussions as "agnostic." R. H. Hutton, the late editor
of the Spectator, believed that it was first used by Huxley in 1869
at a party at James Knowles's house ; and that Huxley took it
from the Biblical reference to the altar to an unknown God. In
this sense it would merely be a recognition of what Huxley held
to be the limits of human knowledge. A recent contributor to the
Spectator, however, calls attention to a decisive passage in Hux-
ley's 'Collected Essays,' vol. v., p. 239. "It came into my head,"
Huxley writes, "as suggestively antithetic to the 'gnostic' of
church history, who professed to know so much about the very
things of which I was ignorant." The name which he coined for
himself was, then, not merely descriptive, but aggressive, imply-
ing a contempt of all mysticism and of revealed religion in general.
The "Bula de Cruzada."
i.
he Sacred Heart Review and several other Catholic news-
papers of this country have recently voiced enquiries
[cfr. The Review, No. 14] concerning the origin and
import of the dispensation from Friday abstinence obtaining in
Spain and its former dependencies.
The source of this dispensation is the Bula de Cruzada, or in
Latin, Bulla CruciiJae, a papal constitution granting various
spiritual benefits and privileges to such Christians as took up
arms against the infidels and heretics or supported the crusades
against them by alms. These privileges date back to Pope Urban
II. They were increased and extended by Innocent III. and Cal-
ixtusIII.,whowas the first to issue a "crusade bull, "so-called, and to
apply its favors to those whoadvanced the good work by a monetary
offering. As the ardor which had inspired the crusades soon died
out everywhere except in the countries belonging to the Spanish
monarchy, the Bula de Cruzada was later limited in its application
to these lands, first under Julius II., later under Leo X., Clement
VII., Paul III., Julius III., Paul IV., Pius IV., and Pius V.
The last-mentioned Pope, Pius V., ordained that the Bull, so
often as it was renewed by him or his successors, was to remain
in force for six years, during which space it was to be promul-
gated biennially. With the exception of Gregory XV., in whose
short pontificate the promulgation of the Bull by his predecessor
was still in force, it was renewed by each succeeding pope until
the year 1753. In the century just past crusade bulls were issued
by Pius VII., Leo XII., Gregory XVI., Pius IX., and Leo
XIII.; and Pius IX. agreed with the Spanish government (art. 40
of the Concordat of 1851) that the proceeds of the Bull in Spain
were to be devoted to the necessities of Spanish dioceses.
Naples and Portugal, having at one time belonged to the Span-
ish monarchy, have continued, together with Latin America,
Cuba and the Philippines, to participate in the privileges of the
Bula de Cruzada. For Ecuador Pope Pius IX. disposed of the
proceeds in a brief dated May 20th, 1862, by turning them over
in part to the Apostolic Delegation at Quito and in part to the na-
tive Indian missions.
II.
Whence the proceeds of the Bull come, we will explain in the
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 29. St. Louis, Mo., July 24, 1902.)
450 The Review. 1902
words of one of our readers in Chili, Rev. Louis Friedrich, who
writes to us from Pica under date of May 26th :
"Any one may acquire a copy of the Bula and thus gain its
privileges, by giving some alms, which are stipulated for this
Vicariate (Tarapaca.) on the accompanying copy ; the money is
partly used for sustaining the divine cult at the holy Sepulchre in
Jerusalem, and partly for diocesan seminaries. Bishops may re-
ceive from Rome permission to apply it to some other work of
charity.
Usually our (South-American) bishops receive the faculty to
publish the Bull every two years for a period of ten years. Some
Bulas, — de Commutation for instance, — are given very rarely and
can be had only at Rome. {According to the Bulas de Cruzada and
Came, of which I include samples, we have to fast or abstain
from meat, only on the following days during the present year :
Fasting and abstinence :
February 12, 14, 21, 28 ; March 7, 14, 21, 27, 28.
Fasting without abstinence :
February 19, 26 ; March 5, 12, 19, 26 ; December 5, 12, 19.
Abstinence without fasting :
May 17, June 28, August 14, December 24.
On the whole 22 days.
There are Bulls of meat, of milk, of the dead, of composition, of
commutation of vows, etc., but the principal one is the Bula de
Cruzada, without the possession of which the rest have no effect.
There is an immense treasure of spiritual benefits lavished up-
on the Spanish countries by the Bulls just named. For the few
who know how to appreciate them they work a great deal of good ;
but the great majority of Catholics clearly do not appreciate them.
They do not acquire the Bulls, but at the same time believe them-
selves freed from the obligations of abstinence and fasting. They
say, if for so small a sum you can free yourself from an obliga-
tion, this obligation can not be very grave. Here, e. g., there are
only six persons among one hundred who acquire the Bulas.
The Church has to endure many attacks on account of this
privilege, both from ignorance and malice. I have heard even dis-
tinguished foreign clergymen express the opinion that the
Bula de Cruzada, etc., ought to be done away with. I for my
part humbly thank the Holy See for these graces and try to
derive all possible advantage therefrom. It is also my wish to
convince people of the great value the Bula has for these countries.
The expediency of the Bula was renewed in modern times
when Spain received the providential mission to win millions of
Indians to the Catholic faith. To the Indians the Bula de Cruzada
has always remained a sacred thing."
No. 29. The Review. 451
III.
We reproduce for further elucidation one of the Bulas de
Cruzada, the Bula de Came, as promulgated in the Apostolic
Vicariate of Tarapaca, Chili :
i — *—- ■» ) Vicariato Apostolico de Tarapaca.
( — « — ) Bula de carne para el bienio de 1898 y 1899.
Limosna dada, 1.50 cents.
La Santa Sede se ha dignado extender a los fieles del Vicariato
de Tarapaca el privilejio de poder comer carne, huevos y lacticin-
ios en la Cuaresma, en los viernes del aiio y en las Temporas y
Vigilias, exceptuandose unicamente : 1°. el Miercoles de Ceniza ;
2°. los Viernes de cada semana de Cuaresma ; 3°. los dias
Miercoles, Jueves, Viernes y Sabado de la Semana Santa ; 4°. las
vigilias de la Natividad de Nuestro Senor Jesucristo, de Pente-
costes, de la Asuncion de la Santisima Vfrgen y la de los Aposto-
les San Pedro y San Pablo.
Los sacerdotes deben abstenerse tambien de la carne en los
dias Lunes y Martes de la Semana Santa.
Para usar de este privilejio es necesario tener la Bula de la
Santa Cruzada.
Por tanto, habienda vos Luis Friedrich dado la limosna arriba
apuntada para atender a los gastos de las misiones, os otorgamos
el mencionado privilejio.
Dado en Iquique, a 1°. de Enero de 1898.
Guillermo Juan, Victor M. Montero,
Obispo tit. de Antenode y Vicario Secretario.
Apostolico de Tarapaca.
Father Friedrich is ready to give any further information on
the subject that may be desired.
We may add that the 'Kirchenlexikon' contains in its second
volume, 5. v. "Bulla Cruciatae," more detailed information about
the history, contents, and mode of promulgation of this much-
discussed Bull.
452
The Schools ii\ the Philippines.
M
n his letter, dated July 11th, Secretary Root writes
as follows : "It is the purpose of the Philippine govern-
ment to maintain in the archipelago the same kind of
free non-sectarian instruction which exists in the United States,
and which has proved to be for the interest of religion and all re-
ligions. The government means, so far as it possibly can, to give
education to the people of the islands, and it will do this without
any discrimination for or against any church or sect."
This passage shows clearly the standpoint of the government
in the Philippine school question.
That standpoint is absolutely untenable. To ignore all religious
differences, to give education without any discrimination for or
against any creed, is a sheer impossibility. No teacher can be for
any length of time in the schoolroom without showing his predi-
lection for some particular creed or religious tenet or his indiffer-
ence towards all creeds. Moreover, to say that a system of
"non-sectarian instruction" is "for the interest of religion and all
religions" alike, Judaism, Anglicanism, Ivutheranism, Methodism,
Mormonism, Buddhism, and even Catholicism, is simply absurd.
The logical basis of such a system is none other than absolute
indifferentism or agnosticism, which practically is identical with
atheism. And such a truly and essentially "godless and irrelig-
ious school system" the United States government is with all its
might trying to force upon the Filipinos, an avowedly Catholic,
but helpless nation !
What the Catholic Church thinks of the non-sectarian in-
struction of the young, we may learn from the school legisla-
tion enacted by the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, which
was authoritatively upheld and confirmed by the famous letter of
Leo XIII. on the American school question.
The Fathers of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimre write
(n. 197):
"Finally, we may well quote the encyclical letter of Pope Leo
XIII. addressed to the bishops of France, February 8th of this
year, 1884, in which the necessity of Christian education in Cath-
olic schools is inculcated by the highest authority both in very
appropriate terms and with most solid reasons. 'It is of the
greatest importance [says the Pontiff] that the children born of
Christian marriage be early trained in the precepts of religion
and that those branches of knowledge by which the minds of the
young are usually formed, be joined with religious instruction.
To separate the former from the latter, is in reality the same
thing as to wish that the hearts of the young, in regard to their
No. 29. The Review. 453
duties towards God, be turned neither one way nor another:
this method is illusory and most pernicious, particularly in the
early ages of boyhood, because it actually paves the way to athe-
ism and debars religion. Good parents must by all means be
solicitous that their children, as soon as their reason awakens, be
taught the precepts of religion, and that nothing occur in the
schools that could tarnish the purity of faith and morals. That
this care should be bestowed on the education of youth is a de-
mand of the divine and the natural law, nor can parents by any
cause be excused from this law. The Church, on the other hand,
the guardian and defender of the purity of faith, invested by her
Divine Founder with the authority and charge to call all nations to
the light of Christianity and diligently to watch in what principles
and precepts the youth belonging to her are educated, has at all
times openly condemned the so-called mixed or neutral schools,
warning fathers of families again and again to be on their guard
in a matter of so great importance.' "
And, we repeat it again, such a pernicious system of education,
which was at all times openly condemned by the Church, the
United States government tries with all its might to force upon
the newly conquered and avowedly Catholic nation of the Fili-
pinos ! Can any terms of indignation and protest against such
tyranny and abuse of power be too strong on the part of Catholics ?
The Church in Holland.
E have the following from a trustworthy source :
The current news from Holland as published by Cath-
olic papers in this country, is often misleading or posi-
tively false. Some of our foremost Catholic weeklies, f. i., recent-
ly stated that the Dutch Parliament consists of a total member-
ship of 58. The Second Chamber is composed of 100 representa-
tives ; 58 Christians (33 Protestants of various denominations and
25 Catholics) and 42 Socialists, Liberals, and Radicals. If pro-
portional representation obtained in Holland, the Catholic party
would be 10 members stronger.
The founding of a Catholic university in Holland has been post-
poned until circumstances are more favorable. Yet, the com-
mittee to collect the funds is formed and no trouble will be spared
to actually begin the work as soon as it will be possible to compete
successfully with the State institutions. At present Catholic
students attend the universities of Louvain and Rome for eccle*
454 The Review. 1902.
siastical studies ; for secular learning they mostly frequent the
free University at Amsterdam. There they have the privilege to
attend the philosophy lectures given by Father DeGroot, Professor
of the University. Moreover, a learned Jesuit, Dr. Exler, stationed
at Amsterdam, gives a regular course of lectures in theology and
its affiliated branches. These lectures are principally for the
students' society "Science and Faith," but also non-Catholic are
admitted. After each lecture every one is free to make objec-
tions, which are answered immediately or the next day. Form-
erly all objections were answered immediately, but this method
has been abandoned to give important questions more careful at-
tention and more exhaustive treatment.
Conversions to the Catholic Church have been rare for many
years, but of late they are very numerous. This change must
chiefly be ascribed to the rapid decay of Protestantism, which is
(as well as in Germany and America) fast drifting into infideli-
ty. Another reason, which certainly should not be underestimated,
is the practical Catholicity of the Dutch people. Those who do
not live up to their religion, are a very rare exception. A goodly
number assist at mass on weekdays and many hear two masses
on Sundays. I do not think I am exaggerating when I say that
three-fourths receive the sacraments every month. Several
prominent Catholics receive communion every week. Most Cath-
olic families pray the rosary every day in common after supper,
as soon as all are at home. The clergy are in close communion
with the people, and their pure and honest lives make them re-
spected also by non-Catholics. Vocations are very numerous, and
therefore the bishops do not ordain any young man who does
not promise to be in every respect what a Catholic priest should
be. And if it ever happens (the case is very exceptional; that
there is something wrong with a priest, his faculties are with-
drawn for ever and a monastery or a priests' asylum is his resting
place until death. The bishops deem it bad policy to endanger
the salvation of many souls just for the sake of giving another
chance to a delinquent priest.
The "Nuyensfonds," a historical society organized in 1899,
with Dr. Schaepman as president and Dr. Brom as secretary, is
now enlarging its scope and will be modeled after the German
"Goerres Society" and the "Societe Scientifique" of Brussels.
The society will keep its old name in memory of the celebrated
Dr. Nuyens, Holland's greatest Catholic historian of the 19th
century.
There is also question of founding a Holland Catholic college at
Rome. This plan was discussed at the recent Dutch pilgrimage
and encouraged by the Holy Father. To establish a college at Rome
No. 29. The Review. 455
has been one of the pious wishes of the Dutch Catholics for many
years ; at present the idea is favored even by non-Catholics.
Some time ago Dr. Blok, an eminent Professor of the Leyden
University, was appointed by the Dutch government to give a re-
port on the Vatican archives concerning the history of the Neth-
erlands. In this report the broadminded professor praises the
kindness of the Vatican librarians and requests the government
to establish in the City of the Popes a house of studies for Hol-
landers. Rome is still, he says with Seneca, the centre of learning.
What the government will do, is not yet known. But the Cath-
olics intend to establish a Roman College in the near future.
Very likely their plans will be realized next year, when Holland
celebrates the 50th anniversary of the reestablishment of the
hierarchy.
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
The Proposal to Elect United States Senators by Direct Popular Vote. —
There is a strong movement in the American press favoring the
election of United States senators by direct popular vote. Senator
Vest has gone on record as being opposed to this proposition, and
we believe he is right. As Bryce has pointed out ('American
Commonwealth,' 3rd edition, I, 98), it is the most conspicuous,
and was at one time deemed the most important feature of our
Senate, that it represents the several States of the Union as sep-
arate commonwealths. It is thus not only an essential part of the
federal scheme, but the mode of election "which is older than any of
those in use in any European commonwealth, is also better, because
is not only simple, but natural, i.e., grounded on and consonant
with the political conditions of America. It produces a body which
is both strong in itself and different in its collective character
from the more popular house. It also constitutes, as Hamilton
anticipated, a link between the State governments and the national
government."
The election of United States senators by the legislatures of
the different States is now considered the provision of the consti-
tution most difficult to change, for "no State can be deprived of
its equal suffrage in the Senate without its consent," a consent
most unlikely to be given, because a change in this method would
be taken by the smaller States to foreshadow the end of that
equality which the smallest now enjoy with the largest, by having
each two representatives, no more and no less, in the federal
Senate.
It is worth observing, in this connection, that the election of
senators has in substance almost ceased to be indirect. They are
456 The Review. 1902.
still nominally chosen, as under the letter of the constitution they
must be chosen, by the State legislatures. But the State legis-
lature means the party for the time dominant, which decides up-
on its choice by a party caucus. The constitution of Nebraska
even allows the electors in voting- for members of the State legis-
lature to "express by ballot their preference of some person for
the office of United States senator. The votes cast for such can-
didates shall be canvassed and returned in the same manner as for
State officers." There would be only one advantage in formally vest-
ing the election of United States senators in the people direct, so far
as we can see, and that would be that bad candidates would perhaps
have less chance with the party at large and the people, than they
now have in bodies apt to be controlled by a knot of party mana-
gers. It is highly questionable, however, whether this single ad-
vantage would justify a change in the method so carefully wrought
out by the fathers, a method which, as Bryce testifies, "has ex-
cited the admiration of foreign critics, who have found in it a sole
and sufficient cause of the excellence cf the Senate as a legislative
and executive authority."
The argument that the direct election of the senators by the
people would bar corruption, is futile; or, rather, it cuts both ways.
If voters will not elect proper representatives to the State legisla-
ture, neither can they be trusted to elect the right kind of sena-
tors by direct vote. As Mr. Vest has pointed out, if we can not
trust the people one way, we can not trust them the other, and
the republican form of government may as well be conceded to be
a failure,
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.
Lightning Rods. — The vexed lightning-rod question is now under
consideration of the Special Lightning Research Committee,
which was organized last year by the Royal Institute of British
Architects and the Surveyors' Institution. More than 200 com-
petent observers have been appointed in the United Kingdom, the
colonies, India, and elsewhere. The British War Office, the Home
Office, the Post-office, the Trinity House Corporation, and the
United States Department of Agriculture have agreed to furnish
the Committee with particulars of damage resulting from light-
ning stroke to buildings under their control. The heavy thunder-
storms of last year afforded many opportunities of investigating
and recording, upon prescribed lines, the damage caused by
lightning. The net result, so far, is a series of seventy or more
trustworthy records, which furnish promising material for the
Committee to work upon, with the view of formulating conclu-
sions. The Committee have arranged for getting photographs
immediately after the occurrence of a disaster in cases of import,
ance. Out of sixty cases tabulated up to the end of December,
no fewer than twelve relate to buildings fitted with some form of
lightning conductor. As regards the system recommended by
the Lightning-Rod Conference of 1882, the facts at hand are not
sufficient to determine the extent of its efficacy. The recently
issued report, however, of the British Inspectors of Explosives
goes to show that it has been found wanting, and that there i s
ample justification for the present enquiry.
457
MISCELLANY.
A True Story of a. Prefect, a. Mitre, ai\d a Waltz. — La Verite
Frangahe (No. 3226) extracts from the Memorial des Pyrineis the
following story, which, if it came not from France, we would re-
fuse to believe. In an important French diocese a new bishop had
just arrived. The official visits and receptions took place accord-
ing to the protocol and the decree of Messidor. The Prefect of
the place had known Monseigneur as a simple priest, and Mrs.
Prefect had been his docile penitent as a child. So she was
one of the first callers at the episcopal residence. With
great benevolence and courtesy the Bishop received the wife
of the highest official in the department. He was extremely
polite. Knowing that all the daughters of Eve have a love for
ornaments and a delicate taste for the beautiful, he could not re"
sist the temptation of showing her a mitre of wonderful workman
ship? ornamented with fine pearls, set in purest gold — a gift from
the aristocratic parish of which he had been pastor. Mrs. Pre-
fect was charmed, and asked as a favor to be allowed to show
the exquisite work of art to some of her friends. His Lordship
consented and pushed his goodness even to weakness, by promis-
iug her to send the mitre to the Prefecture, where she could ad-
mire it in all leisure. It was done, and the mitre crossed the sill
of a place where, under the third Republic, mitres rarely pene-
trate.
A little later the Prefect gave a semi-official dinner. Some
twenty odd officials were present ; the married with their wives.
After the coffee, the gentlemen retired with the Prefect to the
smoking room, the ladies followed the mistress of the house to
the salon. The dinner had been exquisite, and all were inclined
to merry-making. Having finished his fine Havana, the Prefect
made a motion to join the ladies. All agreed. They hastened to
the salon, opened the door and on the centre table, resplend-
ent with the glitter of its precious stones, stood the episcopal
mitre, surrounded by the admiring ladies in their silk and lace-
trimmed robes. "Well, well," cried the Prefect, amused, yet
vexed ; "a mitre in my salon. What do you mean, ladies? Do you
want to ruin my career?"
"Oh, Mr. Prefect," cried a frolicsome girl, "we will compromise
you thoroughly." And taking the mitre, she put it on the Pre-
fect's head.
The Prefect was at first stunned ; then, looking into a glass,
he burst into a roar of laughter, embraced his cqifteuse and began
waltzing with her to the music of the piano.
What a tableau ! A mitred prefect dancing in a salon ! Was
it not a striking symbol, a synthesis, as it were, of what happens
in France when the civil power disturbs the sacred order, by
making toys of sacred things in order to lower them in the pub-
lic eye ; arid where only too often the guardians of the spiritual
order lend their mitres, i. e., their authority and jurisdiction, to
secular officials?
Gov. TaitV Mission.— The ablest of American daily newspapers,
the N. Y. Evening Post, printed the following keen observations
45S The Review. 1902.
on the progress of the Taft negotiations in its edition of July 14th:
"Again the Vatican diplomatists smile demurely, and say they
wish those American negotiators were not so slow. It is a kind
of malicious satisfaction, apparently, which indolent Rome takes
in showing itself swifter than rushing America. Our cocksure
press was telling us how Gov. Taft would open the eyes of the
sleepy prelates of the Curia, and show them an example of Yankee
dispatch of business ; but now, for the second time, it is the
Vatican which has come promptly to time with its answer, while
Gov. Taft has to ask for fresh delays until Secretary Root and
President Roosevelt can put their heads together and make up
their minds whether they really want to send the Holy See an ul-
timatum. It is a thorny question, this of the Philippine friars,
and our light-hearted graspers of it are likety to prick their hands
before they get through. Catholic diplomacy was not born yes-
terday. Nor is the whole religious situation in the archipelago
one which it is easy for our enthusiastic Protestants to reconcile
with their belief that Providence took us to the Philippines for
the express purpose of opening a new Catholic country to Prot-
estant missionaries. With their own government sternly rebuk-
ing all attempts to interfere with the religious preferences of the
natives — an attitude which will seem to ultra-Protestants as a
going over bodily to the Scarlet Woman — they will be disposed to
be less sure that it was 'the hand of God' which signed the treaty
annexing the Philippines."
Meanwhile the administration appears to have decided to drop
the matter for the present, and Governor Taft is about to proceed
to Manila, where he will try to conclude the negotiations with the
Pope's Apostolic Delegate, who is Msgr. Sbarretti, at present
still in the United States.
In his last note Mr. Taft quotes Secretary Root as follows :
"The United States has no desire to violate the treaty of Paris
and seeks no forcible but a voluntary withdrawal of certain per-
sons who happen to be Spaniards, and whose previous experiences
in the islands had thrown them into antagonistic relations with
the people and with the Catholic laity and native clergy ; many of
whom have left their parishes and can only be reinstated by us-
ing material force, which the United States can not permit. This
proves that the government of the Philippines has no intention to
propose measures contrary to the interests of the Vatican, and,
in fact, its interest in the Church. If the question of withdrawal
be left unsolved, now that the Washington government has per-
suaded the ecclesiastical authorities to see the necessity of carry-
ing out this step, the later withdrawal of the friars under order of
the religious superiors could not be regarded as anything but
voluntary, and would not violate the treaty of Paris ; nor could
such order be regarded as affirming or admitting of any accusa-
tions against the friars, because the American government made
no such accusations. The United States did not desire the with-
drawal for itself — it was indifferent to the presence of the friars
— but in the interests of the whole people of the Philippines, who
were bitterly opposed to their presence."
The Roman Collar. — The Tablet calls attention to the jubilee of
an article of clerical dress — the Roman collar. Not till 1852 when
No. 29. The Review. 459
the First Provincial Synod prescribed it, did the Roman collar
come into general fashion in England ; and it was thought, in
some outlying- places, a dangerous and even defiant challenge to
public opinion. There is all the difference to-day. The Anglican
clergy, as a body, have adopted the Roman collar. The white tie,
if not of "a blameless life," at least of a militant Evangelicalism,
has passed away ; and no "continuity" theory covers the adoption
of this post-reformation piece of uniform. The Boers in khaki
have their clerical counterparts in every city, town, and hamlet of
England. Even dissenting ministers are submitting their necks
to the yoke — or must we say the collar? — of Rome.
No Catholic Teachers Wanted in the Philippines ?— About a year
ago, some one issued a call for Catholic volunteers to teach in the
Philippines. Father Kelly of Chicago and Archbishop Kain of
St. Louis interested themselves in the matter. One hundred and
fifty well recommended teachers offered themselves for the work.
We now learn that they were never called for, although word had
come from the Archipelago to the effect that they were needed
and welcome, because "the Commission felt that those of the
Catholic faith would be better received by the natives and would
be better able to break down their prejudices towards Ameri-
cans." It is strange that these Catholic volunteers were not set
to work. Some of our contemporaries see in this an indication
that the labor of secularizing the schools of the Philippines is sup-
posed to prosper better in the hands of those who hate rather
than those who profess the Catholic faith.
A Historical Error? — A distinguished clerical correspondent of
the Dublin Freeman's Journal, whose observations have been re-
produced by at least one American Catholic paper, declares it is
a historical error to assert that the "years of Peter" were twenty-
five, and that the fact of Piux IX. of blessed memory having
reigned more than twenty-five years, in fact nearly thirty-two
years, falsified the traditional saying, supposed to be addressed
to every Pope on his election : "JVon videbis annos Petri" ("Thou
shalt not see the years of Peter.")
"St. Peter," he writes, "was head of the Church for thirty-seven
years and two months and some days. True, his time in Rome
was but twenty-five years. But his chair had been seven years
at Antioch, and it was five years after the death of Our Lord when
His Vicar temporarily made this his seat. St. Peter was cruci-
fied on June 29th, in the year A. D. 66 of our chronology. But
this chronology is wrong by four years. It should be 70, as can
be easily shown if anyone question the statement. As Our Lord
was thirty-three years and three or four months old when He
died, a simple sum in subtraction will give St. Peter's reign as
thirty-seven years."
The controversy on the chronology of the life of St. Peter is
still unsettled. A glance at von Funk's article on St. Peter in the
'Kirchenlexikon' (ix, 1857-1879) will show that it is the opinion of
the best authorities that there is nothing to prove that the an-
cient tradition, dating back to the second century, that St. Peter
occupied the episcopal see of Rome for twenty-five years, isxin-
founded. It is these traditional twenty- five years that are desig-
nated as "annos Petri." ••
460
NOTE-BOOK.
The Ave Maria tells us (No. 1) that it is in favor of swelling our
church statistics with the numbers of those Catholics who have
ceased to practice their religion or who "have been frightened
away." "For ourselves," this paper remarks, "we like the large
figures in our statistics ; and we think every Catholic, whether
nominal or practical, should be regarded as a member of the
Church." We can well understand why certain newspapers desire
to cloak the ever growing number of defections with "large
figures." But no Catholic who has fallen away and ceased to
practice his religion, can be considered a real live Catholic, for
his faith is dead, and to count him in with the Catholics that are
Catholics with a living faith, would not be charity but deception,
pure and simple. There ought to be, of course, some standard
among statisticians, an agreement as to those whose heads should
be counted. It is for the bishops to fix this standard, and we are
not in favor of restricting it too narrowly. There are many who
may be considered practical Catholics, though they rent no pews.
But no one who neglects his Easter duty can or should be counted.
+r +r +r
It is sad to see a Catholic priest writing to a Socialist magazine
in terms such as these :
"Enclosed find check for one dollar, and kindly continue my
name on your subscription list. I am delighted to notice that
your magazine is recognized by the ablest thinkers of this country
and Europe as one of the leading publications of the age. You
are doing a noble service to the cause of justice and humanity by
enlisting such an array of talent under the banner of Socialism.
• • Of course, the selfish and the ignorant wilrrepudiate the
doctrines of Socialism ; for, owing to their dwarfed mentality and
inert spirituality, they are incapable of appreciating the advant-
ages that would accrue to society from the establishment of a co-
operative commonwealth. These poor creatures are the product
of their environments, and they are no more deserving of censure
for their vulgar views of life, than the man who was born blind,
because he fails to conceive the splendor of the noon-tide sun and
the glittering expanse of the nocturnal skies. Quite recently a
Cincinnati weekly said that if the free lunch counters were de-
stroyed, Socialism would be silent for twenty years. I presume
that the benighted editor of this little sheet had never heard of
Count Tolstoy ; Lombroso, the ablest living authority on crimin-
ology ; Buchner, the peer of the last century ; Wallace, the rival
of the immortal Darwin; Renan, the pride of his century ; Sir
Thomas More, the glory of his age ; Fourier, Proudhon, Saint
Simon, Marx, Lassalle, Morris, Ruskin, Zola, and a host of others
who have achieved imperishable fame in the realm of thought." —
(Rev. Thos. McGrady, of Bellevue, Ky., Diocese of Covington, to
Wihhire's Magazine, July 1902.)
" Quousque /tandem tolerari potest ?" writes the Catholic layman
who sends us the above cutting. And a priest enquires whether
No. 29. The Review. 461
it is true, as a certain Bishop told him (not McGrady's Bishop),
that Catholics are falling away from the faith in consequence of
the pernicious activity of this Socialistic clerical agitator.
Both ofi which timely and pointed queries we are unable to
answer.
-fc» +r *r
In our last number we described a "labor-union church," which
excludes the rich. It would seem that even some Catholics dream
of such a church. A few weeks ago, according to the Providence
Visitor (No. 41), Stephen Reap, a member of the Executive Board
of the United Mine Workers, was at mass in St. Patrick's Church,
Ol3'phant, Pa., when he noticed a non-union man named Beatty
sitting in the congregation. The priest had not yet beerun the
holy sacrifice when Reap arose and announced to his fellow-wor-
shippers that there was a man present in the church who was
"unfair to organized labor." He felt it his duty, therefore, to call
upon him to withdraw. Beatty, naturally enough, refused to
leave the church ; whereupon Reap turned once more to the con-
gregation and summoned all those who sympathized with him to
leave the edifice by way of protest. Fully a hundred persons
rose to their feet and accompanied the Board-Member to the
Church of the Holy Ghost, where they heard mass. Later Mr.
Reap was brought to a better mind and apologized publicly for
his outrageous conduct.
The Visitor editorially praises Mr. Reap for his manly apology.
It is hard to see how a true Catholic, who knows that the church
is a holy place, a common meeting-place for high and low alike,
where all quarrels, all antagonisms, all feuds must cease, could
ever so far forget himself to act as Reap acted. It appears that
the Socialistic agitation among Catholics is already bearing bitter
fruit.
■*• *fc •*
In a recent circular letter to the clergy of the Diocese of Roch-
ester, Rt. Rev. Bishop McOuaid points to the source of a good
many of the evils that are afflicting the Church all over the coun-
try in these words : "It appears that some of the younger priests
of the Diocese are not aware of its disciplinary laws, and conse-
quently introduce customs that are not commendable. What one
does, without the censure of the Bishop, opens the way for others
to follow."
If such abuses were always and everywhere promptly nipped
in the bud, as Msgr. McQuaid purposes to do, we would have no
"Americanism."
ve ^ ^
Diana rediviva Our old friend Diana Vaughan has been re-
suscitated by the New York Herald (July 13th), which recounts
some of the myths invented about this fictitious personage by
Taxil as though they were historical facts and makes it appear as
if Pere Mary, the cure of Morne Rouge, Martinique, were the
author of the silly yarn. The Catholic press is often accused by
secular newspapers of systematically duping its readers with
myths and bogus miracles. In this country at least the opposite
462 The Review. 1902.
is true. While the Catholic press is generally cautious and criti-
cal, the sensational secular press invents miracles and revamps
long exploded fables and legends.
« 3* SC
A reverend subscriber writes us :
Socialist laboringmen have complained in my presence that the
many machines constantly invented deprive thousands of poor
and hard-working laborers of their employment. I usually tell
them that it is not the big bosses, the "fattened coupon-clippers,"
who invent these machines, but clever laboring men or mechanics;
and that every union ought to make a rule forbidding its members
to invent new machines, or at least obliging the inventor to share
his profits with his fellow-unionists. But — exferientia docet — as
soon as one of them has succeeded in making some valuable in-
vention and procured a patent, he will not give a continental for
the union or unionism and ignore or fight his former co-kickers.
^^ ^J* ^^
A prominent business man, whom we know to be a staunch and
faithful Catholic, asks The Review to print the following :
Is it not time for the Catholic press to protest emphatically
against the increasing speculation, on the part of members of the
reverend clergy, in mining and other stocks? I consider this one
of the saddest and most discouraging signs of the times. Only
last week there was in this city a priest from a Western diocese,
who tried to sell out a mining company, of which he is the presi-
dent. He remained here a week and two Sundays in order to
cash his holdings. Time and again I have received from clergy-
men in various parts of the country requests to help them out of
financial pinches into which they had gotten by investing mone}'
through brokers or fake concerns advertising in the newspapers.
I must confess to a degree of malignant joy whenever I hear of
one of these greedy servants of a Master who despised and
cursed Mammon, having been thoroughly fleeced. It appears the
only possible way to cure them.
SlG SS a$
At Evanston, 111., too, we note, the Public Library authorities
have made an index of books more or less immoral, which they
refuse to give out promiscuously. That is a sane and timely
measure, but would it not be better, as the Tribune suggests, to
do these things quietly, instead of making a fuss about them in
the newspapers. Byron tells the story about an edition of Mar-
tial, in which all the grosser parts had been extracted from the
text and brought together in the appendix. This saved a great
deal of time. "For there we had them all at one fell swoop."
Might it not have been wiser if both the editors of Martial and
the trustees of the Evanston public library had done their work
in a less obvious way? If it was necessary to have a blacklist,
could not the existence of that list have been concealed ? As it
was, the discovery was made not by the roving reporter seeking
what he might write up, but by a most exemplary young man,
who was conducted by an attendant to the fatal shelf and was
No. 39. The Review. 4(»3
there left blushing. He had never before seen so many improper
things at the same time. He no doubt felt like the western un-
dergraduates who had not known what a really good college drunk
was, until that moralizing paper, the New York Voice, sent them
an account of a Cornell spree in sample copies.
+r +r +r
A ten years' strike was kept up by the journeymen bakers of
Colmar in Alsatia (1495-1505). The cause of it was not the eight-
hour day nor higher wages, but simply a slight they believed to
have received by not being allowed to occupy their customary
place in the Corpus Christi procession. Assisted by all the journey-
men bakers' fraternities, the bakers of Colmar finally succeeded
in getting a hearing by the Reichskammergericht, which in 1505
decided the matter in their favor.
+r *r +r
The National Teachers' Association in its meeting at Minneap-
olis has declared in favor of Bible reading in the public schools.
The Bible is to be read as "pure literature only." Just as if
twentieth-century Christians could abstract from its paramount
character as a source of divine revelation. As the Chicago Tribune
rightly observes (July 10th), "Persons who look on the Bible as
revelation can not teach it simply as literature. Their belief
would be reflected in their methods. They would be able to teach
the Vedas, the Zend Avesta, or Hesiod's Theogony without de-
parting from the paths of just curiosity and criticism. They
would not be able to teach the Bible in the same way." Besides,
the Catholic and Protestant versions of Holy Writ do not
agree ; there would be dissent as to which version was to be in-
troduced even before the question of"pure literature" would be
reached.
Protestants should know that it is not the right way of "bring-
ing the Bible back to its own" to have it read in the constitution-
ally non-sectarian public schools.
3 ^ 3
The latest novelty in "church music" is girls whistling solos
during divine service. (Cfr. New York Herald of July 13th.) We
sincerely hope our "progressive" Catholic pastors will not adopt
this new fad from the Baptists.
Bishop McQuaid has forbidden the priests of his Diocese to take
part in public" highschool or collegiate closing exercises, especial-
ly when they include religious service of any kind. "According
to the arbitrary dictum of Superintendent Skinner, of New York,"
he says, "the religious garb is sectarianism. The religious garb
of the priest is his Roman collar, and all ministers of religion that
wear any article of dress indicating their religious profession,
are barred out of attendance at commencement exercises of any
State school, academy or college receiving State money. If the
religious garb is sectarianism, how much more so are prayer, re-
ligious hymns, and Bible reading? The intolerance, or illiberality,
464 , The Review. 1902.
if any such there is, comes from those who choose to punish us
for our religion, and mulct us heavily by double taxation in the
education of our children."
sp sr sr
There are times in the history of every decent newspaper when,
in order to maintain its character, it must refuse to go with the
crowd, and when that time comes, its subscription list will drop off
for the time being-. But when a newspaper has founded itself upon
the eternal principles, it is not only good morals but good business
for it to walk in its integrity. Such a paper once well established
is simply invincible. Its readers may not agree with it always,
but they respect it and honor it whether or not, and most of them
will continue to patronize it. It is a sad thing for this country
that so many newspapers sacrifice principles and character in
order to succeed in business.
■^ "^ ^s
A French court, at Rodez, has decided that the word Freema-
son is an insult and has awarded damages to a political candidate
whose opponents had denounced him as a Mason in the last cam-
paign. This is a strange phenomenon in a country ruled by
Freemasonry.
•Sw V T«*.
Wendell Phillips on journalism says : "It is a momentous — yes,
a fearful — truth that the millions have no literature, no school,
and almost no pulpit but the press. Not one man in ten reads
books, and every one of us except the few helpless poor, poisons
himself every day with a newspaper. It is parent, school, college,
pulpit, theatre, example, counselor, all in one. Every drop of our
blood is colored by it. Le me make the newspapers, and I care
not who makes the religion or the laws."
Yet, it seems that the Catholic clergy are largely blind to this ob-
vious truth, and that, owing to the indifference of so many of us,
not a single Catholic daily of real excellence can be published in the
English language. Both the clergy and laity are sadly in need of
prodding, — -the clergy on the awful responsibility of their position,
the laity on the necessity of supporting truly Catholic newspapers.
0 0 0
In Lord Sutherland-Gower's reminiscences there is an account
of his visit to Newman. "The most interesting subject he spoke
about," we read, "referred to his hymn 'Lead, Kindly Light,'
which he said he had composed on board ship during a calm be-
tween Sardinia and Corsica. That hymn, he declared, was not his
feeling now ; 'for we Catholics,' he said with a kind smile, 'believe
we have found the light.' He again alluded to his hymn, saying
that he did not consider himself a poet ; 'but Faber is one,' he
added." "Lead, Kindly Light," as the Ave Maria justly remarks,
is not appropriate for use in Catholic churches. The author him-
self explained why.
Arizona's Prehistoric Races.
^y^^HE recent discovery in central Arizona of an irrigation
canal of large proportions, which was used before Co-
lumbus, has roused a new spirit for archaeological in-
vestigation in the Southwest. The remains of enormous and
wonderfully made irrigation canals, constructed by a race of
whom there are now no known descendants, are abundant in the
region of Phoenix and Mesa, in Maricopa County, but this dis-
covery of a canal that was evidently fed by the Rio Verde (in
what is now Yavapai County), and which was so large that logs
and small barges could be easily floated along it, is the most in-
teresting piece of prehistoric work found in Arizona in years.
All who have investigated the fascinating subject agree that
there were once several cities of perhaps 100,000 population in
central Arizona, and that buildings, each constructed of a peculiar
concrete of adobe soil and gravel, covering two acres in
area and reaching eighty and more feet in height, were not un-
common for sun-worship in southern Arizona. Los Muertos (a
recently named city, but probably more than 1,000 years old), in
Pima County, must have had some 200,000 population. The re-
mains of its city walls, reaching miles up hill and down dale, and
the immense quantities of burned bone dust, probably the remains
of aboriginal cremation ceremonies, betoken this. The vicinity
of the Gila and Salt Rivers was the scene of the densest popula-
tion, as the abundance of prehistoric implements and weapons
and ruined walls show.
But the artificial waterways of these ancient and mysterious
peoples are the most interesting remains found in this territory.
Army engineers say they are marvels of engineering skill. The
largest and best preserved waterway is thirty-two miles north
of Phoenix. The water was supplied from the Verde River. For
nearly four miles this waterway passes through an artificial
gorge in the Superstition Mountains, cut out of the solid rock to
a depth of one hundred feet. After the mountains are passed it
divides into four branches, the longest of which measures more
than forty miles, while all four aggregate a length of 120 miles, in-
dependent of the smaller ditches by which water was distributed
over the soil. Except in rare instances these smaller ditches
have been filled, and in that part of the desert are obscured by
the sandstorms that prevail ; but the larger one is distinct, and
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 30. St. Louis, Mo., July 31, 1902.)
466 The Review. 1902.
measures sixty-four feet in width, with an average depth of twelve
feet. Through this way the water for the support of the cities
between the Salt and Gila Rivers was conveyed, and 1,600 square
miles of country, now almost destitute of vegetation, was irrigated
by it.
This canal reached to within a short distance of the Gila River,
and the water was taken from the Salt River, for the apparent
reason that at this point, the north bank of the Gila was so high
that the builders were unable to reach the current with a canal,
and they evidently knew of no way to raise the water to the level
of the surrounding country. This part of the desert is covered
with ruins, and must have been at one time the residence of a
teeming population. Immediately south of this region several
large canals were taken out of the Gila, and they extend quite a
distance into the valley, one of them supplying the city which con-
tained the Casa Grande — the largest, best preserved, and most
noted prehistoric ruin in the United States.
On the other side of the Salt River there are more waterways,
though they are not of such length. Here, also, was the principal
city, twenty-eight miles in length by twelve in breadth. It con-
tained many large buildings, which are now little more than
shapeless mounds of stone and mortar. All the wooden parts of
these structures have been destroyed by the ravages of time, and
even the joists where they were protected by the stone and mor-
tar have decayed, leaving only the vacancies they once filled.
Near Phoenix, in one of the ruins which are evidently those of
some public building, the walls and roof appear to have been
crushed together with great force, forming a huge pile of debris,
3Tet standing to a height of twenty feet. The wooden beams in
the structure, some of them eight inches in diameter, were bent,
broken, and thrown across each other in great profusion. In this
position the broken stone and mortar settled around them, and in
the course of time the mass hardened again, so that when the
wooden timbers finally decayed, they left holes the size of the tim-
bers. When the fact is considered that rain seldom falls here,
and that cold and dew are conditions entirely unknown in the
valleys, it is apparent that ages must have elapsed while this pro-
cess of decay was going on.
There were undoubtedly two eras of inhabitation, that of the
cliff-dwellers being the more recent of the two, and perhaps as
long after the valley races had become extinct as our age is after
them. As yet no theory has been advanced by which we can so
much as approximate the age of the cliff -dwellings. Their build-
ers were rude and more unsettled than the inhabitants of the
valleys, and they lived by war and the chase, as is proved by the
No. 30. The Review. 467
weapons found about their abodes. On the contrary, the people
of the valley lived peaceful lives, built magnificent temples, to a
certain extent encouraged the fine arts, and tilled the soil with a
system of irrigation equal to that of the most prosperous days of
ancient Egypt.
Recent surveys prove that at one time not less than 3,000,000
acres of land were capable of irrigation from the canals then in
existence, while now we have only 337,000. The population must
have been enormous. The extent of their civilization is not so
much enveloped in mystery as is their origin or the cause of their
total destruction. Hundreds of implements used by the artisan
and farmer have been unearthed, and the vessels used for cul-
inary purposes are symmetrically and tastefully fashioned.
Many of them were painted in a manner evincing a considerable
knowledge of art, and the figures, though they have for ages been
subjected to the chemical effects of the alkali in the soil, are still
as bright and perfect as the day they were drawn. Shell brace-
lets found on the arms of skeletons and other jewels of turquoise
and bone show skill and fine workmanship. The houses were
constructed on a plan adapted to ease and comfort, and the capa-
cious hallways with their stone floors and cement walls were
peculiarly fitted for this half-torrid climate. Their knowledge of
engineering was so perfect that our centuries of practice and dis-
covery have not enabled us to improve upon the grade or location
of their canals. No metallic substances are found in any of the
ruins, and the people evidently knew nothing of their use. That
they had a language written by hieroglyphics is unquestionable,
and for miles at a stretch throughout Arizona the faces of the cliffs
are covered with mysterious characters. Slates found in the
ruined dwellings and temples are engraved with the images of
animals, persons, and these emblematical figures, though so far
no attempt has been made to decipher their meaning.
468
The Temperance Movement in Chili.
ur correspondent in Chili, Sefior F. L. Jade, writes to us
under date of March 1st, 1902 :
Some time ago I informed you of the movement started
in this country against drunkenness, which became swiftly na-
tional under the leadership of many public and influential men.
They started the Liga antialcoholica, the prime object of which
was to induce Congress to pass strong prohibition laws ; this has
been achieved.
There has just been promulgated an act of Congress which
will completely revolutionize the manufacture and sale of wines
and liquors in Chili. It consists of 169 clauses, which are grouped
in two books, with a total of thirteen chapters. The comprehen-
siveness and the far-reaching consequences of the new law, which
will go into operation in a few weeks, will be seen from the follow-
ing enumeration of the titles of the different chapters :
Book the 1st.
Chapter 1. Of the manufacture, rectification, denaturalization,
and sale of alcohol, wholesale.
2. Of the books to be kept by manufacturers.
3. Of the taxes to be paid.
4. Of the fines and penalties.
5. Of the sale by retail and licenses.
6. Of the regulations for the sale of wines.
7. Of bounties on wines and liquors exported.
8. Of judicial procedure.
9. Of the administration of the department to be known
as "'Impuesto sobre alcoholes."
Book the 2nd.
Chapter 1. Of fines and penalties for drunkenness.
2. Of asylums for inebriates.
3. General rules.
It will be seen from this enumeration that the law is very com-
prehensive in its scope. It has not been enacted on the spur of a
sudden impulse, but is the result of long and patient study. It is
in fact the outcome of a crusade commenced nearly ten years ago
against the vice of intemperance, which has gained such a hold on
all classes of the population. The operation of the new law will
be watched with the utmost interest ; it is generally accepted as
a foregone conclusion that the results will be satisfactory.
Few, if any, acts of the Chilian Congress have created more
widespread and general commotion than this liquor law. The
bill had been before Congress for a considerable time, but it had
No. 30. The Review. 469
been allowed to drop out of sight and it had almost faded out of
the memory of the general public. At the last moment it was
rushed through, and it is only now that people are beginning to
realize its import.
A glance at some of the salient features of the new act will be
of interest. No distillery will be permitted to exist without
official permission ; the owners of distilleries will be required to
make a number of declarations, and their establishments will be
subject to inspection. For the effects of the act alcoholic bever-
ages are understood to be those which contain 16 or more per cent,
of alcohol, at a temperature of 15 degrees centigrade. The im-
portation and sale are prohibited. Alcohols and alcoholic beverages
will be denaturalized, so that they can be used for industrial pur-
poses only. Manufacturers convicted of selling as pure alcohol un-
rectified spirits, will be liable to imprisonment, commutable by fine,
and to confiscation. Three classes of manufacture of alcohol are
specified. One class commences by paying a tax of 50 cents per
litre ; another forty ; and another thirty ; and in each class the
tax is to be increased by ten cents yearly until it reaches a dollar.
All kinds of precautions are taken to secure exact returns, and
the act specifies heavy fines and penalties for fraud. Retailers
of distilled liquors will enter, under the act, upon quite a new
epoch. They will be greatly reduced in number, and will be sub-
ject to a stricter supervision than any they have yet known ; in
the cities they will be required to close their places at midnight,
and not to reopen till six next morning. In the country they may
keep open from sunrise till sunset only. Sales and advertisements
of distilled and fermented liquors are prohibited in theatres, cir-
cuses, and other public places of diversion, in railway stations
and on trains. There are five orders and three classes of licenses,
which are arranged according to the importance of the towns and
of the business, and run from $1,500 down to $75. No establish-
ment for the sale of distilled or fermented liquors may be opened
within 200 metres of a church, school, charitable institution,
jail, or barracks ; and those already existing within such radius
will be closed within three years from the promulgation of the
law. With the object of restricting the number of public houses
in towns, only one first class establishment will be allowed for
every 1,500 inhabitants, and one second and third class establish-
ment for every 750. Municipalities may ordain that between each
2nd and 3rd class establishment there must be a distance of at
least 2 blocks.
Licenses will be sold every three years by public auction ;
bidders must deposit as guarantee a sum equal to a half year's
value of the license. The license must be paid in advance half-
yearly or yearly at the ption of the licensee.
470 The Review. 1902.
The following- persons are forbidden to bid or to hold an inter-
est in any retail liquor business : Members of congress, attend-
ants, governors, city councillors, judges, police and municipal
employes, inspectors, owners or managers of brothels, and per-
sons who have been condemned for crimes or simple offences.
Municipalities are empowered, 1. to designate districts, sec-
tions or streets in which spirituous liquors may not be sold in
any case ; 2. to prescribe the condition in which places used for
the sale of liquors must be kept ; 3. to make rules respecting the
hygiene of those places ; also to suspend licenses for the following
causes : if the license has been granted to prohibited persons ; if
it has not been made use of during two consecutive months; if
within one year the holder of a license has been twice convicted
of permitting drunken persons on his premises, of selling or
giving liquor to drunkards or insane persons, or to minors, or
allowing people to get drunk on his premises ; if his place of busi-
ness is not kept in the prescribed sanitary condition ; if the license
is not paid in due time. Places where liquors are sold are re-
quired to have painted outside, in perfectly visible letters, the
kinds of liquor sold and the class of license held. Owners of such
places may only purchase their liquors from manufacturers,
distillers, or wholesale dealers registered in the office of the "'Ad-
ministracion del Impuerto sobre Alcoholes." Hotels and clubs
are exempt with respect to number in proportion to population,
and to the purchase of licenses at public auction.
Honest manufacturers and traders will be protected and the
ways of adulterers and counterfeiters made hard. Under the
name of wine no product will be allowed to be sold which is not
real grape juice ; infractions will be punished by imprisoment,
commutable into a fine of ten dollars per day. All adulterations
of "'mixed liquors" are punishable with imprisonment and confis-
cation. Holders and sellers of adulterated wines are liable to the
same punishment as manufacturers ; it is also provided that beer,
cider and "chicha" (grape juice) fall under the same provisions.
Offences against this law are to be tried summarily, and in-
formers are stimulated by an offer of the whole of the net pro-
ceeds obtained from the sale of confiscated articles in one case,
and in the others with the whole of the fine. Per contra, informers
are threatened with a fine of 500 dollars if it should be proved that
they have acted with malice. The judge before whom the infor-
mation is filed may close and seal doors and take every precau-
tion to prevent the suspected liquor being tampered with, and the
courts may order the widest possible circulation to be given to
their sentences. Finally the President is empowered to spend
$200,000 in the installation of laboratories for analyzing wines and
liquors.
No. 30. The Review. 471
Saloon-keepers who permit people to get drunk on thei r
premises, or who sell liquor to drunkards or minors, will, on the
third conviction, be prohibited from selling liquor for two months ;
after two convictions of this character, their license will be with-
drawn for from six to twelve months; after the third conviction it
will be withdrawn altogether. Any evasion of the prohibition
will be punishable by from $50 to $500, or from ten days to two
months imprisonment.
The husband, wife, father, child, guardian or employer of a
habitual drunkard, may notify liquor sellers not to supply liquor
to such person for a month, and any liquor seller convicted of
an infraction of such notification, will be liable for damages.
Liquor sellers may not be judges; liquor shops may not be
annexed to pawnbroking establishments or brothels, and copies
of the 1st chapter of the 2d book of the law and prohibitory de-
crees must be publicly posted in all places where distilled or fer-
mented liquors are sold.
It is provided that, under the name of "asylo de temperancia,"
there shall be annexed to insane asylums establishments for the
reception of inebriates. Habitual drunkards condemned as
such by law, will be placed there. Also such as may voluntarily
desire to place themselves under treatment for a period of not less
than three months.
As a means of combatting alcoholism it is provided in the last
chapter of the law that municipalities shall devote no less than two
per cent, of their annual revenue to this purpose. With this ob-
ject they are to promote temperance societies, athletics, gymnas-
tic, singing, and music clubs, and the establishment of circuses
and popular theatres in which no liquors are to be sold. Proper-
ties occupied by societies or corporations formed for the purpose
of combating alcoholism, are exempt from taxation. Directors
and managers of such societies will be held severely and jointly re-
sponsible for the fulfillment of their avowed objects, and also that
they will not allow among their members the use of intoxicating
liquors.
As a further means of combating alcoholism, the teaching of
hygiene, with notions of physiology and temperance, assisted by
drawings depicting the results of (overindulgence in liquor, is
made compulsory in all State schools.
The President is empowered to adopt regulations to combat
alcoholism in the army and navy and to supply public and private
schools, on special conditions, with anti-alcoholic manuals and
materials.
These are the chief features of the new act of Congress. I
472 The Review. 1902.
suppose it contains little not known and practiced in the United
States. In my opinion it is too sweeping to be practicable.
On the other hand the vice of* intemperance is so general in
Chili, that it cries for a strong and prompt remedy. Time and
experience will doubtless teach our public men to strike the
right note in their temperance legislation.
COISTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
Social Work of the Catholic Clergy in Belgium and Holland. — A Nor-
bertine Father asks us to publish the following :
I have just read in the Catholic Union and Times a timely edi-
torial which suggests Catholic missions to non-Catholic working
men.
In regard to this suggestion I wish to say a few words about
the excellent work that is being done b\T the Catholic clergy of
Belgium and Holland, especially by the so-called "Chaplains of
Labor," who spread sound Catholic literature among the working
classes ; give lectures on social topics to laboring men ; collect
funds to build offices in the large cities where laboring men can
get free information ; help to erect boarding houses where work-
ingmen away from their families can get good food and shelter at
a reasonable price ; establish buildings where the toilers can have
healthy and moral recreation on Sunda5^s and holydays ; try to
find work for idle men. As spiritual directors these chaplains
settle difficulties between employers and employes, etc. In a
word they live and work for and among the laboring men.
In Holland they make no difference between Catholics and
Protestants, provided the latter are Christians. Infidels and So-
cialists are not admitted, nor those who squander their money by
drinking or who lead immoral lives.
Why could not the same noble work be done here? in order to
further the cause of true Christian civilization, "to make the
condition of those who toil more tolerable ; to enable them to ob-
tain, little by little, those means by which they may provide for
the future; to help them to practice in public and in private those
duties which morality and religion dictate ; to aid them to feel
that they are not animals but men ; not heathens but Christians ;
and so enable them to strive more zealously and more eagerly for
the one thing that is necessary, namely, that ultimate good for
which we are all born into this world." (Leo XIII., Graves de
communi.)
Intimidation in Strikes. — It is encouraging to learn that a citizens'
alliance has been formed at Wilkes-Barre, Pa., to prosecute cases
No. 30. The Review. 473
of violence which occur during- the coal strike. The first idea of
the leaders, wherever a great strike is precipitated, is that they
can make the whole community practically their allies by intimi-
dating men in other lines of business at least into inaction, while
they indulge in all sorts of lawlessness. A favorite weapon is the
boycott, which is employed against all who have any thing to do
with "scabs," or even with the corporation which has given offence.
This policy was tried on a great scale at St. Louis during a
street-car strike, two years ago, business men, professional men
and, indeed, all classes being threatened with loss of patronage,
lawsuits, damages of every sort, if they should ride in the cars of
the company which had refused to meet the demands made upon
it. At first the public was so much dazed that hardly anybody
dared to defy the boycott, but the people gradually recovered
their senses and their courage, resumed their patronage of the
cars, and showed the strikers that they had no more respect for
them than they would have for ordinary blackmailers.
INSURANCE.
Compulsory Sickness Insurance. — A new Luxemburg law makes in-
teresting provisions for compulsory sickness insurance. The
classes affected are very numerous, and include practically all
laboring people employed in industrial and commercial enter-
prises, other than persons whose engagement is temporary. The
system follows the lines of the German sickness insurance plan,
and, as under those laws, two-thirds of the expense of the insur-
ance will, as a rule, be borne by employes, and one-third by em-
ployers ; although it is provided that an employer, in whose fac-
tory the nature of the work involves special risk to health, may
(if the ordinary contributions of himself and employes prove in-
sufficient to furnish the relief demanded) be called upon to make
good the deficiency.
The contributions vary as between different classes exposed to
risks of different degrees, but must in all cases be fixed on such
a scale that the amount payable by the workman shall not, to start
with, exceed 2 per cent, of his average daily wages. The scale
may subsequently be raised so that the workman has to pay up
to 3 per cent., but not higher, except with the assent of both em-
ployers and employed. The minimum relief to be provided in
sickness is as follows: First, free medical treatment and medi-
cines ; second, in case of sickness rendering a workman unable
to work, after the illness has lasted three days, an allowance
equivalent to one-half of the average daily wages of those belong-
ing to the class concerned, payable for every working day during
which the illness continues ; but neither benefit can be claimed
for more than thirteen weeks ; third, in case of death, a funeral
grant equivalent to twenty times the daily wage, but not to be
less than 32 nor above 64 mks.
One essential feature is that the workingman retains his free-
dom to change employers without forfeiting his insurance. With
us, too, railroad and other large corporations have set aside cer-
tain sums for the insurance of their employe's ; but these are only
insured as long as they are in the service of the company. Inas-
474 The Review. 1902.
much as the company alone pays the premium, hardly anything
else can be expected, but where the workingmen have to do the
laying, at least in part, they justly resent the charges. But in
no case are they enthusiastic about the sickness insurance as
carried on among us.
MUSIC.
Wise Regulations by Bishop McQuaid. — The venerable Bishop Mc-
Ouaid, of Rochester, in a circular letter to his clergy, declares :
*'Our churches can not be used for any other services than the
strictly religious services of religion, according to the rites and
ceremonials of the Catholic Church. Especially there can be no
form of worship of a composite character.
"1. There can be no organ recital services.
"2. There can be no sacred concerts or similar performances.
"3. There can be no music at funeral services except the recog-
nized chant of the Church. This will prohibit the beautiful solos
in English, so common of late years."
EDUCATION.
Education in Porto Rico. — The Commissioner of Education for
Porto Rico, Dr. Lindsay, has a boastive article in No. 2798 of the
Independent, on the progress of the public school system on that
island. He says that about 55,000 children have been enrolled
during the scholastic year just closed, and concludes as follows :
"One of the most interesting experiences in making an official
tour of the island is to see everywhere the school children drawn
up in lines, waving American flags and singing in English 'The
Star-Spanged Banner' and 'My Country, 'tis of Thee.' '!
This may be interesting for Dr. Lindsay. But for every true
Christian it must be unutterably sad to see these children, the
offspring mostly of Catholic parents, weaned from the bosom of
their great mother, the Church, and steeped in the poisonous
waters of secularism.
LITERATURE.
Need of a Catholic Cyclopaedia. — The current American Catholic
Quarterly Review winds up a notice of the new edition of Apple-
ton's Cyclopedia with this remark, to which we can not but
heartily subscribe :
"Considering the mischief wrought by such a publication as
this, the ignorance it perpetuates and the prejudices it inspires
and confirms, one can not help expressing the wish to have in
English a truly Catholic c}'clopaedia ; such, for instance, as our
German brethren have in the Kirchenlexicon, which may be
better known to some in the French translation of its first edition
edited by Goschler. Why should not some Catholic publisher un-
dertake to translate the great work of Wetzer and Welte, or even
the Staatslexikon, edited by Bachem ; or again, Vacant's New
Dictionary of Theology? To be more practical, since an enter-
prise of this kind requires great labor and expense, why can not
Catholics, clergy and laity, of means and ability unite' together
No. 30. The Review. 475
their resources for the production of a work so necessary and
useful?"
SCIENCE AND INDVSTRY.
The Moon and the Weather. — The old-fashioned idea that the moon
exercises an influence on the weather, is one of the many sup-
posed popular fallacies which now seem to receive scientific sup-
port. Observations at Greenwich during- the past thirteen years
tend to show a connection, as was pointed out by Mr. MacDowall
in Nature some time ago, between the occurrence of thunder-
storms and the lunar phases. This is confirmed by the meteoro-
logical results obtained at other observatories, showing a larger
percentage of thunderstorms about the time of new moon than
about full moon, and in the two earlier than in the two later
phases. The subject has been investigated by Sefior Ventosa at
the Madrid Observatory during the twenty years from 1882 to
1901, and he has tabulated the results in four groups connected
with the lunar phases. The average number of thunderstorms
at new and full moon was respectively 132 and 99, that during the
first and last quarters, 104 and 120. As thunderstorms generally
imply unsettled atmospheric conditions, there would seem to be
a greater tendency to fair settled weather when the moon is full
than when she is new, and in first quarter than in the last.
Mind -Reading or Thought-Transference. — The Stimmen aus Maria-
Laach contain in the fifth fascicle of the current volume an inter-
esting paper by P. Bessmer, S. J., on mind-reading or thought-
transference. The reverend author proves from a number of
well-authenticated cases that there is such a thing as thought-
transference, but that it can not be shown to be purely psychic.
In every case so far known there was involved a faculty operating
through a bodily organ. Mind-reading appears to be a sort of
wireless telegraphy, with the nerves acting as despatching and
receiving stations. It is worth mentioning here that Father
Bessmer, on the strength of the testimony of expert mind-readers
and physicians, warns against indulging too freely in such ex-
periments, as they are very exhausting and frequently lead to
hysteria and other nervous diseases.
In the forty-first annual convention of the Swiss gymnasium
Cor college) teachers the special discussion was on the pronun-
ciation of the letters c and t in Latin. It was demonstrated to
general satisfaction that in the classical period of the Latin, i. c,
in the first Christian century, these letters were always pro-
nounced like k and t and not like z before e, /, and y, and the de-
mand was made that the original pronunciation of such words as
natio and Cicero be restored. This has actually been already done
in Bern, Basel, and elsewhere. It was, however, also shown that,
as early as the time of Charlemagne, the softer z pronunciation
had been introduced from Italy.
476
MISCELLANY.
Archbishop R.yan oi\ the Question of "Americanization." — A
passage from the funeral sermon of Archbishop Ryan of Phila-
delphia at the bier of his friend the late Archbishop Feehan of
Chicago, deserves to be reproduced and preserved in The Review:
"We must bear in mind that, unlike the bishops in any country
of the world, the prelates who rule in our great cities — and this
is especially true here — have to deal with people of many diverse
nationalities. The church in a city like this is similar to the whole
Catholic Church in miniature. It combines two of the marks of
the Catholic Church, proofs of its divine origin, its Catholicity and
unity. We behold in her all the discordant elements of the world,
unified into one institution. Now in our great cities we behold
many diverse nationalities in the same faith and same essential
discipline and under one head. But, of course, the human elements
are there and cause differences of a minor, but often of a vexa-
tious, character. Similar difficulties are found in the political mis-
sion of the United States in unifying all the different nationalities.
'E pluribus unum' is Catholicity and unity in the State. Some one
may urge the only way in both cases is to thoroughly and immedi-
ately Americanize politically as well as religiously. But prudence
says, Be slow in this process ; old prejudice and old ways can not
be rudely interfered with. Do not tear up the cockle lest the
wheat should also be destroyed. The bishop, like a good father,
has to respect all his children united in 'the consanguinity of the
faith. ' Their language, hallowed by a thousand sanctifying asso-
ciations, must be respected; their old customs and wise old saws,
often the accumulated wisdom of centuries, have a conservative
influence on our later and more material civilization. There must
be, of course, progress, but it should be gradual, conservative
progress to be truly permanent, and to attain the final end of be-
ing at once truly Catholic and reall}' American."
"Fla-gella. divina.." — Divine scourges the Church calls certain
disasters, such as pests, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions. Relig-
ious teachers usually explain them as divine punishments for the
sins of mankind. But that does not suit the Western Watchman.
Only a short time ago he attacked religious who had thus
explained the cause of certain disasters. Yet we can assure the
Watchman these religious are not alone. Msgr. Gerbet in France
(quoted in La Verite Francaise, No. 3232) writes : "Human phil-
osophy will search in vain for the solution of this difficulty ; it
will never find a better one than that suggested by faith. Faith
tells us that the material world has no raison d'etre in itself, and
that it exists only by its relation to the spiritual world ; that the
combinations of the one are coordinate to the demands of the
other ; that God willed tempests in nature because there are culp-
able storms in the heart of man ; that pestilential scourges are
meant to punish men for the epidemics which ravage souls ; that,
in a word, moral evil, in its march through the world, is doomed
to carry in its trail physical evil, as a moving body drags along
its shadow. God has thought it proper that a material universe,
serving only His goodness, should be less worthy of His wisdom
No. 30. The Review. 477
than one that should also execute His justice. We thus understand
that the apparent absence of His goodness in the calamities of
the physical world is really but the presence of His justice in the
moral world, and what seems to be a particular disorder, is in re-
ality but a sublime condition of the universal order. In touching
fashion this doctrine is voiced in a prayer prescribed by the
Church for her ministers in times of mortality : 'Vouchsafe, O
Lord, that this offering come to our rescue, that by its power it
deliver us from our errors and permit us to escape from the in-
cursions of all that aims at our perdition.' "
Shorter and even more to the point Jos. de Maistre says in his
'Soirees de St. Petersbourg' (towards the end of the fourth con-
versation):
"Scourges are destined to punish us; and we are punished be-
cause we deserve it. Surely we had it in our power not to deserve
it, and even after deserving it, we might have averted it by ask-
ing for pardon. That is all, it seems to me, that can sensibly
be said on the subject."
Now let the reverend editor of the Watchman include in his list
of perverts Msgr. Gerbet and the Count de Maistre, or offer a
better explanation himself.
The Catholic Order of Foresters. — In connection with an item
in a recent issue of The Review, referring to the Women's Cath-
olic Order of Foresters as an adjunct of the men's Catholic Order of
Foresters, Mr. Theo. B. Thiele, the High Secretary of the C. O.
F., writes us :
"The Women's Catholic Order of Foresters is not an adjunct
of the Catholic Order of Foresters. For many years Catholic
women had asked permission to join the Catholic Order of For-
esters and had been refused, and finally they organized for them-
selves. The Women's Catholic Order of Foresters has just as
little to do with the Catholic Order of Foresters as any other
Catholic organization in existence has to do with it. It is entirely
separate and distinct ; nor is it necessary for the Catholic Order
of Foresters to look for assistance to the ladies. It is constantly
increasing in membership, having now more than 100,000 mem-
bers, and is constantly growing stronger financially, having at
this time a reserve fund of $350,000, invested in gilt-edge bonds,
which amount is also constantly increasing, so that before very
long we shall have a reserve fund of more than half a million dol-
lars. You may say, and perhaps you may be right in saying so,
that even this amount is not a very large security for the mem-
bership of the Order. However, a paper like yours, which seems
to make it a point to urge the organization of Catholic fraternal
societies upon a sound basis, ought to recognize the constant
efforts which have been made for the last eight years by the pres-
ent administration of the Catholic Order of Foresters to make it
a perfectly sound and financially responsible institution.
In 1894, when I became High Secretary, with a level plan of as-
sessment, the present High Chief Ranger and myself, in conjunc-
tion with others who had the interests of the Order at heart, set
to work at once in order to bring about an assessment plan which
would be equitable, and after a little more than a year we were
successful in introducing the graded assessment over the violent
478 The Review. 1902
opposition of manjr of the older branches of the Order. In order
to accomplish this, it is true, a scale of assessment was adopted
which was not as high as we wished it to be, and at the same time
it became necessary for us to specify that when enough money
had accumulated from the new assessment to make it unnecessary
to call an assessment in a certain month, no assessment would be
called. This provision did away with the possibilit3r of creating
a reserve fund.
With this began the agitation for the reserve fund, and at the
next convention it was decided not to omit the calling of an assess-
ment in any one month, but that the surplus of the assessment
be held as reserve, no provision for investment being made. In
the following convention the assessment rate was increased
slightly, and provisions were made for the investment of the
surplus.
Having made these constant changes and feeling well satisfied
with the success so far attained, we did not deem it wise to again
urge a material change at the last convention, but we did succeed
in having a commission appointed to investigate the present rates
of assessment, and to report on the necessity for a further in-
crease of rates at the next international convention, when we shall
probably adopt an assessment sufficiently high to meet all
demands for the future. In the meantime, notwithstanding the
low grade of assessment, we have accumulated the reserve fund
above mentioned and before the next international convention
shall have more than half a million invested."
How Leo XIII. Prepares His Encyclicals. — After exploding the
canard that during the first part of Leo XIII. 's reign his encyc-
licals were written by his brother, Cardinal Pecci. and that the
later ones reflect the views of various prelates whose influence
happened to be strong at the time, the Rome correspondent of the
Semaine Religieuse de Montreal (No. 1) proceeds to give some in-
teresting details about the way in which the Pontiff prepares his
encyclicals. They are not all wrought out in the same manner,
but ordinarily His Holiness, after having conceived the plan of
such a document, has the material prepared by his secretaries,
and when the results of their historical and theological researches
lie piled up on his table, he traces the outlines and entrusts them
to one of his confidential advisers for elaboration. The draft then
submitted is carefully revised by the Pontiff. The second draft
is subjected to another revision, chiefly with regard to style.
Leo XIII. is a splendid Latinist and weighs and turns every word
and phrase until the whole document has a thoroughly classical
cast. In deciding in favor of one phrase as against another, he
prefers the diction of Horace and the poets to the parlance of
Cicero. He will invariably choose a classical word in preference
to one of medieval origin. Once, when he had to deal with the
Capuchins, he coined the expressive term "fratres capulati," in
order not to be compelled to employ the barbarous "cappucini."
On another occasion, chatting with the late Cardinal Pitra, the
Pope asked him whether he knew why he had used the word
"patibiles" in a certain sentence in one of his encylical letters.
The Cardinal replied : "I suppose for the reason that this word
occurs in Horace," and proceeded to recite the verse in question.
No- 30. The Review.
479
"You have guessed correctly," remarked the Pontiff, with a smile
which betrayed his pleasure. The second draft of an encyclical
remains on the Pontiff's desk a long time before it is finally
touched up for publication. Nor does the august author neglect
to pray for light from above or to solicit advice from his confi-
dants. Thus, if God has promised His vicar infallibility, the
latter is careful to surround himself with every supernatural and
human precaution to guard against error.
NOTE-BOOK.
Our recent verbal acquisition, "to rubber," i. e., to turn the
head to an elastic degree for the purpose of noting what others
are doing, has not yet reached England, but Poultney Bigelow,
writing from London to the Independent (No. 2795), expresses
the conviction that it has come to stay. So, he thinks, has the
recent English word, "to maffick," created by the Boer war.
When British garrisons in South Africa were beleaguered
on their own territory, and the wires were hot with news fore-
shadowing the first great British disasters since the surrender at
Yorktown — when in that black hour came word at last that the
garrison of Mafeking had been relieved, then the blood of every
true Briton bubbled to the surface and exploded in demonstra-
tions that would have done credit to the most effervescent of
Latin nations. Mafeking night passed into history as a "record"
in the matter of patriotic jubilation free from all taint of official
instigation or interference. It was the spontaneous cry of a na-
tion's heart breaking through every conventional reserve, and
bringing to one splendid level of democratic fellowship the man
in the silk hat and the laborer in his shirt sleeves ; the rich and
the poor. Hence the word "mafficking," wh'ch is apt to get into
the dictionary some day, even as our own "rubbering."
i~ +r +r
Governor Taft's mission to Rome has ended just as we pre-
dicted it would. The Holy See made it plain to Mr. Taft and
Secretary Root that it could not in justice to its own sense of
right, be a party to the precipitate action suggested by the Sec-
retary's "instructions," and both these gentlemen have apparent-
ly been converted to that view. The administration has accepted
the program submitted by Cardinal Rampolla at the opening of
the conference, and future negotiations for the settlement of all
questions between Church and government, will be conducted in
Manila through an Apostolic Delegate and the Civil Governor.
Some of our Catholic contemporaries expect that the new turn of
affairs will minimize the danger of overstepping the rights of the
Catholic clergy in the Philippines by hasty action, and of violat-
ing the nation's honor as unalterably pledged in the Treaty of
Paris. Archbishop Ireland declares that the Pope is satisfied and
that American Catholics ought to quit harassing the administration
with protests and complaints. Archbishop Ireland is not the
480 The Review. 1902.
chosen mouthpiece of His Holiness and, fortunately, in no sense
the keeper of the conscience of the American Catholic public.
•*c *r *r
We are requested by a Nebraska clergyman to publish the fol-
lowing as a warning to all Catholic priests :
An agent representing a New York life insurance concern is
endeavoring to insure all Catholic clergymen of the Western
States, making use of all and any deceptive representations and
promises, showing all kinds of recommendations in order to in-
duce them to insure. His object is to get all Catholic clergymen,
sick or healthy ; the medical examination is a mere sham. The
President of the company has been informed of these matters,
but to no avail. It seems the scheme is to get through the
clergy the Catholic laity and the public in general. Several
priests, after learning of these transactions, have refused to ac-
cept any policy and notified the President of the Company that
they would demand that their partial payment, already made, be
refunded.
*• •& *«
We see from the San Francisco Monitor (No. 16) that another
mining concern, one claiming to possess rich gold mines in Ari-
zona, has come to grief. The chief manipulator of the affairs of
the exploded corporation was described in advertisements freely
published in Catholic newspapers as a distinguished Catholic and
a member of numerous religious and other societies. It appears
that mainly on the strength of this representation, hundreds of
poor Catholics invested their cash in shares of stock which were
to return them fabulous profits, when the mining properties
which he controlled were "developed."' The bubble suddenly
burst, however, and a receiver has been appointed to gather up
the pieces, if there are any. When the sheriff took possession of
the company's offices, according to newspaper accounts, there
were found on the desk of the young Catholic society member,
whose religious affiliations had been assiduously paraded in con-
nection with his mining enterprises, "threatening letters from
depositors who had invested in the mining stock and who re-
proached him for using religious connections and his membership
in temperance and other societies to further his ends." And his
innocent victims had ample grounds for such reproaches. As
the Monitor justly observes, "there is no obvious connection be-
tween religious faith and corporate stock speculation. When the
two are wedded in advertisements which promise enormous
profits on small investments, as they were in this case, persons
with even a moderate gift of ordinary horse sense ought to know
enough not to part with their good money."
<^ ^^ ^^
We owe the long e sound in Key to Scotland ; Dryden rh3Tmed
it with "day" in 1700.
Sh Sv &b
The word Kinship was unkown to Webster in 1828. The new
Oxford Dictionary traces it to Mrs. Browning, in 1833.
Conservative vs. Libera! Catholics.
young clergyman in the Northwest, in sending us his
subscription the other day, added these lines :
"Would it not be a very good idea (I am sure it would
be hailed by many readers of The Review) to devote, at your
convenience, a few lines to explaining the difference between the
'Conservatives' and 'Liberals,' as existing in the Catholic Church
of America? For a young priest such a clarification, if impartial,
of Catholic parties, good and loyal, as both claim to be, would be
a boon and make it possible for him to be quite at home on topics
that seem to embroil and agitate certain leaders self-constituted."
An answer to the request of our reverend correspondent must'
be tantamount to a description of "Americanism ;" and the fact
that he makes it at this late date shows that he has not been a
careful reader of The Review during the famous controversy
that led to the papal Brief "Testem benevolentiae."
"Americanism" is the modern form of Liberalism. It is not
easy to define Liberalism, because it is a very peculiar heresy, in-
asmuchas it does not deny or distortany well-defined Catholic truth
or any order of truths, but rests upon an utterly false conception
of the entire system of Catholic doctrine and practice. The
"Liberal Catholic" (really a contradictio in terminis) denies no par-
ticular dogma, and is therefore armed against the criti*
cisms of what he is pleased to call a "supersensitive Conservatism";
but he dilutes and weakens them all. While he is aware that the
Syllabus (Prop. 80) declares that the Church can never reconcile
herself to the modern ideas of progress and civilization, in a word
to Liberalism ; he does not consider the Syllabus a decision bind-
ing upon all Catholics. Besides, as a "Liberal Catholic," he does
not champion absolute Liberalism, but only a modern form
thereof — the "true" and "genuine" Liberalism. He admits the
plenary powers of the highest ecclesiastical authority, but at the
same time does his level best to limit the exercise thereof and to
weaken the import of its pronouncements and decisions, wher-
ever his notion of the (in his opinion) necessary "reconciliation"
of the Church and the age requires it. He is "Catholic," "genu-
inely Catholic," even more Catholic than the Pope upon occasions,
and solemnly professes that he considers the Catholic religion the
only true faith ; all of [which does not, 'however, prevent him from
advocating enthusiastically the "reform" or "evolution" of Cathol-
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 31. St. Louis, Mo., August 7, 1902.)
482 The Review. 1902.
icism demanded by the Zeitgeist, so long- as what he arbitrarily
considers "essential" is preserved. His ideal is a "rational com-
munism," which is to become "the ultimate religion" of the future.
No one surpasses him in enthusiastic praise of the papacy and
the ruling Pope ; at the same time, however, he saves himself the
trouble of building up his politico-religious system on the instruc-
tions and rulings of the Pontiff.
Thus the error is practical rather than theoretical; elusive
as a doctrine, but all the more dangerous in practice. It
has its own method of interpreting, distinguishing, and explain-
ing the truths of the faith, even at the risk, as Leo XIII. remarks,
of evaporating them altogether. It is consequently a difficult, if
not impossible, undertaking to express the essence of this system
in a definite, brief, and concrete formula. One of the coryphaei
of Americanism has characterized it in connection with the teach-
ings of Father Hecker in an article in the Catholic World Magazine
as "the. synthesis of progress and Catholicity." Others have re-
peatedly declared it to be the enlightened progress of the Church
befitting our age and country. This definition not only decribes,
but also condemns Americanism. For the theory on which it is
based expects the. Church to renounce, if not in principle, at least
in fact, her mission towards society as such ; and amounts, there-
fore, at bottom, to a practical denial of the social kingdom of
Christ and His Church.
St. Cyprian said of certain heretics of his day : "Rem divinam
humanam faciunt" i. e., they treat divine things, that is to say,
divine truths and institutions, as if they were human. The
essence of "Americanism" or Liberalism can not, in our opinion,
be more profoundly or more luminously expressed. It mixes up
and confuses the order of nature with that of grace, by narrow-
ing down the limits of the supernatural order ; by withdrawing
society as such, the State and public life in general, as far as pos-
sible from the influence of revealed religion ; by limiting and
weakening the import of supernatural truths and their binding
force ; by carrying its own onesided views into the field of re-
ligion and thus practically degrading the Church to the role of a
purely natural and purely human society which must progress
with, and receive instruction and enlightenment from, the Zeit-
geist— the Spirit of the Age.
A careful perusal of the Brief "Testem benevolentiae" will con-
vince our friend that this is Liberalism in the clear white light of
Catholic truth, as reflected through the Vicar of Christ himself.
Those Catholics who are, in contradistinction, called Conserva-
tives hold, on the other hand, that the Church, as the faithful cus-
todian of the divine deposit of the faith, can not meet the Zeitgeist
No. 31. The Review. 483
but as an enemy whose encroachments and attacks it is her sacred
duty to ward off and repulse ; an enemy who, in the name of
pseudo-science, would make reason the teacher of revelation ; who,
on the plea of a false liberty, refuses to recognize the sovereign
power of the Redeemer and His Church over the minds and hearts
of all men ; who cultivates a "progress" which takes no account
of the true dignity and destiny of the human race.
"We ask," says Pope Pius IX., "all those who invite us, for the
best of religion, to reconcile ourselves to modern progress : Are
the facts such as to induce the Vicar of Christ, who is charged
with keeping pure the divine doctrine, without grievous violation
of conscience and great scandal to approach a spirit which has
caused so many deplorable evils and spread so many false views,
errors, and principles directy contradicting the Catholic faith?"
(Allocution "Jamdudum," March 18th, 1861.)
Can any Catholic seek the mission of the Church in the solution
of problems which the supreme authority has so clearly pro-
nounced to be insoluble?
As against Liberalism, we who are styled "conservative" Cath-
olics, but who are really Catholics sans phrase, see our special
task, in these piping days of twentieth-century rationalism, in
drawing closer than ever to the infallible magisterium of our Holy
Church, and in taking a hand, according to our individual abili-
ties, in the battle she has waged for ages, and is now waging as
energetically as ever, against the dangerous attacks of a Zeit-
geist who would change the solemn exhortation of St. Paul :
"Nolite conformari huic saeculo" into synthesizing "modern prog-
ress," so-called, and Catholicity, {which can no more be combined
than light and darkness, faith and unbelief, virtue, and vice,— no
more than Eternal Truth and error.
484
Some Judicial Aspects of the Friar
Question.
idney Webster has recently pointed out in the New York
Herald [July 27th] that the main questions involved in
the Philippine friar controversy "are judicial rather
than political, ecclesiastical or diplomatic," because of the Paris
treaty.
Maintenance and protection of the free enjoyment of property
and religion have been the commonplace stipulations of all our
treaties. Freedom of conscience, religion, belief, and worship
have therein been elementary reciprocal privileges. The Spanish
treaty added nothing to what would have been their rights had
our constitution gone fro^rio vigore, or in any other way, into the
ceded islands. The priests of any nationality could have exer-
cised their profession in the new islands, so long as they con-
formed to constitutional laws regulating all aliens. The Pope
could appoint bishops and priests in Manila, as in New York or
Boston, subject to the law of our own land.
As to the obnoxious friars — concede them to be aliens. That
they are priests is immaterial. If the alien and sedition laws of
1798 were constitutional, Congress can authorize the President to
expel the friars if they are proved dangerous to the public peace
and safety. It is the duty of aliens in our jurisdiction to be obe-
dient to the rightful authority of the government. If the friars are
not, then plainly they can in the Philippines be now subjected, by
order of the President, to military restraint, like other persons,
provided an insurrection exists, and "military necessity" requires
the restraint.
The claim made by the Catholic Church and its religious orders
to lands and other realty in the Philippines, and a refusal by the
authorities of the Church and those orders to withdraw from the
archipelago religious who are Spanish subjects, would present
again questions debated in the Supreme Court insular cases.
Is the archipelago now, even if it was not when the Court decided
those cases, incorporated into, and become an integral part of,
the United States? What has been the influence in that direction
of recent legislation? Does, or does not, the constitution now
control in the Philippines? Is the President subject to it, in deal-
ing with the problem of church property and of the friars, or is
the archipelago in that "transition period" referred to by adminis-
tration justices in the insular cases, during which period the con-
stitution does not prevail?
A majority of the justices said in the insular cases that the
No. 31. The Review. 485
treaty with Spain did not, and could not, without an enabling vote
of Congress, incorporate the Philippines into the United States.
Has that enabling vote yet been given?
Upon the true answer to questions like these depend important
limitations upon the power of President Roosevelt, as Command-
er-in-Chief of the army, and his agents in the Philippines, whether
military or civil, to deal with the Church lands and the friars.
If the Philippines have been incorporated into the United States,
and the constitution there bears sway, then neither the President
nor Congress can, without "just compensation," deprive anybody,
whether citizen or alien, Catholic or Protestant, churchman,
Mohammedan or heretic, of vested rights of property.
The question of right is a judicial question, but has Congress
established courts competent to try the question ? It is doubtful.
The precise questions presented by the eighth article of the
Spanish treaty have probably never before arisen in our country,
for, although in the area governed by the cessions made by Mexico
the Catholic Church once held a vast extent of mission lands, they
had previously been secularized by Mexico as a State.
The Spanish treaty of 1898 ceded to the United States, by the
opening sentence of the eighth article, all the "immovable prop-
erty" belonging to the crown of Spain, and then went on to ex-
empt from that cession and from impairment all property or
rights which, "by law," belong to "provinces, municipalities,
ecclesiastical or civic bodies, or any other associations having
legal capacity to acquire and possess, etc., or belong to private
individuals of whatever nationality."
Did any of the lands in dispute belong to the public domain and
the crown of Spain ? Land claims in California were by Congress
referred to a commission, with right of appeal from its decision
to the Supreme Court.
It is quite possible the American negotiators had their thoughts
so intently fixed on circumventing the federal constitution by the
last very novel clause of the ninth article of the treaty, stipulating
for congressional supremacy over the natives of the ceded islands,
that those negotiators omitted to appreciate the full effect of the
antecedent stipulations of that ninth article which permitted any
"obnoxious friars" (natives of the peninsula) to remain Spanish
subjects and have the rights of aliens, which were to be superior,
so far as concerned Congress, to the rights of native Filipinos.
All the Spanish friars are now under the protection of public
law, international law and our federal constitution (whatever the
last may in these days be worth), which protection, it is said, the
natives of the archipelago have not.
The American negotiators could, but they did not, have con-
486 The Review. 1902.
strained their Spanish colleagues to stipulate that the property-
rights of the Church and the personal rights of the ''friars" in
the Philippines "will be determined by the Congress."
It is not to be lightly assumed that either President Roosevelt
(if the constitution is now inoperative in the Philippines) or Spain
or the Vatican will be unreasonable in the matter. But if the
archipelago has been incorporated, then the constitution shows
an orderly way to preserve the treaty, the temporal rights of the
two contracting powers and the spiritual rights of His Holiness
the Pope.
The Fundamental Error of Modern
Democracy.
he opinion prevails quite generally that the fourteenth
amendment to the Federal Constitution has fastened up-
on us the pernicious doctrine of universal and equal
suffrage.
Mr. William L. Scruggs, who is an authority on political and
legal subjects and a close student of constitutional questions, calls
this a misconception, which arises mainly from the clause which
prohibits any State from enacting or enforcing "any law abridg-
ing the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States."
The words "privileges and immunities" did not come into the
Constitution with the fourteenth amendment. Thejr had been
there fin Article IV.) eighty years before that amendment was
ever dreamed of. And our courts had uniformly held that they
did not relate to suffrage at all, but onlv to private rights ; that
suffrage was not a natural right incident to citizenship, but a gift
conferred by the State. The clause in the fourteenth amendment,,
merely adds a guarantee for the protection of the citizen in the
exercise of his natural or so-called private rights.
The only clause in the fourteenth amendment that bears upon
the question of suffrage is in section two, which relates to the ap-
portionment of representatives among the several States. The
apportionment is based on population. This is mandatory. Then
follows the contingent proposition that when "the right to vote"
is denied by the State to resident male citizens of the United
States, twenty-one years of age, except for "crime," the basis of
representation shall be reduced in the proportion which the
No. 31. The Review. 487
number of such citizens bears to the whole number of resident
male citizens over that age. But whence comes this "right to
vote"? Not being a born right incident to citizenship, it can be
conferred only by State laws. None but qualified electors of the
most numerous branch of the State legislature can be legal voters
at national elections. So the question of suffrage is still with the
State, where it had always been.
Nor does the fifteenth amendment, in Mr. Scruggs' opinion,
change this. It declares merely that "'the right of citizens of the
United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged" by either
State or nation, "on account of race, color, or previous condition
of servitude." But here, again, the question naturally arises,
Whence comes "the right to vote"? And again the answer is :
in the State, from State laws ; in the territory, from a law of
Congress. In no other way can it come. Hence the obvious
meaning of the fifteenth amendment is that when the right to vote
has been thus conferred, its exercise shall not be denied or
abridged on account of the conditions named — it being still com-
petent to the State (or to Congress, as the case may be), to de-
clare that "when." In neither case is there any guarantee that
the gift of the right to vote shall be conferred, or that, when con-
ferred, it shall not be revocable. The only guarantee is exemp-
tion from certain specific discriminations ; and this manifestly
applies as well to any extension as to any restriction of the right
of suffrage.*)
Mr. Scruggs, like all enlightened students of the problem, is
heartily in favor of restricting the suffrage to "an impartial
standard of intelligence, virtue, and personal responsibility," — a
thing which,— if his view is correct, as we believe, — each State can
do without any violation of the Constitution.
Equal voting, as Mill t) has truly observed, "is in principle
wrong." But it is not only wrong in the utilitarian signification,
in which Mill used the word— inexpedient — but in a much deeper
sense. It is wrong because it is contrary to the nature of things,
because it is unjust. It is unjust to the classes, for it infringes
their right as to persons to count in the community for what they
are really worth; it is "tyrannously repressive of the better sort."
It is unjust to the masses, for it infringes their right to the guid-
ance of men of light and leading, and subjects them to a base olig-
archy of vile political adventurers. It is unjust to the State, 'which
it derationalizes, making it— to borrow a pregnant phrase
of Green X)— "not the passionless expression of general right,
*) N. Y. Independent, No. 2799.
t) Considerations on Representative Government, p. 173.
X) Works, III, p. 282.
488 The Review. 1902.
but the engine of individual caprice, under alternate fits of appe-
tite and fear."
In the United States it has, in the words of Mr. Scruggs, "de-
graded our politics, corrupted the ballot, lowered the tone of
public morality, converted elections into mere farces, and ren-
dered good government next to impossible."
Corruption is the great fact writ large on well-nigh every page
of Mr. Bryce's standard volumes on the American Commonwealth,
which are certainly not written in a spirit of hostility to American
institutions. And, as Canon Barnett §) has truly pointed out, "the
penalty" — one penalty — of that corruption is "written in the
broken lives and bitter passions of the poor."
Henry George H) is well warranted when he writes : "The ex-
periment of popular government in the United States is clearly a
failure. Speaking generally of the whole country. . . .our govern-
ment has, in large degree, become, is, in larger degree, becoming,
government by the strong and unscrupulous. .... .In many cities
the ordinary citizen has no more influence in the government un-
der which he lives than he would have in China. He is, in reality,
not one of the governing class, but of the governed. He occasion-
ally, in disgust, votes for 'the other man,' or 'the other party,'
but generally to find that he has effected only a change of mas-
ters, or secured the same masters under different names. And
he is beginning to accept the situation and to leave politics to po-
liticians, as something with which an honest, self-respecting man
can not afford to meddle." How many are there among our read-
ers who would refuse to subscribe to this statement?
Nor is the working of false democracy much better in France
or England, as Mr. W. S. Lilly has proved in the chapter on "The
Corruption of the State" in his admirable work 'First Principles
in Politics,' and M. Benoist in his 'La Crise de l'F^tat moderne.'
Most truly has Professor von Sybel said, in his 'History of the
Revolutionary Period,' that the Rousseauan theory, which is, so
to speak, incarnate in the false democracy worshipped by so many
of us here in America — and by some who ought to know better —
"raises to the throne, not the reason which is common to all men,
but the aggregate of universal passions."
"A primary lesson of physical science," declares Lilly 1) "is the
fact of the natural inequality of men, of races, of nations. A
primary principle of political science is the inequality of r>ght re-
sulting from this fact. If men are unequal physically, morally,
§) Fortnightly Review, Aug. 1893.
||) Social Problems, p. 16.
1) First Principles, p. 181-2.
No. 31. The Review. 489
Intellectually, most clearly they should not be equal in the body
politic."
To try to make them equal and to give them equal political
rights, is to subvert the order of nature and to court disaster,
which will surely overtake this nation if the grievous mistake is
not soon remedied.
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
Frame Churches Can Not be Consecrated. — In reply to a dtibium of
the Bishop of San Salvador in Central America, the S. Congrega-
tion of Rites has recently decided that a church built of wood can
not be consecrated according to the Roman Ritual. It can only
be solemnly blessed.
A Rabid Protestant Brazilian Missionary. — Those who read the Cath-
olic newspapers of Latin America are often struck by the large
space and energy they devote to polemics against Protestantism.
We can not wonder at this if all the Protestant ministers actively
engaged in missionary work in those regions are of the calibre of
the Rev. J. Rockwell Smith, D. D., of Sao Paulo, Brazil, who, in
an address before the Students' Volunteer Movement convention
recently held at Toronto, said, according to Moshcr's Magazine
(July):
"I presume that I speak to a Protestant audience and shall not
offend if I say frankly that Romanism is not Christianity."
"The religion of these lands (South America) in its practical
outworking as well as in its doctrinal basis is not the religion of
the Word of God ; it is not Christianity, the worship of the Son of
God, but Mariolatry, the worship of His human mother. The
Bible is always and everywhere withheld as far as possible from
the people, not to say from the majority of the priests. The nat-
ural consequences are sacramentarianism, sacerdotalism, super-
stition, crass idolatry, and gross immorality. Servile homage is
paid to the priests, though hated."
There is plenty more of this, but we will not quote further ;
but simply hand over the Rev. Dr. Smith to the tender mercies of
our excellent Catholic contemporary, O Estandarte Catolico of Sao
Paulo.
LITERATURE.
A Life of Las Casas. — 'The Life of Bartolome de Las Casas and
The First Leaves of American Ecclesiastical History.' By Rev.
L. A. Dutto. B. Herder. Price $1.50.
This book, which has been favorably reviewed by several peri-
odicals, leads us back to the beginnings of American history and
furnishes a great deal of highly interesting reading. Its well-
490 The Review. 1902
merited recommendation should not, however, go forth without
some reserves. The author has been censured for not making,
at least in a preface, due reference to the sources from which he
has drawn. Many events related in the book are of such moment
that their authentication may be justly desired.
In fact, Father Dutto does not own to being greatly indebted to
various historical writings and researches, believing that more cor-
rect information can be gathered about the first thirty years of
American history from the works of Las Casas himself than from
the combined writings of all his contemporaries (p. 579.) His main
purpose seems to have been to give a description of the life, char-
acter, and labors of the famous "Protector of the Indians" mostly
according to the latter's own writings. Thus he was enabled to
dwell on the details, which as Lord Macauly says, constitute the
charm of biography. But the reader must not expect to receive
a comprehensive and thoroughly reliable account of the "Indian
Question" which played such a prominent part in Las Casas' life.
The Bishop of Chiapa has certainly deserved well of the abori-
gines. Unfortunately, he was lacking that happy combination of
fervor and discretion regarding which St. Bernard writes :
"Laudabilis, cui neutrum deest, quatenus et (caritatis) fervor dis-
cretionem erigat et discretio fervorem regat."
Even our author, though an ardent admirer of his hero, feels it
his duty to restrict somewhat his eulogies. "His (Bartolome's)
zeal for the Indians perhaps betrayed him at times into exagger-
ating the number and the atrocities of Spanish outrages against
the aborigines" (p. 577). "Constantly recurring invectives against
the Spaniards in America and painting their almost every deed in
the darkest colors in order to gain the reader's sympathy and
commiseration for the Indians, together with a superabundance
of religious and moral reflections make the work (Bartolome's
Historia) tiresome reading at times" (p. 579). On p. 410 Spain in
general is credited with the preservation and civilization of not less
than 35 millions of savages.
Let us add the pertinent words of the learned historian and ex-
plorer in Spanish-America, A. F. Bandelier :
"It is evident that in Spanish-America as well as everywhere
else, the strict decrees of the crown in behalf of the Indian were
sometimes evaded or disregarded, and the native occasionally
treated with cruelty. But these instances were only exceptions,
and not the rule. Las Casas in his injudicious!diatribes has com-
pletely misrepresented the facts in many cases. He was an hon-
est, but utterly impractical enthusiast, who failed to understand
both the Indian and the new issue placed before that Indian
through the discovery of America, and who condemned every-
thing and everybody from the moment that they did not agree
with his theories and plans. The royal decrees in favor of the
Indian were numerous, and the labor bestowed by the kings of
Spain and their councils on the 'Indian Question' was immense,
so that it would require a special monograph of great extent in
order to do justice to the subject No reliance can be placed
upon the numerical statements concerning the so-called Spanish
blood-baths, particularly none upon those of the Bishop of
Chiapa, Bartolome de Las Casas. The whole literature of that
No. 31. The Review. 491
period should be read with the same reserves with which we re-
ceive the political 'campaign literature' of the present."
Of a pamphlet written by LasCasas in 1541 Father Dutto say shim-
self on p. 403: "It is a graphic and exaggerated (at least all writers
think so) description of all the massacres, kidnapping expedi-
tions. . . .It was translated into Italian and into French, and soon
became the stock in trade of many foreign writers who used it as
an armory whence they drew their weapons to fight Spain, often
unscrupulously, and by misrepresentations."
MUSIC.
New Church Music. — From Pustet and Company The Review has
received a number of new musical publications, among them a
'Missa pro defunctis,' for two unequal voices and organ, by P.
Griesbacher, opus 54, (score 50 cts., voice parts, 20 cts.) The work
is written in the author's well-known solid, dignified, and smooth
style. While it is easy of performance, it is, nevertheless, bound
to produce a strong and devotional impression.
Missa 'Tota pulchra es, Maria,' primi toni, for three mixed
voices and organ by Rev. W. P. H. Jansen (score 65 cts., voice
parts 30 cts.) is a work which breathes preeminently the spirit of
the Gregorian Chant and, consequently, of the liturgy. The
reverend author is no ordinary writer. He knows how to main-
tain the interest by melodic and rhythmic variety and skillful imi-
tation. The mass is particularly suited for choirs in which the
treble part is sung by boys who do not have to reach higher than
middle C.
'Missa Dominicalis,' for four mixed voices and organ, by Dr.
Joseph Surzynski, opus 24 (score 65 cts., voice parts 30 cts.) The
author evidently aimed at brilliancy, which he, no doubt, achieved,
but sometimes at the expense of unity and homogeneity of style.
The mass, despite its somewhat unrestful character, well repays
studying and contains many effective passages.
'Litaniae SS. Cordis Jesu,' for soprano, alto, and bass (tenor ad
libitum) and organ, by Joseph Meuerer, opus 22 (score 65 cts.,
voice parts 30 cts.) is prayerful and not difficult.
'Missa in honorem S. Caroli Borromei,' for four mixed voices a
capella, by Carolo Maupai, opus 20 (score 35 cts., voice parts
30 cts.) A broad and sonorous composition. Its natural melodic
flow renders it accessible even to choirs who do not sing without
accompaniment.
'Missa Adoro Te,' for two voices and organ, by John Singen-
berger, (score, 30 cts.) The fact that this mass has reached its
fifth edition is sufficient proof of its popularity;
'Missa in laudem et adorationem SSmi. Nominis Jesu,' for
four mixed voices and organ, by I. Mitterer, opus 18b. (score 50
cts.) This composition was originally written for two part male
chorus, but has been expanded by the author into the present
form. It is an excellent example of the composer's virile style,
492 The Review. 1902.
and its study will be found a grateful task by choir-directors and
singers alike.
'Thirty-five Offertoria,' for four and five unequal voices a
capella, opus 80, by Rev. M. Haller, (score $1). It is a question
whether there is anything more lofty and truly spiritual to be
found in the whole literature of modern church music than these
"offertoria." They are the embodiment of the spirit of the liturgy
as it lives in the mind and the heart of a musically highly gifted
priest and with whom it has become flesh and blood. Would that
these beautiful works were to resound in our cathedrals at least.
It is unnecessary to state that all the works mentioned are got-
ten out in the firm's handsome and substantial fashion. There
is no doubt but that good paper and fine and clear engraving add
attractiveness and assist the imagination in forming an adequate
conception of the work in hand.
Prof. Singenberger has published an edition of his 'Oremus'
for two sopranos, alto, and organ, which ought to be welcome
news to our many religious congregations of women who wish to
add brilliancy to their celebration of the Holy Father's jubilee.
(Price, 25 cts.)
EDUCATION.
Morality in the Public Schools. — That somewhat erratic, but always
interesting and frequently brilliant newspaper, the Brooklyn
Eagle, recently gave utterance to some very sound doctrine on
the subject of ethical culture. We quote from Mosher^s Magazine,
July number :
"Right and wrong in the affairs of conduct are not matters of
instinct. They have to be learned just as really, in fact, as his-
tory or handicrafts. Is this knowledge being imparted to our
children in any efficient way and by any efficient teachers? Is
the public school doing it? Is the Church doing it? Are fathers
and mothers doing it? We are compelled sadly to say no to all
these queries. . . .The truth is, we are taking for granted a moral
intelligence which does not exist. We are leaning upon it, de-
pending upon it, trusting to it, and it is not there. Our whole
machinery of education from the kindergarten up to the universi-
ty is perilously weak at this point. We have multitudes of youths
and young men and women who have no more intelligent sense of
what is right and what is wrong than had so many Greeks of the
time of Alcibiades The great Roman Catholic Church stead-
ily maintains that our State system of instruction is so defective
on its ethical side that she can not submit her children to its pro-
cesses."
This last-quoted statement is, of course, inaccurate, as the
Church, unlike the champions of the Ethical Culture movement,
does not confound ethics and religion.
The Eagle further says :
"The great company of educators and the whole American com-
munity need to be sternly warned that if morality can not be
specifically taught in the public schools without admitting relig-
ious dogma, then religious dogma may have to be taught in them.
It will not do to say that this kind of instruction belongs
No. 31. The Review. 493
alone to the family and the Church We are within measur-
able distance of the time when society may for its own sake go on
its knees to any factor which can be warranted to make education
compatible with and inseparable from morality, letting- that factor
do it on its own terms and teach therewith whatsoever it lists. If
the State can not — or will not — learn how to teach ethics without
dogrma, ethics will be taught all the same by a method or system
to which dogma will be allowed or excused."
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.
To Utilize Atmospheric Electricity Without Dynamos or Chemicals. — We
read in the Northwest Review, of Winnipeg, Manitoba, (No. 45):
"A Spanish Catholic, named Signor Figueras, a prominent en-
gineer of Las Palmas on the Canary Islands, now announces that
he has discovered a method of utilizing atmospheric electricity
without chemicals or dynamos, so as to store it for use for any
purpose, and a child can manage the distributing machinery. It
is said that the discovery will revolutionize the preparation and
distribution of electric power."
If this is true, it means the most important scientific invention
of recent years, — an invention which will prove revolutionary in
more ways than one.
NOTE-BOOK.
Our government continues to insist that it has no interest in
the expulsion of the friars from the Philippine Islands. It wants
them to get out simply and solely because "the Filipinos want them
to get out." Only one secular newspaper, so far as we have oh-
served, the New York World, has realized that, if true, this is an
exceedingly dangerous argument which cuts both ways; for there
is no doubt that the great mass of Filipinos would like our govern-
ment itself to "get out."
+r +r *r
The late Lord Acton is described by one of his admirers as "a
Liberal of the orthodox type." If this type ever existed, of which
we are not quite sure, we fear it has become extinct.
jtK 4&* 4^
This is the way Mr. Root's and Mr. Taft's "victory" over the
Vatican impresses the average fair-minded American :
"We are pleased to learn that Secretary Root, contrary to what
we feared, has won a great 'victory' in his negotiations with the
Vatican. This is carefully explained to us by the Tribune, which
says, on page 8, that it "is not for a moment to be conceded" that
the Secretary's diplomacy has been "defeated." To prove the
case up to the hilt, it prints on page 3 the pictures of two of the
three Cardinals who "are held responsible for the failure of nego-
tiations over the friars' lands." Just carefully define your term
494 The Review. 1902.
"victory," so as to make it synonymous with "failure," and you
may go on your way rejoicing-. What has seemed ludicrous to us
in the whole affair was the lofty and condescending air with which
we told the Vatican what we wanted, and the calm confidence we
had that it would be granted over night. We went about the
business quite in the de-haut-en-bas manner of Lord Cranborne,
who proudly declared, the other day, "Great Britain does not ask
treaties, she grants them." Balfour made him apologize for the
indiscretion. There is no occasion for an apology from any of
Mr. Root's trumpeting friends, but a season of quiet meditation
would do them good." [N. Y. Evening Post, July 18th.]
*r *r *c
From Mr. Bryan's Commoner, edition of July 18th:
"The town of Herkimer, N. Y., enjoys the distinction of having
a clergyman for president of ?ts board of trade. Rev. James H.
Halpin, a Catholic priest, engaged so actively and effectively in
behalf of the business interests of Herkimer, securing by his
own efforts many new industries for the town, that he was chosen
president of Herkimer's Board of Trade. Father Halpin has
been a priest for the last twenty years and for seventeen years
has resided at Herkimer."
"Up-to-date," isn't it ?
N£ v« N£
An "evangelist" is going about in Illinois offering to "work" on
these terms : "Forty dollars a week and fifty conversions guar-
anteed or money refunded." The laborer is worthy of his hire.
But isn't this quoting of salvation in the market at eighty cents
per soul as if it were a merchantable commodity like anthracite
coal, steel rails or cucumber pickles, a bit incongruous? Think
of putting a money price upon a human soul !
*» •* •*
Mr. Hugh J. Carroll takes the slanderers of the Philippine
friars by the throat in challenging them, in a letter to the New
York Sun, to prove a single one of their stories of immorality.
He tells them that '"there is a standing reward of $1,000 for every
case of the kind mentioned by them which they can prove," and
invites them to "send the evidence right over the Bridge to the
International Catholic Truth Society, Arbuckle Building, Fulton
street, Brooklyn, and collect the 'stuff.' "
^^ ^^ ^^
The editor of the Western Watchman, who poses as the infallible
guide of his Catholic brethren, wrote in his issue of June 26th :
"The Pope has cheerfully accepted all the conditions of the Am-
erican note in the matter of the Philippine Friars and their lands.
This will be sad news to some of our Catholic papers."
Three weeks later came the cablegram announcing that the
Pope had politely but most decisively refused to accept the con-
ditions of that American diplomatic note. This sort of thing has
happened so often that one wonders how so inaccurate an editor
gets anyone to believe him.
"Father Lambert's recent humorous defence of him" — observes
No. 31. The Review. 495
the Northwestern Review (No. 25), which points out this new in-
congruity—"may help to explain the mystery. Editor Phelan is
an enfant terrible, a 'child of a hundred years,' whose most
solemn asseverations are of themselves worthless."
jm «r *r
The editor of a weekly paper in Christian County, 111., intends
to bring the Bible home to his subscribers by publishing- it in in-
stallments. His paper is not a large one, and the weekly install-
ments will be short, so that it will take fifty years to get from
Genesis to Revelation. It seems the people of Christian County
have bibles, but do not read them. The Assumption editor's plan
of bringing- the Holy Writ to their notice is ingenious. But will
those who do not read the Bible in book form, peruse it chapter
by chapter as a newspaper feuilletori? We doubt it.
<d& &% ah
Since the introduction of the "Keeley cure" the theory has
gained ground that drunkenness is not a crime, but a disease,
and that its cure requires the physician rather than the clergy-
man, medicinal rather than moral remedies. As Dr. Cordley
points out in the Independent (No.2799), this sounds very plausible,
but is very shallow, because it misses the main part of the ques-
tion altogether. "It is no new thing that drunkenness is a disease.
Temperance writers have long made this one of their chief in-
dictments against the liquor habit. Its great peril was that it
created a disease which was bevond a man's control. The use
(we should say abuse) of alcohol produced a diseased condition
of the system which craved indulgence and made it more
and more difficult to break away from the habit. The crav-
ing was a disease, the (intemperate) indulgence of it was
a crime. It was a misfortune to be possessed of such a crav-
ing. But it was a crime to create it, and it is a crime to indulge
it. It is none the less a crime because it is a disease. It is a crime
to create a disease, or to foster one. When any one asks, Is in-
temperance a disease or a crime ? we may readily reply : It is
both a disease and a crime."
•fc «4 *4
The Catholic Citizen (No. 38 J announces that it is not likely that
Archbishop Katzer will, as was recently rumored, get an auxiliary
bishop of Polish nationality.
98" sr 3?
Speaking of hot-weather sermons, a Methodist preacher in At-
lantic, Mich., has set the pace for his colleagues every where.
Twice requested on one Sunday by prominent members of his
congregation, to make his evening sermon brief on account of the
heat, he prepared one which he thought would be satisfactory.
When he arose to announce his text, he remarked that he had
twice been asked to make his sermon short and would try to
do so. If this should seem too long, he would stop next# time with
the text. Then he delivered this sermon :
"Text, Luke 16-24: 'And he cried and said : Father Abraham,
have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of
496 The Review. > 1902,
his finger in water and cool my tongue, for I am tormented in this
flame.'
"Three persons — Abraham, Dives, Lazarus. It was hot where
Dives was. He did not like it. He wanted to get out. So do we.
Let us pray !"
9% *^ f^
The new Prefect of the Propaganda, His Eminence Cardinal
Girolamo Gotti, is — horribile dictu — a "monk." What a grievous
disappointment his unexpected nomination must have proved to
those American Catholics who had fondly hoped the Holy Father
would put "a man of liberal ideas," as for instance Serafino Van-
nutelli, in the late Cardinal Ledochowski's important place.
V 0 0
Archbishop Ireland's recent pronouncement on the friar ques-
tion in the Philippines has drawn the severest kind of criticism
even from many of his friends. Father M. J. Gallagher, in an
open letter to the Grand Rapids Herald, calls the great "Pauline
Prelate" a "scolding cyclone." This is hardlylan improvement
on the "consecrated blizzard."
*• ^* *•
The President of the Centro Catolico at Manila, representing
six million Filipino Catholics, spent $53 the other day in wiring to
Bishop Richter of Grand Rapids that the Catholics of the Philip-
pine Islands wish to keep the friars.
9 3 S
Archbishop Ireland's views with regard to the religious orders
were condemned in the papal letter on Heckerism, miscalled
"Americanism," writes an American priest of Irish extraction,
and his opinions on the school question and on secret societies
were also rejected by Rome. With this record as an interpreter
of the Pope's mind it can not cause surprise if some Catholics re-
fuse to accept him as an oracle on the Philippine question.
^^ ^^ ^^
Msgr. Ireland's recent declaration : "The Pope teaches Catho-
lics to trust the American government," is thus complemented by
one of his most devoted journalistic servitors, the editor of the
Milwaukee Catholic Citizen [No. 38] : "And our training as Amer-
icans teaches us to watch it closely to see that our trust is not
mistaken."
+r +r +r
Chinese is the hardest of all languages to learn, and surely by
and by a phonetic Romanized alphabet will supersede the current
characters in both Chinese and Japanese. A Protestant mission-
ary, Rev. Wm. N. Brewster, of Hing-hua, South China, is devot-
ing himself to the task with great diligence. Using his new al-
phabet, it is stated in the Independent, two village farmer boys
learned tojead anything at sight in a week. But they were un-
usually bright. It generally takes from three to six months of
leisure time for working people to learn to read Romanized
Chinese.
The Pious Fund of California.
rchbishop Riordan has left for the Hague, where he will
sue the Mexican government before an international
court for the interest on California's Pious Fund. The
sum involved is $990,862.77, which is the interest for twenty-three
years upon $717,516,50, the amount of the Pious Fund. The his-
tory of the Pious Fund of California is told in a memorandum,
which was prepared by John T. Doyle for the Assistant Secre-
tary of State.
The Fund originated in 1697, in money contributed by charit-
able people, to enable Fathers Salvatierra, Ugarte, and Piccolo to
commence their missionary efforts in California, for which they
had secured permission from the Crown. Besides collecting
money for immediate expenses, it was determined to form a fund
for the permanent support of the missions to be established, and
the interest at five per cent, per annum, of ten thousand dollars
being deemed adequate for the support of each mission, invita-
tions were extended to the piously disposed, to make contribu-
tions of that sum or multiples of it, for the purpose, the contrib-
utors being accorded the privilege of naming the missions
founded by their contributions. Mention of the first contribu-
tors and their donations, and other early history of the fund, will
be found in the second volume of Venegas 'Noticia de la Califor-
nia y de su Cpnquista Espiritual y Temporal, ' etc., 1757. A list
of the contributors and missions founded down to 1731, is also
given in a little work entitled 'Noticia de la Provincia de Cali-
fornias en tres Cartas de un Sacerdote Religioso, hijo del real
Convento de Valencia, a un Amigo suyo. ' At that time the con-
tributions amounted to $120,000. In 1735, the Marquis de Villa-
puenta and his wife, made a munificent donation of estates and
property valued even in those days at $408,000, and the purposes
and objects of the trust are fully expressed in their deed of the
property, a copy of which duly certified by the notary, in Mexico,
in whose archives it remains, was filed with the Mixed Commis-
sion and forms part of its record. Here is also historical evidence
of a bequest of a sum, amounting to $120,000, by the Duchess of
Gandia, and of other large amounts from Seiiora de Arguelles, a
wealthy lady of Guadalacara, made in 1765. These important
sums, together with many minor ones and the accumulation of
revenues of the property in which the fund was invested, raised
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 32. St. Louis, Mo., August 14, 1902.)
49S The Review. 1902.
its capital to over two millions of dollars. It attained as much na-
tional importance in its day as the Smithsonian bequest to the
United States has in our times, and its administration was re-
garded as a subject of public concern.
The Society of Jesus, which down to that time had been its
trustee, was with all its members expelled from the Spanish
dominions by the Pragmatic Sanction of February 27th, 1767,
which was put in force in California in the year following-. In
virtue of this decree of expulsion, all property possessed by the
order was seized into the hands of the crown. Such as was pri-
vate propert}7, as colleges, noviciates, casa de recreo, etc., was
confiscated and vested in the crown ; whatever was held in trust
for specific purposes, was accepted by the monarch, distinctl}7,
aim otierc, and the trust character of the estate acknowledged.
Among the latter was the Pious Fund of California, which was
thereafter administered, and its revenues applied to their appro-
priate purposes, through the instrumentality of a commission ap-
pointed by the royal authority for the purpose.
On the accomplishment of Mexican independence, the property
of the Pious Fund, which was all within the limits of the Repub-
lic, was transferred, with the rest of the possessions of the
crown, to the Republic. The new government loyally acknowl-
edged the trust character of the estate and constituted a junta
directiva for its management. The missions of California had
meantime been pushed up the coast as far as Sonoma, by the
efforts of the Franciscan Order, which had succeeded the Jesuits
in Upper California, and had founded.there a number of missions,
all of which were in existence at the time of the annexation of
California to the United States.
The organization of the Church had meantime undergone a
change, naturally resulting from the growth of civilized popula-
tion, bringing with it private property and social institutions.
By an act of the Mexican Congress of September 19th, 1836, the
Holy See was invited and urged to erect the provinces of Upper
and Lower California into a diocese and to put them in charge of
a bishop to be selected for the purpose, and as one of the induce-
ments to compliance with this request, the sixth section of the act
mentioned placed in the hands of the new bishop, when chosen,
the properties of the Pious Fund in the following words : "Section
6. The properties of the Pious Fund of California are placed at
the disposal of the new bishop and his successors, to be admin-
istered by them, and applied to their objects and analogous ones,
respecting always the wishes of the founders." The Rt. Rev.
Francisco Garcia Diego, who was at the time President of the
missions, was accordingly, at the request of Mexico, appointed
No. 32. The Review. 499
and consecrated as Bishop of the Californias, Upper and Lower,
and established his see at Monterey. The Pious Fund was turned
over to him to be administered and applied as above provided. The
Bishop's presence being required in his Diocese, the property was
managed for him by an agent, Don Pedro Ramirez, a resident of
the City of Mexico, of high position, eminent probity of character,
and capability as a financier. Under his management it remained
down to the year 1842, on the eighth of February, in which year
General Santa Ana, then dictator of Mexico, under the Bases of
Tacubaya, repealed the sixth section of the act of September 19th,
1836, and devolved the administration of the trust estate on the
government ; for which purpose an officer of the army, General
Valencia, was appointed, the objects and purposes of the donors
being however distinctly respected. Under this decree, the prop-
erty of the fund was delivered over to the representative of the
government, but in the absence of his principal, Don Pedro
Ramirez respectfully protested against the breach of contract in-
volved in the seizure, and insisted on delivering the estate accom-
panied by an "instruccion circumstanciado" or detailed inventory
of the property, a copy of which was transmitted to his principal.
Neither the Spanish nor Mexican government has been very
successful in the administration of trust estates, and within a
few months General Santa Ana recognized the error of attempting
the task here. It was thereupon determined to sell the proper-
ties of the Pious Fund, turn the money into the public treasury
and pay interest on it thereafter, in perpetuity. To carry out
this purpose the decree of October 24th, 1842, was enacted,
wherein, after reciting the intent, by that of the preceding Feb-
ruary, "to fulfill most faithfully the beneficent objects of the
founders, without the least diminution of the funds destined
therefor, a result only to be attained by capitalizing the funds and
putting them at interest, to avoid expenses of administration,
etc.," it was enacted that all the properties of the Fund should be
incorporated into the public treasury, the real estate and other
propertles sold for the capital represented by its income on a
basis of six per cent, per annum, and that the national treasury
should thereafter pay interest at that rate on the amount,
to which purpose the revenue from tobacco was especially pledged.
The transfer of Upper California to the United States by the
treaty of Queretaro worked a change in the civil allegiance of the
Church of Upper California to the United States ; Mexico there-
after ceased to pay to it its portion of the interest on the Pious
Fund, and these arrears were made the subject of a claim by the
prelates then representing and governing the Church before the
Mixed Commission constituted by the convention of 1868.
500 The Review. 1902.
The distinguished umpire, who decided the case on a disagree-
ment between the Mexican and American Commissioners, Sir
Edward Thornton, admits, in his opinion, that his sympathy was
with Mexico, and that he was moved by a consideration of "the
troubles and difficulties to which Mexico and her government had
been subject to for several years past," to refuse interest on ar-
rears> for the principal of which he gave judgment, a tempering
of justice with mercy which a legal tribunal would not have
granted.
He ascertained the annual interest due to the Church of Upper
California under the act of October, 1842, to be $43,080.99, and
gave judgment for arrears of twenty-one years, amounting to nine
hundred and four thousand seven hundred Mexican gold dollars
and seventy-nine cents. This included all sums due down to
May 30th, A. D., 1869, and has been fully paid. The bishops of
California are now claiming the sums accrued since the last named
date, and the case appears strictly analogous to one wherein an
annuitant, having filed a bill to enforce payment of his annuity,
and obtained a decree establishing his right to it, and its exact
amount, with orders to defendants to pay over a specific sum for
arrears, down to a particular date, on further default being made,
files a supplemental bill to enforce payment of the installments
accrued since the original decree.
Having brought the history of the Pious Fund down to
the present day, Mr. Doyle notices a fact in Mexican his-
tory, which shows that, so far from making any extraor-
dinar}r demand, the Church authorities in this case are ask-
ing nothing but what Mexico has solemnly recognized as
a duty properly demandable from her by a foreign government in
a case precisely similar. Briefly told, it is this. The Philippine
Islands having been conquered by an expedition from Mexico,
were attached to that viceroyalty. The Jesuits had missions in
those islands like those of California, and one-half the bequest of
Senora Argualles, above mentioned, went to their support, the
other half to those of California. After the establishment and
recognition of Mexican independence, Spain demanded this Phil-
ippine Island fund from Mexico, for the missions within its do-
minions. The justice of the claim was undeniable, and the prop-
erties in which that fund was invested were turned over to the
representative of the mission, one Padre Moran. Some portions
of the real estate had, however, been sold by the Mexican govern-
ment during the troublous times of the revolution, and the pro-
ceeds used by it. For this an indemnity was demanded by Spain
and accorded by Mexico, the amount fixed on being $115,000 for
principal and $30,000 for interest thereon, which was agreed to
and paid.
No. 32. The Review. 501
The convention is dated November 7th, 1844, and its text is to
be found in the 'Colleccion de tratados con las naciones estrang-
eres, leyes, decretos, y ordenes que forman el Derecho Interna-
cional Mexicano, ' published in Mexico, in 1854, at page 516.
According to the agreement made between the United States
and Mexico for the adjustment of the claim, on May 22nd, 1902,
the United States acting on behalf of the bishops, both parties
agreed to submit the controversy to the determination of arbi-
trators, who shall be controlled by the provisions of the Interna-
tional Convention for the pacific settlement of international dis-
putes, commonly known as the Hague Convention, and which ar-
bitration shall have power to determine :
1. If said claim, as a consequence of the former decision, is
within the governing principle of res judicata; and,
2. If not, whether the same be just.
And to render such judgment or award as may be meet and
proper under the circumstances of the case.
If the decision and award of the tribunal be against the Repub-
lic of Mexico, the findings shall state the amount and in what cur-
rency the same shall be payable, and shall be for such amount as
under the contentions and evidence may be just. Such final
award, if any, shall be paid to the Secretary of State of the United
States of America within eight months from the date of its
making.
Each of the parties hereto pays its own expenses, and one-half
of the expenses of the arbitration, including the pay of the arbi-
trators ; but such costs shall not constitute any part of the judg-
ment.
The reward ultimately given shall be final and conclusive as to
the matters presented for consideration.
The arbiters chosen by the United States and Mexico to try the
Pious Fund claims case are, on the part of the United States :
Sir Edward Fry of England, formerly Chief Justice of the Court
of Appeals, but now retired from the bench, and E. E. de
Martens of Russia, the well-known international law writer;
on the part of Mexico: P. G. Chelli, a Judge of the Court of Cassa-
tion of Italy, and S. Lohman, a Judge of the highest court in
Holland.
These four men will name a fifth member of the arbitration
tribunal, which will assemble at The Hague on the 1st of
September.
502
Futile Efforts.
oth in France and in Germany the efforts of Protestant
propagandists to draw over Catholic priests have proved
futile, says the Cologne Volkszeitung (No. 1,065).
The recent attempt to create a schism in France proceeded
chiefly from the Abbe Bourier, who had been repeatedly corrected
for disobedience, but found a prop in the Director of Worship,
M. Doumay, of the ministry of Justice. The main trouble was to
find a bishop, whom he, together with a number of other priests,
mostly suspended, might join. "You can count upon us if you
find a bishop," said Doumay. "Every time a municipality shall
apply for your services, we | shall assist you." He intended , to
introduce the schismatic priests by means of the aldermen.
Finally they found a bishop, but that bishop was such as Bourier
could not introduce to Doumay (Vilatte?). There was some talk
about him for some time, but he could not even prove his episco-
pal consecration, and finally he disappeared completely when the
newspapers began to occupy themselves with him. Then Bourier
and his followers threw themselves into the arms of Protestant-
ism, but found no lasting assistence, so that they are forced at
present to go begging outside of France. The home for apos-
tate priests, in spite of the splendid descriptions of its success
which Bourier gave and several large papers published, no longer
exists. Bourier's weekly paper, Le Chretien Francais, is either
dead or about to die. His patron and supporter, Baron de Watte-
ville, a Protestant, is said to be tired of him because his succcess
was so meagre. Repeatedly lists of apostate priests have been
published in Le Chretien Francais, but they contained names of
priests long dead, such as the Abbe Migon, who never thought of
apostatizing; and of seminarians not yet ordained. Le Chretien
Francais was mailed to the address of many priests, and those
who did not return it at once were considered subscribers.
Bourier must not have had many collaborators, for he rehashed
too often the same old story of priests who, by reading the Bible,
had been suddenly enlightened and found the "true Christianity."
*
Not much better has been the success of the "Priests' Home"
at Halle in Germany. The Schlesische Volkszeitung lately pub-
lished some extracts from the official report by the Central Com-
mittee of the Evangelical Alliance. The report is rather obscure.
Last winter, we are told, "three converted priests or former theo-
logians" stayed at the Home and "studied theology." How many
were "converted priests," how many "former theologians "? Of
the three, one passed his oral examination before the consistory
No. 32. The Review. 503
of Magdeburg "and is now a teacher." He had "studied theology,"
you know. Another "had to be dismissed, alas! on account of
scandalous conduct." The report continues : "Thus, in the be-
ginning of the summer, only two former priests remained at the
Home : a former Brother of Charity from Bohemia and a Bene-
dictine from Hohenzollern." Were not both lay brothers? In
this regard the members of the Alliance are not particular. "At
the end of the semester," continues the report, "they were joined
by a converted student of law from Transylvania, who wished to
study Protestant theology." Hence the "Priests' Home" is des-
tined also for candidates of law. "Probably, on towards winter,
a former parish priest will arrive ; we are in correspondence with
a parish priest and a catechist." A "converted" Vienna priest
received charge of a place in Wiirtemberg, "which however he
soon lost by his improper conduct." It seems the Evangelical
Alliance has had bad luck with the priests it has "converted" to the
"pure gospel." "A former editor" — no priest — "was gotten a place
in a bank at Leipsic ; two Bohemian professors of theology were
directed to assume some civil positions ; a Westphalian priest
was sent to Philadelphia ; an Italian convert in Godesberg was
told to apply to the branch union at Rome." Such is the whole
catch of the Evangelical Alliance. For that "Priests' Home"
collections were made throughout Germany, Bohemia, Transyl-
vania, and Italy, and yet not even a baker's dozen of apostate
priests has been brought together !
Perhaps our contemporary, the Independent, will be able to tell
a more edifying [story about its proteges, |the "Converted Cath-
olics" of New York.
Side-Lights oi\ the Friar Question.
he Boston Republic (No. 31) learns on what it claims to be
excellent authority that 200 of the 1000 friars in the
Philippines had already departed for South American
countries before the Taft Commission to Rome was appointed.
The Spanish friars knew something would have to be done, and
they were quietly and effectively doing it.
Furthermore, that the representatives of the persecuted orders
in the Philippines had advised the heads of the orders as early as
18% to sell the lands.
The reason why the friars were selected as targets by the dis-
satisfied natives belonging to the Masonic order of the Katapunan,
are these two :
504 The Review. 1902.
First, the friars represented the Spanish government in the
islands. There were civil officers, but the friars had to act as in-
terpreters. From translators of conversation they came to be
general interpreters in a broad sense, telling the civil officers
what ought to be ordered and then carrying out the orders.
Then the friars were landed proprietors. In any attempt at
revolution the great landlords, possessors of wealth and collectors
of rent, are the first objects of the popular wrath. It made no
great difference that the landlords in this case had used the pro-
ceeds of their lands for religious, educational, and charitable pur-
poses. The tenants, moreover, saw a chance to grab the land.
"Why pay rent?" the}' enquired.
A factor in the situation which seems to have escaped attention
is the individual friar's tenure of service in the Philippines. One
gets the idea that the Spanish member of an order went to the
archipelago in his youth and remained there all his life, gradually
losing his original enthusiasm for civilization and becoming
affected by the semi-barbarism around him. Nothing could be
farther from the facts. The Spanish member of an order was
expected to serve five years in the Philippines. This was a ne-
cessary condition of his advancement in the order. He was not
sent out there to die, but to sojourn and come back to Spain.
BjT this system it was possible to inject into the islands without
disturbance new kinds of personalities, as new needs presented
themselves. The substitution of friars of other nationalities for
the Spanish, would merely be a broad extension of this same
practice.
In accordance with the universal law of supply and demand,
the new friars must be obtained where they can be found. It
happens that the United States has less clergy than she needs
now. It happens that between 25,000 and 30,000 French mem-
bers of the orders are being driven out of France. From France
and Belgium the recruits could come, with American influence
represented, perhaps, in the successor to the Archbishop of
Manila, who has resigned.
Some such program as this, without disturbance of jealousies,
or any very remarkable departure from the established system
of rotation, we are assured, was about to begin, wrhen the admin-
istration broke loose.
Editorial Letter-Box. — Xavter. — The Catholic exchanges of
The Review after perusal go to certain charitable institutions.
505
COD/TEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
LITERATURE.
Verses of a Work-a-day Versifier. — It is not so very long ago since we
reviewed the verses of an inksomaniac. Another recent poetical
volume of versification of the lighter kind is 'Olde Love and Lav-
ender and Other Verses,' by Mr. Roy L. McCardell (Godfrey A.
S. Wieners.) Mr. McCardell is no inksomaniac. Rather we should
picture him as being a steady work-a"day versifier, who dallies with
the Muse for six or possibty eight hours daily, and does not work
overtime. His daily stint accomplished, he probably puts away
his inkpot and like a sober citizen goes home to wife and family.
He likes the girls, too— as everyigood man should — but in his rec-
ollections of them there is nothing feverish. He once loved a girl
called Mary Jane, and he tenderly and metrically remonstrates
with her for having changed that good old-fashioned name to its
more mannered form "Marie." But he writes more in sorrow
than in anger :
Mary Jane !
Oh, the quaint old-fashioned sweetness 'bout that name,
I like it just the same, and I think you are to blame,
Mary Jane !
For you changed it— what a shame,
. Mary Jane !
***** * * *
Mary Jane!
You may stylish sign your letters now "Marie,"
But your own heart will agree you would rather always be
Mary Jane !
Just the same old girl to me,
Mary Jane !
There are several more verses, and we gather from the context
that Mary Jane left him. But he doesn't propose to drink him-
self to death on that account. He, as we have said, is no inkso-
maniac, and he looks around and sees that there are compensa-
tions. The world is full of women, and though Mary Jane may
disappoint him, he can still console himself with Phyllis or with
Bess. His sailor girl, his golf girl, and his cheerful widow, all have
their graces, and of them he sings. And there is also Sally, who
inspires him to an ingenious new setting of an old and honored
tune :
Of all the girls that are so smart.
There's none can equal Sally.
When in the game she takes a frame,
And bowls down in our alley.
Of all the days that I have seen.
There's none to me like one day,
And that's the day that comes between
Each Friday and each Sunday.
For Saturdays are "ladies' nights,"
And then you hear the'rally ;
She makes ten-strikes whene'er she likes,
Our lady champion Sally.
Oh, some day when with courage stout
I shall propose to Sally,
Oh, pray she shall not bowl me out
As she does down in our alley !
There are Bowery ballads too, in Mr. McCardell's little. volume
—songs of the Lilac Ball at Walhalla Hall, of the girl that juggles
506 The Review. 1902.
with the dishes at the "quick lunch" restaurant, and of "Mame,"
who lived on Cherry Hill :
Alone, alone, deyve shook me dead,
Though dey'fe all afeared to chaff :
And never a guy one word has said,
But I know I gits der laugh,
Oh Mame ! Oh Mame ! it's all for you
I'm frown down like dis — see?"
But all der same I loves yer true
An' de gang is on terme.
♦ "H* sfc 3|c * sj: , " , sjc ' sj: * - . 3js
All day, all day, I'm workin' hard
As 1 never "worked before,
A-jugglin' stone in Clancy's yard
Till both me hands is* sore ;
So have me fer yer steady fel'»
An say you're stuck tin me,
As fer de rest— aw, wot t' 'ell,
If de gang is on ter me !
Songs supposedly sentimental, as the author calls them, are
here as well, and songs humorous aplenty — and in them all is a
spirit of cheerful optimism that is very pleasing. With a falling
thermometer and the prospect of more blizzards, and with work
and wintertime ahead, it will be good to read again of idleness and
summer's joys.
Not here a breath of carking care
To spoil the golden weather.
But only fancies light and fair,
As clouds of fleecy feather,
Where woodland songsters pipe their tunes,
Where summer airs caress,
We dream down time through endless Junes
And Love-in-idleness.
HISTORY.
The Latest Protestant Estimate of the Spanish inquisition. — In the light
of their historical researches, unprejudiced modern Protestant
scholars are coming to judge the Spanish Inquisition more len-
iently than their predecessors. The latest writer on this sub-
ject, Professor Ernst Schafer, of the University of Rostock,
(Beitrage zur Geschichte des spanischen Protestantism us und
der Inquisition im xvi. Jahrhundert. Giitersloh, Bertelsmann.
1902. Three volumes) says among other things :
"It is not true [as Hoensbroench had alleged] that the Pope
managed the Spanish Inquisition freely as he pleased ; for, in
matter of fact, as we shall show, he was compelled to be very con-
siderate of the Catholic kings. It is false that Sixtus IV. created
the dignity of Inquisitor General for Spain and conferred it upon
the Dominican Prior of Santa Cruz in Segovia, Thomas Torque-
mada; for this office was created by the Spanish crown, and Tor*
quemada was simply confirmed by the Pope."
"The procedure of the Spanish Inquisition" — such is the final
verdict of this Protestant historian, who, according to the
Kolnische VolkszeitungWA^ Beilage, No. 29] has to all appearances
the greatest command of the original sources of any living author
-"shows in some respects, e. g., testimony, defense, way of
arriving at judgments, arbitrary features which even the most
ardent defenders of the Inquisition have not succeeded in excus-
ing, much less in justifying, and which stand alone in the entire
history of criminal procedure as excrescences of an exaggerated
ecclesiastical discipline, which, in its endeavor to keep pure the
faith, did not recoil from the most extreme measures. Other
No. 32. The Review. 507
features, such as the application of torture and the penalties in-
flicted, are also bound to appear cruel and excessively severe to
our modern sense of justice ; but they correspond entirely with
the brutal spirit of the xvi. century. Abstracting from the fact
that the kernel and essence of the Inquisition, the persecution, on
account of their faith, of those of another religion, be they Bible
Christians, Jews, or Moors, is in absolute contradiction to the
spirit of Christianity ; we yet must recognize that, subjectively
as well as objectively, the Inquisition strove to be just in its ex-
ternal proceedings. The asseveration that it practised injustice
in principle is based upon ignorance or misinterpretation of the
facts, if it does not proceed — as it unfortunately does with the
majority of those who have treated the subject — from a hatred
and fanaticism which appears equally damnable as the opposite
endeavors of the Catholic defenders of the Inquisition to praise
the charity and pure devotion to the faith of the Holy Office be-
yond bounds."
Schafer's book is staunchly Protestant, and while we can not
subscribe to all that it contains, we hail it as a proof of Prof.
Finke's recent dictum, that, with good will, devotion to historic
truth, and genuine research, it will be possible to arrive at an ap-
proximately complete and satisfactory objectivity, even in purely
denominational questions which have for centuries been in hot
and apparently hopeless dispute.
EDUCATION.
For an Anti-Public School Crusade. — We read in the Philadelphia
Bulletin (July 31st):
"The cause of the anti-public school crusaders has received a
great impetus in the coming out of Herbert Spencer's book,
'Facts and Comments.' The book went through five editions the
first month. It denounces all forms of State and compulsory ed-
ucation. By the by, Mr. Spencer was once a teacher. The free-
thinkers of the world will now have no further excuse to sustain
the public schools. Herbert Spencer has always been one of their
idols, along with Tyndall, Darwin, and Huxley. Free-thinkers
have always contended that the public schools destroyed all in-
clination for an acceptance of the Christian faith, hence they
wanted the schools for the purpose of seeing them undermine
Christianity. ,They were right. But the schools have gone
further than even the free-thinkers anticipated. They are un-
dermining morality, society, and government as well. Mr. Spen-
cer sees this, and the free-thinkers are awakening to it. Many
of them are now anti-public school crusaders. But what shall be
said of the professing Christians, or churchmen, who still sustain
the schools? Will they continue blind to the calamities the
schools are bringing? The Review of Reviews says it is curious
that Andrew Carnegie should admire no one so much as Herbert
Spencer as 'guide, philosopher, and friend.' If this is so, it is to
be hoped that Mr. Carnegie may assimilate some of Mr. Spencer's
anti-school ideas and come forth in some practical way to demon-
strate his assimilation. One way would be for him to open an
anti-school department in that immense paper he contemplates
starting in New York. 'The Herbert Spencer Education Club*
SOS The Review. 1902
is the title of a new club that is Inow forming- in this country to
lend emphasis to Mr. Spencer's views on education and to work
for the overthrow of public school and compulsory education.
Francis B. Livesey."
A Philadelphia reader sends us the above clipping: with these
observations :
£, This letter seems to show an awakening; of public sentiment on
the public school question. Now, why could not, in this matter,
the Catholics unite with the Lutherans, Episcopalians, and others
believing in religious instruction in connection with the teaching
of the secular branches, and by a systematic "crusade" in the
newspapers create a public opinion favorable to our plans? It will
take work — hard work, to succeed ; but unless this step is
promptly taken, it will be still more difficult, later on, when the
great mass of the American people will have become indifferent
to religious influences as the result of the present "educational"
system.
The census of 1890 showed but a small percentage of people in
the U. S. as "belonging" to any church. I believe that in the 1900
census, enquiry about religion was designedly omitted, to save this
"Christian" nation from disclosing its weak points.
MISCELLANY.
The Administration's "Diplomatic Victory." — We learn by way
of Boston :
"President Roosevelt, there is reason to believe, has within a
few days perceived, dawning above the eastern horizon of his sense
of humor, a suspicion that Governor Taft's 'labors' in Rome were
not altogether without an element of the comical. The Vatican
maintained as gracious a gravity as it could 'toward its distin-
guished guests, and without too much abruptness suggested
that if they desired to make an investment in real estate, it might
be advantageous to negotiate with the owners, who would doubt-
less move away if they sold. The Vatican would be delighted to
use its good offices with those owners, even to the sending of a
delegate apostolic to Manila, who would act as a go-between.
Governor Taft, after cable conference with Serectary Root, said
he was greatly obliged, and would be glad to avail himself of the
services of such a delegate. Then he set out for Manila, and the
administration had scored a 'diplomatic victory.'
"There is reason to believe that very little more will be heard
of the friar question from official sources. Enough has been said
already to last President Roosevelt for the rest of his natural life."
Society Rituals. — A semi-official note in the Wheeling Church
Calendar (No. 5) shows one of the baneful effects of the apery of
Freemasonic symbols and practices, which is the piece de resistance
of the Knights of Columbus. We quote :
"Several times in the past year, on the death of Catholic in
this Diocese, application has been made to have the funeral ser-
No. 32. The Review. 509
viceslat the grave supplemented by the reading- of the so-called
ritual of one society or another. This tendency has, in the past
few years, become so pronounced that, in the last Diocesan Synod,
the Rev. Clergy with the hearty concurrence of the Rt. Rev.*Or-
dinary specially legislated against it. It is a hard and a delicate
matter to go against the wishes of sorrowing relatives, and none
regret to do so more than the ecclesiastical authorities. Such a
request, however, goes directly in the teeth of sound Catholic tra-
ditions and many who proffer the request, did they know what it
implies, would never make it. Here are a few of the reasons to
sustain the foregoing statement :
"A burial service is a sacred function and, as such, belongs
wholly and exclusively, among the Catholics at least, to the duly
ordained priests of the Church
"Again the ritual of the Church, even the burial service, takes
on the beauty and sublimity of her divine origin. Most of it con-
sists of divinely inspired prayer taken bodily from the Sacred
Scriptures. It has received the further warrant and consecra-
tion of centuries of usage. It has been used at the last obsequies
of warriors, sages, saints, as well as of the humblest of the flock.
The words used are God's own words. The ceremonies are the
ceremonies of a Church to which divine guidance has been
promised and guaranteed through the ages. Considering
then the dignity and sacred character of the priest and the divine
origin of the words flowing from his consecrated lips, we see how
ridiculous and even intolerable it would be to permit an officer of
a society organized for purely human ends to stand over the grave
of a departed son of the Church after the priest has finished, as
though he would improve upon and 'top off' the job by the recital
of so-called prayers which in many of the alleged 'rituals' consist
of the veriest twaddle barely reaching the level of the sloppiest
obituary 'poetry.'
"We are hearing a great deal about rituals these latter days.
The time may come when it will be necessary to show them up.
Tr'ed by the ordinary canons of literary merit and horse sense,
they are sorry stuff, but whether good or ill it is a breaking away
from the instincts and traditions of the Church to seek to intrude
them into her sacred functions."
A Revised Version of the Declaration of Independence. — A Balti-
more man offers the following revised version of the Declaration
of Independence :
"We believe all men are created equal (except Filipinos and
Boers.)
"They have a right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
(except Filipinos and Boers.)
"Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the
governed (except Filipinos and Boers.)
"No taxation without representation (except for Filipinos and.
Boers.)
"Trial by jury (except for Filipinos and Boers.)
"It is wrong to 'plunder the seas, ravage the coasts, burn towns,
and destroy the lives of people' (except Filipinos and Boers.)
"To get all we can and keep all we get, we mutually pledge the
lives of our soldiers or anything except our fortunes. We won't
say anything about our sacred honor."
510
NOTE-BOOK.
Editor Tardivel, of La Verite, of Quebec, recently announced
that, in order to be enabled to take a four weeks' annual vacation,
he would suspend the publication of his paper during- the whole
month of August of the present year and every year hereafter.
Mr. Tardivel has worked diligently and strenuously for over
twenty 3rears as a journalistic champion in the cause of truth and
justice, and we are glad to hear that not one of his. many sub-
scribers grudges him this well-merited and necessary annual
period of rest. The editor of The Review is a much }rounger man
than Mr. Tardivel, and though the years of his service number
only twelve, is so burdened with labor that he also feels the
necessity of a respite in the "flagrantis atrox hora caniculae"
and has therefore made it a practice latterly, to suspend his journal
for one week in August. This year it will be the week beginning
August 14th. There will therefore be no Review issued next
week, August 21st. Our subscribers are requested to make a
note of this, so that we may not be molested, the week following,
with 'requests for a number never published, as has been the
case to some extent in former years.
+r +r +r
The Denver Catholic (No. 20) proudly boasts that ''when the
history of the organization of the Knights of Columbus in the
West comes to be written the files of the Denver Catholic are sure
to be in demand."
We don't expect that the history of the Knights of Columbus
will ever be written ; for the whole thing is an ephemeral fad and
a flash in the pan. But if it should perad venture live to have its
history written, there is reason to fear that our Denver contem-
porary— in case it still survives — will, in the light of a better
knowledge, poignantly regret its anterior advocacy of a pernicious
movement. (Cfr. "Society Rituals" under "Miscellany.")
*^ ^^ ^^
If we cherished any ill will towards the Catholic University, as
some of our enemies have alleged, we would have taken up the
Henebry case and given the benefit of our circulation to the acri-
monious comments printed thereon by a number of Irish Amer-
ican newspapers and to the fierce resolutions adopted by various
Irish societies. The expulsion of Dr. Henebry, Professor of
Gaelic language and literature in the University, last winter, gave
rise to an agitation which is only lately showing signs of abate-
ment. An enquiry which we addressed to Rt. Rev. Rector Conat}r
in the early part of this year, elicited no reply. And so we re-
mained silent, though several of our esteemed contemporaries
tried to draw us into a denunciation of the conduct of the Univer-
sity authorities by suggesting that this was "a new Schroeder
case." In the Schroeder case a principle was involved, in the
Henebry case it is clearly all a question of personalities. And we
do not mix in personalities if we can help it. Dr. Henebry ap-
pears to be in poor health, a circumstance which prevented him
No. 32. The Review. 511
from devoting to his professorship the time and research which
the authorities demanded. At the recent convention of the An-
cient Order of Hibernians, which endowed the Gaelic chair at
Washington, Bishop Conaty, by a simple explanation, frustrated
the attempt of Father Yorke and others to have a resolution
passed in favor of Dr. Henebry and in condemnation of the Uni-
versity authorities for dropping him. And that will probably lay
the ghost for good ; especially in view of the solemn pledge of the
Board of Trustees at their last annual meeting, that they would
under all circumstances hold sacred the trust committed to them
by the A. O. H., and of the fact that another Gaelic instructor has
already been engaged by the Rector.
It is to be regretted that Archbishop Ireland has carried his
political harangues into his cathedral pulpit. Not one of the
bishops or clergymen whom he sees fit to censure has used the
pulpit for political purposes. They have simply acted as citizens.
"Most cautious," says His Grace, "at all times must Catholics in
America be not to stir up latent prejudice and smothered animos-
ities, of which, as experience teaches, there is no small share
here and there in the community, and which but little provocation
is needed to fan into fire and flame." (Extract from his "sermon"
of August 3rd, as reported by the Associated Press.) In our
opinion, and we speak deliberately, no one has done and is doing
so much to "fan into fire and flame" the "latent prejudice and
smothered animosities" of our non-Catholic fellow-citizens, as
Archbishop Ireland himself, by his partisanship and his dragging
of political things into the sanctuar}r.
^^ ^^ ^^
The Caecilian Festival, held this year at St. Paul's Church,
Chicago, proved quite successful, despite the insufficient time
given the participating choirs for preparation. Every such fes-
tival is an entering wedge, in the locality where it is held, for the
noble cause for which the St. Caecilia Society stands — the reform
of Church music ; a cause which The Review has ever zealously
espoused; and nothing pleases us more than to see it gain strength
from year to year, by its public festivals and the private efforts
of its none too numerous, but all the more zealous and enthusiastic
members. It is a testimonium fiaufiertatis for the majority of our
English Catholic newspapers that they pay so little attention to
this laudable movement.
*• •* •*
Mrs. Mary Baker Eddy, of "Christian Science" fame, so it ap-
pears from the sworn testimony of an indiscreet dentist, recently
had a tooth drawn. Ordinarily, there would be nothing extraor-
dinary in the fact that an old woman, to alleviate her toothache,
had the decaying molar extracted. But as our readers know,
"Christian Science" does not admit the existence of any ache or
pain whatever. Hence its adepts either have to give up their
tenets and, like ordinary mortals, admit the existence of pain and
suffering, or to find an explanation for Mrs. Eddy's irregular con-
duct. They have preferred the latter. According to V Op inion
Publique ( July 29th) they give it out that Mrs. Eddy had "no de-
512 The Review. 1902.
caying tooth, had no tooth-ache, but had a tooth drawn for the fun
of it, and also to increase her beauty."
+r +r +r
Methusalem outdone. The Salzburg (Austria) Katholische
Kirchenzeitung (July 3rd), in describing- the dedication of the new
cathedral of the Patriarch Cyrillus Makar, tells its readers among
other things : "Then followed the bishops of el Mina and Luxor,
the coadjutors of the Patriarch with the native clergy. Finally
came, with great pomp, the Patriarch, Cyrillus Makar, and for the
first time since a thousand years he seated himself on his throne."
3& 36. se,
ae oe or
Belgium has an army costing annually 55,000,000 francs. A
Belgian officer (and with him Le Courrier de Bruxelles, July 9th)
is of opinion that this vast sum might be more profitably employed
than by simply drilling the soldiers to defend the national frontier
or quell domestic riots. The plan he proposes is to instruct the
3'oung soldiers not only in the use of arms, but also in sociological
subjects, such as mutuals, old age pensions, Raiffeisen banks,
etc., etc. Let the government try it. No harm will follow.
V£ V< V£
Commenting the German Emperor's speech at Aix-la-Chapelle,
the Courrier de Bruxelles (July 2nd) says editorially :
"Yet a little while, and we shall hear the German monarch con-
secrating his empire to the Sacred Heart, as a 'Most Christian
King' might do. Evidently, it is a glimpse of the truth on his
part that makes him render justice to the Catholic Church, by
acknowledging her action in the past and accepting her help in
the present. History hardly offers another instance where princes
have made similar appeals to religious faith and action. When-
ever the Emperor touches on historical subjects, there is some-
thing original and singular about his views, something both satis-
factory and disappointing, which can not be explained except by
the blend of truth and error existing in his mind. He is pro-
foundly and sincerely religious ; he desires to be a Christian ; he
is a Christian — but without the Church, without a guide in faith
above him — a Christian after his own fashion."
+r +r +r
Lord Acton, who died recently at Tegernsee in Bavaria, was
universally acknowledged to be a veritable prodigy of learning.
Yet he produced little literary work of his own. History was his
forte, and it has been truly observed that one of the secrets of
historical composition is to know what to neglect, since in our day
it has become impossible to exhaust the literature of most sub-
jects, and, as respects modern times, to exhaust even the original
authorities. Lord Acton was unwilling to neglect anything ; and
his passion for completeness drew him into a policy fit only for
one who could expect to live three lives of mortal men. It Was
this somewhat overstrained conscientiousness, coupled with the
almost impossibly high ideal of finish and form which he set be-
fore himself, that made him less and less disposed to literary pro-
duction. No man of first-rate powers has in our time left so little
by which posterity may judge those powers.
A Remarkable Manifestation of 'Lib
eraJ Catholicism. '
ew works published by Catholic writers during- the last
years, have aroused such interest and have met with
such criticism as the book of Rev. Dr. Albert Ehrhard,
Professor of Church History at the University of Vienna, on
'The Catholic Church and the Twentieth Century.'
The Review has waited with its report until the authoritative
Catholic critics of Germany have had their say with regard to the
ideas proposed by Dr. Ehrhard. Almost all journals of repute
have now passed their judgment. We have followed with great
interest the criticisms of the most important of them, as the
Kolnische Volkszeitung, the Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, the Theo-
logische Revue, the Historisch-politische Blatter, and the Linzer
Quurtahchrift. Much has been justly said in praise of Dr. Ehr-
hard, of his great ability, his brilliant style, his good intentions
and love of the Church. But the greater part of the critics of au-
thority have made so many reservations that our original impres-
sion is confirmed, that the book as a whole is to be rejected as
harmful.
Shortly after the publication of the first edition, the distin-
guished Redemptorist Father Rosier, of Vienna, characterized the
book as "the most subtle and the ablest work which Liberal Cath-
olicism has produced in the German language since its defeat at
the Vatican Council."' Although the articles of Father Rosier
met with great opposition, even from Catholics, yet most of the
abler Catholic critics have come to the same conclusion. One of
the latest and best criticisms on the subject is that of Father
Michael Hofmann", S. J., in the Innsbruck Quartahchrift. We
give the outlines of his argument :
The aim of Prof. Ehrhard is to pave the way for the reconcilia-
tion of the modern world with Catholicism, for the reconquest of
the modern spirit by the Church, and for the salvation of modern
society. Truly a high and noble task, worthy of an Apostolic
heart. To accomplish it, Catholics as well as their adversaries
must do their share. Catholics must, according to Ehrhard, ac-
commodate themselves to the representatives of modern civiliza-
tion as much as possible, in other words, reduce their demands
upon modern society to what is absolutely essential, and do away
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 33. St. Louis, Mo., August 28, 1902.)
514 The Review. 1902.
with everything that is of only relative importance. Now, what
is absolutely necessary? The author says : "As the Middle Ages
(the same logically holds good of every other epoch) have no ab-
solute value in any branch of ecclesiastical activity, except in the
consequent development of dogma, none of their other achieve-
ments (except the dogmas) need be regarded as binding for the
present time." (352.)
Therefore, dogmas alone, according to Ehrhard, have absolute
value, whence it follows logically, that all truths and institu-
tions in the Church, which are not defined as dogmas or are not
essential to the Church, can be ignored, especially if they are apt
to prevent a reconciliation with the modern world. Ehrhard
hints at this repeatedly : "For the Catholic, the declaration of
papal infallibility has had a liberating influence, restricting con-
siderably the limits within which the activity of the Pope as head
of the Catholic Church embodies absolute truth. For in and to-
gether with this it is declared that his activity outside of these
limits does not claim for itself divine truth and sanctity." (265,
266). Prof. Ehrhard emphasizes very strongly that "our adver-
saries like to obliterate the essential difference between historical
and temporary endeavors and personal views on the one hand,
and on the other the absolutely valid norms and dogmas in the
Catholic Church. As against this procedure we must with all
energy insist that for the essential estimation of the Catholic
Church only the dogmatic principles are of importance ;"
only dogmatic principles have "absolute value," all the rest has
"but a relative significance."
Is this view of Ehrhard correct? By no means. The author
overlooks an important point. The Council of the Vatican has
indeed defined that the Pope has under certain conditions the
same infallibility as the universal Church ; but it in no way in-
tended to limit the range of Catholic doctrinal authority to revealed
truths proper. It rather insists that Catholics are bound to give
their assent also to decisions of the Church concerning matters
appertaining to or affecting revelation, though those matters be
not found, strictly speaking, within the deposit of faith. (Sess.
iii., c. 4.) The declaration of infallibility, therefore, has not had
a "liberating" influence.
Already Pius IX. in his famous encyclical Quanta cura, of the
Sth of December, 1864, declared in the most solemn manner to the
whole Catholic world : "We can not pass over in silence the inso-
lence and arrogance of those who, impatient of sound doctrine,
affirm that one may without sin and without infringing in the least
upon one's Catholic faith, Irefuse assent and obedience to
the judgments and decrees of the Apostolic See , as long as
No. 33. The Review.
515
they do not encroach upon the dogmas of faith and morals. How
much this doctrine is against the Catholic dogma of the plenitude
of power given to the Roman Pontiff by our Lord Jesus Christ,
every one will readily understand."
In the Syllabus, which, together with the encyclical quoted
above, was sent to all the bishops of the world, the Vicar of Christ
condemned the following sentence :
"The obligation which strictly binds Catholic teachers, profes-
sors, and writers, is limited only to those things that by infallible
judgment are proposed as dogmas of faith ; these alone must be
held by all as true."
Leo XIII., quite in harmony with his predecessor, says : "'In
determining how far the limits of obedience extend, let no one
imagine that the authority of the sacred pastors, and above all of
the Roman Pontiff, need be obeyed only in as far as it is concerned
with dogmas, the obstinate denial of which entails the guilt of
heresy. It is not enough even to give a frank and firm assent to
doctrines which are put forward in the ordinary and universal
teaching of the Church as divinely revealed, although they have
never been solemnly defined. Christian men have a further duty,
— they must be willing to be ruled and governed by the authority
and direction of their bishops, and, in the first place, of the Apos-
tolic See." (Safiientiae Christianae, January 10th, 1890.)
The bishops of the province of Westminster, in their famous
pastoral of December 29th, 1900, brand as characteristic of a
Liberal Catholic that spirit "which strips itself of all instincts of
faith and religious obedience, till scarcely any sentiment survives
beyond the desire to avoid actual heresy."
That Prof. Ehrhard, with his proposed means of reconciliation
— the limitation of doctrinal authority to strict dogma, — has
switched into the track of so-called Liberal Catholicism, is proved
by his view of the Syllabus (256): "The Syllabus does not at all
possess the character of a dogmatical decision ; it is only of his-
torical and temporary importance ;" and he characterizes it as
"an act of self-defense on the part of ecclesiastical authority
against the excessive attacks, upon the Catholic Church, of nine-
teenth century Liberalism. As the attack, so the defense was
determined by the time and had the nature of a polemic dart."
Doubtless in this view the importance of the Syllabus is under-
estimated. Pius IX., in his encyclical Quanta cura, which intro-
duces the Syllabus, voices very different sentiments : "In the
midst of such perversity of opinion, we, mindful of our Apostolic
duty and solicitous for our holy religion, for sound doctrine and
the welfare of the souls entrusted to our care, and at the same
time for the true welfare of human society, raise our Apostolic
516 The Review. 1902.
voice and condemn, reject, and anathematize, in virtue of our
Apostolic authority, all doctrines, singly and collectively, which
are enumerated in this writing ; and it is our will and command
that all children of the Catholic Church likewise condemn, reject,
and anathematize them."
Professor Schrors, of Bonn, therefore, correctly says : "Ehr-
hard is too quickly done with the Syllabus. To deny to it abso-
lute^ the character of a dogmatical decision, and to attribute to
it only an essentially historic and temporary importance, will not
do."' {Theologischc Revue, 1902, No. 2, p. 62.)
If Dr. Ehrhard says that Leo XIII. himself has modified the
S3rllabus, let him but remember the words of this Pontiff in his
encyclical Immortale Dei of the 1st of November, 1885: "Pius IX.
has branded several of the errors most widely spread, and put
them together, so that Catholics may have a guide through this
flood of errors."
Considering the above-mentioned views of Ehrhard on the
S3Tllabus, it is not surprising to hear him assert : "What holds
good of the Pope, (that, excepting dogmatical decisions, all his
activity has onl3T a historical and personal character,) is even more
true regarding the Roman prelates and congregations, and all
the rest of the ecclesiastical authorities.". (266.)
The bishops of the province of Westminster, on the other hand,
enumerate among the false theories "advanced in the name of
science, criticism, and modern progress," also the following:
"That the Church's teaching should be limited to the articles or
definitions of Catholic faith ; that it is permissible to reject her
other decisions, her authorit}' and especially that of the Ro-
man congregations."
But the book of Ehrhard bears other earmarks of so-called
Liberal Catholicism. It rehashes, though with more moderation,
the views and lamentations of Liberalism about the Middle Ages,
especially against Scholasticism and the Inquisition, against the
Index, against antiquated theology, against the Jesuits, the Sylla-
bus, against Pius IX, etc., etc. Besides, we have here an overrating
of modern civilization, especially of the results of science, of mod-
ern religious inwardness and similar things, of the daily pabulum
offered by liberal newspapers and romances. The author does
not shed a tear over the loss of the Papal States. Neither does
he seem to fane}- certain devotions and customs practised in the
Church to-day. The powerful development of the papal central
power since the middle of the XIX. centum scarcely pleases him.
"A more general summoning ofilaymen to ecclesiastical affairs and
the extension of their rights, as being more in correspondence
No. 33. The Review. 517
with Church government," is brought forth as a requirement of
the present time.
Some of those opinions are quite literally, almost all of them are
implicitly, among the errors rejected by the bishops of the Prov-
ince of Westminster in their pastoral on the Church and Liberal
Catholicism. The theories that "the government of the Church
should be largely shared by the laity, as a right," that "the more
learned among the laity should rank as teachers and masters in
Israel," that "it is permissible to criticize the devotions of the
Church," are declared by this pastoral, so highly praised by the
Sovereign Pontiff, as "errors which are attacks, more or less
thinly veiled, upon the rights and liberties of the Church, which
are to be met with among ill-instructed and Liberal Catholics."
Considering all this, we believe ourselves justified in declaring
the work of Ehrhard a partisan pamphlet of Liberal Catholicism.
Although we gladly acknowledge the good features of the book,
and especially the good will of its author, we deplore its publica-
tion. "It is from seeds such as these (Liberal Catholicism)," in
the words of the bishops of the province of Westminster, "that
schisms and heresies arise, take shape and form. It is from the
spread of such opinions by persons who have won a position in
literature or in science, that the faithful begin to lose their holy
dread of erroneous doctrines and false principles. Thus faith
becomes tainted, moral virtue relaxed, and, in process of time,
liberalism in religion invades the whole mind, until, like their
leader, many of the faithful are thought to be alive, and they are
dead."
He who reads the grand 'encyclicals of Pius IX. and Leo XIII.
will find that those saintly men, from the eminence of the rock of
Peter, have much better than any one else fathomed the world
and the sufferings of modern society, the true and the false in
modern civilization. Not until the modern world resolves to fol-
low their inspired teachings, will the salvation of twentieth cen-
tury humanity be assured.
518
The Knights of Columbus From 3l Fin-
ancial Point of View.
omparison of the returns made by the Knights of Colum-
bus to the State insurance departments of New York and
Massachusetts, as published in the official reports for
1901, shows such remarkable discrepancies that an explanation
by the proper officers seems to be in order.
As evidence we here quote the figures for income and expendi-
tures in parallel columns :
Income for 1901. New York. Mass.
Annual dues, per capita tax, etc $ 56.297.90 $ 56,297.90
Assessments. 348,176.38 345,176.38
Medical examiners' fees 2,090.50 2,090.50
Interest 20,287.96 20,287.96
Sale of supplies 3,697.45 3,697.45
Received from all other sources 1,247.03 247.03
Total $431,797.22 $427,797.22
Disbursements During 1901.
Salaries and claims $234,000.00 $234,000.00
Salaries of managers and agents 14,292.02 14,292.02
Salaries and other compensation of
officers 13,243,37 13,243.37
Salaries and other compensation of office
employes 4,023.53 4,023.53
Medical examiners' fees 2,402.00 2,402.00
Rent 883.75, adv. and printing 3,531 4,414.86 4,414.86
Legal expenses 2,009.55 2,009.55
Governing bodies 20,287.87 20,287.87
Payment on mortgage 3,000.00
Supplies 6,113.91 6,113.91
All other items (for New York) 4,630.10
All other items (for Massachusetts as
follows : Postage, express, and tele-
graph, $2,697.07 ; Insurance depart-
ments $435; Incidentals $498.03 ; total, 3,630.10
Expenses and management, $74,417.21 $70,417.21
The income account in New York shows $3,000 more under
"assessments" and $1,000 more under ""from other sources," mak-
ing a difference of $4,000. These $4,000 figure in the New York
report as "payment of a mortgage" $3,000, and "all other items"
No. 33. The Review. 519
$1,000, not shown in Massachusetts report, so that the New York
report gives $4,000 more to expense account than Massachusetts
does.
That is certainly remarkable bookkeeping-, and before com-
menting- on such showing, explanations are invited.
Secret Catholic Societies.
he Wichita Catholic Advance, in its edition of July 17th,
had an editorial under the heading of "Secret Catholic
Societies" that greatly resembled in style the famous
prospectus of the Albertus Magnus College of Wichita, Kans.
The author starts with the words : "All heresies go in pairs."
In proof he adduces : Arianism and Sabellianism, Nestorianism
and Monophysitism, Pelagianism and Ultra-Predestrianirianism
(whatever that may be), Caesarism and Lollardism and Walden-
sianism (this is a trio), Worldliness and Quietism, Bibliolatry
and Anti-Biblicism, Rationalism and Traditionalism, Scepticism
and Ontologism, Laxity and Rigorism. There is a grain of truth
in putting these together, sufficient to startle the fellow-citizens
of Carrie Nation and Mrs. Lease, the good-natured farmers of
Sedgwick County, Kans.; but not enough to convince an educated
reader of the analogy built up thereon, to-wit :
"Thus it is with the secret society question. Among those
Catholics who are most bitter in their hostility to the Free Masons
and the related societies equally condemned by the Church, there
are many who, from an imperfect understanding of the grounds
of their condemnation, (i. e., sectarianism, the blind oath, and in
some countries virulent hostility to religion), denounce all secret
societies as such, and consider the possession of grips, pass-
words, rituals and similar features a just ground for suspicion,
even in the case of bodies, otherwise, of the most Catholic char-
acter."
Here we have at least two assertions that are absolutely and
entirely gratuitous, viz., that many Catholics condemn all secret
societies as such, and that some of the societies thus condemned
have a "most Catholic character." There is secrecy and secrecy.
Every family has its secrets which it guards from profane eyes ;
so have the State and Church. The old guilds had their secrets,
which they jealously kept from outsiders, but not from the
Church or the State ; on the contrary, they submitted their rules
520 The Review. 1902
and by-laws to the approval of both. Do those societies, "other-
wise of the most Catholic character," do so?
"All that is necessary to make a secret society thoroughly ac-
ceptable from a Catholic point of view," continues the writer,
"even to the most exacting mind, s that it shall be composed ex-
clusively of practical Catholics, and that its rituals and secrets
shall be known and approved byr the ordinary of the diocese in
which it is found. Practically, the approbation of any bishop and
the toleration of the local ordinaries are sufficient to exonerate
any professedly Catholic society from a suspicion resting upon
no more legitimate grounds than its possession of secrets and a
ritual."
To which we would say, in the first place, — No so-called secret
Catholic society has obliged itself to receive as members only
practical Catholics. Next, the only so-called secret Catholic so-
ciety of which we have particular knowledge, the Knights of Co-
lumbus, has not only not obtained the approval of the local ordi-
nary in at least one case, but started branches in a diocese where
the ordinary positively refused his approbation. Does that show
practical Catholicity or a "most Catholic character"?
We should like to hear the answer of the Catholic Advance to
these questions.
CONTEMPORARY CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
The Church in Hoi/and. — An American priest of Dutch extraction
writes to The Review :
The Ave Maria says : "If Holland with a Catholic population of
only 1,700,000, can maintain several Catholic dailies, surely this
country ought to be able to maintain one. If not, then it is per-
fectly plain that the calibre of Dutch and American Catholics is
somewhat different."
There is indeed a vast difference between the calibre of Dutch
and American Catholics. In Holland one finds hardly a Catholic
family that does not subscribe to one or more Catholic papers ; in
our country (at least in many parishes) it is hard to find a Cath-
olic who reads a Catholic paper at all, even at his neighbor's
expense.
"The conditions in both countries are much the same," says the
Arc Maria. True, both countries have a Protestant majority and
a Catholic minority. But this is about all the analogy we can dis-
cover.
No. 33. [The Review. 521
Our government in many respects is fair towards the Church ;
but it can hardly stand a comparison with Holland.
The Catholic schools in the Netherlands receive almost as much
from the State treasury as the public schools.
The Dutch school law says : "It is the duty of the teacher to
instill into the minds of his pupils Christian and social virtues."
Any religion can be taught in the public schools, provided no
one's religious feelings are hurt. This provision, of course,
makes religious instruction practically impossible, except in the
two southern provinces, Noord-Brabant and Limburg, which are
almost exclusively Catholic. In those two provinces many public
schools are real Catholic schools. A crucifix hangs on the wall,
prayers are said before and after class, catechism and bible his-
tory are taught, etc.; yet the teachers receive their entire salary
from the government. They get nothing from the parents, ex-
cept some presents, once in a while. The grateful Dutch Catho-
lics respect a pious, competent teacher almost as highly as a priest.
In my last correspondence I wrote "several prominent Catholics
receive communion every week." May I quote some striking
examples?
The district in which I am born is represented in the second
chamber by a Catholic. When I was a student, I used to spend
part of my vacation in the town where he lived. Every Sunday I
saw this prominent statesman (he is still one of the leading mem-
bers of the Dutch Parliament) approaching the Holy Table. And
very rarely did he miss vespers in the afternoon.
It is about six years ago that Mr. Bahlman, another Catholic
representative, dropped dead in parliament while speaking in de-
fence of the Catholic party. His death was sudden and unex-
pected, but he was fully prepared to meet the Supreme Judge,
for that same day he had received Him in holy communion. It
was on a first Frida3r.
Indeed the calibre of Dutch and American Catholics is some-
what different.
*
In a note on "The Church in Holland" the Ave Maria remarks:
"A notable feature of Catholicity in Holland is the perfect under-
standing and harmonious cooperation of the regular and secular
clergy." It is this harmonious cooperation which makes the
Church in Holland so strong. The average secular priest per-
fectly understands what the religious life means in the Church.
The perfect understanding also between the Christian parties
(since the compulsory school law and compulsory military law
have become facts) is an immense blessing for the country. If
this union did not obtain, Liberals, Radicals, and Socialists would
form the majority.
Controversies between Catholics and Protestants are, with rare
exceptions, carried on in a spirit of charity.
The mixing with Protestants is a small danger to Holland
Catholics, because they are well instructed in their religion. The
children have to attend catechism for three full years after mak-
ing their first communion. Besides, catechetical instructions are
522 The Review. 1902.
given on Sundays at low mass, while the Gospel is explained at
high mass.
Many societies, although under Catholic supervision, are not
specifically Catholic. The Catholics however hold their own
meetings and "Katholiekendagen."
I fully agree with the Are Maria when it says : '"The promis-
ing outlook for the Church in Holland and other European coun-
tries is a gratifying offset to the disasters with which she is
menaced in France."
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
The Public Printing -Office and Government Ownership. — The United
States government has built a printing-office, at a cost of several
million dollars, having seven acres of floor space, which it gives
rent free to the Public Printer. It furnishes him the capital and
credit of the government with which to do business. It exempts
all his stock in trade, machinery, and equipment from local taxa-
tion. And yet, according to the Washington correspondent of the
N. Y .Evening Posi '(July 30th), private concerns, borrowing money
from the banks to get along, and paying taxes, and hiring build-
ings, can underbid him always by 20 per cent. The Comptroller's
opinion was that the Secretary of the Treasury, or any other
cabinet officer, could not have his printing done anywhere else
than by the Public Printer. This was the decision of Congress
regarding the Census Office, and it doubtless cost the taxpayers
not far from a million dollars.
In these days of agitation in behalf of government ownership
of railroads, telegraphs, etc., of government building of war-ships
in the navy-yards, of extensions of the postal service through
parcels posts and postal banks, should not the advocates of these
various steps rise to explain why the government conducts such
business as it now does at a tremendous loss? They should also
explain what advantage it is to the everyday taxpayer, who in
bis consumption of sugar, beer, tobacco, and distilled spirits,
largely supports the federal government, to pay twice as much
for things made by the government as for those which he can buy
outside. And yet the special champions of the common people
in Congress are always on the side of the government work. The
government Printing-Office is a subject of frequent laudation in
congressional debate. It is eulogized as the greatest printing-
office in the world, when in reality it is a monument to the retro-
gression of the printers' art, under the lethargic influence of
politics and patronage, including in these the necessary submis-
sion to trade-unionism. ,The government manager, under the
implied threats of the labor unions, is seeking methods of avoid-
ing, or at least delaying and postponing, economical methods.
And yet many citizens think the government should run all or
nearly all public enterprises. Perhaps it should, but the advo-
cates of this innovation must not draw their arguments from such
experiences as are already of record.
Catholic Journeymen's Unions in the Archdiocese of Cologne. — From
the last annual report (April 1891-1902) we learn that the Kolping
institutes, despite the many other benevolent institutions in the
No. 33. The Review. 523
Archdiocese of Cologne, Germany, are still on the increase. They
number 72, two more than the year previous, with an active mem-
bership of 10,000. Besides these active members, as many honor-
ary members belong- to them. The attention paid to the moral
and religious education of the members is particularly worthy of
praise. The reports of the several branch unions unanimously
laud the good attendance at the religious lectures (mostly apol-
ogetic, without any violent polemics). As attacks on the Catholic
faith are very common in factories and workshops, nothing can
be of greater value for the preservation and spread of religion
than such instructions.. The quarterly general communions of
the journeymen were also well attended.
52 unions have regular technical and commercial courses, at-
tended by 4,000 journeymen. All unions provide lessons for a
more extensive development of the elementary branches, together
with commercial book-keeping. Some give instructions in sten-
ography, English, and French. Some of the larger unions, such
as those of Cologne and Diisseldorf, have special trade-courses
proyided for their members. 14 unions had special courses in
sociology during the year.
34 unions have their own houses (Cologne and Diisseldorf two
each"! in which 1400 journeymen find board and lodging and 10,242
travelling journeymen were taken care of gratis. 35 unions have
mutual sick insurance, which, during the year, paid 16,249 marks
in sick benefits. 43 unions have their own savings institutions
with deposits amounting to 749,857 marks, of which 308,806 were
made during the past year. 20 unions have well regulated labor
bureaus, which procured4,984 journeymen profitable employment.
Each union also has its own library. At Cologne, Mulheim a.
Rh., and Bonn, the unions have a special fund to aid financially
former members who have started in business for themselves.
The amount of business transacted last year by these institu-
tions amounted to 2,000,000 marks. Three other unions assist
their members during the time of military service, several defray
funeral expenses. Cologne, besides its two assembly-halls, has
two houses for married journe}rmen, in which twenty families
find a cheap and verj^ sanitar}r lodging.
Thus the Kolping institutes of the Archdiocese of Cologne set
a beautiful example of Catholic social activity. Too few are these
institutes in the U. S. Yet the social need of just such institutes,
not only for journeymen, but for Catholic workmen generally, is
perhaps greater among us than in Germany. They are the very
institutes recommended by Leo XIII. and more than once advo-
cated by The Review.
LITERATURE.
La Nouvelle France, of Quebec, begins, in its No. 8 (Aug. 1902),
the publication of some "pages inedites" of Ernest Hello, contrib-
uted by the Abbe A. Damours, who was permitted to copy them
from MSS. in possession of Hello's widow. We are glad to learn
from M. Damours' letter of introduction that Hello is widely ap-
preciated in Canada. Here in the United States only a few select
minds know and love him.
524
MISCELLANY.
The Decline of the Religious Press. — Speaking of the change of
editorship in the Observer, the N. Y. Sun recently (June 29th)
remarked :
"The decline of religious faith, or of religious partisanship, to-
gether with the increasing preference of the religious public for
so-called secular papers, has drained very much of the life out of
them (the specifically religious journals). In the old days the
Observer had two distinct departments, 'Religious' and 'Secular,'
and so arranged that the paper could be sharply divided for Sun-
day and for week-day reading, respectively. In the one, the world
to come was the theme, in the other, this world of fact and sense
and self-seeking. In the search after lost prosperity several
formerly religious newspapers, the Independent and the Outlook,
for example, have cast off religion as a distinguishing feature and
have become substantially 'secular,' with the little of religion they
contain very much diluted and sugared to suit the more sceptical
or purely aesthetic taste of this time. Generally, the appearance
of the papers which still seek to justify their title as religious is
not now suggestive of material prosperity Nor does there
remain to them more than a shadow of the powerful influence
they once wielded in their churches."
The Sun refers to the Protestant religious press in particular,
but its remarks are general and apply to the Catholic as well.
The Catholic religious newspapers have never been very prosper-
ous materially, but there was a time when they wielded a power-
ful influence both within the Church and outside of it. We need
only recall the names of Brownson and McMaster. There is not
a single Catholic periodical published in the United States to-day
that could compare in standing and influence with either the
former's Review or the latter' 's Freeman's Journal* The secular
press has widely taken the place of the religious journals in our
Catholic homes, and the quality of religion is degenerating cor-
respondingly.
The Reason Why. — "Somebody wants to know," says the South-
ern Messenger, "why it is that every city in this country can pro-
duce its quota of intelligent Protestants converted to the Catholic
Church, whereas no place can show an array of well-instructed
Catholics gone over to Protestantism ? The answer is very simple.
The doctrine of the Catholic Church is so lucid that no intelligent
mind can refuse it acknowledgment. There will be as man}' con-
verts as there are honest inquirers after the truth. As a rule,
ignorant or unintelligent Protestants are not among the converts.
On the other hand, you will not find any intelligent Catholic be-
coming a Protestant, because Protestantism conflicts with human
reason. Catholics may, and often do, lose their faith, the gift of
God, in punishment of their sins, but they prefer even infidelit}'
to Protestantism. Protestantism can not gain anything by at-
tracting the ignorant, the indifferent, or the vicious element from
the Catholic Church."
Why the Sacred Heart Revtew (of June 28th) reprints this re-
ligious balderdash is not easy to see. It ought to know a better
No. 33. The Review. 525
reason, — a reason given by the Savior Himself, when He said :
"No one can come to me unless the Father draw him." (John
vi, 44.)
Surety, the Father will draw no one to Protestantism. Neither
does human intelligence play any important r61e. The Scribes
and Pharisees were no dunces, yet but few of them embraced
the doctrine of Jesus, the doctrine of the Catholic Church.
Need For a New Honorary College Degree. — The Springfield
Republican clamors for some other and more adaptable product
in the degree line than the LL. D., which is so often used in mis-
application, because no proper substitute for it exists. No end
of men are made doctors of laws who oould not teach law, either
in a practical or honorary way, let alone both the civil and canon
law, as was the original requirement and function.
What is needed is the degree of doctor of achievement, not ex-
actly a mantle of charity, but a hood and gown that can be put
upon men who do things, achieve distinction and large results in
lines of effort other than philosophy, theology, law, music, litera-
ture, and the humanities. The doctorate of achievement would
cover the accumulative accomplishment, and so provide a place
for benefactors upon whom other degrees would rest with humil-
iating awkwardness. Here is not the least of the arguments in
its favor, let it be said, when ever}7 college in the land confesses
that its greatest need is money.
Has a. Father a. Right to Bequeathe an Inheritance to his Children
and Grandchildren on Condition that they Marry and Raise their
Offspring within the Church ? — The Supreme Court of Canada, in
re Renaud vs. Lamothe, upholds the validity of such a stipulation.
First because the Catholic Church is legally recognized in Cana-
da, not as the State Church, but as an institution that may freely
exercise its tenets, that may legally gather tithes, and, for the
purpose of building churches, has a legally recognized right to
place mortgages on the property of the parishioners, a privilege
that no other religious body enjoys in any part of the British
Empire.
Nor are such bequests against public order, because there is
no law in all England or the Dominion forbidding them. What is
adduced from the jurisprudence of France does not apply to the
French law in Canada, since the new French law dates from 1789,
whilst what is French law in Canada is the old French law, that
agrees with the English law concerning the liberty of testating
"without reserve, restriction, or limitation."
Nay more ; by the Canadian law of 1801 even bastardy was no
hindrance to be a divisee ; much less, therefore, could a condi-
tion such as here referred to, be an obstacle to the validity of a
will. The Supreme Court unanimously confirmed the judgment
of the lower courts and condemned appellant to defray the costs.
( Vide, La Semaine Religieuse de Mont real, oi June 9th.)
^##^
526
NOTE- BOOK.
After conducting: the New World, "the official paper of the
Province of Chicago,"' for eig-ht and a half years with commend-
able zeal and such "prudence" as is essential in editing- official or-
gans, Mr. William Dillon has resigned the editorship and his
resignation has been accepted by the Board of Directors. His
successor is the Rev. Eneas B. Goodwin, who is said to be schol-
arl\T and very clever. As we have not read his occasional contri-
butions hitherto published in the New World, we are unable to
say whether he will bear out the promises of his admirers. At
best, the editing- of an organ is a thankless task, especially if said
organ is owned by a stock company and managed by a board of
directors, as the New World is. We think it is this experience
rather than his "growing law practice," which moved Mr. Dillon,
like his predecessor Mr. Hyde, to resign, and which will in all
probability move the Rev. Mr. Goodwin to resign before a twelve-
month is over.
+r +r +r
We should like to see a statistical account of the results in some
of our large city parishes, of the practice of making young boys
take the pledge at their confirmation. How many of the boys,
approximately, keep this pledge? Is it true that the great ma-
jority of them do, and that the practice thus proves a blessing?
Or are those right who allege that of these pledges, made at an
age when the boys scarcely realize what they do, and made,
moreover, under the stress of moral compulsion, few, very few
are kept, and that the practice, being little more than a farce, ought
to be discontinued?
Can any of our readers throw light on the subject ?
^^ ^* <^
Magistrate Dooley the other day sent Margaret Bernette to jail
for ten days because she disturbed mass in St. Paul's Church,
Brooklyn, on a Sunday morning, by stretching herself out in a
pew and going to sleep.
&■ ^ te
"The Herodian government of France is tearing the in-
fants of the people from the arms of their mothers, in or-
der to sacrifice them to the'exigencies of a cruel State; but the
French Rachel does more than lament her little ones ; she is
fighting for them. We must not be carried off our feet with ex-
citement over this sudden outburst of Herodianism in France."
Thus the Western Watchman, Aug. 7th.
A certain portion of the Catholic element, which, we believe, is
especially well represented in the Watchman 's clientele, will never
be carried off its feet because the infants of the people are torn
from the arms of their mothers. More than one-fourth of the
Catholic parishes of St. Louis have no Catholic schools. They
graciously hand over their offspring to the State-school moloch.
Ancient Herodianism sent the Holy Innocents straight up to Para-
No. 33. The Review. 527
dise ; what we might call modern Herodianism, as practised es-
pecially in this country, needs a new name that will carry the
perpetrators off their feet to knock some sense of duty into their
heads.
v» «^ *w
The Chicago New World, in its account of the seventeenth con-
vention of the American St. Caecilia Society, blandly queries
(No. 49):
"How is it that in a small church like St. Mathias'? located in a
distant suburb (Bowmanville), we can hear the Gregorian chant
sung in perfection, whereas in prominent churches of the large
cities, where there are supposedly thoroughly equipped church
musicians on the organ bench, we hear such murderous assaults
on the spirit of plain chant and liturgy ?"
The sorry condition of church music in most of our parishes,
large and small, is due to ignorance and a lack of good will and
the spirit of sacrifice ; but mostly to ignorance.
The question of establishing a Catholic daily newspaper was
brought before the Chicago convention of the American Federa-
tion of Catholic Societies, and though the Federation, being itself
still "too young and too weak," refused to take the steps suggested
by the enthusiastic advocates of the plan, much sympathy was
expressed, and Father M. Arnoldi is out with a second appeal,
urging well-to-do Catholics to interest themselves financially in
the proposed undertaking. The first Catholic daily, if the plans
of its promoters do not miscarry, is to be published somewhere
east of the Mississippi River (.probably in Chicago) by a stock
company, with shares at fifty dollars each.
v^ Vg N£
If any farther proof of the anti-Catholic tendencies of the
present administration of the Philippine Islands were re-
quired, it is furnished by the reported forming of a new "creed"
in opposition to the Catholic Church, with Governor Taft, Dr.
Tavera, and Aguinaldo as "honorary" presidents of the or-
ganization and an excommunicated priest as "bishop"! ! !
It is expected that Mr. Taft will decline the unsolicited "honor."
This does not alter the fact, however, that some of the
founders of the new movement are men who are in the pay of the
U. S., who made the most noise regarding the reputation of the
friars, and who are undoubtedly under the impression that their
new "creed" will find favor in the eyes of the "powers that be" and
will certainly advance the temporal interests of the people ac-
tively engaged in spreading the trouble, no matter what their
fate in the hereafter may be.
What a fine illustration to Archbishop Ireland's recent remarks!
The real underlying motive of the anti-friar campaign is thus
accurately described by Rev. Dr. Lambert :
The attempt to make friar synonymous with everything de-
praved in human nature aims at something more than discredit-
528 The Review. 1902.
ing the members of the religious orders against which it is
directed. The Catholic Church is the real objective point of at-
tack. It is a repetition of the tactics which were adopted against
the Jesuits when they fronted the so-called Protestant Reforma-
tion and stayed it in its full career of success in the northern
countries of Europe. The enemies of the Church never forgave
these soldiers of the cross for the decisive victories they won on
that occasion. B}t spreading the most outrageous lies about the
Jesuits they have imbued the Protestant mind with the belief
that the sons of St. Ignatius are a species of social outlaws.
History repeats itself. After three hundred years the same
methods are employed to lessen the moral influence of the friars
that were resorted to in the case of the Jesuits. In the twentieth,
as in the seventeenth century, it is hatred of the Catholic Church
which prompts the malignant and unscrupulous attacks upon
those who spend their lives in her service.
+r +r +r
Rev. Joseph A. Thie writes to The Review :
Not long ago Father Henry G. Ganss defended Mr. Pratt and
the Indian school at Carlisle, Pa., and lately he again posed as
the champion of the administration at the Chicago federation con-
vention.
Three weeks ago I spoke to Mother Catherine, superior of the
Indian school at Odanah, Wis., and she complained most bitterly
that even^ one of their Indian children who had attended Carlisle,
returned as a perfect and irrevocable infidel. She said that the
students there are compelled to attend three or four lectures on
religion every week, and of these lectures the Indian students
say that in all things the different denominations disagree, except
in one, i. e., that the Catholic belief is all wrong. In every lecture
one or the other point of Catholic doctrine is ridiculed, so that on
the whole the impression is made that the Catholic Church is a
societj^ of knaves and fools.
a & £
What the gift of faith meant to that eminent convert, C. Kegan
Paul, recently deceased, may be inferred from the following quo-
tation from his Reminiscences :
""Sorrows have come to me in abundance since God gave me
grace to enter His Church, but I can bear them better than of
old, and the blessing He has given me outweighs them all. May
He forgive me that I so long resisted Him and lead those I love
unto the fair land wherein He has brought me to dwell ! It will
be said, and said with truth, that I am very confident. My ex-
perience is like that of the blind man in the Gospel, who also was
sure. He was still ignorant of much, nor could he fully explain
how Jesus opened his eyes, but then he could saj" with unfalter-
ing certainty : One thing I know, that whereas I was blind, now I
see.
9 5^
Such familiar English words as Keep, Kidney, and Kill, we
note, baffle even the learned etymologists of the Oxford Dictionary.
Archbishop Ireland vs. Archbishop
Ireland.
rchbishop Ireland, preaching- the other Sunday in the St.
Paul Cathedral, urged his people to caution in their
critical attacks on our government on the Philippine
and other questions. He said, according to one of his organs, the
Catholic Citizen, of Aug. 9th :
"The Apostle Paul gives this counsel : 'Not to be more wise
than it behooveth the wise, but to be wise unto sobriety and ac-
cording as God hath divided to everyone the measure of faith.'
"In the mind of the Apostle things most excellent, if made use
of in undue measure and without proper regard to circum-
stances of time and place, change into things perilous and hurt-
ful. And this is undoubtedly what is happening in the case of
the fiery zeal of defense of Catholic interests which seems to be
coveting an explosion at the present time among certain classes
of American Catholics. The interests of the Church, it is said,
are made to suffer at the hands of the government in its newly-
acquired dependencies, and the call to arms is sounded from the
rostrums of Catholic societies and through the columns of Catholic
papers to the peril of the whole Catholic body, and, indeed, of the
whole country. The moment has come to say to Catholics, be
wise, be zealous unto sobriety and according as God has divided
to everyone the measure of faith — and such is the counsel I take
liberty to give to my hearers.
"Who are they, who complain and protest and call upon Catho-
lics to be up and doing? Are they those who might claim to rep-
resent the Church in its general or even local interests? Has the
Sovereign Pontiff spoken ? Certainly he has not complained ;
rather has he been heard from in very different tones. Have the
ecclesiastical authorities in the dependencies invoked our aid? In
no instance have they so acted ; when they have been heard from,
as in the case of Porto Rico and Cuba, it was to tell us in the
plainest words that they had no grievance, although from irre-
sponsible sources it had been on several previous occasions
dinned into our ears that the Church was robbed and persecuted
in both those islands.
"Bishop Blenk of Porto Rico openly rejoices that the American
flag rather than the Spanish guards his diocese ; and the hierar-
chy in Cuba are thanking God that Church interests there were
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 34. St. Louis, Mo., September 4, 1902.)
530 The Review. 1902.
settled by the government of Washington before a Cuban parlia-
ment was allowed to sit down in Havana.
"The archbishops of the States meet together once a year in
Washington — each one representing the whole hierarchy. It can
not be said that they are heedless of the welfare of the Church,
and yet they have sounded no alarm. Whatever complaints have
been heard come from individual Catholics, or from societies of
Catholics ; in neither case is there warrant to represent others
than the men themselves or the societies themselves who do
speak.
"Catholics have in the past suffered much from calumny and
distrust, and in their defense their appeal has been to fair play
and to honest judgment. For the equitable treatment which they
claim for themselves and their religious faith from their fellow-
citizens and from the country, let them in their turn be high ex-
emplars in their own dealings with their fellow-citizens and with
the country.
"Most cautious at all times must Catholics in America be not to
stir up latent prejudice and smothered animosities, of which, as
experience teaches, there is no small share here and there in the
community, and which but little provocation is needed to fan into
fire and flame. Better often it is to endure some suffering than
to give a pretext for opposition and social turmoil.
"Nor is public agitation necessary in America to redress griev-
ances, if grievances do exist. In no other country is there a gov-
ernment so fair-minded, so impartial, so willing to treat all classes
of citizens with absolute justice as that with which we are blessed
in America.
"And let Catholics be careful lest by imprudent agitation and
repeated mistrust of the government of America, they instill into
the minds of many of their fellow-citizens the notion that as Cath-
olics they are disposed to form themselves into a people apart
from, ever dissatisfied with America and its institutions, ever
ready to complain, ever anxious to find a plea upon which to rest
their murmurings. The Catholic body will never prosper in
America unless it be thoroughly imbued with the spirit of the
country.
"As to matters in the Philippine Islands, we can not discuss
them. They are, for the time being, put beyond our reach, since
they are the subject of negotiations between the government of
America and the Sovereign Pontiff. To take at the present such
matters into our own hands would be to mistrust the wisdom and
good-will of the Sovereign Pontiff, and of this, loyal Catholics
should not be capable ; it would be to treat with discourteous in-
gratitude the administration in Washington, and this, as true
No. 34. The Review. 531
Americans, Catholics will not permit themselves to do. The logic
of the situation pointed to a mutual conference between the head
of the Church and a representative of the State.
"Leo XIII. saw this. Theodore Roosevelt saw this. Leo took
the initiative, proposed the conference and asked the government
to expose frankly and thoroughly its views ; the President and his
advisers accepted the proposal. What more could have been done
by the administration to prove its good-will and its sense of
justice?"
*
The best criticism and refutation of this remarkable "sermon"
will be found in a certain book entitled 'The Church and Modern
Society,' by the same Most Reverend Archbishop Ireland, and in
the Introduction to Fr. Elliott's Life of Father Hecker, also
written by His combative Grace of St. Paul (pp. xv-xvij
We will quote only a passage from the first-mentioned book :
"I repeat, 'For thy soul fight for justice, and even unto death
strive for justice !' Earnestness is the virtue of the hour. It is
the characteristic of Americans in things secular ; it should be
their characteristic in things religious. Let Catholics elsewhere,
if they will, move on in old grooves, and fear lest by quickened
pace, they disturb their souls or ruffle their garments. Our
motto be: ''Dare and do.'' Let there be no room among us for the
lackadaisical piety which lazily awaits a zephir from the sk}*, the
bearer of efficacious grace, whilst God's grace is at hand entreat-
ing to be made efficacious by our own cooperation. We must
pray, and pray earnestly, but we must work, and work earnestly.
We fail if we work and do not pray ; and likewise we fail if we
pray and do not work, if we are on our knees when we should be
fleet of foot, if we are in the sanctuary when we should be in the
highways and market-places.
"Earnestness will make us aggressive. There will be among us
a prudent but manly assertion of faith whenever circumstances de-
mand it, and a determination to secure to Catholics rightful recogni-
tion, whether in private or public life. We shall see our opportuni-
ties to serve religion, and when we have discovered them, we shall
not pass them by unheeded. We are often cewards, and to cloak
our cowardice we invoke modesty and prudence, as if Christ had
ordered us to put our light under the bushel. If the Church is
slighted or treated unfairly, we complain — we are admirable at com-
plaining— but we do not stir to prevent injustice in the future. There
is a woeful lack of Catholic public spirit. We are devoted to relig-
ion on Sunday, or when we are saying our morning and evening
prayers. In the world's battles we seem to lose sight of our faith,
and our public men are eager to doff all Catholic vesture. /;/ Am-
532 The Review. 1902.
erican parlance — let us go ahead. What if at times we do blunder T
Success is not the test of valor or merit. The conservatism -which
wishes to be ever safe is dryrot. Pay no attention to criticism; there
is never a lack of it. It usually comes from men who are do-noth-
ings, and who rejoice if failure follows action, so that they may
have a justification for their own idleness. Do not fear what is
novel, provided principles are well guarded. It is a time of novel-
ties, and religious action, to accord with the age, must take new
forms and new directions. Let there be individual action. Lay-
men need not wait J or the priest, nor priest for bishop, nor bishop for
pope. The timid move in crowds, the brave in single file. When
combined efforts are called for, be ready to act and prompt to
obey the orders which are given ; but never forget that vast room
remains for individual action.''' — 'The Church and Modern Socie-
ty,' pages 70-72. (Italics ours.)
The American Catholic Union.
or some time we have been receiving the A. C. U. Bulletin,
official organ of the American Catholic Union, a new
mutual insurance society doing business in Philadel-
phia. We take this as an invitation by the officers to pronounce
an opinion on their undertaking, which is very pretentious, as the
Bulletin frequently prints such remarks as the following in its
latest number :
"The Plan or Table of Rates in use by the American Catholic
Union, will stand the most searching scrutiny and comparison,
its practibility will be admitted, being one of the best in use by
any Fraternal organization, it is a conservative valuation of the
cost of insurance, providing a sufficient amount to meet claims as
they arise and establishing a Reserve Fund which is a guarantee
that their premiums will remain level throughout the life of the
insured, that there will be no increase either in the amount or
number of their premiums, and an assurance to a certainty that
their protection will cost no more in their advancing years than
at the time of entry. A table of rates guaranteeing all of this,
should commend itself to all those in need of insurance, and mem-
bers when soliciting their friends to become members, should
have no hesitancy in proclaiming this as the best and most suc-
cessful plan in use."
Our insurance expert has examined into the status of the soci-
ety, and here is his report :
No. 34. The Review. 533
The American Catholic Union commenced business in Phila-
delphia in January, 1900. According to the Pennsylvania Insur-
ance Commissioner's report, it collected from members :
In 1900, $19,966.79 paid for losses $ 6,515, expenses $ 4,293.00
In 1901, 27,925.46 " " " 10,500, " 11,279.17
Total, $47,892.25 Losses, - $17,015 Expenses, $15,572.17
To which expense figure should be added, - - 995.82
carried forward for expenses under liabilities, making
total cost of management for two years, - - $16,567.99
almost 35 per cent, of the contribution by members.
In 1900, all told, 1,032 people joined the society, of whom 6 died
and 131 withdrew, leaving 895 members on the 3ist of December,
1900. During 1901 only 585 more men could be induced to enroll
themselves, while 11 died, and 191 more retired, so the member-
ship stood at 1,278 at the close of the year. Taking the average
time of membership as probably less than one year, the mortality
shown seems to be rather heavy for a new society in the second
3rear of its existence.
On January 1st, 1901, the "Union" had $9,727.31 in funds on hand
and reports as interest income for the whole year $268.20, although
the cash account increased to $16,352.57. on December 31st, 1901.
As there is no interest "accrued" marked under assets in the re-
port, it is reasonable to suppose, that $268.20 represents the total
earnings for that year. This amounts to less than 3 per cent.
for the funds carried over from the previous year, not to mention
the accumulations since that date.
The published premium rates are rather high for a concern
working under the assessment laws, but not high enough to pro-
vide for the full reserve required under the "old line" system. It
is very regrettable that here is another "mutual" started which
naturally will interfere with the progress of already established
companies on a similar basis, only to share their unavoidable fate
of being compelled either to change rates or decrease benefits,
not to mention a possible winding-up at a time when most mem-
bers can ill afford to lose their insurance or the money already in-
vested.
534
The Ecclesiastical Review and the
Friers.
^n its issue of August 1st, 1902, page 205, the Ecclesiastical
Review, an otherwise excellent periodical, treats on the
"Friars Question" and condemns the religious in the
Philippine Islands in the strongest terms. In the language of
the Review, they are "moral ruins," which it is no gain to try to-
whitewash, and "decayed material" which must be cast out of the
Church.
This means that the Friars are utterly corrupt, rotten to the
core. Is that not a most sweeping and crushing verdict? Could
the Katapunan, the well-known Masonic society in the Philippine
Islands, ask for a more unmitigated condemnation? How does
the Ecclesiastical Review know that the Friars are "ruins" and
"decayed material"? Who informed it that they are utterly and
hopelessly corrupt?
"Rome," says the Review, "is in possession of the facts." Very
true; yet, what did Rome answer the Taft Commission concern-
ing the accusations brought forth against the Friars? It said r
"It has been proved that all the accusations made against the
Friars are partly false, partly exaggerated, and parti}7 inexact."
Does the Ecclesiastical Review not flatly contradict Rome?
Rome knows nothing of "moral ruins," nothing of "decayed ma-
terial." Rome declares that the accusations are "partly false,
parti}7 exaggerated, and partly inexact ;" and the Ecclesiastical
Review by its crushing condemnation declares they are all true
and well-founded.
The moral standing of the Filipinos should have taught the
Ecclesiastical Review the falsity of its statement concerning the
Friars. According to the testimony of Protestants, even of
ministers, the Filipinos are a moral and virtuous people, who, be-
fore the arrival of the Americans, knew nothing of houses of ill-
fame. The Friars were their teachers and educators. How could
these "moral ruins," "decayed material," as the Ecclesiastical
Review is pleased to call them, raise up a moral and virtuous peo-
ple? Can immorality beget morality, and vice virtue ? Can the
Devil make saints? Was it ever heard that the northern blizzard
made the lands it swept teem with the floral wealth of spring, or
caused the tender lily to bloom with sweet fragrance? The
crushing condemnation hurled against the Friars by the Ecclesi-
astical Review, is, therefore, utterly unjust and calumnious.
535
A Fighting Editor.
ore interesting- even than the first volume of Louis Veuil-
lot's Life, by his brother Eugene, is the second, com-
prising the years 1845-1855. It is also more consoling
for the Catholic editor of to-day, because, while it shows him what
tribulations he may expect in the fulfilment of his duty, it also
points out some of the consolations that await him. We shall try
in a series of articles based upon this second volume, to show how
Louis Veuillot had his share of both.
I.
L'Univers in 1845 had been saved from bankruptcy by the money
of M. Taconet and the pen of Louis Veuillot. From 1500 sub-
scribers it had risen to 6,000. The Catholic party in France was
represented among the bishops by Msgr. Parisis, Bishop of Lang-
res, among the laymen by the Count de Montalembert, and in the
press by Louis Veuillot. The chief question agitating public
opinion was the liberty of teaching, which had been destroyed by
the monopoly of the University. The enemies of religion, finding
little encouragement among the people, sought to rouse interest
by fierce attacks upon the Jesuits and other religious orders.
Louis Veuillot in turn fiercely attacked them and had the misfor-
tune of displeasing Montalembert, who, outside of principles, was
very changeable, so much so that Guizot said of him that he
"changed even from a fixed idea." Montalembert wrote to Louis
Veuillot that he ought to have some authorized and well posted
assistant to aid him in editing the Univers. Veuillot replied, any-
body was welcome who could improve the paper. He had already
forgotten his reply, when one day Taconet excitedly told him that
a committee had been appointed to take charge of the journal
without consulting him, the chief proprietor, or the editor-in-
chief.
The personnel of this committee was brilliant and manysided :
Montalembert ; the Abbe Dupanloup, then Superior of the Petit
Seminaire of the Diocese of Paris ; the Dominican Father Lacor-
daire ; the Jesuit Pere Ravignan, and, finally, M. Lenormant,
Professor at the Sorbonne. Montalembert was ostensibly at the
head, but he was pushed by the very agile Abbe Dupanloup.
The other members were more or less ciphers. Foisset, a re-
nowned lawyer and writer, fearing trouble, wrote to Louis Veuil-
lot, requesting him to act like a Christian and give in as much as
he could ; whilst at the same time he urged Montalembert not to
ask too much. Veuillot replied that he was ready to accept a
536 The Review. 1902.
chief, yea, to resign, if necessary ; but that as long- as he was re-
sponsible, he intended to remain his own boss.
Meanwhile Taconet had appeared before the Committee of Five
and was notified, first, that the Univers thereafter should be edited
by the Committee of Five, and, secondly, that a chief editor was to
be appointed, who was not to write at all but simply to give to the
paper its direction. To another meeting of the committee, at the
request of Taconet, Louis Veuillot was personally invited. Of
that meeting he himself writes : "Every body received me with
open arms. They had nothing to complain of but the form. I
knew better and kept quiet. Father Lacordaire unfolded a very
beautiful but also very chimeric plan. Lenormant was not there.
The meeting was adjourned till evening to catch Lenormant at
home, as he could not be reached otherwise. There trouble fol-
lowed trouble. Lenormant did not wish any publicity ; nor did
Ravignan ; Dupanloup had nothing to say ; Lacordaire went home
dissatisfied. The meeting was adjourned for eight days."
The expected new editor-in-chief had not even been mentioned.
Meanwhile it occurred to Taconet that he had some property, and
Louis Veuillot some personal rights that ought to be respected, and
both resolved to resist the demands of the self-constituted com-
mittee. Before the next meeting, however, a letter from the Arch-
bishop of Paris arrived, containing an undeserved attack upon
the Univers and especially on Louis Veuillot. Publisher and
editors thought the Archbishop was misinformed and sought an
audience, that was readily granted. When the Archbishop had
heard their side, he professed great astonishment about the doings
of M. Dupanloup. To give him every reasonable guaranty with
regard to the conduct of the paper, Taconet and Veuillot proposed
always to consult a priest of his confidence and never to touch the
affairs of his Diocese. He acquiesced. The following day they
decided to have an advisory committee, in which even Montalem-
bert should have a place, should it please the Archbishop. That
committee fell through just like the first. Yet Montalembert and
Dupanloup were determined to do something. Louis Veuillot
decided to retire. Taconet had tried to engage M. deCoux ; butM.
de Coux was -persona ingrata; hence the committee sought to get rid
of bothVeuillot and Taconet. To Foisset, Veuillot wrote : "I had
given my life to the work and M. Taconet his money ; we deserved a
better treatment I will never consent to be anything but
second editor if M. de Montalembert is first M. de Mon-
talembert should be the general, but where he is general, I wish
to be only a volunteer."
Besides the questions of principle, practicability, and per-
sonal honor, there was for Taconet another, that of property.
No. 34. The Review. 537
Melchior du Lac, then a Benedictine novice, but a constant con-
tributor to the press, visiting- Paris for some family reasons, ap-
proached Montalembert and asked him with what right he thus
interfered? "With the right of the mightier," cried out Montal-
embert, mad with rage. "That right is exercised in the corners
of wild forests," replied du Lac and left, Montalembert showing
him the door.
Taconet, hearing of this stormy conversation, resolved to have
nothing more to do with the self-appointed and autocratic Com-
mittee of Five.
When these underhand machinations became known, public
opinion condemned the Committee of Five, and Louis Veuillot
came forth from the struggle stronger than ever.
[To be continued.]
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
Recent Roman Decisions. — According to a note making the rounds
of the Catholic press, the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda
has transmitted to the Bishop of Ogdensburg a decision of the
Sacred Congregation of Rites, stating that titular feasts of
•churches throughout the country may not be transferred to the
Sunday following, without a special indult to that effect from the
Holy See. We have not yet seen the authentic text of this decision.
The thoroughly reliable Revue Ecclesiastigue, of Valleyfield,
publishes in its No. 4 the text of two decrees of the Sacred Con-
gregation of Rites, — the one a decision given in 1879 at the re-
quest of the Bishop of Newark, declaring the use of gas lights on
the altar proper, even where the required number of wax candles
is employed, as forbidden ; and the other a new one, based on the
former, declaring, in reply to a dubium of the Bishop of Nachi-
toches, that the prohibition holds good also with regard to electric
lights.
The Variations of Methodism. — There is a feeling on the part of
many Methodists that their church is not what it used to be. A
Mr. 'Munhall is quoted in the Chicago Tribune (Aug. 24th) as say-
ing : "Thousands of Methodists are courting the world and con-
forming to its fashions"; "they have put steeples on their
•churches"; "they have brought choirs into their services"; "they
have lost faith in the Bible."
The observer, not a Methodist, has probably noticed that in at
least three respects the Methodist sect is changing. There is a
tendency toward indulgence in amusements which used to be dis-
538 The Review. 1902.
countenanced ; there is a tendency toward the introduction of
ceremonies which used to be regarded as vain pomp and repeti-
tion ; there is a tendency toward a neglect of "conversion" and
"the witness of spirit." As conservative Methodists would say,
the church is now eaten up with worldliness, ritualism, and liber-
alism. There has been a change in manners, in worship, and in
theology.
In manners, it may be enough to recall the action of the last
general conference committee in recommending the removal of
the rule condemning "dancing, playing of games of chance, at-
tending theatres, horse races? circuses, dancing parties, or pat-
ronizing dancing schools." In worship, would it be possible for
the prairie Methodist of fifty years ago to find much to his taste
in the service of certain city Methodist churches, where the wor-
shiper never kneels, seldom stands, and is in most respects in-
distinguishable from an auditor at a lecture or concert ? In the-
ology, how many present-day Methodists ever follow the custom
of the original Wesleyans and testify publicly to their having been
born again into the kingdom of God? Yet if Methodism stood
for anything it stood for just that.
Variation is essential to Protestantism.
EDUCATION.
The Philosophy of Correction. — Not all twentieth century pedagogs
are sentimental nincompoops. Listen to this apologia for the rod
by one of them :
Among the many things that are good for children and that par-
ents are in duty bound to supply is — the rod ! This may sound
old-fashioned, and it unfortunately is ; there is a new school of
home discipline in vogue now-a-days.
Slippers have outgrown their usefulness as implements of per-
suasion, being now employed exclusively as footgear. The lissom
birch thrives ungarnered in the thicket, where grace and erentle-
ness supply the whilom vigor of its sway. The unyielding barrel-
stave, that formerly occupied a place of honor and convenience in
the household, is now relegated, a harmless thing, to a forgotten
corner of the cellar, and no longer points a moral but adorns a
wood-pile. Disciplinary applications of the old type have fallen
into innocuous desuetude ; the penny now tempts, the sugar can-
dy soothes, and sugar-coated promises entice when the rod should
quell and blister. Meanwhile the refractory urchin, with no fear
to stimulate his sluggish conscience, chuckles, rejoices and is glad,
and bethinks himself of some uninvented methods of devilment.
Yes, it is old-fashioned in these days to smite with the rattan
as did the mighty of yore. The custom certainly lived a long
time. The author of the Proverbs spoke of the practice to the
parents of his generation, and there is no mistaking the meaning
of his words. He spoke with authority, too ; if we mistake not,
it was the Holy Ghost that inspired his utterances. Here are a
few of his old-fashioned sayings : "Spare the rod and spoil the
child ; he who loves his child spares not the rod ; correction gives
judgment to the child who ordinarily is incapable of reflection ; if
the child be not chastised, it will bring down shame and disgrace
No. 34. The Review. 539
upon the head of its parent." It is our opinion that authority of
this sort should redeem the defect of antiquity under which the
teaching- itself labors. There are some thing's "ever ancient, ever
new"'; this is one of them.
The philosophy of correction may be found in the doctrine of
original sin. Every child of Adam has a nature that is corrupted;
it is a soil in which pride in all its forms and with all its cortege
of vices takes strong and ready root. This growth crops out into
stubbornness, selfishness, a horror of restraint, effort and self-
denial ; mischief and. a spirit of rebellion and destruction. In
its native state, untouched by the rod of discipline, the child is
wild. Now, you must force a crooked tree to grow straight ; you
must break a wild colt to domesticate it, and you must whip a
wild boy to make him fit for the company of civilized people. Be-
ing self-willed, he will seek to follow the bent of his own inclina-
tions ; without intelligence or experience and by nature prone to
evil, he will follow the wrong path ; and the habits acquired in
youth, the faults developed he will carry through life to his own
and the misery of others. He therefore requires training and a
substitute for judgment ; and according to the Holy Ghost, the
rod furnishes both. In the majority of cases nothing can sup-
ply it.
This theory has held good in all the ages of the world, and un-
less the species has "evolved" by extraordinary leaps and bounds
within the last fifty years, it holds good to-day, modern nursery
milk-and-honey discipline to the contrary notwithstanding. It
may be hard on the youngster — it was hard on us— but the diffi-
culty is only temporary ; and difficulty, some genius has said, is
the nurse of greatness, a harsh nurse, who roughly rocks her
foster-children into strength and athletic proportions. _
The great point is that this treatment be given in time, when
it is possible to administer it with success and fruit. The ordi-
nary child does not need oft-repeated doses ; a firm hand and a
vigorous application goes a long way, in most cases. Half-hearted,
milk-and-water castigation, like physic, should be thrown to the
dogs. Long threatenings spoil the operation ; they betray weak-
ness which the child is the first to discover. And without being
brutal, it is well that the chastisement be such as will linger
somewhat longer in the memory than in the sensibility.
The defects that deserve this corrective especially are insurb-
ordination, sulkiness, and sullenness ; it is good to stir up the
lazy; it is necessary to instill in the child's mind a saving sense
of its own inferiority and to inculcate lessons of humility, self-
effacement, and self-denial. It should scourge dishonesty and ly-
ing. The bear licks its cub into shape ; let the parent go to the
bear, enquire of its ways and be wise. His children will then
have a moral shape and a form of character that will stand them
in good stead in after life ; and they will give thanks in propor-
tion to the pain inflicted during the process of formation.
SCIENCE AND INDVSTRY.
Modern Inventions Foreshadowed by a XIII. Century Monk. — Roger
Bacon, a Franciscan monk of the XIII. century (1214-1294), fore-
540 The Review. 1902
shadowed some of the most important inventions of the present
day. "For navigation," he wrote, "machines can be constructed,
by means of which the largest vessels, guided by the hand of one
man, may traverse rivers and seas more rapidly than if they were
propelled by many oarsmen. It is also possible to make horse-
less wagons which run with immense speed. It is feasible to build
a scaffold in which a man sits and, by means of a lever, moves ar-
tificial wings, carrying him through the air like a bird. An in-
strument three digits in length and of equal width will suffice to
lift enormous weights and to free prisoners by permitting them
to scale the greatest heights. There is another means whereby
a single hand can pull huge masses, notwithstanding the resist-
ance of a thousand arms. Men will also make machines enabling
a diver to descend to the bottom of the sea without danger. Art
has its thunders, which are more formidable than those of
heaven," etc. (De secret, operib. artis et naturae; quoted by
Plassmann, Schule des h. Thomas, I, 158-9.)
The Scholastics did not have the wonderful instruments and
appliances of modern science ; but they had the principles on
which our phenomenal inventions are based. (Cfr. also : Albertus
Magnus, De mineral., 1. iii.)
A Mediaeval Megaphone. — A curiosity of great antiquity is still to
be seen within St. Andrew's Church at Willoughton, near Gains-
borough, England. This is a quaint speaking-trumpet with an
obscure early history, dating back to the times of the Knights
Templars. The St. James Gazette describes it as resembling a
French horn in shape, and more than five feet long, having a bell
at the end of the graduated tube. It was formerly six feet in
length, but is now telescoped at the joints where the metal has
apparently decayed. Tradition declares it was formerly sounded
from the tower to summon aid in case of need, as, when blown at
a height, the weird deep notes the trumpet produced could be
heard a great distance away in bygone days. It is believed that
this curious instrument has often been used to call together the
villagers, thus dispensing with the usual bell, and to give addi-
tional power and strength to the choir, being then probably used
by the chief singer, as the trumpet intensifies vocal sound to a
marked degree.
LITERATURE.
Forty- five Sermons Written to Meet Objections of the Present Day.
By Rev." J. McKernan. 290 pages; 12°; cloth. Price $1. Pustet
& Co., New York and Cincinnati.
Bishop McFaul, in his introductory letter, says of these ser-
mons that they "are excellent." We presume his meaning to be
that they make excellent reading. To the busy priest
who would utilize them, we have to say that memorizing them is
hard. Each sermon contains a disposition, but it takes study to
find it. The author would do well to indicate it by marginal notes
in small print, to make the work more useful to his confreres.
541
MISCELLANY.
A Sorry Catholic Newspaper. — The Denver Catholic published
in its No. 22 the subjoined editorial note :
"Father Morrissey, editor of the Intermountain Catholic, paid
our office a visit this week. Father Morrissey was on his way to
Wyoming- in the interests of his paper. The reverend gentleman
is doing excellent work in keeping the intermountain on a high
plane of literary excellence."
We can not let such fulsome puffery pass without a word of
protest. It is disappointing to learn that the Intermountain
Catholic of Salt Lake is edited by a priest ; for both from a liter-
ary and a theological standpoint it is undoubtedly one of the worst
edited Catholic weeklies on this whole terraqueous globe. The
other day, when the Elks were about to hold a carnival in Salt Lake,
this priest-editor greeted them, or allowed them to be greeted in
his paper, as follows :
"Next week will present a strange freak in human nature. It
will show up some thousands of men who are all united in the be-
lief that this old world of ours is a pleasant world ; that people
are happier as they make others happier, and it is our duty to be
cheerful and laugh, not only with your mouth, but your eyes.
This is the reason why the Brotherhood of Elks are called 'the
best people on earth.' So they are."
Which caused even the mild-mannered scribe of the Baltimore
Catholic Mirror {Aug. 23rd) to remark that while "the grammar
suggests that the above was written by the office boy," "the senti-
ment expressed might reasonably come from a printer's devil,
but not from the editor of a Catholic paper."
It is indeed by no means edifying, it is positively scandalous
for Catholics to be informed that "the best people on earth" are
the members of an organization that, in the words of the Mirror,
"appropriate to its title, exemplifies a benevolence and good-fel-
lowship, which, however charming, savors strongly of animalism.
The street fairs which the Elks have given in many sections of
the land, under one name or another, have been disgusting exhi-
bitions, in several places calling for the condemnation of the Cath-
olic bishop and press. An order of this character deserves no
commendation at the hands of a Catholic journal and should re-
ceive no attention, save such rebuke as it majr merit."
This commendation of the Elks is not an accidental blunder,
but it is thoroughly characteristic of the ordinary conduct and
tendency of the Intermountain Catholic, which does not even stop
at reproducing from infidel newspapers, scandalous canards
about the Vatican and the Church in general. If Father Morris-
sey is responsible for these things — and he must be since he is the
editor — any Catholic paper that praises his journalistic work, in-
stead of severely criticizing and condemning it, makes itself the
abettor of a public scandal and a nuisance.
We hear much about the great good that Catholic newspapers
do. Mr. Jeffries has shown in these columns long ago that this
good in a number of cases consists in the financial returns they
bring to their owners and is greatly outweighed by the serious
injury they inflict upon the faith and morals of their readers. It
were better some of them were at the bottom of the great Salt
Lake.
542 The Review. 1902.
Why Corn is King. — Democratic Americans have an outspoken
predilection for words denoting- royalty and apply them to what
they deem first in any class. Thus the saying", "Corn is king,"-
means that maize is the first of all cereals. And there are good
reasons for it. No cereal in all its parts offers so many advantages
as Indian corn. From its grain are made some thirty odd prod-
ucts : Six kinds of mixing glucose, used by refiners of table
syrups, brewers, leather manufacturers, jelly makers, fruit pre-
servers, and apothecaries ; four kinds of crystal glucose, used by
manufacturing confectioners ; two kinds of grape sugar, used by
brewers principally and tanners ; anhydrous sugar, used by ale
and beer brewers and apothecaries ; pearl starch, used by cotton
and paper mills; powdered starch, used by baking-powder manu-
facturers, cotton and paper mills ; refined grits, used by brewers
instead of brewers' grits ; flourine, used by flour mixers without
detriment ; four kinds of dextrine, used by fine fabric, paper-box,
mucilage and glue manufacturers, apothecaries and many others
requiring a strong adhesive agent ; corn oil, used by table oil mix-
ers, lubricating oil mixers, manufacturers of fiber, shade cloth,
paint and similar industries where vegetable oils are employed ;
corn oilcake, used in gluten feed, chop feed and gluten meal for
cattle feeding purposes ; rubber substitute, used in the
place of crude rubber ; corn germ, from which oil and cake
are obtained ; British gum, a starch which makes a very
adhesive medium, used by textile mills for running colors, as well
as by textile manufacturers who require a very strong adhesive
medium that contains no trace of acid ; granulated gum, which
competes with gum arabic and is used successfully in its place ;
distilled spirits, used in the manufacture of smokeless powder ;
oil used in the manufacture of bourbon whiskey ; alcohol for com-
mercial uses in the manufacture of cologne, spirits, and high
wines; cornmeal for food purposes; corn down, the brown husk or
outer coating next the cob, used in the manufacture of mattresses.
Of equal importance and value is the stalk. Following is a par-
tial list of the products now being manufactured from what has
been considered only a live-stock ration of but small value : Cellu-
lose, for packing cofferdams of battleships, preventing them from
sinking when pierced by balls or shells ; pyroxylin varnish, a
liquid taken from cellulose, the use of which is practically unlim-
ited ; cellulose for nitrating purposes, smokeless powder, and
other high explosives for small and great arms : cellulose for
packing, being a most perfect non-conductor against heat, elec-
tricit}% jars or blows ; paper pulp and various forms of paper
alone and mixed with different grades of paper stock ; live-stock
food from fine ground outer shells and joints ; leaves and tassels
made into shredded baled fodder ; mixed feeds for live-stock, for
mixing with blood, molasses, distillery and glucose refuse, sugar
beet pulp, apple pomace, etc.; poultry foods of two types.
Lastly, the cob is converted into several articles of commerce.
Aside from being pressed into service as an emergency cork, its
chief use is the manufacture of pipes, known to the trade as
'"Missouri merschaums." Three tons of cobbs are equal to one
ton of hard coal, and the ashes are easily converted into potash.
This is the experience of people living on the prairies of the
West, where they have found them a valuable substitute for wood
and coal.
543
NOTE-BOOK.
The teaching of the ancient Gaelic tongue as a branch of learn-
ing in the Catholic University is a very proper and hopeful under-
taking. It is otherwise with the purpose of the Gaelic League,
which we infer from recent remarks of Father Yorke, to revive
the Gaelic tongue in America, by making it virtually compulsory
in the parochial schools of English speaking Catholic congrega-
tions. As well might those Utopian patriots bid Niagara flow to
the South. The Gaelic language died in the land of the Gael. It
will not be revived upon soil where 70,000,000 people speak other,
living tongues and read 10,000 journals in whose columns a Gaelic
character never appears, and where it would be no more under-
stood than an Egyptian hieroglyphic. Scholars and antiquarians
may revel in the beautiful literature of ancient Erin. It is their
privilege and their delight. But, if the sons and daughters of the
Gael in America are to enjoy the fruits of their scholastic labors,
their time must be spent in the study of English and branches set
forth in English dress. Nine hundred and ninety-nine out of every
thousand of Irish-Americans have neither the time nor the oppor-
tunity to study the hopelessly dead tongue of their ancestors.
This may not be high chivalry, but it is hard sense, and the more
of that blessed commodity can be instilled into the minds of
the young Celts of America, the nearer will they be to the van in
this progressive age and country. If they are to be handicapped
from very childhood by being forced to learn a language which
their ancestors did not succeed in preserving from hopeless dec-
adence, they are indeed to be pitied. They will be outstripped
in the race by others who have not to bear such idle burdens.
A reverend correspondent sends us this note :
A Protestant weekly, Een Stetn des Vo/ks, published at Grand
Rapids, Mich., says :
"In Korea, the Methodists have trouble with the government.
If they should have to leave, it will be considered as a persecu-
tion. Why can not we say the same of the friars?"
Is not that an honest, noble Protestant? He also condemns the
"wrong deeds" of Archbishop Ireland and is "glad to see that so
many priests and laymen of the Catholic Church oppose him."
"We appreciate the Catholic Church," he says, "because she
still teaches the fundamental doctrines of Christianity ; the
divinity of the Church, the existence of heaven and hell, etc."
"Protestantism is getting weak, because it rejects the funda-
mental teachings of Christ."
^< ^ Ng
We have a query from Rev. P. Philip Ruggle, O. S. B. :
"European papers give the following despatch : 'Rome, August
8th. Dispensation from abstinence on Friday, August the fif-
teenth, has been granted by the Holy Father for all Catholics.'
How is it that such dispensations do not come to the knowledge
of the Catholics of the United States through the Catholic press?"
544 The Review. 1902.
We of The Review did not mention the dispensation because
we had no authentic information of it till it was too late. But even
if we had published it, would the faithful have been free to make
use thereof, even without episcopal promulgation?
When the editor of the Conrrier de Bruxelles answered this
question in the negative, he received a letter from an eminent
Belgian canonist, calling his attention to the fact that his thesis
opened the gate for the most pernicious errors of Gallicanism.
According to this theologian, any general decision of the Holy-
See, published by reliable Catholic periodicals, is binding upon
those who thus become aware of them ; and any dispensation so
published can be safel}^ made use of, unless its publication is ex-
pressly made dependent upon the action of the local ordinaries.
It is doubtful though, even if the justice of this contention be
conceded, whether the publication of any Roman document in our
notoriousl3T unreliable Catholic weekly press would suffice to
justify the laitjr at large in considering themselves tuta conscientia
dispensed, e. g., from a grave obligation of fasting or abstinence.
^^ ^^ ^^
A Minnesota clergyman writes us :
"What does The Review think of a parish of the Roman Cath-
olic Church in which one of the trustees belongs to the Modern
Woodmen and the other is not only a Modern Woodman but a Good
Samaritan besides? Is it not a fruit of Liberalism or the Ameri-
canism condemned by Leo XIII.?"
Most undoubtedly it is.
The Rev. John Kubacki sends us a clipping from the Chicago
Chronicle of August 18th, containing an account of a "'pilgrimage"
from Kalamazoo, Mich., to the imitation Lourdes grotto recently
erected at Notre Dame, with a few very bitter remarks in
criticism.
"A 'pilgrimage' to a whole in the ground," he says, "built de-
signedly to attract unthinking sillydom ! The grotto is only six
years old, but the fountain, supplied from the local water works,
is already considered miraculous. Must we not brand it all as.
a pious humbug? Perhaps the good intentions of the naive 'pil-
grims' will in a measure hallow their 'pilgrimage ;' but their pic-
nic behavior certainly more than destroys their merits. Judging
from the size of the crowd (3,000, according to the Chronicle's re-
port), the Kalamazoo parishes and Notre Dame must have rea-
lized quite a dividend."
We print these observations here, not because they speak our
own mind fully and accurately in the matter, but because we be-
lieve from man3r utterances we have heard and letters we have re-
ceived, that they tersely express the sentiments of a goodly por-
tion of the reverend clergy and educated laymen, not only in In-
diana, but throughout the country. Pilgrimages to real shrines
should not be confused with picnic excursions to imitation sanc-
tuaries, which owe their existence to no supernatural manifesta-
tion or venerable association, but rather to a thinly-veiled desire
on the part of the founders to gather in shekels for some more or
less commendable purpose.
A Praiseworthy New Departure by
A Catholic Insurance Society.
t is gratifying to know for the advocates of the applica-
tion of the "old line system," with some modifications,
to the business of the Catholic "mutuals," that the
Widows'and Orphans' Fund of the German Catholic Central Ver-
ein recently engaged an actuary of reputation to work out a
proper plan for the reorganization of said Fund on a permanent
basis. His report, now being sent to the members, recommends
the adoption of a new "scale" or premium table almost identical
with the non-participating life rates of the regular companies,
(if provision for expenses is added, the rates will be even a trifle
higher), the keeping of a reserve fund figured out for every age
and every policy year on the basis of 4 per cent, interest earnings,
and the keeping of a special reserve of 5 per cent, to meet the
probable excessive mortality until the entry of "new blood" may
bring the experience down to normal figures. Present members
are to be taken over at age of entry, their policies to be charged
with the full reserve, which should have been accumulated dur-
ing the time of membership. For said charge the member must
pay annually 4 per cent, interest in addition to the regular
premium.
This proposition corresponds very closely to the suggestions
of "Accountant" made some time ago in The Review, and is the
only way to place the society on a permanent basis, provided that
the funds collected are honestly and safely invested and
the books and accounts properly kept. It is devoutly
to be wished that the members of the W. & O. F.
may promptly accept and act upon said proposal, to get
this venerable society on the proper footing for a new and
prosperous career.
It will then be possible to attract new membership by writing
policies with all modern improvements, so to say, as cash values,
loans, paid-up or extended insurance, etc. Care must be taken
to make the payment of benefits dependent upon a practical Cath-
olic life of the assured, or the right reserved to cancel policies of,
and exclude such members who leave the Church or neglect their
religious duties in such a manner that they can no longer be
recognized as "Catholics" by the proper authorities. In such
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 35. St. Louis, Mo., September 11, 1902.)
546 The Review. 1902.
cases "Accountant" would suggest the payment of the cash value
to the living, excluded member, whose policy had to be cancelled,
or the payment of the paid-up value to the beneficiary, if the
shortcomings of the member are discovered at the time of death
only and burial in consecrated ground has to be refused.
Now is a good chance for the Central Verein to have the new
society properly incorporated, say as the "Roman Catholic Mutual
Insurance Co." By fully complying with the laws it would be
possible to use this company as an attraction for all the dissatis-
fied members of the other numerous "mutuals," more or less now
in bad shape. Instead of reorganizing each and every one of them
into a new small insurance compan}r, multiplying officers
and increasing expenses, all operating on the same plan and
practically at the same premium charges, let the company absorb
them all and form one large, substantial, prosperous Catholic life
insurance company, ready to provide for all comers and conducted
on the only safe basis for life insurance, charging sufficient rates
and holding the legally required reserves. How much good could
be done by the proper investment of the funds for the promotion
of the material welfare of the Church in the U. S. it is hardly ne-
cessary to discuss here.
A Fighting Editor.
ii.
(he Committee of Five being disposed of, Louis Veuillot
fought the battle for the Jesuits whose expulsion was
planned by the government. What he said and the way
he said it could hardly be objectionable to an3^ of the Five, except
perhaps Lacordaire. They even fought shoulder to shoulder,
yet the former warmth was missing. Under these circumstances
Taconet had come to an understanding with M. de Coux, Pro-
fessor of economics at the Louvain University, to assume the ed-
itorship in chief. M. de Coux was willing, provided Louis Veuillot
remained conjointly with him — de Coux called it " Redacteur en
chef adjoint." Veuillot accepted heartily, not contre coeur, as
some asserted.
As M. de Coux had been one of the editors of the condemned
Avenir, Taconet and Louis Veuillot believed that both Montalem-
bert and Dupanloup would welcome their old brother-in-arms.
They were mistaken. Neither had any love for de Coux. Nor
No. 35. The Review. 547
was Father de Ravighan much pleased, since de Coux could not
forget the hostility of the Jesuits to the Avenir.
Thus the situation was not quite satisfactory at home ; much
less in Rome. Through the intrigues of the French Ambassador,
Count Rossi, several issues of the Univers had been confiscated
in the mails. Gregory XVI. was rather indifferent, but his Sec-
retary of State, Cardinal Lambruschini, was hostile to the Univers;
the Papal Nuncio at Paris, Msgr. Fornari, however, was friendly
and promised his aid. Montalembert composed a memorial, in
which he defended himself and the Univers.
That memorial brought a letter of blame upon the Nuncio,
Montalembert, and the whole Catholic party. If Cardinal Lam-
bruschini spoke the mind of the Pope in his answer, he certainly
injected into it also a goodly portion of his own aversion. Count
Rossi, in league this time with other ambassadors, urged the sup-
pression of the Univers in the Papal States and undoubtedly
would have succeeded, had not the death of .Gregory XVI. put an
end to the policy of Cardinal Lambruschini.
An article by Louis Veuillot on the death of Gregory XVI.
brought about an exchange of views between Montalembert and
Louis Veuillot, and Veuillot reiterated his readiness to retire from
the Univers and, should the Univers be sold, as Taconet planned,
to the newly started L"1 Alliance, his determination to withdraw.
Montalembert felt shocked and would not hear of it.
Another source of pain for Louis Veuillot was the coldness of
his former friend Msgr. Parisis, Bishop of Langres, who de-
manded a change of tone and consequently of personnel in the
Univers. Meanwhile the Univers was not sold, the campaign for
the election began, Veuillot forgot all his troubles and cast him-
self into the thickest of the fight. He succeeded in rallying the
Catholic voters to the program published by the Comite Catholique
(150 deputies were pledged to the cause of liberty instead of 20, as
formerly "» and would have been still more successful had there
been harmony among the members of that Committee. Dupan-
loup, in the name of Montalembert, started for Rome with a
memorial about the real situation in France, addressed to the
newly elected Pope, Pius IX. In that memorial an attack was
made on the Univers without it being named.
The attack became known, and the Abbe Hiron, a mutual friend
of Montalembert and Louis Veuillot, wrote to the former about it.
Instead of excusing himself, the Count made the insult worse
by calling the Univers "a shame upon Catholicity." M. de Coux
and Louis Veuillot both replied in a long letter. The rejoinder of
Montalembert was very unpleasant for M. de Coux, but conciliatory
in tone towards Veuillot. Then followed a sort of patched-up
548 The Review. 1902.
peace, even Dupanloup, outwardly, joined in ; but the inner har-
mony was gone. It was hard to come to practical conclusions
even on live questions. So far nothing1 had appeared on the out-
side, but in Feb. 1847 the Ami de la Religion, Dupanloup's organ,
made the quarrel public. Msgr. Parisis vainly sought to recon-
cile the parties.
Harmony was more than ever needed, especially since the dis-
cussion on the university monopoly had started with fresh vigor.
But there was another element of discord. In France twenty-
four dioceses used the Roman Ritual, thirty-four the Parisian; two
each made use of the rituals of Toul, Besancon, Clermont, Le
Mans, Poitiers ; twelve dioceses had each its own, while Soissons
and Langres each used three different rituals. To end this
confusion the Abbot of Solesmes, Dom Gueranger, pleaded tor the
Roman Ritual and Louis Veuillot seconded him by publishing a
series of articles from the pen of du Lac. The breach grew still
wider. M. de Coux and Taconet tried to put a stop to the ritual
agitation, but Veuillot finally had his way.
Although this question of liturgy did not cause a rupture between
de Coux and Veuillot, it was not apt to increase their friendship
either. Soon two other subjects turned up that were of an even
more serious nature : the question of the Jesuits in France, and
the question of the Sonderbund in Switzerland. M. de Coux did
not love the Jesuits ; he was too prone to believe them secretly
opposed to the policy of Pius IX. and wanted to let that appear
in the Univers. Louis Veuillot would not consent to it, not even
after the Roman correspondent of the Univers, the Abbe Chernel
had assured them that Cardinal Gizzi and the Pope himself har-
bored the same ideas. In this matter Montalembertand Taconet
favored Veuillot, but naturally at a still further loss of inner har-
mony among the editors. LacordaireandiDupanloup were against
the Jesuits. Dupanloup wrote to Montalembert : "By identifying
yourself with them, you obstruct the road for a great many minds
to come back to us, to God, to Jesus Christ, to Christian liberty."
The new Roman correspondent of the Univers, Count Messey,
to the great satisfaction of de Coux, blew the same (horn.
Thus the breach widened and Louis Veuillot told Taconet, that
unless he were allowed to attack Ventura and all other opponents
of the Jesuits, he was determined to resign.
The strain found easement in the unexpected revolution of
1848. De Coux and Veuillot had both handed in their resignation
to Taconet. Taconet asked for a delay to consider the matter,
but came to a quick decision when the February revolution de-
throned Louis Philippe. That same day Montalembert and Louis
Veuillot became friends again.
[Zb be continued.]
549
As to the Prospects for a Catholic Daily.
e are requested to publish the subjoined appeal :
Some time ago, in an article concerning- the publication
of a Catholic daily, reference was made to a meeting to
be held in Chicago in behalf of said enterprise. Those interested
believed that the meeting could best take place there at the time
the Federation of Catholic Societies would be in session. This
plan has been carried out, and I now wish to report on the upshot.
The time-honored proverb that "time and while are wanted for
the development of a good thing," ampl}r proves to be true relative
to the establishment of a Catholic daily in English. No small
deal of patience, energy, and perseverance are required to bring
those together for harmonious action who are interested in Cath-
olic journalism. Some of the clergymen present suggested that
the question be brought before the Federation in session. This
was done in form of an appeal, part of which was as follows :
"I was delighted when you last night resolved in favor of the
Catholic press and literature, and I wish to heartily thank you for
that important and timely resolution. I would, however, be still
more thankful to you if you would add these few words : "We also
resolve that as soon as possible able, wide-awake, and thoroughly
Catholic daily newspapers be established in various parts of the
United States for the purpose of preserving and increasing the
sanctity of the Christian home, of spreading and defending
Christian truths and principles, and of establishing a suitable
and necessary antidote against the modern agnostic, anti-Christ-
ian, enormously sensational and immoral press of our times.
But I am afraid that when I speak of publishing Catholic dailies
in America, the first thought of many of us will be : Where shall
we get the money required for so gigantic an enterprise? But
should not our first question rather be: Will Almighty God bless
an undertaking of this kind ? And our answer to this must be
that we have every reason to believe and to hope that the good
God who blessed in the past so many noble, though difficult en-
terprises, will not refuse His all-powerful blessing to that which
is properly undertaken for His own honor and glory, for the wel-
fare of His Holy Church, for the benefit of public morality and
the salvation of many immortal souls.
To those, however, who are inclined to worry about the neces-
sary funds, I will say : Gentlemen, please elect a responsible
treasurer, who will give good and ample security, and I will be-
fore long place in his hands sufficient means to establish at least
one, if not two, respectable Catholic dailies somewhere East of
550 The Review. 1902
the Mississippi River. If you please to elect three men to cooper-
ate, I guarantee the publication of a Catholic daily worthy of
the name. Perhaps few of you know that much preparatory
work for a Catholic daily has been done. I had experienced and'
successful! newspaper-men figure on the amount of money re-
quired for a respectable daily. Their figures are not discourag-
ing in the least. I also have found responsible and reliable men
who declared their willingness to publish a Catholic daily and to
do so satisfactorily.
Furthermore, I have ample proof in my possession, most en-
couraging letters and promises of help from a number of Rt. Rev.
Bishops, many prominent priests, professional men and laymen
from all parts of the United States, which express a great en-
thusiasm for the cause I advocate and in behalf of which I now
appeal to your august assembly. These letters have been sent
me in answer to an appeal I published in but itwo. Catholic week-
lies last spring. Christian friends : When returning home each
one to his own State, near or far, please say to your Catholic
friends and acquaintances :
The daily press of our times is the most suitable means to
reach the public ear, and to mould, shape, and educate public
opinion. And public opinion, as we all know, is a wonderful power.
The daily press is the rostrum or pulpit looked to by the thous-
ands and millions of American citizens who are eager to learn and
to gain correct information. Are we Catholics doing our duty
while leaving this daily rostrum of the pulpit exclusively to the use
of those who rather pervert and corrupt than educate and lift up
the masses of the American people ? Or must we not rather say :
We Catholics must establish Catholic daily papers of our own, in
order thus to give our best thinkers and able literary men an op-
portunity to step onto this most prominent rostrum of journalism,
and be there not only once a week, but day after day, in order to
struggle for Christian truth, for Christian right, for Christian
principle, and for Christian liberty.
Ayigilant and vigorous Catholic daily press is the best means
of nipping in the bud falsehood, calumny, and misrepresentation
in matters pertaining to the Catholic Church, to Catholic aims
and policies."
The committee on resolutions said that they entirely agreed
with the ideas set forth in this appeal, claiming at the same time,
however, that the Federation was still too young to take up this
suggestion.
One of our most successful Catholic newspaper-men gave as-
surance that he would guarantee a sufficient number of subscrib-
ers for the daily. The difficulty, he said, does not consist in get-
No. 35. The Review. . 551
ting- subscribers, but in obtaining- the required capital for start-
ing. Neither ought this to be so very hard to procu re in considera-
tion of the many millions of well-to-do and good-willed Catholics
in the East and in the West. It has often happened that a priest
in a small parish of from 75 to 100 families succeeded in getting
the means for building a church representing a value of from
$10,000 to $15,000. It would seem accordingly that the six or
more millions of Catholics east of the Mississippi could easily
furnish ten and even twenty times that amount for a Catholic
daily. I venture to say that several dailies could have been well
supported by the large amounts which our people have risked
and lost in sundry speculations only during the last ten years.
The priests and newspaper-men with whom I consulted ad-
vised that a stock company be formed and that the Catholic pub-
lic be asked to buy shares, with the understanding that we would
proceed with the enterprise only when a sufficient number of
shares would be sold, and that no payment on subscription for
stocks should be made or demanded until a sum large enough to
float the enterprise would have been subscribed.
I therefore request all those who wish to see a Catholic daily in
English established in the United States, to apply for further in-
formation to the undersigned and to state at the same time
whether they are willing to take one or more shares of stock, un-
der aforesaid conditions, at fifty dollars a share.
(Rev.) M. Arnoldi,
Ft. Jennings, Putnam Co., Ohio.
Rome, Washington, and the Philip-
pines.
he Casket gives in its No. 31 the following excellent re-
sume of the Taft mission :
The negotiations which Governor Taft and his colleagues
were authorized by Secretary of War Root to conduct with the
Vatican with a view to the removal of the Friars from the islands
and the purchase of their lands by the American government, are
suspended for the present. Governor Taft has proceeded on his
way to Manila, and further negotiations will be carried on there
after the Apostolic Delegate for the islands has arrived.
When the news of the appointment of the Commission first leaked
out, the preachers of the United States made such an outcry
552 The Review. 1902.
that the Secretary of War promptly denied that any such appoint-
ment had been made. Later on, when denials were no longer of
any avail, it was given out that Governor Taft would merely stop
at Rome on his way to Manila and take occasion to inform the
Pope in person what the United States wanted done. To give
more color to this statement the official instructions given to
Taft by Root, and published in the American press, were couched
in very peremptory terms, such as would have been exceedingly
offensive to the Vatican, had not the Roman diplomats good rea-
son to believe that all this was merely for the purpose of allaying
the bigotry which was alarmed at the very appearance of Uncle
Sam entering into diplomatic relations with the Man of Sin.
The Pope was to be told that the United States government de-
sired him to withdraw all the Augustinian, Dominican, Francis-
can, and Recolleto friars at once from the archipelago, and that,
if not withdrawn, the government of the Philippines would not
extend to them the ordinary .protection of the law. Besides this,
the hint was broadly given that if the demands of the United
States were not satisfied in this matter, the Friars might be sent
out of the islands by Uncle Sam himself. What the government
hinted at, the Protestant pulpits frankly declared, and the ad-
ministration newspapers throughout the country daily contained
such headlines as : "The Friars Must Go"; "Friars Must With-
draw"; "No Compromise with the Vatican"; "Spanish Friars
Must Leave the Philippines"; "Vatican Must Fix a Date for
the Withdrawal of Friars." With all this elaborate apparatus of
bulldozing Governor Taft arrived in Rome. Now the question
arises, did Mr. Secretary Root really imagine that by such meth-
ods he could overawe the Vatican, or was he merely "playing to
the gallery" at home, in other words smoothing down the angry
fur of the wildcat preachers by telling them that if an American
envoy did go to Rome it was to "sauce" the Pope to his face and
show him how childish were his business methods when com-
pared with those of Uncle Sam.
It seems scarcely possible that Mr. Root should have expected
to intimidate the Vatican into withdrawing the Friars lest the gov-
ernment should expel them. By the ninth article of the Treaty
of Paris, not only are the Friars at liberty to remain in the Philip-
pines and to retain possession of their lands, they are even per-
mitted to do those things while retaining their allegiance to Spain.
Without violation of the treaty Uncle Sam could not expel a single
friar or confiscate one foot of their lands, and the Vatican could
not be expected to believe that the United States was as yet pre-
pared for so flagrant a breach of its treaty obligations to Spain.
Nevertheless, Governor Taft's official instructions insinuated,
No. 35. The Review. 553
and the Protestant pulpit and administration organs loudly pro-
claimed that Uncle Sam was ready to perpetrate this deed of na-
tional dishonor. The Vatican diplomats preserved their tran-
quility, knowing- that Uncle Sam merely desired them to pull out
of the fire some chestnuts which he could not reach himself, that
brag- and bluster was the American idea of diplomacy, and that
the nation which had never persecuted a Catholic minority at
home was not likely to persecute a Catholic majority in its newly-
acquired foreign possessions.
The negotiations began. For a few days the special corres-
pondents of the secular press cabled that everything was going
on swimmingly ; the Vatican was giving Governor Taft every-
thing that he wanted. Then their tone changed ; the Vatican
was inflexible on the question of the withdrawal of the friars ; in
other words Taft had got nothing that he wanted. They tried
to bluster again, but their strength failed them; instead of threat-
ening they began to pity the Church which had lost so favorable
an opportunity to do business with the United States. Catholics
on this side of the water were not surprised that a hitch had oc-
curred. Mr. Root had with colossal assurance asked the Vatican
to withdraw the Friars on the ground that they were obnoxious to
the majority of the Filipinos. The Vatican politely refused to
believe this charge against the Friars on the unsupported state-
ment of Mr. Secretary Root, or even on the detailed testimony
collected by the Taft Commission. The Commission had marched
up and down the islands proclaiming that the United States was
going to get rid of the friars and asking for testimony against
them. Naturally enough they got it, but such testimony is worth-
less and only serves to reflect discredit on the men who sought
it. When laid before the Vatican it was calmly ruled out of court.
Whether the Friars were to go or stay must be decided on other
and better testimony, and the Vatican would wait till such testi-
mony was forthcoming. In any case the Friars would probably
be displaced not suddenly, but gradually.
Negotiations being thus suspended, now was the time we might
expect to hear the American eagle scream. Instead, Mr. Secre-
tary Root gives a lengthy interview to the New Century of Wash-
ington and in the suavest possible manner proceeds to exculpate
the government from the suspicion of desire to violate the Treaty
of Paris. His tone is very different from that in which he wrote
to Governor Taft ; indeed the mere fact of his granting an inter-
view to a Catholic paper denotes a disposition similar to that of
Davy Crockett's coon when he exclaimed: "Don't shoot, Colonel !
I'll come down." Usually the reporter of a Catholic paper, if per-
mitted to see the great man at all, would be dismissed, courteous-
S5* The Review. 1902.
ly or brusquely, in two minutes. On this occasion, we may fairly
assume, he was specially invited to the Secretary's office to re-
ceive a dictated "interview" which the administration's organs
were requested to reproduce. It was in one of those organs, not
in the New Century, that we saw it, occupying a good portion of
two columns. The Filipinos are Catholics, says Mr. Root, and
they can not be made anything else ; the government desires to
govern the islands in accordance with the wishes of the Catholic
Filipinos ; and it never for one moment dreamed of expelling the
Friars.
It is not difficult to account for this change of tone on the part
of the Secretary of War. The failure of the negotiations in Rome
accounts for it in part, but not altogether. The vigorous action
of the Catholics of the country, through the press and through
societies, has evidently made a deep impression on the govern-
ment. The New York Evening Post, one of the sanest journals
in the country, expressed these views in the following words :
"The Vatican is not to be thrown off its feet by our whirlwind
methods. Its calm" adroitness in meeting Mr. Root's impetuous
demands should be a warning both to him and the President that
they are walking on burning coals when they attempt to settle
the religious question in the Philippines off-hand. Imperialism
is bound, of course, to know nothing of religion ; common morali
ty is almost more than it can get along with ; yet it may easily, in
all this matter of the treatment of Catholics in the Philippines,
arouse a religious prejudice in this country which will be politic-
ally more terrible to our imperialist rulers than an army with
banners."
American Catholics have been in the past very indifferent to the
larger interests of the Church, so much so that it was feared they
might become as apathetic as their brethren in France. But their
conduct on the present occasion gives reason to hope for better
things. Whether the reports of proselytism in the Philippines
were exaggerated or not, there certainly was danger that attempts
to pervert the youth of the islands would be made, and made suc-
cessfully. The chances of success are not nearly so good since
the protests made by Catholic journals and societies. And there-
fore, much as we admire Archbishop Ireland, we think he has
made a mistake in criticising these journals and societies. He is
acting in good faith, of course, and really fears, as he said in a re-
cent sermon, that the course pursued by American Catholics may
arouse a storm of bigotry such as swept over the United States in
the Know-Nothing clays. But the Chicago Tribune, a supporter
of the administration as is the Archbishop himself, makes the
following comment upon this portion of his sermon.
No. 35. The Review. 555
"Probably he is unduly nervous. Americans are wiser and
calmer than they were in the old Know-Nothing, anti-Catholic days
of unreasoning prejudice."
The Archbishop says that American Catholics must be loyal
and patriotic. But surely a man may be a patriot and yet unwill-
ing- to have his religion insulted. The second-hand stores of San
Francisco, Denver, and other cities were filled with priestly vest-
ments and church ornaments, "looted" by American soldiers, and
the Catholics of the country uttered only a feeble remonstrance.
The Philippine Commission set itself to prove the clergy of the
Islands a thoroughly immoral body of men, though it now says
their morality has nothing to do with the case, — then why did the
"smelling commitee" do its dirty work? — and American Catholics
spoke not a word. At last the news came that systematic efforts
to make the Filipinos Protestants were being carried out by Am-
erican officials. Then the American Catholics sprang to their feet
ten millions strong, and roared with one voice, "This must not be."
And the government answered, "It shall not be."
The Centre party in the German Reichstag has had to deal in
much sterner fashion with the. government of the Empire, yet its
loyalty is above suspicion. American Catholics will do well to
model their loyalty on similar lines.
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
Communication in Divine Things. — Rev. C. van der Donckt is wag-
ing, in the columns of the Portland Catholic Sentinel (see issues
of Aug. 14th and 23rd), a strong fight against the deliberate par-
ticipation of Northwestern Catholics in non-Catholic rites or ser-
vices,— a participation which, he rightly declares, is a grievous
sin, because it is a public acknowledgment of false worship, an
approval of a man-made and therefore counterfeit church, and in
many cases amounts to virtual apostasy from the true faith.
Such communicatio in sacris appears to be practised largely in
little towns and country districts, where Catholics are few and
scattered, while the one or other Protestant sect has a church
and resident pastor. The children of Catholics are sent to the
Protestant Sunday school regardless of the warning issued six-
teen years ago by Rome, in which Catholic parents who allow
their offspring to attend Protestant Sunday Schools are severely
denounced and pronounced guilty of a sin greater than words can
tell.
The usual results of such grievous sin, not generally anticipated
556 The Review. 1902.
by the sinners, are tersely sketched by Fr. van der Donckt as
follows :
"1. The children begin to look favorably upon the Protestant
religion. 2. They are led to consider Protestantism as good, if
not quite so good as Catholicism. 3. They grow indifferent to-
wards their own Church. Next the union Sunday school will
prove to them a nursery of mixed marriages, and finally a source
of downright loss of faith and formal union with Protestant sects."
The second species of communication in divine things severely
and justly censured by Fr. van der Donckt, is the attendance of
Catholics at divine service, — a practice unfortunately also all too
common in a good many of the smaller and eke the larger cities
not only of the Northwest, but of the Southwest and perhaps
other sections as well. After laying down the law of the Church
in this matter, with its rationale, Fr. van der Donckt disposes of
the most common objections as follows :
"Though such Catholic trespassers generally return from
Protestant meetings with a stronger faith in and a higher appre-
ciation of their own religion, nevertheless it is no more licit
for them to follow such a course than a laborer might seek to set
a greater value upon his wages — the daily bread of his wife and
children — by foolishly squandering a few times his monthly pay-
check. Even though there be no mass or vespers in your Itown,
you have no excuse, and you would not benefit but you would lose
at least your valuable time, which could be so preciously employed
by prayer and devotional reading at home. How consoling and
edifying are those regular reunions of Catholic communities in
their houses of worship on Sundays and holydays, when, in the
absence of the priest, some lay person leads the rosary and other
prayers. As we are always obliged to keep holy the Lord's Day
— even though we may not be able to observe the Church precept
of hearing mass — Catholics are bound to spend more time in
prayer on Sundays than on ordinary days ; and one of the duties
of parents so situated is to call their families together for prayer
and the reading of a chapter of the New Testament, of the 'Fol-
lowing of Christ' or of Goffine's 'Explanations of the Epistles and
Gospels.' "
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.
That Kansas "Prehistoric-Man" Canard. — Probably the wary of
mind were not too deeply taken in by the ''prehistoric-man" story
which recently came from Lansing, Kan.; but the account was
sufficiently circumstantial to set some of the scientific brethren
to discussing things geological and anthropological, in print and
otherwise. According to the Kansas yarn there was no doubt of
the ancient character of the discovered remains. The only ques-
tion was how many tens of thousands of years ago this body
breathed and moved in life, and among what ichthyosauruses,
plesiosauruses and pterodactyls it consorted. The geological
formation in which the bones were found was positive evidence to
the scientists of the countless years that had elapsed since this
early human being was laid in his last resting-place. Moreover,
the shape of his skull plainly indicated the inferior mental devel-
No. 35. The Review. 557
opment that is supposed to have been a characteristic of the first
specimens of the human race. But now comes G. C. Clemens of
Topeka, with the statement, published over his signature in the
Kansas City Journal (we quote from the N. Y. Evening Post,
Aug. 29th), that the remains are those of a man who died in
prison about thirty years ago. The convict was a man of culture,
who felt deeply the disgrace that had come upon him, and when
he felt himself dying, he expressed the wish that he might be
buried outside the prison grounds, but in an unmarked spot.
This request was granted, and. according to Mr. Clemens, "the
body was interred deep in an old, abandoned, abortive coal shaft,
and next day the grave was ploughed over and hidden." Mr.
Clemens names many prominent men who, he says, can vouch
for at least part of the story. Since the publication of this latest
account the scientists who took possession of the remains and
carefully studied the geological formation in which they were
found, have maintained a discreet silence.
LITERATURE.
A Second Mary MacLane. — Another Mary MacLane person has
turned up. She is Ida Monroe of New York City. Except that
Ida writes in poetry and Mary in prose, they are as like as two
peas, but Ida is prosaic enough to write her poems "by the kitchen
fire on old grocery bags that I cut up." She has the same self-
consciousness and cocksureness of genius as Mary. She says :
"I have the true gift of pathos. It doesn't matter where I am, my
thoughts are lovely, tender, divine." The effects of genius upon
Ida are the same as those Mary has to endure : "When I write
one of my poems lam swept away. I can not eat. Really, I am
not well nourished, I feel so deeply. Sometimes I am on the verge
of nervous prostration."
After all these naive assurances of her genius, she lets us into
another secret of her soul. She says : "Passion is my forte. O,
I have suffered. I can not trust any man." If we remember
rightly, Miss MacLane has not complained of lack of nourish-
ment and does not mourn over her lack of trust in man, but
cheerfully consigns the whole sex to her friend, the Devil.
It was a foregone conclusion, when Mary MacLane shot like a
meteor across the literary firmament, there speedily would be
others shooting in the same manner, bright, pathetic, soulful,
passionate young geniuses, "a moment seen, then gone forever."
One historical romance succeeds, straightway the market is
flooded with them. The love letters of a woman make an impres-
sion, and promptly we are called upon to read love letters of
spinsters, bachelors, young girls and boys, and women of all na-
tionalities. A story called 'The Confessions of a Wife' is now
running in one of the monthly magazines. It is safe to assert that
it will be followed by confessions of a husband, and confessions
of sisters, cousins, aunts, and grandmothers, and perhaps of
mothers-in-law. So when Mary MacLane's self-revelations and
communions appeared, it was safe to expect that other "geniuses"
would imitate her. It is not impossible there may be an epidemic
of it. Fortunately, the attacks of the disease are so light and
brief they hardly need a prescription.
55S
MISCELLANY.
Arv Important Decision for Catholic Mutua.1 Benefit Societies. —
The Texas Court of Civil Appeals has recently, in the case of the
Catholic Knights of America vs. Gambatti, rendered a decision
which ought to be made known to all Catholic society members.
We extract the essence of the decision and of the history of the
case from an official communication of President O'Connor to the
C. K. of A. Journal (No. 1). Dr. O. F. Gambatti sued to recover
all the premiums which he had paid, with interest and exemplary
damages, aggregating about two thousand dollars, because he
had been wrongfully expelled by C. K. of A. Branch 354 of Hous-
ton, Tex. It appears he had joined the Knights of Pythias, a
secret order under the ban of the Church, and was expelled on
account thereof, without any of the formalities required by the C.
K. of A. laws. As soon astheactionof the branch was reported to'the
supreme officers, it was declared illegal. The District Court of
Harris County, Texas, rendered judgment against the Order,
whereupon the supreme officers appealed the case to the Court of
Civil Appeals of that State, which reversed the lower court and
decided the case in favor of the Order. In doing so the court
said, among other things : "Joining a secret order under the ban
of the Church was prescribed in the constitution as a cause for
expulsion, and a forfeiture of all rights and benefits. The Knights
of Pythias was an order which was under the ban, and Gambatti
had joined it. Expulsion for this cause could be hadonly after notice
to the member, and an opportunity given him to withdraw from
the forbidden order. He was suspended without written notice
or formal trial. The constitution of the Order provides fully and
intelligently for a formal trial under the rules of evidence, upon
charges in writing, a copy of which must be served upon the
member. Appeal to the Supreme Council is also provided for.
The order of expulsion was made in Gambatti's absence and up-
on the verbal report of a member who had been appointed to as-
certain the facts." The order of expulsion was declared void for
want of notice and trial. Gambatti had advice from one of the
supreme officers that the action of the branch was void, and that
his rights had been submitted to the Supreme Council, but made
no appeal thereto, as he might have done, but commenced suit for
recovery of premiums, etc. The court decided that he should
have pursued his remedy within the Order, and could not recover.
The decision in the Gambatti case determines that a member
can not be expelled except in substantial accordance with the
laws of a society, and before a member can maintain a suit against
an Order like the C. K. of A., he must exhaust his remedy in the
tribunals thereof.
The Administration a.nd the Friars.— The administration seems
to have a good deal of trouble with regard to the settlement of
the Friars' question. No doubt certain foolish utterances in the
Catholic press have helped in prevailing upon the War Depart-
ment to issue, through the administration organs, the following
semi-official statement (we quote from the local organ, the Globe-
Democrat, of Sept. 3rd):
"There has been no change of policy by the administration on
No. 35. The Review. < 559
this question. The condition precedent to the purchase of these
lands by the United States was the removal of the Friars, and all
negotiations at Rome between the Vatican and Gov. Taft were
conducted with that idea in view. The War Department origin-
ally demanded that the Friars be removed at once. This propo-
sition was afterwards modified, in order to give the authorities at
Rome opportunity to have the Friars recalled gradual^, pending
the final real estate deal for the transfer of the lands. It is
thought that the religious orders may have received information
that they were not to be immediately recalled, but it is not be-
lieved that there has been any change in the program that was
practically agreed upon before Gov. Taft left Rome. This was
that the Friars should be gradually recalled."
This means, clearly, that the administration is as determined
to-day as it was when it submitted its terms through Gov. Taft
to the Vatican, that "the Friars must go." In view of that ceterum
censeo we trust we shall be pardoned if we still fail to chime in
the triumphan hymn of victory over the alleged triumph of the
Vatican in consequence of the Taft mission. The result of the
further discussions between Mr. Taft and the new Apostolic
Delegate for the Philippines, Msgr. Guidi, must show whether
that much-lauded mission has really proved in any sense advant-
ageous to the cause of the Church in the Archipelago.
The Paxific Cable. — An address by the Hon. O. P. Austin, re-
ported in the National Geographic Magazine, sums up admirably
the present situation in regard to laying a cable across the Pacific
Ocean. At present all the great bodies of water have been crossed
by submarine cables, with the exception of the Pacific, which, with
its ten thousand miles of continuous water, presents a problem
of peculiar difficulty. The experience of cable builders and op-
erators is that a distance of 3,500 miles is about the limit at which
cables can be satisfactorily operated without way-stations, where
the messages may be transmitted from section to section of the
line. Now until the present day, the islands situated in the Pa-
cific in such a manner as to form way-stations across the ocean,
have been so divided in national control that no country or group
of capitalists cared to undertake the task of laying a cable. But
the recent course of events has changed these conditions. The
Hawaiian Islands, Wake Island, Guam, and the Philippines form
a continuous line of great natural telegraph poles, upon which
we may string a wire, so to speak, across the ocean, stretching
half way round the globe, every intermediate landing and relay
station being protected by the American flag. Meanwhile Eng-
land has decided to lay a cable from the western coast of Canada,
via Fanning Island, the Fiji group and Norfolk Island, to Australia
and her other possessions in the Southern Pacific. Connecting
links between Fanning Island and the Hawaiian Islands, and be-
ween the Fiji Islands and Samoa, will easily bring together the
American and the British lines, and thus bind into one vast sys-
tem all the more important groups of the Pacific.
560
MOTE- BOOK.
A reverend contributor writes to The Review :
"Whiskey coupons after the fashion of the endless chain nuisance
are now being- sent out to the Catholic clergy. In order to induce
them to start the nuisance, they are told they may sell the four
coupons at a quarter each and keep the dollar for any charity ;
all they have to do further is to send in the names of the four
buyers, who in turn have to return their coupons to the firm with
a dollar each for new coupons? to be disposed of in the same man-
ner. When the priest's four coupons have been received back at
the office, he will receive gratis four quarts of whiskey. Because
a certain more than shortsighted Cincinnati priest was greatly
pleased with the scheme and gladly took the liquor, the firm is of
opinion that all other priests will be as eager to snap at the bait.
Hence their circular urbi et orbi. I hope no other priest will stul-
tify himself by starting a chain."
The Monitor (No. 22) learns from a reliable source that the
Rev. John J. Wynne, S. J., editor of the Messenger, has been asked
by the Appletons to supervise the publication of a new and re-
vised edition of their Cyclopedia, with special reference to ques-
tions of Catholic teaching and history treated therein. This is
one of the practically beneficial results of a proper and vigorous
protest against anti-Catholic misrepresentation of Catholic truth.
^^ 4^ ^^
We are asked to print this note :
Even more astonishing than the discrepancy in the official re-
ports of the Knights of Columbus, as pointed out in No. 33 of
The Review, is the fact that the expenses, compared to the bene-
fits conferred, amount to nearly 32 per cent, according to the N.
Y. report, or to 30 per cent, according to the Massachusetts re-
port. That means, the members pay their officers 32 cents, or
30 cents, for the administration of $1, to return 68 cents or 70 cents
to the happy heirs. There are few life insurance concerns with
such a poor record.
+r +r +r
A question having arisen as to whether the decree of the Holy
See to the bishops of the United States, prohibiting Catholics from
belonging to any of the three societies known as the Odd Fellows,
Sons of Temperance, and Knights of Pythias, applied also to
Canada, the matter was recently submitted to Msgr. Falconio,
the Apostolic Delegate, who has officially declared that it does.
The text of his letter is printed in the Casket, No. 31.
+r +r +r
The most "elevated" publication on earth is the Pike's Peak
Daily News, issued daily on Pike's Peak (altitude 14.147 feet),
by Mr. C. E. Tschudi. This unique paper is an eight-page tabloid
sheet, with a colored cover, containing advertisements, a list of
"Arrivals on Pike's Peak," and descriptive matter regarding the
mountain, Manitou, and their picturesque neighborhood.
Senate Document l\o. 190.
n the New World (vol. xi, No. 1,) Dr. E. B. Briggs. form-
erly a professor in the Catholic University at Washing-
ton, gives the first public explanation that we have yet
seen from a Catholic pen of "Senate Document No. 190," — the
document that led to the appointment of the Taft commission and
that has been frequently referred to in the last twelvemonth by
the daily newspapers. Dr. Briggs' opinion is of especial value
because he is not only a recognized authority in law, but has the
advantage of first-hand information acquired during a period of
study spent in the Philippines.
Dr. Briggs says that he has boldly asserted time and again — in
the face of threats, "not having come from Protestant sources,"
that he would be crushed — that the entire lajjitation against the
friars, that "the whole of the so-called 'evidence' against them
contained in said Senate Document, were conceived in sin and
born in iniquity."
He reiterates this conviction now, after a personal investigation
of the "Friars' question" in Manila. He asserts, in the face of
said Senate Document, that the mass of Catholic Filipinos are not
in the least inimical to the Friars ; but that, on the'contrary, they
respect them far more than they do their native secular padres,
and with reason.
He agrees with Father Coleman, in his well-known little book,
that "loot" is at the base of all the anti-friar agitation, from its in-
ception to the present day.
Speaking of the time immediately preceding the last insurrec-
tion against Spain, he says : "It is quite evident from the words
and acts of the rebels that they have been casting envious eyes on
the large landed estates of the Friars, hoping, on their expulsion, to
have a division of the spoils among themselves. Already before
the war, an iniquitous plan of confiscation was boldl5r advocated in
Spain itself, for it was by means of the estates that the Friars in-
troduced agriculture and settled habits of life among tribes or-
iginally nomadic ; it was by means of the estates that they got
them to live in villages and introduced amongst them the arts of
civilized life ; it was by means of the estates that they acquired
the power of inducing them to labor with a certain amount of
regularity and method, the great safeguard against a relapse into
a state of savagery."
While praising the administration for proposing to do "that
(The Review, VoL IX, No. 36. St. Louis, Mo., September 18, 1902.)
562 The Review. 1V02.
which no other government on the Continent of Europe would
have done, to-wit : to pay a price for the lands, to be agreed upon
by the parties interested," Dr. Briggs does not believe that this
measure, when carried through, will result in the final relief
of our Philippine administration from vexation and trouble
In his opinion, the "dance will begin" when an effort is made
to exact payment from the occupants of the lands. His
deliberate judgment, like that of Fr. Coleman, is that, if the per-
sonnel of the commission had contained one, even, out of a dozen
American Catholics whom he could name, not a particle of the
present difficulty would have arisen.
Irelandism Exit.
By Dr. Conde B. Pallen.
or some time the glamour of Irelandism clouded the im-
agination of many people, who thought they saw in the
Archbishop of St. Paul a great American leader. Since
the organization of the Federation and its latest session in Chica-
go the myth of Irelandism has been diminishing to very ordinary
proportions. In the clear light of Catholic unity and organiza-
tion, voicing in no uncertain tone Catholic rights and formulating
the justice of Catholic demands, the true character of Irelandism
has been made manifest ; it has shrunk to the paltry partisanship
of Republicanism which it always was.
The cult of Irelandism got itself formulated into a thing called
Americanism, but which was no more real Americanism than a
travesty is substantial truth. It made a great noise, did a deal of
shouting, and aped Americanism in a simian fashion. It seized
upon a trait in the American character which is its shabbiest and
weakest side, braggadocio. Irelandism boasted itself peculiarly
and solely American, pirouetted skyward in Fourth-of-July rho-
domontade, and has now come down a plain stick. It mouthed
the excessive patriotism, intense love of country in sheer rivalry
with the mountebanks of Apaism, making the word a shibboleth,
while its noisy braggardism clamored to the heavens.
Well, it never accomplished a jot or tittle, and when American
Catholics, outraged in their faith and their patriotism by the cal-
umnious and unjustifiable policy of the dominant political party
in regard to the Friars in the Philippines, united in earnest pro-
test against the contemplated expulsion of the religious orders.
No. 36. The Review. 563
Ireland ism sought to stifle that utterance, that it might shield an
administration which had committed not merely a blunder, but a
crime.
Irelandism stood in the way of Catholic development for many
years in this country. It aspired to dominate Catholic
thought and Catholic action, but in reality only succeeded in
manacling Catholic effort ; for its policy was rule or ruin. It
has posed as a great political influence, only to deceive and disap-
point. Its method was "think n^ way or you are not an Ameri-
can ; do my way or you stand suspect of treason." It wasn't a
question of one's faith, but merely of one's patriotism. The in-
terest or advantage of the Church never bothered the conscience
of Irelandism ; that was a secondary thing in the liturgy and the
purpose of the new cult. It undertook many things and failed in
all ; it sought to Faribault the parochial school system, and Rome
nipped the scheme in the bud ; it advocated Catholic participation
in religious congresses, and Rome prohibited it ; it shouted "wolf"
at Cahenslyism to discover that it had only raised a foolish alarm
over a shadow ; it posed as the guardian of liberal American ideas
in its applause and approval of what has been called Heckerism,
and Rome condemned the hybrid forthwith. Did Irelandism ad-
vise the administration to send the Taft Commission to Rome
with an ultimatum to the Holy Father that "The Friars Must
Go"? Here too it met with ignominious failure. It sought to
smother the expression of Catholic sentiment and thought through
the recent utterance of the Federation, and it was ignored. It
berated and contemned the Catholic press, Catholic dioceses,
bishops and societies throughout the country, because they dared
exercise the rights of American citizens and protest against the
unjust anti-Catholic policy of the present administration in the
Philippines, and it was rebuked by Catholic press, bishops, peo-
ple, and societies throughout the land.
It achieved nothing through all its unfortunate domination,
though it pretended much. It was a continuous fiasco, and it is
now dead. Another epoch has arisen in the history of the Catho-
lic Church in America ; the dawn of a new day has appeared, the
sun of Catholic organization is now above the horizon. The Fed-
eration of Catholic Societies means the beginning of Catholic
emancipation in America. We have heard enough of religious
equality and freedom in theory ; let us now see it in fact and in
practice.
564
A Fighting Editor.
in.
n the ensuing- revolution, Montalembert and Lacordaire
found themselves once more in harmony with Louis
Veuillot. De Coux had left for Versailles, and sent in
his resignation a few days later. Instead of the two Rianceys,
whom Taconet dismissed, du Lac became assistant editor of the
Univers. All was harmony again. Louis Veuillot accepted the
change of government, but told the victorious revolutionists that
the Catholic party would be for or against them according as they
were for or against the just claims of the Catholics. Taconet,
fearing evil days, sought for the fourth time to sell the Univers.
The prospective buyers this time were de Coux & Co. That
would have meant the exit of Louis Veuillot, but the sale did not
take place. Louis Veuillet remained and had the satisfaction of
seeing nearly all the bishops rally to the program published
in the Univers. For the coming elections the rallying cry of the
Catholics were Montalembert's words : "Liberty in all and for
all." Louis Veuillot declined a candidac}^ for the Chamber, but
did his best to insure the election of Montalembert and Lacor-
daire. Both were elected.
Whilst thus everj'thing seemed to be harmonious among the
French Catholics, a new journal under the auspices of the Arch-
bishop of Paris, and the editorship of Maret, Ozanam, Lacordaire,
de Coux, etc., called L' 'Ere Nouvelle. appeared. Its tendency
was to raise the new Republican regime into a sort of
religious dogma. The editors saw in this regime a sure sign
of social progress, of the salvation and triumph of religion. Arch-
bishop Affre was heart and soul with them. Whilst all the
bishops accepted the Republic, none expressed himself so en-
thusiastically as he. Yet despite this diversity of views, all
worked in harmony until after the election, that had returned
deputies representative of all orders, systems, fads, and follies.
Three bishops, several vicar-generals, sundry abbes, and a
monk, Lacordaire, were among them. Three-fourths of the 900
deputies 'were unknown quantities. The assembly opened on
May 4th, with excessive enthusiasm ; on Ma3r 15th it was dis-
solved by the revolt of the red Socialists. Anarch}^ reigned su-
preme for a few hours at the Palais Bourbon. Montalembert and
Lacordaire lost all confidence in the Republic. Matters grew still
worse in consequence of the June revolution, in which Msgr.
Affre fell a victim. Louis Veuillot constantly pointed out the
remedy against the social evils in the practice of Christianity,
No. 36. The Review. 565
but the rulers trusted in force rather than religion. Even the
New Ei'a entertained and spread different ideas. As the Abbe
Dupanloup, as editor-in-chief of the Ami de la Religion, had to
fight nearly the same adversaries as the Univers, one need not be
astonished at the quasi-reconciliation between Dupanloup and
Veuillot. Politics makes strange bedfellows. The New Era had
tried in various ways to stir up a controversy with the \Univers,
especially on its favorite theme, "Christianity is Democracy."
Veuillot had avoided it as long as possible, but at last Montalem-
bert started it off with two articles written for the Ami de la
Religion and republished in the Univers. The Ere Nouvelle re-
plied. Louis Veuillot wrote the rejoinder.
Another thesis greatly welcomed by all Liberals was this :
"The Church must be reconciled to democracy." — "Do not say
that," replied Louis Veuillot ; "rather urge the democrats to go
to the Church to learn from her what society needs."
The Ere Nouvelle took the hint and became more moderate in
its assertions.
In the ensuing presidential election, Veuillot had little prefer-
ence for any of the many candidates who presented themselves,
although he voted for Louis Napoleon, who seemed after all the
least objectionable. He was not enthusiastic about the new
ministry, although Falloux, a moderate Liberal, bid fair to solve
the university question. The Univers also upheld the government
in its endeavor to restore to the Pope his temporal dominion, from
which the revolution had driven him.
Louis Veuillot's main articles during this period, until the dis-
cussion of the Falloux bill, bore on subjects such as Liberalism,
Socialism, Communism, etc., which his grasp of Catholic truth
enabled him to treat as if they were a mere pastime.
The charter of 1830 had promised liberty of teaching, but that
promise had been delayed, until with the fall of Louis Philippe its
fulfilment had become impossible. However, the revolution of
1848 had put the same paragraph in its program ; Napoleon, too,
had promised a speedy settlement, and in 184<) J/. Falloux named
a commission to elaborate a law in that direction, a law that was
not to abolish the university monopoly but to grant certain rights
to Catholic institutions. The commission chosen for the purpose
could not have been more cleverly constituted. There might be
some discussion, but M. Falloux was sure of the final vote. The men
most conspicuous in the university light, Msgr. Parisis, Lenor-
mant, and Louis Veuillot, were left in thedark-wisely, for as the law
was to be a compromise, fighters for principles were not wanted.
Thiers was willing to give entire control of the elementary
schools to the clergy, but insisted on State monopoly for the in-
566 The Review. 1902.
termediate and higher education. The elementary education was
to be reduced to a minimum, and as the common people can not be
ruled without religion, 'he thought he could remove all difficulties
by his way of solving the question. Thus the upper classes
would rule in peace. Dupanloup, always ready for compromises,
played into the hands of Thiers, and the great Montalembert was
almost a cipher. He had hardlyOanything to say. He felt dis-
gusted.
The project concocted by the commission did not satisfy the
demands of the bishops. Instead of independence being granted,
as in Belgium, onty a fraction of thelState monopolylhad been sac-
rificed to the Catholic demands.
Falloux and Veuillot first had a lively encounter about it in
private, and after a fruitless discussion by the Catholic Commit-
tee, the combative editor began his polemics in public.
To the Catholics he declared it better to be beaten under their
own flag than to be victorious over the enemy under another.
Although admitting the sincerity of the Catholic members who had
consented to the transaction, he saw in it the greatest danger for
religion. His article "Aperc,u du Projet." brought division into the
Catholic camp ; but the adherents of the university were not less
divided. One party thought the concession justified, the other
would not hear of it.
Veuillot attacked certain utterances of the Ami de la Religion,
coming from the Abbe, now Msgr. Dupanloup, Bishop of Orleans.
Msgr. Dupanloup avenged himself by writing to a powerful lady
in Rome: "'The Univers is a living sore in the thigh of the Church."
And in another letter to the same person he said: "I repeat,
it is a sore that soon will be incurable. A deadly blow is needed
at once, but who will dare to strike it ?"
Parliament, after opening the discussion on the Falloux bill,
referred it back to a commission, to which also Msgr. Parisis
belonged. Msgr. Parisis succeeded in modifying certain sections,
but not all. Meanwhile Falloux was replaced by another minister,
Parieu, who accepted the project in the spirit of his predecessor.
During the debate in the Chamber, Montalembert, instead of de-
f endingCatholic principles, as he used to do, attacked Catholic men,
especially Louis Veuillot, for disagreeing now with him on a sub-
ject on which they had been a unit for the last twenty years.
Veuillot felt the bitterness of the attack — he was present at the
delivery of the speech, — however, he was not surprised. He had
seen the storm coming.
Msgr. Parisis was one of the first orators in the general debate.
Although condemning the new project on principle, he was in-
No. 36. The Review. 567
clined nevertheless to take half a loaf rather than none ; though
when the final vote came, he abstained.
The Catholic opposition, led by the Abbe Cazales, accomplished
nothing-. Thiers had his way, and strange'to say, this same Thiers
who from hatred of the Jesuits had encouraged Eugene Sue to
write his 'Wandering Jew,' now stood on the tribune defending
the rights of these same Jesuits to teach ! The law passed by
399 votes against 237.
The day after, Louis Veuillot, in reviewing the fight, regretted
nothing more than that all his efforts to save principles had been
in vain ; yet he declared himself ready to accept the law if the
bishops did, and expressed his willingness to again unite forces
with those Catholic men who had been partly the authors of that
law, — either to reform it, should reform be needed, or to make
the best of it, should the law be executable ; or even to defend it,
should he have been mistaken in his opposition. "Our self-love,"
he added, "can not be wounded when the interest of the Church
is saved."
But no peace followed these noble words. Montalembert and
Msgr. Dupanloup had asked the Holy Father to approve the new
law. After two months the answer came, couched in such terms
that the authors of the law were not blamed, but the opponents
indirectly praised.
This was a great satisfaction for Louis Veuillot, but not for his
enemies, who kept on accusing him of having been the ruin of the
Catholic party ; pretending to defend principles, they said, he had
fought for the leadership, etc., etc. Chiefly Montalembert and
Dupanloup were angry at the fearless editor ; the more so as in
all their transactions they had but one paper in Paris upholding
their course, Dupanloup 's own Ami de la Religion ; all others
in Paris and outside sided with the Univers. The bishops,
too, disapproved of the project and were not slow in notifying
Montalembert of their attitude. This irritated the Count still
more, and as he could not let the hierarchy feel his anger, it was
mainly Veuillot who had to suffer. Veuillot was "the nigger in
the woodpile ;" and yet in all his writings he had tried to follow
faithfully the advice of the Papal Nuncio, Msgr. Fornari : "You
are right in your principles ; maintain them, but spare your ad-
versaries as much as you can."
\_To be continued.^
****
568
CONTEMPORARY CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
Lessons of the French" Culturkampf." — A writer in the Stimmen aus
Maria-Laach (No. 6) recalls that the late Msgr. d'Hulst attrib-
uted the moral and religious corruption existing to-day in
France in no small measure to Jansenistic rigorism. "'The
tempest of the Revolution,*' he said, "lasted only ten years!;
but this brief spell was sufficient to undermine religion in the
cities and to render it despicable in the eyes of the higher classes
of society. The peasantry was indeed terrorized, but it was not yet
religiously corrupted. Testimonies which I have gathered my-
self prove that even in the neighborhood of Paris faith was still
alive and the religious life deeply Christian as late as the first
quarter of the nineteenth century. As soon as the period of quiet
which followed the tempest of the eighteenth Fructidor had per-
mitted the priests who had refused to take the oath to open a few
churches here and there, and especially when the concordat had
everywhere restored the al tars, thecountry populationfarand wide
rallied with surprising enthusiasm to the religion of their fathers.
But their goodwill was repulsed by the unjustifiable harshness of
confessors steeped in the spirit of Jansenism. One bishop —
otherwise an excellent man — Msgr. Miollis, of Digne, made near-
ly every mortal sin a reserved case. A priest compelled his peni-
tent, without particular reasons, simply as a matter of principle,
to return to confession fifteen times before he gave him absolu-
tion and permitted him to make his Easter communion. Such
cases were of frequent occurrence all over the country. The un-
reasonable and tyrannical requirements of a moral theology in-
fested with Jansenism made it impossible for the farmers to re-
ceive the sacraments." (Le Corresfiondant, LXV., Paris 1893).
Another lesson of the French "Culturkampf" is brought out by
Rev. T. J. Campbell, S. J., in the Messenger (No. 3):
"The once glorious Church of France, the Church of such a
splendid past, with its multitudes of saints and martyrs, and of
such a heroic present, doing more than any other section of the
Church for the spread of the Gospel, is almost a wreck. Its for-
eign missions on the verge of ruin ; its schools and colleges,
though the best in the land, closed ; its institutions of charity
handed over to the hireling ; the Sisters of Charity to be driven
even from the bed of the dying ; its priests mocked and buffeted
in the streets ; the voice of its hierarchy lifted in vain against the
wrongs that are perpetrated ; the best and the noblest of the laity
for now more than a month endeavoring without apparent success
to arouse the nation to a sense of shame for what has been done.
Its power is gone, and the Church that was once the grandest in
Christendom is down in the dust. It may rise again, but then it
is largely in ruins. It will be a wholesome subject of reflection
for Catholics all the world over to consider how it all came about.
Heroic efforts are made, it is true, by a few noble and self-sacri-
ficing men which, if made twenty, or even ten. years ago, would
have had some effect, but are now disregarded and perhaps laughed
No. 36. The Review. 569
at by the enemy. The only way to avert such calamities any-
where is to be true to Catholic instincts, uncompromising in re-
ligious teaching- and principles, profoundly convinced of the ne-
cessity and power of organization, and fixed in our resolve not to
withhold the statement of our position through any foolish re-
serve until it is too late."
LITERATURE.
Appleion's Cyclopaedia. — The Messenger (No. 3) publishes a letter
from D. Appleton & Co., in which this firm declares its willingness
to engage a Catholic theologian to revise all the Catholic articles
in Appleton 's Cyclopedia. It appears that Archbishop Keane was
under contract to attend to this matter, but neglected to do his
duty. We quote the passage of the letter : "In reference to the
contract with Archbishop Keane referred to above, you will please
let us remind you that he had full authority to prepare and assign
these articles as seemed best to him, and that at any time, since
the first publication of the articles, had it been necessary, ail}'
corrections might have been made by him."
If this is true, the criticism directed against Appleton & Co.
by the Catholic press falls chiefly upon the Archbishop of Dubuque.
INSURANCE.
Losses of Life Companies by Bad Mortgage Loans. — For the benefit of
our Catholic "mutuals" we give here some interesting statistics.
Fourteen life insurance companies, having$387,031,058 invested
in mortgages, show $44,701,404 tied up in real estate acquired
through foreclosure. In other words, fully 10 per cent, of their
entire mortgage investments have turned out bad. One compa^*-
that reports real estate holdings of $11,919,375, secured through
foreclosure, would in all probability have to deduct $5,000,000
from that item if it made the return to-day on the basis of "forced
sale" value. That is, the company's real-estate holdings show 100
per cent, over-valuatton on the basis of what they would bring in
cash if disposed of at auction sale. Some of its property was ac-
quired as far back as 1870. Most of it is located in nine western
cities, where twenty-one pieces had to be foreclosed last year
alone.
Another instance of bad judgment in making loans is that of
one of the largest companies, whose proportion of real estate held
to total mortgage investment, indicates that 12 per cent, of such
loans were based on an improper appraisal. One more company,
equally important, acquired last year, through foreclosure, prop-
erty aggregating 13 per cent, of its total mortgage investment.
Both these companies show loans on their books to-day made fifty
or sixty years ago, and make no mention of rates on which to base
an accurate estimate of present investment yield. Some of the
smaller companies, with an excellent underwriting record, show
up deplorable business management in not selling foreclosed
property even at a loss. Most of these parcels have been acquired,
because the amount advanced was altogether in excess of the safe
loanable margin. High rates of interest were thought to cover a
570 The Review. 1902
multitude of '"foreclosure sins," with the result that the compan-
ies are advertised throughout the west to-daj- by means of Queen
Anne structures in Mary Anne territories.
Besides the property acquired through foreclosure, these com-
panies own forty office buildings, valued at §80,358,159. British
life companies never report foreclosed real estate as assets, since
they make it a practice to sell within the year whatever propertj'
they are forced to take.
In discussing the dangers of allowing life companies to report
foreclosed real estate as assets, a mortgage expert lateh7 said to
the N. Y. Evening Post : ""Foreclosed real estate, yielding but a
nominal income, does not constitute proper security for the pay-
ment of life insurance policies. Without doubt a large proportion
of the payments to be made by life insurance companies are de-
ferred for so many years that they do not need to keep all of their
investments in liquid or convertible assets. At the same time the
involuntary acquisition of real estate by foreclosure is a proof that
the loans made, plus delinquent interest, taxes, and expenses of
foreclosure, amount, in general, to more than the value of the prop-
erty, or it would certainly be protected. The fact that there are
exceptional instances of property being sold for more than it cost
under foreclosure, does not vitiate the strength of this argument.
'"If public opinion would compel insurance commissioners to re-
ject all foreclosed real estate as an asset of life companies, their
method of making mortgage loans would quickly be changed, or,
as a milder remedy, if insurance commissioners should value
foreclosed property on a net income basis only, capitalized, say,
at 5 per cent., the blow would be nearly as severe and the com-
panies' method of making loans would soon change. Many life
insurance companies have owned real estate since the panic of
1873. Companies are still foreclosing loans.
""The making of mortgage loans is a form of banking, and the
sound principle in banking is to promptly force the sale of collat-
erals taken for bad debts, and charge off the loss. It is lack of
courage and the vague hope of future increase in value which pre-
vents mortgage lenders from facing the situation when they take
real estate, and the result of such a cowardly policy is shown in
an increasing amount of dead real estate. The European mortgage
companies, which vary in size from the German mortgage banks,
having $50,000,000 to S100,000,000 of bonds outstanding, up to the
Credit Foncier of Paris with S800,000,000 of bonds outstanding,
pursue the uniform policy of forcing the sale each year of any
real estate acquired, so that their annual balance sheet is clean of
such an improper asset. Practical^ no large mortgage business
can be carried on without occasional foreclosures, but the real
estate should be forced, both to avoid dead assets and to test the
market as an indication of what real security is back of the other
mortgage loans. Now that times are good, real estate can be sold,
and I believe that the companies should convert their holdings
into cash."
%
571
MISCELLANY.
Catholic Dailies. — Rev. J. van der Heyden writes from Louvain,
Belgium, to the Portland Catholic Sentinel Only 31st):
"I just finished reading a Roman correspondence, in which the
writer bewails the comparative insignificance of the Italian Cath-
olic press. 'In the whole Peninsula,' he says, 'there are but
twenty-eight Catholic dailies.' Twenty-eight Catholic dailies !
Would not the Catholics in the United States wish they had half
that number to their credit ! They would soon have, if they real-
ized the importance of a Catholic press, as it is realized in Ger-
many, Belgium, and Holland, where Catholic dailies are numerous
and the peers of any in continental Europe.
"Last year 1 used to see occasionally, in the American Catholic
weeklies which it is my privilege to read here, articles pro and
con on American Catholic dailies. I do not see any more on the
subject at present. Has the idea ceased to be agitated ? That
would be regrettable, especially at this time of yellow journalism,
wherein the United States have won such unenviable reputation.
While the evil of journalism not based upon high moral principles
is so flagrant, a Catholic daily would be welcomed with delight by
all parents jealous to safeguard the purity of their homes and de-
sirous to contribute, through the newspaper, to a solid ethical
education of their children."
The controversy in our weekly Catholic newspapers over the ad-
visability of a Catholic daily press was purely Platonic. Active love
for the faith and the Church has so completely d'ed out in a large
proportion of our Catholic population, especially that speaking
only the English tongue, that even among those of a superior edu-
cation there is manifested no zeal for the spread of the kingdom
of God and not a trace of that spirit of sacrifice and self-denial
from which alone can spring such a great enterprise as the found-
ing of one or more Catholic daily journals. The situation at the
present time is utterly hopeless ; and the conduct of the men
who pose before the public as the leading representatives of the
Church and the authorized exponents of the mind of the Holy
Father, is unfortunately, rendering it more hopeless from day to
day.
Secrecy in Catholic Society Meetings. — The Wichita Catholic
Advance of July 17th, says in its editorial on Secret Catholic
Societies already referred to in The Review :
"All ideas tend, just so far as they are really living ones, to
clothe themselves in a ceremonial system ; and mystery, which
is one of the seals of divinity uponlits works, is found everywhere
in a degree directly proportional, under ordinary circumstances,
to the real worth of that which it enswathes, from the minutest
of creatures up to the Ineffable God-head. It is precisely because
that which is highest and best is usually the most mysterious
that men are so much attracted by the societies which make the
greatest pose of surrounding themselves with secrecy. To re-
fuse to make use of the powerful allurements of mystery, and
thus turn over to the Devil, one of God's most sacred weapons,
would be little short of treason to the cause of the true religion."
57- The Review. 1902.
The Milwaukee Catholic Citizen, which supplies the Advance
with most of its reading- matter in plate form, on the other hand,
is opposed to secrecy in this line. Speaking- of the secret sessions
of the Catholic Federation it says (Aug. 16th):
"We do not, however, take the position that this quasi-political
movement, founded on sectarian lines, 'completed its resemblance
to the A. P. A. by becoming a secret organization.' The A. P. A.
attacked the rights of other creeds. The Catholic Federation
merely defends the rights of its own creed. The secret session
was, undoubtedly, a mistake, but it was the mistake of inexperi-
enced men. Questions of public and national concern call for
open discussion, not for secret sessions. No Catholic bishop and
no Catholic priest has any message to Catholic citizens on social,
moral, or political matters, that can not be delivered in the face
of the whole world. No gathering of Catholics, called to consider
Catholic grievances, and the proper remedy therefor, needs to
take on the methods of a Know-Nothing convention, and bar out
the press and the public."
For the benefit of these two liberalistic twin-editors we have
put their utterances together ; will they oblige us with a proper
elucidation of their respective standpoints?
R_ei\aj\ a.i\d His Native Town. — We read in a special Paris cable-
gram to the St. Louis Globe- Democrat, dated Sept. 6th :
"Brittany supplies further evidence of the sectarian character
of her benighted peasantry by violent protests against the erec-
tion of a^ statue to commemorate Ernest Renan at his native
town, Treguier."
It appears that the municipal council of Treguier has reluct-
antly consented to allow the statue to be placed opposite the town,
but this was obtained only by a veritable electoral campaign.
The final vote was 11 in favor of the statue and 5 against it. The
minority insists that a transcript of its protest shall be placed in
the public archives. The resolution reads as follows :
"1. If Renan was a great man of letters, the philosophy he dis-
seminated was demoralizing, negative, and sterile.
*'2. His attitude was always unpatriotic, especially during the
German invasion.
"3. Under each regime he was an obsequious courtesan to the
power that happened to be uppermost. We, the undersigned
municipal councilors, vigorously protest against the glorification
of his memory, and regard the erecting of his statue at Treguier
as an insult to the religious conviction of our country."
And this action secular American newspapers are pleased to
brand as a "'further evidence of the sectarian character of a be-
nighted peasantry." Only one of them, distinguished above all
for its fairness, the N. Y. Evening Post, rightly and justly says
I issue of Sept. 3rd I:
""The protest of the clergy of Treguier is wholly logical. The
village is profoundly Catholic, breathing a spirit of religion which
Renan definitely renounced. The statue of the finished dilettante
and smiling unbeliever which Renan became would be strangely
incongruous among the simple serious folk from whom be
sprang."
573
NOTE-BOOK.
Rev. Thomas J. Campbell, S. J., in a recent sermon at Oyster
Bay, L. L, pointed out that the 400,000 acres held by the Philip-
pine Friars were reclaimed Irom the swamp and the forest, and
every penny of their revenues is devoted to charitable and educa-
tional projects. The land is not held to the detriment of the peo-
ple, as is alleged ; since there are in those islands 70,000,000 un-
occupied acres at the government's disposal.
The Casket (No. 35) says, Fr. Campbell might have added that
the value of this property is far less than that of the property
held by Trinity Church Corporation in the heart of New York
City. Yet there is no talk of compelling- Trinity to sell its lands.
Rev. Father A. B. Oechtering, Rector of St. Joseph's Church,
at Mishawaka, Ind., writes to The Review about a certain mar-
riage that has been exploited in the daily press :
The marriage which lately took place in St. Joseph's Church,
Mishawaka, is of the nature of the celebrated "Casus Apostoli,"
according to St. Paul's first Epistle to the Corinthians, vii, 10-17. I
think it would be well to explain it in The Review. Catholics in
general do not understand the case. You may be assured that
this case was well investigated before the Ordinary of the Diocese
gave permission to marry Mr. Edward Farnell to Caroline Daven-
port, who had expressed her wish to become a Catholic before
the marriage with Farnell was thought of. Neither her parents,
nor herself, nor her former companion (quasi-husband) were
ever baptized. Besides the"interpellatio" was well taken in view,
and only when Mr. Geo. Middleton (her former quasi-husband),
declared over his signature that he never would live with Caroline
Davenport, nor would he have or hold her as his wife, did th e Ordi-
nary of the Diocese declare Miss Davenport a free woman.
Before the marriage took place in our church, I explained the
case fully to my people, as I had been advised to do by the Bishop.
The enemies of the marriage bond, while supremely lax on one
side, saying: What God has joined together man may put asunder,
nevertheless, when the Holy Ghost by the mouth of St. Paul de-
clares a man or a woman free and not under "bondage," accuse
the Catholic Church of sanctioning thelbreaking of the marriage
.vow. Yes, then the Devil turns a holy missioner who hates di-
vorce more than anything else. Semper idem !
*• *4 *b
Our sensational dailies hastened, of course, to give currency to
the allegation of a certain Captain Probs, that the water of the
spring at Lourdes is no spring water at all but is piped thither
by the missionary Fathers in charge of the shrine from the neigh-
boring River Gave. The Superior of the Fathers, M. Pointis, has
written to M. Probs (we find the text of his letter in La Viriti
Franfaise, No. 3326) that he is at liberty to make a public demon-
stration of his theory at any reasonable time be may select, and
574 The Review. 1902.
that if this demonstration results in establishing- the truth of his
allegations, the Fathers will announce the result in their various
publications and on posters at the Grotto itself. If, on the other
hand, M. Probs fails to prove his statements, he is to insert an
apology in all the newspapers which have printed his charges
against the Fathers, which means practically the entire anti-re-
ligious press of Europe and a goodly portion of the American
daily press as well.
The Virite observes that this is not the first time that the claim
has been made that the spring of Lourdes is a fraud, but in every
case the accusation has been promptly shown to be calumnious.
^ ^ 5
Through an inadvertency we have neglected to note in The
Review the election of Msgr. Dr. Joseph Schroeder, formerly
Dean of the theological faculty of Washington, to the rectorship
of the University of Miinster, Germany, which is now by royal
decree officially and properly a university in the full sense of the
word. We joyfully and proudly salute our friend and former
collaborator as Rector magnijicus of an institution compared to
which our Washington highschool is hardly more than an over-
grown kindergarten.
AT A£> A£>
P» IT» <Pl
There is undoubtedly a shock to the moral sense of the com-
munity in every report of extensive operations of the endless-chain
scheme. Some one in Philadelphia has taken the trouble to figure
out just where the moral and mathematical lapse comes in. "The
process," says this excellent observer, "is simply that of robbing
Peter to pay Paul, and its growth consists in robbing a continu-
ally increasing number of Peters to pay a continually increasing
number of Pauls." This seems to go to the root of the matter.
It is, of course, plain to every one that, without some jugglery, it
would be impossible to sell street-car tickets for one cent each,
when five cents each is demanded and received by the car com-
pany. Yet this is the scheme which has been operated in Phila-
delphia and other cities. The trick lies in making every pur-
chaser an agent for the sale of coupons calling for books of tickets
and in not delivering the books in any instance until cash from
the further sale of three times as many coupons has been turned
in. Thus, the endless-chain concern is always one sale ahead of
its obligations of delivery, and the only limit to its continuance is
the number of persons who can be induced to become original
purchasers and hence agents; in other words, the number of
Peters who are willing to be robbed on the promise that they will
then be considered as Pauls, and some one will be robbed in order
to pay them.
It was recently reported that the Rev. Thomas J. Hagerty, who
has been delivering Socialistic lectures in St. Louis and elsewhere,
had severed his connection with the Catholic Church. Fr. Hag-
erty thereupon wrote to the Cincinnati Enquirer (we quote from
the Catholic 7ranscript, No. 36):
"I have never made any statement warranting such an asser-
No. 36. The Review. 575
tion. I have not separated myself from the communion of the
Catholic Church, and I hold myself as much a member thereof as
the Pope himself. While it is true that I have withdrawn from
the technical work of the ministry, nevertheless the withdrawal
implies no derogation of my sacerdotal character. I am as much
a priest to-day as I ever was."
The spiritual condition of these Socialist priests is even more
unfathomable than their "technical" standing-.
^^ ^^ ^^
The Monitor (No. 23) corrects its statement, quoted by us last
week, that Father Wynne, S. J., of the Messenger, had been asked
to supervise a new edition of Appleton's Cyclopaedia. The work
he has been requested to revise, it appears, is Dodd & Mead's In-
ternational Encyclopaedia.
+r +r +r
Volumes 1898—1899, 1899—1900, 1900—1901, and 1901—1902, of
The Review, unbound, can be had from Rev. John H. Stromberg,
Granville, Iowa, for three dollars, the purchaser to pay freight or
express charges.
We note from the Catholic Transcript (No. 13) that the Demo-
crats of St. Albans, Vt., want Father Daniel J. Sullivan to repre-
sent their town in the State legislature. The nominee is said to
be a man of exceptional attainments and sound judgment.
We trust Father Sullivan is not acting in this matter with-
out the advice and approbation of his ordinary. When the
late Archbishop Feehan was asked by one of his pastors
if he might permit his friends to nominate him for an
important political office, the prelate replied that he did
not consider politics in America a proper field for a priest
to enter into. It is otherwise in some countries of Europe ;
but even there the clergyman in partisan politics is a vanishing
figure. The German Centre party has to-day fewer clerical
members than ever in its history. The experience of its leaders
has taught them that ordinarily one good lay representative is
worth two priests in politics.
P. S. — We see from the Catholic and Union Times (No. 23) that
Father O'Sullivan has succeeded in getting himself elected. We
shall watch his career as a politician with genuine interest, trust-
ing, in spite of misgivings, that it will redound to his own credit and
be of real benefit to the Catholic cause, for which latter object alone,
we would fain believe, he has embarked in this parlous course.
+r ~r ~<r
Some interesting facts about the Angelus are explained by
Msgr. Esser, Secretary of the S. Congregation of the Index. The
first clear documentary proof of the custom comes from Hungary
(diocese of Gran) and dates from the year 1307. In 1317 the prac-
tice was common in Montpellier in France, and the following year
Pope John XXII. granted an indulgence for all who took part in
the devotion in the Church of Saintes. In a few years the prac-
tice was generally observed in Spain, England, and German}-,
576 The Rkvikw. 1902.
and in the year 1327 the same Pope ordained that a bell should
ring- the Ang-elus in one church of every district in the Eternal
City at nightfall, granting an indulgence of ten days to all good
Romans who recited the Angelical Salutation. The ringing of the
Angelus in the morning became common in less than a century
after the practice of ringing it in the evening had taken root. As
far back as 1380 a bell used to be rung at noon at Prague to re-
mind the people to pray in honor of the Five Wounds, but the
first notice we have of the midday Angelus comes from Imola in
1506.
a a a
A Catholic college in the Northwest is looking for a good com-
mercial teacher to teach book-keeping (Sadler and Rowe's bud-
get sytem), commercial law and arithmetic, and typewriting
(touch system). Salary fifty dollars per month ; board, lodging,
and laundry free. Apply to Rev. F. Dominic, O. S. B., President
of Mount Angel College, Mt. Angel, Oregon.
S€ N« vc
The dissolution of Protestantism appears to be hastening on
in 'broad Scotland, Bible-loving Scotland." We see from the
Tablet (No, 3239) that the United Free Church Assembly has
acquitted the Rev. F. A. Smith, by a majority of two-thirds, of the
"heresies" alleged against him, thus admitting that a minister
and professor of the "Church" may teach that the Bible is more
fallible than most other ancient books, that the miracles of the
New Testament are "unhistorical," and that the individual is
competent to decide what is true and what is false in the Scrip-
tural record. With the authority of the Bible gone, it is difficult
to see what the "church" has to fall back upon for the support of
its system of doctrine.
^ 9 ^
Advertisements in the street-cars giving ethical directions for
the edification of the public at large, are quite usual in Boston,
and here is an incident which proves that they are not wholly
wasted. An annoying and intoxicated individual, who said he was
a "Buffalo Bill" man, boarded an elevated train and proceeded to
tell his joys and troubles to every person who had an ear in the
smoking-car. One after the other moved away from him. At last
he elbowed up to a well-known attorney. The attorney was civil
at first, but was not in the mood to be interrupted, as he gathered
the news from the morning paper. So he gave quick monosylla-
bic replies to the bibulous man's interrogations. The answers
nettled the "Buffalo Bill" visitor, and be showed it, whereupon the
attorney said : "Hold on, young fellow ; read that placard." And
he pointed to a sign in the car, upon which was printed the follow-
ing philosophy: "Don't have all your good time to-day. Save some
of it till to-morrow and the day after." The "drunk" straightened
up, took off his hat, bowed politely to all the passengers in the
coach, and said: "Thank you, I guess I will." Then there was a
roar of laughter, and the man sat down and sat still until he
reached his crossing.
About Relics.
well-informed writer in the Kohiische Volkszeitung (No.
727) discusses some current objections against relics.
With regard to the relic of the Saviour alleged to be
preserved up to the present day in the reliquary of the Vatican,
he declares that such a relic does not exist, and the authorities
never claimed that it existed, either in the Vatican or elsewhere in
Rome.
He further states that the object at Genoa which is said to have
inspired Giordano Bruno's poem, The Praise of Asininity, has no
being- except in the imagination of infidels.
That of certain saints more than one head is shown and vener-
ated, is due in most cases to the practice of taking particles of the
true head, enclosing them in reliquaries having the form of a
human head, and exposing them for veneration in other places,
which led to the belief among the faithful that what they saw was
the true head. The same thing was frequently done with other
portions of the bodies of saints, and sometimes with the bodies
themselves. The misunderstandings were multiplied by the cus-
tom of designating parts of bodies, even very small ones, as
corpora.
Stiickelberg (a Protestant) says in his 'Geschichte der Reliquien
in der Schweiz' (Schriften der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fur
Volkskunde, Zurich, 1901): "The external form of the reliquary
has influenced conversational usage in so far as it appeared in a
reconstruction of the grave or relic ; the simplest form of such re-
production is the shrine made in imitation of the grave or casket
and therefore called, if of small size, sarcophagus. As a recept-
acle for a portion of the head of some saint, a reliquary in the
shape of a head is constructed ; for a particle taken from his arm,
a reliquary formed like an arm ; for a particle from his foot, a
foot-shaped reliquary. Now when hundreds of particles can be de-
tached from a head or arm or foot, and preserved and exposed in
similarly shaped reliquaries, without enabling the spectator to
know how much of the relic they contain, a part receives the name
of the whole. Thus we may hear of several parts each called cor-
pus, of several sarcophagi, capita, brachia or pedes. Whosoever
perverts the facts by feigning that he knows of two bodies,
several heads, more than two hands or feet of a saint, proves his
ignorance of the popular and ecclesiastical use of language in the
(The Review, Vol IX, No. 37. St. Louis, Mo., September 25, 1902.)
578 The Review. 1902.
Middle Ages. Numerous minute relics bear labels with such in-
scriptions ; cafut being shorter than de cafiite, etc."
Another source of error was the similarity in names. The one
or other John, of whom relics were extant, or believed to be ex-
tant, gradually became by popular belief the first and most dis-
tinguished John — the Baptist. The popular tendency, so easily
explained, to exalt one's home shrine, contributed to this result.
Add to this the imitations — pious representations so-called — so
frequent in the Middle Ages, which were used in the divine cult
for purposes of edification, and gradually got confused with their
originals in the estimation of the people.
In this wise the Middle Ages, notoriously uncritical, have caused
much error and confusion in the matter of relics, quite innocent-
ly and guiltlessly in most cases. It is the duty of our more ad-
vanced and critical age to reestablish the facts. Rome and Italy
have already given a good example by removing various spurious
or doubtful relics.
If the proper measures are not everywhere taken with the en-
ergy an enlightened Catholic may desire, it is well to remember
that the real object of veneration are the saints themselves, and
that certainty with regard to relics can never equal the certainty
of faith. As the readers of The Review may recollect, P. Grisar,
S. J., in his famous Munich lecture, which we have reproduced in
these pages, took occasion to emphasize that the Catholic faith
would not suffer the slightest injury if it were scientifically dem-
onstrated that the Holy House of Loretto is not the original
which many generations have piously believed it to be.
In these matters we must consider the character of bygone
ages, especiallv their lack of historical knowledge and critical
acumen. We must carefully distinguish between the traditions
current among the masses, and to some extent also among the
ignorant portion of the clergy, and the declarations of the Church
authorities. We should also remember the part borne in these
deplorable errors by the secular powers. The writer in the
Kolnische Volkszeitung instances the so-called Holy Shroud of
Turin, the most valuable court relic of the royal family of Italy,
which, he says, was officially declared by the ecclesiastical au-
thorities, as early as the fourteenth century, to be spurious — the
production of a painter who stood convicted by his own confession.
Despite the prohibition of the Church to venerate this shroud
otherwise than as a pious imitation, it gradually, by the efforts of
the house of Savoy, reached its present rank and popularity as
the true shroud of our Lord, in which such a learned scientist
like Dr. Vignon is endeavoring to maintain it on the strength of
photographic tests.
579
Why the Friars a.re Persecuted.
To the Editor of The Review. — Sir:
propos of the action of the French government relative to
religious orders and the educational institutionsdirected
bv them, the subjoined translation of a letter from
King Frederick of Prussia to Voltaire, and of thelatter's answer
thereto, may prove interesting to your readers. The royal mis-
sive is dated March 24th, 1767, and is evidently a commentary on
that blasphemous cry of the "prince of infidels," Ecrasez Pinfame!
I translate the text from the Spanish of P. Luis Coloma, S. J.,
'Retratos de Antano,' pp. 289, 290, and 291.
"It is not, indeed, by force of arms," — writes Frederick to Vol-
taire— "that the infamous one is to be crushed. She will perish
at the hands of truth and at those of personal interests. If you
wish me to explain this idea, behold what occurs to me. I have
observed, and man}'- others likewise, that it is in those places
where religious houses (conventos defraUcs) abound, that the peo-
ple are most blindly superstitious. Wherefore it is not to be
doubted that if these asylums of fanaticism are destroyed, the
masses will become indifferent and lukewarm toward what is now
an object of veneration for them.*) We should at least begin to
abolish the monasteries {Jos claustros), or, failing in this, to lessen
their number. The occasion has arrived ; for the French gov-
ernment and that of Austria are heavily encumbered, and have
exhausted all their energies to find a means of paying their
debts. The possessions of the rich abbeys and of those religious
houses with copious rentals are a tempting bait. By represent-
ing to these governments the injury which the celibacy of the
friars does to the State by diminishing its population ; the abuse
arising from the immense numbers of cowled mendicants
(cogullas) who invade their provinces ; and, above all, the facility
of paying their debts by appropriating the treasures of the com-
munities (which have no successors), I believe they can be led to
commence these reforms ; and, once having tasted the fruits of
secularization in a few instances, their appetite being whetted, the
rest will follow. Every government which resolves upon this
procedure will be the friend of the philosophers and the protec-
tor, as well, of those numerous writings which attack at once the
popular superstitions and the false zeal of the hypocrites who op-
pose those writings. Behold here a simple project which I sub-
mit to the Patriarch of Ferney ; and he, in quality of father of
:) Viz., Religion.
580 The Review. 1902.
the faithful, must see that it is carried out. Perhaps the Pa-
triarch will make me the counter proposition that we should first
settle the bishops ; but I answer that the time has not yet come
to touch them, and that it is necessary to begin by destroying
those who keep alive the flame of fanaticism in the hearts of the
people. When this flame has been cooled, the bishops will dwindle
into poor devils (71110s pobrcs diablos), of whom the sovereigns will
dispose according to their good pleasure later on. The power of
ecclesiastics consists in nothing more than an appreciation which
is founded in popular credulity. Enlighten the masses, and the
enchantment will cease."
On the 5th of April, same year, the Supreme Pontiff of Ferney
(Voltaire) replied as follows to the royal Knight Kadosch : —
"Your Majesty says with much reason that it is not by force of
arms the infamous one is to be crushed. Arms may dethrone a
pope or depose an ecclesiastical elector, but they can neyer de-
throne an imposture. I can not conceive why you did not seize
upon some fat bishopric to pay the debts of the last war. How-
ever, I know very well that you can not destroy the Christian su-
perstition (super slid on cristicola) except with the arms of reason.
Your proposition to attack it through the friars (-par los frailes) is
the strategy of a great captain. The friars once done away with,
the imposture will be exposed to universal ridicule. A great deal
is being written in France on this subject ; everybody is speak-
ing about it. Still this great undertaking is not sufficiently ma-
tured, and no one feels bold enough to inaugurate it, although all
the faithful t) agree that it is the surest measure."
Yours sincerely,
Aloysius M. Blakely, C. P.,
Rancho de la Virgen, Vicar-General of Nicopolis.
Toluca, Mexico, Sept. 6th, 1902.
t) " Devotos." — Who these "faithful" were, ma.y be easily con-
jectured.
581
The Tower of Babel.
,he Abbe F. A. Baillarge, in No. 6 of our excellent con-
temporary La Semaine Religieuse de Montreal, offers a
brief conspectus of the present state of scientific re-
search with regard to the Tower of Babel.
The Tower of Babel was built upon the banks of the Euphra-
tes, in the valley of Sennaar, at Borsippa, three leagues from the
modern Turkish village of Hillah, which is believed to occupy a
part of the site of ancient Babylon. (Rawlinson contends that it
is not really any part of the remains of the ancient capital, but be-
longs to an entirely distinct town." Cfr. The Seven Great Mon-
archies of the Ancient Eastern World, vol. ii, p. 185.) The ruins
are called Birs-i-Nimrud (Tower of Nimrod.) Josephus attributed
the tower toNimrod, but tradition unanimously designates it as the
work of wicked men.
It will be well to recall the Biblical account (Gen. xi, 1 — 9):
"And the earth was of one tongue, and of the same speech.
And when they removed from the east, they found a plain in the
land of Sennaar, and dwelt in it. And each one said to his neigh-
bor : Come, let us make brick, and bake them with fire. And
they had brick instead of stones, and slime instead of mortar.
And they said : Come, let us make a city*) and a tower, the top
whereof may reach to heaven : and let us make our name famous
before we be scattered abroad in all lands. And the Lord came down
to see the city and the tower, which the children of Adam were
building. And he said : Behold, it is one people, and all have one
tongue : and they have begun to do this, neither will they leave
off from their designs, till they accomplish them in deed. Come
ye, therefore, let us go down, and there confound their tongue,
that they may not understand one another's speech. And so the
Lord scattered them from that place into all lands, and they
ceased to build the city. And therefore the name thereof was
called Babel, because there the language of the whole earth was
confounded : and from thence the Lord scattered them abroad
upon the face of all countries."
The Tower of Babel was probably erected in the second century
after the Deluge. It had less than seven stories when the Lord
dispersed its builders. Abandoned to the wind and rain, it be-
came a veritable ruin in the course of centuries. Nebuchadnezzar
restored it in the sixth century before Christ. In this restored
form Herodot saw it in the course of his travels and left a brief
*) The city which was built at the same time with the Tower of Babel, thinks Kaulen, must
have been the ancient part of Babylon, on the right or west side of the Euphrates, to which
Nebuchadnezzar later added the newer portion on the left river bank, so that the great metrop-
olis from that time on lay on both sides of the Euphrates. (As syrien und Babylonien, p. 80.)
582 The Review. 1902.
account. So far as we can make out at this distant date, the
Tower of Babel was seven stories in height, each quadrangular in
form and narrower than the one below The four corners lay
exacthT towards the four cardinal points. Each etage wras finished
in a different color, according to the planet which the builders
had in view.
The Birs-i-Nimrud, according to Rawlinson (1. c.)had certainly
seven, probably eight stories. It presents itself to-day as a large
mountain, 12 km. south of Hillah. It is a huge and imposing pile
of bricks, largely vitrified. Its circumference is 710 metres, its
height on the southwest side 65 metres. A gigantic remnant of
a wall crowns the top. It is probably the corner remnant of an
extended wall and bears traces of destruction by fire. It is re-
markable that Rassam, who examined the ruins often and
closely, has given it as his opinion that onl}7 a supernatural agency
can have wrought this destruction. "The whole plain of this
mountain of ruins," says Kaulen (Assyrien und Babj-lonien, p.
84), ""presents a desolate monotony of destruction and desertion.
Here and there uninjured mural remnants project, but the rest
has become a compact dead mass through the debris of weather-
worn bricks and an ancient growth of moss. Deep ravines, cleft
by the enormous rain showers so common in Mesopotamia, show
how the work of destruction is still going on.
We have corrected and amplified the Abbe Baillarge's paper
from the sources at our command, but we will quote his conclud-
ing paragraph verbatim : "The lesson which centuries have
written upon this debris, is that the Tower remains, in the words
of Bossuet, the earliest monument of the pride and impotence of
man."
A Fighting Editor.
IV.
r^
ogether with the question of the university, others clam-
ored fo1* a solution. The unhappy division of the
French Catholics into Republicans, Monarchists, Bona-
partists, etc., grew worse during the second Republic. Louis
Napoleon had been elected president, and both Republicans and
Monarchists feared the return of the empire, since the present
situation was plainly untenable. Montalembert leaned towards
Louis Napoleon. Louis Veuillot said : "If the monarchy is to be
revived, Henry V. must be chosen."
At that time Veuillot had also some lively spouts with the pa-
No. 37. The Review. 583
per of M. Thiers called L'Ordrc, chiefly on religious questions.
This was nothing new or extraordinary, nor should we have men-
tioned it, had it not played such a great role in the first archiepis-
copal stroke of lightning which hit the Univers. After the death
of Msgr. Aff re, Msgr. Sibour, Bishop of Digne, had been appointed
Archbishop of Paris. Msgr. Sibour at first posed as an old friend
of the Univers, assuring Louis Veuillot and du Lac : "The Univers
will be my journal." Both were glad to hear it, but derived from
the assurance no other hope than that they would be able to live
in peace with the new Archbishop. Vain hope !
Msgr. Sibour, a somewhat confused but ambitious mind,
thought that, as the head of the most important see of France, he
had to guide the whole country and set on foot reforms that were
to spread over all the dioceses. As a means of propaganda he counted
on the press and in particular on the Univers, which he wanted to
make indeed his journal. He soon found Louis Veuillot rather
refractory to his directions. A certain coldness set in, which in-
creased when the Archbishop found he could not make the Univers
and Ere Nouvelle blow the same horn. The latter journal, repub-
lican in politics, liberal in religion, sought the favor of all free-
thinkers, Liberals, etc., and as the Archbishop saw that it could
not live very much longer, he started a paper of his own, the
Monitenr Catholique, edited by his two vicars-general. The
Moniteur lived six months. Its death filled Msgr. Sibour with
a still greater animosity against the Univers. Louis Veuillot,
well posted, feared an official blame. It was not slow in coming.
Under the second Republic bishops were allowed to meet in pro-
vincial councils. The Province of Paris held one in 1849, in which
among other decrees there was adopted one concerning writers on
religious matters. This decree Msgr. Sibour promulgated, with
some remarks criticizing Louis Veuillot and his collaborators on
the Univers; without giving any proof, the Archbishop asserted
that the Univers had failed, 1st. in tact and loyalty in the ques-
tion of education; 2d. in prudence when defending the Inquisition;
3d. in charity, tact, and doctrine, in a discussion on miracles ;
4th. injustice, by calling other Catholics Gallicans ; 5th. indue
respect for religious authority, especially for the Archbishop, by
blaming as faulty a dictionary he had approved.
For none but the last accusation was there even a semblance of
truth. The Nuncio, the Archbishop of Rheims, the Bishop of
Poitiers, and others told Veuillot, if his criticism of the dictionary
had been imprudent, he certainly had not gone beyond his right.
Asto the other points, if a journal were not free to treat public ques-
tions it might as well close shop. Such a pretention would gi.ve
the government of the whole press over to the Archbishop of Paris.
584 The Review. 1902
The admonition of Msgr. Sibour was published entirely in the
Univers, preceded by some remarks of Louis Veuillot, in which
he said in part :
"Two roads are open for us : one of complete and definitive
submission, the other an appeal to higher authority. Immediate,
complete, and definitive submission would best suit our own wishes.
Ten or twelve years of battling- such as we have had to sustain,
crowned by an act such as strikes us to-day, is enough and more
than enough to make us long for rest. But we could manifest sub-
mission only by either making the Univers a purely political paper,
or suppressing it entirely. To change the Univers into a political
paper we do not want to do; suppress it, we do not dare. Hence
we shall carry our cause and defense before the tribunal of the
Sovereign Pontiff." *
The Archbishop became so enraged that he intended to excom-
municate the fearless editor. He had felt sure he would be ap-
plauded everywhere for his action ; but he was applauded only by
the Liberal press ; the Catholic applause went to Louis Veuillot.
The Nuncio, who had been the adviser of Veuillot on all import-
ant questions, felt as if the censure of the Archbishop was directed
against himself personally, and reassured Veuillot by saying :
"Do not be uneasy ; the Archbishop wants to knock you out ; he
will only strengthen your position."
Similar assurances were received by the gallant editor from
the archbishops of Lyon and Rheims,'the Bishops of Langres,
Amiens, Beauvais, Poitiers, etc. Others, like the archbishops of
Bordeaux, Avignon, Sens, Albi, Rouen, and the bishops of
Lucon, Blois, Chalons, Nevers, etc., also expressed their sympa-
thy, though more cautiously. Only eight bishops, in a half-hearted
way, were with the Archbishop of Paris. The clergy and laity
were with Veuillot. So were all the religious orders, except the
Dominicans, who stood divided.
Not only in France but all over Europe public opinion was
roused to express sympathy for the abused editor. Thus
Louis Veuillot received letters from the Archbishops of Turin
and Chambery, Msgr. Laurent, Vicar apostolic of Luxembourg,
Donoso Cortes, Spanish Ambassador at Berlin, the Abbe Des-
champs in Belgium, and many others.
As to his defense, Louis Veuillot had an easy task. From the
letters of Msgr. Sibour himself, he was able to show that he had
carried out in the Univers what Msgr. Sibour, as Bishop of Digne,
had commended, and now condemned as Archbishop of Paris.
Moreover, but a few days before the condemnation, Pius IX.,
who was a constant reader of the Univers, had sent special marks
of his esteem to Louis Veuillot and all his collaborators through
No. 37. The Review. 585
his brother Eugene, who chanced to be in Rome. That hap-
pened August 17th. On August 31st came the thunderbolt.
As is its wont, Rome took its time in the matter. The case
was delicate. The authority of the Archbishop had to be spared
as much as possible, while at the same time the rights of a Cath-
olic journal must be protected. Another question to be decided
was: had the Archbishop of Paris the right to supervise a journal
that was published for all France and even the world outside?
Meanwhile the Nuncio, the Archbishop of Rheims, and the
Bishop of Amiens advised a friendly settlement. Louis Veuillot
declared his willingness. The Archbishop of Paris sent his cousin
the Abbe Sibour, and the Abbe Bautain, as plenipotentiaries to
Rome. Veuillot promised to write a letter. He did so October
3rd. In it he said that in view of the interpretation given to the
Archbishop's censure, he was ready to withdraw his appeal. The
same day the Archbishop congratulated him on his submission.
Veuillot published both letters in the Univers. Evidently the
Archbishop took for granted what the editor of the Univers had
in no way conceded.
It was only a truce. The Nuncio warned Veuillot : "The Arch-
bishop will commence again." "I know it," answered the un-
daunted editor.
But Pius IX. was pleased with the attitude of the Univers, and
when the Abbe Estrade, in an audience, mentioned the condemna-
tion of the Univers by the Archbishop of Paris, and added :
"Louis Veuillot certainly will quit, if the attack is renewed," the
Pope answered : "Oh no, that must not be."
Veuillot was asked by his collaborators to publish the testi-
monials he had received from Rome, but he refused for fear of
making the Archbishop still more furious. He felt happy to have
in the blessing of Pius IX. a lightning-rod against the thunder-
bolts of Archbishop Sibour.
[Zb be continued.^
*+**
586
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WOULD.
Hostility to Religious Orders a Mark of Liberalism. — A person signing
himself "Sacerdos Americanus" recently said in a letter to the N.
Y. Sun, that '*in past history religious orders have been so
troublesome that the Church herself suppressed some of the
most celebrated of them."
Which elicited the following vigorous criticism from our friend
Dr. Conde B. Pallen :
"'This is always the language of the Liberal. One of his surest
marks is his hostility to the religious orders. It is true that the
religious orders are not the Church, but they are the offspring of
her inspiration, the fruit of her growing, and have always been
the object of her maternal solicitude and care. They have ever
been her most formidable legions in her warfare against the
world, the flesh, and the Devil, and it is to be observed, that they
are always the first object of onslaught when her enemies gather
their forces against her. To-day the powers of infidelity arrayed
against the Church are concentrating their efforts against the re-
ligious orders throughout the world, and the movement against
them in the Philippines is but one phase of the general conspiracy.
Catholics of the type of 'Sacerdos Americanus' are simply un-
witting tools of these enemies, and are so blinded by their own
conceit that they do not see it." (Cfr. the article ,kWh}r the Friars
are Persecuted" in this issue.)
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY
A Postulate of Science. — P. Erich Wasmann, S. J., one of the most
eminent of living Catholic scientists, concludes a masterly study
on "Zelle und Urzeugung" in the Stimmen aus Maria-Laach (No.
6) with these remarks :
What is a "postulate of science"? This name can be attributed
only to a truth which flows with logical consistency from the
facts ; never to an untruth which is in evident contradiction to
the facts.
What is consequently a true and real postulate of science for
the explanation of the origin of organic life?
Life on earth can not have existed from eternity ; for modern
cosmogony teaches that our earth was at one time in a state of
liquid fire. Whence came the first organisms? To imagine that
they fell upon the earth from some planet, does not solve the
question but simply transfers it to the planets of other solar sys-
tems, where, too, life must have had a beginning, since they are
subject to the same cosmogonic laws. Every effect must have a
sufficient cause. Anorganic matter can not have caused organic
life, as is clearly proved by science, which condemns the theory
of spontaneous generation as contradictory to the facts. But
beyond anorganic matter and its laws there was nothing on earth.
Hence it must have been an extra-mundane cause which produced
the first living organisms from anorganic matter. The extra-
No. 37. The Review. 587
mundane cause, which, in spite of its omnipresence, is substan-
tially different from the world, and which is intelligent, is the per-
sonal Creator of whom modern Monism has such [dread.
To destroy it more easil}', Monism has distorted the theistic
idea of God into a caricature, which was finally developed by
Haeckel into a "gaseous vertebrate," — a serious testimonium pan-
feriatis for the philosophical knowledge of its inventors. But that
which Monism has thought out as the new idea of God, and which
it has tried to put in the place of the personal Creator, is nothing
but a phantastic idol, clothed in theistic garb to hide its atheistic
nakedness. Whatever is acceptable in the monistic idea of God,
is borrowed from Theism : his omnipresence in nature, his op-
eration in his creatures, etc. That which is peculiarly its own
and distinguishes it from the theistic idea of God, to-wit, the sub-
stantial identity of God and the world, is a philosophic absurdity.
A God identical with the world, and developing himself through
the world, is not an infinitely perfect being which has its raison
d'et?'e within itself ; it is a conglomeration of imperfections and
contradictions.
Therefore the hj^pothesis of a personal Creator is a true and
real "postulate of science."
Matches Without Phosphorus a Failure. — The failure of the attempts
to make matches without phosphorus in Belgium is announced by
United States Consul G. W. Roosevelt of Brussels. An interna-
tional competition was begun in 1898, and a prize of 50,000 francs
($9,650; was offered to the inventor who should make a paste for
matches which should not contain phosphorus. The commission
appointed to judge results has now declared that, after four years
of careful experiment and analysis, it has been found that none of
the products so far submitted fill the required conditions, being
defective in inflammability, igniting on all surfaces, or, in ignit-
ng, ejecting inflammable matter containing some poisonous sub-
stance. The sum already expended in the matter amounts to
8,178 francs (SI, 578. 35). This covers cost of printing, correspond-
ence with foreign countries, purchase of material, analysis, and
experiments.
LITERATURE.
Father Hogan's 'Clerical Studies' in Europe.— 'Clerical Studies,' by
Rev. J. Hogan, S. S., a work which we considered it our duty to
criticize immediately upon its publication in this country, has
lately been translated into French by the Abbe A. Boudinhon,
with a preface by the Archbishop of Albi (Paris, Lethielleux,
1901), and we are not surprised that the more conservative and
cautious theological reviews of the Old World refuse to give it the
unqualified commendation it received in American periodicals of
the calibre of the Catholic World. The Stimmen aus Maria-Laach,
for example, while acknowledging that the book contains many
wise admonitions excellently expressed, voices its disapproval of
a number of passages which are not to be considered as beneficial,
nay which may even prove disastrous for the young theologians
for whom the volume is intended. And Pere Fontaine, writing
in the Revue du Monde Catholique (July 1st), declares his aston-
588 The Review. 1902.
ishment and uneasiness that P. Hogan should advocate the speedy-
making of so many important changes in clerical training; adding
that in P. Hogan's book Catholic principles are too little in evi-
dence and seem rather ashamed of themselves.
Books on the Black List. — The Catholic Columbian points out that
the following historical and reference works have been recently
shown to be unfair and in some cases outrageously unjust to
Catholics, and should therefore have no place in any Catholic lib-
rary: Appleton's Cyclopedia, The International Cyclopedia,
Seely's History of Education, J. G. Abbott's works, Ridpath's
History of the World, and Hubert Howe Bancroft's The New
Pacific.
Speaking of the two last named, J. Walter Reid writes : "It will
be well for Catholic readers to give such works of fiction a wide
berth. As history they are unreliable, as information they are
worthless, as reference they are false." What Mr. Reid says ap-
plies with equal force to the other works on the list.
Thwaite's 'Father Marquette.' — Speaking of the latest biography of
Father Marquette, by Ruben G. Thwaites (to be had at B. Her-
der's for SI net), the Messengers book critic says : "His book is
most interesting ; unlike Parkman he has read and studied the
lives of the Jesuit missionaries with an unbiased mind, he has
caught the spirit of their work and attributed to them those ex-
alted and supernatural motives without which their labors would
be shorn of true greatness and heroism." "Now that we have
a book which all can consult and the authority of a reliable histor-
ian on the removal of the remains we trust that people will no
longer believe the senseless reports about the finding of these
relics near Frankfort and other towns along the eastern shore of
the lake. These reports which have appeared so often of late
have no foundation in fact and seem to be advertising schemes
for summer resorts in that section of the country."
A New Catholic Family Journal. — Men and Women is the somewhat
unpromising title of a new monthly magazine, of which we have
received sample sheets. It proudly styles itself "the ideal Cath-
olic home journal," and the specimen pages are splendidly gotten
up. AVe expect the first number will appear at an early date.
The list of contributors contains such names as Prof. Egan,
Fathers Coppens and Finn, Lelia Hardin Bugg, Anna C. Min-
ogue, Henry Austin Adams, John Uri Lloyd. We do not know who
the enterprising publishers are, but fear they will at the end of
the first year, or the second at most, be wiser, if much poorer men.
Place of publication : Cincinnati.
After pointing out that "Christian Science" and faith-cure doc-
trines are by no means "new things in religion," but were prac-
ticed by the Waldenses and the Moravians in the Middle Ages,
and later by the Jumpers, the Shakers, the Jerkers, the Mormons,
and even the sober Methodists in the days of their first fervor, the
Ave Maria (No. 7) justly remarks that "there is nothing particu-
larly new about the faith-cure fallacy except the perennially new
gullibility of men and women."
589
MISCELLANY.
The Political Status of the Philippines. — The best account of the
present political status of the Philippines — a puzzling- problem to
many — is furnished by Mr. Francis E. Woodruff. He writes :
It is submitted that the essential difference between a "pro-
tectorate" and a "colony" is that, however much the sovereignty
of the former may have been impaired, there is enough semi-
sovereignty remaining to constitute the inhabitants, citizens (sub-
jects, nationals) of a protected, semi-independent State, who, as
aliens, owe only obedience (not allegiance) to the protecting State;
while with the "colony," sovereignty is completely vested in the
ruling State, of which the colonists are citizens (subjects, nation-
als) and to which they owe allegiance as well as obedience. Thus
during Great Britain's temporary protectorate over the Ionian
Islands, where the overlord's interference with the interior or-
ganization and absolute control of international relations much
resembled the present and promised conditions in the Philippines,
the Ionians were pronounced not to be British subjects (Boyd's
Wheaton, Sec. ed., page 47); while British colonists owe allegiance
to Great Britain.
Even if, when the treaty with Spain was made, there existed a
de-facto Filipino State, so that our present title rests solely on the
right by conquest, we still are bound by the pact with Spain.
This pact in the case of the Philippines substituted the word
"cedes" for the "relinquishes sovereignty" where Cuba was con-
cerned ; but in the ultimate disposal of the islands we have con-
trolled ourselves by our qualification that "the civil rights and
political status of the native inhabitants of the territories hereby
annexed to the United States shall be determined by theCongress,"
and the land goes with the people, not the people with the land.
When, by the law of July 1st, 1902, Congress so determined the
"civil rights and political status" of the Filipinos, if it had de-
clared them native inhabitants of a colony of the United States,
to be governed by us against the expressed wish of a majority of
them, and to be taxed without effective representation, then, by
right of conquest at least, they would have!owed the United States
allegiance as colonists, not merely obedience as protected aliens ;
but it would have been for our Supreme Court to decide whether
under our self-imposed limitations of the sovereignty of our na-
tion, its government could so rule without a constitutional amend-
ment or the consent of the States and people of the United States,
ascertained by referendum or other device. Congress, however,
has not so declared.
Instead it has declared the Filipinos "citizens of the Philippine
Islands, and as such entitled to the protection of the United States. "
No doubt, so long as we continue this "protection," our law leaves
us semi-sovereignty and gives them only semi-independence ; but
a contention that it has left us full sovereignty, and that people
and islands are still "merely appurtenant to the United States as
a possession," would be a charge that Congress has made a delib-
erate misuse of language.
Because, if we take Congress at its word, "citizens of the
islands," "entitled to the protection of the United States," can
590 The Review. 1902.
only mean that people and islands are under the protection (semi-
sovereignty) of the United States. In other words, Congress has
created a protectorate, the native inhabitants of which are nec-
essarily aliens to us, owing the United States, and only so
long as they are under its protection, obedience and not allegiance.
Dr. Magnien. — The Rev. Dr. A. L. Magnien, S. S., has been re-
moved by the Superior General of the Order of St. Sulpice from
the rectorship of St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore. He held this
office for many years, and in the palmy days of St. Mary's, when
it had hardly any rival in the country, the now superannuated
Rector exercised more influence in ecclesiastical affairs than a
dozen bishops. At the Third Plenary Council, whose delibera-
tions were held within the walls of the Seminary, his influence
was strongly felt. The Hartford Catholic Transcript (No. 13),
which can surely not be suspected of hostility to the liberal wing,
of which Dr. Magnien was a leading champion, recalls the report
common at the time that "he met, in one of the corridors of the
Seminar}7, the Right Rev. John Lancaster Spalding, after listen-
ing to the latter's eloquent, but somewhat egregious discourse
on University Education, and incidentall}7 dropped a few words
of disapproval which his Lordship was presumabh* human enough
to disrelish. It is worthy of note, too, that before the sermon was
delivered the most prominent name mentioned in connection with
the prospective university was that of the same eloquent and ac-
complished prelate. However, ere the sessions of the Council
ceased, it was known that Peoria was not to. lose its learned
Bishop and that some one more according to the heart of the Su-
perior of St. Mary's was to be set over the new institution."
All this was well nigh twenty years ago. History has been
made during the intervening time, and Doctor Magnien has had a
hand in its making. "As long as Baltimore was supreme," says
the Transcript" the Superior of St. Mary's was a power in the
American Church. It was rumored and generally believed that
bishops were made and delegates for episcopal sees were at times
relegated within the council chambers of the old Seminar}7. But
times have changed. The march of events in the Catholic Church
in the United States has been too much accelerated of late to wait
upon advices from slow-moving Baltimore. Things have hap-
pened that were never talked over and agreed upon in the Super-
ior's room.
"The fact that the head of St. Mary's wielded an almost para-
mount influence in the councils of the metropolitan see of Balti-
more made the way of his brother Sulpicians doubly hard in New
York. The secular priests of that great Diocese were resolved
that the affairs of the New York church would not be dictated
from a chor-episcopal throne set up in Dunwoodie Seminary, and
as a consequence, the late Archbishop was not too warmly con-
gratulated when he handed over the keys of his new college to the
Fathers of the Society of St. Sulpice."
So, on the whole, Dr. Magnien's activity proved unprofitable to
his own order. And also in the Church at large, there are those
whobelieve that it has not been entirely conducive to sound doctrine
nor to good discipline.
491
MOTE-BOOK.
In reference to a subject already touched upon in The Review
we are asked to print the following- :
In their letter to Father Wynne (Sept. Messenger) the Apple-
tons say : "Archbishop John J. Keane, who, under contract with
this house, had charge of their preparation " And again
further down : "In reference to the contract with Archbishop
Keane referred to above, you will please let us remind you that he
had full authority to prepare and assign these articles, as seemed
best to him "
Now if said letter is authentic and if the quoted statements are
correct — (it behooves that Archbishop Keane inform the public
whether they are or not) — then we Catholics must indeed be
amazed and deplore that so high an official in the Church acquitted
himself so poorly and superficially of the task assumed "under
contract," for lack, probably of a realization of its importance and
responsibility.
Who would imagine, whenever publishers of books or papers
authorize prominent and highly educated Catholic men to "pre-
pare and assign" articles having a bearing on Catholic matters,
that those men would not take the utmost care and caution to
eliminate everything that is incorrect and hostile to our holy re-
ligion ? Negligence and want of watchfulness of this kind is too
grave to be overlooked and not to be sharply criticized by the Cath-
olic press.
The wide-awake Rome correspondent of the Freeman'' s Journal
(No. 3611) confesses that he is still unable to give a satisfactory
account of the aims and results of the Taft mission. It seems to
him that what has been really decided is that the Friars are not
to go from the Philippines, but that they are at liberty to convert
their landed property into cash. "It does not seem very much,
to be sure, but taking one thing with another, it seems to be
about the sum total of the results arrived at." And he adds : "It
would, of course, be the height of absurdity to suppose that Rome
approves of the godless school system, or that it for one moment
counsels American Catholics to shut their eyes and open their
mouths and see what the American government will send them."
&& Sh ffb
The Methodist Episcopal Conference of Wisconsin unanimous-
ly resolved to publicly ask President Roosevelt if it is true that
in his gratitude for the aid that Msgr. Ireland has given in
the Taft affair, he has requested the Pope to give the cardinal's
hat to the Archbishop of St. Paul. Of course President Roosevelt
is too level-headed to render himself guilty of such impertinent
interference. But it would be well if the Wisconsin Methodists
succeeded in drawing from him a public denial of the absurd
rumor.
Even Msgr. Ireland's good friend the Independent apprehends
592 The Review. 1902.
mischief from these rumors apparently inspired by over-zealous
friends. "They are the Archbishop's worst friends," it says
(No. 2804) "who are constantly talking- about his being made a
cardinal."
&£> ,y^> ,\f*
^% ^% ^%
La Veriti Francaise, the real successor of Louis Veuillot's
Univers, founded and edited by the ablest of his old associates,
Messrs. Auguste Roussel, Arthur Loth, etc, has recently moved
into new quarters and is now printing from its own presses. Al-
though in its tenth year, La Veriti says in its editorial article
commemorative of the "exode," that it is still depending in a
measure upon the direct support of its friends, as the income
from subscriptions (the paper publishes hardly any advertise-
ments) is not yet large enough to cover the expenses. Our con-
temporary is to be felicitated upon the fact of its having a suffic-
ient number of generous supporters to enable it to carry on its
necessary and important work even at a financial loss. It is the
chief champion of conservative principles in the French Catholic
newspaper press. In its columns first appeared Dr. Maignen's
articles on Hecker, later published in book form. It brought
about the condemnation of the dangerous pedagogical heresies of
Sister Marie du Sacre-Coeur. It has combatted and continues to
combat vigorously the excrescences of a false Christian democracy
and an invidious Catholic higher criticism of the Bible. It has al-
ways stood and stands to-day uncompromisingly for the purity
of Catholic doctrine, for Catholic truth and justice sans phrase.
May it live long and prosper !
^^ ^^ ^^
The career of La Verite Francaise, standing up for truth and
justice daily for a decade at a financial sacrifice, proves that there
are in France Catholics of a different calibre than in this country,
where with all our wealth and influence we have not even attempted
to lay the foundation for a Catholic daily press. Where are the
men in these United States who would be willing to sacrifice a few
hundred dollars from their princely income annually to support
an American Verite? We have Catholic nabobs in nearly every
large city who squander more monej^ on the toilets of their wives
and daughters and for their own indulgence in a twelve-month,
than it would require to keep a daily newspaper of moderate pre-
tensions afloat. Such as those ought to ponder the example of
their French coreligionists who enable M. Auguste Roussel, M.
Arthur Loth, and their associates to perform such splendid ser-
vice through La Verite Frangaise in the cause of our common
mother.
«£, wfc *6
A northwestern pastor asks us to "kindly submit to the readers
of The Review the following question : What works would you
recommend as most suitable for text-books of religious instruc-
tion for boys and tfirls after first holy communion, either in ad-
vanced classes of the parochial schools or in high schools?"
Liberalism ii\ Politics and Religion.
JIhomas Arnold, son of the famous Dr. Arnold of Rug-by,
(father of Mrs. Humphry Ward) became a Catholic in
1856. Later on, especially in 1864-5, he began to drift
towards Liberalism and sympathized with the views of Dollinger.
In his autobiography, entitled Passages in a "Wandering Life, (Lon-
don, 19G0) he describes how this leaning towards Liberalism
gradually estranged him from the Church :
"I had been weakened by a succession of illnesses ; for weeks
together it had been impossible, or very difficult for me to ap-
proach a Catholic altar ; the Protestant clamor about the Mortara
case drew from me a certain amount of involuntary sympathy ;
and the misgiving which had long slumbered in my mind, that no
clear certainty could be obtained as to anything outside the fields
of science, again assailed me Nevertheless, I can not doubt
that this period of uncertainty would have passed away in due
time if I had adopted the means proper for dealing with it. One
of those means indeed— labor — I did not put from me, and this
was my salvation in the end ; but the weapon of prayer — being
attacked by a certain moroseness and disgust, and weariness of
existence, — I began unhappily to use less and less. I did not, like
Milton, 'still bear up and steer right onward,' but wavered,
doubted, and fell back. Only after a long time, and with much
difficulty and pain — pain, alas! not mine alone, was I able to re-
turn to the firm ground of Catholic communion."
A man who had such a painful experience of the effects of Lib-
eralism is certainly competent to speak of its true character. Mr.
Arnold says :
"I could never condemn Liberalism in politics, but its extension
to religious questions, of which I did not in 1865 discern the mis-
chief and the danger, I should now repudiate and reject."
He well explains the difference between political and religious
Liberalism : "It is worth while to consider in what sense of the
term the Catholic clergy justly dread, repudiate, and condemn it,
and in what sense it ought to be everywhere regarded, by the
clergy no less than the laity, as a neutral term — a term no more
implying any moral or religious reproach than the opposite term,
Conservatism. Liberalism may be either political, or religious,
or both. If it is merely political, and denotes a desire and inten-
tion on the part of the citizen to 'free' himself from unjust or un-
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 38. St. Louis, Mo., October 2, 1902.)
594 The Review. 1902.
wise restrictions trammelling his personal activity and that of
his class, or from an inequality of treatment which places any
class of citizens on a permanently higher political level than that
on which he himself stands, or gives to any such class advantages
in regard to education or the support of religion from which he
and his friends are debarred — such a citizen can not, unless for
some special reason, be held to incur blame in respect to his Lib-
eralism. On the other hand, a citizen who denies and opposes
any of the political principles above enumerated, may fairly, un-
less for some special reason be accounted open to censure in re-
spect of his conservatism. If these two propositions be granted,
it is evident that Liberalism in politics is not only equally justifi-
able, morally, with Conservatism, but, as a general rule, more
justifiable ; and this is just as true of English Catholics as of
English Protestants.
"These conclusions are, I think, demonstrably sound in regard
to English and Irish Liberalism ; with Continental Liberalism a
different set of ideas is unfortunately associated. The Centre
party in the German Reichstag are, in the English sense of the
word, Liberals ; but they do not so call themselves, because that
would be to associate themselves with a party and a policy which
they hold in especial abhorrence — namely, the Liberals and the
Liberalism of France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Belgium. A
French or Italian Liberal is commonly understood to be a Liberal
chiefly in respect of religion, i. e., of Catholicism. But Liberalism
in religion is quite a different thing from Liberalism in politics.
In the case of non-Catholics, its moral and religious color, as it
can not be verified or determined by the appeal to any generally
accepted standard, can only be tested by an enquiry into the mo-
tives and character of individuals ; and even then no certain judg-
ment can be passed. Who can possibly decide between the Lib-
eralism of Cromwell in putting down Anglican episcopacy, and the
Conservatism of Clarendon in restoring it to power? Or between
the Liberalism of Wesley in ordaining Wesleyan bishops, and the
Conservatism of Horsley in resisting the innovation? Each leader
believed himself in his conscience to be doing right, and whether
he was obeying a false conscience or not, there exists no means
of determining. All the time the world of Catholic Christianity
knew and judged both sides to be wrong in different ways, and
securus judicat orb is terrarum.
"But with Catholics, if they be really such, the case is wholly
different. What can they honestly desire to be 'freed' from?
Not from government in religious concerns by the hierarchy ; for
it is part of their religious belief that hierarchy derives its juris-
diction by continuous transmission from the Apostles, and that
No. 38. The Review. 595
the Apostles received it from Christ. Not from the creeds, or the
general spirit of the Ecclesia Docens ; for to desire or even dream
of such freedom would be at once a lesion of conscience and a be-
ginning of treason against God. Not from the ritual, and all the
beauty and glory which that word implies, for they have but to
look around them and note the miserable failures of all who, in
this or any former age have endeavored to imitate or supplant it.
Of course cases sometimes occur in which authority is over-
strained or misused, and ritual is overlaid by ceremony ; and in
these cases laymen, as long as Christian humility is observed,
may lawfully work for a change ; but anything that could deserve
the name of religious Liberalism must always be alien to the
Catholic mind." (Passages in a Wandering Life, by Thomas
Arnold, M. A., of University College, Oxford; Fellow of the Royal
University of Ireland ; pp. 180-186.)
This is a clear condemnation of all religious Liberalism, "Am-
ericanism" included.
Another, perhaps even severer judgment of this whole movement
must be found in the words of praise and sympatic with which
non-Catholics speak of it. In a recent work of the rationalist
Professor Paulsen of the Berlin University we find this interest-
ing passage : "Die historische und ebenso die dogmatische Theo-
logie der deutschen Universitaten ist der Kurie bestandig ein
Gegenstand des Argwohns und Anstosses gewesen.*) So zeigt es
die lange Reihe von Konfiikten, die durch das ganze 19. Jahrhun-
dert gehen, von dem grossen Feldzug gegen den Hermesianismus
bis zur Ausstossung des Altkatholizismus und zur neuerlichen
Massregelung Schell's Wir werden nicht aufhoren diirfen
zu hoffen, dass der freiere Geist, der in der katholischen Theo-
logle der deutschen Universitaten auch heute nach Durchsetzung
ringt, auch innerhab der Kirche selbst sich wieder Geltung ver-
schaff t .... Ja ich mag auch nicht auf die Hoff nung Verzicht thun,
dass der deutsche Geist der ganzen Volkergemeinschaft, die
im Katholizismus ihre geschichtliche Lebensform hat, einen
Dienst leisten wird, wenn er mit seinem freieren, tieferen, person-
licheren religiosen Leben dem starren absolutistischen Roman-
ismus ein Gegengewicht innerhalb der Kirche ga.be. Dass die
Lage auch in dieser Absicht (Hinsicht?) nicht vollig hoffnungs-
los ist, dass der Sieg des Romanismus innerhalb der Kirche nicht
notwendig ein definitiver ist, dafur magmanausser auf Deutsch-
land auf mancherlei Regungen innerhalb des Katholizismus im
*) In another passage Professor Paulsen says "the Jesuits or-
ganized the radical opposition to the German universities which
at present dominates the curia."
596 The Review. 1902
Gebiet englischer Zunge, besondersauch in Amerika hinweisen."
(Die deutschen Universitaten und das Universitatsstudium von
Friedrich Paulsen. Berlin, 1902, pp. 179-187.
"Both the historic and the dogmatic theology of the German
universities has ever been a source of mistrust and offence to the
curia. This is shown by the long series of conflicts raging all
throughthe nineteenth century, from the great campaign against
Hermesianism to the expulsion of Old Catholicism and the recent
disciplinary punishment of Schell . . We may not cease to hope that
the freer spirit which is even to-day battling for the ascendency
in the Catholic theology of the German universities, will make it-
self felt also within the Church. Indeed, I am loathe to give up
the hope that the German spirit will render a service to the whole
group of nations which has its life-form in Catholicism, by offset-
ting the rigid and absolutistic Romanism with its freer, deeper,
more personal religious life (Hecker?). Outside of Germany,
various inner-ecclesiastical movements among English speaking
peoples, especially in America, indicate that the situation is
not entirely hopeless in this regard and that the triumph of Roman-
ism within the Church is not necessarily final."
This sympathetic view of "Americanism,"' coming from such a
source, is very significant.
The Family Protective Association of
Wisconsin.
careful examination of a blank application and policy
force of the "Family Protective Association of Wiscon-
sin" (Familien Schutz-Gesellschaft von Wisconsin,)
gives cause for congratulation that there is at last one Catholic
insurance institution which offers to its patrons a life insurance
contract sufficiently liberal in its terms to be attractive, and yet
conservative enough to exclude all but practical Catholics from its
benefits.
The premiums charged correspond very closely to the rates
published in The Review of Oct. 24th, 1901, as safe min-
imum rates for regular life insurance companies, and with hon-
est, economic mangement and careful medical examination of ap-
plicants there is no reason why this new company should not be
a permanent success.
The cash surrender values quoted in the report of the special
meeting held Dec. 10th, 1901, represent about 70 per cent, to 90
No. 38. The Review. 597
per cent, of the 4 per cent, reserve, according to age and years of
membership. If the other benefits (paid-up and extended insur-
ance) which are not illustrated in said report, are figured in the
same proportion, a safe margin is apparently left as offset for any
excessive mortality, which may sometimes occur.
• We have not examined the correctness of the figures in tables
No. 2 and 3 of said report, but if they are calculated in exact pro-
portion to table No. 1, reducing the benefits correspondingly to
the smaller payments, the results are perfectly reliable.
It is evident that this company was originally started on insuffi-
cient rates and is now to be reorganized on the 'basis described
above. It is proposed to accept the old members at age of entry
for $1,000 of insurance, if they will pay the difference between
the old and new rates for the term of previous membership.
Such payment could be made in cash or by giving a 4 per cent,
interest-bearing note, to be deducted from the amount of insur-
ance when payable.
This is correct in theory, but in the absence of any data as to
the funds on hand and the history of the company, our Account-
ant calls attention to one important item. The reserves required
for all policies of such members, must be carefully figured to
ascertain, whether the notes, plus funds on hand, after provid-
ing for all other liabilities, are equal to the total reserves required.
It should be borne in mind that for death losses paid since organ-
ization up to date of reorganization, the company did not receive
full premiums on the new basis, but at the old rates. Consequent-
ly there is a deficiency for each policy already paid, which can not
be made up by any "post-mortem collection," since the bene-
ficiaries involved will hardly now refund any money, The amount
involved is most likely not very large, but should be provided for
at once.
If the secretary will figure out the exact reserve belonging to
each policy of the living members in good standing, and compare
it with the difference to be collected, plus the equitable share of
funds on hand, he will soon find out what deficit, if any, there is.
Should one exist, it will cost but a trifling amount for each
member to make up for it, and then the new company will be
started right.
May it live long and prosper !
*^^%
598
A Fighting Editor.
V.
sgr. de Montals, Bishop of Chartres, the most Gallican
of all the French bishops, a hater of religious Liberalism
and a staunch monarchist, could not forgive his metro-
politan, the Archbishop of Paris, his official recommendation of
the Republic and of democracy. Hence he wrote a pastoral him-
self, denouncing these tendencies, and asked Louis Veuillot to
publish it in the Univers. After consultation with Cardinal
Gousset, who happened to be in Paris, the Univers published the
pastoral, together with the letter requesting its insertion.
The Univers expected an immediate reply from Archbishop
Sibour. About 11 o'clock P. M. of the same day there came
from the archiepiscopal palace a challenge to the Bishop of
Chartres to appear at the next provincial council to answer for his
boldness — together with an invitation to M. Veuillot and M. du
Lac to come to the Archbishop's residence the next day. They
went and under pain of excommunication were enjoined to pub-
lish anything more about this affair, no matter from what source it
came. In vain both editors pleaded the civil law compelling them
to publish replies. The Archbishop would not listen to anything.
They withdrew without making any promise.
Again Msgr. Sibour forced Rome and the bishops of France to
study the question : Does a paper published in Paris but going
everywhere, like the Univers, appertain to the Archbishop of Paris
or to the entire episcopate? No doubt, replied, substantially, the
Bishop of Chartres, the Archbishop of Rheims, the bishops of
Poitiers and Moulins, and many others, it is against the rule that
a man, by means of a journal, should be allowed to publish in any
diocese, things that are not acceptable to, or even directed against,
the ordinary. But the right which the Archbishop denies to all
others,he exercises himself by means of the press which publishes
everywhere his pastorals even before they are read from the pul-
pit. His teachings penetrate everywhere, no bishop can stop
them. The only way to counteract it is to use the Univers,
which likewise goes everywhere. If the Archbishop of Paris is
allowed to silence this organ of Catholic publicity, soon no one else
will be heard in France but Monseigneur of Paris.
"At present," said Msgr. Parisis, "the question, put in a nut-
shell, is this : If we want to have a Catholic press worthy of the
name and apt to serve the Church, that press must he granted
liberty and security. The Holy See has to decide."
The Holy See was not eager to decide. However, Louis Veuillot
No. 38. The Review. 599
soon learned he had nothing to fear. A commission was appointed,
consisting- entirely of personal friends of his : Cardinal Fornari,
the Archbishop of Rheims, and the bishops of Dijon and Beauvais.
The conduct of both the Archbishop of Paris and the Bishop
of Chartres was found irregular. The two exchanged some letters
and settled matters. Veuillot was left unmolested by the com-
mission.
The Archbishop of Paris, however, wanted either to dictate to,
or silence the Univers, whilst the Univers wished to be independ-
ent and free to speak. Hence the truce was but of short duration.
The Archbishop's first monitum was aimed principally at the
polemics of Veuillot against the Ordre and its editor Chambole ; in
1851 his fight against La Presse and its editorGirardin provoked a
second admonition. The aim of La Presse was: "War on clericalism,
which is the enemy." Louis Veuillot demolished the articles of La
Presse. Girardin, who had frequently quoted and praised the Arch-
bishop, now took up his defense against Veuillot.
By special invitation Louis Veuillot went to see the Archbishop
at the Seminary of St. Sulpice. Msgr. Sibour was dressed in
surplice and stole and accompanied by two clergymen. After
some praise of the Univers and the ability of its editor-in-chief,
he declared emphatically, that he wanted to have the pol-
emics with Girardin stopped. This Veuillot promised. Then
the Archbishop demanded some kind of an apology from him to
Girardin. This Veuillot refused point-blank. The audience came
abruptly to an end by the entrance of the Cardinal of Besancon. But
great was Veuillot's surprise, when, that same evening, he read a
synopsis of his conversation with the Archbishop in V Avenement,
a side edition of La Presse. That confirmed him in the view that
the Archbishop had promised Girardin to silence the Univers,
and he forthwith informed the Archbishop that, as he had noth-
ing to do with the article in V Avenement, he did not feel bound
by his promise to stop the polemics with Girardin ; on the con-
trary, it was his duty to answer that article. And he did.
Whilst after the couj> d'etat Montalembert and Louis Veuillot
worked harmoniously together for some time, that harmony
turned again into war when Montalembert became a decided op-
ponent of Napoleon. It was, even in the eyes of the public, the
death of the Catholic party and the birth of the Liberal Catholic
school.
Montalembert's brochure 'Catholic Interests in the XIX. Cen-
tury' served as a rallying point for all who had hitherto indulged
in Liberal tendencies without finding a bond to band them to-
gether. Le Corresj>ondant, which had led a miserable existence
so far, became their organ. But a much greater cause of division
600 The Review. 1902.
among- Catholics was the lively debate on the classics in inter-
mediate education. Msgr. Gaume had started the ball a-rolling
by an essay, in which he pleaded for the use of Christian, instead
of pagan, classics. He was backed by Cardinal Gousset and Msgr.
Parisis as well as by Montalembert. Louis Veuillot sided with
them, whereby the Universlost a number of old friends and gained
a great many new ones. But Msgr. Dupanloup issued a circular
and then a violent pastoral letter to the professors in his semin-
aries. To ruin the Univers, he followed his pastoral up with a
circular to all the bishops in France, soliciting their signature.
The first point in that circular read: "Episcopal acts are in noway
debatable ground for newspapers,"and the fourth: "It is the exclu-
sive right of the bishop, in his diocese, to determine to what ex-
tent pagan and Christian classics are to be used in the seminaries
and secondary schools ; and no writer or journalist has the least
authority in this regard."
But only a few bishops signed. Most of them refused, knowing
well that the aim of all this was to kill the Univers. Msgr. Parisis
even published a protest in the Univers.
Cardinal Gousset addressed a circular to the episcopate in
which he condemned the proceeding of Msgr. Dupanloup, ad-
ding that the question raised by the Abbe Gaume was free for
discussion, and the Univers had the right to discuss it ; he con-
tinued :
"The mind of a bishop, though manifested in an official act,
can not serve as a law for those outside of his diocese; all that can
be asked is that a rule he lays [down for the guidance of his dio-
cesans be respected in as far as it is not disapproved by higher
authority. The Univers, in discussing the views of Msgr. Dupan-
loup, has not blamed an official act proceeding from his episcopal
authority." The Cardinal admitted that the Univers might be
blamed for being "too fiery" at times, yet to other papers, he ad-
ded, the objection might be made that they were not fiery enough.
And he concluded : "Now, does it behoove a bishop to lend his
hand to the enemies of religion by directing his blows against
those who, animated by a living faith and defending it courag-
eously, happen at times to go too far and in the heat of the battle
do not always preserve the moderamen inculpatae tutelae?"
Msgr, Douey and Msgr. Dreux Breze addressed each a mem-
orial to the whole episcopate. The former was particularly severe
against Msgr. Dupanloup, telling him that he did not know the
rules of Canon Law, that he failed in ordinary politeness and
erred as to facts.
Msgr. Dupanloup announced in the Gazette de France and th e
Siecle that the greater number of bishops had condemned the
No. 38. The Review. 601
Univers. He also sent the Abbe Place to the office of the Univers
with a declaration which he was to read but not to hand to M.
Veuillot.
Meanwhile Msgr. Dupanloup received a copy of Cardinal An-
tonelli's decision which contained a formal condemnationof hispro-
ceedings, but left the question of the classics undecided.
Louis Veuillot intended to keep silent about this, but, as his
opponents continued the discussion, the Univers had to defend
itself against their attacks. Yet when their Eminences Cardinals
Gousset and de Bonald expressed themselves publicly against the
views held by Veuillot, the Univers shut up, although it had
promised to print several more articles.
I To be concluded.]
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
EDUCATION.
The School Question. From a Catholic Point of View. Paper, 16
pages. Catholic Book Exchange, New York.
A solid plea for the righting of the wrong inflicted upon the
Catholic citizen by taxing him for schools which, from motives
of conscience, he can not patronize. It is to be hoped that the
little pamphlet will find a wide circulation, especially in the East,
where public opinion seems to be more inclined to do justice to
the Catholics than with us. Should the Eastern States adopt the
English policy towards private and denominational schools, the
West would soon follow, the same as it did when the public school
idea spread from Massachusetts.
Public School Teachers. — J. McBurney writes in the Ohio Teacher:
"The average life of the country teacher is not over three years.
Why is this? Why does he not continue in the business as long
as he lives and is able to work? The reason is evident. The re-
muneration is not sufficient. This state of things should not ex-
ist in our schools. Well qualified teachers should receive, at least,
as much as first-class mechanics. Until this is done, teaching
will never take its proper place and the best results will never be se-
cured. Teaching has to be learned like any other kind of busi-
ness and it is a reckless waste all round to have teachers leave
the work just when they have learned to do it with some facility."
The late Henry Raab, twice School Superintendent of the State
of Illinois, in a conversation on school matters, once asked the ques-
tion: "What do you think is the average life of a school-marm ?" I
answered, "A year." "No, sir," was the reply, "three months."
Now, the State of Illinois pays its teachers well. It can not be
low wages that drives lady teachers so soon out of the profession.
A far more serious reason wre should find in the fact that it takes
political "pull," even in small country districts, to obtain employ-
602 The Review. 1902.
ment. And as long as teachers are so shortlived and politicians
rule supreme, private schools have little to fear from the "su-
periority" of the public school system.
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY
The Rise of the Nile. — The study of the Nile, with a view to
regulating and augmenting the water supply of Egypt, which has
been the principal scientific work of the English since the occu-
pation, is now directed to the investigation of the still unknown
factors which combine to produce the annual rise of the river.
The observing stations which have been for several years estab-
lished on opposite shores of the Victoria Nyanza, to register the
daily rainfall and level of the lake, are to supplemented by similar
stations on the Blue and White Niles and on the Albert Nyanza,
the most important of the sources of the main river. In the ex-
pectation that a still greater increase of water will be needed than
can be supplied by the reservoirs now being built, an accurate
survey of the cataract region south of Wady Haifa has been or-
dered to determine upon the site of a second reservoir. At the
same time investigations are to be made to see whether this in-
crease could not be better secured by regulating the outlets of the
Equatorial and Abyssinian lakes, or by opening up the Bahr-el-
Gebel, the great western branch of the river. In order to do this,
two enormous blocks of sudd, one three miles, the other twenty-
five miles, in length, must be removed. During the past year
fourteen of these blocks, some a mile long and from 15 to 20 feet
thick, have been hauled out by means of chains and wire hawsers
attached to the gunboats. It has been found that the sudd is not,
as has generally been supposed, a tangle of weed floating on the
water and descending a few feet below the surface, but "a mass
of decayed vegetation, payrus roots, and earth, much resembling
peat in its consistency, and compressed into such solidity by the
force of the current that men could walk over it everywhere, and
even elephants could, in places, cross it without danger." When
all these blocks shall have been removed, not only will the water
supply of Egypt be increased, but the vast swamps of the eastern
Sudan will be drained and become cultivabe land.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
Sociology and the Baby. — This is the timely comment of an able
confrere on a sociological horror lately reported from Keokuk, Iowa:
This is a case in "Sociology," a "science" of strange name; in
this case, of strange results. We once asked an old-fashioned
and cynical professor for an exact definition of "sociology." He
made this horrible reply": "Pansciolistics." It seems to be a fas-
cinating branch of knowledge or ignorance, and is easy to follow.
You are studying it when you go "slumming." Any "nighthawk"
cabman or all-night restaurant is "sociological material," and we
have even heard such a seemingly simple matter as "taking a
drink" called a "study in sociology." The number of professional
sociologists is large. They all mean well; and the chief complaint
against them is that they are inquisitive and seldom reluctant to
poke their noses into other folks' business. Here ends the pro-
legomenon. In a minute you will see how Sociology carried off
the Baby.
No. 38. The Review. 603
Iowa has some exceptionally wise sociologists. Iowa legislators
have wide-open minds. The sages asked the legislature for a law
whereby the children of "incompetent, immoral or dissolute" par-
ents could be taken from them by the Associated Charities. The
legislature passed such a law, by request. Note here the simple
beauty and accommodating character of the word "incompetent."
Well, Mrs. Kellar, of Keokuk, had a baby eleven months old.
The mother was accused of being "incompetent," and the child
was taken away from her and put under the protecting care of
two presumsbly "competent" "club women." The mother proved
her competence to the satisfaction of a court, which directed that
the Baby should be given back to her.
Meanwhile, Baby had been sent to a hospital. The competent
club women couldn't supply it with the aliment proper for its age.
Yearning for milk and getting sociology, the poor thing became
.very ill. The doctors told the mother that it was dying. She tried
to get it. The competent Secretary of the Associated Charities
said no. Evidently it was better for a child to die than to be con-
taminated by the caresses of an incompetent mother, full of love,
but empty of the indispensable science. To be sure, a court had
ordered the child to be surrendered ; but there are other courts,
and not lightly is Sociology to be swerved from its beneficent
course. The Secretary said that by means of appeals from court
to court, the Associated Charities meant to keep the child from
its incompetent mother for two years. Of course, if it died, the
matter would be settled forever. The secretary was com-
mitted to jail for contempt, but got out on bond. How was Baby
to be go out?
Some of the Keokukers, lawless persons, with no veneration for
Sociology, proposed to break into the hospital. A more peaceful
and very curious proceeding was taken by advice of a lawyer. A
friend of the mother went before a judge and charged Baby with
being a vagrant. The Sheriff — and we are afraid that he was glad
to obey the writ — brought Baby into court from its cot in the hos-
pital. At once the incompetent mother was made a special con-
stable and lugged off Baby ; and the sociologists are still looking
for that vagrant. And they are proceeding against the judge, the
incompetent mother and her counsel for conspiracy. If they can
find the child they can take it and keep it for at least two years
by a course of appeals. As Judge Hughes says, they can take any
child from its mother ; and even if her competency is shown, they
can keep the child from her for two years. Probably the judges
begin to tremble for their own children. Sociology is a dread and
powerful science. Iowa has so armed it with law that you may
have to steal your own children.
Judge Hughes and many other Iowans are boiling against the
thinkers who got this child-snatching law passed. But these peo-
ple are wise and honorable, and not carried away by their affec-
tions. The love of a mother for a child is an ordinary thing,
whereas Sociology is an extraordinary science. What may not the
world become when all babies are brought up by sociologically
competent mothers ? Will parents be so injudicious as to prefer
Baby to Sociology ?
604
MISCELLANY.
Gov. Taft's Version of His Conference with the Vatican Officials. —
The full text of Governor-General Taft's speech on his return to
the Philippines, which has been received at the War Department,
gives his version of the Friar negotiations, which were the subject
of considerable newspaper speculation at the time of his visit to
Rome. Gov. Taft says that after an audience with the Pope, and
reference of the business he had in hand to a committee of cardi-
nals, an answer was given him, proposing- that further negotia-
tions be conducted between him and an apostolic delegate in Ma-
nila. He replied, by authority of Secretary Root, suggesting that
a contract be signed at Rome to submit certain questions at issue
to a tribunal of arbitration, the fifth member of which should be
appointed by the Viceroy of India. The questions related to com-
pensation for the friar lands, for the occupation of parish churches
and convents by American troops, and the disposition of certain
educational and charitable trusts, including the San Jose College
case. This contract included a covenant that the members of the
four religious orders who were all Spaniards should leave the
islands in two years after the first payment was made for the
lands, and that only secular priests or non-Spanish members of
the regular clergy, should act as parish priests. The Vatican
declined to sign this covenant, assigning three reasons : First, it
related to the administration of religious matters, not the proper
subject of a commercial contract. Second, it would give just of-
fence to Spain, whose subjects were entitled to remain in the
islands under the Treaty of Paris. Third, the Vatican could not
countenance what were regarded as exaggerated charges against
the friars.
So, instead of signing the contract containing this covenant,
the Pope, through Cardinal Rampolla, announced that he intended
to reorganize the Church in the Philippine Islands. He would
recall the Friars from political meddling to the institutes of their
order, would provide ecclesiastical education to natives, so that
the priesthood would ultimately be entirely native, and would now
introduce priests of other nationalities than Spanish, chiefly from
the United States. He said that the money received for the Friar
lands would go to the Church for the benefit of religion in the
Philippines, and not to the orders, and finally he reiterated that
no priest would be sent to any parish in the islands whom a ma-
jority of the Catholics of that parish did not wish to receive. (?)
In view of the unwillingness of the Vatican to enter into a con-
tract for the definite removal of the Spanish Friars, Secretary
Root was unwilling to enter into a contract obliging the Philip-
pine government to pay such indefinite sums without further in-
vestigation, and he preferred to recur to the original method of
negotiation proposed by the Vatican, through an apostolic dele-
gate, who is to visit the islands with authority to sell the lands,
to settle the rentals due, and to agree upon the religious and
charitable trusts. This basis was agreed to, and negotiations
are to go on in the Philippines as soon as the data on both sides
has been submitted.
If this account is inaccurate, we hope to hear the Vatican's side
of the story.
No. 38. The Review. 605
An Episcopal Reporter. — Msgr. Matz of Denver is probably the
only bishop on the American Continent — he certainly is the only
one in this country — who publishes occasional personal accounts
of his episcopal visitations in the public press. His chosen organ
is the Denver Catholic, in whose edition of Sept. 13th we find the
latest episcopal contribution. We quote the introductory para-
graphs as a specimen of the Bishop's reportorial ability :
"Gunnison is the fisherman's paradise. The tourist traveling
over the Denver and Rio Grande narrow gauge, as he flies along
the Gunnison River at the rate of 25 miles an hour, between the
town of Gunnison and Cebolla station, the entrance to the Black
Canon, may count by the dozens the white canvassed tents that
line the river. Into these the sportsmen gather after the day's
toil, to tell their fish stories, exhibit their spoils and feast on the
fruit of their labor, or some one else's. The river itself is lined
with fishermen, wading waist deep into the middle of the stream,
casting their lines. Every now and then a shout is heard from
the river banks, re-echoed by the passengers in the train, rush-
ing to the windows to see a sportsman holding up triumphantly
in his hands his slippery prize — a fish 12 or more inches in length
which he has just caught.
Thither we directed our steps on the night of August 8th, bent
upon a sport of a different kind ; fishermen also, but of another
kind of fish. August 10th was the day set for visiting Gunnison
parish, with its annex of Crested Butte. It was but a few days
after the Florence cloud-burst which demoralized the Rio Grande
roadbed below Florence. Our train which ought to have left
Denver at 9:30, did not start till after 11 p. m. In consequence,
we were three hours late arriving in Salida, where you transfer
from the broad gauge to the narrow gauge. Here another delay
of three hours awaited us ; so that instead of arriving at Gunnison
at 10:20 a. m. we did not reach our first destination till after 4 p.
m. Here we transferred to the Crested Butte train, for to gain
time and enable us to take in Gunnison and Crested Butte in one
day we were bound to begin our work in the last mentioned place.
At Crested Butte a great surprise was in store for us. As we
approached the depot, the city band struck up one of its best
pieces and its sweet tunes mingled strangely with the sharp
whistle of the engine and the unharmonious puffing and snorting
of the iron horse.
Crested Butte is a coal mining camp, whose population is com-
posed chiefly of Austrians (Krainers and Slovacks^ all Catholics.
These good people, to do honor to their Bishop, hired the only
musical band in the town, and the various Catholic societies of the
parish turned out in full force. They marched in a body to the
depot to receive his lordship, headed by the band, and escort him
triumphantly to the church. Needless to say that the whole town
turned out and the streets were lined with people to witness the
reception. We took the place by storm. On arrival at the church
the Bishop made a short address, thanking the societies for the
royal reception they had given him and bestowing upon them his
blessing.
The following day, August 10th, was appointed for the First
Communion and Confirmation of the children, who had been most
606 The Review. 1902.
carefully prepared by Father Dilly, the zealous pastor of Gunni-
son County. We were greatly edified by the devotedness of these
good people to their pastor, who, though not an Austrian, com-
manded the love and respect of all classes of people, Catholics and
Protestants, Jews and Gentiles. The respect and veneration
which he enjoys in their midst, is richly deserved.
For 14 months since he has been with them, through heat and
cold, wind and snow, in all kinds of weather, at all hours of either
night or day, he has been at their beck and never missed a call.
Such devotedness deserves recognition; the good Father possesses
the good will of all nationalities and all respond to his call when-
ever it goes forth in behalf of the church."
NOTE-BOOK.
The Editor of The Review would esteem it as a personal favor
if any reader whose subscription is behind hand, would make an
effort to remit all or part of what he owes at once. An honest man
does not wish to be dunned for his debts, but some honest men
are thoughtless. The Review has the names of many such on its
books ; but it needs something more than their names to support
a weekly journal that, eschewing advertisements, entirely depends
for its income on its subscription list.
^^ ^^ ^*
The Catholic World Magazine has taken the pains to enquire
into the relations of Archbishop Keane to Appleton's Cyclopaedia
and announces the result "'authoritatively" as follows(No. 451. Oct.):
"At times various batches of proofs were sent to the Arch-
bishop on professedly Catholic subjects, like Indulgences, and
these were revised and returned. The choice of articles sent to
him was made by the editors, and it was within their competency
send or not send. Archbishop Keane is responsible for the
articles that he has revised, and none other."
We are inclined to agree with the Catholic World in its opinion
that Father Wjmne has capitulated too quickly in his battle
against the Appeltons. Most of the things he justly criticized in
the Cyclopaedia were contained in the non-Catholic articles, and
concerning these the Appeltons in their letter of apology profess
no regrets and have made no promises.
By the way, the Catholic World is advertising Dodd, Mead &
Co.'s 'New International Encyclopaedia. ' Is our Paulist contem-
porary quite sure that this reference work is entirely reliable
and unobjectionable from a Catholic viewpoint?
Wi Wi Wi
The announcement of the suicide of Lieutenant Morris, U. S.
N., on board the Olympia at Boston, comes coupled with a strange
story of that officer's alleged protracted disquietude of conscience
No. 38. The Review. 607
over the destruction of the Maine. It is alleged that Morris, who
was in the engineers' corps of the Maine, when the battleship
was blown up in Havana harbor, and had a narrow escape from
death, possessed secret knowledge of the real cause of that disas-
ter. The nature of his information was such that he could not
divulge it without implicating a brother officer. If the statements
of his Kansas City friends have any value, defective electric wir-
ing was responsible for the explosion which sent the Maine to the
bottom, caused the death of hundreds of her crew, and brought
the Spanish-American controversy to a violent issue. Mr. Morris
is said to have been aware of the fact from the first, but could not
disclose his knowledge without getting the officer who did the
wiring, into trouble. Brooding over this secret is now assigned
by his friends as the cause of the Lieutenant's suicide.
Af J^& *±4P
\T» (P* y%
The Intermountain Catholic (Sept. 13th), commenting on the pro-
ject of founding an English Catholic daily, intimates that the rea-
son why a number of our Catholic weekly newspapers are en-
deavoring to throw cold water on the undertaking, is the fear that
the publication of a weekly and semi-weekly issue of the proposed
daily would cut into their circulation. It stands to reason that, in
the words of our Salt Lake contemporary, "a weekly or semi-
weekly edition of a daily (through a transfer of matter which ap-
peared in the daily a day or two before), could be turned out at a
cost not greatly exceeding the cost of the white paper upon which
the edition is printed," and that "a plan like this put in operation
by a Catholic daily would give it a great advantage over its neigh-
boring Catholic weeklies, and probably compel them to cut their
subscription price one-half to meet the competition."
But what a sordid motive for opposing a movement that promises
such great benefits for the Catholic cause !
+r +r +r
The Catholic Columbian (No. 38) takes much the same view as
we do of the election of Father D. J. O'Sullivan to the Vermont
legislature. Our contemporary says :
"This election is to be deplored. There is no crisis such as
would justify a priest in leaving his ordinary pastoral work for
the field of politics. An occasion might come when he could do
such great good in the legislature as to warrant him in seeking
the position. Until then every priest should stay where his
bishop has put him and accept no political duties that will call
him from his parish cares. Since Father O'Sullivan has been
elected, hower, the Columbian hopes that he will be such a force
for the public good that his term in the legislature will be a period
for that body to remember with pride."
a a a
The most ridiculous assertion we have heard for a long time is
that of the Catholic Citizen, quoted by the Catholic Universe (No.
1471) and several other newspapers, that France has no Catholic
press. There are published in the city of Paris alone at least six
Catholic dailies and a number of weeklies, bi-weeklies, monthlies,
and quarterlies, nearly every one of which carries more true Cath-
608 The Review. 1902.
olicism in any single column than the Citizen has in its weekly eight
pages. It is not for the lack of a Catholic press that "the eldest
daughter of the Church" is causing her mother such deep sorrow.
J* +r ~r
The signatura of the late Archbishop Corrigan's character was
meekness and gentle piety. We often suspected that he had taken
St. Francis de Sales for his particular model. We are confirmed
in this impression \>y a memento we have latel}7 received from
his reverend brother — a well-thumbed copy of the "Maxims and
Counsels of St. Francis de Sales, For Every Day of the Year,"
which, we are assured was one of his Grace's favorite sources of
meditation.
"Since the Heart of our Lord has no more loving law than meekness,
humility, and charity, we must firmly maintain these dear virtues in
us." "He who livesbut for God seeksonly God, and since God is with
him in adversity as well as in prosperitjr, he dwells in peace in the
midst of tribulation." "Live joyfully ; our Lord looks down upon
37ou, and looks upon you with love and with a tenderness propor-
tioned to your foolishness." "Be a little lamb, a little dove, quite
simple, sweet and amiable, unquestioning and frank." "We must
fortify our courage, and never give up because of obstacles, but
fight valiantly, astonished neither at the number of our enemies
nor the duration of the struggle." "We must die between the two
pillows of humility and confidence."
How well the dear departed Archbishop followed these counsels
of the gentle Bishop of Geneva, who, in the opinion of St. Jane
Chantal and St.. Vincent de Paul, was the most perfect imitation
of our Saviour living among men!
fg SF Sf
The Catholic Columbian (No. 38) has gathered some interesting
information about the Leonine edition of the works of St. Thomas
from Father Gabriel Horn, O. P., one of the associate editors, who
is at present traveling in this country. As most of our readers
are probably aware, this monumental undertaking was begun, at
the instigation of the present gloriously reigning Pontiff, over
twenty years ago, by the late Cardinal Zigliara. At the present
time there are in the college of editors a German, an Englishman,
an Irishman, a Dutchman, and Father Horn, the young Ameri-
can, the first one to be chosen from this country for the work.
The editors have a suite of apartmentssetaside for their use in the
residence of the Master General of the Dominican Order in Rome.
The work is divided among them, each having a certain part
of it to perform. After the second volume had been completed,
the Holy Father requested that the editors skip the intervening
volumes and begin at once with the Summa Theologica, which is
most used by theologians. At the present time about two-thirds
of the Summa have been published.
a$ a& a$
A negro preacher, needing money, said : "Brethren, we will
now staht de box, an' fo' de glory ob heaven which ebber ob you
stole Mr. Jones' turkey will please not put anything in it."
And every man in the congregation contributed.
The Franciscans ii\ the Philippines.
,e have before us a letter from the Provincial of the Fran-
ciscan Order in the Philippines, Very Rev. P. Juan de
Dios Villajos, in which he protests that the Franciscan
Friars in those Islands are not and never were in possession of
lands or real estate of any kind, but during the three hundred
and twenty-five years of their missionary activity in that distant
and laborious field, have supported themselves by the wages
of their work and by alms, just as they do here in the United
States.
The land question, therefore, refers only to the Augustinians,
the. Dominicans, and the Recollects ; the Franciscans have no
pecuniary interests to defend.
The Provincial's letter is written in English, and goes to con-
firm his statement that, since the passing of the Archipelago into
the hands of the Americans, the Fathers of this Order have de-
voted hard study to the English language.
Father Villajos assures us that wherever the natives are un-
corrupted, they love and respect the Spanish religious and fer*
vently desire their return to the parishes from whence they have
been driven. Some of the Fathers never left their posts, but con-
tinue the cura animarum to the satisfaction of their charges ; to
which fact many Americans who have been on the spot can testify.
Naturally, the Franciscans, like the other Spanish religious
now in the Islands, are anxious to know whether they will be per-
mitted to continue in their self-sacrificing and successful work of
administering to the spiritual needs of the natives and spreading
the kingdom of God throughout the Archipelago — an anxiety from
which, we regret, we can not, because of our too meagre knowl-
edge of the ulterior designs of the authorities, both secular and
ecclesiastical, positively relieve them.*) It is edifying to be told
by their superior, that they "neither covet nor desire anything ;"
that they "are resigned and ready to comply with whatever dis-
positions it may please the Holy See to make in this matter," con-
vinced as they are, as true sons of the Seraphic Father, that
*) A prominent Republican congressman assured us the other
day in a personal interview that the administration was satisfied
with the way the Holy See proposes to settle the Friars' question,
and that the Fathers might safely allay all apprehension of being
in any way wronged. We give the assurance for what it may be
worth.
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 39. St. Louis, Mo., October 9, 1902.)
610 The Review. 1902.
"whatever the Supreme Pontiff may ordain, will be the will of our
Lord Jesus Christ, to whose service we have consecrated our lives
in making- our religious profession."
From P. Villajos' letter we also gather the reason why the
Franciscan Friars, and probably their brethren of the other three
orders also, have failed to supply the American Catholic press
with information on the actual status of their affairs. Unac-
quainted with American opinion and sentiment, alarmed by the
character and conduct of so many of our fellow-countrymen at
present in the Islands, they feared that, by "blowing their own
horn" they might injure rather than help their cause and
that of our common mother. This apprehension, well grounded
though it may have been subjectively, is, we beg leave to assure
them, one of which they ought to rid themselves. In America, if
you do not "blow your own horn," no one will blow it for you; you
will simply be brushed aside. And our soldiers in the Philip-
pines, largely recruited from the slums of our big cities, are by
no means representative of the body of this great nation in whose
councils we Catholics are not without considerable influence.
For the rest, the truth is gradually filtering through ;t) and we
doubt whether the administration, which has probably not taken
this whole thing very seriously from the start, will continue to
bother itself much with the question of the Philippine Friars.
We consider it likely that, ultimately, this question will, in ac-
cordance with the unanimous demand of all liberty loving Ameri-
cans, be left to the decision of the ecclesiastical authorities, —
especially since, as Father Villajos correctly surmises, our gov-
ernment, in the long run, can not help seeing what a potent aid
it will have, in the performance of its self-appointed task in
the Philippines, from the four Spanish religious corporations,
who, despite the inevitable faults of a few individual members,
and possible abuses which can be easity remedied, have accomp-
lished so much real good and have for their principal aim the ad-
vancement of the spiritual and temporal welfare of the natives
whom they have, by dint of heroic sacrifices, rescued from bar-
barism.!)
t) See, e. g., Stephen Bonsai's article in the October Northwest-
ern Review.
\) The letter from the Provincial of the Franciscans in Manila,
from which we have quoted, was addressed to Rev. P. Wilfred
Rompe. O. F. M., at Wien, Chariton Co., Mo., who begs us to state
that he will gladly give further information.
611
Unexpected Results of the Godless Pub-
lic School System in Australia.
|ishop McFaul of Trenton was attacked by the Independ-
ent "some, weeks ago, for having said in a public speech
that the result of our public school education was the
de-Christianization of the land. The Western Watchman, in his
inimitable role of peace- maker, made a distinguo: "de-Christian-
ized, no ; de-Protestantized, yes. A close observer would say
they have done both, perhaps the latter more evidently than the
former. This the Protestant preachers, to their immense sur-
prise, have found out in Australia, Where for quite similar reasons
as here, some thirty years ago, they acclaimed the introduction
of a purely secular education in the public schools. Now, finding
that their churches are getting more and more empt3r, they have
resolved to introduce their "Protestant religion," whatever that
may be, into the curriculum of the public schools. Evidently it
could be done. Catholics form but 23 per cent, of the total popu-
lation of Australia ; the other 77 per cent, are Protestants. So
they formed a league against the Catholics and were cocksure to
carry their point at the ensuing general elections. But they were
mistaken. They had overlooked certain things which the Cath-
olic press tells them very tersely thus :
While this looks so simple as to be beyond misconception,
there are a few things which the leaguers have quite forgotten.
The first is as to the number of Protestant and Catholic sympa-
thizers. When the South Australian clergy got the question put
to a vote of the whole people in that colony, they were certain of
the result. But they were mistaken. The people in South Aus-
tralia are more non-Catholic than in other provinces. Catholics
are only about 14 per cent, of the people, and yet the referen-
dum signally defeated the Protestant claim for having its religion
taught at the public expense.
You see there could not have been any "Catholic vote" to ter-
rorize politicians in that case, because it was the people voting
themselves, and not their candidates. This little fact might have
caused the Protestant League to reverse their ideas about the
"Catholic vote." The same causes are at work elsewhere.
And they vitiate all the calculations of the leaguers. It
is true to say that the Catholics are only 23 per cent, of the popu-
lation. But it is not true to say that the other 77 per cent, are in
the least degree a cohesive body, thinking together and desiring
Protestant ascendancy.
In fact it is just the other way. It is scarcely true to say that
612 The Review. 1902.
there is any large body of Protestant opinion anywhere in the
colony. This may seem a strong thing to say. But the facts
justify it. The one powerful motive with our Protestant clerical
friends for getting back religious instruction, which they so free-
ly gave up years ago, is that they find indifference permeating
their churches through and through. They can not get worship-
pers. Their churches are half empty-or more than half. They now
recognize the cause of it. When they so readily gave up religious in-
struction and supported the secular Act, they did not foresee the
consequences to themselves. It was really an act of Protestant
suicide. They see it now, and they want to bark back. But their
own secularism has barred the road of return. They invited
secular education. It came, and it has created a nation of secu-
larists, who refuse to dance any longer to Protestant piping.
The non-Catholics are no longer Protestants. Their own clergy
taught them that religion in the day schools was a thing of no
consequence, and they are now acting on the teaching- of their
teachers. The Protestant'churches for three decades have been
sowing the dragons' teeth of secular instruction. It has sprung
up into a community of armed secularists.
The process has always been quite apparent to the Catholics.
They refused from the first to touch the secular doctrine. In
Victoria they have spent out of their hard earnings and out of
their pittances ,£2,500,000 for the support of their own schools.
They have kept their own schools. They have kept their faith,
as Protestants have lost theirs. All these things have to be taken
into account when our deluded Protestant friends begin to reckon
up their political strength.
They have no strength, and they will find it out in time, and
their present attack on Catholicism will fall as flatly as every
other attack has fallen. Wilberforce Stephen told them, thirty
years ago, that the Secular Education Act would rend the Catholics
in twain. They believed him, and that was the motive that made
them take so readily to secular education. The Catholics, it was
plain to them, would have no means of teaching their religion as
soon as the denominational schools were closed. How blind then
was their wisdom ! They couldn't foresee the splendid enthusiasm
with which a people, whose religion is more than a daily ornament,
would leap to the defence of what is dearest to them. And so it
came about that while the Secular Education Act split up Protest-
antism, and virtually dissipated it into the thin air of indifference,
it welded the Catholic body with the cement of mutual sacrifice.
These are matters which the clerical organizers of the new
League quite overlook. They gave up their religion when they
No. 39. The Review. 613
gave up teaching it to their young, and now they vainly call for a
Protestant vote which will not come,
Of course there are people of Protestant faith still. But they
are of surprisingly fewer numbers, and they are not at all united.
Some of the broadest of the Church of England clergy have re-
fused to join in this new raid upon Catholicism. Then there are
Nonconformists like Dr. Rentoul, who are equally scandalized at
what they declare to be the injustice of this Protestant outbreak
against Rome. Dr. Rentoul and the Church of England press
organ both declare that instead of Protestants making an attack
on the Catholics, they ought to imitate them in establishing relig-
ious teachings of their own.
They can not help confessing that the Catholic body was the
only one in the State which never wavered in its condemnation of
purely secular teaching. They proclaim their belief that the
Catholics, in so far as they give sound secular education to their
children, are as much entitled to be paid for that work as the
children in the State schools are entitled to be paid for. If that
claim of the Catholics for a separate grant were conceded, Prot-
estants might receive the same assistance and establish their
own schools. But the common honesty and equity of the case
stands out conspicuously — that if Catholics have to pay out of
their own pockets for the education of their young, the Protest-
ants have no right to demand that the State shall pay for theirs.
It therefore comes about that while the Catholics are in a min-
ority of numbers, they have a case so good and fair that its pro-
bity is recognized by many Protestants themselves, and by a
very much larger number of indifferent secularists who hold the
scales of equity between the belligerent clergymen of the Prot-
estant League and the unoffending Catholics, whose only fault is
that they are paying for their religion, while the Protestants
don't consider it worth purchasing at such a price.
The Catholic press further points out that the so-called "Cath-
olic vote" is a fiction. It does not exist, because it is not needed.
Catholics generally are so satisfied with the present system, so
conscious that it is daily weakening Protestantism and strength-
ening Catholicism— that they do not feel over anxious to end it.
"Of course it is costly to us," they say, "but we feel the money
is well spent, as is all money invested in God's service." (Cfr. the
Sidney Catholic Press, July 19th).
****
614
A Specious Objection Splendidly
Refuted.
r. W. H. Mallock, in his recent work, 'Doctrine and
Doctrinal Disruption'— which the Paulist Father Wy-
man, in the August Catholic World, deems the most re-
markable book on religious controversy since Newman's 'Essay
on the Development of Christian Doctrine, makes many splendid
pleas in favor of Catholicism. Meanwhile Catholics wonder why
he has remained, for a quarter of a century, a luminous sign-post
pointing the way to the Church and entering not. In this last
work of his he seems to proffer an excuse for his illogical immo-
bility. Since the objection is one that has probably suggested it-
self to many an intelligent outsider, we will quote it here, together
with a masterly refutation of it by the Northwest Review (No. 49).
"Doubtless, "Mallock writes, "as knowledge widens it reveals to
us aspects of things which make such a response difficult. The ap-
parent insignificance of this earth as compared with the rest of
the universe, the enormous antiquity of mankind as compared with
the Christian centuries, the evanescent character of mankind as
measured by cosmic time, all tend to paralyze the action of faith,
and to interfere with the idea that the Creator of all the world
died for the sake of a swarm of ephemeral animals crawling for a
moment on the surface of this paltry pillule."
Now for the refutation :
Mr. Mallock here states, in his customary vivid way, a difficul-
ty that underlies much of the unbelief of our age, and is peculiar-
ly adapted to the shallow mental attitude of an age in which im-
agination passes for intellect. For this objection strikes the im-
agination far more than it impresses the reason. Mr. Mallock
himself admits that the insignificance of this earth is only "ap-
parent." True, the size of this earth, as compared with the rest
of the universe is insignificant, but reason is not wont to measure
the significance of things by their size ; else a whale should be
deemed more important than the brain of a Shakespeare, a ton of
coal more valuable than the Koh-i-noor diamond. Now the only
part of the universe which we know at all in detail, is our solar
system, and of this system the only body which we know to be
suitable to varied forms of life is our planet, and surety animate
matter is far superior to inanimate creation, an atom of the former
is worth worlds of the latter. Doubtless conjecture has run rife
as to the possible existence of other inhabited worlds, but Father
Searle, the Paulist astronomer, proved some years ago in the
Catholic World that no other (known planet, not even Mars,
No. 39. The Review. 615
offered conditions of tempered heat and cold such as to warrant
any likelihood of its being the abode of life.
Mr. Mallock speaks of "the enormous antiquity of mankind as
compared with the Christian centuries." That "enormous an-
tiquity" is mainly imaginary. The late Sir William Dawson, who
knew all about 'Fossil Men' — and nothing new has come to light
on this subject since he wrote that book — saw no reason to place
the origin of man farther back than Archbishop Ussher's four
thousand years before Christ; and though Catholic apologists,
with a better knowledge of the uncertainties of Scripture chron-
ology, may be willing to concede double that length of time, a con-
cession which recent discoveries in Egypt may make advisable,
yet the dates which contemporary archaeologists complacently
affix to their finds, are extremely uncertain and mainly imaginary.
There remain, therefore, only two props to the "enormous anti-
quity of mankind," the fanciful chronology of archaeologists deal-
ing with remote periods in which points of comparison are con-
spicuously absent, and the still more unreliable guesses of pre-
historic anthropology.
Moreover, Mr. Mallock seems to forget that the "Christian
centuries" were foreshadowed at the very dawn of the human race.
He should take the Christian view of its entirety, as he finds it,
and, considered thus, the "Christian centuries" were foretold to
Adam when the Redeemer was promised ; so that, in a very real
sense, the Catholic Church dates back to our first parents, from
whose day till the birth of Christ there always were human be-
ings for whom the hope of His coming was the solace of their
lives.
"The evanescent character of mankind as measured by cosmic
time" is by no means clear. Can the character of man be called
"evanescent" when the soul, to which he owes his character, is
immortal? If cosmic time is to measure the character of man-
kind, it will have to be applied over and over again for all eternity.
Cosmic time will one day be no more, and after that the soul's
eternity will still be entire. Plainly, the shoe is on the other foot.
The single soul of one new-born baby can "knock spots out of"
cosmic time. What do we know of cosmic time except that it had
a beginning and will have an end? The human soul has had a
beginning, but it will have no end.
No ; the Creator of all the world did not die "for the sake of a
swarm of ephemeral animals crawling for a moment on the sur-
face of this paltry pillule." The phrase is a sensational one,
hardly worthy of Mr. Mallock, and, what is more, it represents a
manifest error. We are not "ephemeral animals"; even the ani-
mal part of us will rise again and endure for ever.
616 The Review. 1902.
Imaginary, then is this difficulty of Mr. Mallock's in the double
sense of being, first of all, largely fictitious, and, secondly, of im-
pressing the imagination at the expense of the intellect. The
imagination is easily startled by mere size, bigness, vast num-
bers. The intellect views with awe nothing but greatness, great
truths, great ideas. In comparison with the infinitely beautiful
idea of the Word made Flesh it sets as little store by a million
double stars as it does by a wilderness of apes; both are nothing
compared to that divine idea.
A Fighting Editor.
VI. — ( Conclusion.}
he enemies of the Univers were little pleased with the
cessation of the polemics on the classics. Their hope
to ruin the paper had miscarried. But there came a new
hope. Donoso Cortes had published his essay on Catholicism,
Socialism, Liberalism. It was one of the volumes belonging to
"The New Library," planned by Louis Veuillot, sound in doc-
trine and therefore hated by all Liberals and Gallicans.
Msgr. Dupanloup's Vicar-General, the Abbe Gaduel, attacked it
in a series of articles in the Ami de la Religion, for the purpose of
drawing Veuillot into the debate. The Univers, while duly respect-
ing the ecclesiastical dignity of this new opponent, went unmer-
cifully for his arguments. Soon Louis Veuillot had the laughers
on his side and the Abbe Gaduel in a rage. Unable to refute the
arguments of his opponents, Gaduel demanded protection for
his person from the Archbishop of Paris. He accused Veuillot of
satyre, violence, injur}7, anger, contempt, calumny, and wanted
his articles condemned as injurious, diffamator}7, and scandalous.
After a few days, the Archbishop issued a circular in which he
forbade the Univers to all his priests and prelates and religious
institutions, forbade all Catholic papers to copy from the Univers
or to employ the words "Gallican" and "Ultramontane." He
threatened excommunication, should the editor of the Univers
comment in any way on this circular.
Louis Veuillot had left for Rome a few weeks before, and it was
there the news of the new thunderbolt reached him. The Univers
had simply printed the circular in full, adding that the chief
editor, who was in Rome, would know what to do, and continued
as before. On the 25th of February Veuillot had an audience with
No. 39. The Review. 617
the Holy Father, who exhorted him to continue his work on the
Univers. While still overjoyed by the paternal words of Pius IX.,
Veuillot learned to his surprise that Msgr. Guibert, Bishop of
Viviers, had forbidden the Univers ; he was shocked when he
heard of the second condemnation by the Archbishop of Paris.
But no less shocked were the cardinals at Rome and the Pope
himself. Veuillot's appeal found willing- ears ; nay more, before
the appeal could pass through the different stages of law, he was
promised a laudatory letter from the Pope's private secretary,
for publication.
At Paris, meanwhile, desperate efforts were making to influence
the bishops and even the government to side with the Archbishop.
In vain. There was joy in the camp of the Gallicans only ; even
the moderate Liberals found that blow too much, although they
had no love for the Univers.
Numerous were the letters of sympathy and encouragement
from cardinals, archbishops, bishops, clergy, and laymen to the
Univers. The Nuncio rebuked the Archbishop and asked for
a withdrawal of his invidious circular. The promised letter from
the private secretary of His Holiness, which soon came, strength-
ened the Univers immensely. The adversaries keenly felt the
blow. When the pressure became stronger and stronger, the
Archbishop backed down and, in order to be enabled to withdraw
gracefully his ordinance, he asked the Pope to request Louis
Veuillot to write him a letter. Veuillot consented reluctantly.
Meanwhile the Holy Father had resolved on writing an encyclical,
in which, without naming any one, the cause of the Univers was
to be commended.
Msgr. Dupanloup, who had been the instigator and leader of
this new attack upon the Univers, after a while prepared another
pastoral in which the Univers was strongly condemned. The man-
uscript had already gone to the printer when the encyclical "Inter
multiplices" appeared. One should have thought he would have
burned his manuscript now, but he did not. He laid it aside to
make use of it three years later.
The encyclical exhorted the bishops to combat with zeal and
perseverance "the poisoned journals" which the enemies of God
were spreading, and to encourage and support the good press,
winding up with these words :
"And while trying to keep from the faithful committed to your
care the deadly poison of bad books and bad journals, we ask you
earnestly, favor with all your benevolence and love those men
who, animated by a Catholic spirit and versed in science and
letters, consecrate their time to writing and publishing books
and journals for the propagation and defense of Catholic doctrine,
618 The Review. 1902
in order that the opinions and sentiments hostile to this Holy
See and its authority may disappear, that the darkness of errors
be dispelled, and the minds be flooded with the sweet light
of truth. Your charity and your episcopal care should, therefore*
excite the ardor of these writers, animated with the good spirit,
that they may continue to defend the cause of Catholic truth
with attentive care and knowledge; and if. in their writings, they
should now aad then fall short, you should prudently admonish
them with paternal words."
Archbishop Sibour felt these words were meant for him and
withdrew his circular against the Univers. The Univers published
his letter. Du Lac and Eugene Veuillot went to thank him the
same day, but left with the impression that he had not given up
his old claim of ruling and dictating to the paper.
There was great rejoicing in Catholic circles, also in Rome,
when the news of the Archbishop's withdrawal became known.
Louis Veuillot had won a signal victory, but the fundamental
question of the rights of the Archbishop over the Catholic press
of Paris remained unsolved.*)
*) We may continue this interesting series when M. Eugene
Veuillot will publish the third volume of his Life of Louis Veuillot.
619
MISCELLANY.
Agajnst Treating.— A St. Patrick's League devoted to the anti-
treating movement has been established in Ireland. The mem-
bers promise that they will not treat others, or accept a treat
themselves, in any place where liquor is sold. We hope the move-
ment will prove effective in the cause of true temperance. After
all, as the Ave Maria pointed out the other day (No. 5). total ab-
stinence is merely an excellent counsel, not an obligatory precept
of God or His Church ; and it will be forever impracticable to in-
duce all men to adopt it. They will insist on their right to use a
stimulant when they think they need it, — to use liquor without
abusing it. Clearly, such men may far more readily be brought
to see that treating is an indefensible nuisance than to admit that
they should quit drinking entirely. Treating is, of course, mere-
ly a traditional custom, arising from individual habits ; and it can
be abolished by opposite habits on the part of the individual.
Logically speaking, there is no more reason for a man's saying to
a friend or acquaintance, "'Come and have a drink," than for his
saying, "Come and have a beefsteak"; and most drinkers will
acknowledge that the tyranny of the custom has often forced
them to exceed the measure that they wished or that was physi-
cally agreeable them.
Why Religious Orders Should Have Property. — Of the things to
be praised in connection with St. Benedict's foundation this is
not the least— though some are reluctant to recognize it — that
with all the poverty and heroic abnegation which he required of
his monks, he nevertheless built up the monastic community on
the stable and safe ground of property, largely acquired by the
hardest kind of labor. Thus he was enabled to take an independ-
ent stand against the world, which, after the chaos of the migra-
tion of nations, required to be newly ordered. True, the im-
moderately large possessions of some abbies at a later period
caused the order in some of its members to become internally
poor ; but for the present and the near future the danger of too
great wealth is no longer to be feared ; and it is equally true, on
the other hand, that monasteries which have not means of their
own to fall back upon, easily become dependent in many regards
upon those from whom they derive their support. Already Bona-
venture had beeen compelled to hear the reproach that his order
honored the rich more than the poor. The danger of degeneracy
is therefore no less in this case than in the other ; there it is the
allurement of voluptuous wealth, here the temptation of a degrad-
ing human respect and human considerations. It is the spirit of
a rule that vivifies, not the letter.— Hettinger, 'Aus Welt und
Kirche,'I, 478.
The Goaa in Freemasonry.— A reader of The Review on St. An-
drew's Island, Colombia, South America, sends us the following
notes :
It is a well-known fact that the Freemasons and other secret
societies expressly condemned by the Catholic Church, have given
to the goat a place of no little importance in their rituals. Some
620 The Review. 1902.
claim that such is also the case with a number of secret societies
not expressly condemned ; such as the "Red Men." Can The
Review give its readers an explanation of this fact and why the
goat has been selected by said societies for such an honorable (!)
role?
I have been trying to find an answer to my question by "search-
ing the Scriptures" and also by consulting such books as I could
obtain, and shall here state what I found in 'The Adversary — A
Study in Satanology,' by W. A. Watson, D. D. In his chapter on
"Devils and Devil- Worship" (p. 67) the author writes :
"In II. Chron. XI, 15, it is said of Jeroboam that he 'ordained
him priests for the high places and for the devils and for the calves
which he had made.' This is supposed to refer to the goat-wor-
ship or worship of Pan, which Jeroboam had brought from Egypt.
The same word scirim occurring in Is. XIII, 21, is translated in the
authorized version by 'satyrs.' Speaking of the desolation of
Babylon, the prophet says : 'Their houses shall be full of doleful
creatures and owls shall dwell there and satyrs shall dance there.'
In giving the word ''scirim'1 the rendering 'satyrs,' the transla-
tors doubtless had in mind the other interpretation of the word,
viz., goat-footed demons. Bochartus derives the word 'satyr'
from the Hebrew 's««r,' which, he says, signifies a devil under the
form of a goat.
All the ancient interpreters, Syriac, Arabic, Chaldee, and Jew-
ish, understood the word as referring to demons who appeared in
the shape of goats.
These demons were accustomed to frequent the fields, and es-
pecially the deserts, representing themselves to ignorant persons
as if they were gods and enticing their devotion to themselves,
'which demons or evil spirits,' he says, 'appeared, it is likely, in
the form of goats ; and therefore are here called 'scirim,'' which
properly signifies goats.'
According to Maimonides, the ancient Sabii worshipped these,
and the extensive prevalence of this worship in Moses' time was
the cause of the enactment against it."
On page 62 of the above-named work the author writes : "There
is a marked, though somewhat obscure allusion to the source of
evil in one of the most interesting of the rites and ceremonies or-
dained of God and written in the law of Moses, — I refer to the
scapegoat.
Two male goats, in all respects equal, were to be brought be-
fore the Lord at the door of the Tabernacle. On these lots were
to be cast. The one indicated by the lot was to be sacrificed to
the Lord. Upon the head of the other Aaron was to lay his hands
and 'confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel,
and all their transgressions in all their sins, putting them upon
the head of the goat, and shall send him away by the hand of a fit
man into the wilderness.' (Levit. XVI, 21.)
Two goats are mentioned here ; one for the Lord and one for
the scapegoat, the word 'azazeV being rendered by scapegoat.
But the true meaning of that word does not seem to be satisfac-
torily determined. It is, however, agreed that it means some-
thing in opposition to the Lord— the evil one. The Jews under-
No. 39. The Review. 621
stand that the goat ceremonially bore the sins of the people away
to the source whence they came — to the Devil."
Now I ask once more, what has the goat to do with Freemasonry
and kindred societies ?
Death of Rev. Thomas Scully. — The Review has lost a staunch
friend in Rev. Thomas Scully, who died the other day at Cam-
bridgeport, Mass. For thirty-five years he had been pastor of
St. Mary's of the Annunciation Church, Cambridge, and for near-
ly the same period a prominent figure in the life of his own city,
of Boston, and of the State ; for in all that pertained to religion,
education, patriotism, and philanthropy, Father Scully took a
lively interest. He was born in Ireland, March 25th, 1832, and
received his early education in England, pursuing his ecclesiasti-
cal studies in Italy. The desire to labor for the spiritual welfare
of those of his countrymen who had left their native land, led him
to turn his eyes toward America as the field of his future life-
work. While yet a student he came to Boston, and on the 18th of
September, 1860, he was ordained to the priesthood in old St.
James' Church by the late Bishop Fitzpatrick. On the breaking
out of the Civil War he was commissioned chaplain of the 9th
Massachusetts regiment, and participated in many exciting
battles and skirmishes.
The Pilot says of him :
"The magnificent faith, courage, sincerity, and single-hearted
devotion to the public good of this great soldier of the Cross
won him a popularity which he had never sought. He parted from
the Protestant leaders on the school question ; he gave them his
hearty and necessary support in their campaign against the
liquor traffic. The outcome of his school work and his temper-
ance work approved themselves equally at last to thoughtful men
as proofs of the highest citizen purpose. His schools, the joy and
crown of his life, have sent forth during their more than thirty
years of existence, thousands of capable, earnest, athletic men,
public-spirited citizens, soldiers for the flag, priests for the altar,
noble and intelligent mothers, leaders in charitable work, nuns
for the teaching orders. To-day they are educating 1,800 boys and
girls, numerously the children of former pupils. The great Hos-
pital of the Holy Ghost for Incurables, of which Father Scully
was the founder, expressed but one phase of his charity. His
private beneficence was unfailing, judicious, delicate."
To the latter statement, though we never knew Father Scully
personally, we can testify from our own experience ; for when,
about a year and a half ago, we announced our intention of pur-
chasing a new dress of type for The Review and coupled it with a
request to our delinquent subscribers to settle their accounts,
that we might be enabled to pay for the necessary material, the
next mail from Cambridgeport brought, unsolicited, a check from
Father Thomas Scully to the amount of one hundred dollars, with
the remark that, although the old type was good enough for him,
he considered it a duty and a privilege to aid us to the best of his
ability in our noble and necessary work. We have had personal
friends of long standing brusquely discontinue The Review be-
cause of a single article that did not meet their unqualified appro-
622 The Review. 1902.
bation ; the example of this gentle Irish priest who, though dis-
agreeing with us toto caelo on the temperance and several other
questions, yet gave us his constant sympathy and active support,
because "The Review is thoroughly Roman Catholic and we have
so few Roman Catholic periodicals in this country," — may be
quoted here to shame them and for more general emulation.
We sincerely recommend Father Scully's soul to the prayers
of our patrons.
"Poisoning the Wells." — A Catholic college professor writes us :
The readers of The Review are all acquainted with the
vigorous campaign which the editor of the Messenger un-
dertook and carried on so gallantly against Appleton's
Encyclopaedia. He now records a complete success, as the
publishers resolved to have all objectionable parts of the work
thoroughly revised. But the good effect of this crusade of Am-
erican Catholicity reaches much farther than appeared at first.
Some time ago the writer of these lines, a professor in a Cath-
olic college, was promised a sample copy of a text- book on ancient
history. Weeks passed and the book did not arrive. At last he
reminded the firm respectfully of their promise, and the follow-
ing courteous letter was the repl}' :
"It was not owing to an oversight on our part, that we failed
to send you the sample copy. But the book contains several state-
ments that were pointed out to us as objectionable to Catholics.
Until these will have been revised, we are making no effort to sell
the book in Catholic schools."
As I do not know whether the firm would like to have its name
published, I withhold it, although the letter is rather to its credit.
But the little incident shows that the Catholic schools in this
country are a power with which publishers have to reckon.
Would to God that we were only more conscious of our strength.
Publishers must know that statements contrary to truth and
pictures contrary to morals will infallibly bar a book from hund-
reds of institutions. But, let me ask, how is it that these hund-
reds of institutions have not the men to write solid books from
the Catholic standpoint for their thousands of students of both
sexes? Would they not find a market?
NOTE-BOOK.
Rev. Father M. Arnoldi, of Fort Jennings, Ohio, who has lately
been agitating the question of a Catholic daily newspaper, begs
us to state that he has just published a pamphlet on the subject,
entitled 'The Pen and the Press,' etc., giving, "besides complete
information as to the company now organizing for the purpose of
publishing Catholic dailies in the English language, and advance
prospectus, also names of directors, photo of the author, and
many other very interesting and important items which very
much concern all classes of American Catholics." He will send
this brochure to any address for ten cents. We reserve to our-
No. 39. The Review. 623
selves the right to subject this publication to an impartial criti-
cism and take this opportunity to state, in reply to several en-
quiries, that the Editor of The Review is in no way identified
with this movement, that he does not expect, in case it succeeds,
to be connected with the projected Catholic daily — if for no other
reason than that he already has his hands full — and that whatever
he has written or allowed others to write in The Review on the
subject, was inspired by the pure and only motive to further a
good work to which every loyal American Catholic must needs
give his sympathy and support, provided it is undertaken by men
who are animated by no desire for financial gain or personal ag-
grandizement, but solely by the sacred and self-sacrificing spirit
which has dictated all the utterances of our Holy Father Leo
XIII. on the subject of the Catholic press, and which has made the
Catholic daily newspapers such a strong power for good in Ger-
many and other European countries.
It seems that our prediction, made many moons agone, that
Msgr. Falconio would succeed Cardinal Martinelli as Apostolic
Delegate for the United States, is at length about to come true. We
are glad of it, for Msgr. Falconio, besides being a very able prelate,
is a monk after the heart of St. Francis himself. May his admini-
stration prove a real blessing to the Church in this paradise of
trimmers and turncoat Catholics !
5 9 5
Probably the greatest obstacle in the way of the laudable pro-
ject of providing the Catholics of this country with a daily press
of their own, is indifference born of ignorance. This indifference,
we are sorry to say, is found even in some of those actually en-
gaged in Catholic journalism. Witness this cutting from last
week's Republic of Boston, which pretends to be a Catholic paper:
"We notice that some of our good friends yearn for a Catholic
daily newspaper. Why not Catholic railways and Catholic water-
works ?"
If even a presumably intelligent Catholic editor fails to see the
distinction betweenadaily newspaperandarailwayorwaterworks,
what can we expect of the less cultured masses? If the an-
alogy were valid, by the way, instead of positively crazy, we do
not see why it should apply only to the daily newspaper and
not to the weekly as well. If a Catholic railway and Catholic
waterworks are un-called for and ridiculous, why not also Catholic
weeklies such as the Republic?
The Excelsior Publishing Company of Milwaukee, which gets
out one of our best German Catholic weeklies, has undertaken to
issue a weekly agricultural paper in the German language, edited
by a Catholic farmer for Catholic farmers. It is called Der Land-
matin, and the first number is full of promise. The Landmann
is an entirely new departure, designed to counteract the pernic-
ious influence of the existing German rural journals, which con-
vey intellectual and moral poison into many Catholic homes by
624 The Review. 1902.
their materialistic editorial tendency and noxious advertisements .
We sincerely hope it will succeed.
& # &
Bishop Matz of Denver — the episcopal reporter — has a happy
way of "getting back" at his critics. In his account of a recent
episcopal visitation in Monte Vista, Colo., he writes in the Denver
Catholic (No. 5): "On the morning of the 15th we confirmed 35
children at the late Mass, which was said by Father Montenarelli.
The Bishop preached in Spanish, English, and German, the ser-
mon lasting 39 minutes, watch in hand. Here is a stunning re-
joinder for those who calumniate his Lordship by saying that he
never knows when to stop."
~r ~r +r
We see from the Denver Catholic (No. 5) that "the Knights of
Columbus of Denver Council are preparing to send a delegation
to Chicago to take the Fourth degree next Thanksgiving day."
It is a far cry from Denver to Chicago, and to us "old fogies" it
would seem that these model Catholics — for we have repeatedly
been assured that all Knights of Columbus are "model Catholics"
— might employ the considerable sum such a trip will cost, to bet-
ter spiritual advantage than a long-distance excursion to an exhi-
bition of unworthy semi-Masonic mummery.
*% v% Ifo
From a friend :
"Why do you constantly attack such sheets as the Catholic
Citizen and the Western Watchman? There is no glory to be gained
in fighting them."
To which we would reply, we do not attack them from the love
of glory, but from the love of utility, as a burgomaster hunts a
rat in a Dutch dj^ke, for fear it should flood a province.
To another friend who chides us for remaining silent on certain
subjects :
"Le silence est le grand moyen que Dieu nous a donne, quand
nous ne pouvons pas dire le beau sans pecher contre la justice ni
le vrai sans pecher contre la charite." — Lacordaire.
^^ ^^ jtn>
The hollowness of the "Religious Garb" decisions in several
Eastern States has been shown up frequently in the Catholic pa-
pers ; but nowhere have we seen a more effective presentation of
the subject than in an article by Rev. Simon Fitzsimons in the
Catholic World Magazine for August. After reading it, one is at
a loss to know why no test case has yet been made.
15 t? 0
The Catholic Penny Booklet of Chicago (No. 5) opportunely re-
minds the enemies of the Spanish religious that "the Prior of La
Rabida, who from his poverty supported Columbus and gained
for him the means to discover the New World, was a poor Spanish
Franciscan Friar."
Ten Years of Socialistic Rule.
he voters of Marseille (France) have ousted their Social-
istic city council. Already at the May election, M.
Flaissieres fell behind, but this time he was thoroughly
and irretrievably beaten. For ten years the Socialist party has
ruled supreme at Marseille and, faithful to its program, en-
deavored to carry out the Collectivistic idea.
The Courrier de Bruxelles (Aug-. 19th) gives a resume of an ar-
ticle of the Eclair on that Socialistic administration and completes
it by another, published two years ago in the Debats by Eugene
Ripault. As the subject is of particular interest just now in this
country, where Socialism is seducing thousands, we will devote a
few lines to the Marseille experiment.
Not satisfied with the city's owning the waterworks, that already
gave little satisfaction, the Socialistic council of Marseille, as soon
as it came ino power, proposed to municipalize the electric light
plant and the street cars, and even tosupervise the cleaning of the
municipal theatre.
The first result was that the streets were no longer satisfac-
torily cleaned, though this department cost 300,000 francs more
than formerly, when the work was sublet to the lowest bidder.
Nepotism soon invaded all branches of the administration, cor-
rupted the personnel and produced waste. The police force was
demoralized, crushed between the infringement of the law
which it was to stop, and lack of energetic support from the au-
thorities. To secure a crowd of followers, the municipal author-
ities exempted a great many citizens from certain taxes and let
contracts in preference to those who distinguished themselves by
their Socialistic ardor.
All this could not be done without great financial loss ; but to
make it less palpable they discarded all sound rules of accounting
and dropped the debtor side from their annual report. Eugene
Ripault gives a table of municipal receipts and expenditures from
1893 to 1900 :
1893. Receipts, 20,980,066.77; expenses, 20,586,527.13; surplus,
393,539.64.
1894. Receipts, 26,217,495.88; expenses, 26,087,695.88; surplus,
129,800.00.
1895. Receipts, 20,599,518.83; expenses, 20,599,517.83; surplus,
1.00.
(The Review. Vol. IX. No. 40. St. Louis, Mo., October lti, 1902.)
626 The Review. 1902.
1896. Receipts, 20,875,632.72; expenses, 20,849,631.72; surplus,
26,001.00.
1897. Receipts, 21,514,862.75; expenses, 21,514,861.75; surplus,
1.00.
1898. Receipts, 27,165,523.55; expenses, 27,165,523.55; surplus,0.
In 1899, with a budget of 25,719,351.42 and in 1900, with a bud-
get of 33,108,713.85 francs, there was likewise no trace of a sur-
plus. These figures need no commentary.
Evidently the accounts were falsified by concealing the deficit,
which actually is said to amount to at least 15,000,000 francs.
The expert accountants, which the government has sent there,
find it very difficult to get at the real figure.
In the budget the mayor had at his disposal a relief fund of
15,000. The city fathers were to serve without pay, but they
managed to extract considerable sums from the treasury by vot-
ing themselves special appropriations under various pretexts.
The city administration, which was to treat all alike, became
the stronghold of the Socialistic party. The mayor's office served
as headquarters of the secret or open strikers. A strike was no
longer a peaceful means to obtain justice for the laboring men ; it
became, in tbe hands of the violently partisan mayor, a ready
weapon against any class for whose sympathy he did not care.
What immense losses the commercial, industrial or maritime
interests might undergo was immaterial to the administration,
so long as the Socialistic or Collectivistic interests were duly pro-
tected. Hence strikes became periodical scourges, and their
present or threatened outbreak stifled many enterprises, ruined
private fortunes, and jeopardized the public welfare.
Such, in brief were the workings of this Socialistic city admin-
istration. We can readily understand why the people became
tired of it in the end.
Let us hope that our commonwealths, large and small, may be
spared the same sad experience. As long as only the "walking
delegates" and a few thousand misguided malcontents advo-
cate Socialism, the case is not serious ; but when Catholic priests
are allowed to go on the stump and proclaim it the panacea for
all the social evils modern society is heir to, matters assume a
really threatening aspect.
^^
627
The Work of the Friars.
[Stephen Bonsal in the October North American Review. Y
n most descriptions of the Spanish regime in the Philip-
pines, the administration is spoken of as deriving its
strength or its weakness from the union of Church and
State. This view is not quite correct. It would be nearer the
truth to say that the islands were held as a fief by the four great
monastic orders of the Roman Church, and that over them was
hoisted in recognition of their many benefactions the standard of
the Most Catholic Kings.
Typical of the history of the generations that followed is the
story of the first expedition, which, sailing from Mexico, effected
a permanent settlement on the islands in the spring of 1565, and
shortly afterwards founded Manila. This expedition was due to
the personal labors and popularity of Fray Andres Urdaneta, an
Austin friar who had proved himself in many sea ventures a most
daring navigator. He was also a cosmographer, a distinguished
mathematician, a soldier and a courtier. The nominal head of
the expedition was Lopez de Legaspi, who figured in the ship's
company as sailing-master. This was a personal selection of
Urdaneta's, and it proved to be a happy one ; though, when we
learn that Legaspi had never followed the sea, but had been a no-
tary all his in life the City of Mexico, we comprehend the motive
underlying Fray Andres' choice. The Austin friar proposed
that he himself should lay the course of the frail caravel across
the vacant seas to the islands of the painted people which Magel-
lan had discovered.
In October, 1896, more than three hundred years later, when
the first rebellion under Aguinaldo was making great headway
and the bearing of Governor-General Blanco did not inspire con-
fidence, the following cable, signed by the Archbishop of Manila
and the Provincials of the monastic orders in the islands, was
sent to the Procureur of the Dominicans in Madrid : "Situation
grave, rebellion spreading, apathy of Blanco inexplicable. To
save the situation, urgently necessary appointment new Governor
General ;" and within forty-eight hours General Polavieja was
designated as Blanco's successor. As in the days of Urdaneta,
whoever the figurehead might be, whether soldier or civilian, it
was the friar who laid the ship's course; and when, as frequently
happened of recent years, the sailing-master sought to usurp the
*) In our last, this interesting and valuable article by a Pro-
testant newspaper correspondent was erroneously credited to
the Northzvest Review.
628 The Review. 1902.
functions of the ghostly pilot, he was gently but firmly put on
shore.
This patriarchal system of government by monastic missions,
so much out of harmony with the spirit of the times, received but
survived many severe blows in the house of its friends. Certainly
the acts of 1863 and 1893 promulgated by the Spanish Cortes
would have destroyed the mission system, but for the fact that
the decrees of the Cortes did not then carr3r as far as they form-
erly did. When we arrived in the Philippines, we found the
monastic orders still supreme, in all the essentials of government,
and the Spanish admiral taking his instructions from the Arch-
bishop, rather than from the Minister of Marine.
The moment the American flag went up over the islands, the
Church was divorced from the State ; and the question of the hour
■became, what to do with the friars now shorn of all their political
functions. With this question in process of adjustment, upon
the honorable basis of fair compensation to the friars for all prop-
erty to which they can prove clear title, and with the assurance
to the parishes that they can have, as their spiritual advisers,
any priest or minister their choice may fall on, provided always
■he be not unfriendly to the American regime, the time seems op-
portune for turning a deaf ear to controversy for a moment, and
for examining the testimony of facts as to the way in which the
friars have performed the mission confided to them of civilizing
the Philippine Indians.
This is, indeed, a difficult task. Some of our most responsible
officials in the islands have denounced the rule of the friars as a
dark page in history, as something too horrible to speak about in
detail. Indeed, the absence of detail and particulars in their ac-
cusations is very noticeable ; but, from their point of view, per-
haps it was better, as they said, to throw the mantle of charity
over the closed chapter. The Civil Commission presided over by
Judge Taft, on the other hand, has paid the friars, in the person
of their recent wards, the very highest of compliments. In its
report, the Commission recognizes that, during the three hund-
red years which have elapsed since Pigaf etta and others described
the islanders as painted savages, addicted to cannibalism and
other low practices, they have been so raised in the social scale
that now they are ripe for self-government and representative in-
stitutions. One can be just to the work of the friars without go-
ing to the length of this eulogy. The truth lies somewhere be-
tween the extremes.
As you travel in the Philippines and come to a village or a ham-
let that is better built than most, if you ask by whom it was
founded, the natives will answer that it was built by the Francis-
No. 40. The Review. 629
cans or by the Austin fathers. In your walks in the interior or
along the coast, if you ask who built the great church that
crowns the hill, the bridge of massive masonry that spans the
river, who ballasted the road that is never washed out during the
rains, or who designed the irrigation works that make the plan-
tations possible, the invariable answer is, not Colonel A. or Gen-
eral B. or Don Fulano the layman, but Father A. or Father B.,
"Amay' sa culog." "the father of the souls." Perhaps, in your
travels, you may come to a village or a district where nearly every
man, woman, and child can speak Spanish with fluency and not a
few read and write it. If you have seen the Dutch in Java and
Cochin China under the French, you will be much astonished at
this fact, unparalleled in the history of those Asiatic countries,
which, according to the expression of M. Leroy Beaulieu, are in
process of renovation by the colonizing Powers of Europe. Much
that is contradictory and confusing has been said on the question
of language in the islands. I shall here merely register my per-
sonal experience. I never entered a village in any of the islands,
including savage Samar, where I did not find several of the head
men speaking Spanish, and in many instances good Spanish. I
also found that the fluency and the popularity of Spanish were
always in direct proportion to the influence and the numbers of
the friars in the district. It was poor policy to teach the Tagals
Spanish ; but the fact that they did so to a very remarkable ex-
tent proves that the influence of the clerical teachers was an up-
lifting one.
Of course, the highest testimony to the work of the friars is to
be found in a comparison between the condition of the islands
when they landed and the state of the country in 1898, when they
were superseded. The first great obstacle to their mission of
civilization was the absolute lack of roads or even paths of com-
munication. The islands were covered with impenetrable forests
and jungles. Almost without means, the friars yet devised a
system of road and bridge construction which accomplished
wonders. Every inhabitant had to work a certain number of days
each year upon the highways, or furnish a substitute. Since
this system was abolished, the means of communication through-
out the islands have steadily deteriorated. I chanced to be pres-
ent last year at a convention of all the presidentes in the island of
Leyte which had been summoned to discuss the question of roads
and bridges. I am not quite correct in stating that all the presi-
dentes were present, because, owing to the disgraceful condition
of the roads, less than one-half succeeded in arriving at Tacloban,
the place of meeting, and these came for the most part in boats.
The American treasurer of the province told the presidentes that
630 The Review. 1902.
he recognized the frightful condition of affairs in an island which
had once been, in proportion to its size and population, the most
prosperous and progressive of the group ; but the fact was, he
had no money to replace the bridges that had been swept away.
He hoped he would be able to do something for them another
year. In a word the Leyte congress adjourned, loud in praise of
the system of personal service on the roads that had been a char-
acteristic of the friars' regime.
At the time of the conquest, agriculture, in so far as it was
practised at all by the fugitive inhabitants of the islands, was in
the most rudimentary stage. They cultivated in a primitive way
rice and camotes, a kind of potato, putting the seed in the ground
and leaving the rest to generous nature until harvest time came.
They were not versed in tillage of any kind, and they knew noth-
ing of irrigation, in consequence of which they frequently failed
to make their rice crops, and famines ensued which decimated
the population. Once the friars had succeeded in inducing the
islanders to give up their nomad life and take up settled abodes,
it became necessary to provide them with a more certain crop, a
more assured sustenance, than rice under Philippine conditions.
To this end, maize was introduced with wonderful success, the
friars bringing the seed-corn from Mexico. For three centuries,
this crop has proved the mainstay of life in the islands. While
the friars were not scientific cultivators, it can be said without
fear of contradiction that, with the exception of tobacco, which
was introduced by the Spanish government, every staple crop
that is now grown in the Philippines and adds to the wealth of
their inhabitants was either introduced by the friars, or that its
valuable qualities were made known by them to the natives.
Practically cut off for so many generations from communication
with the outside world, and often involved in the famines which
were in a great measure due to the improvidence of the islanders,
the friars found it was not sufficient to preach tropical agricul-
ture from their pulpits ; it was necessary to work in a more prac-
tical way. With this purpose, lands were taken up by them and
model farms or plantations established in many districts ; and in
these schools the natives learned what they know to-day of tilling
the soil. This was the genesis of the monastic estates. They
have since been increased somewhat by purchase, and largely by
bequests ; yet, far from comprising the greater portion of the
best land in the islands, as has been asserted, the monastic
estates amount to less than one-hundreth part of the land under
cultivation, and less than one five-thousandth part of the land
that might be cultivated. On these farms the friars introduced
onions, tomatoes, and peppers with varying success ; and in
No. 40. The Review. 631
Leyte the Jesuits introduced cacao, which is fast becoming: one
of the most valuable crops. Coffee bushes were growing- wild,
but it was the Austin friars who first revealed the virtues of this
plant. It was they, also, who taught the cultivation of indigo, al-
so indigenous. Indigo soon became a source of great wealth,
especially to the inhabitants of northern Luzon. It was the most
valuable asset of the island, until, owing to adulteration by
Chinese merchants, Luzon indigo became discredited in the mar-
kets of the world. Furthermore, it may be said that the natives
did not profit by the five or six varieties of sugar-cane growing in
the islands until they were taught, and that the wonderful jusi
and pina fabrics which are now so much sought after in the world
of fashion, come from the looms which the friars first established
in Panay and Cebu.
Within a very few months of the founding of Manila, the friars
opened schools, and until 1863 there were none in the islands
other than those over which they presided. As the natives were
weaned from their migratory habits, and induced to cultivate the
land, higher schools and colleges were founded, the most notable
of which is the college of Santo Tomas, which exists to-day as the
Manila University. This institution, founded by the Dominican
friars, opened its doors in 1620, the year of the landing of the
Pilgrim Fathers. The college flourished, found favor with Philip
the Fourth, and in the year 1644, by a papal bull, it was raised
to university rank and styled Royal and Pontifical. Down to the
present day, all the professors in this university have been Do-
minican friars, with the exception of the faculty of medicine and
pharmacy. As far back as 1640, to fill the gap between the ordi-
nary parish schools and the University, the preparatory school
of San Juan de Letran was instituted. Here, at a later day,
Aguinaldo and Lucban and Malvar studied. With the increase of
population, the educational movement spread, largely through the
inspiration of the friars and entirely under their supervision. By
the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Dominicans presided
over a flourishing high-school in Dagupan, the Franciscans had
a famous college in the Camarines, and the Austin friars had
founded colleges in Negros and Iloilo. The refinement and in-
telligence of the Philippine women of the better class to-day
would seem to be due to the educational advantages which were
offered them by the Orders, a thing hitherto unknown under
Asiatic conditions, and certainly far in advance of anything
similar in Spain. The college of Santa Rosa, better known as
the school of Mother Paula, in memory of its first Mother Su-
perior, was founded in 1759. Shortly after this, at the sugges-
tion of the Dominican fathers, the Sisters of Charity came out
632 The Review. 1902.
from Spain-and founded ten high-schools for women, of which the
Luban and the Concordia school in Manila are the best known.
Soon there were thousands of scholars, internes and externes,
studying in these schools. The young- men of the country flocked
to the city and matriculated at the University in hundreds. I
did not look the matter up when the opportunity presented, but
I have heard it stated and I believe it to be true, that more men
have matriculated at Santo Tomas, the University of Manila, than
at Harvard.
Those who up to the present have deigned to glance at the
work of the friars in the islands generally state that, in the first
place, there were no schools and it was impossible to secure an
education, and, in the second place, that the schools were very
bad and the mental training provided most faulty. But the facts
are against both these statements. The Dominicans who presided
over the destinies of the University were and are men of the very
highest intellectual attainments. They have gone from Manila
to Rome, where they have become Princes of the Church, mem-
bers of the Sacred College, and several of them have controlled
the Propaganda. Before going to Manila they were successful,
and after leaving Manila they carried out what they undertook,
but, nevertheless, it must be admitted that in three hundred
years not a single pure-blooded Filipino of the thousands that
they have graduated has distinguished himself or left a consider-
able name in any walk of life. Why is this? Some of the friars
told me once that their educational efforts had failed because of
the invincible "passivity" of the Indian. "Luna, the artist," said
one of these realty distinguished teachers, "had more Spanish
and more Chinese blood in his veins than Indian. Rizal was prob-
abty half Japanese, he certainly was very little Tagal, and Lucban,
who has given you so much trouble in Samar, is a mixture of all
races. Out of the thousands and tens of thousands of pure-
blooded Tagals and Visa}^ans we have nursed through the Uni-
yersity, we have only succeeded in producing a number of fairly
good apothecaries and a notary or two."
{.To be concluded.]
633
CONTEMPORARY CHRONICLE.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
How Woman Suffrage Works in a Catholic Country. — It is well known
that several members of our clergy and at least one American
bishop have pronounced in favor of woman suffrage. They are
probably moved by the experience of Catholic Ireland, which we
find briefly rehearsed in the Catholic Penny Booklet (No. 5):
In 1898 the women of Ireland were given every form of suffrage
except the right to vote for members of Parliament, and were
made eligible for the county and borough councils and for poor
law guardians, a responsible office.
The first year eighty-seven women were elected guardians, and
a number to the councils, several being made chairmen. They
have voted in large numbers, and the testimony as to the excel-
lent effect of their vote in local politics is unimpeachable.
About 100,000 women are qualified to vote under the present
law. The daily Independent and Nation, a leading paper of Dub-
lin, speaking of the presence of women in that special field of
politics, said recently :
"No person who feels the least interest in the working of the
local government can have failed to perceive that since the admis-
sion of the right of woman to fill representative positions, an im-
provement has been effected in every branch of administration.
This statement is true especially with regard to the administra-
tion of the poor laws, for which women have a natural aptitude,
and in which the sphere of congenial work is very large. We do
not exaggerate when we say that the duties of the poor law guar-
dians have never as a whole been more efficiently discharged than
they have been during recent years — a state of things due entire-
ly to the fact that a considerable proportion of the guardians are
ladies, who are animated by a desire at once to assuage the hard
lot of the poor and to perform a meritorious public service."
Employers' Insurance Against Strikes. — Whilst in diverse parts of
Europe fruitless efforts have been made to insure workingmen
against involuntary idleness, all of them excluding strikes as a
reason for paying the insurance, a company is now forming at
Leipsic, Germany, and Vienna, Austria, to carry on a regular in-
surance business against strikes, for employers only. According
to the Economiste Francais, quoted by the N. Y. Evening Post of
Aug. 28th, the project of the German company yields in import-
ance to the more comprehensive scheme under which the Vienna
Manufacturers' Strike Insurance Company (Verein zur Entscha-
digung von Industriellen in Streikfallen) is being organized.
The Austrian company will begin its active existence when it
attains a membership of 250 separate establishments, represent-
ing an annual pay list of not less than 25,000,000 crowns (roughly
$5,000,000), as certified by the Government Bureau of Compulsory
Accident Insurance.
At a time when we are adding to actuarial estimates of marine,
fire, and death risks reliable percentages for accident and sick.
634 The Review. 1902.
ness insurance, it will not seem strange that the strike risk should
also be very closely computed. Official statistics from 1891 to
1897 give for Austria an annual average of 30,000 laborers on
strike, and of 400,000 days of idleness on this account. On this
basis the annual premiums of the members are fixed at 4-10 of
one per cent, of the declared paylist for the year. So far, no
minute discrimination of risks is provided for, and a rebate of 25
per cent, of the premium for long contracts or for enterprises in
which the strike risk is notoriously slight, is the single concession
from the established rate. Only experience will prove or disprove
the solidity of these financial provisions.
Meanwhile the plan has many conservative features which in-
spire confidence in its framers. Neither the Vienna nor the
Leipsic company will attempt to indemnify their respective mem-
bers for the total loss caused by a strike. They propose instead
partially to repay the actual disbursements of members during
the shut-downs incident to a strike. The Austrian company, for
example, pays half the registered wages of the striking workmen
to the employer. But it continues the payment for not more than
three months for a single strike, or six months in any one year.
This, it will be seen, is a recognition of the principle that, what-
ever the circumstances, nothing should be done to prolong a
deadlock between employer and employed — a principle which
might find a most salutary application in the case of our present
coal strike.
That the Austrian plan may have far-reaching social effects
will be felt when it is explained that the indemnity is paid only
when the company judges the strike to be unjustifiable. Its state-
ment of what it considers to be wrong grounds for a strike is of
decided interest. First of all, a demand on the part of the laborers
for the dismissal or engagement of any workman or employe is
regarded as unjust. This is a concrete and unequivocal test, and
it is based upon the impregnable argument of the right of labor
to seek work freely and of capital to manage its own affairs. But
in many cases the moral aspect of a strike is far more difficult to
determine. Who shall decide whether the workmen have made
"demands which the state of the business does not justify"? or
whether their complaint has been made "in a form which threat-
ens the authority of the management"? It is just these questions
which arise in nearly every case, and it is the failure to meet
these questions squarely and answer them promptly that brings
about practically all of the trouble. The originality of the Aus-
trian scheme lies largely in the fact that it provides for an author-
itative tribunal before which these questions are brought for
settlement.
An executive committee of from nine to fifteen members has
the duty of reporting promptly upon every strike and declaring
that the insured member is, or is not, entitled to receive the in-
demnity. At the earliest opportunity a member in whose mill a
strike is impending is bound to give this committee full informa-
tion on the situation in general, on the demands of the strikers,
on the offers of the employers, and, in short, upon all negotiations
between the opposed parties. The central committee will ordi-
narily send a sub-corn mittee to study the situation on the ground,
No. 40. The Review. 635
with the intention not only of passing upon the strike, but also of
bringing- about an agreement between managers and men. When
they have finally ordered the strike indemnity to be paid to a
member, it means, first, that after careful examination they have
found the men to be in the wrong; second, that they have ex-
hausted all measures for conciliation. The moral value of such a
verdict, we need not say, will be tremendous in any case ; nor
need we indicate how it would have straightened out the
tangle into which the coal-strike negotiations immediately fell.
For it should be noted that this committee, though composed
of employers, has every motive for impartiality. It can no more
afford to deplete the company chest to support a stupid or stub-
born member, than it can safely desert a member in his need. If
the sympathies of the committee are sure to be with a fellow-
manufacturer, its interests are very largely with the strikers,
and its tendency will be to push employers to the limits of poss-
ible concession. Indeed, a member who has the reputation of a
stirrer-up of strife is as undesirable a policy-holder in a strike in-
surance company as the amateur of arson is in a fire-insurance
company. It would seem that organized labor in Austria could
have no just grievance against an organization through which it
will gain a permanent arbitration board maintained at the em-
ployers' expense, and it is easy to see that a prompt and compe-
tent report on all strikes will constitute a palpable check upon
the malign activities of demagogs and those grave injuries
which it lies in the sullen power of offended capital to inflict. It
is seldom that an economic innovation promises such immediate
social benefits. This simple business project seems to promise
nearly every advantage claimed for the vaunted conciliation and
arbitration boards of the Australasian republics.
LITERATURE.
Appleion's Cyclopaedia Once More. — We have a letter from Rev. Fr.
J. J. Wynne, S. J., editor of the Messenger, in which he assures us
that "the Appletons are so much in earnest about revising every-
thing in their Cyclopaedia which has given reasonable offence to
Catholics that it will not be their fault it* this is not done speedily
and satisfactorily."
This assurance is undoubtedly made in reply to the sceptical
note published in our No. 38, to-wit : "We are inclined to agree
with the Catholic World in its opinion that Father Wynne has
capitulated too quickly in his battle against the Appletons. Most
of the things he justly criticized in the Cyclopaedia were contained
in the non-Catholic articles, and concerning these the Appletons
in their letter of apology profess no regrets and have made no
promises."
We have perused that letter of apology anew, but must say that,
while denoting a commendable disposition to submit the Catholic
articles to some competent authority, it contains no definite
promise to warrant Fr. Wynne's very positive assurance. How-
ever, the reverend editor of the Messenger, whose good will and
disinterested zeal in this matter none can doubt, may have re-
ceived in his interviews with D. Appleton & Co., personal assur-
ances of a nature to justify his apparent optimism, which we,
having nothing further to go by than the firm's published letter,
636 The Review. 1902.
found ourselves unable to share, but which we sincerely hope will
suffer no disappointment ; since, like Fr. Wynne, we of The
Review have no other aim or object than that justice be done and
that the truth be made to shine forth.
THE CATHOLIC PRESS.
The Need of Catholic Dailies in English-Speaking Countries. — The
Bishop of Newport, England, at a Catholic conference, recently
held in that town, in his inaugural address made some interest-
ing- remarks upon the question of a Catholic daily :
"Let us consider, for one moment, that fascinating- topic, the
possibility of a first-class daily paper, carried on under Catholic
auspices. I will suppose that it is equal in literary power, in
news, and in general contents to the average of other daily papers.
We should then have such advantages as the following : the true
statement, morning by morning, of all public information affect-
ing the Church and the Catholic religion ; the Catholic version of
the constanstly recurring "scandals," as they are called, and of
histories tending to injure Catholicism ; the prompt contradic-
tion and refutation of lies and slanders ; comment of the right
sort on the doings of politicians and on current history and crime;
sound and religious views on matters social, industrial, and mun-
icipal; and the constant prominence of distinctively Catholic
topics. Besides this we should have general literature and art
treated with wisdom and with due regard to the morality of the
Gospel; and more serious matters, such as Holy Scripture and
the relations between faith and science, would be handled with
reverence and knowledge. Now it is quite certain that we have
Catholic writers in abundance at this moment, if they could be
formed into a staff, to make this ideal an actuality ; and therefore
to make such a paper widely read ; and therefore, again, to do
something which would go far to neutralize the secular press. 1'
do not know anything to revolutionize the conditions of modern
reading. A hundred examples of what might have been could be
found in the Catholic subjects handled by the press of this country
during the last ten years. But I will take one from the United
States. In the United States there is no Catholic daily, any more
than among ourselves. Ever since the Philippine annexation the
affairs of Catholicism in the Philippines have been a burning pub-
lic question in the States. Duringall this time, story after story, we
may say lie after lie, abuse, scandalous tales, misstatements of
Church law, garbled versions of fact, religious bigotry, and racial
hatred have poured from the secular press in the States. The
Catholic press has tried to reply, but in no place had it more than
one chance to their six, and general^, before the Catholic weekly
could get out its refutation or its rectification, people had forgot-
•ten all but the general bad impression, and were in pro-
cess of being impressed with something fresh. It certainly
seems strange that there is no daily paper in the strong
and numerous communities of Catholics in the States. We are
accustomed to look to American Catholicism for a lead in every-
thing that demands pluck and skill. Even in Canada they are
hardly better off. On the other hand, in the little country of
No. 40. The Review. 637
Holland, with its 1,700,000 Catholics, there are several Catholic
dailies. And I need not refer to Ireland — where, indeed, Catholic
papers must needs flourish, and are just as vitally required as
in this country."
NOTE-BOOK.
According- to the Los Angeles Herald (Sept. 25th) Rev. William
Doty, the newly appointed United States consul to the Island of
Tahiti, was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry by the Los
Angeles Presbytery, on Sept. 23rd. Mr. Doty was appointed
United States consul to Tahiti under extraordinary conditions.
The unwritten law of the State Department demands that a United
States consul shall follow no other vocation while serving his gov-
ernment. Intercessions were made in behalf of Mr. Doty by both
United States senators from New Jersey and by the faculty of
Princeton University, of which institution Mr. Doty is a graduate.
H. R. Doty, a brother of William Doty, was the former United
States consul at Tahiti. William Doty spent three years on the
island with his brother, and is thoroughly conversant with the
conditions existing there. The Washington Presbytery asked
that he might be ordained, so that he could organize a church
among the English speaking residents of the island. President
Roosevelt was prevailed upon to give his consent, and Rev. Mr.
Doty "sailed from San Francisco to Tahiti on the double mission
of consul of the United States and minister of God."
No one has protested against this mixing up of State and
Church. But we can imagine what a rumpus the preachers would
have made, had Mr. Doty been a Catholic seminarian and ordained
to the priesthood before his departure, so as to be able to organize
a "Romish" church among the English-speaking residents of
Tahiti.
T& 1& "^
A timely joke :
Mrs. Crawford — "In what way is your little boy too delicate to
attend the public schools?"
Mrs. Crabshaw — "He isn't strong enough to carry home all the
books the children have to study."
Rev. Dr. Jos. Selinger writes us from St. Francis Seminary at
St. Francis, Wis.:
"In your last issue was a notice of the use the late Archbishop
of New York, the Most Rev. Michaei A. Corrigan, made of the
'Maxims and Councils of St. Francis of Sales.1 It recalled to my
mind an incident in the chapel of the American College, Rome,
during the school-year 1883-1884. It was prior to the last Council
of Baltimore. Some bishops and theologians from the United
States were preparing the questions to be treated in the Council.
638 The Review. 1902
Several of them were lodged in the American College, Via dell'
Umilta. One was Bishop Corrigan, then coadjutor to Cardinal
McCloskey, another was Msgr. J. A. Corcoran, the noted profes-
sor of Overbrook Seminary and editor of the Catholic Quarterly.
One morning-, while it was my turn in company with other
students to serve mass, Dr. Corcoran, who was growing feeble,
delayed his mass so that we should have been too late for the first
lecture at the Propaganda, where we attended. Bishop Corrigan,
according to his custom, was sajnng his prayers of thanksgiving
in the chapel and, judging by the length of them, he must have
meditated. He had been a student in the first years of the Coll-
ege and knew therefore that ten minutes of eight 'the cameratas
marched to the Prop.,' as the phrase ran. Noticing our quand-
ary, he came to the altar at which Msgr. Corcoran was saying
mass ; it was just opposite the life-size marble statue of St.
Francis of Sales, representing the Saint in the act of writing.
The Bishop gently touched the server on the shoulder and said :
'Allow me to serve the Monsignore's mass. It must be time to
go to the Propaganda, ' then he knelt down to serve and assist
Dr. Corcoran, who needed to be helped when genuflecting. The
student observed a while to see how childlike Bishop Corrigan did
the office of a mass-server. It was a lesson unintentionally, yet
strongly impressed : Greatness is foreshadowed and accompanied
by simplicity ; and that, it seems, the future Archbishop of New
York learnt from the Maxims of the holy Bishop of Geneva."
A writer in the Northwest Review (No. 51) is quite right in say-
ing that "the phrase 'our common Christianity' is too often in the
mouths of Catholics, and a great deal of time is wasted in contro-
versy over isolated doctrines, because the discussion assumes a
common ground which does not exist." — "It is hardly an exagger-
ation"— he declares — "to advise beginning at the beginning — 'You
believe in God ?' — and working upward, but with care, till you
reach the lowest common ground. You will often be surprised
how soon you will reach it."
As Dr. Starbuck puts it in his 200th article on "The Truth
About the Catholic Church":
"Catholicism and Protestantism are not simply variations of
Christianity, but absolute doctrinal antipodes. They could not
be farther apart and both remain within the Christian bounds."
•r» *i »4
We learn by way of Buffalo {Catholic Union and Times, Sept.
18th) that Mr. William Dillon's successor as editor of the Chica-
go New World \s not Father Eneas B. Goodwin, as we had been
led to think, in common with nearly all our Catholic contempor-
aries, but Rev. J. E. McGavick of Holy Angels' Church. If the
Union and Times adds that "he is keeping the paper up to its usual
high standard," we fear it is rather overestimating Father Mc-
Gavick's newspaper work, which, while commendable, all too
clearly betrays the crude amateur. But, then, how can an editor
who is himself an amateur be expected to judge correctly of jour-
nalistic standards? Journalism is a distinct profession requiring
No. 40. The Review. 639
as long- and careful a preparation as the priesthood and an undi-
vided allegiance ; and the sooner our clerical would-be editors re-
alize this and use their influence to raise up and make way for a
generation of capable lay editors, instead of themselves dabbling
in a strange profession for which they have generally neither train-
ing nor vocation, the sooner will our Catholic press rise to the dig-
nity and high standard and all-around efficiency which will consti-
tute it, in the words of Pius IX., "a perpetual mission."
A few months ago sensitive Christian ears were somewhat
shocked at the novelty introduced into the services of a Protest-
ant church not far from New York City in the shape of a whist-
ling solo. A young lady accomplished in this respect was listened
to by a large audience, as she whistled some favorite tune. This
now has been superseded by a clergyman in Delaware, who a few
Sundays ago whistled his text from the pulpit. As he arose to
give his sermon, he whistled four notes in imitation of the song
of the common meadow lark. After hearing one of these birds
during a part of his vacation he felt justified in reproducing its
notes, making them the basis of his discourse, as they reminded
him of a certain passage of Scripture. It is not every clergyman
who is so versatile as this one, and he certainly made an impres-
sion in his novel presentation of his subject. No one of the patri-
archs or prophets ever whistled ; it is peculiarly a modern ac-
complishment.
c-. &. e^
bb ab ah
The secular press is pouring much blame on an Indiana German
named Keyser, because he prefers to stay in jail under the truant
law to sending his children to the public school. In his opinion,
the public schools are evil ; consequently, together with his wife,
he taught his children at home. He proved in court that they
were more advanced than pupils of their age in the public schools;
nevertheless he had to go to jail. It strikes the Pittsburg Observer
(No. 17"> that the case is one of persecution. The man has been
doing his duty and ought to be let alone. A law that justifies such
persecution ought to be abolished.
? 9 ^
Soon after the St. Pierre catastrophe, a number of stories were
circulated which were evidently intended to convey the impres-
sion that the inhabitants of the stricken town were abnormal por-
tents of irreligion and lasciviousness, and that the terrible events
of May ought of right to be considered as so many marks of the
divine vengeance. The Superior-General of the Congregation of
the Holy Ghost, Bishop Le Roy, has nipped this edifying stuff in
the bud. Instancing the results of his own personal investiga-
tions, and corroborating his discoveries by the testimony of Msgr.
de Cormont, Bishop of Martinique, he arrives at the conclusion
that the origin of these strange reports must be traced back to
the superstitious imagination of the Creoles of the neighboring
islands. He has traversed the entire district in the company of
Father Malleret, Rector of the former college of the Order in St.
Pierre, and he denies every separate detail that had seemed to
640 The Review. 1902.
lend color to the stories in question. Of the legend that a gross
insult had been offered to the Corpus Christi procession of the
year before, and that the Bishop had been induced, in consequence,
to announce that a public celebration would never again be held in
his Diocese, Msgr. Le Roy avers that there is not a particle of
truth in it. He denies the story about the need of introducing
special preachers to bring the people back to their senses, and
says roundly that the account of the alleged miraculous escape
of a group of sisters from the chapel in which they had been shut
up for two days, is wholly apocryphal.
The extreme reservation with which we printed an account of
"The Alleged Miracle of Morn^e Rouge," which we had received
from an enthusiastic subscriber, (Cfr. The Review, vol. IX, No.
26, p. 408) was, therefore, well founded.
& # a
Injustice to Mr. Leon Harmel we publish the following note
from a friend :
"May I make a remark anent your article on Leon Harmel (No.
11)? I have never been in Val-des-Bois, but I have a friend in the
Praemonstratensian Order, who has visited the place in order to
study social economy. He is one of the most eminent sociologists
in Holland. Among the three Holland members of the Interna-
tional Committee for the Middle Class, he is the only Catholic.
More than once I heard him speak of Leon Harmel, but al-
ways with praise. According to him 'le bon pere' deserves his
name well. The Pope has said that Leon Harmel is 'un de ceux
qui nous donnent le plus de consolation." I have more faith in Leo
XIII. than in ten French bishops of the character of Msgr.Turinaz,
whose famous brochure 'Les Perils' has been severely criticized
by Holland papers, and as I learned from the Katholick Sociaal
Weekbladit has been completely refuted by M. Harmel. The wages
paid at Val-des-Bois are as high, or higher, than at Fourmies and
at Roubais-Tourcaing."
i+ <*r *r
An amusing story is told in the Tablet of an Anglican bishop,
who recently had occasion to convey by telegraph his sympathy with
a meeting that had been called together to agitate for an increase
in the stipends of the clergy. "We pay journeyman's wages,"
was the way the receiving operator got down his Lordship's
message, "to men from whom we expect the wisdom of a tailor
and the energy of a bull." By the omission of the capital letters
and a slight change in the spelling of a word, two Anglican divines
of note in their day (Taylor and Bull) were thus transformed, the
one into a maker of men's outer garments, and the other into a
beast ! Needless to add that the meeting thought the Bishop's
illustrations singularly unhappy — and unepiscopal.
^ ^ 9
Horace Greeley once answered an application for his autograph
in his most characteristic and illegible hand to the effect that he
never under any circumstances wrote an autograph for anybody,
and then — signed the letter.
Our Archbishops and the Project
of a Catholic Daily.
eeling the need, after thirty years of missionary labor in
the Archdiocese of Oregon, of taking a vacation, I started
out last year on a trip to Europe. But to haye some
other object in view besides that of recreation and health, I took
upon myself the task of agitating the necessity of an English
Catholic daily newspaper in the United States. My Ordinary,
Most Reverend Archbishop Christie, was fully in sympathy with
my plan, as extracts from his letter, which I take the liberty of
here quoting, will testify : — "We have granted Father Verhaag
permission to absent himself from Oregon for one year, hoping
that he may succeed in his endeavor to establish a Catholic daily
newspaper. We believe that the bishops and priests of the United
States are convinced of the present necessity of a Catholic daily
for our country ; and we trust that Father Verhaag may receive
from them the support he deserves."
Equipped with this authoritative document, a little too lengthy
and flattering to be quoted in its entirety, I started on my long
journey last year about the middle of January, putting my plan
before all the archbishops and bishops I could conveniently ap-
proach. All seemed to favor the establishment of a Catholic
daily, some more, some less. Amongst those who were more in-
clined to approve of my plan, I may be pardoned to mention His
Eminence Cardinal Gibbons, His Excellency the then Apostolic
Delegate, Archbishops Riordanand Ryan, Bishops Montgomery,
Allen, McFaul, and Tierney.
On my arrival in Europe, in March, 1901, I laid my plan before
several eminent journalists and ecclesiastics. All were sur-
prised that in the United States of America, which is so boastful
of Catholic progress, not a single Catholic daily was as yet pub-
lished, and when I told these truly Catholic gentlemen that to the
best of my knowledge no Catholic daily was published in the
English language anywhere in the whole world, they could scarce-
ly believe my statement. "How is it possible," said the editor of
De Tyd in Amsterdam, that in the whole English-speaking
world you have not one Catholic daily, whilst here in our little
Protestant Holland we have more than a dozen Catholic dailies.
That does not speak well for Catholic progress, chiefly in our
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 41. St. Louis, Mo., October 23, 1902.)
642 The Review. 1902.
days when the press is almost omnipotent. By all means, con-
tinue and persevere in your undertaking- and do not rest until
both the English-speaking' clergy and laity are fully aroused to
the necessity of not only one single English Catholic daily, but at
least as many as we have in our own little Holland. The Ameri-
cans are said to be rich, and it is a shame for the Catholics if they
will not support one decent Catholic daily."
Feeling the sting and truth of these remarks, I started with
new zeal to advocate the necessity of a Catholic daily ; and on my
return to America I again took up my plan. Landing in New
York in the month of August, I called upon the late and good
Archbishop Corrigan, but found him absent. As I wanted an ex-
pression of opinion from New York's Metropolitan, I took the
liberty of writing to His Grace on my return to Oregon and, to-
wards the end of October, received the following answer :
"St. Mary's Rectory, 269 Church Street, Poughkeepsie, New
York, Oct. 22nd, 1901.
Reverend Dear Sir :
I have read with great interest your news regarding a Catholic
daily and would be glad to see the question discussed by the
bishops of the country. We can do nothing in the meeting at
Washington, except the question be first submitted to our suffra-
gans, that their advice may be duly represented. Therefore, I
would respectfully suggest that your own Most Reverend Ordi-
nary present the matter for general consideration and for future
action next year.
Meanwhile with best wishes and kind regards, I am, Reverend,
Dear Sir, Very faithfully yours,
Michael Augustine,
Abp. of New York."
Acting upon the advice of Archbishop Corrigan I exposed my
plan in a letter addressed to the archbishops assembled in Wash-
ington, D. C, which letter Archbishop Christie had the kindness
to endorse and advocate at the meeting. For brevity's sake I must
curtail this quotation. After having spoken of the importance
and necessity of a Catholic daily, etc., I proposed the following
plan : "In view of the importance of the undertaking it would be
advisable, if not urgent, that a strong pastoral letter be issued,
regarding the matter of a Catholic daily, by all the archbishops of
the United States. This letter should be read on a given Sunday,
which might be called the Sunday of the Press, in all the churches
of the country, with the request that every priest reading it
should add to the bishops' appeal his power of eloquence and con-
viction, thus arousing a proper interest among the faithful. The
people being fully aroused to the importance of the affair, should
No. 41. The Review. 643
be asked then and there to give their bona fida subscriptions to
the daily. And as the paper should be controlled and owned by
a corporation, the better to insure its success, a blank should also
be circulated for bona fida stockholders, thus to ascertain if and
upon what footing a Catholic daily could be installed. Of course,
the Catholic daily should be started in one of the most prominent
and central cities of the United States, let it be New York, Chica-
go, St. Louis, or any other place which would be most suitable. I
am aware that some objections could reasonably be urged against
this plan. Some would say that one Catholic daily for this vast
country would not be patronized by those living at a distance. I
admit that many Catholics would not be satisfied with news that
reached them two or three days late. But would you deny that
our Catholic people, at least some of them, would be willing, for
the sake of the cause, to spend a few dollars, even at a great in-
convenience? To deny this would be to deny the public spirit,
nay almost the Catholicity of our people. Moreover, the difficulty
could be easily obviated by publishing a good weekly, containing
the substance of all the news, for those remote places. But it may
be urged that this would antagonize existing weeklies. In my
humble opinion the daily and weekly Catholic paper could be so
managed that instead of making our existing Catholic weeklies an
antagonizing force, we could make them, as they ought to be, our
friends, particularly with your high approbation, sanction, and
co-operation of a Catholic daily. There is room for all the Cath-
olic weeklies published, and our aim must be to unite Catholic
sentiment and to cement the separated forces of Catholicism. In
this lies our strength. No longer should we be divided about
matters merely accidental, but above all we should bear aloft our
banner, showing that we are Catholics, Catholics in principle.
Catholics in deed, and Catholics united, keeping in mind the
motto of our country, 'United we stand, divided we fall.' "
Such was the plan laid before the archbishops assembled in
Washington last November. Some favored it very highly, others
thought the time for starting the paper was inopportune, a few
seemed to be undecided and were afraid that the enterprise might
not succeed. Hence no direct action was taken in the matter,
and as the annual meeting of the archbishops is again approach-
ing, I was advised by my Ordinary and others to make my plan
public through the press, which I herewith do.
Verboort, Ore. (Rev.) L. Verhaag.
644
The Work of the Friars.
[Stephen Bonsai, in the October North American Reviezv.]
(Conclusion.)
rom the Conquest down to 1863, the primary as well as the
higher education of the islanders was left entirely in
the hands of the Monastic Orders. The territory of the
Dominicans was in Pangasinan and Cagayan. The Franciscans
looked after the Camarines, Tayabas, Leyte, and Samar; and the
Austin friars, Cebu and other portions of the Visayas, and Ilocos
and Lepanto. At this time, the Austins had in their charge two
million souls, and the Franciscans about the same number. The
missionary work in Mindanao was in the hands of the Jesuits.
By the legislation of 1863, the parish schools, which the friars had
controlled since the conquest, were in a sense removed from their
charge. In the earlier days, the parish priest had taught school
when he could, when not engaged in burying the dead and bap-
tizing the new born, when not otherwise occupied with his various
duties such as collector of the industrial and urban tax, chairman
of the Road and Bridge Vigilance Committee, chief sanitary
officer and fighter of the locust plagues. In view of these demands
upon his time, his activity in school-work was generally seconded
by his most promising scholar, who often became de facto school-
master. To each parish there were attached, as the population
grew, many barrios or hamlets where the friar was represented
by a native priest, as a rule. These barrios often became as large
as the mother parish, and here again primary education was
primitive. The priest was represented by another pupil, and the
school-house was no better than his parish funds could provide.
The legislation of 1863, whatever its underlying motive may
have been, was not frankly hostile to the supremacy of the
Church. The teachers installed by the friars kept their places,
but the Jesuits were authorized to found a normal school in
Manila, from which in the future teachers for the district or
municipal schools were to be drawn. The parish priest was rec-
ognized as inspector of all schools within his parish until 1893,
when, by the municipal or township act, the control of the schools
passed entirely into the hands of the municipal officers. Men as
hostile to Spanish dominion as Aguinaldo were installed as
teachers, and the schools became the hotbeds of the Separatist
movement. There is much evidence to show that from this time
the attendance at the schools diminished, and the character of
the education received by the children deteriorated. It could
hardly be otherwise when not seldom there was not a single mem-
No. 41. The Review. 645
ber of the school board, composed of the municipal officers, who
could read or write.
The friars were no less distinguished as soldiers. They were
well to the front in all the wars of the conquest, with the sword
in the right hand and the cross in the left, after the doughty
fashion of San Vicente de Ferrer. They were prominent in all
the expeditions to the Moluccas and to Cochin China. They in-
spired the resistance to the invasion of the islands by the English
in 1762, and the return of our cousins to Bombay with very little
loot was due to the friars, their wisdom in council, their bravery
in the field. The coral watch-towers and the stout fortresses
which dot the cast of Luzon and all the Visayan islands, still tell
of the vigilance with which the friars protected their flocks from
the attacks of the Jolo Mohammedans, and the marauding expe-
ditions of the Borneo and Mindanao pirates. This assistance in
war which the apostles of peace gave was very gratefully received.
Even in this day, I have heard the Tagals and the Visayans as-
sembled under the shadow of their ruined cottas sing the daring
deeds of El Padre Capitan, Fray RuizBermejoof Cebu, who, with
his valiant flock, not content with beating the Moros on the high
seas, followed them with fire and sword and destroyed their up-
river fastnesses.
Unfortunately, however, for their popularity among the island-
ers, the friars were as vigorous in their treatment of what they
deemed sedition, as they were in combating invasion. They were
the most relentless and vigilant enemies to those who conspired
against monastic rule and the suzerainty of Spain. Even during
the eighteenth century, there were not a few insurrections, fore-
runners of that rebellion against white supremacy with which we
have been so recently confronted. In each and every instance, it
was the friar who, through his deep knowledge of this by no
means superficial people, discovered the conspiracy before great
headway had been made, and suppressed it with relentless vigor.
The same fate befell the revolts of .the nineteenth century ; that
of Novales in 1822, of Cuesta in 1854, the Cavite uprising in 1872,
and, last, the great uprising of 1896 (discovered by Fray Mariano
Gil, a parish priest of Tondo), were all brought to light by the
friars, and the revolutionists were compelled to take the field long
before their preparations had been completed. After this simple
enumeration of their acts of repressive activity, is it necessary to
enquire farther as to the cause of the unpopularity of the friars
among certain classes of Philippine society ? By their unceasing
vigilance, time and again, the friars thwarted the aspiration of an
ever increasing number of Filipinos. They were undoubtedly very
blameworthy in thus fighting for Spain. (?) By their "ows they
646 The Review. 1902.
had been released from their earthly allegiance, but the history
of all missions goes to show how difficult it is for the missionary
to forget the country of his birth in her hour of danger.
A very long chapter of Philippine history is filled with the
squabbles between Spanish military and civil administrators, and
the leaders of the Monastic Orders. Undoubtedly, no governor-
general could rule who antagonized the friars, simply because
these latter, until within the present generation, were the only
agents of the State as well as of the Church to be found in the
islands. Owing to the tremendous influence which the friars ex-
ercised, their undoubted power to baulk or to make an adminis-
tration successful, I do not attach a high value to the statements
publicly made by various Spanish administrators during their in-
cumbency, as to the efficiency of the Monastic Orders in their
prescribed work of civilization and progress. HowTever, it was
the custom of the retiring governor-general to leave a memorial
descriptive of the existing conditions for the guidance of his suc-
cessor in office. From these memorials, which have been recently
printed in Madrid, I make the following excerpts, which surely
have an added importance from the fact that they were never in-
tended to see the light of day. In his memorial, General Don
Jose de la Gandara says :
"The members of the religious Orders are the most efficient
and powerful instruments of government at the disposal of the
Governor-General in ordinary times and at all times. In the day
of danger and emergency they are absolutely indispensable. Of-
ten, in the government of a province inhabited by half a million
people, the supreme ruler of the islands has placed under his or-
ders but two or three officials who are ignorant of the language
spoken, whose residence is anything but permanent, and who are
overwhelmed with an infinite amount of routine work. Govern-
ment would be impossible were it not for the twenty or thirty
friars living in their respective parishes, who educate the natives,
guide, discipline and control them. Their influence is great be-
cause of the reverence which their sacred office inspires, because
their residence is permanent, and because they are thoroughly
acquainted with the languages, the customs, and the history of
the people they seek to uplift. To-day it may be said without ex-
aggeration that the government of the Philippines without the
friars would be an impossibility."
General de la Torre, who was Governor-General during the time
of the Spanish republic in 1873, and who passed for the most rad-
ical of the red republicans, whose whole administration was one
long fight with the Church, yet had this to say when he came to
write his secret memorial :
"To deny the services which the religious Orders have rendered
No. 41. The Review. 647
to the Church and the fatherland in these islands would be the
height of injustice and the most base ingratitude. To-day as in
the past the Dominicans, the Austins, and the Recoletos, are
rendering indispensable services. Any denial of this would be
to ignore the history of our dominion in the Philippines, would
be to deny what is apparent to the least observant. Any attempt
at the present time to limit their sphere of influence would result
in immense evils, would be, in my opinion, the height of impolicy,
the most thoughtless imprudence. For a long period still, as long
as there does not exist an agency to replace them and to do the
civilizing work which is being performed by the religious Orders
in such a worthy manner, their presence here is indispensable.
We must protect them and encourage them in exchange for the
inestimable services which they render the State. It should never
be forgotten that the degree of civilization and the prosperous
and improving condition of the people of these islands are due al-
most entirely to the constant loyal and patriotic endeavor of the
religious Orders."
Don Domingo Moriones, who was Governor-General in the
seventies and who left behind him an enviable reputation for
honesty and integrity, writes :
"Innumerable facts, which history can not fail to register, tell
of the labors and the sacrifices made by the religious Orders in
carrying out their double mission in behalf of religion and civili-
zation. After three centuries of a holy war, the struggle is re-
sulting in the civic, social and religious redemption of seven mil-
lions of people. This result is undeniable proof of what the work
of the friars has been in the past, what it is in the present, what
it will be, I doubt not, in the future."
And, finally, I find, strangely enough, General Primode Rivera,
to whom many views very hostile to the friars have been credited
in the American Congress, making the following statement in the
Spanish Cortes :
"It is undeniable that in these islands the religious Orders have
rendered great services. They have spread the Christian faith,
and it is certain that civilization owes them much, perhaps every-
thing. I do not believe the friars can be replaced. It is true that
among them there are vicious men who commit abuses ; but these
individuals are exceptional, and I believe the evils of the system
can be remedied without going to extreme measures. It is certain
that the immense majority of the friars are good men, worthy of
every consideration, deserving of much praise."
There are two standing accusations against the friars— of ex-
ploiting the natives and of leading dissolute lives. The latter is
based upon scandalous stories such as are, unhappily, in circu-
t>48 The Review. 1902.
lation in every community, and upon the fact that half caste
children were sometimes born in the inland parishes. This
phenomenon was often ascribed to the presence of the friars, but
it is difficult to say with what justice. It is certain, however, that,
though for more than four years the friars have been withdrawn,
these miserable Eurasian children continue to come into the
world in ever increasing- numbers.
As to the charge of plunder," made so frequently and in such
frantic terms, it is possible to be more explicit. The management
of the Monastic Orders was careful and in some respects thrifty.
They had to be self-supporting- or their missions would collapse.
Rarely a penny reached them from Spain, and their tithes seem
to have been paid largely in chickens and eggs. Their property
all remained in the Philippines, only an incredibly small sum be-
ing sent annually to Spain to bear a part of the expense of the
young friars who were being educated for the Philippine mis-
sions, and to support the invalided and superannuated brethren
who had gone back to Spain. For three hundred years, these
great corporations have been exploiting a country of large re-
sources, the extent of which is alone known to them, and the val-
uation placed upon their estates, their monasteries and all their
possessions, by Judge Taft is considerably under $10,000,000,
which estimate is considered a just, if not a generous one.
There are half a dozen foreign firms in Manila without the
knowledge of the people and the islands which the friars possess,
who have made as much money as this out of the Philippines
within the decade.
Confessedly, in the foregoing paragraphs, I have dwelt in pref-
erence upon what is praiseworthy in the work of the friars.
Theirs was a noble mission and an exacting one, the friars were
human and their history is not without stain. They seem, at
times, in personal as well as in political affairs, to have been
swayed by passion like other men. But, when time has calmed
the controversy to which the termination of their mission in its
mediaeval shape has given rise, it will be seen that under their
guidance a large proportion of the Filipinos have reached a much
higher stage of civilization than has been attained by other
branches of the Malay family under other circumstances and in
another environment. I believe the work of the friars is recorded
in the golden book of those who have labored for their fellow-men,
and I am confident the credit of it, though dimmed to-day by par-
tisanship and want of charity, will not escape history.
649
Pensions and Higher Wages for Public
School Teachers.
he Chicago Teachers' Federation has a standing- com-
mittee to agitate the pension question and publishes in
a special column of its Bulletin all that has reference to
pensions. In its No. 34 it gives the views on this question of
certain superintendents, which we shall condense for our readers.
Mr. John E. Bradley, formerly Superintendent of Minneapolis,
says :
"The effect of pensioning teachers who have served honorably
for a long- term of years will be, first, to relieve those now in the
calling from anxiety concerning the declining years of life, and
second, to lead men and women of superior talent to make teach-
ing- their permanent employment, and third, to increase the pop-
ular confidence in the schools by improving the character of their
work."
He then develops points one and two, of which he is quite sure;
but as to the third he uses an "if," saying :
"If there is an}r lack of popular confidence in the schools, the
remedy lies in their improvement. Their efficiency can only be
increased b3>- securing better teachers. Improve the work of the
schools in all possible ways. If the expectation of a pension will
contribute to this end, by all means offer it."
Superintendent Thomas M. Balliet, of Springfield, Mass., thinks
that while pensions would not materially improve the schoolwork,
they would take away a certain amount of worry about the future
from the teachers' minds. If the pension were to "depend entirely
upon the quality of the work done," it might "prove wholly bene-
ficial."
Not necessarily. There are more ways of killing a dog than
stuffing him with sausage. The railroads which have introduced
the merit pension system, get around their own stipulations very
slickly. The writer was told of an engineer who had one more
year to serve to complete his forty in the service of the company.
Reasons were found to dismiss him. After a few months he was
reinstated, but his pension was forfeited. Would not the village
and district trustees similarly find plenty of reasons for dismiss-
ing an aged teacher in order to cancel his right to a pension ?
Mr. Balliet believes that no first-rate talent is now drawn to the
public teaching force, because the teachers receive no fair pay.
"Good salaries, better social recognition, permanency of tenure,
and a certainty of being above want after the years of efficient
service are over, are the only means by which," in his opinion,
650 The Review. 1902.
"such talent can be secured for this work." A pension, he thinks,
would provide better "social recognition," since a pension is "vir-
tually a confession made by a community, in terms of dollars and
cents," that the teacher was underpaid.
"Social recognition" according- to dollars and cents is charac-
teristically American. As an argument it is perfectly unan-
swerable.
Mr. Balliet attributes the success of the European schools, with
which ours can not compete, in part at least to the pensioning of
the teachers. "It is perfectly legitimate to say on the fourth of
July that the public schools of America are the best in the world,
but not on any other day of the year."
For this confession, we can afford to condone his comparison
of the American teachers with Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, who,
after being on the pension list, lost nothing of the esteem of their
fellow-citizens. But we must protest against abusing the Sacred
Text by saying, "the laborer is worthy of his higher" wages.
Next comes Mr. B. F. Tweed, of Cambridge, Mass., who has
no doubt that the probable effect of the pension upon the quality
of teaching would be to improve it. He states that some older teach-
ers stick to old methods and no longer have the strength of their
best days. School authorities are loathe to drop them, although it
would be better for the schools. Were pensions provided, they
could be gotten rid of. Also better talent, in his opinion, would
be drawn to the teaching force. Better schools would make peo-
ple more willing to pay. Hence, all in all, he is in favor of pen-
sioning teachers, adding, however, that in his view the arguments
are equally good for pensioning judges and policemen.
Is the American public ready to pension its judges and police-
men ?
The last in line to plead for teachers' pensions is Super-
intendent John Swett, of San Francisco, Cal. He says :
"Until quite recently I was not in fayor of pensioning teachers,
because I feared it would lead to a reduction of salaries. The
chief reason that has led me to change my views on this matter,
is that I have seen many women over sixty or sixty-five 3Tears of
age allowed to remain in school after they are broken in health
and long after they ought to be retired. Few school trustees or
boards of education are coldblooded enough to dismiss such
teachers, when a dismissal means starvation or the almshouse.
If such teachers could be retired on a small pension, the gain to
the schools in efficient work would be far greater than the slight
expense of a small pension."
Thus teachers East and West unite to plead for pensions on
No. 41. The Review. 651
account of "faithful service." But they are not satisfied with that.
They also ask higher wages.
Assuming the teacher's day to consist of 5 hours of actual work,
and the school year of 210 school days, we obtain 1050 hours of
work in a year. To show the inadequacy of the present pay, the
American School Board Journal for August gives the following
minimum and maximum salaries in some of the larger cities of
the country :
Detroit $350.00 $ 800.00
Cleveland 400.00 850.00
Buffalo 400.00 700.00
Cincinnati 400.00 800.00
Pittsburg 350.00 700.00
Milwaukee 400.00 900.00
Newark 450.00 650.00
Jersey City 400.00 1,176.00
Minneapolis 450.00 800.00
Louisville . . : 350.00 625.00
The following figures show in a definite way the amounts paid
to teachers in each of the cities named. The total amount paid
teachers for the fiscal year ending December 31st, 1901 was :
Detroit $654,840.72
Cleveland 956,094.25
Buffalo 829,448.09
Cincinnati S00,167.62
Pittsburg 660,228.01
Milwaukee 602,479.34
Newark 666,417.61
Minneapolis 590,048.00
Louisville 371,572.33
Taking the average salary paid in any of these cities, we find
the lowest to be $550 a year. $550 a year is more than 50 cents
an hour for the average teacher. Confessedly {vide supra) no first
rate talent is drawn to the public schools ; is not 50 cts. an hour
good pay for second and third-rate teachers?
652
MISCELLANY.
A Compulsory School Law Which is Expected to Help the Parochial
Schools. — A new school law is about to be tried in Pennsylvania.
It is compulsory and severe enough to satisfy the most exacting-.
It can not, perhaps, be called an experiment, since the State tried
a mild compulsory law in 1892. In 1897 a more drastic compul-
sory act was passed, but experience showed it ineffective in
several respects. With regard to the parochial schools it was
found singularly inoperative. Its purpose was to get all children
of school age to attend some school. In many instances it
failed of accomplishing this purpose. The number of truants from
Catholic schools increased. A new law was approved July 10th,
of last year. It requires every parent or guardian to send all the
children between six and sixteen years, under his care, to a
school where common English branches are taught, during the
entire term. Exceptions are made by the school board on good
grounds. The new law provides fines, not only for the neglect-
ing person in parental relation, but also for teachers, school
directors, and others who fail to comply with its provisions.
A peculiar feature of this law is that under its provisions it is
the duty of the truant officer to seek out children who ought to at-
tend the parochial schools and compel them to attendvas well as
to seek truants of the public schools. A Catholic parent can be
fined for not sending his children to a parochial school, as readily
as can a non-Catholic for not sending his to a public school. The
purpose of the law is to make every child attend some school,
public or parochial. The truant officer will visit the parochial
school seeking information as to truants, just as he will the pub-
lic schools.
If the Catholic Telegraph (No. 37) is correctly informed, this
new compulsory school law of Pennsylvania was not only not op-
posed bv Catholics, but is expected by a portion of the clergy to
help the parochial schools. Experience will have to show whether
this expectation is well founded. We do not favor compulsory
school laws ; but if it comes to pass in any State that such a
measure can not be warded off, Catholics should remember Penn-
sylvania and see to it that their parochial schools are duly rec-
ognized.
The Goa.t in the Lodgeroom. — In reply to a query in No. 38 of
The Review, Rev. P. Rosen sends us this extract from his re-
cent publication 'The Catholic Church and Secret Societies,' of
which a second edition will be ready in a few days :
In most secret societies the riding of the goat is one of the fea-
tures of initiation. Its meaning is this : In Egyptian and Gre-
cian mysteries Harpocrates was considered the son of Osiris
and Isis. He was believed to have been born with his finger in his
mouth, as indicative of secrecy and mystery. The Qreeks and
Romans worshipped him as the god of quiet life, repose, and
secrecy. He is described by Plutarch as lame in the lower limbs
when born. He is represented mounted on a ram, which carries
a ball upon its head, his left hand is armed with a club, while he
presses the two fore-fingers of the right hand upon his lips, as
No. 41. The Review. 653
the symbol of silence, and intimates that the mysteries of religion
and philosophy should not be revealed .to the profane or un-
initiated.
Ram — the goat — was worshipped at Mendes as sacred to Osiris.
His worship was similar to that of Apis, the bull, but still of a
grosser and more sensual form. The goat was to the Egyptians
the symbol of the productive power in nature.
Father Rosen also calls our attention to a passage in Pike's
'Moral and Dogma' (p. 444:)
"With the Vernal Equinox, or about the 25th of March of our
Calender, they (the. Egyptians) found that there unerringly came
soft winds, the return of warmth, caused by the sun turning
back to the Northward from the middle ground of his course, the
vegetation of the new year, and the impulse to amatorj' action on
the part of the animal creation. Then the bull and the ram, ani-
mals most valuable to the agriculturist, and symbols themselves of
vigorous generative power, recovered their vigor — etc."
And on page 407 in the "Instruction for the Prince of the Tab-
ernacle," we read : "In Crete Jupiter Ammon, or the Sun in Aries,
painted with the attributes of that equinoctial sign, the Ram or
Lamb ; that Ammon who, Martianus Copella says, is the same as
Osiris, Adoni, Atys, and the other Sun-Gods, had also a tomb,
and a religious initiation ; one of the principal ceremonies of
which consisted in clothing the initiate with the skin of a white
lamb. And in this we see the origin of the apron of white sheep-
skin, used in Masonry."
"Goat or Lamb and Apron, like all signs and symbols in the
lodgeroom," adds our reverend correspondent, "refer to natural-
ism and nature-worship."
The Uganda Railway. — A great African enterprise, the
Uganda Railway, is about completed. The rails now reach
the terminus on the Victoria Nyanza, 583 miles from the
ocean. The difficulties of construction have been excep-
tionally great. The first half is through an unhealthy
wilderness, without resources and sparsely populated. Sup-
plies of every kind had to be brought from England and In-
dia for the army of 20,000 workmen, and even water had to be
carried through dry tracts from twenty to sixty miles in extent.
The remainder of the road runs through a mountainous region,
the highest altitude reached being 8,300 feet. Among minor dif-
ficulties were the tsetse fly, which prevented the use of transport
animals, and in some parts "the laborers were constantly being
frightened off the work by man-eating lions." It is estimated that
the total cost will be about twenty-six million dollars, and that in
from five to ten years the road will be doing a good paying busi-
ness, and "twenty years hence will not be able to meet the de-
mands upon it." The main end sought by the railway is to es-
tablish rapid communication with Uganda and the country about
the headwaters of the Nile, in order to develop their great natural
resources by providing a market for their products. A vast tract
has also been opened up, with excellent soil and sufficient rainfall
to produce all kinds of corps, at an elevation above the sea-level
fit for European habitation, but pratically uninhabited. Consid-
ering the facts that Indians built the road, and that the present
654 The Review. 1902
passenger traffic upon the completed parts, besides the officials
and troops, consists principally of Indian merchants and coolies,
it seems probable that this region will eventually be colonized by
them, making it an African Punjab.
The Soda.-Wa.ter Fountain as a Source of Disease. — An investi-
gation of the Illinois Pure-Food Commission shows that chemi-
cals injurious to health are freely used, at least in Chicago, in pro-
ducing the drugstore drink. Not only are acids such as salicylic
and benzoic and the preparation known as formalin, utilized as
preservatives of syrups and fruit juices, but aniline dyes are not
uncommonly employed for mere purposes of coloring. In one of
the places visited the interior of the tank was covered with ver-
digris. A bottle of flavoring extract was appropriated by the in-
spectors. It was labelled "extract of banana." "When analyzed,
the bottle's contents were found to be composed of amylacetate,
a chemical substitute for the banana flavor, and salicylic acid,
used as a preservative, while there were indications that aniline
dye had been used to strengthen the color. A half-dozen other
drug-store fountains in the same district were inspected, and
some "pure-fruit" flavors were taken for analysis. It has gener-
ally been supposed that flavors of which the fruit itself was a part,
could not be impure. ThePure-Food Commission's chemists have
demonstrated that this is not true. Some of the analyses show
an even greater degree of acid and dye in the fruit flavors than in
the extracts. "Pure fruit" strawberry and cherry samples were
found to contain reddish aniline dye to maintain the color of the
fruit and benzoic acid to keep it from decaying.
Sermon Inspectors. — Reforms are native to the soil of Indiana,
and it is no wonder that an Indianapolis preacher should be the
first to propose that the church appoint sermon inspectors, to
examine sermons before they are delivered with a view to elimin-
ating obsolete, trite, or heretical matter. The clergyman who
proposes this is the Rev. Robert Zaring, pastor of a Methodist
church in Indianapolis, and he is willing to run the risk of losing
some of the contents of his own sermon barrel, if only the general
public may be benefited. The suggestion of Mr. Zaring seems
to be finding favor in several quarters. "The extremely ortho-
dox," says one paper, "hail it as a means of preventing
laxity in pulpit teaching on the subjects of Jonah and 'the
whale, Adam and Eve, etc. The more liberal-minded, on the
other hand, point out that the pulpit suffers from a lack
of criticism. It is not customary or permitted for men
or women to speak out in meeting, no matter how far the}-
may perceive the preacher to be from real and fundamental facts.
Sermon inspectors, however, would be in duty bound to examine
all scientific, literary, and historical allusions with care and
patience, and to blue-pencil those found not to correspond with
the lines laid down in the dictionary, encyclopaedia, or book of
familiar quotations. Sermon inspectors would soon learn what
length of sermons may be delivered in less than half an hour, and
they could hack out the thirdlies or the fourthlies in a praise-
worthy manner. Truly, it is a divine conceit.
655
NOTE-BOOK.
We are sorry to see such an ambitious and pretentious Catholic
weekly as the Pittsburg Observer resorting- to patent plate matter
to fill its sixteen pages.
+r +r +r
Another new Catholic paper has been started in Iowa, the
Western World of Desmoines. The Iowa field is well covered, and
we fear the Western World will share the fate of the North-western
Catholic of Sioux City.
The Casket (No. 36) characterizes the Catholic Standard and
Times of Philadelphia as an "able but unreliable journal." Un-
fortunately this characterization fits the majority of those of our
Catholic weeklies — a limited percentage of the total number —
which can be truly said to be worth the cheap paper they are
printed oq.
a a a
It is refreshing to find such a sound and timely sentiment as
this voiced in the Ave Maria (No. 10):
"In these days of widespread indifferentism, when the pernic-
ious principle that one religion is as good as another is being so
generally adopted by the sects, it behooves Catholics to avoid an}'
line of conduct that might imply the least degree of acquiescence
in that false principle. It will be well to remember that true
courtesy does not oblige us either to compromise our beliefs or
to minimize ecclesiastical authority."
•fc m*. «4i
The Dublin Freeman, as we learn from the Tablet (No. 3252),
now prints one of the eight}' columns with which it presents its
readers daily, in Irish. This might easily be mistaken for a sign
of popular interest in the study of Celtic. It is considerably dis-
counted, however, by the fact that the Freeman judiciously prints
an English translation in an adjoining column.
V« V« >«
It is proposed by some Protestants to admit the Bible to the
public schools, "not as a religious, but as a literary volume. " The
version to be used is of course the King James.' Rev. Dr. Lam-
bert neatly points out why this would clash with the non-sectarian
character of the schools :
"The canon, or list of books that compose the King James'
Bible, lacks several books which are found in the Catholic Bible,
and which are recognized as inspired by all Christians except the
Protestants, — that is, by a vast majority of the Christian world.
Therefore, to introduce the King James' Bible into the schools as
the authorized Bible is to condemn the other Bible, used by the
majority of Christians, as containing unauthorized, uninspired or
spurious books. No school authority or secular government has
the right to determine this question. By reason of the difference
in the canons of the two Bibles, King James' Bible is as distinctly
656 The Review. 1902.
a Protestant Bible as is the Baptist Bible or Luther's Bible ; and
it is, therefore, a sectarian book, teaching- sectarian doctrine as
to the canon ; and to introduce it into the schools would be to in-
troduce sectarianism into them."
3f 3W SF
"Religion is good enough for the women," is a current objection ;
"men must work; let the women do the praying."' Women too must
work. Sloth is the begining of all vices. Work performed for
the love of God, on the other hand, is one part of religion ; prayer
and divine service, the other. Men as well as women must have
the whole religion, not only a fraction thereof. Ora et labora!
The assertion that religion is good for women only, is verjr un-
complimentary either for the ladies or for the gentlemen. For
the ladies, if you hold religion to be false and thereby imply that
falsehood is good enough for women ; for the gentlemen, if you
consider religion to be true ; for then your declaration means,
Let the men go to hell !
+r +r +r
Even his staunchest admirers have been led to pronounce some
very severe criticisms of Archbishop Ireland on account of his late
political exploits. The Hartford Catholic Transcript concluded
an article in its No. 8 with this stinging paragraph :
"We would not think of saying, or even reproducing in our col-
umns, the worst things that have been written by Catholic church-
men in criticism of His Grace's recent utterance. But we feel
that he must have anticipated reprobation of this kind, and sil-
ently bid them do their utmost. This is fortitude. No one must
complain if the Archbishop of St. Paul is submitted to the rough
handling usually accorded to the aggressive and loquacious polit-
ical partisan. It may be that His Grace is great enough to pass
through such an ordeal without falling notably in the estimation
of his co-religionists. But we doubt it."
3 9 *
What is believed to be the longest word in the English language
occurs in a publication just put out by the Census Bureau, con-
taining a digest of the most important patents granted on chem-
ical compounds. Hydrotriamidodimethylphenylacridine, under
certain treatment, produces a greenish-yellow color when applied
to cotton. The number of the patent covering it is 395,080, granted
December 25th, 1888. This is the way it comes about : It is an
amidobenzoflavine produced by transforming the nitrotetraami-
doditolylphenylmethan of amidoditolylphenylmethan into pen-
taamidoditolylpheni^lmethan. For further particulars, the read-
er is respectfully referred to the specifications.
«c *r *r
A story is told of a celibate Protestant clergyman whose jokes
are not many. His first curacy had proved rather trying, owing
to the presence of so many ladies, all eager to help him. He soon
quitted the neighborhood, and some time after, meeting his suc-
cessor, he asked : "How do you get on with the ladies?'' "Oh, all
right," was the answer, "there's safety in Numbers." I found it
in Exodus," was the reply.
Scientific Studies irv Rome.
certain "Praelatus" recently wrote an article in the In-
dependent in which he scoffs at the "'methods of scientific
study" in Rome.
If the learned (?) writer had chosen a "scientific method" to
prove his assertions, he would have given some facts. "Quod
gratis asseritur, impune negatur," say the Scholastics.
Science has grown up with the ages in the City of the Popes,
who have always fostered true learning. In no city, therefore,
would it be easier to instil into the minds of the students love of
science. And is this not the principal task of a professor ?
Moreover, if we judge the Roman universities by their profes-
sors, whose scientific productiveness excites admiration, we must
come to the conclusion that Rome is "the centre of learning," as a
Protestant savant expresses it. There flourished professors like
Franzelin and Satolli in dogmatic theology, Gury and Ballerini in
moral theology, Cavagnis and Santi in Canon Law, Gennochi in
Sacred Scripture, and Palmieri and Zigliara in philosophy. There
have been professors of archaeology like the immortal De Rossi,
and there are church historians like H. Denifle (sub-archivist of
the Holy See) and Dr. L. Pastor (Director of the Austrian Insti-
tute for Historical Research. ^
Several other names could be given, but the few mentioned no
doubtrepresent brilliant stars in the firmament of Catholicscience.
The famous Freiherr von Stein was once asked if the methods
of study in Rome were truly "scientific." The witty, pithy an-
swer was : "Ach was, der ganze Msnsch wird dort gehoben."
The learned Dr. F. Hettinger was of the same opinion (Aus Welt
und Kirche, I. p. 30). And Msgr. Gerbet writes : "L'etude de
Rome dans Rome fait penetrer jusqu'aux sources vives du Chris-
tianisme. Elle rafraichit tous les bons sentiments du coeur et,
dans ce siecle des tempetes, elle repand une merveilleuse serenite
dans Tame." And Cardinal Wiseman calls Rome "the city of the
soul" (Recollections of the Last Four Popes.)
Every Catholic and especially every priest who has been so
fortunate as to follow the course of studies in a Roman [univer-
sity, will proudly repeat the words of Horace : "Romae nutriri
mihi contingit atque doceri."
Besides the five Catholic universities there are in Rome at the
present time twenty-four national institutions of learning, in-
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 42. St. Louis, Mo., October 30, 1902.)
65S The Review. 1902.
eluding- the American College. Belgium and Holland will soon
round the number. Professors of both countries, as Dr. Cauchie
of Louvain, Dr. Blak of Leyden, and others are using their influ-
ence to found a Holland-Belgian college in Rome, "la capitale des
etudes historiques" (Dr. Cauchie, Mission aux Archives Vaticanes,
p. 95).
Notwithstanding the Independent's prejudiced "Praelatus,"
whoever he may be, America and Europe join in the mediaeval
song :
"O Roma nobilis, orbis et domina,
Cunctarum urbium excellentissima,
Roseo martyrum sanguine rubea
Albis et virginum liliis Candida,
Salutem dicimus Tibi per omnia,
Te benedicimus. Salve per saecula." *)
*) This hvmn was composed in the tenth century (Historisches
Jahrbuch, 1898, p. 251.)
Msgr. O'GormaLiv's Version of the Tait
Negotiations.
^T"^)he Review has recorded various views of the Taft Com-
mission to the Vatican and what it accomplished, among
others that of Governor Taft himself. Now we find in
the September issue of La Cruz, of Madrid, a characteristic in-
terview of M. Cortes, editor of La Papaute et les peufiles, with Msgr.
O'Gorman. M. Cortes assures us that it was carefully dictated
by the Bishop of Sioux Falls and revised and approved b}r him.
"All know," said Bishop O'Gorman, "that the day following the
Treaty of Paris, which ended the war between the United States
and Spain, and by virtue of which the islands of Cuba (?), Porto
Rico? and the Philippines passed from Spanish to North-American
rule, the United States were face to face with the Filipino revolu-
tion, which had been undertaken to throw off the Spanish yoke and
was continued to obtain their independence against the United
States, in whose hands the fate of war had placed the islands.
The Sovereign Pontiff, Leo XIII., always solicitous for the
welfare of nations, had sent Msgr. Chapelle, Archbishop of New
Orleans, to the Philippines. No one learned the result of his
No. 42. The Review. 659
mission, but I believe I am not far off when I assert that probably
Msgr. Chapelle was sent there ad referendum, to report on the re-
ligious situation in the islands.
Somewhat later, in June of the following year, His Eminence
Cardinal Rampolla, in the name of the Holy Father, addressed a
letter to Msgr. Ireland, asking him to see if some means could be
found to come to an understanding with the United States govern-
ment for the pacification of the Philippines. That letter of His
Eminence crossed one which the Archbishop of St. Paul had ad-
dressed in the name of the American government to the Holy See,
asking that the question be taken up \>y the Vatican.
In the month of August, Monsignori Ireland and O'Gorman,
both personally acquainted with the President of the Republic,
Mr. McKinley, and the Secretary of War, Mr. Root, went to
Washington for the purpose of moving the government to send
some one to Rome to begin the negotiations. For that purpose
we had various interviews with the persons mentioned, but as
Mr. Taft, Governor of the islands, for reasons of health, was
soon to return to the United States, it was agreed to await his re-
turn before making a decision. Shortly afterwards came the as-
sassination of President McKinley, which obliged us to begin the
negotiations anew with his successor, President Roosevelt.
Last March, by virtue of an agreement between the President
of the Republic, the Secretary of War, the Governor of the Phil-
ippines, and Monsignori Ireland and O'Gorman, it was resolved
to send a diplomatic commission to Rome, consisting of said Gov-
ernor ; a lay adviser, Mr. Smith, member of the Supreme Court
at Manila, a Catholic ; an ecclesiastical adviser, Msgr. O'Gorman;
and a secretary,' selected from the army staff, Major Porter.
This commission arrived at Rome towards the end of May, and
on June 18th, succeeded in making an agreement with the Vati-
can on the diverse questions involved in the Philippines.
First question. — The United States will purchase the landed
estates of the Augustinians, the Dominicans, and the Recolets or
Discalced Augustinians. To understand well the end which the
United States had in view by proposing to buy this property, you
mustknowthatsaid orders, either by purchase, legacies, donations,
or other titles, had become masters of an extraordinary power.
Their estate may be estimated at 350,000 hectares of land, leased
to a great extent to laboring people, since no less than 60,000 peo-
ple live from the proceeds of these lands. From the beginning
of the insurrection many lessees claimed the property-title of
these lands and refused to pay rent. Hence, undoubtedly, at
present, when peace is nearly assured, should the friars, as by
right they are entitled to, have recourse to the courts to demand
660 The Review. 1902.
rent or to again obtain possession of their property, the govern-
ment would have to lend them its assistance, because the right of
the friars to said lands, as Governor Taft says, is, from a legal
standpoint, indisputable to such a degree that there is perhaps
no better title than theirs in the whole Archipelago. Hence, to
avoid new conflicts and to put an end to this state of affairs, the
government is willing to buy said land at a reasonable price from
the religious orders, to recover the rent or sell it in small tracts.
The Holy See has thought it proper to accede to the demand and
has promised to lend its aid in inducing the religious orders to
sell their lands.
Second question. — Under the Spanish regime, the relations of
Church and State were so intimate that the ecclesiastical author-
ity asked no permission from the State to occupy land for the
erection of churches and convents, so that many churches and re-
ligious houses were built on ground now ceded by the Treat}' of
Paris to the United States government. In all such cases, if the
legal title belong to the government, the real title is vested in the
Catholic parishes, and according to Canon Law the government
ought to cede them to the bishops for the benefit of the parishes.
Therefore, the United States wish to cede them to the Church,
who is the real proprietress. The Holy See has accepted this
offer.
Third question. — Since Spain became the mistress of the Phil-
ippines, i. e., since the reign of Philip II., for whom the islands
were named, the three above-mentioned religious orders, to whom
must be added that of the Franciscans, [have made themselves
worthy, as Governor Taft says, 'of much praise by their labors
for the Christianization of the islands and the introduction of all
the civilization that exists there.' Thanks to the efforts of these
religious, 7,000,000 of the 9,000,000 people now living in the Arch-
ipelago, belong to the Catholic religion. Hence the cordial rela-
tions existing between the Church and the State, so that under
the past administration many charitable and benevolent institu-
tions of civil origin were generally administered by religious per-
sons, while others, of ecclesiastical origin, were administered by
the Crown. Hence also the difficulty to decide to whom the said
establishments really belong. TheUnitedStatesask that each case
be examined on its merits land that each institution after mature
deliberation be returned to its proper owner, The Holy See has
likewise accepted this suggestion.
To come to a proper decision on these diverse questions, the
commission had to cope with two propositions, one from the Holy
See, the other from the United States government. The Holy
See proposed to leave their solution to an Apostolic Delegate and
No. 42. The Review. 661
the Governor of the Philippines, who, being both on the spot,
could easily perceive the merits of each case. The United States
proposed a court of arbitration, consisting- of two members to be
selected by the United States, two others by the Holy See, and a
fifth by both parties, to decide those questions on which the four
others could not agree. After an amicable discussion of the two
proposals, that of the Vatican was accepted.
The reasons that moved the commission to accept the proposal
of the Vatican, deserve to be known. The commission was led
to that decision because, in its opinion, it offered a better guaran-
tee for the liberty of the Holy See, which might be restricted by a
court of arbitration, all the more as in many cases both ecclesias-
tical and economic questions have to be decided. This fact con-
stitutes a magnificent lesson in delicacy, given by the United
States to other governments, as to the respect due to the rights
of the Holjr See. Hence it is not strange that in the farewell
audience of the diplomatic commission, the Sovereign Pontiff
manifested his deep satisfaction over the happy result of their
labors. That satisfaction became still more decided when the
Governor of the Philippines, before the Sovereign Pontiff, indig-
nantly uttered his protest against the campaign of lies and false
despatches with which a certain press had tried to obstruct the
course of negotiations, attributing to him words and purposes
which he had never uttered or entertained. The Sovereign Pontiff
hastened to reply to the Governor's protestation with visible bit-
terness : 'It is not disagreeable to us that you, too, should have
had a chance to feel the hard lot to which we have been reduced.
Thus you can tell your government that we are not even respected
in religious matters — the sphere in which our negotiations have
been carried on.' "
Such, substantially, is the interview of Msgr. O 'Gorman with
M. Cortes, as given by La Cruz. We reprint it for what it is worth,
having corrected or eliminated naught but a few phrases which
we knew to be inaccurate, such as "Secretary of State and War,
Root," "'General Taft," etc. In these little things of journalistic
detail the French and Spanish newspapers are just as slovenly as
our American secular and, with but very few exceptions, eke our
Catholic weekly press.
^^^%
662 The Review. 1902.
Can the Pope Designate His Own
Successor?
By W. F. G.
few years ago the European press devoted no little
space to the report that Leo XIII. had just delivered
into the hands of the Sacred College his official last will
and testament. It was confidently reported that the Pontiff had
not only reiterated and recommended the maxims of public policy
which he had followed in his administration, but that he had also
made some new provisions for his succession. Just what these
"new provisions" were, was never stated ; but we were assured
that they were altogether novel and exceptional. Some of "the
knowing ones" broadly hinted that the Pope had even designated
his successor. This report has been revived in some quarters of
the Catholic world during the present year, and several Italian
papers have endeavored to send it on its rounds again. Skeptical
as the theological world might well be as to the truth of the
report, it could not but turn its attention again to the old
controversy, so long left untouched : "whether the Pope can va-
lidly designate his own successor." This question, although a
very interesting and a very practical one, appears to be one of the
many upon which the last word will not be spoken in our day. A
brief sketch of the controversy may not, however, prove alto-
gether uninteresting or useless.
This question was at first treated only by the canonists. The
Scholastic dogmaticians of the Middle Ages were wont to pass
over the subject altogether, or to dismiss it quite summarily.
And justly, too, we think, for whatever the claims of the dogmatic
theologian to treat of the Pope's rights and powers, it certainly
belongs to the canonist to treat of the mode of his assumption in-
to office.
In more modern times the question was long left untouched.
Some of the best canonists of the last two centuries do not treat
of it at all. Others admit a certain kind of designation, which
is rather equivalent to recommendation. But the majority simply
deny that the Pope has the right to designate his own successor.
But since the year 1883 the preponderance of authority, both
intrinsic and extrinsic, appears to be largely on the side of the
affirmative opinion. So widely indeed has this opinion begun to
prevail that it is not difficult to forecast what, a centum hence,
will be the consensus of opinion on the subject.
Before entering upon a discussion of the question itself, it may
prove helpful to a better understanding of this branch of Church
No. 42. The Review. 663
discipline to cast a cursory glance at the varying- history of papal
elections in the past.
That St. Peter was constituted the Vicar of Christ upon earth
by our Lord Himself, is an unquestioned fact. Some, indeed,
have maintained that this appointment by Christ was a mere
nomination, and that St. Peter was after our Lord's ascension
accepted as Primate of the Universal Church by the Apostolic
College.
There may be a difference in name here, but no one will deny
that St. Peter held his office in sole virtue of appointment by
Christ. There could have been no question whatsoever among
the Apostles about an election properly so called. Likewise it is
admitted by all the early Fathers that St. Peter chose his own
successor, who is commonly believed to have been Clement. Here
again some have maintained that Clement was merely proposed,
recommended, by St. Peter, but that he was really elected by the
clergy of the City of Rome.
But it is more likely that St. Peter, having been appointed him-
self immediately by Christ, meant also to designate or appoint
his own successor, if he proposed one at all.
After the designation of Clement by Peter there is no doubt
that the successors of Peter were elected by the Senate, composed
of 24 priests and deacons of Rome, and established by St. Peter
himself to be the advisors and consultors of the universal bishop.
But from the time of St. Sylvester, when the Church began to
possess temporal goods and power and when also dissensions be-
gan to prevail in the Senate of Rome, the remainder of the clergy
of the City as well as the laity "ad praesentiam" were admitted to
the election, though only to enlist their support of the choice
which should be made by the Senate.
In the course of time the dissensions in the Senate assumed
such proportions that serious danger of tumults and riots im-
peded the free election of a pope. Then it was that the emperors
began to take a part, in the interest of public peace and safety.
There is not the slightest trace, however, of their having pre-
sumed to exercise the right of suffrage or even of confirmation
after the election.
They did employ their authority to procure a free election and
to sustain the choice which had been made by the Senate. Long
afterward it was pretended, indeed, that Adrian I. had conceded
to the emperors in the person of Charlemagne the right of an ac-
tive voice in papal elections, but this claim has been shown, be-
yond question, to be fictitious and false. The confirmation of the
664 The Review. 1902.
emperors was indeed most desirable, for it certainly added much
external strength to the Senate's choice of a pope.
Dissensions in the Senate and tumults among- the people on the
occasion of elections continued to occur. The Senate would not
always elect the person whom the remainder of the clergy and
the laity wanted ; and the emperors themselves sometimes in-
sisted unduly on the election of one of their own favorites. To
prevent these disorders, Alexander III. decreed in a general
council, that none but the cardinals should take any part whatso-
ever in the papal election, and that their two-thirds vote should
determine their choice. These provisions were confirmed and
amplified by Gregory I., who prescribed the form of election
practically as we have it to-day.
II.
From all this it appears that the ordinanr, regular mode of
placing a successor in the chair of St. Peter, has been by way of
election.
This mode, coming down to us as it does from the first cen-
turies, is, no doubt, Apostolic in its origin, and it is not unlikely
that it was recommended by Christ Himself as the ordinary, reg-
ular mode of filling the see of Rome. But granting all this, may
not this ordinary mode be set aside, in extraordinary circum-
stances, and another adopted, which might insure, in a particular
case, possibW greater good to the Church? In other words, may
not the chair of Peter be filled in another way, say, by designa-
tion, whenever the regular mode should not be deemed desir-
able? As was stated in the beginning, the answer to be given to
this question has been warmly debated for centuries, and it is
only in the last twent3r years that anything like a consensus of
opinion could be. claimed b\r either side. But since 1883, the
affirmative opinion seems to prevail, both in its weight of intrin-
sic evidence, and in its number of adherents.
Designation, in the sense here taken, signifies virtually ap-
pointment. A competent authority names with a binding force
in law a certain person for an office which is to become vacant
later.
This designation gives to such a person at once a "jus ad rem"
which, the moment the office is vacant, becomes jus in re. Apply-
ing this definition of designation to the question under consider-
ation, it means that the pope has the power to suspend, for a par-
ticular case, the cardinals' right of electing his successor : him-
self appointing one who must be acknowledged in law.
The person thus designated receives eo ipso, a "jus ad sedan
aj>ostolicam" and at the moment of the designating pope's death
No. 42. The Review. 665
becomes his successor in office. The supporters of the right of
designation do not advocate it as the regular and ordinary mode
of filling the Apostolic See, but restrict its employment to extra-
ordinary circumstances when a palpably greater good would fol-
low from the use of this mode rather than of election. They
grant also that a pope can neither validly prescribe designation
as a regular mode, nor follow it as such. But they do maintain
that in a particular case, under extraordinary circumstances, for
a just reason, any pope may suspend the cardinals' right of elect-
ing his successor and may designate one himself. Suarez would
limit this right to the case of extreme necessity. But it would
seem that, if allowed at all, it must be allowed whenever there is
question of securing to the Church a palpably greater good, since
the pope has been constituted not only *'/;/ conservationem" but
also "in aedificationem ecclesiae."
[ To b e co n tin ?t ed. ]
CONTEMPORARY CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
The Koslowski Schism and the Question of a Polish Bishop. — A reader
in far-off Maine writes to The Review :
"I have just been startled by the news read in some papers that
80,000 Poles are seeking to join the Episcopal Church, in Chicago,
under the leadership of their dissident Bishop Koslowski! Is
that news correct ? What is the meaning of it ? What is the ex-
planation ? If it is true, is it not an awful calamity in the Ameri-
can Catholic Church? Will you |not, please, give the readers
of The Review some information and comment about that por-
tentous event?"
It is true that Koslowski, the excommunicated "Bishop" of the
schismatic Poles at Chicago, has applied for admission into the
Episcopalian sect. How many of his misguided adherents will
follow him, in case he should be admitted, is a matter of conjec-
ture, as, indeed, is the real number of his followers. We are quite
sure it does not amount to 80,000. From our knowledge of the
case we believe that 20,000 would be too high an estimate, though
one of our clerical friends in Chicago thinks there are at least
30,000. At any rate, the number is large enough to constitute
this schism an "awful calamity." The true history of the •'Inde-
pendent" movement has never been written. There are those
who believe that many of the dissidents never were practical
Catholics. Others are satisfied the schism could have been
averted if the ecclesiastical authorities had combined firmness
666 The Review. 1902
with mildness and generosity. These are individual opinions,
impossible of either verification or disproval so long as the begin-
nings of the trouble remain obscure.
The Chicago schism has served as a strong argument for those
who advocate the appointment of Polish bishops for this country.
We notice Father Kruszka has again opened the discussion of
this ever burning topic in No. 3616 of the Freeman's Journal. He
says among other things :
"Although the Most Rev. Archbishop Katzer of Milwaukee did
not succeed in Rome at present in getting a Polish bishop, never-
theless the Polish bishop's cause looks very promising. The
movement finds every day more friends, even among the Ameri-
can prelates. Not only Archbishop Katzer, but also Bishops
Muldoon of Chicago, Spalding of Peoria, and many others, are
sympathizing with our movement. It is not from merely national
motives that we Poles want a Polish-speaking bishop, but it is
chiefly from truly Catholic principles. Both reason and faith de-
mand a Polish-speaking bishop for Polish-speaking' people. If we
do not know nor understand one another's language, we are cer-
tainly strangers of 'barbarians' one to another. Hence it hap-
pened that American prelates called the Polish people a barbar-
ian people (foreigners); and vice versa, the Polish people called
the American prelates barbarians or strangers. And this hap-
pened quite naturally — and quite in accordance with what St.
Paul says : 'If, then, I know not the power of the voice, I shall be
to him, to whom I speak, a barbarian, and he that speaketh a bar-
barian to me' (I. Cor. 14, 11). Accordingly a bishop not knowing
the Polish language is to the Polish-speaking congregation not
their own bishop, but a stranger, a foreigner, a barbarian, and
vice versa. That such 'strange' relations between the bishop and
the people can not bring good results for the faith, that they are
not edifying but ruining the Church, is self-evident. This is
proved also abundantly by the so-called Independent movement
and other misunderstandings between the American prelates and
the Polish-speaking Catholics,"
We have never been able to make out clearly whether the pro-
moters of this movement for a Polish-speaking bishop want one
Polish bishop with jurisdiction over all the Poles throughout the
country, or whether they simply desire representation in the
hierarchy by having a Polish priest appointed to some vacant see.
The former plan, which was a decade or so ago, falsely attributed
to the Germans with respect to their nationality, is chimerical
and infeasible. The latter has our hearty approval, if the Poles
have influence enough in any diocese where they are numerous,
to push the claims of their candidate. But we fear they expect
too much from it. If a Polish bishop were appointed to the see
of Green Bay or Detroit or Cleveland or some other diocese where
the Poles form a very large percentage, perhaps the majority, of
the Catholic population, the fact of their having a representative
in the hierarchy would indeed benefit Polish Catholics all over the
country by inspiring them with more confidence ; if the Polish
bishop would be an able and a prudent man, he would doubtless
also be in a position to advance the true interests of his country-
men even outside the limitsof hisown jurisdiction. But he could
No. 42. The Review. 667
not possibly, even if his fellow-bishops permitted it, visit all the
Polish congregations in the country and speak to the people in
their own tongue, whenever they had a cornerstone to lay or a
class ready for confirmation.
It will be well for all concerned to realize fully the situation and
to beware of exaggerated demands or expectations. The Poles
are growing to be a numerous element in the American Catholic
Church. It would be well for them and for religious interests in
general if they had one or several representatives in the Ameri-
can hierarchy. The only way this can be brought about under
present conditions, is to get some existing see filled with a worthy
Polish priest. This the Poles may succeed in doing by concen-
trating their numbers and power in some diocese where they are
already strong, so that when occasion offers, they can present a
terna of Polish candidates to the Propaganda, and meanwhile us-
ing their influence at Rome to convince the Propaganda and the
Holy Father of the justice and wisdom of their demands. Then
we may have in the near future a Polish bishop ruling over some
Eastern or Western see ; but whether he will be able to prevent
apostasjr or to nip a schism in the bud in some far-away diocese,
outside of his jurisdiction, with an ordinary whom his fellow-
countrymen consider a "barbarian" and who perhaps persists in
lending a deaf ear even to legitimate petitions, is a question we
would not undertake to answer in the affirmative.
For the rest, we believe that this phase, too, of the manysided
and vexatious nationality question will gradually settle itself.
Polish immigration will not continue forever, and the young Poles
now growing up in America are learning to speak English like a
second mother-tongue ; in fact among the Poles as well as among
the various other non-English-speaking nationalities, especially
in our large cities, English is gradually taking the place of the
parental idiom. The next generation of Poles, like the next
generation of Germans, French-Canadians, Italians, etc., will
practically be an English-speaking one, while the following gen-
eration will probably preserve but few vestiges of the ancestral
speech.
EDUCATION.
President Eliot on the Public Schools.— The more people of intelli-
gence familiarize themselves with the workings of the American
public school system, the less they seem to like it. Witness the
remarks of President Eliot of Harvard before the Connecticut
State Teachers' Association at their last annual meeting, as re-
ported by the daily press. He said among other things : "The
attempt to teach abstinence through the medium of the public
schools has been an injury to the teachings of science, inasmuch
as ideas concerning the effects of alcohol were taught which
could not be proven true." In other words, in this "model" school
system the scholars were deliberately "instructed" to believe
things "which were not true." Valuable instruction, indeed.
Then again, "it is a reproach to popular education that the
gravest crimes of violence are committed in great number all over
the United States by individuals and mobs with a large measure
66$ The Review. 1902.
of impunity." A very true but fearful indictment of the whole
nation.
"Americans are curiously subject to medical delusions." And
not medical alone, but spiritual as well, as shown by the many be-
lievers in Spiritism, faithcure, Christian Science, and other fads,
too numerous to mention.
President Eliot winds up with the statement, "that the results
of American education have hitherto fallen far short of the hopes
and expectations of its founders and advocates." To all of which
the Catholic public will most heartily agree and hope that in
course of time Americans will learn to distinguish between
"Bildung" and "Erziehung," as the Germans have it. The Amer-
ican school may furnish a certain grade of "Bildung," or educa-
tion, but without the proper forming of character at the same
time, expressed in German by "Erziehung," the results will al-
ways be disappointing. A proper moral training is out of the
question in our public schools, as at present conducted ; this is
only possible by the Christian school, and the sooner the Ameri-
can public understand that principle, as illustrated by the Cath-
olic schools in this country, the better.
LITERATURE.
An Index to the Works of Cardinal Newman.— We are pleased to learn,
by way of the Sacred Heart Review (No. 16) from the Athenaum,
that the Rev. Herbert Lucas, S. J., is preparing an exhaustive index
to the works of Cardinal Newman. "Such an index," declares our
esteemed Boston confrere, "will be of great value to students and
writers, whether Catholic or Protestant."
And it will no doubt help to increase the sale of Cardinal New-
man's books, which are all too little read by Catholics. We per-
sonally know at least two Catholics who will add to their now very
incomplete collection of the great Cardinal's writings all the mis-
sing- volumes as soon as an exhaustive general index will enable
them to use the whole collection as they now use the tomes of
Aquinas or the works of Alban Stolz.
The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages. By the Rev. Horace
K. Mann, Headmaster of St. Cuthbert's Grammar-School, New-
castle-on-Tyne. Vol. I. (in Two Parts) The Popes under the
Lombard Rule : St. Gregory I. (the Great) to Leo III. 590—795.
Part I. 590 — 657. London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co.
St. Louis : B. Herder, 1902. (Price, net, $3.)
This is, we believe, the first attempt at a complete history, in
English dress, of the lives of the Popes in the early Middle Ages.
Dr. Mann brings together, in interesting form, the results of the
labors of the best writers on the subject in every language. He
will stop where Pastor has begun. His work loses somewhat in
comparison with Pastor's, for it is neither as full, nor based on
such extended and original research. But it is reliable and inter-
esting as far as it goes and no doubt will fill, when completed, a
long-felt want in English Catholic literature. We heartily re-
commend this first volume to our readers.
669
MISCELLANY.
A Statement From the Philippine Centro Ca.tolico.— The Centro
Catolico (Catholic Centre party) of the Philippine Islands has is-
sued a pathetic circular letter, in quaint English, to the hierarchy
and clergy and to the Catholic press of the United States, for the
text of which we are indebted to Rt. Rev. Bishop Richter of Grand
Rapids. We quote a few noteworthy passages :
"The Spanish religious who have been the objects of so much
persecution, evangelized our country, taught us the arts of agri-
culture, industry and commerce ; they inspired in us the love of
the liberal arts ; they gave us an exquisite social and moral edu-
cation, and sent us forward in the path of true progress and civil-
ization in a quiet gentle manner. The whole world is witness to
the fact that in three centuries we have passed from a state of
savagery to one of a civilization which is the cause of envy in the
breasts of all our Malay neighbors."
Of the enemies of the Friars the circular says : "Who are those
who defame the religious, those who shout for the expulsion of
these orders? They are Protestant sectarians, Freemasons, or
members of societies condemned by the Church, they are impious
persons, the sworn enemies of the Church. They are those who
first rebelled against Spain and afterward against the United
States, and those who without public sincerity or private con-
science make echo of ideals they do not profess, and who spread
abroad stories of disorders which never existed, and never will
exist in the religious orders. Thev are traitors to three flags and
adulators to three sovereignties against which they plotted whilst
they kissed the feet of their governors. They are the insurgents
against Spain and America who formerly lived by political and
armed pillage and who to-day, thanks to the iniquitous favoritism
on the part of the one and the villainous servility on the part of
the other, enjoy the benefits of municipal and provincial salaries.
They compose, in a word, a hungry crowd of political factionists,
engendered, suckled and favored contrary to all justice by a few
politicians unworthy of the name of Americans.
"The direct aim of those who demand the expulsion of the friars
is double ; first they would throw off all bridle of religion, remove
all presencial testimony to certain inhumanities and scandalous
proceedings and facts. And thus they could commit all kinds of
iniquities upon this poor people which; numbering some eight
millions to-day, would in their hands be reduced in ten years to a
single million or less of miserable unfortunate creatures. In the
second place they aim to despoil the Church and its institutions
of their property and estate, that they may fatten themselves like
birds of prey, to rob the sacred images and despoil the altars of
their sacred vessels, polluting the house of God and turning it in-
to a meeting house for discordant mobs of political schemers and
agitators.
"And let it be well understood that these much talked of estates
possess better titles of property, and comply with all the require-
ments of the law, both canonical and civil, better than any other
landed property possessed by Filipinos or foreigners in the Arch-
ipelago.
670 The Review. 1902.
"Nor are these estates in their extension and value, what is
claimed by the enemies of their religious owners who justly pos-
sess them. Taken altogether the}" are less in their extent than
Rhode Island as compared to the vast superficies of your immense
county. The3r were purchased for small amounts because land
formerly was, and is even now, so abundant that the Spanish gov-
ernment and private owners almost gave it away.
"These famous and coveted estates were in the hands of their
religious owners a grand practical school of agricultural economy,
in which natives and foreigners might learn all that might be ac-
complished by a just and prudent administration, in carrying out
large enterprises. If all had imitated the religious in the moder-
ation of the rents asked, and in the paternal treatment of their
tenants, in charity in years of scarcity and justice in those of
abundance, in prudent expenses and rewards of the masters, to-
day the fertile forests and desert valleys of the Philippines would
be converted into model farms and into lively settlements. It is
obvious that the pueblos in which these estates existed were
among the largest, richest and happiest in the country.
"With these estates, from which the}7 received about 3/j per
cent, of their value, the religious were enabled to attend to the
expenses of their seminaries, to the work of the missions con-
ducted b}T them in China and Tung-kin, to the needs of public
worship, to the erection of schools and charitable institutions,
and to an endless number of public and private alms, and,
at times, to the alleviation of the strained condition of the public
treasuries of the provinces and the municipalities. These estates
are to-da3r in the possession of foreign companies, Belgian,
French, and English, who comply with all the requirements of
the laws that be, and are in as just and pacific a possession of
their lands as are other companies, Filipino, Spanish, or Ameri-
can of theirs.''
Catholic Winter Schools.- A zealous pastor writes to TheReview:
"Some years ago }rou used to go for sisters and others who
sold school supplies to their pupils. The enclosed clipping from
our home paper gives the methods followed here for a number of
3Tears." [The clipping says that in the school in question books,
etc., may be had from the teachers, the net profits being applied
to enlarging the already excellent museum and for school sup-
plies generally. "By this means," adds the report, "it has been
possible to make St. X'school of Y the best equipped in Z. not
excepting State schools of the same grade."]
Our correspondent adds :
"For a number of years I have had on the brain winter schools
for our young men who for some reason or other can not attend
college for a whole 3rear at the time, and a year ago, at our last
State Katholikentag, pushed through a resolution favoring such
winter schools at our colleges. St. John's University of Minne-
sota was induced to open one at once — and with good success.
Lately St. Francis Solanus College, at Quincy, 111., has decided
to open a winter school in a few weeks. The Pio Nono of St.
Francis promises to follow suit next year."
We are glad to hear of the opening of some more winter schools
No- 42. The Review. 671
by our Catholic colleges. There are many Catholic young men
in nearly every American city, and the country as well, who are
anxious to increase their knowledge and to train themselves for a
useful career in life, but who can not make use of the opportuni-
ties offered by our Catholic colleges in their regular courses for
lack of time and means, and hence either go to swell the mass of
the uneducated and incompetent, or expose themselves to great
intellectual and moral dangers in our business colleges, which
an eminent Catholic educator of many years' experience recently
told us he considered as more dangerous to many of our boys
than even the "nonsectarian" public schools.
We trust that the Catholic colleges which have generously un-
dertaken to combat this evil by offering Catholic young men a
good winter course at a very moderate price, will receive the en-
couragement and support which their zeal and spirit of self-sac-
rifice deserve.
NOTE-BOOK.
Our friend Charles J. O'Malley has resigned the associate edi-
torship of the Catholic Telegraph of Cincinnati to become editor
of the Chicago New World. While we wish him from all our heart
the full measure of success his extraordinary literary ability and
untiring industry deserve, we fear he will find the editorial man-
agement of an official organ (such the New World claims to be for
the Archdiocese and the Province of Chicago) the toughest and
most ungrateful of all the jobs he has }ret undertaken in his jour-
nalistic career, which has been one long period of storm and stress
since its inception.
In his salutatory {New World, No. 8) Mr. O'Malley promises
"to tell the truth as he sees it, without fear," and intimates that
he does not lack courage. While the knowing ones hold the bag
ready for his sinciput, we bid him godspeed and trust he will
fight to the last ditch. The Catholic press needs nothing so sore-
ly in America as editors who fearlessly tell the truth and stand
by their honest convictions no matter what the consequences
may be.
*c +r +<r
Our excellent contemporary the Northwest Rev tezv of Winnipeg,
quotes Archbishop Langevin as saying that the Manitoba school
question is not yet settled. "The new order of things" — these
are his words — "is perhaps somewhat of an improvement, partic-
ularly as affecting the rural parishes ; but when I say that in
Winnipeg, in addition to supporting their own schools, the Cath-
olics have to pay some $10,000 annually in taxes for the support of
public schools, the injustice will be apparent. Our people are
doing their best to bear the burden, and schools are being main-
tained by the French, Irish, and Galician Catholics."
The Archbishop added that so long as they are denied their
672 The Review. 1902.
rights, there will be unrest among the Catholics of Manitoba. It
would appear that they are in the same plight as we are here in
the States. But there is very little "unrest" apparent here. In-
stead of incessantly, opportune, importune, insisting on their rights,
our people have acquiesced in the unjust state of affairs and grad-
ually gone to sleep. Worse than that, a great many of them are
sending their children to the godless public schools. It is a con-
dition of affairs that augurs ill for the Catholic Church in this
country.
3? Sf 3f
The St. Louis Republic last Monday contained an account of
how a young American priest — we will not name him — managed
to get a private audience with the Pope while on a visit in Rome.
He was permitted to join a Spanish pilgrimage and obtruded him-
self upon the venerable Pontiff by elbowing his way through the
guards and shouting that he wTas an American. The Republic, in
one of the four sensational headlines it affixes to this highly im-
portant and sensational news item, sa3-s that this young priest
"used his American tact." It's a fearful and wonderful thing,
this "'American tact," which leads even a clergyman to forget all
ecclesiastical and social amenities and to make a boor of himself
at the papal court.
M. Probs has wisely refused to accept the challenge of the Su-
perior of the Fathers at Lourdes, to demonstrate publicly his
charge that the fountain of the grotto derives its water through
pipes from the River Gave. He attempts to justify his cowardice
by saying that such a demonstration would be useless, because
the Fathers have had five months' time since the publication of
his accusation to remove the fraud. If the Fathers have meta-
morphosed an artificial fountain into a real one, it would be as
great a miracle as those which M. Probs derided.
im +r +r
The Wittwen und Waisen Fond of the Centralverein, at its last
annual convention, has again postponed the acceptance of a scien-
tifically correct "scala" as proposed by the expert engaged for its
preparation, and will continue for another year on the pesent un-
safe basis. If during that year 1000 members will declare
their willingness to accept the proposed new rates, then the sec-
retary will be authorized to start a new company, as it were, and
the other members will have the choice to join the new concern,
or continue on the present plan. In the latter case it will mean a
gradual increase of contributions by the members, or a correspond-
ing decease in benefits, and the chances are that the oldest mem-
bers, who have paid the most, will find themselves in the end
"frozen out" by their lack of ability to pay the enormous assess-
ments. It is to be hoped that the secretary will succeed in start-
ing the new company and getting all the members to join, since
that will be the only way to saye the society from a disgraceful
ending.
The Catholic University of America
and Georgetown University.
he archbishops, at their forthcoming annual conference,
if we may believe the Washington correspondent of the
Freeman'' s Journal (No. 3617), will devote their discus-
sions largely to devising ways and means to increase the attend-
ance at the Catholic University. While "the financial outlook for
a gradual increase of endowment" — we are told — "is good," the
"prospect that a greater number of students should frequent its
halls is not so alluring."
"It has been shown," says the Freenian^s correspondent, "that
forty-seven hundred Roman Catholic young men are students in
secular universities in this country. It would certainly seem
possible that a considerable quota of this army of brilliant young
men could be enlisted in the ranks of the Catholic University
matriculates. Hundreds of other young Catholics go abroad to
secure higher education, and frequently matriculate at Protest-
ant universities. The archbishops will consider plans to gradu-
ally overcome the disposition*) of Catholic families to send their
boys to Protestant institutions to obtain their final education. In
this prejudice against Catholic institutions of learning there is
much which is inexplicable, but there is one feature of the situa-
tion which may be immediately remedied. The number of divin-
ity students is far below the number expected, both by the Pope
and by the executive founders (?) of the Catholic University. The
lowest estimate of divinity students was placed at two for each
diocese and archdiocese in the country. This would give a nu-
cleus student body of about two hundred, and joined to the scho-
lastics and young priests of various orders and congregations
affiliated with the University, would make a very creditable stud-
ent roll. As a matter of fact, many of the dioceses of the country
have never been recognized by the presence of a single student at
the University. Some of the bishops obviously refrain from using
its advantages. At the time of its foundation there was an im-
plied promise on the part of all to send two students for the
higher degrees, but its obligations have been flagrantly disre-
garded. That the trustees and archbishops should seek to rem-
*) The text has "indisposition" but this is clearly a typograph-
ical error. — A. P.
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 43. St. Louis. Mo., November 6, 1902.)
674 The Review. 1902.
edy this condition is natural, but the means to the end are not so
obvious or so self-suggestive."
This practically amounts to the charge that a number of our
bishops are not only neglecting to do their duty, but have broken
a promise and offended the Pope. It is to be hoped that this
wanton accusation of an irresponsible scribe is not abetted by
the authorities of the University, who may well pray : "A talibus
defcnsoribus, libera nos, Domine!"
When the same correspondent adds, in the next paragraph of
his letter, that Georgetown University, conducted at the national
capital by the Jesuits, finds its lecture halls "crowded to their
utmost capacity, "and that "the embarrassment here is rather for
room than for students," this statement must, it is true, be con-
sidered in the light of the fact that "Georgetown has large under-
graduate collegiate classes from which to fill it post-graduate
courses," while the Catholic University "must look for its stud-
ents to the graduates of other schools ;" but the parallel between
the two institutions furnishes material for reflection. The
Freeman^s correspondent is forced to admit :
"At the beginning of this scholastic year, as for two years be-
fore, Georgetown has been compelled to refuse to receive all the
students presented to it. Many of these were not turned away
because of insufficient preparation in the lower grades. Several
were refused, because there was absolutely no room for them in
the dormitories or halls. The Georgetown post-graduate classes
in philosophy, law, and medicine, are proverbially large, and its pure-
ly post-graduate work (is) on a plane and of character to attract
notice throughout the country. These statements are not made
in a comparative sense, but for the purpose of marking the fact
that where the highest institution receives loyal support from its
alumni and well wishers the student body is large. The reason
that so few graduate students resort to the splendid courses of
the Catholic University is want of enthusiasm on the part of the
laity and clergy throughout the country."
A further spinning-out of the suggested parallel, especially with
reference to the probable causes of the popularity of the one and
the "want of enthusiasm" shown towards the other, might prove
useful and instructive. The files of The Review could furnish
much valuable material therefor.
^#^
675
Shall the Government Operate the Coal
Mines?
he recent crisis in the coal trade, now temporarily averted
by the settlement of the great strike, gave rise to a pop-
ular demand, which has even been incorporated in the
State platform of the Democratic party in New York, that the
government shall take possession of the anthracite coal mines
under the law of eminent domain and operate them for the bene-
fit of the public.
This has led eminent economists to examine the question :
Would it be conducive to public interest that the government
should undertake the business of coal mining? Here is what one
of them thinks :
People who attempt to decide this question off-hand, assume
that there is some mysterious power in a government, enabling
it to take hold of a new and vast business of the most technical
and complex nature, and make it a success, where private enter-
prise and skill of the highest type, backed by unlimited capital,
have resulted in a deadlock. The least reflection should convince
us that if the government owned the mines and machinery to-day
it would inevitably break down in an attempt to supply 50,000,000
tons of anthracite coal in twelve months and deliver it to the buy-
ers at the average price heretofore charged for it. The only way
it could accomplish any effective work, would be to hire the pres-
ent owners and employes, at suitable salaries, to carry it on.
This would be the first thing to do. The next would be to raise
the wages of the miners to the scale demanded by them in the
present strike. The miners are not striking for sentimental or
political reasons, or to bring about an ideal state of society, but
to better their physical condition. Therefore, a rise of wages
would necessarily precede any resumption of mining.
But this is not all that they would expect. Government seldom
gets any work done as cheaply or as well as private persons do.
The spur of self-interest that devises economies which make up
the whole difference between success and failure, would be want-
ing. Miners would expect higher wages from the government
than from private operators ; and would have considerable in-
fluence as voters in deciding what the wages should be. Unless
coal mining is to become in part a charge upon the taxpayers, the
price of coal would have to be increased largely and permanently.
We have assumed that the government might secure the ser-
vices of the men who are now the heads of the mining industry,
but this is by no means certain. Very few men possessing the
676 The Review. • 1902.
requisite skill and experience could be obtained for the salaries
which the government usually pays to its highest public servants,
such as cabinet ministers, justices of the Supreme Court, etc. It
is quite certain, however, that the politicians would very soon be
scheming for these places, both high and low. If "the govern-
ment," which is to own the coal mines, means the government of
Pennsylvania, Senator Quay would soon be the boss of all the
mines and carrying companies, and every man who entered the
service, either as a certificated miner or as a mule-driver, would
eventually be an office-holder whose place would be at the disposal
of the party machine. All these things would happen unless the
government of Pennsylvania should have means for operating coal
mines and railroads superior to those which it has for adminis-
tering municipal affairs in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. But it
would probably have less, since there would be fewer persons to
keep an eye on the office-holders in the mines than on those in
the City Hall.
Those who favor the policy of the national government instead
of State governments taking charge of the coal mines, because it
is a national question, would not restrict the transfer of owner-
ship to anthracite mines, but would have it embrace bituminous
mines and lignite beds, and probably oil wells and natural gas.
Most of them seem to favor the working of gold and silver mines
by the government also. Iron, lead, copper, zinc, and borax
mines would naturally come next. All the political meddling that
we might expect from separate State action would be repeated on
a larger scale. Quay would not lose his influence oyer Pennsyl-
vania mines by their transfer to the national government.' The
people would demand all the products of government mines at as
low a price as the same were previously supplied for, and if there
were a failure of the supply, or a material advance in price, would
"arraign" the party in power, and in any extreme case, like the
present deficiency of coal, would hurl it from power.
The public interest lies in having coal supplied in sufficient
quantity at the lowest possible price. There is no reason to be-
lieve that the government could do this work nearly as well as it
has been done in the past by private enterprise. No doubt there
have been grave abuses in the private mining and transportation
of anthracite coal which a wise government might properly take
cognizance of and chastise, without assuming ownership of the
mines, but those abuses have been fewer and less heinous than
would have been committed under government mining, while the
supply of coal has been more regular and the price lower to the
consumer than it would have been under such a system.
The false economic principles upon which our modern com-
No. 43. The Review. 677
mercial development rests, will inexorably have their way. Not
even the government can prevent them. This is a hard saying,
perhaps, but we can see no easier one. Government ownership
would be stepping from the frying-pan into the fire.
Can the Pope Designate His Own
Successor?
By W. F. G.
III.
Those who deny this right of designation have employed chief-
ly the following arguments to maintain their position:
1st. Designation is forbidden not only by ecclesiastical law, but
also by the natural and divine law. They appeal to the declara-
tion of Anaclete (C. 11, D. 79) that God has reserved to Himself
the election of his high-priests, and the cardinals are his instru-
ments in this election.
D 2. Designation would be an " ' immutatio status ecclesiae" which the
sacred canons forbid.
3. It would introduce a species of inheritance of ecclesiastical
office which all agree may not obtain in the New Dispensation.
4. It would open a wide way to the practice of nepotism.
5. A favorite argument was formulated by Cajetan, thus: "Ejus
est potentia cujus est actus ; atqui actus electionis papae, abso-
lute et simpliciter non est papae, quia iam non est; electus autem
debet esse cotemporaneus cum electore ; ergo."
6. They urge the analogy which exists between the pope and
the Church and husband and wife. But, they say, no man can
designate with binding force his wife's next husband.
7. Designation would make the Church "biceps," two-headed,
one pope having a. jus ad rem, another a. jus in re.
To these arguments the advocates of the affirmative opinion re-
ply in general that they would be most formidable objections in-
deed to designation as a regular mode of providing for the suc-
cession in the Holy See ; but that they lose all their force when
urged against designation as an extraordinary mode. Taken
singly, the objections are answered as follows :
Ad I. Designation can not be shown to be contrary to the nat-
678 The Review. 1902.
ural and divine law, There is no positive legislation of Christ
on the mode of filling the office of Head of the Church, and the
only way in which designation can possibly be fancied to be con-
trary to the natural law, is to suppose that it would always be
harmful to the Church. But the very contrary would frequently
be true. We may well imagine an internecine war which might
delay the election of a pope for years. Besides, divine law, so far
as we may be said to have any law on the matter, seems rather to
favor designation. Christ Himself designated Peter to be His
own vice-gerent, and Christ is an example for our instruction.
Peter designated Clement to be his successor, and if it be urged
that he wa^ inspired to do this, then this fact of inspiration must
be proven, or if he did so because of the necessity of the circum-
stances, then this act serves precisely as a precedent for future
designations.
Ad II. Designation would be an "tmmutatw status ecclesiae" in-
deed, if it were adopted as the regular mode of filling the See of
Peter, and it would be the "immutatio status ecclesiae" which is re-
probated by the canons. But is not the pope above the canons?
And may he not suspend them, for a just and sufficient cause, in a
particular case?
Ad III. It is true that the inheritance of spiritual offices may
not obtain in the Church. But to obtain an office by designation,
in a particular case, would not be that inheritance which is con-
demned by the sacred canons.
Ad IV. This is really the most serious objection of all. But it
is safe to say that designation, under the limitations which the
advocates of the affirmative opinion propose, would occasion in-
comparably less of nepotism and kindred abuses than the succes-
sion by way of election has permitted. Besides, if it be insisted
that the popes might use their right of designation too freely, we
may point to the comparatively small number of popes who were
not conscientious men, and none, or hardly one, who was not so on
his deathbed. Besides if this objection were to be admitted, we
should have to deny all rights to the Supreme Pontiff, since all
are liable to abuse.
Ad V. Cajetan confounds designation with election in his
"most acute reasoning.*' Election presupposes indeed the uv i-
duitas ecclesiae" but designation does not ; rather, it supposes the
very opposite. If designation and election were the very same as
Cajetan assumes, then we would indeed have a dead pope placing
an act ; but designation supposes a live pope.
Ad VI. Like all analogies, this one should not be carried too
far. Of course we must deny that all the relations which exist
between husband and wife obtain also between the pope and the
No. 43. The Review. 679
Church. The Fathers themselves who first used this analogy,
confined it within very narrow limits.
Ad VII. To this objection, that "'designation would make the
Church biceps," Hollweck (Archiv fur Kathol. Kirchenrecht,
1895) has given the best answer: "Risum teneatis amici?" he
asks. Designation gives only a. jus ad rem. As well talk of this
country having two presidents during the interval of time between
the election and the inauguration of a new president.
IV.
Besides thus answering objections, the advocates of the affirm-
ative opinion add the following positive reasons :
1. Christ designated Peter, and the conduct of Christ is always
an example for our instruction.
2. Peter designated his successor Clement. ("Si Petrus," 1, c.
8, q. 7.) But Peter could not have done this, if it were forbidden
jure naturali et divino. The contention that Clement was merely
nominated or proposed by Peter, but really elected by the Senate
of the Roman Church, is a purely gratuitous assertion.
3. Boniface II., Gregory VII., Victor III., and Urban II., desig-
nated their successors.
4. Pope Symmachus ordained (C. 10, D. 79) that the pope
should, before his death, assemble the Roman clergy and agree
{decernere) as to his successor.
5. According to C. 17, C7, the pope can grant to others the
power of designating their own successors; apart, at least, should
he be able to designate his own.
6. All grant that he can, ex potestate ordinaria, legislate in gen-
eral about his succession. Why not in particular?
7. It is forbidden only jure ecclesiastico. Hence in a particular
case, and for a sufficient cause, the pope can dispense from this
prohibition.
V.
So far the arguments which canonists have commonly adduced
in favor of the affirmative opinion. They are of course, far from
being conclusive. Exceptions, and well-founded ones, too, may
be taken to every one of them. (Except possibly, as we shall see
later, to the historical argument that Boniface II. designated his
own successor.)
To the first argument for the affirmative opinion it is objected
that Christ's example in designating Peter may not be followed by
us. Christ was the Supreme Lord over His Church and might
dispose of it as He pleased. But the popes are only administra-
tors, and may. dispose of their succession only as the constitution
680 The Review. 1902.
of the Church directs. Besides, according to St. Augustine,
Christ is an example for us to follow in those things only which
He did as Man, not as God. But it was as God that He appointed
His Vice-gerent upon earth.
Ad 2. Cap. I., "Si Petrus," is not authentic. It is taken
from a letter which was supposed to have been written by Clement
himself, but which, in reality, is of a very much later date. The
assertion contained in this Chapter I, therefore, and attributed
to Clement, "that he had been designated by Peter himself to be
his successor," is not authentic and must be rejected.
Ad 3. The historical precedents here adduced can not be
shown to have been designations in the proper and strict sense
of the term, but rather commendations. The person thus desig-
nated was always either rejected by the cardinals or was re-
quired to submit to an election (Ferraris, s. v. Papa, N. 10).
Ad 4. The word decemere here is ambiguous, and might well
mean, especially in the light of its context, "to deliberate."
Ad 5 and 6. The parity of cases is denied. The alleged parity
might be appealed to if no other provision already existed for
filling the See of Rome.
Ad 7. Those who hold the negative opinion, deny, of course,
that designation is forbidden jure ecclesiastico only.
They appeal to C. 11, D. 79, where Anaclete teaches explicitly
that God has reserved to Himself the election of his high-priests,
using the cardinals as his instruments of election.
[To be concluded.]
681
CONTEMPORARY CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
Political Dissensions\Among the Catholics of Spain. — Like France and
Italy, Spain is convulsed by the machinations of secret societies
that manage to rule through the unfortunate dissensions between
Carlists and Alphonsists. Leo XIII. has repeatedly sought to
remedy the evil ; six Catholic congresses have been held for that
purpose, yet the evil still exists, as may be seen from the fol-
lowing.
La Cruz (Carlist) faithfully chronicles the events of the last
Catholic Congress at Compostella (July 19-23). The Congress was
opened and presided over by CardinalHerrera, assisted by thirteen
other archbishops and bishops. It adopted beautiful resolutions
concerning papal independence, the school question, the religious
orders, and the social question. But the leading and ever recur-
ring note in all speeches and resolutions is the necessity of Cath-
olic unity. With that note ended also the reviewing speech of
Cardinal Herrera in the closing session : "Obedience to Pope and
bishops, who alone are charged with the direction of consciences.
The bishops well distinguish between constituted power and le-
gitimacy and adhere to the instructions given by the Pope to the
pilgrims of 1894."
Had La Cruz said no more, its report would have made a favor-
able impression, but it might have harmed the Carlist cause ; so
it tells its readers that the number of adherents who sent in their
names amounted to 3500 — a little more than half of the number
inscribed at the former Congress at Lugo ; the actual number of
visitors present it gives as 1500, with the clergymen in a great
majority.
Not satisfied with this, the Carlist monthly follows up its re-
port on the Catholic Congress with an impassionate speech given
on July 29th in a theatre at Compostella by a prominent Carlist,
who had been at Compostella during the time of the Catholic
Congress and whom certain newspapers had credited with the
purpose of joining the ranks of the Alphonsists. That apparent-
ly was the cause of his appearance on the stage ; in reality he
aimed at restoring the sunken spirits of the Carlists. He ridi-
culed Catholic union as proposed by the Catholic Congress and
nearly the whole Spanish episcopate, stating his belief in the ne-
cessity of religious union and Catholic union in social life, but
claiming political autonomy for himself and his friends.
According to El Correo Espafwl, immense applause followed
the oratorical effort of the speaker. But a few days later came a
douche, when the fourteen Spanish prelates present at the Com-
postella Congress issued a manifesto to the nation, in which they
seriously invited all to join the Catholic union for common action,
recognizing, in carefully worded terms, but nevertheless very
plainly, the existing government. Thirty-six more archbishops
and bishops promptly signed this manifesto. That augurs well
for Catholic union. Only the Cardinal Primate and two other
bishops do not appear in La Cruz ^ having given their approval.
bS2 . The Review. 1902.
The Carlists may find some consolation in this, but it is like that
of a man who receives doughnuts instead of expected dollars.
The Lack of Catholic Public Life in the U. $.— The Rev. Peter C.
Yorke, of San Francisco, in an article in the Leader, makes a note
in the Messenger the occasion of a stiff lecture on the dearth of
Catholic public life in America.
"Some fifteen years ago," he says, "we had a Catholic congress
in Baltimore, and we never had one since."
While this is not correct, inasmuch as the Baltimore Congress
was followed by a second similar conference at Chicago in 1893 ;
it is nevertheless true that two Catholic congresses in a hundred
years is a poor record compared with that of the Catholics of Ger-
many, who since the Culturkampf meet annually in numerous
and magnificent gatherings. Nor is it less interesting to learn
Father Yorke's opinion of the reasons for our own apathy.
As first reason he gives "the objection of the ultra-liberal
crowd, lest they might offend their non-Catholic friends." And
in this connection he holds the late John Boyle O'Reilly chiefly re-
sponsible, who "did more than Cromwell to un-Irish the Irish."
But O'Reilly is not the only target for Father Yorke's dis-
pleasure :
"The way Archbishop Ireland walked into the Congress fifteen
years ago with his coat open and his hands in his pockets and cap-
tured all the lay delegates, was another blow to the idea. The
conservative prelates got afraid that the Catholic Church was go-
ing to be turned into a red democracy with the Metropolitan of St.
Paul for perpetual Presiding Bishop. They did not realize that
it was the very newness of the meeting that made Archbishop
Ireland's maneuvre possible. A community accustomed to con-
gresses would not be tricked so simply. The cure for demagog-
ism is not to abolish public meetings but to accustom the people to
their use."
The Pilot of Oct. 25th, to whom we are indebted for these quo-
tations (the Leader not being among our exchanges), thinks Msgr.
Ireland could not have killed the Catholic Congress idea, as there
was a second congress in 1893, at which the Archbishop of St.
Paul was a prominent speaker and his particular friend Onahan
was chairman. As for Boyle O'Reilly, our Boston contemporary,
whose editor he was in life, defends him against Father Yorke's
charge by testifying to his staunch and practical Catholicity
which brooked no libertinage with religious doctrines and prin-
ciples.
The Pilot admits, however, that "the Catholic congress is not
yet acclimated in America," because we have not yet much of
Catholic public life, and seems inclined to concede the correctness
of this paragraph from Father Yorke's article :
"Why we have no public life is due to many causes. It is due
to the fear of antagonizing non-Catholics. It is due to the fear of
professing oneself openly and fearlessly a Catholic. It is due
above all to a certain supineness among Catholics, clerical and
lay, and a tendency to fear or ridicule the free discussion of dis-
cussible questions in open meeting."
No. 43. The Review. 683
LITERATURE.
The Convents of Great Britain. By Francesca M. Steele (Darley
Dare.) With a Preface by Father Thurston, S. J. St. Louis
B. Herder. 1902. (Price, net $2.)
The title of this book is misleading. Miss Steele enumerates
only the congregations of women settled in Great Britain, not
those of men. The number of separate female communities in
England and Scotland, nearly all possessing a chapel of their
own, where the Blessed Sacrament is reserved and mass is at
least occasional^ celebrated, she gives as over six hundred, with
an average of from ten to twelve Sisters to each establishment.
We are thus led to the conclusion that the number of Catholic
nuns at present domiciled in England and Scotland must exceed
six or seven thousand and may possibly amount to more. Many
of these congregations are also represented in the United States,
which makes the work useful for reference.
THE CATHOLIC PRESS.
How to Get a Catholic Daily Press. — Much attention is given at
the present time to the project of a Catholic daily. Several papers
have ably advocated it, and others are "very tolerant" towards it.
Says the Catholic Citizen : "Let it be talked about. Let it be at-
tempted. Let it come. The discussion may stir up some Cath-
olics who are now not taking even a Catholic weekly" (No. 51.)
The Citizen fears, however, that a Catholic daily will not prove
a success. Adverting to the fact that there are several Catholic
dailies in Holland, the editor remarks : "But in this country we
have a different environment. The Catholic population is not
massed but intermingled with other creeds."
An American clergyman born and raised in Holland comments
on this objection as follows in a letter to The Review : "This is
certainly a serious difficulty but not insuperable. Of the eleven
Dutch provinces there are nine in which there is as much inter-
mingling of Catholics and Protestants as here in the U. S. The
only real obstacle to a Catholic American daily is perhaps the
comparatively small number of generous, zealous, and intelligent
Catholics. There are many more Catholics in New York and
Chicago than in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht.
Yet every one of these Holland cities, with a population of which
a large majority is Protestant, has a Catholic daily.
"How did the Dutch succeed in getting up Catholic dailies and
making them successful? Simply as any business man succeeds:
by good, hard, and (last but not least) united work. The bishops
and priests advocated the cause publicly and privately. So did
many laymen, and all generously supported it. Some dailies have
a priest as chief or associate editor, as De Tijd and Het Centrum,
but most of them are edited by laymen. Committees have been
established in several parishes in order to promote the Catholic
press, and many parish-priests, admonished by episcopal letters,
have done admirable work in spreading Catholic literature among
their parishioners.
"A Latin proverb says : Omne malum a clero. We would rather
say: Omne bonum a clero. Whichever may be nearer the truth,
it is an undeniable fact, that in a country where the Catholic
684 The Review. 1902.
press does not flourish, the clergy are chiefly to blame. They
should advocate in season and out of season the necessity of the
Catholic press. Every pastor, moreover, can easily find in his
congregation a man or a woman who will act as agent for one or
more Catholic papers. Many a poor man would be glad to earn a
couple of dollars as a canvasser for Catholic books and journals.
I know this from personal experience.
"The only thing we need in order to have a vital, representative
Catholic daily is a little more generosity and much more work.
Labor omnia vincit i?nprobus."
THE STAGE.
An Objectionable Play. — The Boston Republic (No. 42) issues a
warning against the play produced this season by Miss Julia
Marlowe and her company : "Queen Fiammetta," by Catulle
Mendes. Having seen it in the Hollis Street Theatre, the Re-
public's editor writes as follows :
"Its author, Catulle Mendes, is a Parisian poet of Portuguese
descent, whose literary flights have carried him in a direction
quite opposite to the soarings of his fellow Lusitanian, Santos-
Dumont. Mendes is more at home in the Inferno than in the
empyrean. He is not only depraved himself, but he exalts and
teaches depravity. He has beauty at his command, but it is the
beauty of serpents and of panthers, of sinister, cruel passions that
writhe and crouch in the dark recesses of our nature. The French
courts have taken notice of his shamelessness. He counts his
victims among the gifted women of Paris. To minds like his, re-
ligion is unintelligible. The only form of beauty which they com-
prehend is that of Circe and the Sirens. The Madonna's loveli-
ness escapes them. The Church, aiming to subdue and regulate
passion, presents itself to them as a savage tyrant, and their re-
sponse to her lofty admonitions is that attitude of violent rebell-
ion which is so familiar in the Latin countries. This is the spirit
in which Catulle Mendes has drawn his picture of Bologna during
the Italian Renaissance. The leading figures of his play are
churchmen, — a cardinal, who isCesare Borgia under a slight dis-
guise of name,— a young friar, who consents to assassinate a
queen, — a Grand Inquisitor, who decrees in the name of the Pope
himself the tragic and cruel catastrophe. Over this wicked con-
summation the Cardinal in his red robes presides like a conse-
crated Mephisto. Worldly intrigue, fanaticism, intolerance, —
these are the aspects of Catholicism which are exhibited to the
spectator of this play. Borgia, Ravaignac, Torquemada, such are
the figures selected as typical of the Church. Even the comedy
scenes are irreverent. The spirit of this degenerate Latin plays
about holy things with a curious fascination, as if blasphemy had
its own intrinsic delight," etc.
The Republic suggests that the Catholic press of the country
should, by raising a united voice of protest against such shame-
less exhibitions as this "Queen Fiametta," force their speedy re-
tirement from the stage, which, in our large cities, where theat-
rical troups chiefly seek their patronage, depends in no small
measure for its financial success upon the good will of our people.
The Review is willing to do its share in such a campaign for
the elevation of the stage.
685
MISCELLANY.
Free ParochiaJ Schools. — The forty-seventh general convention
of the German Catholic Central Society has adopted, among: many
other timely and strong resolutions, one in favor of making our
Catholic parochial schools, wherever possible, free schools in the
full sense of the word. This is in harmony with a recommenda-
tion of the Fathers of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore,
which has been echoed and re-echoed in The Review at least a
hundred times. If our parochial schools are not made free schools,
they will ultimately go under, — mark the prophecy. But how can
they be made free schools? The Fathers of the Council have in-
dicated the way :
"Let the laity provide a sufficient and generous support of the
schools. For this end they will have to unite their forces so as
to be enabled to meet at all times the expenses of the parish and
of the parochial school. Let the faithful be admonished either
by pastoral letters or by sermons or private talks, that they
gravely neglect their duty if they do not provide, according to
their means and power, for the Catholic schools. Especially ought
those to be made to realize this obligation who rank above the
others in wealth and influence. Let parents, therefore, promptly
and gladly pay the small monthly fee which it is customary to
charge for each pupil, and let the other members of the parish not
refuse to create and increase the fund which is required for the
support of the school. All — be they parents or other heads of
families, or young men with an income of their own — should be
ready to enroll themselves as members of a society which we
earnestly recommend to be established in every parish, already
introduced in some and freely blessed by the Holy Father, calcu-
lated to make the schools free, at least in part, by the regular if
modest contributions of its members."
The example of those parishes (their number is constantly
increasing) which have successfully tried this plan, ought to in-
duce others to follow. We also hope to see the number of those
well-to-do Catholics increase who, in making their will, set aside
a legacy for the support of their parish school.
The Nationality of Our Hierarchy. — The inaccuracy of the aver-
age Catholic American weekly is appalling. Here comes the
Intermountain Catholic, which recently had itself complimented
as one of the best Catholic newspapers of the country, and tells
us editorially (No. 3), in its usual slovenly style :
"Many races are represented among the bishops of this coun-
try. There are, for instance, the Anglo-Americans like Bishops
Williams, Northrup, and Curtis ; the French, like Bishops Cha-
pelle, Durier, Glorieux, and Rouxel ; the Germans, like Arch-
bishop Katzer and Bishops Alerding, Eis, Fink, Haid, Horst-
mann, Maes, Schwebach, Moeller, Richter ; the Dutch, like Bish-
ops Janssen and Van de Vyver ; the Irish, like Archbishops Ire-
land, Keane, Riordan, Ryan, Bishops Scanlan, Hogan, Burke,
Donahue, O'Reilly, and Phelan ; and the peoples represented by
Bishops Gabriels, Matz, Messmer, Meerschaert, and Arobec.
Strange to say, says an exchange, there are no Spaniards, al-
686 The Review. 1902
though some of the sees were founded by Spanish missionaries,
and there are many Spaniards in the United States. But Arch-
bishops Chapelle and Bourgade and Bishop Granjon and other
prelates speak Spanish."
Msgr. Williams is an Archbishop. Bishop Northrop writes his
name with an "o." Msgr. Chapelle also belongs to the Archbish-
ops. Bishop Glorieux is not a Frenchman but a Belgian. Arch-
bishop Katzer is an Austrian bj' birth, but we will let that pass,
as he is German by race. Bishop Schwebach, it may be remarked
in passing, was born in Luxembourg. Msgr. Maes is not a Ger-
man in any sense. His native land is Belgium. Neither Bishop
Janssen nor Bi«hop Van de Vyver are Dutch : the former was
born in Germany, the latter in Belgium. About the Irish prel-
ates we have only to remark that the list given is very incomplete.
Msgr. Gabriels ought to have been added to the Belgians, Msgr.
Matz either to the French — if birth-place was to be considered —
or to the Germans, if the list was to be drawn up according to
race. Bishop Messmer is a Swiss by birth, German by national-
ity. Msgr. Meerschaert also belongs to the Dutch-Belgian ele-
ment. There is no Bishop Arobec ; we presume Msgr. Trobec
(pronounced Trobetts) is meant. He is a native of Carniola,
Austria. We know positively that there is at least one Spaniard
among the members of our hierarchy, our excellent friend Bishop
Verdaguer, Vicar-Apostolic of Brownsville, Texas. To the list
of Spanish-speaking prelates should have been added Msgr. Matz
of Denver.
We can not guarantee that even with these corrections the list
is complete or strictly accurate ; but we simply wished to show
up its inaccuracies as they appeared to the casual reader and to
point the moral that no one not thorougly and correctly informed
on the subject ought to undertake to get up such summaries.
The Case of Father Augustine. — The War Department, thanks
to Messrs. Charles Francis Adams, Carl Schurz, and others, has
investigated the case of the Filipino priest, Father Augustine,
tortured and killed by Capt. Cornelius M. Brownell of the Twen-
ty-sixth Volunteer Infantry, and has found sufficient evidence on
hand to justify the Attorney-General in proceeding in the matter.
We have lost count of the number of times the charges in this
case have been declared to be nonsense in official and semi-official
circles, but it is entirely due to the much-maligned Anti-Imperi-
alist Committee that there is now a chance of justice being done
at last. If Secretary Root's policy of suppression and connivance
had continued, this case would have been entirely overlooked, and
the facts denied. It is interesting to note that the special dis-
patch to the N. Y. Tribune (Oct. 25th) telling of the action in the
Brownell case, concludes by saying that there are still nearly one
hundred charges against the War Department and army "which
the Anti-Imperialists make no pretence of establishing, and the
War Department can only contemptuously ignore." It "contemp-
tuously ignored" Father Augustine's murder for a year or two un-
til Anti-Imperialists produced the facts. Then, after several
months, it took action on September 18th, and it has taken the
Judge-Advocate-General five weeks to decide whether the case
should be referred to the Attorney-General or not. "The War
No. 43. The Review. 687
Department," says the doughty Evening Post of New York (Oct.
25th), "need not delude itself into believing that it will be allowed
to 'contemptuously ignore' all the other cases, for the Lake George
Committee, which is shaming the War Department by doing its
work of prosecution, has plenty of additional evidence on hand to
submit at the proper time."
NOTE-BOOK.
No less than 1,081 of our soldiers were during the past
year punished for desertion, 846 for absence without leave,
and 263 for sleeping on post. A new crime added to the
category is "disrespect to the memory of President McKinley,"
for which four men are languishing in jail, much as men
are punished in Europe for lese-majesie. Finally, 2,645 were
dishonorably discharged. During most of the period under con-
sideration the army has had an enlisted strength of about 70,000,
exclusive of Filipino troops. In this connection the statement of
an officer now on duty in the Philippines, quoted in the New York
Evening Post of Oct. 13th, is of interest. His regiment, a new
one, proceeded to the Archipelago within eight months of its form-
ation, composed mostly of beardless youths under twenty-one.
The rainy season and the presence of cholera have made any-
thing like strict discipline impossible. "The history of other
regiments out here is simply degeneration, and I do not hope for
any improvement in drill and discipline while in these islands."
With officers talking this way, what will those ardent patriots
say who discredited a friori and denounced us utterly impossible
the stories of our soldiers' misdeeds in the Philippines?
a a a
The Boston Pilot (Oct. 11th, 1902, p. 4) in speaking of the death
of Father Kreiten, S. J., adds the following remark : "This is the
second great Catholic lost to Germany within a few weeks, the
other being the eminent scientist and fearless champion of the
Church, Dr. Virchow."
Professor Virchow was born of Protestant parents, never be-
came a Catholic, but lived and died an enemy of the Church and
of all repealed religion. In short, he was an atheist.
We read in the American Ecclesiastical Review (Oct. 1902, p.
437): "The German Theological Reviews have for some time past
been engaged in a sort of contest as to how far there exists a ne-
cessity of a reform in the methods of teaching moral theology in
our seminaries. Americans have in this case demonstrated their
practical superiority over the learned professors of the Father-
land by the publication of up to date editions and new text-books,
such as those of Father Barrett [Sabetti !] and Tanquerey, whilst
Father Putzer....has in hand a new edition of Koning" [Konings!].
Comment: 1. Within the last fifteen years probably a dozen text-
688 The Review. 1902.
books on moral theology have been published by as many learned
professors of the Fatherland. 2. Father Lehmkuhl, who took a
hand in the "sort of contest," at the same time published a new
edition of his great standard Moral Theology. Father Noldin's
Moral Theology in two volumes, also just published, receives
great praise in the Theologische Revue (Sept. 14th, 1902). 3. Father
Sabetti was a Neapolitan and his work is printed and published
in Germany ; Father Tanquerey is a Frenchman, formerly in
Baltimore, now living in Paris; the late Father Konings was a
Hollander ! !
■>< V< V£
Rev. M. Arnoldi, of Ft. Jennings, O., requests us to correct a
slight mistake in our notice, in No. 39, of his pamphlet : 'The Pen
and the Press. ' The same will be sent to any address not for
ten cents, but for ten two-cent stamps or two dimes. We notice,
by the way, that the Rev. editor of the Katholische Rundschau and
a number of other clergymen, especially of the Cleveland
Diocese, have no confidence in Father Arnoldi as a promoter of
the cause of a Catholic daily, in which he has lately embarked.
3* at ^
It is nowhere recorded in the Scriptures that a patriarch or
prophet ever tried to attract or hold the attention of his people by
whistling, and if whistling in the pulpit is not "a peculiarly mod-
ern accomplishment," will our esteemed contemporary, the Cath-
olic Universe (which questions our authority in the premises in its
No. 1476) kindly inform us how early it became a part of the
liturgy?
+r +r +r
Columbia University has decided to go Harvard one better and
grant the degree of bachelor of arts after a two years' course.
The plan is perfectly feasible, says an exchange, for after two
years at college a young man is quite as well qualified for the de-
gree as at the end of four years, with the possible exception of
the departments of golf, tennis, and football. Indeed, it would
save time and money if the preparatory schools were empowered
to confer the degree of A. B., leaving the universities as a post-
graduate course for specialists. With every high-school pupil an
A. B. and every returning hero from foreign wars an LL. D., we
should at once take a commanding place as the intellectual leader
of nations.
The doughty Casket (No. 42) administers this severe but well-
deserved rebuke to the organ of the Paulists :
"A writer in the Catholic World magazine speaks of 'our fellow-
Christians of the Unitarian denomination.' A cardinal tenet of
Unitarianism is the denial of the deity of Christ. Now we Chris-
tians believe that Christ is God, and they certainly are not our
fellow-Christians who are not fellow-believers with us in this
fundamental tenet of Christianity. We might as well call the
Turks, who believe in one God, our fellow-Christians. It is but
a spurious courtesy that keeps not within the bounds of truth."
Our Ilhiminati.
he idea of a secret society within the Catholic Church is
not new. In 1776, Adam Weishaupt, Professor of Canon
Law at Ingolstadt in Bavaria, founded the Society of the
Perfectibilists, later known as the Illuminati. It was deistic and
republican in principle, aimed vaguely at general enlightenment
and emancipation from superstition and tyranny, had an elaborate
organization comprising three degrees and classes of members,
imitated Freemasonry in many points, and spread widely through
Europe. The aims of this society were never very definite. "We
fight against darkness," declared Weishaupt, "and our purpose
is to spread the light."
A priest of the Diocese of Winona has lately, in the columns of
the Wanderer, pointed to certain features of resemblance between
the eighteenth-century Illuminati and our own Knights of Colum-
bus. Both were founded by ambitious but misled priests. While
the Illuminati were a product of the so-called "period of enlight-
enment" (Aufklarung), the Knights of Columbus owe their being
to American Liberalism. As the former have justly been called
a caricature of the "Aufklarung," so the latter may be fitly char-
acterized as a caricature of Liberalism and Freemasonry. Their
aims and objects are quite as vague as those of the Perfectibilists.
Like them, they have among their members clergymen and even
— we are assured — a few bishops.
Fortunately, public opinion among Catholics has already been
roused against these bogus Knights to such an extent that they
are not apt to live as long or to spread as widely as their Bavarian
prototypes. Opposition against them is growing apace, and pub-
lic protests are increasing. An Eastern clergyman, who has him-
self been a member of the Order for three years, says : "I have
not been able to make out the real raison d'etre of this society. It
appears to me more and more like a kind of Catholic Freemason-
ry. Nobody seems to know its ulterior aims. It is claimed that
only good Catholics are received as members, but I know a large
number of Knights who do not even comply with their Easter
dut}'. The clergy hereabouts are disgusted with the 'Order, '
which is evidently degenerating. It is fortunate that the West-
ern clergy are fighting it so energetically, else we would have to
suffer still more from its incursions here in the East. There is
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 44. St. Louis, Mo„ November 13, 1902.)
690 The Review. 1902.
no doubt that the Knights of Columbus will seriously injure the
Church."
In Bavaria the secular authorities, perceiving the pernicious
tendencies of the Illuminati, saved the Church the trouble of
condemning them, — a task which would have proved very un-
pleasant, as they counted among their enthusiastic adher-
ents men like the Auxiliary Bishop of Mayence, v. Dalberg;
Philip Brunner, pastor of Tiefenbach ; the former Capuchin
monk Nimis ; Court Preacher Werkmeister of Stuttgart, an ex-
Benedictine ; and many other prominent Catholic clergymen.
Our American Illuminati will have to be condemned |by Rome, and
the sooner it is done the better, lest they inflict serious damage
upon the Church.
This deliberate and unprejudiced opinion of The Review, ex-
pressed and proved nearly a year ago by solid arguments, still
unrefuted and, we believe irrefutable, is to-day shared by an ever-
increasing number of our best Catholic laymen, our most en-
lightened pastors, and at least six or seven of our most zealous
bishops, who, we hope, will get together and bring the matter be-
fore the new Apostolic Delegate, Msgr. Falconio, or, better still,
directly before the Roman authorities in the form of a grave and
solidly supported dubium.
Can the Pope Designate His Own
Successor?
By W. F. G.
VI. — ( Conclusion. )
ow such endless cross-firing of objections and answers
had, for centuries, left the question hopelessly un-
solved.
But in 1883 a new line of argument was adopted. It is based
upon intrinsic authority which is practically unexceptionable,
and its extrinsic authority appears to be growing stronger every
day. This new line of argument is admirably formulated by
Hollweck (Archiv fiir katholisches Kirchenrecht, 1895) about as
follows: The pope may designate his own successor if, first, there
is a presumption that he can do so, and if, secondly, this pre-
No. 44. The Review. • 691
sumption can be shown to have been once reduced to a fact. Both
those conditions, it is claimed, can be verified beyond question.
There is a presumption a friori, that the pope can designate
his own successor if 1. there is nothing in designation which is
in itself unreasonable and, 2. if it was not forbidden by Christ,
either directly or indirectly. Now,
1. a. Designation is not in itself unreasonable, because it is cer-
tainly allowed in se to a man to dispose of his own succession.
Hence princes may dispose of their succession, men of itheir
property, etc. Disposition of one's succession is not allowed on-
ly when it is forbidden by positive law. But so far, not a single
text of Sacred Scripture, nor any law of divine tradition forbids
designation as a mode of providing for the succession of St. Peter.
b. The Pope does de facto legislate concerning his succession
by laws which all admit bind after his death ; what but positive
ecclesiastical law restricts this power of legislating to the mode
of election ?
c. A bishop can certainly designate his own successor "annum
ente fiafia." Hence, in se it is not unreasonable for a bishop to do
so. Why then, can not a pope designate his own successor,
"annne7ite Christo"? And since Christ has not appointed any par-
ticular mode of filling the Roman See, are we not to presume that
He left it to the discretionary power of the actually reigning
pope, to provide the mode best suited to the varying exigencies
of the times?
Besides, it is Christ Himself who confers the pontifical power,
even when the person is determined by election, and it is really
this conferring of power by Christ Himself, and not the cardin-
als' choice, which makes the pope. But what is there in election
rather than in designation which determines the person upon
whom Christ shall confer the papal power? Hence designation
is not in itself unreasonable, and the presumption is that it may
be exercised unless forbidden positively by Christ, either direct-
ly or indirectly.
2. But Christ did not forbid it directly. Thus far, no one has
been able to point to a single text of Scripture which forbids
designation. Fagnanus, it is true, has labored to show that
Numbers 27, 16 forbids it. This passage declares that "God Him-
self will provide a presiding officer for His people." But it proves
too much. If it is available at all as an objection, it means that
God will appoint a leader for His people immediately and direct-
ly, excluding all human intervention. But this would exclude
election as well as designation. And since this passage has been
urged so much against designation, may it not be well to point
out that it may rather he made to favor designation ? Moses, the
692 ' The Review. 1902.
leader of the Jewish people, spoken of in this text, is assumed to
be a type of the Supreme Pontiff of the new law, and yet we know
that Moses himself chose Joshua to be his successor : the very
person here spoken of as the one to be appointed by God. But if
the Sacred Scriptures are silent as to any positive prohibition of
designation, tradition is equally reticent. It is indeed true that
tradition speaks of the inheritance of spiritual offices and digni-
ties as forbidden by divine law. But designation does not consti-
tute that/tts hereditarium which is here spoken of by tradition.
The power and dignity of a pope are no more inherited by desig-
tion than they might be by election. The person upon whom the
power is to be immediately conferred by Christ, is simply deter-
mined and singled out, just as by an election. Whether designa-
tion is more liable to abuse is another question.
Nor did Christ forbid designation indirectly, viz., by appointing
another mode of providing for the succession in the Roman See.
There lis absolutely nothing in Sacred Scripture lor in tradition
which points to any positive method appointed by Christ. It
would seem therefore that Christ had left this method to be de-
termined by the actually reigning pontiff, according to the exi-
gencies of the circumstances and times. It was certainly not left
to the coetus fidelium, nor even to the Apostolic College, to regu-
late the mode of succession. Rather, it seems to be included in
that plenipotentiary power given to Peter : " Quodcumque liga-
veris" which, dogmatic theologians insist so much, includes
everything that makes for the good of the Church and which was
not positivelv excluded.
VII.
But however strong the presumption in favor of designation
may be, it might not be safe to act upon it unless it can be re-
duced to a practical certainty.
Can this presumption, then, be reduced to a certainty ? How
can any right, presumably included in the primacy, be reduced
to a certainty?
We answer : either by the express exercise of the magisterium
ecclesiae, or by a practical fact. A few historical facts will estab-
lish this conclusion.
Up to the 17th century, it was still doubtful whether a dispen-
sation "# vinculo in matrimonio rato sed non consummate*" could be
granted. In fact, the vast majority of the Middle Age theologians
held the negative opinion. But a few grants of this dispensation
in the 17th century soon ended all controversy on the subject.
Likewise, the greatest controversies prevailed in the Middle
Ages concerning the pope's power of dispensing in certain de-
No. 44. The Review. 693
gr.ee s of relationship. But a few dispensations by the Holy See
have enabled us to know precisely the degrees within which a dis-
pensation from this impediment may be obtained. And did not
the whole Dominican school in the 17th century hold, following
St. Thomas, that there is no dispensation from solemn religious
profession ? To-day no canonist denies that such a dispensation
may be granted. Now can the presumption in favor of the right
of designation be reduced to a like certainty? The opinion that
it can has begun to prevail since 1883.
In setting forth this opinion we shall pass over Christ's direct
appointment of Peter and Peter's designation of his own succes-
sor Clement. Neither shall we insist upon the decree of Pope
Symmachus, 'lde sui successors electione decernere." But there re-
main two facts which now appear to be incontestible, viz., the
designation of Boniface II. by Felix IV., and of Vigilius by Boni-
face II.
In 1883, Amelli, the Vice-Custodian of the Ambrosian Library
in Milan, published the original manuscript of "Acts" found in
the Chapter-Library of Novara. This document records [in no
ambiguous terms the designation of Boniface II. by Felix IV., and
of Vigilius by Boniface II. It has been critically examined and
pronounced authentic. Its contents are :
1. Felix IV. designates as his successor in the Roman See the
Archdeacon Boniface, and gives him, in the presence of the Roman
clergy, the senate, and the Patricii, his pallium, which however is
to be returned to him in the event of his recovery.
2. Felix demands obedience to this decree and punishes all op-
position to it with excommunication to be incurred ipso facto.
He assigns as his reasons, justifying this action, his wish to
preserve the peace of the Church so recently distracted by
schism, and the present embarrassed financial condition of the
Roman See.
4. He declares that he prayed for light from above, and assures
us that he obtained it.
5. This decree of designation was affixed to the church-doors
in the City of Rome.
6. Boniface actually succeeded in the Roman See on the death
of Felix. It is true that Dioscurus was elected as antipope, but
he died soon after and his adherents acknowledged Boniface
as their legitimate sovereign.
7. Boniface did not submit to an election after the death of
Felix. When some of the cardinals refused to acknowledge him,
he protested that he held the See in virtue of his designation by
Felix.
So far the document. We may add that Felix was not only one
694 The Review. 1902.
of the most learned of the Roman pontiffs, but also was regarded
as a Saint. This act of designation, although the factions created
some difficulty about it, was generally acknowledged in the end to
be valid ; and Boniface II. so understood it. For because of the
similarity of conditions prevailing at the time of his death, he
designated his own successor, Vigilius.
The line of argument therefore, as it has been formulated since
the discovery of this document by Amelli in 1883, is the follow-
ing : Since designation can not be clearly shown to be contrary to
either natural or divine law ; since it is forbidden only by eccle-
siastical law as the regular mode of filling the Holy See : the pre-
sumption is that it was included by Christ in the plenipotentiary
power which he conferred upon Peter and his successors, to be
used as the exigencies of time and place might demand. More-
over this presumption seems to have been reduced to a certainty
in the case of Felix IV. and Boniface II., wherefore we justly con-
clude that the pope can, for just reasons, in a particular case,
suspend the cardinals' right of electing his successor, and desig-
nate one himself. This conclusion, it seems, must stand until it
can be more clearly shown that election is the only mode in any
case, jure divino vel naturali, of filling the Apostolic See.
IV.
One more objection might be solved to remove the last obstacle
in the way of this conclusion. Pope Celestine III. agreed to re-
sign if the cardinals would elect Cardinal John of St. Paul as his
successor. Now, it is asked, why did Celestine agree to resign
only upon the condition that John would be elected ? Why did he
not designate John as his successor and then resign? We must
confess that we do not know why Celestine preferred that John
should succeed him in the regular way. It was by no means re-
garded as certain at that time that he could do so. The rights of
the pope contained in his primacy are not revealed to him by in-
spiration, although he may infallibly learn them if he will but use
the means : study, counsel, and prayer. Besides, for all we
know, Celestine did not deem himself justified under the circum-
stances in departing from the ordinary mode. Whatever the ex-
planation of Celestine's omission to avail himself of the right of
designation, it is, at most, only a negative argument and can not
prevail over the positive argument drawn from the historical
designations by Felix IV. and Boniface II.
695
The Goat in Freemasonary.
e have received another communication on this subject,
from Rev. Vincent Brummer, of Freeport, 111. It is as
follows :
Your South-American reader (in No. 39 of TheReview) seems
to infer from the Old Testament that the goat is a symbol of
evil. He quotes the following passage from 'The Adversary — A
Study in Satanology, ' by W. A. Watson, D. D. :
"In II. Chron. XI, 15, it is said of Jeroboam that he 'ordained
him priests for the high places and for the devils and for the
calves which he had made.' This is supposed to refer to the goat-
worship or worship of Pan, which Jeroboam had brought from
Egypt. The same word scirim occurring in Is. XIII, 21, is trans-
lated in the authorized version by 'satyrs.' Speaking of the deso-
lation of Babylon, the prophet says : 'Their houses shall be full
of doleful creatures and owls shall dwell there and satyrs shall
dance there.' "
A simple glance at the explanation of these two passages in the
German bible-edition of Loch und Reischl — a work somewhat an-
tiquated on a few questions, but, considering all, quite reliable—
or in a similar exegetical book, suffices to show that Watson's in-
duction is insufficiently grounded. The above cited English
text of II. Chron. XI, 15, is a copy of the Latin yersion. The
Hebrew text contains the word "goat" instead of "devils"; se'irim
(not scirim) meaning goats, literally "the hairy ones"; a very ap-
propriate signification, for the Syrian species of the goat is char-
acterized by exceedingly long hair. Now what induced the Latin
translator to render "goat" by "demons" or "devils"? Loch and
Reischl profer this reason : because according to the fathers (St.
Augustine a. o.) paganism, and idolatry in general, is a worship
of the devil.— I do not consider this explanation satisfactory.
The following word "calves" then ought also to have been trans-
lated by "demons." We know what the calves, or more exactly,
the young bulls, signify. They were not, as has been so far
supposed, a representation of the Egyptian Apis-bull, tbut the
symbol of the Moon, the principal god of the Semitic nomads.
Professor Fritz Hemmel, of the University of Munich, has dem-
onstrated this abundantly in his treatise : 'Gestirndienst der al-
tenAraber und die alt-hebraische Ueberlieferung.' (Munich,
Franz'sche Buchhandlung). The calves being a symbol of the
Moon-god, analogy justifies the supposition that the goats like-
wise stand for a deity. Being mountain-animals, it is likely that
they represented a god of the mountains and patron of the shep-
herds, perhaps the Semitic correlative of the Greek Pan ; especi-
696 The Review. 1902.
ally so, since it is now commonly accepted amongst Semitic
scholars that the Greek, like the West-Semitic mythology, can be
traced back to Babylonia, the cradle of our civilization.
I do not know whether Jeroboam imported the Pan-worship
from Egypt ; if it is not expressly stated in Scripture, it is high-
ly improbable, because the Egyptian influence on the religion of
the Jews and other West-Semitic tribes was very slight. The
Babylonian equivalent of Pan is not known to me ; he must have
been a rather obscure fellow, for he is never enumerated in the
lists of the most common and popular gods. For a nation dwell-
ing on the plain country, like the Babylonians, a mountain-deity
can not have been of much consequence ; to them the Sun (Bel-
Marduk) and Rainstorm (Ramman) were more important. But
with the mountaineers and shephards like the Canaanites, Edu-
mites, and others, he must have been an influential personage.
It is therefore quite probable that the word se-irim in II. Chron.
XI, 15, means the worship of Pan. But here the difficulty begins:
Pan was not considered by the ancient pagans a god of Evil, a
kako-daimon, in spite of his ugliness and his goat-feet. On the
contrary, he occupied in the Greek pantheon the position of a
prince of good fellows. He was the patron of dance and music
and mirth. The happy chap spending all his time in dancing with
the Nymphs and listening to the witty remarks of the little
satyrs, was always full of good humor and prone to communicate
his joy to others. He guided travelers through the wild forests,
often gave sick people beneficent advice by which they were
cured, and in numberless other ways helped people out of diffi-
culties. He was frequently seen with Bacchus, — proof enough
for his cheerful disposition.
As to Isaias XIII, 21, where the prophet speaks of the great
day of the Lord and of the horrors that shall befall Babylon the
Glorious, the Hebrew text reads : "And (on the site of Babylon)
beasts of the desert (sz'yt'm) will pasture and owls shall fill their
houses and female ostriches shall dwell there, and goats (se^trim)
shall dance (leap) there." Seh'rim, which as I said above, means
literally : "the hairy ones," is rendered in the Latin Vulgate by
fiilosi, i. e., "hairy ones." Loch and Reischl have "Waldteufel"
(forest-devils), evidently on account of the satyroi in the Greek
version. In a foot-note they add : "Probably monkeys of the pa-
vian species."
As there is no evidence to be found in the Old Testament that
the Hebrews believed in the existence of goat-tailed satyrs and
similar creations of a fantastic imagination, the Isubstitution of
"satyrs" for "goats" has to be rejected asunwarranted. Boch-
No. 44. The Review. 697
artus' derivation of the Greek satyr from the Hebrew sa'ir (sing,
of seHrini) is untenable. SaHr would become sagir in Greek.
The y in satyr would presuppose a w in the Hebrew, that ac-
tually is not there. The whole rendering- is against all analogy,
one of the principal factors in philological demonstration.
The Vulgate leaving the point in dispute by its literal transla-
tion pilosz, I see no reason for hunting up a fantastical explana-
tion when the natural sense is perfectly satisfactory. Goats
leaping on the ruins of a city are certainly a drastic indication
that grass has grown over its site and that the devastation was
effective and lasting. The female ostriches are wont to bury their
eggs in the sand, it is said ; their presence on the soil of Babylon
is a clear sign that deep layers of sand had accumulated there,
another allusion to the complete and permanent state of destruc-
tion. In Hebrew they are called "daughters of moans"; the word
for owls (ochim) literally means the "wailing ones." These ani-
mals are unquestionably named so on account of their voice. The
masterful selection of these animals must have given to the He-
brew reader a vivid impression of the doleful desolation of Baby-
lon ; it is an illustration of the almost unique skill with which the
prophet availed himself of the latent facilities of the language.
If, according to Maimonides, the ancient Sabii worshipped
goats, it means that the goat was a symbol of one of their gods.
It is but recently that Sabean inscriptions have been deciphered,
and they are comparatively few ; all we can collect from them is
that their mythology did not differ essentially from that of other
Semitic nations. Being preeminently a nation of shepherds, the
correlative of Pan must have ranked high in their pantheon, al-
though from the inscriptions it appears that (according to Hem-
mel) the moon, whom they used to call "uncle," was their principal
deity. Animal-worship seems to have been a specialty of the
Egyptians alone, owing to their belief in the transmigration of
souls.
The reference to the scape-goat (Lev. XVI, 21) does not prove
anything. Of the two male goats one was driven out into the
desert, the other killed and sacrificed to the Lord. If the goat
was a symbol of evil, it is difficult to understand, how its offering
could be pleasing to the Lord and its blood carried into the sanc-
tuary, as is explicitly stated in verse 27, and also by St. Paul in
Hebr. 9, 12 : "Neither by the blood of goats or of calves, but by
his own blood, f Christ) entered once into the holies "
I believe to have shown sufficiently that the Semitic religious
practices do not warrant the identification of the goat with the
symbol of Evil. But whence then does it originate? I do not
recollect to have found it mentioned any earlier than in medieval
writings. I think the origin of this symbolism lies in the pro-
69§ The Review. 1902.
nounced unaesthetic qualities of the he-goat, especially that one
which affects the sense of smell, which, combined with his re-
markable shortcomings in regard to good looks, render him an
eminently fit representative of his Satanic majesty. It was, by
the way, not his exclusive privilege of lending his feet to the
Devil. The latter is often depicted with horse-feet. The me-
dieval painters, especially in that much-treated subject, "The
temptation of the hermit St. Anthony in the Desert," often rep-
resent him in the shape of a pig.
For this theory however, I claim no other recognition than that
of a mere hypothesis. Another solution is possible : The Ger-
man name for he-goat, "Bock" (buck, ) stands also for a well-known
strong brand of beer. Maybe, this has something to do with the
Devil. Perhaps some experienced Milwaukee reader of The
Review could expound this phase of the question more satisfac-
torily.
Goat-riding, as practised in the initiation ceremonies of the
secret societies, I am inclined to think, has no connection with
Satanolatry . If I am not mistaken, it was a feature of the initiation
in the students' clubs of the German universities long before
Freemasonry was known to exist. In the German Turnerhallen
(gymnasia) a leather-covered block of wood standing on four legs
is called Bock (he-goat). Presumably it was used as early as the
Middle Ages by the pages clad in their coat of mail, practising to
mount a horse. To any one gifted with an eye for the comical,
the sight of a person riding on such a "goat" must have been
amusing; hence it could not fail to become the caricature of a gal-
lant knight riding on horse-back, and was later on even employed
as a humiliating punishment for public offenses, like slander. To
this same source I trace the medieval custom of ridiculing the
tailors by representing them as riding on a goat. The tailors or
knights of the needle, as we would say in modern phraseology,
had not acquired a reputation for over-much bravery, and the
goat as their war-horse was meant to characterize their"war-like"
spirit. There are many German songs extant that point to this
popular conception. I venture to assert that this may have been the
way how it got into the initiation-program of the university stud-
ents, where nonsense ruled supreme, and was afterwards as-
sumed into the ritual of secret societies.
This explanation, too, I want to be considered nothing more
than a mere supposition. Perhaps one of the readers of The
Review can give us more reliable information on this subject.
I do not wish to defend the Freemasons or any other secret
society. But the insinuation that they do homage to the goat
as a symbol of the Evil One, reminds me of the Diana Vaughan
swindle.
699
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
CATHOLIC FEDERATION.
The Federation Movement, Archbishop /re/and, and the German Element.
— In connection with our Federation movement the Canadian
North-western Review (Nov. 1st) notes it as "a curious fact that
the prelate (Abp. Ireland) who used to be loudest in preaching-
lay action of the most independent kind, turned against that lay
action as soon as it became sufficiently enlightened to dispense
with his guidance."
The Milwaukee Catholic Citizen (Nov. 1st) tries to make it ap-
pear that the Catholic Federation, which it has opposed from the
beginning and still opposes, in its own perfidious way, "is large-
ly in the keeping of our German-American societies ;" that "the
movement is rather neglected by the Irish-American element in
the American Catholic Church, who fear that its political activity
may be pernicious," and that, therefore, "the body cannot be con-
sidered, in its present condition, an entirely representative ag*
gregation."
It is true that the Catholics of German descent are taking a
more active interest in Federation than those of any other nation-
ality represented in the Catholic Church in the United States. It
is not true, as the Citizen insinuates, that the Germans flocked to
the Federation "because of the enemy it had made." Archbishop
Ireland was opposed to the movement from its inception, and the
public knew it. The Germans at first hesitated to join because
they were not offered sufficient guarantees for a reasonable au-
tonomy of their own societies. When these guarantees were
given, a large number of German organizations at once lent their
support to a movement which the German press had almost un-
animously praised 'and championed in principle from the mo-
ment it was launched.
INSURANCE.
A Catholic Life Insurance Company. — We are in receipt of a letter
from a Philadelphia reader wherein he says :
" 'President Minnehan of the Roman Catholic Federation is or-
ganizing a life insurance company for Catholics. Many leading
Catholic laymen of New York, Baltimore, and Chicago are already
interested in the plan. '
"This notice I read in the Pittsburg Insurance WW<i(Oct. 28th,
1902), a generally well-informed paper. Is it correct? I don't
know anything about Mr, M.'s qualifications for such a business.
I remember that 'prominent laymen' of the Pittsburg Diocese
some years ago started an insurance company, which never is-
sued a policy and yet cost its promoters over $20,000 in good cash,
before it went out of existence. (Rt. Rev. Bishop Phelan may be
willing to tell you his experience in that line.)
"There are two ways of starting a life insurance company :
one with a stock capital for the benefit of stockholders, the other
on the mutual basis for the good of policy holders. The Pruden-
"00 The Review. 1902.
tial is an example of the first, the Mutual Life Insurance Co. of
New York is a good representative of the latter class."
The Review has no knowledge of the project of a Catholic life
insurance company beyond recent notes in the Freeman 's Journal
and the Catholic Columbian, and neither of these papers men-
tioned Mr. Minnehan in connection with the scheme. They at-
tributed the idea to Mr. M. J. Harson of Providence, R. I., and
the Columbian (No. 42) added that "'some Protestants and He-
brews may be invited to take part in the management." The same
paper, published in Mr. Minnehan 's home city and — we have rea-
son to believe— considerably under his influence, does "not like
the combination of business and religion for profit. Beneficial
societies" — it declares — "confined to the members of one denom-
ination, are all right, because there is an element of fraternal
charity in the organization ; but grocery-stores for Baptists ex-
clusively, or life assurance corporations expressly for Catholics,
set up as money making enterprises for the directors, are using
the religious label out of place. If the Catholic life insurance com-
pany were to fail, its collapse would reflect on the Church and
prove an injury to religion."
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
Clergymen in Politics. — Referring to the nomination of a minister
in Cincinnati as the leading candidate on the ticket of one of the
great political parties in that city, the Baltimore Sun makes these
sage observations :
"It is an open question whether a teacher and preacher of re-
ligion does not impair his usefulness and influence as a guide in
spiritual affairs when he tries to be an active politician and a pas-
tor at the same time. There is scarcely a remote probability that
he will elevate politics ; while, on the other hand, there is grave
danger that religion will be degraded. There are many highminded
Americans who would like to have our political contests waged on
a loftier plane ; but it is a question whether any of them think
this reform can be accomplished by dragging the pulpit into poli-
tics and converting religious teachers into political campaigners
and candidates for office."
And the Ave Maria (No. 14), from which we take this quotation,
adds :
'No man being a servant of God entangleth himself in secular
business,' says St. Paul. Mixing in politics is like handling pitch,
which sticks and stains. Only the professed politicians have the
skill of protecting their fingers, and even they sometimes fail to
do so. Every political campaign in this country offers to preach-
ers a golden opportunity of keeping silent, but the opportunity is
generally missed."
_j We will only add that these reasons militate as strongly against
the priest in politics as against the Protestant minister, and con-
firm the position we have taken with regard to the election of
Father O'Sullivan to the Vermont legislature.
701
MISCELLANY.
"Emperor William as a Roman Catholic."— It was often alleged
in her lifetime that Queen Victoria was a Catholic ; so when we
saw the above title over an article in the Literary Digest (Vol.
xxv, No. 16) the other day, we surmised that some clever reporter
had made a similar discovery for the German Emperor. We were
mistaken. But the article makes interesting- reading- neverthe-
less, and we therefore reproduce it:
"The sympathies of the German Emperor are slowly but sure-
ly forming themselves in the direction of the Roman Catholic
Church, if we are to credit statements made in the leading organs
of the Vatican party on the Continent of Europe. Various rea-
sons are given for this. The principal one is the support he has
received from the Center or Roman Catholic party in his domin-
ions. His imperial ambitions, his purpose to build a mighty navy,
his opposition to the Social-Democratic party, and his view that
royalty rules by right divine have been encouraged and supported
by the Center. The votes of that group have helped him in the
Reichstag when he could get support nowhere else. Germania
(Berlin), the Clerical organ, and the equally Clerical Kolnische
Volkszeitung have rallied to his aid again and again, reflecting in
this attitude that of the party leaders. Asa writer in the Clerical
Corresfiondant (Paris) says :
" 'Catholics exult, and their joy is the more intense in that
Protestant bitterness is so keen. They dream of creating a Ro-
man Catholic Germany, of creating a new Catholicism, more solid
and less destructible. It is a renaissance that will succeed an
evangelical reform. This is a sentiment common to many Ger-
man Catholics But the Catholics wish to dominate the Prot-
estants, to take away from them their preponderance.'
"The instrument to this end must be the Center party, now so
potent in the Reichstag. It is pointed out that the organs of the
Social-Democratic party, from Vorwarts (Berlin) down, are at-
tacking the Roman Catholic party as a force that menaces the
democratic idea in Germany. The Center, however, is growing,
thanks to the support of Emperor William himself.
" 'Thus a Catholic movement is definitely shaping itself in Ger-
many. The Catholic Congress at Mannheim showed how strong
a tie united the Church's faithful in the four quarters of the em-
pire. All, in the unity of their belief, despite differences of po-
litical opinion, have grouped themselves about the Center party,
which has placed itself at the head of the movement and has
united elements hitherto irreconcilable. And if the Center has
managed to effect this difficult fusion, if it has succeeded in trans-
forming into a veritable political demonstration a congress in
which religious interests only were to have been discussed, the
credit is due to imperial policy and to the personal wishes of the
Emperor.'
"And William II. is going a great deal further than this, if the
opinions freely expressed by one authority have any foundation
in fact. His imperial Majesty will intensify the surprise with
which he has filled the world by appearing in the new character
702 The Review. 1902
of a pillar of the Roman Catholic Church. Our authority quotes
a Roman Catholic paper as follows :
'Emperor William has a lucid mind. He is perspicacious
enough to be aware of the ever divine and living" power of the
Catholic Church in the face of the impotence and weakness of
Protestantism, which is dying of decay. There is every reason
to believe that the Emperor has made or will make this observa-
tion, which is a thing self-evident, and that he will have the cour-
age to give his support, in every German Protestant state, to the
Catholic Church, and to bring all Germany back to the old
mother Church, that is to Catholicism. He would thus give to
Germany a splendor and a power known to her only in the days
of Charlemagne. The Emperor, as he says himself, wishes to
maintain religion among the people. Now that can only be the
Catholic religion. For Protestantism can be sustained no longer.
It is suffering from inward ruin, it is stricken with consumption.
Hence it can be said that the Emperor, in his speech at Aix-la-
Chapelle, spoke as a Catholic Emperor.'"
There is apparently much optimism in some German Catholic
quarters, based no doubt on the fact that the Kaiser has put away
a great many of his anti-Catholic prejudices since he ascended
the throne, and that he displays some admirable traits which re-
call the great Catholic emperors of medieval times. But there is
no human probability of his ever becoming a Catholic.
Col. Pratt and the Carlisle Indian School. — We heartily subscribe
to the subjoined paragraph from our excellent Boston contempo-
rary, the Sacred Heart Review (No. 18):
"It is not so long ago since the language of the Red Man — the
paper issued at the Carlisle Indian School — was decidedly anti-
Catholic in tone. The natural inference was that it represented
to a great extent the opinions of Colonel Pratt, the head of the
institution, and that it expressed the policy pursued there. The
Review, among other Catholic papers, has had occasion to rebuke
the Red Mail's anti-Catholic utterances more than once. Now,
however, the Rev. H. G. Ganss, pastor of St. Patrick's Church,
Carlisle, and Catholic chaplain of the Indian school, has come out
in a letter to the press declaring that Colonel Pratt is not a bigot,
and that any anti-Catholic feeling heretofore displayed in the Red
Man has been the result of the Colonel's irritation at the attacks
made upon him and the school by the Catholic press, which, through
misunderstanding or malevolence, has persisted in hurting the
Colonel's feelings. We are glad to know that Colonel Pratt is not
a bigot. A man in such a position has no excuse for narrow-
mindedness of any kind. In fact, we would say that he has no
excuse for showing undue irritation, even when criticized unjust-
ly. Every man in high place is bound to be criticized. Even our
presidents are no exception. It is the fate of office-holding.
Hence, while glad that Colonel Pratt no longer displays an anti-
Catholic spirit, we are not so ready as Father Ganss seems to be
to excuse his former attacks upon the Church as the natural re-
sult of the criticism 'received from Catholic papers. A truly
broadminded and sensible man does not attack a whole system
simply because a few representatives of it are impolite or even
unjust to him. The proper course to pursue in case of misun-
No. 44. The Review. 703
derstanding is to explain, not to 'fight back.' The latter only
leads to more misunderstanding, more irritation, more squabbling.
Father Ganss confesses that at first he was inclined to believe
Colonel Pratt a bigot, but as time went on he discovered him to
be 'honest, sincere, zealous, and devoted to his work for the In-
dian.' Seeing this, he made friends with the head of the school,
and as a consequence everything is now going along smoothly for
Catholics at Carlisle. The Red Man no longer displays that vir-
ulent anti-Catholic spirit of former years ; no proselytizing among
Catholic Indian children is allowed to zealous sectarians, officials
or otherwise, and the work of Father Ganss in looking out for the
spiritual welfare of the Catholic Indian pupils is encouraged in
every way by Colonel Pratt and the school management, gener-
ally. We are well pleased at all this, but we are not willing to go
into ecstasies over the Colonel's tardy liberality. He is only do-
ing now what he should have done years ago."
NOTE-BOOK.
We have received direct and authentic confirmation from
the Apostolic Delegation at Ottawa, of the report current for
over a year, that Msgr. Diomede Falconio, Titular Archbishop
of Larissa, had been appointed by the Holy Father Delegate
Apostolic to the United States. It is likely that His Excellency
will remove to Washington within a month. He is a Franciscan
monk and knows this country and its official tongue intimately,
having received his early education in the State of New York,
where he also spent several years of his priestly life as a pro-
fessor in St. Bonaventure's College at Allegheny. We hail his
appointment as a godsend to the Church in America. It is the
answer of the aged Pontiff to the attacks that have been made
here upon the religious orders and upon the integrity of the tra-
ditional faith. Liberalism will find no favor with this strictly
conservative, austere son of Saint Francis. May he remain in our
midst for many years as the personal representative of the Holy
Father for the advancement of the Church's best interests.
& e
In the person of the doughty Don Davide Albertario Catholic
Italy hasVecently lost its most powerful champion of the rights
of the Church and of the Apostolic See. A writer in the Augs-
Inirger Postzeitung (No. 228) recalls an incident in his career
which will remind our readers of the intermezzo, recently de-
scribed in these columns, between Archbishop Sibour of Paris
and the immortal Louis Veuillot.
The late Archbishop Calabianaof Milan (where Don Albertario
published his valiant Osservatore Cattolico) for some mysterious
reason (which seems to operate elsewere, even in America, in the
same direction) had no use for Albertario's journal, and found an
704 The Review. 1902.
ardent sympathizer in hisarchiepiscopal colleague of Turin, who
abominated DonDMargiotta's Unita Cattolica. So both together
one day wended their way to Rome, to get the Pope to suppress
these detestable sheets. Pius IX., who was as well aware of
their purpose as we he was of the infinite good Albertario and
Margiotta were doing through their newspapers, received them
with his wonted kindness ; arising from his chair to meet them,
he exclaimed : "How fortunate are those who have in their dio-
ceses an Unita and an Osservatore to assist them in their work ;
truly these are newspapers deserving of the highest commenda-
tion and most earnest support." Tableau! It needed no encyc-
lical "Inter multiplices" to cause the two prelates to cease their
opposition against two gifted and loyal Catholic editors whose on-
ly fault was that, like Louis Veuillot, they suffered no man to
dictate their opinions in matters open to free discussion.
+r +r +r
According to an official statement of our national government,
given in a Washington despatch of Oct. 19th, 1902, to the Philadel-
phia Record, Admiral Dewey treated some of the Filipinos as allies
and friends right after the battle of Manila. This fact is estab-
lished in the brief recently submitted by the government to the
Supreme Court at Washington for the purpose of resisting the
Admiral's claim for prize-money for sinking the Spanish war
vessels in Manila Bay.
As this admission is in direct contradiction to every expression
heretofore made by the government as well as by Admiral Dewey
himself, it places the original relations of the Americans to the
Filipinos in an entirely different light and raises the question :
What was the object of the government in misleading the public
about the condition of affairs in the Islands? and why did Admiral
Dewey conceal these transactions in his testimony before the
SenateCommittee? Doeshealsosufferfroma"convenient memory"?
^* ^»\ ^^
"In his melancholy and depressing review of the conditions of
our national life, President Eliot, of Harvard University, incident-
ally threw a stone at the persons who are responsible for the al-
coholic physiology teaching in the public schools. That the
affirmations of the text-books on this subject are opposed by the
most authoritative scientists is capable of easy demonstration.
It is not true that scientists regard alcohol as always a menace to
health, and the declaration of such an error invalidates any good
that might be done by the truths contained in the books."
Thus the Philadelphia Record editorially (Oct. 20th.) The
friend to whom we are indebted for this clipping (and in fact for
nearly all our clippings from the Philadelphia daily press) adds
this thought-provoking remark :
Yet it was a small minority of the people, the "temperance
cranks," who forced the introduction of this false and deplorable
teaching into the public schools. What could not be accomplished
by a united effort of all who believe in and desire a Christian edu-
cation for their children, a cause that is true and just and can stand
the fiercest criticism ?
Safeguarding Catholic Interests in Our
Public Libraries.
or too long a time has the "library question" been neg-
lected by Catholics, till it is at last assuming an almost
critical aspect. Individual efforts have, indeed, been
made here and there to bring about a change, but without any
notable effect.
We wish to state here at once, that it is not always due to bigot-
ry on the part of the officials that Catholic interests are disre-
garded in public libraries. To prove this we have ample material
at hand. It is owing principally to lack of interest and system
on the part of Catholics that almost all private efforts have been
frustrated.
With the greatest pleasure therefore do we learn from the bull-
etins issued by the International Catholic Truth Society*) that it
is about to have the library problem solved along more system-
atic lines.
Its plan is to publish catalogs of Catholic literature, to invite
correspondence in regard to its development, and, having thus
roused general interest, to place standard works by Catholic au-
thors, hitherto largely ignored or neglected, on the shelves of our
public libraries.
So far the Society has already published a "Catalog of Cath-
olic Fiction" t) and has now in preparation a catalog of works
on history and biography by Catholic authors.
This part of the society's work has made itself felt in the in-
creased purchase of Catholic books in a dozen cities of the United
States. Mr. I. B. Dockweiler, chairman of a public library in
Los Angeles, informed the Society that he had ordered practical-
ly all the works in the Catolog of Catholic Fiction.
In the Pratt Library, at Brooklyn, over 200 standard works by
Catholic authors have been procured. In the City Library about
100 books by such authors as Balmes, Fouard, Lingard, Newman,
Pastor, etc., have been added at the request of readers.
A significant example of one phase of library work, accomp-
lished through the agency of the Truth Society, is shown in the
case of an offensive work just removed from the Brooklyn Lib-
*) Arbuckle Building, Brooklyn, New York City.
t) Catalog No. 1, Catholic Fiction. Price, 10 cts.
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 45. St. Louis, Mo., November 20, 1902.)
706 The Review. 1902.
rary. The title of the book is 'Stanhope Burleigh, the Jesuit in
Our Homes, ' by Helen Dhu. The book was brought to the atten-
tion of the Society by several members, and when its offensive
character was made known to the Brooklyn library authorities, it
was instantly removed.
Judging by the instances here enumerated, it is evident that it
is not always bigotry on the part of the officials if Catholic inter-
ests are disregarded in public libraries. From our own experi-
ence we know that a Catholic priest in one of our leading cities
was requested to name a number of books suitable for Catholic
readers. Upon his recommendation a list of books was proposed
and nearly all were bought and put on the shelves of the library.
This case, however, is exceptional. For in this country, as in
every other, we Catholics have "to paddle our own canoe." We
must insist on our rights or they will be trampled upon. The
following fact is deplorable, but what has been done so far by
Catholics to prevent it?
A bill has this year been passed in the New York legislature
by which the immense library system of Brooklyn, involving an
annual expenditure of $200,000, has been turned over to a private
body of twenty-two men, the present trustees electing their suc-
cessors. In this body the interests of almost half a million Cath-
olics will be represented by one Catholic member. In other
places things are just as bad or wrorse.
Now in order to insure greater success in this matter we ven-
ture to make the following suggestions :
1. Arouse an interest in the library question by discussing it
in our Catholic papers and periodicals.
2. See which Catholic books are obtainable in the public librar-
ies and recommend standard Catholic works and books of fiction
to the library authorities.
3. Publish a list of the Catholic books to be had in these lib-
raries for the use of Catholic readers.
4. If the officials of a library show themselves obstinate with re-
gard to Catholic interests, appeal to the pressor employ any other
lawful means to induce them to attend to their duty.
5. Though all private efforts are most praiseworthy, success
will be best ensured if Catholic societies, already existing in our
large cities, take the matter in hand. These societies as well as
individuals might then correspond with the International Catho-
lic Truth Society, to bring about unity and system in this move-
ment.
707
Catholic Indian Children in Gov-
ernment Schools.
]n the report of the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions
for 1900-01 and 1901-02, the Director, Rev. W. H.
Ketcham, in a chapter headed "A Vital Issue," on page
20, treats fully the question of the education of Catholic Indian
children in government schools. In a letter to The Review,
Father Ketcham, calling our particular attention to this part of
his report, says: "This is a subject that should be of interest to
all Catholics, and upon which they should be accurately informed,
but upon which up to this time they have not been. It is import-
ant that the Catholic press should give the matter as wide pub-
licity as possible, and therefore I would ask that in your next is-
sue you will review the question at length."
To comply with the Rev. Director's wish, we can do no better
than reproduce his own lucid and candid observations on a subject
that has been to some extent obscured through recent remarks
of Father Ganss and others.
Now that the Indian Department and the Carlisle School have
recognized the right of Catholic pupils in government schools to
receive instruction in their religion, and the Catholic public has
not been fully informed of the details of this recognition, and
since, in consequence, there seems to be a growing disposition to
consider the government schools "not so bad after all," with the
result that some insinuate and others openly advocate the advis-
ability of abandoning the mission schools as an insupportable
burden, and of utilizing the government schools for the education
of all Catholic Indian children, it becomes the duty of the Bureau
to acquaint the public with conditions as they actually are.
The Indian Department and Colonel Pratt of Carlisle should
receive full credit for what they have done towards making Catho-
lic instruction of Catholic children in government schools possible.
On the other hand, the Church should do whatever she can under
the circumstances for these children. But the Bureau contends,
without fear of successful contradiction, that it is absolutely
impossible to rear a generation of Indian Catholics in government
schools. The "favors" accorded at Carlisle — if God-given rights
may be called favors— can not be relied upon as permanent ; they
can be cancelled any day by the Superintendent and the Indian
Department. Notwithstanding the rules of Colonel Pratt, the
Commissioner of Indian Affairs declares : "This government has
708 The Review. 1902.
no right to compel the attendance of any person upon religious
instruction or church. This office has invariably refused to com-
pel Indian children in the schools to attend any church other than
the simple undenominational religious services in these schools."
The Church, as matters now stand, will meet with almost as
many difficulties as there are non-Catholic employes in the gov-
ernment school service, and in carrying the Catholic religion to
these unfortunate children she is starting an agitation that in the
course of time may possibly arouse as widespread attention and
as much anti-Catholic bitterness as did the question of govern-
ment appropriations for the contract schools.
Father Ketcham here quotes a number of letters from Indian
missionaries, to indicate the solidity of the wall against which
they are beating their heads.
Rev. Casimir Vogt, O. F. M., for instance, writes from Phoenix,
Ariz.: "I am sorry to say that all Catholic children have to attend
Protestant service, held by ministers of Phoenix, on the school
ground, every Sunday in the afternoon. This school regulation
must wound the feeling of every Catholic when hearing of its
consequences. One boy, who had felt uneasy in his conscience
about Protestant service, and protested against it, has been im-
prisoned for two days by the disciplinarian on account of this
resistance. Rev. Anselm Weber can give evidence of this fact,
as mentioned to him in conversation by the same disciplinarian
on the occasion of a visit to the school. At the end of the month
of May, commencement exercises of the school were partly cele-
brated here at Phoenix in Protestant churches, and Catholic boys
had to receive during religious service the reward of contest, and
afterwards the blessing of the minister."
Rev. A. Bosch, S. J., writes from Pine Ridge, S. D. : "I would
be very thankful to you if you would giye me the opinion of the
archbishops about the condition of those children who partici-
pate in the so-called non-sectarian prayer meetings of the govern-
ment boarding schools, which according to my opinion, are
sectarian meetings, of the sectarian non-sectarians, and I am
afraid the Catholic children also look at them in this way. These
meetings instruct the child in and give him the idea of a religion
certainly not Catholic, and while not distinctively Episcopalian,
Methodist, etc., nevertheless Protestant. According to my
opinion, it is not worth while to instruct children in the catechism
who take part in these meetings. These meetings are an out-
rage, and against the Constitution, as long as they are conducted
and attended by State compulsion. I have the same complaint
against the Sunday service which is going on in the day schools,
and especially in a day school — Day School No. 27 — which, to the
No. 45. The Review. 709
detriment of our mission school, was rebuilt in our immediate
neighborhood. The teacher there assembles the children, among
whom are many Catholics, at the very time when we have divine
service, and thus the children can not come to church. I know
he says that the children come of their own choice, but who does
not know that a bigot has a thousand ways to make children do
what he wants?"
Father Bosch recently made three requests from the Superin-
tendent of the Pine Ridge Agency, to-wit : "First, that the child-
ren whose parents or guardians belong to the Catholic faith, be
compelled to attend the regular Sunday services of that Church;
second, that he be permitted to occupy three hours each week at
the Oglala Boarding School in giving religious instruction to the
children of his denomination ; third, that the Catholic children be
not required to attend the general service held on Sunday even-
ings for all pupils and employes, or, in case they are required to
attend, that they shall not be required to take any part in it, such
as joining in the singing, repeating the Lord's Prayer, or even
bowing their heads while prayer is being offered."
The Superintendent submitted these requests to Commissioner
Jones at Washington, and this is his reply to the United States
Agent at Pine Ridge :
"You are advised that, to Father Bosch's first request, this gov-
ernment has no right to compel the attendance of any person up-
on religious instruction or church. This office has invariably re-
fused to compel Indian children in the schools to attend any*
church other than the simple undenominational religious services
held in the schools. Superintendents and agents are required,
however, to urge the children of parents belonging to different
denominations to attend the churches of their denominations, and
to furnish them adequate facilities for doing so, but the office has
steadfastly refused to compel such attendance.
"Second. There is no objection to Father Bosch occupying
three hours each week at the Oglala Boarding School in giving
religious instruction to the children of his denomination, provided
the same privilege is granted to ministers of other denominations,
and also provided the hours taken shall be at such times as in the
judgment of the Superintendent will not interfere with the regu-
lar duties of the pupils. You will suggest to the Superintendent
that he will endeavor to so arrange his school duties as to be able
to give the priest time and opportunity mutually agreeable.
"Third. No order carrying out the third request will be grant-
ed, as it seems to be utterly unreasonable."
*
It can be seen at a glance how easy it is to render futile the
710 The Review. 1902.
efforts of the priest or Catholic teacher. Catholic children are
for years constantly imbibing Protestant notions. While they
may attend mass and a Catholic Sunday school, they must regu-
larly attend the "non-sectarian" school services. Deprived of
their recreation and harassed with conflicting instructions, they
are apt to turn against religion altogether. Here is an ex-
tract from a letter in Father Ketcham's possession. It was writ-
ten by a Catholic Indian boy, attending one of the most prominent
government schools in the country, to his sister, who had evident-
ly been urging him to approach the sacraments.
"I am getting to be an infidel. I'll tell why. Since I have en-
tered the government school, they teach various beliefs, and have
various preachers come to school, who preach this and that, and
sometimes debate on other denominations, which leads me to
darkness of belief, and, furthermore, they dispute against the
Catholic religion, saying this and that — that the priest has no
more right than a common person to hear people's faults, and by
that they know the very character of a person. So I am at the
point of standstill. I have not gone to confession for two years."
It would be just as reasonable to expect a man to live in an Ar-
kansas swamp and breathe for years a poisoned atmosphere with-
out contracting malaria, as to expect a Catholic c.hild in a govern-
ment school to escape perversion. In the one case, the man's life
may be prolonged by the aid of medicine ; in the other, religious
instruction may prevent open apostasy, but it will seldom succeed
in producing a good Catholic.
A few petty annoyances have been noticed, but the half has not
been told. It is futile to deny that they exist. It is evident that
things could not be otherwise. So long as Protestantism is Prot-
estantism and Catholicity is Catholicity, a child in the hands of
Protestant teachers will ordinarily develop either into a Protest-
ant or a misbelieving Catholic.
It is said that an effort should be made to secure the appoint-
ment of Catholic teachers in government schools, but when such
teachers are appointed, as a rule they can accomplish very little.
They have to be extremely cautious in their dealings with Cath-
olic pupils, lest they be charged with sectarian teaching, and as
a consequence lose their positions. Bigotry finds it easy to dis-
cover faults if they exist, and to trump up charges even if there
is no ground for them. A most glaring case of this kind came up
before the Indian Department a short time ago. When the affair
was sifted, the charge (a most horrible one) was found to be ab-
solutely false. The Indian Office was as indignant as the Bureau;
but what could be done? It was impossible for the lady to live
among her traducers, and she had to be transferred. With the
No. 45. The Review. 711
best will in the world, the Indian Office is powerless to stem the
tide of bigotry when it once breaks loose and threatens to sweep
away not only the Catholic teacher, but the personnel of the In-
dian Office as well. Unfortunately, Catholic teachers are not al-
ways in the right, and this renders a bad condition absolutely
hopeless. When a Catholic teacher enters a government school,
it is often the signal for war. But even if there is peace, satis-
factory results can not be expected from such appointments.
Last Spring an estimable Catholic lady employed in a govern-
ment school informed the Bureau that she was compelled to teach
in the Sunday School, or lose her position. She had scruples on
the subject and requested to be relieved of this duty. The case
was taken up with the proper official of the Indian Office. This
official, by the way, is a most intelligent, affable gentleman, by no
means an enemy of the Catholic Church. The following dialog
substantially took place :
Q. Mrs. has written that she is required to teach a class
in the government Sunday School ; she is a Catholic and objects
to this work. Can she be excused from taking part in the Sun-
day School ?
A. No, this is a service required of the employes of our
schools.
Q. Since Mrs. must teach in the Sunday School, will you
allow her to teach the Catholic Catechim ?
A. O, no ; that would be teaching sectarianism.
Q. But the Protestant Bible is taught in the Sunday School,
and Protestant literature used.
A. Yes, but the children are taught only the plain truths of the
Bible, and ethics and religion of a strictly non-sectarian type.
No, Mrs. can not be excused from teaching in the Sunday
School.
Every Catholic knows that it is a hopeless task to talk to the
average Protestant on the question of sectarianism. Will this
condition change ? Not until by far the greater number of Am-
erican Protestants shall have been transformed into zealous Cath-
olics ; and until such time the Indian Office will be unable to
guarantee perfect religious freedom to Catholic children in gov-
ernment schools.
Another objectionable feature is the "Outing System" in vogue
at Carlisle and elsewhere. Children who desire it are placed out
to work for a stated time in different parts of the country. Be-
fore leaving school the child signs a promise that he will attend
the nearest Sunday school and church regularly. The person
who employs the child must sign an agreement in which, among
other things, it is stated that the student must attend Sabbath
712 The Review. 1902.
school and church, preferably the patron's. There are other
regulations full of the Protestant spirit of the old school and cal-
culated to confuse a child's ideas of right and wrong. I allude to
the rules of the Carlisle School. It is true that Col. Pratt is will-
ing to place Catholic children in Catholic families ; it is true, also,
that it has been exceedingly difficult to find a few Catholic families
who are willing to employ Indian children. I do not know how
rigidly the "outing" regulations are enforced, but from their tenor
it is easy to conclude that the larger number of children find
homes in families of the more rigid Protestant sects which still
abound in Pennsylvania.
Passing over the right of the parent to be consulted as to
whether his boys and girls of certain ages should be sent out to
work — for an Indian parent, be he ever so civilized or Christian-
ized, appears to have few or no parental rights — the "Outing Sys-
tem" has much to commend it, and it is better that Col. Pratt
should be too strict than too lax in the regulations that govern it.
There is no getting away from the fact, however, that through it
numbers of Catholic children must necessarily be placed in sur-
roundings which no Catholic influence can penetrate.
If the Catholic public fully realized the dangers which beset
Catholic children in government schools without exception, they
would recognize the necessity of providing for the education of
all Catholic Indian children in Catholic schools.
The mission schools, if continued, will save to the Church at
least a remnant of the Indian people. If the mission schools are
closed, the rising generation of Indians will be lost to the faith.
713
COD/TEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
The Polish Element and Our Hierarchy. — A Washington despatch of
Nov. 9th informs us that the plan of our Polish Catholic brethren
for the representation of their nationality in the American hier-
archy (Cfr. No. 42 of The Review, p. 667) is "to claim a Polish
auxiliary bishop for every diocese that contains more than 80,000
Catholic Poles. They contend that there are now seven such
dioceses ; namely : Milwaukee, Chicago, New York, Baltimore,
St. Paul, Buffalo, and Detroit."
Eighty thousand is an arbitrary figure. Why not fifty thous-
and or a hundred thousand ? We do not believe Rome will admit
any such "claims," though we hope it will give the Poles represen-
tation in the episcopate. If the Archbishop of Milwaukee, as we
are told in the same despatch, is willing to receive, aye, desirous
for, a Polish assistant, there is no reason to doubt that he will
get one. If the ordinaries of the other dioceses mentioned, on
the other hand, refuse to take Polish auxiliaries, there is no like-
lihood that the Holy See will force such auxiliaries upon them.
With prudence and patience our Polish brethren will surely
sooner or later accomplish their natural and perfectly legitimate
desire for an adequate representation in the hierarchy.
INSURANCE.
Insurance Swindle.— The Independent warns its readers against a
trick of insurance agents who claim their policies "to be as good
as U. S. bonds," because they are registered by the State in which
they are issued. "Many years ago," it says, "a company, which
afterward failed, made its specialty of policies registered by this
State and advertised that such policies were secured 'as' or 'like'
national bank notes." The difference is as follows: "Upon de-
posit of government bonds the government issued to the national'
banks notes for circulation equal to 90 per cent, of the face value
of such bonds. There were other provisions intended to secure
the notes, but this one was ample, and no note ever failed or could
fail to be worth its face value,- regardless of what happened to the
bank. Registration by the State of New York consists in accept-
ing the custody of the reserve on policies and certifying to that
fact. We have repeatedly explained what reserve is, and the un-
likeness between these two cases ought to be apparent. Whoever
is asked to buy any life insurance policy because it is registered
and guaranteed by the State should enquire particularly when the
State went into the business of endorsing private contracts and
what is the consideration for so doing."
MUSIC.
Anent a "Sacred Concert."— According to the New World (Oct.,
25th), St. Michael's parish, Chicago (Redemptonst Fathers)
celebrated its golden jubilee recently in grand style. The close of
714 The Review. 1902.
the festivities is reported thus (we copy the item with all its gross
misprints):
"In the evening a sacred concert took place in the church with
the Thomas Orchestra as performers. The church was illumined
with two thousand three hundred incandescent electric lights.
The program was a follows :
, Overture, "William Tell" Rossini.
Posaunen-Solo, "Am Meer" Lied von Schubert
Herr Gebhart.
"Praise Ye The Lord" (Ps. 150) Randegger.
Soprano Solo von Frl. K. Franzen.
Serenade, solo for flute and horn Titl.
Die Herren Quenfel und Frant.
"Halleluja," Chor aus "Messias." Haendel.
Overture, "Rienzi" Wagner.
"The Holy City," Casino Quartet Steph. Adams.
First tenor, T. Bornhofen; second tenor, Herr Bender; first bass,
Martin Wallner ; second bass, Nic Bornhofen,
Zweite Ungarische Rhapsodie Liszt.
Chor aus der Schopfung : "Stimmt an die Saiten"
— Haydn.
Selections from "Tannhauser" Wagner.
"Mari Himmelskonigin" (6-stimmiges Marienlied a
capella)
Friihlings-Erwachen E. Bach.
"Inflammatus," from the "Stabat Mater". . ..Rossini.
Soprano Solo by Frl. Franzen.
Intermezzo, "Cavalleria Rusticana" Mascagni.
Holy God Gemeinde-Gesang.
Fest-Marsch of "Konigin" by Saba Gounod."
A clerical reader of The Review wants to know whether
William Tell, Tannhauser, Cavalleria Rusticana, etc., aresacred
music befitting the house of God? If not, whether they can be
lawfully performed in a Catholic church.
We respectfully refer our reverend friend to the Theologia
Moralisof the founder of the Redemptorist Order, St. Alphonsus
Liguori, 1. Ill, n. 37.
LITERATURE.
Dr. Pallen's New Book of Poems. — The Death of Launcelot and
Other Poems. By Conde Benoist Pallen. Boston : Small, May-
nard and Company. 1902.
We are glad to see that in the midst of more strenuous and,
perhaps, less grateful labors, Dr. Pallen has found time to retire
within the "poet's fane," and we welcome with delight the result
of his meditations within those sacred precincts. In The Death
of Launcelot he has given us a picture which, in profound truth
of thought and tender beauty of form, surpasses anything we
have seen in many a long day. Surely Tennyson would have liked
to know his Launcelot died so sweetly. And yet it is not Tenny-
son's Launcelot. It is a new man. The mighty Laureate, with
all his creative power and marvelous gift of expression, had not
the key to the mysteries of his own conceptions. He could not
have led Launcelot across the bar, for he himself was looking for
No. 45. The Review. 715
his Pilot. The other poems spread over a wide range of thought
and varied moods. "Amaranthus" must be singled out as the
most notable, both because of its subject-matter, which is death
and the Christian philosopher, and because in it the author has
found a perfect mould in which to cast his thought. The form is
large and finished, and the work is as complete and satisfying as
one of Beethoven's great ouvertures. "Love Sole" is a sharp re-
buke to modern humanitarianism, and an interesting example
of how the artist unconsciously chooses the most suitable outward
dress for his ideas. In this instance the triple rhyme and the
enclosing of a single sentence in each group of three verses, con-
veys the concise force of the thought with wonderful effect.
Want of space compels us to refrain from further discussion of
these poems. We will only advise the reader to send this book
to his friend as a Christmas gift, laying a marker at the page of
the "Babe of Bethlehem," and his friend will hear his Christmas
masses this year with new devotion.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
The Right to Live. — Dr, Parkhurst was recently reported by a
New York paper as follows :
"If I were dying of starvation, and had no means of buying a
piece of bread, and were to go by a baker 's where bread was with-
in reach, I should help myself to it. And the way I should reason
would be this : 'That bread belongs to the baker, but it is more
God's bread than it is the baker's, and I am one of God's little
boys (laughter), and therefore understand the proximity of this
loaf to be the answer to the prayer I offered my Father this morn-
ing, Give me this day my daily bread. (Suppressed laughter.)"
Living Truths, a magazine published in New York City, in its
No. 5, prints this utterance of the famous Protestant preacher
under the heading, "A New Ethical Code," and comments upon it
as follows :
"This may all be very funny as an oratorical and humorous
flight, but where is the Scriptural warrant, and what is bound to
be the inevitable end of such Socialism ?"
We have nothing to say in favor of Dr. Parkhurst's flippant
style ; but the sentiment is sound. For a starving man to help
himself to food wherever he finds it, regardless of property
claims, is a right he possesses under the natural law and needs
no "Scriptural warrant." Nor is its admission or exercise bound
to lead to Socialism. We think already Aristotle has pointed out
that if God gives a man life, he thereby gives him the right to live,
and this right includes a title upon so much food and drink as he
requires to sustain himself. This right is not neutralized by the
right of private property, but can be exercised whenever necessi-
ty compels. The right of a starving man to the necessaries of
life is older and stronger that the most anciently and firmly
grounded property title. Who takes as much food as he needs
to save himself or his family from starvation does not commit a
theft. All moralists are agreed on this, and we do not believe
there is a judge on earth who would condemn a poor starving
wretch for helping himself to a loaf of bread.
716
MISCELLANY.
Latin, as She Is Taught ii\ Our Highschools. — The Codex, official
organ of the East St. Louis (111.) Highschool, prints this specimen
Latin composition in its October issue :
Fabula Vera.
Fere CCC annos abhinc magnuset bonus vir Patricius Philipus
Sidney vixit. Olim alteris libris legatis fabulam nobilis vitae.
Nunc dicam tibi unam bre^em fabulam quam tibi praestabit
quam magnum bonum eum esse.
Regina ei exercitum parvum dederat et eum ut administraret
unam parvarum provinicarum misit. Fiebat ut Zutphene proe-
lium pugnaretur et Patricius Phillipus eo vulneratus est.
Ei jacenti languido dolorique amicus poculum aquae frigidae ap-
portavit siti depellendae. Capite patrici Phillipi erecto amicus
poculum ad libros ardentes tenuit. Sed Patricius Phillipus mis-
erum militem morientem qui aquam occulis fervidis contempla-
vit, vidit.
Sua siti neglecta et poculo depulso militi misero dixit. Cape.
Bibe primum. Necessitas tua mea majior est.
Patricius Phillipus mortuus est cito post auferebatur e loco
pugnas. Vita eius; brevis erat sed in memoria nostra magnus
bonus vir vivit. Lula Parker, '03.
If this is a model composition deemed worthy of publication in
the Hig-hschool organ, the average work of the institution's Latin
students must be on a par with the cow-English of the East St.
Louis stockyards.
Divorce Announcements. — Here is an announcement which a
Western newspaper declares is bona fide and was actually re-
ceived by a certain circle of society people in a Western city :
Mrs. Gjorund Sonsteby
announces the divorce of her
daughter Georgina
from
Ernest J. Bryant.
Superior Court of San Francisco
granting her maiden name
January 11th, 1902.
The at-home cards with this announcement read : "Mrs.
Gjorund Sonsteby, Waseca, Minn." — "Miss Sonsteby."
These announcements were engraved on heavy plate station-
ery and in every particular were a reproduction of the form of a
marriage announcement, except that the word divorce was used
and the permission by the court for the divorce to resume her
maiden name was noted. Doubtless, Miss Sonsteby accepted on
the return day — that is, the at-home day — the congratulations of
her dear five hundred friends ! One can not help wondering a
little if Ernest J. Bryant received one of the cards for the recep-
tion. Miss Sonsteby goes back to her paternal roof, legally ab-
solved from presumably unhappy marriage-ties, and her parents
announce the fact in the conventional manner, and accept it as an
occasion for social exercises. Some of the Western papers seem
to think that if this new system is fostered it will dignify divorce,
No. 45. The Review. 717
which is already increasing^ such aterrificrate in this"Christian"
country that thousands of good men and women look forward to
the future with grave apprehension, mindful of the lessons of
history :
"Hoc fonte derivata clades
In patriam populosque fluxit."
Church Property Rented for Purposes of Revenue is Taxable. —
We are indebted to the Pittsburg Observer (No. 23) for this valu-
able information :
"Church property in the District of Columbia is by law exempt
from taxation, but the assessor has rendered a decision that will
be of interest to church people everywhere. Upon complaint of
superintendents of public halls that their revenue was being cut
down by the rental of churches for public entertainments, the
collector decided that all church property rented for purposes of
revenue, shall be listed on the books as taxable property. There-
fore churches that are rented for entertainment not only pay the
regular license fee, but the property will be taxed at the prevail-
ing rates."
We suppose the decision also covers parochial school halls and
other buildings owned by Catholic or Protestant parishes.
The Physical Basis of Patriotism. — The Rev. Thomas E. Cox
has discovered" the physical basis for the virtue of patriotism."
"These bodies of ours," he says, "are constantly changing, so that
every seven years or so even the bones, the hardest tissues, un-
dergo an entire renewal. The present matter of my body has
come from the food that I have taken and assimilated through di-
gestion, the water that I have drunk or absorbed, and the air that
I have breathed. But all these are directly or indirectly of the
earth. We are part and parcel of the land in which we live. This
is the physical basis for the virtue of patriotism."
Which leads the Casket (No. 43) to observe that, if we are part
and parcel of the land we live in, and this is the physical basis of
the virtue of patriotism, the legal process of naturalization seems
to have its physical correlate, and naturalization consists in some-
thing more than taking out papers before a civil court.
Up-to-date Missionary Methods. — There is at least one Catholic
missionary in this country who believes in fighting the Devil with
the most approved modern methods. He gave a mission in a St,
Louis church the other week, and a few days before opening it,
had handbills distributed among the people, which contained, be-
sides an announcement of his "lectures," a glowing advertise-
ment, reprinted from a country paper, of his extraordinary qual-
ifications. A titre de curiosite we will quote a few sentences :
"He is an actor, most entertaining, most moving, whether to
tears or laughter. Like Demosthenes he believes in action — first
action, second, action, third, action, as the three requisites of an
orator. At least that is his style. Vehement at times, always
forceful. He is a great friend of Ex-Attorney General Clark, of
Texas, Col. S. W. T. Lanham, the next Governor of Texas, and
other prominent men of the South, and his anecdotes of the days
of the Confederacy are most vivid, animated with humanity and
718 The Review. 1902
humor, and entertaining: with the vigor and force and magnetism
of lively striking- narration. He tells a story, makes an illustra-
tion, and points an argument with equal skill. Withal, he is a
man of the world, and shows to have moved easily among- the
leading- men in camp and court and all public life. He is worth
studying- as a model for his mastery of rhetoric, oratory, logic and
effective presentation of his subject. No young men who are fired
with a desire to use their tongues to persuade and convince, and
their presence and magnetism to attract and sway others, should
fail to hear Father Brannan."
NOTE-BOOK.
Poor Dr. Bouquillon ! He is dead. God rest his soul in peace.
What a brilliant future seemed to be his when Msgr. Keane, in
1880, called him from Lille to the Catholic University, then just
established. He was a man of many parts, a noted authority in
moral theology, editor of the 'Acta Leonis,' a good scholar and a
sound theologian. Unfortunately he allowed himself to be used as
a catspaw by our Americanists. His half-hearted pamphlets on the
school question, which were so victoriously refuted by Msgr.
Schroder, Fathers Conway and Hollaind, S. J., and others, utterly
blasted his reputation as a scholar and a theologian. We need not
rehearse the doleful details here. Poor Dr. Bouquillon is said to
have deeply regretted his inglorious part in that controversy ever
after. Some even allege that it was the original cause of the
malady which has now ended his life. However that may be, his
future was blighted with the condemnation of Faribaulting by
the Pope. The Liberals detested him, the Conservatives had lost
confidence in him. He stood alone.
The University has now but one scholar of international repu-
tation left in its faculty, — Dr. Hyvernat.
36 3* x
We have before us numbers 593, 595, 596, and 589 of the Miln-
sterischer Anzeiger, containing a detailed and glowing account of
the festivities that marked the erection of the famous Akademie
of Munster into a full-fledged royal university. What pleases us
most therein is the distinguished and brilliant role played in this
celebration, (which extended over several days and was partici-
pated in not only by the intellectual elite of Westphalia, but by a
number of high government representatives) by our highly es-
teemed and unforgotten friend Rt. Rev. Msgr. Joseph Schroder,
formerly Professor of Dogmatic Theology in Washington, now
the universally esteemed first Rector Magnificus of the new Uni-
versity of Munster. His inaugural oration and the felicitous
way in which he responded to numerous addresses and toasts,
drew from the direct representative of His Majesty, Minister of
Public Worship Dr. Studt, an expression of profound admiration
No. 45. The Review. 719
and praise and elicited from the Miinsterischer Anzeiger the com-
pliment, thrice repeated, that Dr. Schroder was an orator of ex-
traordinary ability and resources, whose splendid efforts were
universally commented upon and admired. We can not help feel-
ing- the keenest regret, upon reading of the Monsignore's success
and popularity in Germany, that he was not allowed to remain at
our own Catholic University to elevate and develop it in accord-
ance with his own exalted ideals, which coincided so completely
with the wishes of the Holy Father and the expectations of
cultured American Catholics. If he were Rector of it to-day, sur-
rounded by such a corona of eminent scholars as he would have
been able to attract, the Washington University might be the
glory of the Catholic Church in these United States.
v^ Ng Ng
Under date of Nov. 8th the following despatch was sent out
from Washington :
"An investigation that has been made by the War Department
into the allegation by the Anti-Imperialist Committee, to the
effect that Father Augustine, a Catholic priest, was killed by the
'water cure' in the Philippines, (Cfr. The Review, No. 43, p.
686), has apparently confirmed the main fact, that he died
as the result of the administration of the 'cure,' but it also has
been found that the persons who administered the 'cure' to se-
cure a sum of money, of which he was the custodian, were vol-
unteers from Vermont, and are now beyond the reach of military
justice, having been mustered out of the service."
But is there no way of punishing these rascally murderers,
even though they have been mustered out of the army? The
administration has a clear duty here which the Anti-Imperialists
ought not to allow it to shirk.
4^ £7* ^*
Under the title, "Popes Who Were Laymen," the Catholic
'Columbian (No. 44) prints the following :
"Several of the popes were laymen, and the election to the pon-
tificate has several times been declined. Martin IV. was a lay-
man and at one time mayor of the city of Rome. Clement IV.
was a lawyer and was secretary to St. Louis of France. Innocent
VIII. was married and the father of a large family. He did not
take orders until after the death of his wife. Adrian II. was
elected three times' and declined twice. He was 76 years old
when he was elected the third time and died at 81. He was a
married man and a cardinal deacon. Persons holding that eccle-
siastical rank are not pledged to vows of celibacy. He separated
from his wife after his election as pope, however, but she and his
daughters lived in Rome during his pontificate and saw him fre-
quently."
Generally speaking, all popes were at one time laymen, not one
was born a cleric. If the caption of the above article in the
Columbian means anything at all, it means that the popes here
enumerated ascended the papal throne as laymen, i. e., without
having received ecclesiastical orders. Now, this is not so. Not
720 The Review. 1902.
a single one of them was a lay pope even for one moment of his
career.
Martin IV. (1281—1285) was a priest and canon of St. Martin
at Tours when he was raised by Urban IV. to the cardinalate.
Clement IV. was indeed in the early part of his life a lawyer
and married, but he entered the priesthood upon the death of his
wife, became Bishop of Puy in 1256 or 1257, and Archbishop of
Narbonne in 1259.
The facts concerning Innocent VIII. are as stated, but why
should he be listed as a lay pope, having- been both a priest and a
bishop before his elevation to the pontifical throne?
Adrian II. (867-872) was seventy-five when he became pope. It
is true that he bad been married, but it is also true that he did not
assume the tiara as a layman. He died at the age of eight3T. It
is not likely that his former wife "saw him frequently" "during
his pontificate," as she was assassinated by Eleutherius shortly
after his coronation.
+r +r +r
In a recent instruction issued by the Sacred Congregation of
Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs on the Christian democracy
movement in Italy (Cfr. La Verite Franfaise, No. 3175), we read :
"It is the will of the Holy See, and the very concept of ecclesi-
astical hierarchy requires, that the Catholic laity do not precede
but follow their pastors."
["C'est la volonte du Saint-Siege, et la notion meme de la hier-
archie ecclesiastique l'exige ainsi, que le laicat catholique ne pre-
cede point, mais suive ses pasteurs."]
We in America are accustomed to hear a different doctrine
preached to us. "Do not fear what is novel," says one of our
most eminent and progressive prelates, "provided principles are
well guarded. It is a time of novelties, and religious action, to
accord with the age, must take new forms and new directions.
Let there be individual action. Layman need not wait for priest,
nor priest for bishop, nor bishop for pope. The timid move in
crowds, the brave in single file." (Archbishop Ireland, in his
sermon at Baltimore, in 1889, upon the occasion of the celebration
of the one-hundredth anniversary of the establishment of the
Catholic hierarchy in the United States. Quoted in 'The Church
and Modern Society,' p. 72.)
^^ ^^ ^^
Who are the "Wigganarians"? What are their doctrinal tenets,
what their rites and ceremonies? We are. unfortunately in the
dark, though the English press has lately been enlarged by the
Wigganarian Times. We had thought that the process of sect-
making had ceased in England — if only to confound any French-
man who should dare to repeat the old fling, that England was a
country which possessed a hundred religious sects, but only one
fish sauce. As no confession of faith or propagandist program
reaches us in connection with the fearsome name of Wigganar-
ians, we are forced to fall back, with an esteemed Eastern con-
temporary, on some such process of inference as the schoolboy
used when asked to define the Unitarians. He said that they were
a tribe of Eastern Christians living in a country called Unitaria,
somewhere near Bulgaria.
Sts. Peter and Paul, and His
Lordship of Fargo.
ot since Msgr. Durier issued his famous pastoral on
"lynching-bees," have we read anything from an Ameri-
S2 3d can bishop so extraordinary as the following pronounce-
ment of the Rt. Rev. John Shanley, of Fargo, North Dakota, de-
livered at a recent cornerstone laying at Dickinson in the same
State, and reported by the Milwaukee Catholic Citizen of Nov.
8th. Msgr. Shanley said :
"It may not be out of place to briefly review the condition things
were in thirteen years ago in Catholic circles in North Dakota,
when I first became acquainted with you. Had I known when I
received a cablegram from Rome in September, 1889, telling me
to proceed to Jamestown *) to take charge as bishop of the Cath-
olic interests in North Dakota, had I known at that time thetre-
mendous labor before me, the difficulty I was to encounter the
following years, I would have gone to an island in the South seas
and made myself a cannibal or something else rather than take
the job assigned to me. However, after some hesitation, I ac-
cepted (of) the work and came to North Dakota to find a Catholic
condition of things that was to me simply appalling, f) Let me
give you some of the statistics in the then Diocese of Jamestown.
I found in this Diocese 19,123 popes and popesses, popesses prob-
ably in the majority. I found forty shacks or shanties that we
euphemistically entitled churches. I found thirty earnest, de-
voted priests who were obeying the 19,123 popes and popesses,
and I was put there as Bishop to do the best I could to assert au-
thority with the canons of the Church. Glory be to St. Peter,
the chief of all bishops. He had a hard time ; and so did St. Paul,
his great assistant; I had a harder time, I will say, than either St.
Peter or St. Paul had. By continued perseverance, wearing a
velvet glove over a hand of iron, I dethroned the popes and with
God's help I dethroned the popesses. I established the authority
of the Bishop on an immovable foundation, as having a right to
rule in the Church of God without having to ask the popesses. It
*) The episcopal see of Jamestown was transferred to Fargo
in 1897.
f) Msgr. Shanley's predecessor was the saintly missionary
Bishop, Martin Marty, O. S. B.
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 46. St. Louis, Mo., November 27, 1902.)
722 The Review. ' 1902.
took me just four years to introduce order in this mass that faced
me, but order was introduced eventually, thanks to self sacrific-
ing-, laborious, zealous clergy, and the growth of the Church in
the Diocese of Fargo began. What is it to-day? There is not
in the United States, no, there is not in the Christian world, a
more thoroughly organized Catholic diocese than the Diocese of
Fargo. There is not in the Christian world a diocese that has
better prospects of substantial growth and development than the
Diocese of Fargo. Notwithstanding, the people, the clergy and
the Bishop have their duties assigned to them ; they know their
rights, privileges, and powers, and are united in preserving their
rights, privileges, and powers. Order reigns supreme.
"Now under this new regime, this new regime of order, we had
forty shacks, miserable, tumbled-down things, not a dozen
churches in North Dakota ; Father Collins remembers it well,
and Father Rabsteinek also ; God bless them both ; I found them
both here ; they can bear me out in the assertion that we had not
a dozen churches in the State of North Dakota thirteen years
ago. To-day, instead of the forty shacks, we have grown into
125 very fine churches in this State, I mean churches in use, and
at the present moment, there are upwards of twelve churches
either just finished or in the course of construction and awaiting
the blessing and dedication by the Bishop. Up to the present
time this year, there have been arrangements made for the build-
ing of about twenty more churches, work to begin early next
spring, and the number of clergy in this Diocese has nearly
tripled ; from thirty of us we have grown now to over seventy.^)
There is not a Catholic man, woman or child in the State of North
Dakota who need be deprived of the grace and the privilege of as-
sisting at Mass, for the priests are everywhere and in easy reach
of the people."
Of the Jews five times did I receive forty stripes, save one.
Thrice was I beaten with rods, once I was stoned, thrice I suffered
shipwreck, a night and a day I was in the depth of the sea. In
journeying often, in perils of water, in perils of robbers, in perils
from my own nation, in perils from the Gentiles, in perils in the
city, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils
from false brethren. In labor and painfulness, in much watch-
ings, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and naked-
ness (2 Corinthians, xi, 24-27.)
But God forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our
X) The Catholic Directory for 1902 gives the total .number of
priests in the Diocese of Fargo as 59.
No- 46- The Review.
723
Lord Jesus Christ ; by whom the world is crucified to me, and I
to the world. (Gal. vi, 14.)
Grace be to you and peace. We give thanks to God always for
you all ; making a remembrance of you in our prayers without
ceasing, being mindful of the work of your faith, and labor, and
charity, and of the enduring of the hope of our Lord Jesus
Christ (1. Thess. i, 2-3.)
Feed the flock of God which is among you, taking care of it not
by constraint, but willingly, according to God ; not for filthy
lucre's sake, but voluntarily ; neither as lording it over the clergy,
but being made a pattern of the flock from the heart And do
you all insinuate humility one to another, for God resisteth the
proud, but to the humble he giveth grace. Be you humbled there-
fore under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you in the
time of visitation. (1. Petri, v, 2-6.)
The Career of a French State Bishop.
A Flashlight on the Politico-Ecclesiastical Situation in
France/1')
'n 1880 there lived in Paris a certain priest. He was one
of those clergymen of whom nothing is said in public
as long as they dwell in obscurity, but who are widely
discussed when they take their seat among the princes of the
Church, especially when they owe their promotion to politics.
This Abbe L. had a sister, — the widow of a tanner named C,
from whom she had two sons, Paul and Jules, who were raised
and educated at the expense of their uncle, so to speak with the
money of the Church.
When yet a vicar, L. was something of a man ; he collaborated
with the Abbe V. in getting out some volumes of sermons. Later
he went by the name of "the Abbe who has forgotten his pocket-
book, "and who had to borrow thirty cents every time he took a cab.
One can understand how, with a sister and two nephews depend-
ing on him, our Abbe did not wallow in gold. Nevertheless, his
fellow vicars declared, if Rev. L. was not a genius, he was at least
■'•••) The facts related in this article, incredible though they may seem, come to us from a
source which we are assured by a friend in Paris, an eminent French ecclesiastic, is absolutelv
trustworthy. As a number of the chief actors are still living, we prefer not to mention namce.
The story is illustrative of certain, apparently inexplicable, features of the present situation in
France and will help our readers to form a correcter estimate thereof: which is our only reason
for .printing this unedifying bit of history.
724 The Review. 1902.
a very good man. When he had to address the local authorities,
his sister would lend him the aid of her pen. The knack of the
sister and the good-naturedness of the parish priest formed a hap-
py combination, and our Abbe would have been happy had he re-
mained in this modest station.
When the Rev. Peter R. had finally won his famous law-suit
against the Archbishop of Paris, after a thirty years' fight at
Rome, he gave a grand dinner to his friends to celebrate the
event. Our Abbe L. was invited and placed at the head of the
table, along-side of the AbbeB., the shrewd editor of the Bulletin
religieux, who knowing our hero well, forthwith expressed his
astonishment to see him at that reunion. "I have always upheld
the right," replied L. "Oh, so much the better," answered the
editor, "then we are brothers." At table, confidence is quickly
established, small secrets are exchanged. So our Abbe confessed
to his new friend that he was not liked at all by the Archbishop ;
that the Archbishop treated him like a dunce ; that he was sorry
for having made him a parish priest ; that he reproached him for
not being able even to preside at a conference.
Whilst L. humbly served in the ministry, patiently awaiting
promotion, his two nephews, afore-mentioned, Paul and Jules,
had grown up. They had studied law and entered the office of
an attorney. Although they had not five cents in their pocket to
pay for a glass of beer, they were the most charming boys in the
world. The stimulus of poverty helped to set off their deserts
in a most flattering relief. In 1879, they sided with Ferry against
Cochin at the general election : the nephews of a priest, the
nurselings of the Church, helped to defeat a Catholic and to as-
sure the triumph of a savage enemy of religion. Brother-
priests threw it up to the uncle, but he confessed he was unable
to influence his nephews.
Later, the young attorneys wished to establish a lawyer's office
at Reims, but as the means were lacking, they had to give it up.
During the war, both served in the guarde mobile ; when, on
Sept. 4th, Ferry had become Prefect of the Seine, they quit the
army and entered the office of the prefecture. Paul married a
Protestant, and both brothers joined the Free-Masons, which
started them on the road to fortune. Soon both were in the
thick of the fight against the Church. They became sub-
prefects, prefects, colonial governors, and foreign ambassadors.
The elder, while a prefect— nephew of a priest, raised in a pres-
bytery-evicted religious men and women ; expelled congregations
and thereby violated the liberty of conscience, the liberty of wor-
ship, the liberty of the professions and the rights of property, —
crimes for which he incurred the major excommunication. Yet,
No. 46. The Review. 725
at this very hour, the mother of the two got it in her head to use
the standing- of her sons to push the fortunes of their uncle.
They undertook to get a bishopric for a man who was the last
among his fellow parish priests whom one might single out for
promotion.
To ambition a mitre is easy, to acquire it is quite another thing.
There are conditions to be fulfilled, steps to be taken either by
oneself or by others. The history of the promotion of the Abbe
L. is not yet written ; it is remarkable and must serve, if not to
edify posterity, at least for the instruction of Catholics.
From the start the approval of the ordinary is required ; in
this case it was not to be thought of. The then Archbishop,
Msgr. Guibert, had a high idea of the episcopate. The first time
he heard of our Abbe's aspirations, he shrugged his shoulders ;
and when L. came for an audience, he brusquely sent him back
to his presbytery, enjoining him never to return on a similar
errand. To others he expressed himself even more forcibly.
To gain over the old episcopal Cerberus, an attempt was made
to reach him through his vicars-general. Paul C. visited one of
them, who relates the audience as follows : "'When the brothers
C. wished to make their uncle a bishop, M. Paul came to see
me. 'We know,' he said, 'you are one of our uncle's good friends;
for the honor of our family we wish to make a bishop out of him ;
we have not enough influence to obtain a mitre for him, but need
the assistance of ecclesiastical dignitaries. That is why I came
to see you.' 'Monsieur, you are not mistaken about my feelings.
I greatly love your uncle. I did not oppose his promotion to
the rectorship ; but do you not think there is a vast difference
between a parish priest and a bishop? One may be a good parish
priest, yet lack the qualifications of a bishop.' 'We are well aware
that our uncle is not strong ; he is neither a writer, nor a savant,
nor an orator ; but he is a good man ; and don't you think with
some good vicars he could properly rule a small diocese?' At
this juncture, the Vicar-General happily remembered a dictum
of St. Basil : 'There are no small dioceses, Sir, there are only
small bishops. ' The visitor took his hat, left, and was seen no
more.
The Superior of St. Sulpice was solicited twice. At first, the
old professor, who knew his man too well, forbade him in con-
science to accept the mitre, even were it offered to him canoni-
cally. In another interview, without recurring to his former
theological objection, he said : "Very well, if the affair is proper-
ly arranged, you may accept. You can wear the mitre, and your
sister carry the crozier."
A law of the Church requires that a priest who is to be elevated
726 The Review. 1^02
to the episcopate, must be vouched for and offer reasonable secur-
ities. Ordinarily, moreover, a fit candidate for episcopal honors
is pointed out beforehand by public opinion and pushed forward
by his superiors, who feel happy to help in rewarding real merit
and to assist the Church to fill an office properly. In this case it
was quite different. The Archbishop was resolutely opposed ;
the vicars-general were likewise against L.'s promotion. The
clergy of Paris, with one exception, subscribed to a protest. It is
hard to understand how our Abbe, although not a bad, and cer-
tainly not an impious man, could accept the espiscopate under
such circumstances. After all, a priest must have a conscience.
But, perhaps, in the moral order, there is something worse still
than wickedness — weakness.
In spite of the canons and divine law, uncle and nephews re-
mained obstinate. When old Msgr.Guibert saw the affair progress-
ing stealthily, he opposed it formally at the Nunciature and in the
Roman Curia. Before such strenuous opposition, so sorry a can-
didature had to give way. To save appearances at least,
the Nuncio undertook to plead the cause before the Archbishop.
Among other arguments he used this, that by his nomination to
a parish in Paris, the Archbishop had put the Abbe L. on the
ladder by which to climb to the mitre. Msgr. Guibert was in-
flexible. How was the difficulty to be overcome? A priest, in
order to be acceptable for a mitre, must have the recommenda-
tion of at least one bishop. A way was devised of obtaining this.
A colonial archbishop, in the district presided over by one of our
hero's Masonic nephews, and therefore much dependent upon the
latter's good will and favor, was prevailed upon to furnish the ne-
cessary recommendation for a man whom he scarcely knew by
sight. The government proceeded to nominate L. as bishop of
the Diocese of X, and Rome, under pressure, approved.
When at length the nomination appeared in the official gazette,
Msgr. Guibert flew into a rage and publicly declared he would
not consecrate a sacerdotal zero. After this public refusal no
French bishop would have dared to doit. So our hero went to
Rome ; where, after some delay, he was consecrated by the
Cardinal-Vicar.
[To be continued.}
&s£^
• • ' 727
COIVTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.
The Lansing Man. — On the subject of the "Lansing- Man," already
mentioned in these columns, we find in our able Canadian con-
temporary, the Northwest Review (No. 7), these pertinent obser-
vations :
"The Congress of Americanists, which lately met at New York,
discussed amongst other things certain human remains found
not long ago in a deep excavation or tunnel at Lansing, Kansas,
and now known to the scientific world as the 'Lansing Man.'
These remains resembled in every important particular the aver-
age skeleton of the present Middle States Indian, yet one of the
speakers said that there was no reason why it might not be one
hundred thousand years old. On the flimsy foundation of these
last words the Montreal Star of October 27th built a learned look-
ing editorial, moralizing on the slowness of human development
and forecasting from that slow development the possibilities of
the future.*) This article, headed 'One Hundred Thousand Years
of Human Life' is a rambling series of reflections based on the un-
proved hypotheses of a certain kind of anthropology.
The whole thing has, as we haye said, a learned air, but there
is after all nothing in it. Its very foundation is more than shaky.
Because some unnamed speaker at a recent congress of suppos-
edly learned men 'said there was no reason why the Lansing Man
might not be one hundred thousand years old,' the editorial
writer straightway takes this vague hint as a basis for a more or
less connected dissertation on what he assumes to be 'wholly
probable.' Here we have another fairly representative instance
of 'modern thought, ' discussing the gravest issues from most un-
certain premises.
Let us, just for a moment, look closely into this case, as presented
by the Star writer himself. He begins by telling us that some-
body, unknown, 'said there was no reason why this skeleton
might not be one hundred thousand years old.' Taken as it
stands, his opinion does not reach the level of an assertion. He
merely says there is no reason why the thing might not be. Is
this a sufficient foundation for the affirmation that the thing is
'wholly probable'? Between the possibility expressed by 'might
be' and entire probability, there is a wide gulf. Besides, what is
such a tentative, hesitating opinion worth? Just the scientific
worth of the man, and we are not told who he is. We may be
sure his name would have been triumphantly mentioned, had it
borne with it any authority. But, even were the speaker at that
congress the greatest of contemporary scientists, the hesitancy
of his language would weaken his testimony. Furthermore, the
testimony of one scientist, however great, in favor of the age of a
fossil, is very apt to be overthrown by equally strong but con-
*) Several of our dailies have printed similar elucubrations.
A. P.
728 The Review. 1902.
trary testimony. We all remember the famous Calaveras Skull,t)
which one of the greatest American geologists unhesitatingly
pronounced to be at least thirty thousand years old. He was not
satisfied with hinting that 'there was no reason why it might not
be' 30,000 years old ; he said plump and plain that it enjoyed that
venerable age. Yet in the course of time the man who 'planted'
that skull in order to deceive the scientists came forward and
testified that it was the skull of an Indian who had died less than
a hundred years before. The fact is, there is nothing so uncer-
tain as the age of human remains, and it is the veriest folly to
construct an entire system of reasoning on so flimsy a basis. The
case would be different if we could get a hundred scientists to
agree in fixing one age for a given fossil. Then, but then only,
would it be wise to set about reconstructing our chronology of
the human race. It is hardly necessary to say that there is not
one single human fossil as to the age of which one hundred ex-
perts so much as approach unanimity. And assuredly some such
agreement is absolutely necessary before the reasonableness of
the great antiquity of the human race can be proved as against
the much shorter period assigned by sacred and heathen monu-
ments. Until that is done the only logical course is to say there
is every reason why the Lansing Man can not be one hundred
thousand years old, and consequently all fine theories spun on so
crazy a framework are mere intellectual cobwebs."
Why Man Can Not Fly. — The success of aerial navigation, meagre
though it be, has again led the aeronaut to turn his attention to
the flight of birds which are, to all appearances, capable of ascend-
ing into the air without the use of any lifting power other than
that of their own muscles, and of directing their course without
regard to the direction of the wind.
From an interesting paper on the subject in No. 37 of the Mirror
we adapt the following reflections :
At one time, it was thought that this was effected solely by the
flapping or downward stroke of the wings, which, striking with
their cur-ved surface the resilient air, forces the whole body up-
ward. If we watch, for instance, a heavy bird, such as the swan,
rising from the water, we find this process very notable, and that
he strikes first the water and then the air many times with his
wings before the upward impulse is attained. But the researches
of observers, like Professor Marcy, have shown that this flapping
process is not by itself sufficient to account for the phenomena
of flight. While calculation has proved that the muscular power
of the larger birds can never be equal to overcoming the whole
force of gravitation, we have learned from observation that many
large birds make use in addition of the resistance of the air itself
and force themselves up an inclined plane to windward likeachild's
kite. Mr. Clement Ader, for instance, has noticed that the huge
vultures of Africa do this by running swiftly against the wind, and
the same thing must often have been seen by the observant sports-
man when watching pheasants in thin cover. The same explan-
ation accounts, in some measure, for the phenomena of "soaring,"
when the bird, holding his wings stiffly outstretched like sails,
t) The "Cardiff Giant" was another case in point.- — A. P.
No. 46. The Revikw. 729
either hangs motionless in the wind's eye, or swoops round in
stately circles, which evidently have for their purpose the pre-
senting- of a slightly inclined surface to the wind's force. By imi-
tating this action and by using large wings, or aeroplanes, driven
by motors small enough to be carried with them, Lilienthal
and Pilcher contrived not only to raise themselves in the air,
but to make glides or flights of very considerable length in planes
set at very small angles to the horizon. But the shocking death
of both these inventors, who were seized by a current of air com-
ing in an unexpected direction and hurled to the ground before
they had time to adjust their aeroplanes, served to show that all
the problems of the bird's flight have not yet been mastered.
How, for instance, does the falcon, when she has by her circling
flight attained the height above her prey that her experience
teaches to be effective, manage to effect, in far less time than it
takes to write it, the terrific "stoop" or drop which hurls her up-
on the quarry like a thunderbolt? And how does the kestrel or
'windhover," oh a day when not a breath of air appears to be
stirring aloft, contrive to hang in the heavens "waiting on," in the
language of falconry, to all appearances perfectly motionless, un-
til he raises or lowers himself vertically without any perceptible
flap of the wings? All this points to a power of balancing — which
may be defined as the instantaneous and delicately-measured
shifting of the center of gravity — of which man has not yet dis-
covered the secret, and until this be found, it seems safe to pre-
dict that the practice of aviation, or bird-like flight, will prove to
the human species if not impossible, at least terribly dangerous.
THE CATHOLIC PRESS.
Catholic Yellow Journalism. — Last week Saturday the St. Louis
Globe-Democrat published the surprising news that the Rt. Rev.
John Janssen, Bishop of Belleville, had resigned and intended to
retire to a Franciscan monastery. The report was promptly and
emphatically denied by His Lordship. A few days later we re-
ceived the following note from a priest of his Diocese :
"It would be well to point out the real author of the egrarious
fake, — a St. Louis pastor, living north of Market Street, having
no parochial school, found at all episcopal meetings, aspiring
after a mitre and unable even to reach the purple buttons— and
let him know that the clergy of the Diocese of Belleville are huge-
ly enjoying his desperate efforts to find a new opening for his as-
pirations."
In matter of fact it was none other than the Rev. D. S. Phelan,
editor of the Western Watchman, who launched the absurd and
utterly mendacious rumor exploited by the Globe-Democrat. In
his issue of Nov. l3th he printed this note :
"There is a seemingly well-founded rumor that one of our.
western bishops has&ent; in hfe resignation to the Holy See and
intends retiring to a Franciscan monastery. We believe there is
no virtue more in heed of encouragement among the bishops of
America that resignation ;; and it is highly probable that in this
case the Holy Father 'will interpose no objection and that the
m lire will be exchanged for the cowl." *
Very probably^ when approached "by an inquisitive reporter.
730 The Review. 1902.
Rev. Phelan put him on the trail of the saintly Bishop of Belle-
ville, who, we hope, despite his ascetical turn of mind, will never
afford his enemies the satisfaction of resigning the mitre which
he wears with such heroic fortitude.
The Watchman xs underhanded thrust at Msgr. Janssen is on a
par with its indecent attack upon the acting General of the Fran-
ciscan Order, P. David Fleming, O. F. M. On the strength of a
ludicrous interview that bore every earmark of forgery, editor
Phelan spouted a full column of abuse at P. Fleming, whom he
designated as "a cowled sensationalist," at a time (Nov. 2d) when
the latter's prompt and indignant denial of the fake had already
reached this country by way of England (Cfr. Catholic Union and
Ti?nes, No. 30.) It took two full weeks before Fr. Phelan deigned
to notice this denial, {Watchman of Nov. 16th), and then, instead
of trying to repair the injury, he maliciously superadded thereto
further insult by boldly insinuating that the denial was dishonest:
"Father Fleming denies in toto that he gave the interview on
the French religious orders credited to him in the French and
English papers. We were expecting some such denial."
Respect for the cloth prevents us from branding such journal-
istic methods as they deserve to be branded.
LITERATURE.
Some Short Stories. — A Cassock of the Pines and Other Stories.
By Joseph G. Daley. Second Edition. New York: Wm. H. Young
& Company. 1901.
A collection of short stories which have appeared in various
magazines, and are now published under one cover. The tales
are sprightly, cover a variety of scenes and subjects, and will
prove interesting to the young folk.
MISCELLANY
The Continental Building and Loan Association of San Francisco.
— We recently received the following letter from a California
clergyman :
"You have frequently discussed the workings of insurance
companies in your paper. I wish you would examine also a little
into the workings of so-called building and loan companies, of
which there are a great number in California. I enclose the last
annual statement of one, that claims to be the largest, safest, and
most prosperous in the State. They have a great many priests
and religious as shareholders, and I myself must admit to hold a
number of shares. The last year they paid 8 per cent, dividends
on Class "A" stock, on which before they could pay always 12 per
cent., except the year before last, when they had $150,000 idle
money on their hands, for which they nevertheless had to pay in-
No. 46. The Review. 731
terest ; but still even then they could allow 9 per cent, dividends
on Class A. As far as I can see, it is the enormous amount of un-
productive real estate, which they have on their hands, that is
eating- up dividends, in fact, which seems to threaten the exist-
ence of the concern. If you could have the statement of the Con-
tinental analysed by a competent person, who knows the ways of
the working- of such concerns, you would not only do me a great
favor, but also other priests who have their little savings put into
this scheme."
Our expert has carefully examined the statement referred to
in this letter and reports as follows :
An examination of the 13th annual statement of June 30th, 1902,
of the ''Continental Building and Loan Association," Home Office:
San Francisco* Cal., does not give a very clear idea as to the pres-
ent standing of this corporation.
Pages 11 and 21 are devoted to a summary of the agency de-
partment's report, stock account, some comparative statements,
and profit and loss exhibit for 1902. The remaining part of the
booklet contains general information about the plans of the Asso-
ciation and some pictures and drawings of houses built through
assistance rendered to shareholders.
Obviously this society operates on the usual plan of the com-
mon local building and loan associations (in some districts called
"saving funds"), only on a larger scale by employing agents for
the purpose of selling shares. Whether such a system is an ad-
vantage in comparison with the purely local company, is an open
question, since naturally the agents must receive compensation
for selling and collecting, which is an expense that the local con-
cerns can save. The resource of profits, (premiums on loans,
fines, and interest earnings) are about the same for local concerns
and the "Continental," so it would seem to an impartial observer
that, other circumstances being equal, the local building society
should pay larger profits to its shareholders than the Continental
could do, owing to the savings on the expense account.
The selling of so-called "full-paid stock," drawing 6 per cent,
dividends annually, is a rather risky business. In the absence
of a copy of such a stock certificate, the writer does not wish to
be too severe in his comments, but judging from the pamphlet,
the society obligates itself to pay 6 per cent, interest a year on
such stock, whether it was earned or not. If that is the case,
then the shareholders depending upon the earnings of the cor-
poration, run the risk of having their profitdivested to making
up the 6 per cent, rate on paid-up stock, if for some reason the
dividends of the company should fall below the guaranteed re-
turns of 6 per cent.
Another objectionable feature appears to be the deposit books,
which "can be used for depositing or withdrawing money at will."
The Association promises to pay 5 per cent, interest per annum
for such deposits, and as these can be withdrawn "at will," while
the investments of the corporation are to be made on mortgages
of more or less long terms, there is a standing danger of having
the company exposed to a sudden "run" by withdrawals, possib-
ly at a time when money is scarce and the outstanding mortgages
732 The Review. 1902.
are not available for prompt turning: into cash. What would hap-
pen in such an emergency, is not difficult to imagine.
In the absence of a general balance sheet, the transactions of
the year can only be estimated from certain figures named in
the report. For example, in the"stock'account" we read: "Number
of shares written for year ending June 30th, 1902.
Installment, - - 35,414
Full paid, - - - 883><, total, 36, 297 %
As installment shares pay about 60 cents a month, that would
mean a total income of about $25,000 the first year, if all of the
shares had been sold in the beginning of the year. As this is not
likely to be the case, $12,000 for the new business might be nearer
the mark ; and as "operating expenses" on page 21 are given as
$27,960.17, the operations of the year must have been very profit-
able for some bodj'.
The sale of 883 % shares of "full-paid" stock means an annual
tax of $5,301 for 6 per cent, interest payments, regardless of
earnings.
Among "disbursements," on page 21, $3,317.74 for "interest on
borrowed money" would seem to require explanation. That is
equivalent to 6 per cent, on a capital of $55,295.80 for one year.
Was the corporation so short of funds, in spite of its large income
from old and new stock? The sale of paid-up stock alone
should have provided money enough, one should think !
It certainly looks as if the shareholders of the "Continental"
would do well to examine very carefully the plans and returns of
said corporation, in order to avoid unpleasant surprises in case of
a sudden withdrawal of "deposits" and "full-paid" share values in
time of financial stringency.
The Project of a Catholic Daily. —Father M. Arnoldi asks us in
justice to his good name to print the following in reply to recent
criticisms :
"The pamphlet 'The Pen and the Press' became much larger
than expected ; therefore it required more time to finish it. It
will appear not long hence. Other steps taken by me in be-
half of Catholic dailies consisted chiefly in publishing a few ap-
peals. Nobody could find any fault with them ; they were simply
intended to bring those together who are in favor of such dailies.
It was clearly stated in my last appeal that no money was to be
paid in by those who wish to become stockholders until the com-
pany would have been properly organized. This was not to be
done until a sufficient number of promises to buy stock would
have been secured, and of course not without having a clear un-
derstanding with those who wished to become stockholders. By
faithfully and strictly adhering to this manner of procedure no
harm could be done and no blunder made.
"I personally have not and never had the least intention to be
in any other way connected with such a company than to look
around and see where those are who wish to have a better class
of journals in America than we have now. I would not accept an
office in that company because I know that better qualified men
can easily be found. The assurance was given me by respected
and experienced newspaper-men that as soon as a sufficient
amount would have been promised, they would do the balance of
No. 46. The Review. 733
the work, also the organizing of the company. They also said
that some of the best Catholic writers in America had promised
to work for the daily in case it would be established. But they
did not wish to have their names published before it was certain
that the company would be organized. For this we can not blame
them because most men do not wish to be connected with an en-
terprise before success is assured. My work in this matter is
not so very pleasant indeed. At any time I am willing to step
aside and to give others a chance at it.''
Beneficiary Funds Taxable in Illinois. — A far-reaching decision
by Justice Carter has been rendered by the Supreme Court of
Illinois in the case of the State Council of the Catholic Knights of
Illinois versus the Board of Review of Effingham County. The
treasurer of this society, who lives at Douglas, refused to list the
money in his hands for taxation because there were outstanding
orders, payable to beneficiaries of deceased members. The law
says that all cash on hand on the first day of April, shall be listed
with the Assessor. The Board of Review of Effingham County
assessed this money, ignoring the contention of the treasurer
that he was entitled to credits for the outstanding orders. In the
opinion handed down by the Supreme Court it is held that laws
exempting property from taxation must be strictly construed,
and no property can be held exempt unless clearly within the,
exempted class ; secondly, a fraternal benefit society, deriving
its benefit fund from assessment of members, is not a charitable
institution, such as entitles it to exemption under paragraph 7,
section 2 of the revenue act, exempting property of charitable in-
stitutions ; third, that orders having been drawn upon a benefit
fund prior to April 1st to pay beneficiaries of deceased members,
does not exempt the fund from taxation to the amount of such
orders, if no part of the fund has actually been paid out before
April 1st. This decision will affect every fraternal insurance
society which has a head office in the State of Illinois.
The Christian Brothers and the Teaching of the Classics. — Only
of late, it seems, has the American hierarchy been officially noti-
fied of the final decision of the Propaganda against the teaching
of classic studies by the Christian Brothers. This question was
fully ventilated over twoyearsago in The Review. The letter of the
Prefect of the S. Congregation to His Eminence of Baltimore, as
we find it for the first time in the Catholic Citizen (Vol. xxxiii,
No. 2), reads as follows :
"In fulfillment of my duty, I inform Your Eminence, that at a
general session held on Dec. 11th, 1900, the most eminent cardi-
nals of this Congregation examined the subject of permitting
Christian Brothers to teach Latin and Greek in their schools.
"As to the first question, whether, because of fresh entreaties,
it be meet to grant the Christian Brothers in the United States a
dispensation from their rule, which forbids them to teach Latin
and Greek, the answer was: No; and the question must not
again he proposed for discussion (et amplius).
"To the second question, whether it be expedient to postpone
the execution of this decision, the most eminent cardinals an-
swered : No; and let not this question be again proposed for dis-
734 The Review. 1902.
cussion (el amp litis), and let the mind of the Sacred Congregation
be known ; namely, that a formal precept be addressed to the Su-
perior-General, informing- him that the teaching of Latin and
Greek in their American schools will be tolerated only until the
end of the present scholastic year (1900-1901).
"Moreover, let these decisions be communicated through the
instrumentality of Your Eminence to the Catholic hierarchy of
the United States. Let it be called to the attention of the Amer-
ican episcopate that, although the Holy See favors teaching in the
classics, especially Latin, and for this end makes use of religious
orders which by their rule are meant for this work, it desires,
nevertheless, to maintain in religious institutes the exact observ-
ance of their rules, and it forbids Christian Brothers to teach
Latin and Greek ; on the contrary, it wishes them to develop in
the United States their technical and commercial schools.
"All this His Holiness deigned to confirm in an audience had
on the 6th of last month."
Carelessly, as is its wont, the Citizen has left out the date of
this important document.
NOTE-BOOK.
Julia Marlowe has withdrawn the anti-Catholic drama "Fiam-
metta," against which the Boston Republic lately made a vigorous
protest, which was re-echoed in the Catholic press throughout
the country (cfr. The Review, No. 43).
'5* -^ •*
President Eliot, of Harvard, who recently deplored the poor re-
sults of the American public school, surprised the ministers of
Boston at the weekly meeting of Methodist preachers on Novem-
ber 3rd, by saying:
"We Americans are face to face with the lamentable and extra-
ordinary fact that the influence of the church has visibly de-
clined in our generation."
This fact should not appear "extraordinary" to a man of intelli-
gence, who must have noticed the tendency of public "instruc-
tion" to displace the workings of providence by the iron laws
of evolution. But when Mr. Eliot says further : "It is impossible
for children to grasp great doctrinal principles," and suggests
as one way of bringing children under the influence of the
"church," "religious history and a study of comparative religion,
which is delightful, expanding and uplifting," he evidently con-
tradicts himself. If children are not able to "grasp great doctri-
nal principles," how can they profit by the study of "comparative
religion"?
It seems, Protestant teachers are so afraid of preaching divine
authority, that even the children in school may not be instructed
No. 46. The Review. 735
by divine command, but must be left to their own unaided efforts
to discover each some religion most convenient for himself. If
such are the underlying- principles of the system of public in-
struction, practised in our modern American schools, it is no
wonder that Eddyism, Mormonism, and other baleful "isms" find
numerous followers, and that even the Buddhists consider the
United States a promising- field for "missionary effort."
What will the harvest be ?
+r -*r *r
We learn from the Literary Digest, by way of the New World
(No. 10), that the infamous Leo Taxil is now a member of the
Jesuit Order. This would be astounding news, indeed, — if it
were true !
f & r?
The statement of the Indiana State Baptist Association, that
"the immigrants from Roman Catholic countries would, if they
could, reduce all Protestant churches to ashes," and that "the
Anglo-Saxon race was born to rule the world," is too much even
for such a staunchly Protestant and thoroughly Anglo-Saxon
newspaper as the Chicago Tribune, which retorts (issue of Oct.
19th 0
"The first of these statements is hysterical. The second is
worse. It is a vile mixture of self-consciousness and braggado-
cio. With regard to the Roman Catholic Church, people who read
the statistics of church attendance will not deny that the Roman
Catholics are entitled by their numbers to respectful considera-
tion in the religious world. Catholic churches crowded to the
doors, Protestant churches asking what is the matter with the
workingmen — that seems to be the situation. The daily news-
paper can not say whether Catholics or Protestants are better
fitted to guide the workingman in the right direction. All it can
do is to point out external facts. With the Catholics performing a
large religious service, is it well for Protestants to take them to
task?
"With regard, next, to the Anglo-Saxon race, it can not but oc-
cur to the reader of current literature that there is a great deal
of Anglo-Saxon talk which lacks that quality of reserve on which
Anglo-Saxons used to pride themselves On all sides we see
the Anglo-Saxon doing a dithyrambic dance in a most Anglo-Saxon
way and insisting that he is the future ruler of the human race.
If he is he ought to keep a little quieter about it. There is no
reason why he should give his purpose away. Besides, the man
who is forever talking about his future is a bore. An occasional
guess at the part which the Anglo-Saxon race is to play in the fu-
ture history of the world is excusable. A constant bleating about
it is intolerable."
& at- ^s
Of Father McGrady, the Kentucky Socialist orator, a brother
priest recently said in the Buffalo Catholic Union and Times :
"The Rev. McGrady would do better to remain at home and not
to preach again until he has thoroughly studied and understood
his catechism. The man is weak in the philosophy of Socialism,
736 Thb Review. 1902.
but much weaker in the Catholic catechism." This judgment was
the upshot of a careful scientific analysis of the theories advanced
by Father McGrad}' in recent lectures.
On the causes of Rev. McGrady's popularity the Pittsburg
Observer '('No. 23) remarks : ,
"When men have a grievance, imaginary or real, the man (es-
pecially the priest), who rises to the occasion, feeds the flame, and
works on their pent-up feelings, certainly becomes the man of the
hour. It takes more than logic to dethrone him. Deadly poison,
like physic, is not always what it seems. It works insidiously
and in time produces effects not conceivable at first — in its rigor,
reveals the villain it is. The glib whiffets of the. Socialistic school
know full well the animus of their argument and sleek oratory.
Poor men wanting in the advantages of the school, untutored and
unlettered, drink in their sophistry and hold it up as gospel. It
is cruel for the educated to be so wanton, but cruelty is the prop-
erty of malice prepense."
The notorious ex-Abbe Andre Boqrrier has recently been lec-
turing and collecting in Germany for the benefit of his Protest-
ant propaganda among the Catholic clergy of France. He claimed
that he had induced or assisted no less than eight hundred priests
to cut away from the Catholic Church. The editor of the Leo
took it upon himself to find out how much truth there was in this
extravagant and altogether incredible claim. On April 2nd last
he addressed a number of identical queries to every bishop in
France, and the Germania of Nov. 7th publishes the result
of the enquiry. The questions were very precisely formulated
thus: 1. How many priests are there in your Diocese? 2. How
many have apostatized during the past five years? 3. How many
of these have probably been aided in their apostasy by M. Bour-
rier? The replies of the bishops are equally precise. Most of
them, even those who have large dioceses with a thousand priests
or more, answer the second question with a categorical "Aucun"
or ." Pas un seul" (None or not a single one.) Only here and
there is there an apostasy recorded. Altogether not quite sixty,
and of these only a few attributed to the instrumentality of Bour-
rier, who is not even known by name to a number of the bishops.
No wonder Bourrier steadily refuses to publish the list of his
eight hundred proteges.
The French-Canadians of New England have been verj7 active
in politics of late. They have succeeded in electing fifteen repre-
sentatives to the New Hampshire legislature, four to that of
Massachusetts, and four or five to that of Rhode Island. They
also hold a considerable number of more or less important local
and State offices, We do not know whether the average French-
Canadian politician in this country is better or worse than the
average Irish or German politician, who "is in politics for what
there is in it" and who boodles like his fellows when he gets a
chance. If they are better, if they really represent a Catholic
and therefore clean influence in politics, we hope with the Quebec
Virite (No. 11) that their number may constantly increase.
Socialism aLivd SociaJ Reform.
ebs' vote in 1900 was 85,000. The vote for the Socialist
candidates for State officers and members of Congress
in 1902 was considerably over 400,000, despite the fact
that there does not seem to have been any especial effort made
by the Socialists in 1902 to poll a big vote. The Socialist wave
this year has swept all over the country. That party's candidate
for governor of Massachusetts polled 34,000 votes. A good show
ing was made in Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Indiana, Minnesota,
California, and other states for Socialist candidates for State,
municipal or congressional offices. Chicago gave a 12,000
vote to the Socialists. They had a large poll in Cleveland, Cin-
cinnati, Toledo, Evansville, Covington, Minneapolis, St. Paul, and
many other cities. In the legislatures of many of the States the
Socialists will have members. They will be found in boards of
aldermen, and some of the members of Congress, alarmed at the
showing which this species of radicalism has made in their dis-
tricts, will undoubtedly be found to lean to the Socialist side.
It is evident that Socialism is to figure with great prominence
in the presidential canvass of 1904. If they put up a candidate
with the eloquence and magnetism of Debs, the nominee of 1900,
they will probably be able to poll a larger vote than any minor
party has yet rolled up. Populism has disappeared, and Socialism
will be the third party of two years hence.
We have taken the above figures from the St. Louis Globe-Demo-
crat of Nov. 22nd, a journal which considers Socialism as purely a
partisan political force. But it is more than that. It is a strong
economic, polity which in every civilized country in the world is
organizing the wage-workers into a class-conscious body, deter-
mined to carry out its program by taking possession of the pub-
lic powers.
It is to-day the most wide-spread political party in the world. La
Revue Socialistc recently (Feb.) gave the following statement of
votes cast bySocialists in successive elections in various countries:
Austria, in 1895, 90,000 votes ; 1897, 750,000; 1900, 1,000,000.
France, 1885, 30,000; 1888, 91,000; 1893, 590,000; 1898, 1,000,000.
Denmark, 1872, 315; 1884, 6,805; 1887, 8,408; 1890, 17,232; 1892,
20,098; 1895, 25,019; 1898, 32,000.
Great Britain, 1895, 55,000; 1900, 100,000.
Italy, 1893, 20,000; 1895, 76,400; 1897, 134,946.
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 47. St. Louis, Mo., December 4, 1902.)
738 The Review. 1902.
United States, 1890, 13,704 ; 1892,21,562; 1896,36,275; 1900,
140,000. (This vote did not go entirely to Debs, as the party was
split.)
Servia, 1895, 50,000.
Spain, 1893, 7,000; 1895, 14,800; 1897, 28,000.
Switzerland, 1890, 13,500; 1898, 29,822; 1896, 36,468.
Belgium, 1894, 334,500; 1898, 534,324.
Germany, 1867, 30,000; 1871, 101,927; 1874, 351,670; 1877, 486,-
843; 1878, 437,158; 1881, 311,961; 1884, 599,990; 1887, 763,128; 1890,
1,427,298; 1893, 1,786,738; 1898, 2,125,000.
The editor of the Revue furthermore gave it as his honest opin-
ion that the number of Socialist men who live in other countries
or are prevented by political conditions or economic pressure
from voting- with the party, would swell the grand total to 8,000,000.
"It is a party," says Father Poland (Socialism: Its Economic
Aspect, p. 5) "that knows no fatherland, as it knows no mother-
tongue. It has cut itself free from all the prejudices of language
and of traditional methods in government."
Its fundamental principle was laid down by Carl Marx more
than thirty years ago as the one necessary condition for the true
economic social reconstruction. It is the abolition of private
capital, i. e., capital in the active sense, applied to production.
"The final object of Socialism is to do away with private capital
as applied to every industry, thus to do away with competition ;
and to substitute for competition a collective ownership of all the
means and instruments of production." (Poland, l.-c.)
This end present-day Socialism hopes to arrive at, not by vio-
lence, but by a majority of votes.
While there is hardly any danger of a permanent institution of
Socialism, because it is in open contradiction with the indestruct-
ible instincts and tendencies of human nature, being "opposed to
the natural rights of every individual human being, perverting
the true purpose of the State, and rendering the peaceful devel-
opment of social life impossible" (words of Leo XIII. in his en-
cyclical on the Condition of Labor); the growth of the movement
clearly involves grave dangers to society, and it becomes the duty
of every well-meaning and enlightened citizen to neutralize its
nefarious agitation by working earnestly, each in his sphere, for
social reform.
To show how this can be done, we will reproduce some perti-
nent passages from Fr. Cathrein's splendid Moral Philosophy.*)
*) Kathrein's chapter on Socialism has been Englished by the
Rev. James Conway, S. J., and published by Benziger Brothers.
We recommend it, as well as Fr. Poland's brochure, Socialism :
Its Economic Aspect, CB. Herder), to every student of this burn-
ing question.
No- 47. The Review. 739
A social life worthy of a human being must be secured for
even the lowest of the laboring classes. For this end it is neces-
sary not only that he receive sufficient wages, but also that suffi-
cient regard be had for his life and health, and therefore that his
strength be not overtaxed by immoderate labor. He must be
treated not only with fairness, but also with love and considera-
tion. Finally, he must have the assurance that in case of mis-
fortune or ill-health he be not abandoned or cast into the street.
And since in our days personal efforts and private charity are by
no means sufficient, public authority must, by suitable legisla-
tion, take the necessary measures for this end. The social re-
form must aim at such a state of things that the humblest laborer
may entertain a well-founded hope by industry and economy to
better his condition and gradually rise to a higher social
standing."
"The institution and promotion of co-operative organizations
are the surest and best means to reconcile the claims of the indi-
vidual with those of society, and thus to bring about harmony be-
tween the conflicting elements."
"The most important and indispensable factor in the social re-
form is the revival of Christianity among all classes of socie-
ty. Legislative measures may produce the external frame-work
of a new social order ; but it is only Christianity that can give it
life and efficacy. Only on the ground of Christianity can the hos-
tile social elements be brought to a reconciliation .... The widest
and most humane legislation will never appease an indolent and
grasping mass of laborers. But whence is the laborer to appro-
priate the virtues of industry and economy? Only from the ever-
flowing fountain of living Christianity- How can the laborer be
expected to bear the toils and hardships that are inseparable
from his state, if he has been led to believe that all hopes and
fears in regard to the eternal retribution beyond the grave are
childish fancies, and that with this life all shall come to an end?
The revival of Christianity, however, must not be confined to
the laborer : it must also extend to the higher and more influen-
tial phases of society. In vain will our so-called 'cultured classes'
expect Christian patience and resignation from the laborer, while
they themselves disregard the laws of Christianity and publicly
profess the grossest infidelity. It sounds like irony if the rich
preach economy and self-denial to the poor, while they themselves
indulge in the most extravagant luxury and dissipation. The
wealthy must begin the social reform at home. They must come
to the conviction that they have not only rights, but also duties
towards the laboring man — duties of justice and duties of charity.
They must bear in mind that they have been appointed by God,
740 The Review. 1902.
as it were, the administrators of their earthly possessions, which
should in some way serve for the benefit of all. They should re-
member that the laborer is not a mere chattel, but a rational be-
ing-, their brother in Christ, who, in the eyes of God, is equal to
the richest and most powerful on earth. It is only this bond of
Christian sentiment— of mutual love and reverence between rich
and poor, high and low- — that can bring about a reconciliation of
the social conflicts of our times.
And since the Church is the God-appointed guardian and pre-
server of the Christian religion, and since she can not fulfil this
task unless she is free to exercise all her power and influence,
we must demand for the solution of the social problem the per-
fect freedom of the Church in all her ministrations. Above all
we must insist on the full freedom of the Church to exercise her
saving influence on the schools, from the common school to the
university. Liberalism has caused the schools and universities
to alienate the nations from God. Socialism is adopting the same
polic}7, for the subversion of the social order ; and if the Church
is to exert her influence for the salvation of society in our day,
she must do so chiefly on the field of education."
The Career of a French State Bishop.
A Flashlight on the Politico-Ecclesiastical Situation in
France.
II.
eke several incidents happened which go to show how
wrong it is for Rome to let itself be dragged into such
compromises. There was in Paris a wealthy priest of
the Diocese of X, Abbe D., author of elementary courses of his-
tory, geography, and literature. Together with two of his
friends, he had formed a liberal triumvirate. He had succeeded in
getting himself appointed honorary canon by the preceding-
Bishop, whom he was allowed to accompany as theologian to the
Vatican Council. As adviser of an infallibilist prelate, he
sought the company of the opponents of the dogma and even as-
sisted at the criminal conciliabula of the Palazzo Saviati. In-
censed by his conduct, the Bishop, to get rid of him, named him
Vicar-General and sent him home. The Chancellor of the Diocese
No. 47. The Review. 741
took his place in Rome. D. vowed to take revenge at the first op-
portunity. His chance came in the nomination of our hero L.
D. approached the new Bishop, and when he had found out with
whom he had to deal, he suggested to him to change everything
in the Diocese, and above all to get rid of the Chancellor. The
newly elected Bishop was the more eager to comply, as he knew
the government also had an interest in the matter. Under his
predecessors, the Diocese had been the terror of the ministries
and even of Louis-Philippe. The government wanted not only to
secure a zero as a bishop, or at least one favorable to "opportun-
ism," but it sought to prevent a possible return to the former
methods by giving him two new vicars-general and attaching to
his heels as private secretary a petty clerk from St. Sulpice, en-
joining upon the three to make tabula rasam the Diocese.
Here we have a Bishop, just nominated by the government, a
Bishop who ought to love his church as a mother loves her child-
ren ; but who, upon the spiteful advice and sacrilegious orders
of a Masonic clique, consents to- demolish the whole administra-
tion of a diocese, as yet unknown to him, and to form a new ad-
ministration from material which, to his own honor be it said, he
knew just as little.
Not long before, a joker had announced the day and hour when
X, by a geological cataclysm, was to disappear from the face of the
earth, and how the neighbors would come frogging in the pond
formed over its sunken ruins. The announcement of this eccle-
siastical revolution produced a no less sensational effect upon the
people of the Diocese.
After his consecration, Msgr. L. came to X, accompanied
oy his two government vicars, of whom one, M., was a
rather light writer, while the other, D., had recently returned
from Venezuela ; neither had any regular standing in Paris. The
imposition of two such vicars was an encroachment on the personal
rights of the bishop and a gratuitous insult to the Diocese, since
there was no lack of fit persons. Worst of all for the new-comers,
the Bishop included, was that none of them had the slightest idea
how to administer a diocese.
The installation of the new Bishop was a public scandal. Msgr.
L. seemed to have the noisy sympathy of all the enemies of the
Church. So far— they said— X. had been ruled only by Ostro-
goths, Visigoths, and Saligoths ; but now it had a model bishop.
The Free-Masons seemed to be particularly pleased. The pre-
fects and sub-prefects did not conceal their pleasure. At the door
of the cathedral the prelate was amply extolled as an avatar of all
known and unknown virtues ; but none of the sycophants followed
him into the sanctuary. At a cafe near by they sealed the bull of
742 The Review. 1902.
the lay canonization of a living- bishop. The ceremonies inside
the cathedral were performed in a disorder^ manner. All serious-
minded people, priests and laymen, felt and confessed that they
had assisted at the entrance of revolution into the Church.
If the installation day was not rosy, the following day proved
thorny. One man only rose to the height of his task-the Chancellor
of the Diocese. For twenty-five years he had belonged to the ad-
ministration, knew all its branches, and because of his real abili-
ty, was held in high esteem. Even before the Bishop had taken
possession of his see, he declared to him : "Either they go, or I.
If the new vicars are to stay, I will withdraw to my stall as a
canon." By this dilemma the Bishop saw himself compelled either
to govern with the aid of men who could not even read an account,
or to send back the auxiliaries imposed upon him by the govern-
ment. One of them, M., clearsighted and proud, withdrew will-
ingly. The other, D.. quit after a fortnight. The former vicars-
general resumed their offices.
This counter-revolution cause'd no little surprise ; it was wel-
comed by the Diocese which saw its traditions restored. But the
Liberals were sadly disappointed. There was also disappointment
for the dismissed vicars, who were promised a mitre for their
simoniacal malversations ; there was disappointment for those
abbes who had hoped to fill the new vacancies ; there was disap-
pointment for the new Bishop himself, who could not immediately
redeem the pledges given to the government for him by his
nephews. Only the private secretary remained, and he, by means
of a plot, in the course of time, made it possible, to his own profit,,
that these pledges were redeemed. Apparently, the old faithful
clergy remained masters of the situation ; in reality there was a
diabolus in machina. The administration of the Diocese became
a net of evil intrigues, the preponderating influence belonging to
the wiliest, and the future to the most unscrupulous.
For some years outward peace reigned in the Diocese, while
secret intrigues were carried on lustily. From Paris, whither
M., the discarded vicar-general, under the promise and in hope
of a mitre, had withdrawn, the relations with the Liberal clique
were kept up. By his letters he excited them, as Catiline did the
conspirators. The Abbe D. had his summer residence at Lang-
ty and the Liberals of the Diocese were welcome there. Their
visits are no secret. There are still witnesses alive who know of
them. The conspirators aimed at the dismissal of the faithful
Chancellor and the old vicars, in fact at the removal of anybody
and everybody who might be found faithful among the clergy of
the Diocese.
Without any outward manifestation, the private secretary had
No. 47. The Review. 743
become the real master of the situation. To be sure, this did not
come to pass without some encounters. More than once the vicars
had complained of his machinations in favor of the government ;
more than once theBishophad reported their complaints to thesec-
retary ; but the secretary invariably flew into a passion5reminded
theBishopof the promises made to the government, and threatened
to pack his trunk and leave. The Bishop was powerless, he feared
to expose himself, so he kept the secretary ; but each time he ab-
dicated more and more of his authority. The secretary grew
bolder and openly boasted of his arbitrary powers.
Then one of the old vicars retired, and the two remaining in-
transigents, thoroughly disheartened, made no objection against
the nomination of the secretary to the vacant post. Knowing it
was a foregone conclusion, they gave their assent in advance. It
was a mistake on their part. Having come to X. with the Bishop
in 1884, the private secretary arbitrarily assumed the functions
of a chaplain at St. Maur ; of director of the Semaine religieuse,
and of titulary canon. Six years later he was able to style himself
Vicar-General and Protonotary Apostolic. At the age of thirty
he had reached what ordinarily is reserved for veterans of fifty.
I To be concluded.]
The Need of Christian Philosophy.
he recent utterances of President Eliot of Harvard on
education, religion, and labor unions remind us of
Hamlet's sigh :
"The time is out of joint : O cursed spite
That ever I was born to set it right !"
It is, however, doubtful whether Dr. Eliot is called "to set the
time right." He manifestly lacks consistency, and we might ad-
vise him with Goethe :
"Mein theurer Freund, ich rath' euch drum :
Zuerst collegium logicum."
A solid religious education and common sense, or rather a
sound philosophical training, are necessary for any one who
wishes to reform society. Religion and philosophy always go
hand in hand, or rather, in the words of Brownson: Religion and
philosophy are identical.
In our days, higher education so-called is almost entirely de-
prived of these two essential elements. That religion is consid-
744 The Review. 1902
ered as something- superfluous needs no proof. It is a patent fact.
The same we may affirm of philosophy, which has lost its popu-
larity in the modern world. A student now-a-days can take a de-
gree of doctor in all branches of learning without ever having
looked into the more profound questions of life, without which
there is something essential lacking in the education of even the
most learned specialist. Since the preparatory course in philoso-
phy was abolished, it has been left to pernicious reading, bad
company or chance, with what ideas of right or wrong, man and
world, religion and morality, State and society, young men enter
upon their career as citizens. (Cfr. 'Een halve Euw, ' by Dr. B.
van "W^ck, Professor of the University of Utrecht, Holland ; p.
98). In German}', where "Wissenschaft" is said to flourish most,
we hear the same serious warning. Let us quote some competent
authorities. Says Prof. E. Bernheim ('Der Universitatsunter-
richt und die Erfordernisse der Gegenwart, p. 13): "I am of
opinion that the lack of a thorough philosophic training is one of
the chief defects of our present intellectual culture."
"In matter of fact there is precious little of philosophical spirit
and interest for the universitas litteranim to be found in the
majority of students."
And Prof. v. Hertling writes ('Das Princip des Katholicismus
und die Wissenschaft,' p. 99): "Modern science has to a large ex-
tent lost the philosophic spirit."
Christian philosophy alone can cure the diseases that infect mod-
ern society. Fortunately a restoration of this philosophy is taking
place. The movement headed by Leo XIII. is hailed even outside
the Catholic Church. The trustees of the University at Amster-
dam, e. g., a few years ago, established a chair of Scholastic phil-
osophy and requested the Dutch episcopate to appoint a priest to
fill it. And now every day a Dominican monk expounds the sub-
lime teachings of the "Angel of the Schools" in the capital of
Protestant Holland. The Christian Protestants of Holland real-
ize that in the philosophy of the religion of Jesus Christ lies the
one and only solution of all the problems thatare to-day troubling
the minds of men. "Christus crucifixus solutio omnium quaes-
tionum," sa}Ts St. Bernard. Is Dr. Eliot too proud to admit this ?
****
745
NOTE-BOOK.
Our readers will remember Secretary Hay's recent circular
note to the Powers, protesting against the treatment of the Jews in
Roumania. On the 26th ult. Ambassador White was quoted in
our daily papers as describing this treatment as "simply mon-
strous." There are two sides to this question. Dr. Jean Lahov-
ary, former Foreign Minister of Roumania, presents the other one
in a brochure just published, 'La question israelite en Roumanie, '
of which we find a synopsis in La Verite Francaise, No. 3401. M.
Lahovary begins by showing that the Jews have the same rights
in Roumania which they enjoy in the United States, except two,
and that they are nowhere persecuted, but prosper to such an
extent that many of them are enormously wealthy and the num-
ber of their synagogs is almost innumerable. The two rights
which are denied them are, first, the right of full citizenship with
its accompanying privileges of voting and being eligible for pub-
lic office, and, secondly, the right of acquiring land. However,
these rights are not denied to them for religious, but solely for
political and economic reasons. According to the organic law of
Roumania only natives can own real estate, and the Jews are
nearly all foreigners. Moreover, in Moldavia, where they have
chiefly settled, they have almost monopolized commerce and, by
taking up mortgages, reduced the farmers to the condition of hel-
ots. The exclusion of the Jews from the right of citizenship and
the privilege of acquiring land are, therefore, nothing but a meas-
ure of self-defence taken by the government to protect the nation
against a foreign race which threatens to engulf them and is the
main cause for the existing weakness and impoverishment of
the masses, especially of the agricultural population. It proceeds
from the same motives which impel the United States to exclude
the Chinese and to suppress the negroes wherever they threaten
to grow too numerous or powerful.
+r +r +r
Acting on a request of the German Consul to do something "to
suppress and ferret out the traffic in human bodies and souls
carried on in Europe and here through procurers or agents," the
police of Philadelphia have recently, as our readers know from
the daily papers, made a sweeping raid on nineteen houses of ill-
fame in the residence portion of that city. They arrested fifty-
one men and 113 women, mostly girls in short dresses, apparent-
ly under fifteen years of age. The investigation now in progress
seems to prove that there is an organized "gang" sending young,
innocent females from all parts of Europe to New York, Balti-
more, Philadelphia, and Pittsburg, for immoral purposes. Most
of the proprietors of said places have Jewish names, and Rabbi
Krauskopf of Philadelphia took an active part in the proceedings
against them. It developed so far, that a "syndicate" of Jews op-
erates systematically for "supplying" a chain of houses of ill-fame
746 The Review. 1902.
in American cities with innocent women from all parts of Europe
on a "business basis," practically selling- these unfortunates to a
life of shame.
In Vienna, Austria, it was known for twenty years or more, that
an organized traffic in women was carried on in the Empire for the
shipment of "supplies"' to houses of prostitution in Roumania,
Bulgaria, and the Turkish provinces ; but notwithstanding the
activit3r of the Austrian police, little could be done for the suppres-
sion of that infamous business, as international complications
made success almost impossible. Many a pretty girl disappeared,
mysteriously from her home, whose movements could be traced
on the road to Bucharest for example, but — no farther, and she
was never heard of again. Evidently this syndicate has now in-
cluded the United States of America in its field of operations.
But what should be said of the moral condition of a city where
such institutions can flourish right under the eyes of the police,
so to say? The nineteen raided houses are located in the resi-
dence section of Philadelphia, and the inmates were mostly "girls
in short dresses, apparently under 15 years of age ! !"
It will never do to charge the existence and patronage of Phil-
adelphia houses of ill-fame to the "foreign element" of the popula-
tion. Philadelphia prides itself on being the most "American"
of the large cities of the Union, and while it contains a large num-
ber of foreign-born people, a comparatively small portion of these
is financially able to indulge in the luxuries of a "sporting life."
So the main support of these institutions of shame must come
from the "natives."
Judging from the results of that police raid, the numerous
missionaries sent out from Philadelphia for the conversion of the
"savages" in the Philippine Islands, could find fit subjects
for their work for many years much nearer home, since, accord-
ing to all accounts, houses of prostitution were an unknown "in-
dustry" in the islands before the American occupancy.
^^ ^^ ^^
We learn from the Rome correspondent of the Associated Press
that "the decision of the Propaganda regarding the appointment
of a new archbishop for Chicago to fill the vacancy caused by the
death of Archbishop Feehan, has been postponed, principally on
account of objections received from several American bishops
concerning the doctrines held by Bishop Spalding."
If such objections have been lodged, they can not have sur-
prised those members of the Sacred Congregation who are read-
ers of The Review.
For the rest, Msgr. Keane was promoted to Dubuque despite
the fact that he held and championed doctrines so objectionable
as to elicit an Apostolic Brief in condemnation.
ah &% a%
It is asserted in a Rome despatch to the Chicago Tribune (Nov.
33rd) and other papers that Msgr. Sbarretti's appointment to
Canada was made by the Holy Father in complete opposition to
the Ireland faction, who got his mission to Manila revoked on the
ground "that he was not'persona grata at Washington," and who
No. 47. The Review. 747
strenuously worked for his "complete removal from the scene of
American affairs."
We see no motive for such opposition, since Msgr. Sbaretti, so
far as the public is aware, has never done anything to provoke the
opposition of Archbishop Ireland or his friends, but has diplo-
matically avoided taking- sides in all recent controversies.
*A. ^n> ^&
At the recent banquet of the Minnesota Society, Archbishop
Ireland expressed the belief that Canada eventually will pass
under the dominion of the United States, and that the transition
will come without conquest or war. This prediction has greatly
diminished the respect of Canadians for the prophetic power of
our famous episcopal politician. Among the comments it has
elicited from the American Catholic journals friendly to the
"Pauline Prelate," this from the Intermountain Catholic, of Salt
Lake City, (No. 8) is probably the most curious :
''Instead of giving tongue to nights of fancy and stimulating
unhealthy desire for American expansion, how much better could
Archbishop Ireland turn sober words toward improving our arid
lands by irrigation, thereby making it possible for Americans to
raise crops and erect homes upon American territory. Arch-
bishop Ireland is a great temperance apostle, an insistent advo-
cate of the beneficence of cold water. Why not urge its generous
use in enriching the soil as well as curing the evil of strong drink?
We need water in this western country, and we need it more than
we need Canada,"
*• >» >»
The Sacred Heart Review (No. 21) quotes from an unnamed
(why not give the sources of your quotations, cher confrere ?>
Protestant paper some significant incidents bearing on the Chi-
cago Parliament of Religions. It seems that several of the ex-
ponents at that gathering of non-Christian Oriental religions have
already come to a bad end. "The gentleman with a red fez who
spoke so glowingly of Mohammedanism, its virtues and its phil-
osophy, was, when last heard of, in a New York jail, for practis-
ing upon the credulity of silly admirers and living by petty
swindling. The picturesque philosopher in a yellow turban and
flowing robes whom we used to meet at every turn of the World's
Fair under an assumed name, enjoyed his beefsteak as well as
any of his hosts in Chicago, and then went back to India to lie
about the thousands of converts to vegetarianism made on Wa-
bash Avenue and Ashland Boulevard. Well, he is dead and all his
crooked career has come to a final stop. And now Mozoomdar,
another of these picturesque Orientals, has given up the attempt
to reform Hinduism, and with a sorrowful farewell betakes him-
self to the high hills to die there."
3£ St- $g
We read in the Pittsburg Observer (No. 25): "It is desired from
Rome that the Rt. Rev. Denis J. O'Connell, formerly Rector of
the American College there, should be elected vice-president of.
the (Catholic) University, so that in the event of the transfer, in
748 The Review. 1902.
the near future, of Bishop Conaty to some other sphere of epis-
copal activity, Msgr. O'Connell would succeed him as Rector in
Washing-ton."
Who can it be in Rome that desires the complete downfall of our
Catholic University ? For to foist upon it as rector a man of the
reputation and antecedents of Msgr. Denis O'Connell, whom the
Pope himself found it neccessary to remove from the director-
ship of the American College, and who more than any other living
person bears the stigma of "Americanism," would most undoubt-
edly spell the utter ruin of an institution which is just barely re-
covering from the imprudences of a Keane and a Bouquillon. We
sincerely hope the Roman authorities will not be deceived in this
important matter b}' those who are posing as the friends and sup-
porters, but who are in reality — consciously or unconsciously —
the most dangerous enemies of our poor struggling University.
^^ ^^ ^^
In the Catholic Union and Times a priest warns his confratres
against a traveling troup of entertainers calling themselves "Fay
& Co.," whom he accuses of enticing unwary pastors — for adver-
tising purposes — to performances which have for their stock-in-
trade demonology and fortune-telling. Demonology is a terrible
charge, and we do not know whether the reverend correspondent
could substantiate it if hard pressed ; yet there seems to be no
doubt that "Fay & Co." are a suspicious aggregation, and as The
Review goes to clergymen all over the country, we thought it our
duty to make a note of this well-meant warning.
The"Rev. "J. M. Caldwell, pastor of the Union Avenue Methodist
Church, Chicago, has achieved ephemeral notoriety (cfr. Chicago
Tribune of Nov. 19th) by introducing a brass-band in his Sunday
services. It is to be feared, however, that even brass-bands with
pretty girl players will not fill the empty Protestant meeting-
houses.
0 . & 0
The Chicago Inter-Ocean recently expressed the opinion that
the diminished church attendance of which practically all the
Protestant sects complain, is attributable to the preachers. The
N. Y. Sun does not share this view. "If the people are earnest
in their religious belief and crave spiritual food" — it says (Nov.
16th) — "the}T are not critical of the preacher, so long as he is in
earnest like themselves. When they set to carping at his ser-
mons, it is a sign that they are not hungry for the food. In times
of religious revival the humblest, the plainest preacher inspired
by an ardent faith, is eloquent enough for them. If there is in
their hearts the demand, the supply is sure to come. At the time
of the Great Awakening in 1857, the preachers in New York were
not abler men than their successors are now, and not greater pul-
pit orators, but the fire of religious belief in them kindled a re-
sponsive flame of religious emotion in the hearts of the people,
No. 47. The Review. 749
for the crowds who listened to their appeals were already burn-
ing- with a desire for the word of salvation."
There is truth in these observations. The real fault is doubt-
less absence of religious faith both in the pulpit and in the people
who ought to fill the pews. And the Sun rightly concludes :
"Only when men really believe in the world to come and that
all other profit is a snare and a delusion so long as they lose their
souls in its pursuit, will the churches be as thronged as are the
marts of trade and the stock-exchanges."
"5 ^ ^
A recent editorial in the Chicago Chronicle regarding vac-
cination says: "The people who believe in vaccination insist
that their children shall not be put in peril by the presence
of unvaccinated children." The ridiculous fallacy of this
"argument" has been so often shown that, but for the fact
that it is persistently disregarded, it would be unneces-
sary to mention it. If vaccination protects against smallpox, why
are those thus protected afraid to associate with the unvaccin-
ated? If vaccination is effective, the3r should be in no danger
either from the unvaccinated or from contagion from contact
with smallpox itself. We find, however, that the much and often
vaccinated people are frequently more afraid of the disease than
those who are not "protected" by vaccination.
0 0 0
An esteemed contemporary dolefully reports the fact that "the
copper-toed boot has passed out of the market." To the scientific
mind there is almost as much interest in accounting for this phe-
nomenon as in explaining the extinction of the Great Auk or the
Dodo. Our contemporary thinks that the box-toe and the exten-
sion sole have taken away the necessity of the metallic reinforce-
ment, and remarks : "The sole put on shoes now-a-days is so
thick and the toe-cap so strong that a boy can 'scuff' and kick
movable objects with almost as little damage to the shoe as if it
were covered with metal."
We doubt whether any pater-familias with a few lusty boys
clamoring every ten or fourteen days for a new pair of shoes, will
endorse this unlikely theory. We take it that the copper-toed
boot of our fathers is too clumsy and boorish for the present gen-
eration, which prefers ease and elegance to solid durability.
A clerical subscriber in Illinois writes to The Review :
Looking through some back numbers of the ^Ve-w York Medical
Journal, I found the following interesting item in the edition of
August 27th, 1898, p. 318 :
"Clinical Quackery. — The Chicago Medical Recorder for August
says that the Roman Catholic Bishop of Augsburg. Germany, has
recently made a communication to the clergy of his Diocese on
the increasing tendency of the clergy to give advice in cases re-
quiring medical treatment — a practice which he condemns and
750 The Review. 1902.
charges that it be avoided. The action of this Bishop, says our
contemporary, is the more pertinent, since the home of the late
Father Kneipp and his successors is within his Diocese. Would
that the American clei'gy, both Catholic and Protestant, might
receive a similar rebuke and that their penchant for quack nos-
trums might be forsworn."
This is certainly wise episcopal legislation (if it be a fact). I
know of a case where a child fell and dislocated his knee. Instead
of going to a physician, the parents took it to Sister X. in St.
Louis, who has the reputation of possessing a "king-cure-all;"
the result is a cripple for life. The good Sister gave the mother
some salve for "white swelling," where a physician would have
at once diagnosed, and very probably healed, a dislocation of the
knee. Ne sutor ultra crepidam!
+r +r +r
"The batch of sermons published in the Monday issues of the
New York papers"- — says Dr. Lambert in the Freeman 's Journal
(No. 3620), — "affords the psychological student a rare opportuni-
ty for the study of the vagaries of the human intellect, and of the
itching strenuosity of the preachers to say something odd,
whimsical, fantastical, in a word, bizarre. They supply the pa-
pers with just the kind of sensational stuff they like to insert in
their budget of strange things. A plain sermon instructing the
ignorant in the truths of Christianity, or exhorting evil-doers to
repentance, would find no place in these papers. It would be too
commonplace. What they want is those oratorical, colored-light
pyrotechnics wherein the pulpiteer exploits his facility of curious
phrase and makes his exposition of Christianity contemptible
in the eyes of the serious and thoughtful, and an object of ridicule
to the thoughtless and wordly minded."
The same condition of affairs obtains in nearty all our large
cities, as a glance at the Monday morning papers will show. Un-
fortunately, here in St. Louis at least, we occasionally find among
the sensational preachers thusl reported, a Catholic priest. Dr.
Lambert's remarks ought to set these clergymen to thinking.
It is the opinion of Prof. Paul Haupt, Director of the Semitic
Department of the Johns Hopkins University and one of the best-
known Orientalists in America, that the mines to which King
Solomon sent his ships with the servants of King Hiram of Tyre
to get precious stones with which to decorate the Temple in
Jerusalem, are the mines of Almaden, owned and worked at pres-
ent by Baron Rothschild of London. These mines are in the
Province of Cordova, in southwestern Spain.
There have been ridiculous rumors recently of a Mormon-Cath-
olic alliance in Utah. The facts are these : Senator Kearns, a
Catholic, whose term does not expire till 1905, is actually working
for the election of the Mormon candidate for Senator Rawlins'
No. 47. The Review. 751
seat, "Apostle" Smoot. The Intermountain Catholic justly char-
acterizes this conduct as incongruous and explains it by intimat-
ing that Kearns pledged himself to vote for Smoot at the time of
his own election, and that he naturally wishes to succeed himself,
which can only be done by clearing the way for the election of a
Mormon by the legislature just chosen. "Without the Silver
King(mine), "significantly adds our contemporary, "Tom Kearns'
religion would be a bar to political honor in Utah."
Few writers could invest the tritest of topics with the variety
and erudition of Thomas DeQuincey. In his Historical and Crit-
ical Essays he treats of secret societies, and at every turn one is
amazed as well as surprised at the badinage and scholarship with
which the commonplace theme inspires him. "The two best
known of all secret societies," says he, "that ever have been, are
two most extensive monuments of humbug on the one side and
credulity on the other. They divide themselves between the
great ancient world and the modern. The great and illustrious
humbug of ancient history was the Eleusinian Mysteries. The
great and illustrious humbug of modern history, of the history
which boasts a present and a future, as well as a past, is Free-
Masonry." The great and illustrious humbug of twentieth-cen-
tury Catholic America, we are tempted to add, is the "Knights of
Columbus" with their apery of Masonic hocuspocus.
3P S? 3P
Commenting on a recent utterance of His Eminence Cardinal
Gibbons, on the burning topic of Sunday observance, the N. Y.
Evening Post (Nov. 3rd) says:
"When Cardinal Gibbons speaks of the deadening effect of the
Sunday newspaper he is on surer ground. Waiving for the mo-
ment all issues of taste and morality, there is nothing better cal-
culated to soften the brain of a people than indiscriminately to
pore over that mass of miscellaneous news, scandal, gossip, and
illustration which makes up the Sunday newspaper of to-day. To
devour this mess, anaconda-like, leaves a man, as Cardinal Gib-
bons aptly remarks, fit neither for worship nor for rational rec-
reation."
3 ? ?
The four thousand Catholics of Ansonia, Conn., have nearly
completed the imposing church structure which theylhave been
rearing for the last thirteen years on the "pay-as-you-go" prin-
ciple. When the Rev. Joseph Synnott, who has been the pastor
of the parish since 1886, bought a site for a new church in August,
1888, it was with the resolve that not a shovelful of earth should
be dug and not a stone laid in place which the parish did not have
the money to pay. Thus it has taken thirteen years to realize an
ambition which could have been gratified a decade earlier, but for
the unselfish determination of the debt-loathing pastor. The ex-
terior is now practically finished, and the interior will be complete
752 The Review. 1902.
and the church ready for occupancy in about two }Tears, it is
thought. In all $120,000 has been spent on the building and it is
estimated Ithat the further cost will be between $40,000, and
$50,000. The "pa5T-as-you-go" principle recommends itself as one
that might be followed more generally in church-building in this
country without detriment to the progress of religion.
^" ^" ^^
What the boasted majority of Combes really amounts to, can
be seen from a table published by the Gazette de France, which
shows that the 329 deputies who recently voted to support the
government in its anti-Catholic campaign, represented altogether
2,723,111 voters, among eleven million and a half entitled to vote,,
of whom nine million did vote in the last election. Combes' ma-
jority therefore does not even represent one-fourth of the citizen-
ship of France and less than one-third of the votes cast at the last
election.
S£ v« N§
Are the French Catholics coming to their senses at last? Louis
Veuillot once said : "It is preferable to be beaten under one's
own colors than to be victorious under those of others." Felix
Rosnay, in La Veriti Francaise (No. 3340), says about the same
when he winds up his discussion of the scheme of concentration
prepared by the Temps as follows : "Catholics have been too long
the dupes of compromises and capitulations to let themselves be
caught again by other attempts which, checking the Revolution
for one moment, may allow it to burst forth all the fiercer in the
next. With a little understanding of their rights and duties,
they could not, without annihilating themselves, step on board of
this frightful galley of .'Concentration,' where pure and fresh air
never enters. For them the true concentration consists in a re-
lentless and merciless fight against any and all the revolutionary
elements of a policy that is weakening and disrupting France more
and more."
The Review hopes to see La Verite carry out this program.
It will be the only way to save that unhappy country.
+r +r +r
The Catholic Citizen (Nov. 8th) is authority for the statement
that "'twenty-two daily newspapers in New England are owned
and edited by men of Irish blood." And yet, there is not one
daily newspaper (English) in that region which serves the Cath-
olic cause.
j* *r *r
The new method of teaching now in vogue in the public schools
of New York, as described by the Sun of Nov. 16th, spells rev-
olution indeed, for it teaches children to read before they know
the alphabet, to write without copy-books, to cipher without the
multiplication table, etc. No wonder the question is agitating the
minds of the parents and guardians of the rising generation,
whether in these up-to-date times children are being as well
grounded in the three R's as were the youngsters of former gen-
erations.
Lord Baltimore, "Catholic MaLrylaLi\d "
8Li\d the Toleration Act.
TJur truth-loving friend Martin I. J. Griffin is still at it in
his Historical Researches*), killing off the many errors
— their number actually seems to be legion — of Catholic
American history current among our people. The last issue for
1902 (Vol. xix, No. 4.) contains a startling paper on the settlement
of Maryland and the famous Toleration Act. It is standard his-
tory among Catholics that the Catholics of Maryland, fleeing from
persecution in England, formed the colony of Maryland and em-
bodied in its laws the great principle of religious liberty.
Mr. Griffin points out that this it mostly rot. There was not
then any special persecution of Catholics. Lord Baltimore did
not come to Maryland at all. He was a convert to Catholicity and
got his estates in Ireland and the title he bears in history, after
his conversion, from a Protestant king. The twenty "gentlemen"
who were the chief settlers of the colony, have no records of
suffering for the Faith in England and did not "flee" to Maryland
to be free in the exercise of their religion. They never mani-
fested any concern for religion, either in England or Maryland,
so far as we know. Very many, if not the majority, of the first
settlers of Maryland were Protestants. Hence Lord Baltimore
had to be tolerant of necessity, as he was from principle. His
"persecuted" Catholic brethren in England were not over-eager
to rush to the unknown land across the sea, though two priests
went with the expedition. Lord Baltimore was himself tolerated,
in fact, if not in law, in England, at the time of the two royal
grants to him ; hence he could not have restricted liberty of con-
science to Catholics and would not have been permitted to try to
do it. He could not and, of course, would not, debar Catholics.
He wished his colony to be peopled and prosperous. So he de-
sired to allay religious antagonisms and have people live in har-
mony, if not in unity. Nothing appears in his papers or in those
of the settlers, to indicate the least concern about the Faith or
the desire to establish an asylum for persecuted Catholics. Even
the priests who came there, as far as the Lord Proprietary was
concerned, were mere settlers, and neither Lord Baltimore him-
self nor his successors werespecially gracious totheclergy, whom,
*) Published quarterly at one dollar a year. Address : 2009 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Several of our readers have recently become subscribers to this interesting and valuable
quarterly upon our recommendation, and we hope several more will find it in their heart to
give Mr. Griffin their support in his arduous but necessary work for historic truth, by subscrib-
ing to his magazine.
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 48. St. Louis. Mo.. December 11, 1902.)
754 The Review. 1902
indeed, they rather restricted, hampered, and controlled"}"). There
are those who see retributive justice in the political and social
troubles thit came upon the successive Lords Baltimore for
measures antagonistic to the Jesuits.
"The Toleration Act of 1649," Mr. Griffin adds, "sent to the
Maryland Assembly by Lord Baltimore for adoption, was passed.
It little matters whether the majority of the Assembly were
Catholics or Protestants-both claims are made. It was an attempt
to keep Maryland free from the Puritan agitation and warfare
prevailing in England. In plain terms it simply forbade Catholics
and Protestants in Maryland from calling each other names. It
really did not grant toleration. That had existed for years."!)
Mr. Griffin in conclusion gives it as his opinion — and the
opinion of one so thoroughly versed in the early ecclesiastical
history of this country is entitled to considerable weight — that
*'it is doubtful if at any time the Catholics in Maryland were
in a majority. Father White at one time wrote that 'three
of four parts' were 'heretics.' When Catholics in England were
being let alone, then religious toleration prevailed in Maryland.
When anti-Catholic agitation or persecution went on in England,
then the Catholics in Maryland had a hard life of it. After the
overthrow of James II. they were worried, harrassed, doubly taxed
and restricted in religious exercises, like the Mass, to private
houses, and the priests almost debarred from visiting the sick,
and prevented from attending Protestants, so as to save them
from conversion to Catholicity. Catholic Maryland ! What a
misnomer at any time, and especially for nigh one hundred years
prior to the Revolution of 1776. Protestants ought to be ashamed
to claim that a majority of the Assembly of 1649 was theirs in
view of the subsequent wrongdoing to the Catholics, and the ob-
literation of all signs of toleration."
If these statements are true — and we believe in their substan-
tial accuracy — another chapter of American Catholic history will
have to be rewritten.
t) "Under these stringent conditions two Jesuit Fathers were proposed to Lord Baltimore,
and, receiving his sanction, sailed for Maryland in 1642. But. though harmony was restored,
the missionaries must have felt discouraged and hampered, and the new Conditions of Settle-
ment issued by Lord Baltimore bear the impress of great jealousy of the Church, reviving the
English ideas of mortmain, and inadvertently paving the way to direct persecution of the whole
Catholic body." Thus Shea in confirmation of Mr. Griffin's statement (The Catholic , hurch in
Colonial Days p. 61.)
J) vnother Catholic searcher in the records of the past (C. M. Scanlan, in the New C>ntury,
Nov. loth. 1900), declares it as his belief that every Catholic member of the Assembly voted
against the Toleration Act. which he calls "the first act of intolerance in Maryland." since un-
der its provisions Jews, Unitarians, and infidels could be put to death for expressing their be-
liefs. It decreed death against all who "shall deny the Holy Trinity, the Father, Son and Holy
Ghost; or the Godhead of any of the Three Persons of the Trinity or the unity of the Godhead,
etc." iSee facsimile of a contemporary edition of the Act in Prof. Woodrow Wilson's recently
published History of the American People, voL I.)
*
755
The Ultramontanes.
ccording to "liberal" authorities, the"Ultramontanes" are
a peculiar species of Catholics, dyed-in-the-wool fanatics
and hopeless obscurantists, opposed to all reasonable
progress, entirely devoid of patriotism, knowing but one aim
and purpose, viz., to reduce the world to slavery under the priest-
hood and the temporal power of the Pope and thus to destroy
every vestige of freedom. They are constantly looking "beyond
the mountains" Romeward, standing ready to carry out the most
terrible commands that may issue thence. Hence it is a sacred
duty for every enlightened lover of humanity and of every self-
respecting government, to combat "Ultramontanism," which does
not mean to fight theCatholicChurch, inasmuch as there is between
the two an essential difference ; so tnuch so that he who assists in
destroying the cockle, serves the Church by helping to rid her of
her troubles and leading her on the path of light and progress.
All of which sounds quite plausible and seductive, and we do
not wonder that even Catholics are misled by it.
In matter of fact there are no such "Ultramontanes" in the
Catholic Church, nor in opposition to them, true Catholics who are
alone worthy of breathing the same air with the liberal progress-
ists. The real situation is this : There are in the pale of the
Church millions who profess their religious faith fearlessly, love
it sincerely, and live according to its dictates. They venerate in
the person of the Roman Pontiff the vicegerent of Jesus Christ
on earth and the successor of St. Peter, whom they owe obedience
in all things pertaining to salvation. They feel and resent every
insult offered to him as a grievous wrong and protest
against it. They behold in the bishops the successors
of the Apostles and adhere to them with unshakable loy-
alty. They honor their priests, obey them and do not
allow them to be maligned or persecuted. They deny to the
State the right of ruling the Church and are not afraid to so de-
clare themselves. They strenuously oppose the suppression of
religion in the schools and in public life. They receive the sacra-
ments often, devoutly and conscientiously, keeping not only the
commandments of God, butthose of the Church as well. They do
not read irreligious or immoral newspapers and refuse to vote for
any candidate for public office whom they know to be hostile to
their religious conviction. In short, they dispose their daily life,
private and public, according to the commandments of God, the
dictates of their conscience, and the directions of their divinely
appointed religious authorities, without much regard to the spirit
of the times or the ruling fashion.
Another class of Catholics does just about the contrary. You
756 The Review. 1902.
will find their names entered in the baptismal registers, but they
disregard all such antiquated things as baptismal vows with
sovereign contempt. They are not interested in the fate of the
Holy See, and care little how the hierarchy or the clergy fares.
They hold that religion ought to be confined as closely as possible
to the four walls of the churches. Too rigid teachings ought to
be softened and their acceptance or non-acceptance on the part of
the individual Christian be made dependent on the degree of his
scientific accomplishments. Religion and politics must be kept
strictly apart. The State is the supreme master and under cer-
tain conditions may be justified in plundering the Church. Con-
vents and pious societies they consider quite superfluous, the
laws of the Church obsolete and inopportune. The obligation
to receive the sacraments weighs on them like a heavy burden,
which they shirk as much as possible. Any definite and firm
statement of Catholic principles and their defence in public life
is eschewed by them as a sign of "retrogression," which they ab-
hor. Toleration is their great watchword, and this toleration
they carry so far that they do not hesitate to join liberal clubs
or Socialistic groups, nor to keep and read newspapers inculcat-
ing the most pernicious heresies and errors. Occasionally they
will go out of their way to pity and even denounce the poor retro-
grade "Ultramontanes," as they are pleased to call their faithful
and loyal brethren.
The "Ultramontanes"are the abomination of the true-blue Lib-
erals, while the class of Catholics last described represent in their
eyes the real, up-to-date, Catholicism, which, if they can not ap-
prove, they can at least find it in their hearts to tolerate.
It is mere deception if our enemies declare that the battle
against the "Ultramontanes" is not a battle against the Church.
This distinction is simply made to lull those to sleep who have
not learned to think. Those Catholics whom our modern secular
and liberalistic press dubs "Ultramontanes," are precisely the
good, faithful, loyal Catholics, the elite in the great army of the
Church, who prevent her enemies from neutralizing her influence
in modern society and stabbing her to death. It is the men who, be
they priests or laymen, fight most courageously and effectively for
the independence and liberty of the Church, who are decried as
"Ultramontanes," while those who never lift a finger to prove the
faith that is in them are lauded to the skies as enlightened, prog-
ressive, and up-to-date Catholics.
Which proves that it is an honor and a duty to be counted among
the "Ultramontanes ;" for as Alban Stolz tersely puts it : "He who
is baptized in the Catholic Church, but is not ultramontane, is like
a deaf nut offering no kernel, for he lacks the living faith."
757
The Career of a French State Bishop.
A Flashlight on the Politico-Ecclesiastical Situation in
France.
III. — ( Conclusion.}
rom the time of the appointment of the new Vicar-General,
the diocesan administration was all the government
could wish for. First came an attempt to destroy the
leading Catholic newspaper of the episcopal city, which was
saved only by the unanimous protest of the clergy. Then all the
old papers of the Society of the Peter's Pence were destroyed,
under the pretext that said society aided Catholic political candi-
dates and hurt the Masons. A parish priest, who for his gallant
defense of the Sisters, had been made an honorary canon, was
dismissed to please the politicians. Then the Chancellor was
disgraced and the Rector of the diocesan seminary was removed
from his post because he was too orthodox. Two circular letters
were issued, forbidding the clergy even private activity in elec-
tions. The Abbe M. was deposed for having founded a Catholic
school. False testimony was brought against the Abbe G. Two
cures were severely disciplined for upholding the aforesaid Cath-
olic newspaper. A Catholic high-school was destroyed by the
suppression of its agricultural department and the removal of its
director. All religious establishments were ordered to pay the
tax of 'accroissement." Two parish priests were sent to prison
for conspiracy, but declared innocent by the tribunals ; the as-
sociation for the defence of the clergy was squelched. One Abbe
was dismissed for being unable to obey the law concerning the
church fabriquc. Another was handed over to the mercy of a
senator, for any punishment he saw fit to inflict on him. Still
another cure was ordered removed, because he opposed the
change of a teacher, but the sentence was stayed by the interven-
tion of a senator and a deputy. The Abbe M., a parish
priest, was deposed for having founded an agricultural bank ; he
later died from chagrin. Then a scandalous proceeding was in-
stituted against a venerable archpriest, who died shortly after-
wards. This was followed by the proscription of a prominent
clerical author for having defended the Church against a persecut-
ing government and protested agfainst the proposed nomination of a
coadjutor to the Bishop. Then came the dismissal of the director
of the petit-seminaire. All these iniquities, and many others,
occurred within ten years.
Would you wonder if, under such trials, the Diocese, so far a
model, had fallen into ruins? Luckily it remained true to its tra-
ditions, its doctrines, its thoroughly Roman spirit, though, natur-
ally, it lost much of its vigorous Catholic life.
758 The Review. . 1902.
Priests, distinguished by their learning, good works, ministra-
tions, and a thousand clever initiatives helpful to the salvation of
souls, continued to abound in the Diocese.
But what are we to think of a bishop who, besides abetting such
iniquities, allowed to be published in his Diocese some eight or
ten indifferent or even hostile journals, which calmly carried on
a propaganda of dissolution and destruction, after trying to de-
stroy the only Catholic religious paper he had? Such things prove
either mental aberration or pitiable weakness.
These are facts, facts of yesterday, facts incontestible. Their
recollection may be inopportune, their history disagreeable, even
for the victims ; but history remains history, and it is impossible
to undo it.
What a strange episcopate ! A priest, who is not a bad man,
pushed into ecclesiastical dignities by his family, without voca-
tion or ability. Accepted by apersecutinggovernment, to please
this government he literally demoralizes the clergy, undermines
religious institutions, and disorganizes the administration of
his diocese. During the fifteen years of his episcopate, the diocese
is "run" by politicians and clerical schemers. Materially there
was a state of schism, although an outward attachment to the
Holy See was professed. The Bishop did nothing against the
anti-Christian machinations of the ruling powers, but rather
lent a helping hand. His sympathies were with the enemies of
religion, whom, in his blind optimism, he declared excellent men
when they were loudest in their attacks on religion. He never
issued a pastoral letter or circular ; he never preached ; he never
devoted himself to pastoral duties; he did not even visit his en-
tire diocese. But he faithfully drew 50,000 francs annual salary
during his fifteen years' administration and perhaps a like sum
from the diocese. No one ever heard that he founded or subsidized
any religious institution, nor was he ever known to give a penny
to the poor.
The history of this unhappy Bishop is a blank page, covered
with a black spot ; the blank page indicates the absence of good
works ; the black spot is the symbol of his malfeasance in office.
Such is, and will be, the fate of every diocese, if Rome does not
strictly control the choice of bishops and severely punish the
reprehensible actions of bishops who bow to the "new regime."
In 1899 Bishop L. resigned, after he had made sure that the
government would give his see to the man who had virtually ruled
it during his own incumbency and who had spared no effort to in-
gratiate himself with the ruling powers. We refer to the Private
Secretary, later Vicar-General, who presides to-day over the des-
tinies of the unhappy Diocese, while the "hero" of our story lives
in retirement somewhere in Europe, with the rank of a titular
archbishop. A. S. F.
759
CONTEMPORARY CHRONICLE.
THE RELIGIOUS WORLD.
Rome and the Philippine Question. — We take the subjoined inter-
esting- passages from a correspondence of the well in lor mt d and
alert young American priest who under the penname ,4 Vox Urbis"
writes regular Roman letters to the N. Y. Freeman's fournal
(see No. 3622 of that paper):
"More than once during the course of the Philippine negotia-
tions in Rome Vox Urbis has frankly confessed that he was
nonplussed by the situation. The facts that have come to light
show that almost everybody else from the President of the
United States and the Commission of Cardinals down were equal-
ly bewildered. In the first place, the President and his entour-
age were informed that if they consented to send a Commission
to Rome the Holy See would grant them anything under heaven
they asked for — including, of course, the summary expulsion of
the friars;*) in the second place, the authorities here had never
an inkling that such a preposterous proposition as the expulsion
of the friars was to be submitted to them.**) Governor Taft in-
troduced this awkward matter with consummate skill. He pro-
fessed to have nothing to say against the friars themselves or
about their extravagant wealth. On the contrary, he seemed to
give them credit for nearly everything of good that was to be
found in the Philippines. The great trouble, he explained, was
the fact that the Filipinos detested them, had driven them from
their parishes, would never permit them to return. It would be
necessary for the American government to use armed force to
reinstate them— and the American government flatly declined to
do anything of the kind. As may be well imagined, this was put-
ting the Holy See in a very awkward position. But in spite of all
this the ecclesiastical authorities resolutely declined to be a party
to the banishment of the friars. They recognized, however, that
in the face of the opposition of the United States government and
of the alleged opposition of the Filipino Catholics, it would be
well to provide for the gradual removal of the religious, and
promised to second this by instructing the generals of the four
orders concerned to supplant, as occasion offered, the Spanish
friars by others of different nationalities. All this was done on
the supposition that the Spanish friars were obnoxious to the
Filipinos and a cause of disturbance to the American possession
of the islands. It is now clear, and the fact is doubtless known
to the Holy See, that both these hypotheses were without foun-
dation. The Filipinos have solemnly protested that they desire
the friars to stay, and the United States government, after nearly
four years of rigid surveillance, has failed to find them guilty of
*) It would be interesting to find out'who thus misled the ad-
ministration.— A. P.
**) This despite the fact that Bishop O'Gorman was a member
of the Taft Commission.— A. I
760 The Review. 1902.
any attempt, or even desire, to subvert the new order of things
in the Archipelago.
Archbishop Chapelle, though he has no mission in Rome at
present connected with the Philippines, does not hesitate to say
in the most emphatic manner that the friars are necessary for
the salvation of religion in the islands. He understands the sit-
uation thoroughly, he knows that the charges made against them
are quite unfounded, he is absolutely convinced that the people
are anxious to have their ministrations, and he is persuaded that
if less attention were paid to the threats of the secret societies
and the persuasions of* the Protestant preachers, the United
States government itself would be the most enthusiastic advo-
cate of their retention when the present storm has passed over.
The present attitude of the Holy See with regard to the situa-
tion is one of considerable doubt. It is glad of the opportunity
that has been furnished it of treating with the representatives of
the United States, but it is an open secret that it regardsthe ulti-
mate results of the relations that have been established with con-
siderable apprehension. Everybody in Rome admits that the
task set to Mgr. Guidi is one of extraordinary difficulty and of
doubtful success. Indeed, within the last week a rumor is cur-
rent in circles usually well informed that the new delegate on
arriving in the Phillipines will receive notice that his stay is not
likely to be prolonged,"
This view of the situation is partially confirmed by our own pri-
vate advices from the Eternal City.
LITERATURE.
The Holy Ghost and the Holy Eucharist. By Rev. A. A. Lambing,
LL. D. For sale by the author at Wilkinsburg, Pa., and Catholic
booksellers. Paper, 5/4x3/4, 30 pp. Price ten cents; in quantities
of more than twenty-five, six cents a copy.
This is the substance of a paper read by Father Lambing be-
fore the St. Louis Eucharistic Congress and is now printed with
the Imprimatur of the Bishop of Pittsburg, in the hope that it
may tend to increase devotion to the Third Person of the adora-
ble Trinity and to the Blessed Sacrament of the Altar, and show
the unity of their divine operations in the sanctification and sal-
vation of souls.
Les Droits en Mat/ere (/'Education. Par Le Pere F. X. Godts, Re-
demptoriste. J. de Meester, Bruxelles & Broulers. 1900.
This work, in six parts, with four appendices, is the most
comprehensive treatment of the educational question in view
of modern tendencies and errors, of which we know. In the first
part the reverend author, widely known as a keen logician and a
staunchly ultramontane theologian, describes by way of general
preface the plan and scope of his work; in the second, he treats
in three divisions of the fundamental principles underlying the
whole question, liberty, the law, and justice; in the third, he
considers the rights of parents, with an appendix on the special
rights of school-teachers and another on the absurd pretensions
of the Socialist educationalists in Belgium, for which country the
No. 48. The Review. 761
work is primarily intended; in the fourth part, he describes the
rights of God and His Church in education, devoting a special
appendix to the rights of Christian children; in the fifth part, he
considers at length and with great critical acumen the rights of
the State, adding an appendix on the true sense of article 17 of
the Belgian constitution; the sixth contains a full statement of his
thesis and a resume of the entire argument, which covers no
less than 1740 pages. We have not, though the work has lain on
our desk for some time, had leisure sufficient to peruse it entire,
but have dipped into its treasures on various occasions and got
the impression that it is the best available statement of the Cath-
olic position on the school question in relation to modern condi-
tions, and a veritable arsenal of logical weapons wherewith to
fight the pernicious educational errors of the present day, in
America no less than in Belgium, for which country, as we have
remarked, it is primarily intended.
Little Manual of the Third Order of St. Francis. Translated, Adapted,
and Enlarged from the German of Rev. Cassian Thaler, O. M.
Cap., by Rev. Bonaventure Hammer, O. F. M. Fr. Pustet &Co.,
New York and Cincinnati. Size 3^x5 inches. 220 pp. Bound
in flexible brown paper cover, net ten cents, $7 50 per 100 copies.
This little manual is intended for the use of directors and
members of the Third Order of St. Francis. It is most explicit
and comprehensive and enjoys the approval, in the original, of
the Minister General of the Capuchin Order and the Sacred Con-
gregation of Indulgence. A specially valuable feature is the elab-
orate and accurate enumeration of the spiritual benefits granted
to the Third Order by Leo XIII. and of all other indulgences ter-
tiaries may gain.
The Catholic Church and Secret Societies. By Rev. Peter Rosen,
Hollandale, Wisconsin. Cannon Printing Co., Milwaukee, 1902.
For sale by the author and Catholic booksellers. Price $1.
This booklet bears the Imprimatur of Archbishop Katzer and
contains much valuable material, inaccessible to most of us, on
the secret society question, which the reverend author rightly
calls "the most serious problem facing the Catholic Church in the
United States to-day," and which he treats chiefly from the stand-
point of religion, showing that most secret societies popular
among us, partake of the nature of religious sects, because they
have rituals prescribing religious ceremonies, signs and symbols,
special funeral rites, etc. We believe with Father Rosen that the
majority of those who belong to these societies are unaware of
their real character and tendencies, and hope that his little book
will do much to enlighten especially Catholics on this important
matter. We are assured by the author that this is already the
second edition, although it does not appear from the title page.
For a third we would suggest a brief chapter on Catholic secret
societies, for which Prof. Schulze's remarks in his Pastoral The-
ology on the Catholic Order of Foresters, and the files of The
Review in re Knights of Columbus, would furnish interesting
material. A revision of the work from a stylistic standpoint would
also seem to be desirable.
762
MISCELLANY.
Doukhobors aurvd Alhigei\ses.— Dr. Conde B. Pallen draws an in-
structive parallel between our modern Doukhobors and the Albi-
genses of the Middle Ages :
We have read in history about the Albigenses, a fanatic sect of
the Middle Ages, and we have also read the sympathetic accounts,
generally given by non-Catholics, of their career. Just now we
have been reading in the newspapers the account of the crazy
march of the Doukhobors in northwest Canada, their fanaticism,
their insane folly and their stubbornness. The Doukhobors are a
•peaceful people, harmful only to themselves. But to their insan-
ity and their fanaticism add murder, rape, rapine and a general
spirit of destruction, and you have the picture of the Albigenses
and other furious sects of the Middle Ages. Just imagine the
Doukhobors possessed of the spirit of lawlessness marching
through a peaceful community, terrorizing and ravishing 1 What
measures do you suppose such communities would take to pro-
tect themselves against the horde of insane invaders? Well, the
measures taken against the Albigenses of the Middle Ages by
the public authorities were simply means of self-preservation
against bands of crazy fanatics who would have destroyed social
order. Were the Doukhobors of Canada violent and bloody, like
the Albigenses and their kind, we would have the Canadian gov-
ernment sternly repressing them. They afford a characteristic
picture of the extremes to which religious fanaticism can go.
Men, women, and children under the impulse of a religious frenzy,
start on an aimless march in the face of cold and exhausted by
hunger in "the search for Jesus," as they aver. Children die on
the way, women and men fall exhausted by the wayside, but the
crowd presses on, whither they know not, under the leadership
of their insane leaders. There is no stopping them. They are
insanely possessed of the one idea, to go onward, and that means
to death by cold and exhaustion. There is no reason under the
sun why the Canadian government should not forcibly stop them,
and it has done so. They are simply a crazy mob, just as irra-
tional and irresponsible as if they had broken out of insane asyl-
ums. An individual rushing to self-destruction is forcibly re-
strained ; why should not a crowd be likewise restrained?
Unpunished Church-Looters.— The Freeman's Journal (No. 3620)
calls attention to the fact that, besides the murder of Father Au-
gustine, still unavenged, for which the government at Washing-
ton should not be permitted to shirk responsibility by asserting
that the Vermont Yankees who perpetrated the atrocious deed,
are not now in the United States service, — there are other serious
matters in connection with the doings of "our army" in the Phil-
ippines that must not be allowed to pass into oblivion : the dese-
cration and looting and destruction of churches, for example, as
to which one of the Franciscan Fathers of the islands in a recent
letter to a member of his order in the United States says :
"Regarding the desecration/ of churches, the looting of vest-
ments, chalices, etc., in the beginning of the war, about two years
ago, all the charges are true, but a great change has taken place
No. 48. The Review. 763
since, as a proof of which I can report that two chalices have been
restored to the Archbishop's secretary by the Americans. Who
burned the Church of Dolores in the Province of Tayabas? Am-
ericans, according- to an American soldier. Many churches were
desecrated by making- stables of them, or storing them with
goods, or by using them as barracks. Even at this time the
church at Baler, where one of our Fathers is stationed, is so used:
the Father, therefore, holds services for the natives in a small
hovel."
Justice has been slow in pursuing those looters of two years
ago, assuming that it has even yet begun to pursue them. "It is
gratifying, however, to know that two of the chalices have been
returned to the owners. But where are all the others, and what
has been done, is being done, or will be done for the recovery of
the whole of the stolen property or compensation for it, and the
punishment of the looters? These questions are eminently in
order and have been in order for a very long time. We hope and
we can not doubt that until satisfactory answers are forthcoming,
the agitators will keep urging and pressing them upon the atten-
tion of those whose duty it is to answer."
Evolution a.nd the Pla.net Mars.— In his recent expressions as
to the habitability of the planet Mars, Professor Hough of North-
western University has the weight of "authority" with him, though
many astronomers will question seriously his bold declaration
that the planet is actually inhabited with sentient beings of a high
type.
The point of interest in Professor Hough's announcement is
the declaration that, as the law of evolution has resulted in the
development of a sentient race on earth, that law, operating in the
case of the Martians, must have produced there a race now great-
ly superior to the people of the earth in intellectualdevelopment.
Mars, Venus, and Mercury, he reasons, are old planets, and pre-
sumably habitable. Mars, being very much older than the earth
and having solidified and cooled long before the earth was fit for
animal habitation, the process of evolution there presumably be-
gan much earlier. Judging from the published excerpts from
Professor Hough's report, he believes that the Martians have ad-
vanced to a stage of cultivation and intelligence which is hardly
conceivable to the minds of earthly races.
Our friend Prof. Pohle has shown that there is nothing in the
Catholic faith incompatible with the theory that Mars and other
celestial bodies are inhabited by sentient and intelligent beings;
but before we believe the theory to be more than a mere hypo-
thesis, we want to see proofs.
The Army Caa\teei\.— Much has been said with regard to the
army canteen of late, and there seems to be a general sentiment,
shared even by such temperance apostles as Archbishop Ireland,
that it ought to be restored. The situation is admittedly one of
the choosing a lesser of two evils. Under the present regime,
contiguous districts outside military reservations have become in-
fested with every type of parasitic dens, "vile places run by
scoundrels, where soldiers are debauched and fleeced.
The enlisted man is homeless during his three-year term ; he
?64 T^e Review. 1902.
can not lie on his bunk in the squad-room all off-duty hours ; the
troop or battery or company billiard-room or barber shop can
rarely accommodate him ; so he seeks social recreation and excite-
ment elsewhere ; he can have no sisters or sweetheart or wife in
the post. Under these circumstances vand even the "sociologist"
will grant that it doesn't spring from pure depravity) he will
drink, no matter what may have been his home training or his nat-
ural preferences.
The"canteen,"as the post exchange is still unofficially called, is
a garrison co-operative store. Its profits, divided pro rata among
the several organizations, are generally utilized to raise the quali-
ity of the "mess," by supplying greater variety of food, butter,
eggs, fresh vegetables, and occasional delicacies. With the abo-
lition of the beer feature the mess table suffered the loss of its
principal source of extras.
Along with beer the men now indulge in "rotgut whiskey," and
scatter their money in gambling-hells and cesspools of vice.
When the absolute result of the abolition of the canteen is the
flagrant violation of the law, both State and military, as we are
assured it is by the army authorities, it would certainly seem that
the installation of a single garrison beer-bar under judicious su-
pervision and control were a plan eminently superior to the toler-
ation of conditions that now obtain.
An Ess&y on Editors. — A teacher of a public school in North-
ampton, Mass., submitted to her class a number of questions not
in the text-books, and requested that the answers be returned in
manuscript. Among the subjects was this question : "What
Are Newspapers?" A bright boy handed in the following essay:
"Newspapers are sheets of paper on which stuff to read is
printed. The men look over the paper to see if their names is in
it, and the women use it to put on shelves and sich. I don't know
how newspapers came 5nto the world. I don't think God does.
The Bible says nothing about editors, and I never heard of one
being in Heaven. I guess the editors is the missing link them
fellers talk about. The first editor I ever heard of was the feller
who wrote up the flood. He has been here ever since.
"Some editors belong to church and some try to raise whiskers.
All of them raise hell in their neighborhood, and all of them are
liars ; at least all I know, and I only know one. Editors never
die. At least I never saw a dead one. Sometimes the paper dies
and then people feel glad, but some one starts it up again. Editors
never went to school because editors never got licked. Our pa-
per is a mighty poor one, but we take it so ma can use it on our
pantry shelves. Our editor don't amount to much, but paw says
he had a poor chance when he was a boy. He goes without un-
derclothes in winter, has no socks, and has a wife to support him.
Paw hasn't paid his subscription in five years, and don't intend
to."
^#%
765
NOTE-BOOK.
There is a fad among- children in St. Louis, and possibly else-
where, of collecting- "stickers," i. e., gummed pictures or labels,
and pasting them in scrap-books. Of course this fad is exploited
sedulously by many business men. In the late city campaign
even candidates for office had "stickers" printed and distributed
among the school-children, to influence the voting members of
their families. But we were not aware till last week that cer-
tain Protestant churches are using "stickers" as a means of
propaganda. We have before us as we write a photogravure of
the "Evang. Ebenezer Church," 2911 McNair Ave., printed on a
gummed slip, with the address of the church, the hours of service,
and the invitation : "Don't fail to come !" Every child who attends
service or Sunday School, receives such a "sticker" and is prom-
ised a "sticker-book" for each companion he may bring along. We
are told that Catholic children are thereby enticed into Protest-
ant meeting-houses and Sunday schools, and make a note of it
here to warn parents and pastors.
3& 96 x
The Rev. P. Heribert Holzapfel, O. F. M., on his recent pro-
motion to the doctorate, successfully defended before the theo-
logical faculty of the University of Munich a number of remark-
able theses, of which the following three will undoubtedly inter-
est many of our readers :
I. "Contra ofiiniotiem, quae tenet matrimonium S. Henrici II.
virginale fuisse, gravissima argumenta adduci fiossunt." II. "Trans-
lationem Domus B. M. V. Lauretaneae factum historicum non esse."
III. "Rosarium a S. Dominico neque institutum neque ftrofiagatum
est."
On the latter point, our Pastoraiblatt lately published a very
cogent argument. We believe it is now pretty generally conceded
among scholars that the pious legend, that the Blessed Virgin
gave St. Dominic the Rosary, is untenable ; the "neque propaga-
tum est" of P. Holzapfel goes even farther.
The controversy regarding the Holy House of Loreto has re-
peatedly been touched in The Review. It appears that Msgr.
Baumgarten's account of the origin of the fable of its miraculous
translation (see No. 2 of the current volume of The Review) is
fully borne out by authentic pontifical bulls lately discovered in
the Roman archives.
Thesis! ought to eliminate the topic of St. Henry's virginal
marriage from the sermons and books of over-enthusiastic ad-
mirers. A legend against which "the gravest historical arguments
can be adduced," should at least not be proclaimed from the pul-
pit as a genuine fact.
. Why we take notice of such things as these? Our reasons have
been tersely stated once before (see vol. ix, No. 3 of The Review):
1. We wish to prepare the Catholic public for what sooner or
later must be published ; 2. we want to warn them to be cautious
with regard to medieval legends in general and not to attribute to
766 The Review. 1902.
them a weight which they do not possess; 3. we want to show
that there is and ought to be a very great difference in the atti-
tude of Catholics towards what is accidental and merely orna-
mental in the Church — such as pious legends — and what is essen-
tial, viz., the contents of the inspired writings and the infallible
teaching of the Church.
It is of especial interest, in this connection, to note that the
movement for the revision of the historical portions of the Brevi-
ary, so strongly advocated by the most learned theologian among
recent popes, Benedict XIV.,*) is continually gaining in strength
among Catholic scholars.
Ng Ng Ng
A generally well-informed Rome correspondent, "Vox Urbis"
of the N. Y. Freeman's Journal (No. 3.622), writes under date of
Nov. 12th : "It is quite certain that Msgr. Spalding has been ap-
pointed to Chicago, but it is more than probable at this moment
that this nomination has either been canceled or is about to be
canceled."
+r +r +r
Certain articles on Msgr. Conaty and the Catholic University,
which appeared of late in several Catholic newspapers, notably
the New Century of Washington, must have given rise in the
minds of many to curious reflections. We did not desire to be
the first to voice these reflections, because even the sanest and
justest criticism of the University and its affairs on our part is
invariably attributed there — though, as our readers know, without
the shadow of justification — to enmity and chronic opposition;
but now that a paper always considered most friendly to the in-
stitution, the Hartford Catholic Transcript, has at least indicated
these reflections, we will reprint its timely remark (No. 25):
"It is highly amusing to note how seriously certain of our
Washington writers take themselves and with what a grand
flourish they address themselves to the task of setting the Uni-
versity, its Rector, its trustees and the Pope right before the au-
ditors of America. Indeed, so grotesquely do they antic in their
efforts to prove that the reign of the present Right Rev. Rector
has been one of heroic endeavor and sublime achievement, that
he is ready to retire with laurels unique and unfading, and that
it is high time to relieve him from labors so herculean, that one is
forced to look beneath their bungling reiterations and enquire the
real cause of the proposed change. Either these scribes take
themselves altogether too seriously, or the University feels that
it has to square itself before the public. At this distance it seems
very much like a case of save me from my friends, or rather from
those who simulate friendship altogether too industriously."
a*, at n
The Christian Register, (article reproduced in the Philadelphia
Bulletin, Nov. 24th) is amusing in its proposition for the estab-
lishment of a "special universal religion" for "Anglo-Saxon" com-
*j Cfr. Baumer, Gesch. des Breviers, pp. 562 sq.
No. 48. The Review. 767
munities. It seems to be a fixed idea with many Americans that
the United States must have something: "extra" in everything;, —
morality, Sunday observance, religion, etc. In view of the news
in the daily papers, one is inclined to believe that the American
ideals are indeed radically different from those of other civilized
nations.
A Philadelphia reader of The Review writes with regard to
the traffic in girls mentioned in our last : "I spoke to a reporter
a few days ago, who was 'working up' this subject, and his de-
scription of the actual condition of affairs is simply horrible, not
fit for writing. Children of about eleven years of age at the ser-
vice of beasts in human form 1 And Philadelphia sends mission-
aries to the benighted Catholic Philippines ! !"
^^ ^^ ^*
No matter what may be alleged against Bishop Spalding's pe-
culiar world-view, he is at least not a shallow optimist nor an
idolatrous adorer of America and her institutions. In his new
book, 'Socialism and Labor,' he says :
"Nevertheless it is obvious that when there is question of Am-
erican life, a merely optimistic view is a shallow and a false view.
There are great and wide-spread evils among us, as also tenden-
cies which, if allowed to take their course will lead to worse evil.
There is the universal political corruption. There is the dimin-
ished sense of the sacredness of property. There is the loosen-
ing of the marriage tie and the sinking influence of the home.
There is a weakening of the power to apprehend spiritual truth,
and a consequent lowering of the standards of value, a falling
away from the vital principles of religion, even while we profess
to believe in religion. There is, indeed, enough and more than
enough to keep all who cherish exalted ideas of the worth of hu-
man life and who love America, lowly-minded and watchful."
+r -+r +r
Speaking of Ernest Renan's 'Life of Jesus, ' the St. Louis Mirror,
not by any means a religious paper, says (No. 42): "It is neither
a work of science, nor of profound philosophy. It is a medley of
dreamy notions and poetical conjectures. It breathes the spirit
of a pyrrhonic dilettante. It is a religious epic." "There is
nothing more preposterous than the idea that a man of the Renan
type of character and ability could ever detract from the value of
axiomatic Christianity, or disprove, or permanently impair the
belief in, the divinity of the Nazarene."
±* +<c +r
The D'Annunzio cult is an actuality in Europe, as well as in
this country. Everybody that pretends to be up-to-date in liter-
ary knowledge, and to be an admirer of the Zeitgeist, talks glibly
and learnedly about the marvelous, epoch-making art of the great
Italian. Gabriele d'Annunzio (Gabriel of the Annunciation) is a
poetic pen-name, assumed because its bearer aspires to be known
as the prophet, the annunciator of a new faith, a new cult in art.
768 The Review. 1902.
What sort of a new faith is this, bumptiously heralded by fanfar-
onading self-conceit? The distinctive traits of d'Annunzio are
described by F. A. House in the Mirror {Ho. 42) thus : "A cadav-
erous view of life ; a love of the horrible, the fecal, the deformed,
the diseased and the unnatural ; a grotesquely hysterical imag-
ination, and a pronounced ability to play with brilliant word-pic-
tures and to invent scintillating phrases." The same critic right-
ly characterizes the D'Annunzio cult of literature as a "brutally-
refined, hedonic pessimism of a kind that is utterly foreign to the
healthy-minded and healthy-hearted man and woman, and for
this reason alone is doomed to failure. There is neither art, nor
aristocracy of thought in the Italian's writings. If it is art it is
that which suggests decomposed, fetid bodies." And he adds :
"The D'Annunzios, the Ibsens. the Tolstois, the Verlaines, and
the Gorkis represent intellectual aberrations and idiosyncrasies.
They have their day and cease to be. Their rancid pessimism
and their hackneyed philosophies, their mystical lunacies and
prurient religiosity are merely passing afflictions."
But alas how many minds do they poison and how many hearts
do they corrupt while they last !
<*r *r +r
We read in the Philadelphia Record (Nov. 27th) that the latest
report of the New Jersey Charities Aid Association makes start-
ling statements concerning jails in a number of the counties of
the State.
"The vilest immoralities obtain. Female prisoners are attended
by male prisoners, and a case is cited of a mother going to visit
her 17-year-old daughter to find the entire group of female pris-
oners enjoying cigarettes, rum, and obscenity. One who sees
the demoralization of the jails at May's Landing and Camden,
can not doubt for a moment that a brothel itself can do less harm
to women prisoners, and through them less harm to society, than
these jails, to which the law condemns them." The jails of New-
ark and Jersey City are roundly condemned, and the report says:
"As schools for crime, the county jails are a great success."
Another evidence of our boasted Christian civilization ! We
trust Governor Murphy, who, we believe, is a Catholic, will put a
stop to these iniquities.
Tr« V V»
One of our local dailies recently contained a storjr. showing
how "love sometimes laughs at the laws of creed." It was the
story of a young woman of Catholic family, and claiming herself
to be a Catholic, who got a divorce from her rightful husband on
Monday and married another man, with a distinctively Irish name,
the following Saturday. Her mother, when interviewed, is
alleged to have said :
"Yes, we are all Catholics ; I can not recall an occurrence of
this sort in our family for generations back, but my daughter is
happy, and that is all I want."
Such, unfortunately, is the skin-deep Catholicity of thousands
and tens of thousands in this most Christian country.
Leo XIII. 3Livd the Crisis ii\ France.
he Vatican does not enter a protest against the high-
handed anti-Catholic proceedings of the French govern-
ment, says the Kohiische Volkszeitung, because it is of the
opinion that such a course would not advance the Catholic cause
in France, but rather be a drawback to it.
The recent proceedings in the Chamber of Deputies have clear-
ly demonstrated that the fanatics of the Cabinet possess for their
anti-ecclesiastical plans a determined majority, which will stop at
nothing. In all probability a strong protest of the Pope would be
what they want, because it would offer them an opportunity to
strike more severely. In order to interfere successful^, the Pope
would need a strong and determined party, which would listen to
him and support his protest. But such a party is precisely what
is wanting in France, and it will take considerable labor to create
one. As long as matters remain in the present condition, no ac-
tion of the Pope could bring about a change.
The AUgemeine Evangelisch-lutherischc Kirchenzeitung shows in
a recent article that France is at present unmistakably in a
"moral crisis," and in proof it cites a few extracts from the Prot-
estant Tcmoignage, which manifest a hatred, simply appalling,
against God and things divine.
Thus the Aurore, e. g., writes: "Too long have we been the dupes
(i. e., of Christian morality), and we now dream of a new morali-
ty diametrically opposed to that of the Gospel, a morality truer,
sounder, and more in keeping with human nature and of a species
that will not leave respectable people exposed to the attacks of
tartiiffes. No matter what Jesus may have said, our kingdom is
nevertheless of this world, and it is the height of foil}' to re-
nounce the goods of the world to be enjoyed by the wise and the
shrewd; to suffer uselessly in the illusory hope of an eternal bliss
after death. Religion, all religions, have at all times only hum-
bugged pepple. I imagine that God himself, this God whose onl y
excuse is, according to the terrible saying of Stendhal, that he
does not exist, says to man : My Son has deceived you ; my Son
has said to you : Renounce, deny yourself everything here on
earth, pray for those who persecute you, and offer the left cheek-
when you have been struck on the right. I, however, say to yon
on the contrary : Woe to those here below who are not enlight-
ened, woe to those who are intellectually unarmed ! They shall
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 49. St. Louis, Mo., December IS. 1902.)
770 The Review. 1902.
receive no reward, for after death there will be only absolute
nothing. Struggle, defend yourselves, take your share and don't
let yourselves ibe robbed. In nothing else is there salvation ;
your reward is on earth and not in heaven, which is the creature
of your fancjr."
M. Vernes, a former professor of theology in a Protestant uni-
versity, published an article of similar tenor in the ex-Abbe
Charbonnel's Raiso)i.
The Kirchenzeitung remarks upon this frivolous and blas-
phemous outburst against God : "The Temoignage discovers a
faint consolation in the fact that the movement in question is not
limited to France. That beyond the Rhine there are similar signs
of a waning faith and general demoralization. That across the
Channel they also complain of the want of leading men in the
churches. But even if the Temoignage expresses the hope that
the opponents of Christianity in France deceive themselves in sup-
posing that they shall ere long be victorious, it is nevertheless
constrained to ask whether the last moments of France have
come. And indeed, to every one who wants to see, it is evident
that the moral crisis is more dangerous than the political con-
tentions."
If even a Protestant periodical, in view of the rapid spread of
atheism attacking the Catholic Church, becomes alarmed and
asks whether "the last moments of France have come," things
must indeed be in a sad plight. Why it has come to this, we will
not now enquire. That it has not happened without grievous
fault in ecclesiastical circles, is plain to anyone who has followed
the course of events in France. Compromising political party
alliances, unclerical exclusiveness and deficiency in understand-
ing social questions, disgraceful credulity and enthusiasm, ex-
travagant devotions offensive to sound religious sensibilities
(devotions parasitat'res), have done their share in bringing about
the present critical condition.
The men who now shape the destinies of France have flung
Christianity to the winds. It is the road to death, the way into
the abyss they are traveling, and this too with full deliberation
and intent. They war directly against almighty God. Upon
such men no words of the Holy Father could make the slightest
impression, and under these circumstances the discreet reserve
of Leo XIII. is exceedingly wise. Unless in the course of time a
prudent and energetic reaction sets in. on the part of the French
Catholics, the fanatics of atheism who are now at the head of the
government, will continue their nefarious work of destruction
unchecked.
771
The Church and Nationality.
recent volume by the Austrian theologian Dr. Haidegger
('Der nationale Gedanke,' Kath. Pressverein, Brixen)
contains some very opportune reflections on the ques-
tion of Church and nationality.
In all ages, says the author, it was the constant endeavor of the
Church to train a native, national clergy for the various peoples
and nations. The Apostles themselves followed this rule. We
read of St. Paul preaching in Jerusalem : "And when they heard
that he spoke to them in the Hebrew tongue, they kept the more
silence" (Acts xxii, 2.) And to his disciple Titus he wrote :
"For this cause 1 left thee in Crete, that thou shouldest set in or-
der the things that are wanting, and shouldest ordain priests in
every city (Tit. I, 5), which is generally understood to mean
native priests.
The same endeavor inspired the disciples of the Apostles and
all Catholic missionaries down to the present day. We refer as
shining examples to St. Patrick in Ireland, St. Augustine in Eng-
land, St. Boniface in Germany, Sts. Cyril and Methodius among
the Slavs.
Even to-day the Catholic missionaries in pagan lands zealously
strive to provide a native, indigenous clergy for the tribes and
nations whom they have Christianized, being fully penetrated
with the conviction that such priests can accomplish more than
foreigners. The establishment at Rome of various colleges for
the training of a native clergy for the countries they represent,
such as the Irish, the English, the German, the American, etc.,
is due to the fact that such training could not be accomplished
rapidly or thoroughly enough at home.
And wherever she is unable, for some reason or other, to give
people priests of their own blood, the Church demands that they
be at least attended by such as have acquired their tongue. Dr.
Haidegger quotes the XX. Rule of the Apostolic Chancery as fol-
lows : "The Pope wills that, whenever a parish or other benefice,
involving in any manner whatsoever the care of souls, has been
conferred upon any clergyman who does not understand the
language of the place where such parish or benefice is situate,
such appointment shall be null and void." And he concludes :
"The Catholic missionary is held to acquaint himself thoroughly
with the language of the people to whom he is sent. And in con-
formity with the spirit of the Church, her missionaries every-
where endeavor to study the national customs and] usages of the
people and to preserve and cultivate, nay even to adopt, their na-
tional peculiarities, so far as these do not conflict with the Gospel."
Our Leakage and How to Stop It.
o many men fail the Church, is a complaint often heard.
There is no general exodus, but a defection which, be-
cause it is gradual, does not excite immediate attention.
The manner of it is cause of increased anxiety. Those having
care of souls deplore what too often happens in their experience.
Here, for instance, is a Catholic family with half a dozen or more
boys. They were educated in Catholic schools ; yet, fairly
launched in commercial and professional enterprises, one by one
lessens in fervor in the practice of his faith, and finally omits it
entirely. There is another family in which the bo3Ts enjo}red
equal advantages, but not one of them took a Catholic wife. Fail-
ures of boys of other families less favored, who soon after their
first holy communion must earn their bread in shops and factories,
need not be mentioned. Those mentioned are for the purpose of
precluding the application of these causes of failure to all cases.
Even with Catholic school and home advantages, boys too often
quit the Church after reaching manhood.
The decline of the practice of the faith, particularly in popu-
lous parishes, is hardly noticed by the congregation. It is known
that many have been Catholics, but not why they are Catholics no
longer, Often the decline is sudden, especially so when the
young man is away from home, a stranger to his surroundings.
Sometimes languages and customs differing from those of his
boyhood parish, deter him from entering heartil}7. Parents
grieve, because the boy fails in practice of faith when he is eman-
cipated from parental authority. Age and quality, as he rises in
the ladder, seem to prosper diminution of faith. Professional
careers and city-life appear to draw men from the Church with
peculiar instance.
Why it is so, may not be easy to say. Some think the fault is
found in personal circumstance only. Some demand statistics.
before they accept what others see. Some, shutting their eyes,
protest: "More men attend Catholic services on Sundays than
men, women, and children of all other denominations together."
They do not advert that, though the comparison stands, the fact
still remains. Some again wrap themselves in exclusiveness and
answer, "The case is not so with us !" They defy proof claimed
to be within their sight. Finally, some, pretending a broader
view, declare, "No nation is as Christian as is our nation" — which
is like seeing the mote in your brother's eye.
A large number interested in the matter admit the condition,
but avow, "There is no cure." We have come upon times of un-
belief, in their opinion. The air is rife with aversion to Church
No- 49. The Revikw. 773
rule. Many Gospel maxims indeed are admired and in part ob-
served, but religion, in modern thinking- a personal concern, in
no concrete form is considered to oblige all under pain of loss.
Men, they contend, come within the circle of such a moving- spirit
rather than women, owing to their associations in business. But
others ask in return, "Are not social circles infected with a like
spirit, which equally alienates those ambitious to rise? Are not
the grip, Masonic membership, the badge of good fellowship, and
brother knight preferred to sacrament and mass, because they
promote socially as well as politically and commercially ?" There,
they insist, is the main reason which induces men to decide for
the broader road. At length, others, in seeming despair to ac-
count for the fact, throw the burden of cause on the want of, or
the failure to use, divine grace. That's refuge to mystery.
Now, though God's designs are inscrutable, there is no Calvin-
istic fatality. Worldliness, pleasure, wealth, concupiscence, un-
godly maxims do, on Scriptural authority, stretch snares across
the path of man, but God is faithful and gives grace, and "will
make also with temptation issue, that you may be able to bear
it" (I. Cor. x, 13.)
Christian faith and the exercise of it do not stifle action, nor
compel a man to withdraw from necessary competition in human
life ; they rather furnish courage and strength to establish the
kingdom of Christ in the soul and world.
The reasons alluded to above, may answer the question satis-
factorily when taken together ; singly however none will estab-
lish a rule.
It is permissible to ask further: "Is there no reason within,
which might be added to the number? Are we doing all that
could and should be done for our men and boys?" A whole army
of unselfish workers confronts the questioner at this juncture.
With due regard for their labors, the question is still in order.
Are we employing all possible means to further the kingdom of
Christ among men,— not flattering "the wisdom of this world,"
<J. Cor. i, 20.)— such as is to their understanding which helps
them against the seduction "of man puffed up by the sense of
his flesh, not holding the head, from which the whole body, by
joints and bands being supplied with nourishment and compacted,
groweth unto the increase of God" (Coloss. ii, 18, 19.) The word
of Christ indeed shall never be made void, but it must be applied
profitably to the exigencies of time and place. Let no one rejoin.
"The Church knows her duty!" She certainly does, and can
never utterly fail in it. Her example and history teach how to
behave under trying circumstances. The lesson is too often for-
gotten that man is the minister as well as the recipient of divine
774 The Review. 1902.
faith. Preaching the Word does not here apply exclusively to
the priest in stole and surplice ; every Catholic is an exponent of
it by "conversation worthy of the Gospel." (Phil. i. 27.)
The intellectual and moral temper of our time should be studied
and appreciated. What i* good should be pressed into service.
Sympathy is necessary. Social conditions, however much de-
plored, are here to stay. Has it come to this that men must be
told to retire from the world, if they will remain faithful to the
Church? There is contention indeed (Ephes. vi, 11 ss. ), but St.
Paul taught the early Christians how to brave it. Our Catholic
laborer and man of wealth, our Catholic in business and in the
professions, in society and politics, are to be assisted in their
honest endeavors. Of course, there is no agreement between
Christ and Belial, but all the world is not Belial's. Neither are
there concessions for faithless Catholics who strangely claim, if
at all anxious of conversion, that the Church must be converted
to their views, in order to win them back.
How soon, alas, the masterly expositions of our Holy Father
are forgotten! Assimilation proceeds by slow stages in all bodies.
Great care is to be taken in adaptation to new conditions. The
vanguard of the Church, in the thick of the fight, must lead in the
difficult task. Christian principles and directions for modern
enterprises, with special reference to men, are given in the pon-
tifical encyclicals. Education and the press are indispensable in
the undertaking. They must, however, be handled with direct
purpose. We must go down into the workshop. We must sym-
pathize with the rising generation. It has difficulties, all too
real, of its own. Socialism is rampant. In the Federation of
Labor meeting in New Orleans lately the Socialists lacked but a
small margin to prevail. The destruction of Christian principle
in the intellectual order is now carried into the social order. Our
young men must be convinced that the authority of the Church,
exercised in its sphere by divine appointment, is not an enemy.
but a friend of true progress. They should be told that the
Church relies on their honor and integrity for the commendation
and application of the only certain solution of the complicated
problems of modern life ; they should be "without reproof in the
midst of a crooked and perverse generation," ( Phil, ii, 15.), "hav-
ing faith and good conscience, which some rejecting have made
shipwreck concerning the faith." 'I. Tim. i, 19.)
St. Francis Seminary. Jos. Selinger, D. D.
^
775
CONTEMPORARY CHRONICLE.
EDUCATION.
An Outline of Studies and Division of Time for undivided Catholic ele-
mentary schools, averaging 50 pupils, with one teacher and about
25 school hours per week.*)
1. What should be taught in an undivided Catholic elementary
school? Religion, arithmetic, reading, writing, some grammar,
some geography, and U. S. history, singing, and manual training:
drawing for boys ; sewing, knitting, etc., for girls.
Religion embraces catechism and sacred history, not as entire-
ly distinct branches, but as closely interwoven with each other as
possible.
Arithmetic comprises the four operations on pure and denom-
inate numbers, fractions, and everyday business problems.
Reading includes spelling and elementary language lessons.
Some grammar ought to be taught in the upper class.
Writing a fair, legible hand is expected of every pupil.
Of geography, the county, State, and the U. S., also the out-
lines of the earth's large divisions should be treated.
United States history may be substituted for the fifth reading
book.
Singing. Besides some patriotic and popular songs, mainly
church hymns should be drilled.
2. What time should be allotted to each of these branches?
A. M. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday.
9-9:45 Catechism. Bible Hist. Catechism. Catechism. Bible Hist.
9:45-10:30 Arithm. Arithm. Arithm. Arithm. Arithm.
20 minutes recess.
10:50-12m. Reading. Reading. Reading. Reading. Reading.
P. M.— As no teacher can do justice to all the arithmetic and
reading classes during the morning hours, after singing some
song or hymn for five minutes when taking up school in the after-
noon, let him resume the work of arithmetic and reading until 2
o'clock. Then —
P. M. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday.
2-2:30 Geography. Grammar. Geography. Grammar.
20 minutes recess.
2:50-3:30 Penmanship. Dictation.!) Penmanship. Dictation.
The half hour from 3:30 to 4 is left to the free disposal of the
teacher for taking up work with weak classes or weak individual
pupils on the first four days of the week.
The Friday afternoon should be properly divided between
*) This outline was drawn up at a committee meeting and will
be submitted to general discussion by the Western Catholic
Teachers' Association at their Christmas meeting.
t) Comprising, besides simple dictation, the writing of letters,
bills, receipts, etc., possibly also songs and hymns to be mem-
orized.
776 The Review. 1902.
manual training- and singing- lessons — say from 1-3:15 manual
training, from 3:15-4 singing.
Where the attendance is fair, good results will be had from
following this outline. However it applies only to schools with
one language. Where besides English a foreign tongue must be
taught, the time allowed for reading, spelling, grammar, and
writing should be divided among the two, and, moreover, all
branches (arithmetic possibty excepted) be taught in the foreign
language. English is in the air ; the pupils will learn it readily ;
but the foreign tongue will not be mastered, unless it is made the
medium through which all other knowledge is imparted.
/s There a Teaching Profession in Our Common Schools ? — Mr. J. Eis-
elmeier, writing- in the Milwaukee Gerjnaniai^ov. 3rd), denies it
and gives his reason as follows :
Germany has in her public elementary schools 120,032 teachers,
of whom 102.799, (85 per cent.) are excellently organized in a great
federation. In America we have 400,916 teachers, of whom 10,000
belong to a sort of union, but they lack organization.
Among the German teachers there are 14,000 (11.5 per cent.)
ladies ; here in America we have 293,759 lady teachers, or 70 per
cent. In 1900 Wisconsin had 13,063 teachers, of whom 10,660
(81 per cent.) were women. In 1899, 556 (96.5 per cent.) of the
576 teachers in Milwaukee were women and only 20, (3.5 per
cent.) were men.
The German elementary school teachers are trained for their
profession. Of the American teachers 300,000 (75 per cent) are
without any and all professional training. While the German
teacher remains true to his profession for life, the American
teacher averages but four years in school.
The 120,032 German teachers have 114 pedagogical periodicals,
one for every 1.053 teachers. The 400,916 American teachers
have in all 151 professional periodicals (including those for higher
schools); one periodical for 2,655 teachers.
In view of these facts, one can not yet speak of an American
teaching profession, and it is readily admitted by experts that we
have none. Thus the Committee on Rural Schools, appointed by
the National Educational Association, after an examination last-
ing several years, declared : "Were teaching a profession in the
sense in which law and medicine are professions, teachers them-
selves would formulate the terms of professional recognition ;
but evidently the time for that is not yet." —
These utterances come from a source altogether friendly to the
public schools. We quote them to give priests and Catholic lay-
men weapons wherewith to fight efficaciously the foolish notion
of some Catholic parents, that the public schools furnish an edu-
cation superior to that of our own. Just think of it : 300,000 of
our public school teachers have no professional training whatever
for their employment, in other words, three out of four have no
business to be in that profession. No merchant will employ in
his office, to keep books, a clerk who has not learned how ; but the
great and enlightened American people entrust the dearest thing
they have, their own children, to men and women who do not
know the abc of education. Highschool graduates 15 or 16 years
old pass an examination at the County Superintendent's office and
No. 49. The Review. 777
within a fortnight are employed as teachers in the public schools.
And that is called "superiority !"
LITERATURE.
Two New Books on the Situation in France. — L'Abomination dans le
Lieu Saint. Par unanti-semite de la Patrie Francaise. 12c>. 293
pages. Paper, 3 francs. Arthur Savaete, Paris, Fance.— La
Desolation dans le Sanctuaire. By the same, same size and price
and publisher.
"Anti-semite" has not much drawing power for The Review
nor the majority of its readers. With a certain prejudice, there-
fore, we began reading these two volumes, the first treating of
"the efforts, machinations, and intrigues of the government to lead
astray the French people, corrupt the clergy, and secure willing
tools in the episcopate ;" the second dealing with "the foibles,
blindness, and treason of the general public, of priests and cer-
tain bishops, in lending a helping hand to the anti-Christian con-
spiracy."
After a careful perusal we must say, the two volumes contain
the best expose we have yet seen of the dangers threatening re-
ligion in France and indirectly France herself. "Anti-semite"
can not help exaggerating here and there, as when he praises
Deroulede and Drumont of the Libre Parole, etc.; but on the
whole he displays sound judgment, a sincere love for religion and
his country. Yet though, like a good surgeon, with a firm hand
he lances the ulcers from which France is suffering, he does not
indicate the remedy, or, if he does, not in a way to rouse public
sentiment. Rome may have been too lenient, the bishops weak-
kneed, the clergy Gallican ; but the apathy of the people on each
succeeding election-day is altogether too evident as to be passed
over in silence. Nor will books like these or even such as Dr.
Maignen's 'Nationalisms Catholicisme, Revolution,' rouse the
sleeping masses. Short, pithy, scathing treatises on the
burning questions of the day, scattered broadcast through the
land, would prove far more effective. There is ample material in
these volumes for half a dozen stirring pamphlets. The author
is not wrong when he says that ten bishops and a thousand
priests in prison would save France ; but we doubt whether his
two volumes will steel one bishop and ten priests to face prison.
Had he himself the courage to face prison, he would have written
his name, instead of "Anti-semite," on the title page.
THE RELIGIOVS]WORLD.
How the German Catholics are Preparing to Combat Socialism. It is
generally known that the Social-Democratic party in Germany is
making preparations to wage bitter war upon the Centre party.
An observing correspondent expresses his opinion as to the
outcome of the impending contest as follows:
"The Centre party possesses more than sufficient means to de-
fend itself against the united attacks from the Socialistic camp.
According to its latest report, the Volksverein fiir das kathol-
ische Deutschland— a society of about 210,000 members— has
778 The Review. 1902.
circulated during the last eighteen months b)4 millions of books
and brochures treating on the questions of the day, while the
official organ of the Society published many apologetical and so-
cial articles. The apologetical articles in this periodical are or-
dinarily based on information furnished by the Apologetical
Bureau of Information. By this bureau the Volksverein is en-
abled to send every week asocial and apologetical correspondence
to 350 Catholic papers. Besides spreading millions of brochures,
the Society promotes the interests of the people by taking an ac-
tive part in establishing guilds and trade-unions ; by helping to
apply the laws concerning insurance against accidents, invalidity,
old age. etc.; by calling the attention of the lawgivers to the de-
fects of the existing laws ; by holding conferences and organiz-
ing social and apologetical courses of studjr for Catholic laboring-
men. At Gladbach the Volksverein has two social and apologeti-
cal courses of study, lasting three months. These courses are
mainh' for laboringmen of more than ordinary intelligence, who
in various places become the leaders of the people. During the
period of one year and a half the Volksverein has held 1300 meet-
ings in the many towns where i,t is organized. Moreover the
Verein takes an active part in bettering commercial legislation,
while it is at the same time a forcible defender of the rights of
the agricultural classes against the attacks of free trade and
Social-Democracy.
"'This much about the Volksverein, which is only a part of the
Catholic organization in Germany. I have not mentioned the ac-
tivity of the bishops, the secular and religious priests, the Centre
party itself, and the ever-growing influence of the Catholic press.
Against such a perfect organization, extending over all classes of
people and all parts of the country, we may rightly assert that
the struggle of the Socialists is hopeless. A Catholic people so
active and so united is invincible."
So far the correspondent, whose words need no comment. May
our Federation be as successful in organizing the Catholic forces
in the United States !
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
Government Ownership of Mines. — Hon. Henry C. Berghoff, Major
of Fort Wayne, Ind., writes to The Review :
Permit me to suggest that your theory about government own-
ership of coal mines (No. 43) appeals to me with a great deal of
force, as to the ownership and operation of the mines by the gov-
ernment; yet I do believe that some way could be found by which
the government might own and yet not operate the mines, but at
the same time control, which is the most vital part of the present
controversy, the question of wages. Let us suppose that the gov-
ernment take possession of the mines under the law of eminent
domain, and pay to the owners the value of the same, then give a
long term lease of the property to either the present operators,
or to any other person who might become a bidder for the privil-
eges. In this lease, the government could prescribe the rules
for the operation of the mines, safeguard the sanitary con-
ditions, provide for the adjustment of wages under changing con-
No. 4r>. The Review. 779
ditions, and also fix the maximum price to be paid for coal at the
mines. As a payment for such privileges, provide that the oper-
ators pay to lessors a certain amount upon each ton of the coal
mined. In this way, the operation of the mines would be indirect-
ly in the hands of the government, yet it would have nothing to
do with the work in general. The government would, of neces-
sity, be compelled to provide a system of control over the output,
and some measure of accounting with the operators ; this would
not only give the government some knowledge of the operating
expense, but would also place it in a position to have some idea of
the financial possibilities of the business. It would also have this
further good effect that, the government being interested as
lessor, it would be to its interest to see that the rules of the In-
terstate Railway Commission be strictly enforced, and the freight
rates be equalized between the different commercial centers of
the country. The government being interested as lessor, might
with full right appeal to our courts for any breach of contract.
There is in my mind no doubt that operators could be found to
take charge of the property under such a lease. This arrange-
ment would also have a tendency to secure fair treatment from
the operators for the unions, and the operators would be pro-
tected by their contracts with the government. In case of a dis-
pute, both sides could appeal to that branch of the general govern-
ment, created for the purpose of hearing and determining all griev-
ances. If the eight hour law is the law of the land, the miner is
certainly entitled to it, and should have it. If the demands are
unjust on either side, the government is strong enough to take
care of both parties, if the question of arbitration is made a part
of the lease, no politician could be specially benefitted, unless the
arbitration committee selected by the government be so corrupt
that it would not listen to honest argument and reason, and if
this happens, the people will take care that a government is elected
that will appoint honest men to these positions.
The Direct Primary System in Minnesota.-In No. 2815 of the Independ-
ent, T. M. Knappen gives a calm survey of the working of the
direct-nominations law in Minnesota.
He points out many defects in the system, though on the
the whole his comments are favorable. The preliminary cam-
paign made by candidates for nominations was more arduous
than under the old plan, and doubtless more expensive. The
danger previously experienced in Hennepin County, of interfer-
ence across party lines, remained to a considerable degree, al-
though the direct-nominations act, when it was extended to the
entire State, was strengthened at this point. The independent
voter was at a loss to find his place under the new law, and was
inclined to resent the clause which compelled him, if challenged,
to tell how he voted the previous year.
On the other hand, Mr. Knappen declares that the candidates
chosen by the direct primary were in general better than those
formerly named by convention. Men who were well known, or
who were already in office, and whose records were not notori-
ously bad. naturally had a decided advantage over new men. Mr.
Knappen gives it as his opinion that "the refreshing results of
7S0 The Review. 1902
the system as it bears on honest municipal government, are alone
enough to save it from condemnation." The two trials which it
has had in Minneapolis, he says, prove that it insures good alder-
men. Outside observers, however, will not forget that thus far
it has not been proved that it insures good mayors, at least not in
Minneapolis.
MISCELLANY
The Intransigervcy of the Church. — Should the Catholic Church
not be a trifle more condescending and accommodate herself bet-
ter to the ''Zeitgeist" or to modern "Culture'? Is she not just
getting a little old and stiff in her joints ? and would it not be ex-
tremely desirable that she should rejuvenate herself? So say
not only our Americanists, but also many in Europe, alarmed by
the "Los von Rom" movement in Austria. But a progressive
Frenchman, Georges Goyau, who characterizes himself as be-
longing to "Les Catholiques d'Initiative," and who has achieved
distinction in literature, calls all these experiments of reconcilia-
tion obsolete and out of fashion. He writes (Autour du Catho-
licisme social, I. 35, 310): —
"There was once a time, when Catholicism was asked to be
more yielding. This was absolutely necessary, it was asserted,
in order to please the learned and secure the help of the power-
ful. Endless delight was taken in the thought of a minimum
Christianity, which would extend its conquests the further, the
more it diminished its demands. There was a wish, more or less
confused, that the Church might tone down the outlines of her
dogmatic edifice, round off the corners, give access to the fresh
breeze of the century. But the Church resisted. Pius IX. re-
fused all coquetting that had been expected from him. In the
depth of the Catholic conscience he saw the dogma of the in-
fallibility of the Pope slowly developed to daylight and advanced
to the point of maturity through the life of the Church, and he
had it proclaimed. The prudential minds far and wide were la-
menting over this excess of intransigency by which the papacy
was sure to be ruined. But also this time it happened to these
men, clever as the world is clever, that they were mistaken."
"It is exactly this intransigent character of the Church which
makes her appear attractive to thinking minds outside her pale.
They behold a Church, firm, resolute, unshaken. What former-
ly was considered a stumbling block, has now become for her the
stronghold of security. They are thankful to Rome for placing
before their eyes the Christian religion, instead of letting them
choose between various kinds of Christianity, inclusive of that
undefined kind which every one might find out for himself.
They welcome in the Church of Rome 'the teacher of faith and
conqueror of heresies,' and if we may use some other forcible
expressions of (the Protestant) F'-ancis de Pressense, 'a Chris-
No. 49. The Review. 781
tianity for the highest bidder' repels them, the 'inflexible and in-
exorable Catholicism' commands their respect
The Growth of Religious Fa.kerism. — From an article of Dr.
Pallen in the Pittsburg- Observer (No. 24) we extract these para-
graphs :
"There was a time in the history of Christian peoples when the
salutary hand of the law dealt with monstrosities of this charac-
ter, and society was safeguarded from such leprosies. Before
the advent of what masquerades under the appellation of free-
thought, but what is in reality the devil of license, there was such
a thing as a moral quarantine against spiritual infections. While
people might individually believe as they pleased, they were not
suffered to propagate their monstrous doctrines. Of course in
our times this would be called muzzling free-speech, because the
age has so far sunk below any appreciation of the dignity and the
right of truth, that it gives full scope to the grossest license of
falsehood. We fully understand the necessity of quarantine
against the entrance of physical disease, but we are, on the other
hand, completed blinded to the logical train of evils which follow
from spiritual infections. Under present conditions there seems
to be no remedy, and moral death stalks abroad through the high-
ways and the byways with absolute impunity. This means in
time also physical death to the people. But Modernism does not
or can not look so far into the regions of moral order. It has lost
the wisdom of Catholic enlightenment. In truth there is no more
alarming symptom of the moral decadence of a people, and the
subsequent physical evils to follow, than the widespread mon-
strosities, such as have been made visible in the recent exposure
of Tingleyism. It is easy to say that such abominations as we
see resulting from the practices of these absurd cults, are but
vagaries of human weakness, and that they will soon die out be-
fore a healthful public opinion. But where is your healthful pub-
lic opinion? The disease is daily spreading wider and wider,
which is conclusive evidence that the public opinion constantly
yielding to its ravages is not healthful. Eddyism, Dowieism, and
other fakerism are thriving and growing at an enormous rate.
The healthy public opinion to stay them is conspicuous only by
its surrender to the disease it is expected to combat. Well, this
is the inheritance of the age from the religious rebellion of the
sixteenth century, and the end is not yet. The only sane influence
to stay it is, of course, Catholicity. Catholics are protected from
its moral obliquities because they have an infallible faith. But
no man without that infallible faith is secure from the disease.
I have known Catholics who have wandered off into this region of
folly, but they have always been Catholics who had given up the
practices of their faith. They have been few, and their defec-
tion is easily accounted for. But it teaches the emphatic lesson
that it is only a firm and a practical faith, which cements itself
in the performance of duty, that keeps the spiritual life healthful
and the mind sane. As for non-Catholics, there is no safeguard
against the infections of Eddyism and cognate religious mon-
strosities. God abandons people without faith to their own
abominations, as he did in the days of the Apostle."
782
NOTE-BOOK.
Rev. Thomas McGrady, of Bellevue, Ky., has resigned his pas-
torate because his Bishop, Msgr. Maes, has at last undertaken to
bring- him to book for teaching- Socialistic errors. In a statement
given to the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune of Dec. 9th, he says :
"I have not abandoned priesthood. I have not abandoned the
Catholic Church. I will be a better member than ever before, for
the gyve of bondage has been broken, and I am free to proclaim
the true doctrines of Christianity. There are no trammels on
my limbs. I am no longer a slave and I rejoice in my newborn
liberty to bear the light of truth to the homes of the poor and
lowly. When I was engaged in the active work of ministry I was
constantly harassed by episcopal despotism, etc."
It is clearly the beginning of the end of the ecclesiastical career
of a man who should never have been ordained to the holy priest-
hood. In the sincere hope that he may yet see the error of his
way and strive to undo the scandal he has given, we can not but
express our gratification that McGrady has at last been forced
to give up his untenable role of a Socialistic priest. He will not
do much harm outside the Church, for it was not by any means
his ability or eloquence that enabled him to draw Catholics into
the Socialist fold, but the sacerdotal dignity which he paraded.
•*r +r *<r
Referring to the article "Anent a 'Sacred Concert' " in No. 45
of The Review, a reverend reader would like to know if with pro-
priety any sacred concert can be performed in a church for the
sake of revenue only. "The subject," he says, "is very interest-
ing, inasmuch as sacred concerts in churches for the sake of
revenue are coming more and more in vogue, in spite of the veto
of many bishops and the impending danger for the respective
pastors in thereby exposing their church-buildings to taxation."
A Missouri pastor writes :
"The Review has repeatedly advocated the creation of Catholic
free-schools. As I and several confreres intend to take the mat-
ter up, we would like to hear your opinion on the best mode of in-
vesting and managing the funds obtained by donations and leg-
acies. When a parish is incorporated, there would probably be
less difficulty. To buy and rent farms is not such an easy mat-
ter. Nor can the pastor get the money in his own name."
In oder to receive and legally hold donations and legacies for
school purposes, it will be necessary for a parish to be incorpor-
ated. This can be done under the Missouri law as follows : The
parishioners get together and form an association, electing a
president, secretary, and treasurer, who will submit to the cir-
cuit court of the city or county the articles of agreement, with a
petition praying for a fro forma decree of incorporation, which
will be granted without difficulty or delay. Where a parish does
not, for some reason or other, wish to incorporate as such, let the
pastor and a few members get together, form a school society
^o. 49. The Review. 783
and apply for incorporation in the same manner. Under our Re-
vised Statutes (Sec. 1397) any association formed to provide or
maintain a school may incorporate.
The question of investing- funds is more difficult. Farms are
not generally considered very good investments; nor are mort-
gages on country real estate always safe. Much depends on cir-
cumstances and a shrewd use of them by the investors. No gen-
eral rule can be made. If any one of our readers with experience
in this line has advice to offer, we will gladly give him space in
The Review.
54 3* $g
It seems strange to hear a Catholic bishop referring to a medi-
cal theory which is built up on the assumption that drunkenness
is a disease, curable by a drug, as "God's truth." In a pamphlet
which we have just received from the Leslie E. Keeley Company,
Dwight, Illinois, entitled 'Catholic Clergymen and the Drink
Evil,' we find the subjoined testimony from Rt. Rev. Bishop
Shanley of Fargo, N. D. :
"It is because I know it does save them, because I know it is
God's truth that I take the deepest interest in the Keeley Cure,
and so long as I live I shall raise my voice in advocating its
efficacy."
Again : "So long as a man is diseased you can not restore man-
hood by moral suasion ; there is something deeper than that, and
I firmly believe that Dr. Keele3r has got it" (s2*c/) — where the Bishop
openly avows that the intemperate are diseased.
What a lucky thing it is for humanity and for the old Church,
that her insufficient moral and sacramental means of reclaiming
the drunkard and the opium fiend, are in this centum of scien-
tific progress supplemented and enforced by that new revelation
of "God's truth," the wonderful Keeley Cure ! ! !
^^ ^^ ^^
It is interesting, and in the light of certain American practices
we might almost say amusing, to note how Irish Catholics in Aus-
tralia fought for bishops of their own nationality. In the second
volume of Cardinal Moran's History of the Catholic Church in
Australasia, we find extensive quotations from a report made in
1881 to the Propaganda by the first Bishop of Brisbane, Rt. Rev.
James O'Quinn, on the condition of affairs in Queensland. Msgr.
O'Quinn says among other things (1. c, p. 623):
"Let me likewise say distinctly that foreigners are not suitable
as bishops here in Queensland. Religion must loose immense-
ly by their appointment. The formation of the Church on
a basis suited to the circumstance of the country and the
political institutions under which we live will be retarded.
The Irish Catholics, who are the only Catholics here, will lose
their faith, and a gross injustice will be done them by placing
over them people whose language and habits they don't under-
stand, and who have little or no sympathy with them I may
now tell your Eminence that I have been greatly blamed by the
Catholics of the Queensland Vicariate for handing them over to
foreigners, as they said.*) It was in vain that I said I had no
*) An Italian priest had been appointed Vicar-Apostolii
784 The Review. 1902.
hand in it ; it was done irrespective of me and even without my
knowledge. They could not realize that ; they said it was a gross
injustice to them after having purchased land, and built a church
and priest's house, within so short a time to have a priest sent
there whom they didn't understand and whom it was painful to
listen to. I say all this in the interests of religion, and with the
most profound respect and deepest love for the Holy See."
We can not forbear quoting, even against the writer's will,
from a private letter of a dear friend born and raised in Ire-
land and deeply interested in the revival of the Gaelic tongue, the
following interesting and instructive passages:
"I must correct one of your late utterances? for which I am sure
you will thank me. It is your observation on the revival of the
Gaelic tongue in which such strides have been made of late years.
If you were in the West of Ireland and had aural demonstration
of the fact, you would find Gaelic very much alive indeed to this
day among the lower classes, you would hear among the peasantry
no other well spoken ; hear them criticizing so and so's Irish.
"Has he the good Irish?" or the reverse, is the question with
people who know but the barest elements of English. My earliest
recollections even in the South of Ireland, go back to a stately
grandmother who sat in a great arm-chair every morning when
her farm foreman came for orders for the day, and other employes
followed him. She always dropped into Gaelic as she talked to
them — a wonderfully fluent tongue. To us she spoke excellent
English.
To come down to later days — after the Civil War I went to
Tennessee to open a school — drove from house to house to meet
the children, I found the peasants with a decidedly small knowl-
edge of English in many cases : but fluent beyond measure in the
Gaelic. The children also spoke it, and I found that it was culti-
vated in the Irish families with a special view to keeping a knowl-
edge of family affairs from the negros.
The convent school in Ireland in which Gaelic is not taught, is
considered below par. Remember that for 300 years the English
government has labored to destroy it in Ireland. Books printed
in Gaelic were destroyed, no matter what their contents. In
my home a history of Ireland in Gaelic was one of our treasures.
It is especially rich in forms of expression and it has been said
that such a language to bless or curse in, does not exist. Even yes-
terday a letter came to me from Derry, giving details of the death
of an old man, very well read and intelligent. Memory failed him
for a few weeks before the end came, and he prayed nearly all his
walking moments, but altogether in Irish, which he was not
otherwise accustomed to do. But it is the language of the heart
when we are concerned.
In the counties of Galway and Kerry it is still the language of
the laboring classes. You will find it wherever the Irish have
made a distinct impression on the population — as for instance in
South America."
The Gilded Man.
e read in an article written by A. J. Miller for the St.
Louis Globe- Democrat (Dec. 14th):
"The story of the mythical Manoa, or El Dorado, with
all of its vast and fabulous treasures of gold, was at one time the
supreme subject of the civilized world. It was an alluring phan-
tom, which for nearly a century engaged the science, learning,
chivalry and seamanship of two continents. In the vain search
for this chimera more untiring effort, military ingenuity, endur-
ance, money, and human lives were expended than upon any single
enterprise of the ancient or modern world. It became a furore,
a mad thirst which was further inflamed by the appearance of
extravagant books, detailing the splendors of this barbaric
Croesus. Even the pious poet, Milton, gave full credence to the
myth, while the Pope extended to the valiant explorers his papal
benediction (?). But the mythical city of gold was never found. It
was simply an Indian tradition, which had come down through
ages, gathering, like the rolling snowball, increased volume with
each revolving generation, until so contorted by exaggeration no
analogy could trace out its ancient origin. But that it had a foun-
dation in fact there is hardly room to doubt, and possibty arose
from some of the lavish splendors of one of the powerful Indian
empires long since extinct. Certainly the legend long antedated
the period of the conquest, and was probably contemporary with
that of the Amazons."
We wonder whether Mr. Miller has ever made a close study of
the legend of El Dorado. If he has, it does not appear from his
remarks.
"Of this fascinating myth we have very little popular knowl-
edge," says Charles F. Lummis, the popularizer of Bandelier's
researches, in his excellent book, The Spanish Pioneers (Chica-
go, McClurg & Co., 1893, p. 184.), "except that a corruption of its
name is in everybody's mouth. We speak of a rich region as 'an
Eldorado,' or 'the Eldorado' oftener than by any other metaphor;
but it is a blunder quite unworthy of scholars. It is simply say-
ing 'an the,' 'the the.' The word is Dorado ; and it does not mean
'the golden', as we seem to fancy, but 'the gilded man,' being a
contraction of the Spanish el hombre dorado."
Bandelier has traced the origin and growth of this interesting
legend in his captivatingly interesting book, The Gilded Man
(New York, Appleton & Co., 1893.)
The myth of el dorado, or the gilded man, originated at Lake
(The Review, Vol. IX, No. 50. St. Louis, Mo., December 25, 1902.)
780 The Review. 1902.
Guatavita on the high-lands of New Granada. Among- the inhabi-
tants of that neighborhood, as early as 1490, a legend was current
that the wife of one of their earlier chiefs had thrown herself into
the water in order to avoid punishment, and that she survived
there as the goddess of the lake. To this goddess the Indians
made offerings in the shape of gold and pearls which they cast
into the water, and at every new choice of a uzaque of Guatavita,
the male population marched out to the lake in fantastic order
and array, with the new chieftain upon a barrow hung wTith discs
of gold, his naked body anointed with resinous gum and covered
all over with gold dust. This was el hombre dorado, the gilded
man, who, upon the arrival of the procession at the shore, pro-
ceeded in a balsa (raft) to the middle of the lake, where he plunged
in the water and washed off his metallic covering, while the peo-
ple threw in the gold and jewels they had brought with them.
About the year 1470 the Tunja Indians had to make way to the
warlike Muyscas of Bogota, and the quaint religious ceremony
ceased ; but El Hombre Dorado, shortened to El Dorado, contin-
ued to live in the mouths of the natives.
When the European explorers came, intent on the search for
precious metal, they followed up the trail of "the gilded man." In
1537 Quesada stepped upon the plateau of Cundinamarca, the
former home of the dorado, without being aware of the fact. In
1538, a reconoitering party brought in a report that in the South
there lived a tribe of warlike women who had much gold. Thus
the myth of the Amazons became associated with the tradition of
the dorado.
"With the conquest of Cundinamarca," so Bandelier concludes
his first chapter, from which we have extrated these facts, "was
secured the last great treasure of gold that awaited the Spaniards
in America. Their wild greed was, however, doubly excited by
their success so far, and they thirsted for more and greater.*)
The Minorite monk, Fray Toribioof Benevento, wrote with truth
in 1540: 'And gold is, like another, golden calf, worshipped by
them as a god ; for they come without intermission and without
thought, across the sea, to toil and danger, in order to get it.
May it please God that it be not for their damnation. ' Then rose
again, like an avenging spirit, the legend of the gilded chieftain,
in the still unknown regions of the South American continent.
•) Lest those of our readers who are unacquainted with the researches of the Bandelier
school — which no one ought to be — get the false impression from the above and a later quota-
tion, that Mr. Bandelier and his followers imitate the older school in decrying and calumniat-
ing the Spanish pioneers, we will quote here at least one passage from Lummis' Spanish
Pioneers (p. 183); "The scientific history of to-day has fully shown how foolishly false is the
idea that the Spaniards sought merely "gold: how manfully they provided for the mind and the
soul as well as the pocket. But gold was with them, as it would be even now with other men,
the strong motive. The great difference was only that gold did not make them forget their re-
ligion. It was the golden finger that beckoned Columbus to America, Cortez to Mexico, Pizarro
to Peru.— just as it led us to California, which otherwise would not have been one of our States
to-day."
No. 50. The Review. 787
Transplanted by the over-excited imagination of the white men,
the vision of El Dorado appeared, like a mirage, enticing, deceiv-
ing, and leading men to destruction, on the banks of the Orinoco
and the Amazon, in Omagua and Parime."
The history of the legend transplanted to South America, as
described by Bandelier in the following chapters from the most
approved sources, reads like a veritable romance. It remained
for Alexander von Humboldt and Schomburgk to lay the phantom
of the great lake, and with it, in the first half of the xix. century,
terminated the last survival of the legend of the gilded man.
"The myth died, but it had not existed in vain. Before it had
been disproved, it had brought about the exploration of the Ama-
zon, the Orinoco, all Brazil north of the Amazon, all Venezuela,
all New Granada, and eastern Ecuador. If we look at the map a
moment, we shall see what this means, — that the Gilded Man gave
±o the world the geography of all South America above the Equa-
tor." (Lummis, 1. c, p. 199.)
Ingersoll as a Plagiarist.
^T^[he spring of the year 1900 saw a phenomenal change in
Fulton and Oswego Falls, two towns of northern New
York. Taking advantage of the local option clause in
the State Liquor Law, the Protestant churches united to lead a
movement to close all drinking places. They used every availa-
ble method and motive: political organization, propaganda by
press and platform, and direct appeals to conscience. Such
was the enthusiasm generated, that every hotel, store, and public
house was swept out of existence.
Among the literature used was a speech by the late Colonel
Robert G. Ingersoll, a dashing soldier in the Northern
army during the Civil War, and one of the most noted antag-
onists of Christianity in the western hemisphere. Some years
ago, in the course of a celebrated liquor case in which he ap-
peared as prosecuting advocate against a brewer, he broke out,
with apparent spontaneity, into a terrible denunciation of the
whole traffic. His eloquence startled the court, and claimed the
attention of the entire country. The speech then delivered has
been used since in repeated temperance campaigns.
Now J. H. Odell shows, in the Methodist Magazine (vol. viii,
No. 2), that the whole picturesque invective was literally
plagiarized from an almost forgotten preacher named John
Stamp. Stamp wrote a letter to the Primitive Methodist Con-
ference meeting at Reading in Berkshire in the year 1841, on the
7S8 The Review. 1902.
subject of temperance. It was published subsequently in the
Messenger of Mercy and Old Methodist Revivalist, and in that
quaint periodical Mr. Odell found it. "A most remarkable letter
it was! — loaded to the muzzle with fearful facts and terrible in
passion," he declares; "but how in the name of all that is unlikely
had the great American lawyer and infidel stumbled upon that
letter to the Conference written by an obscure preacher? Word
for word it had been committed to memory, and Ingersoll threw
it out in the Supreme Court of the United States as an extem-
poraneous production. Apart from the curious plagiarism, the
words are interesting ; an American paper commenting on them
as Ingersoll's speech, called the effort 'one of the greatest tem-
perance orations ever delivered in the English language." To
parallel the texts is unnecessary, as they are entirely identical.
Following is the plagiarism:
"'Intemperance cuts down youth in its vigor, manhood in its
strength, and age in its weakness. It breaks the father's heart,
bereaves the doting mother, extinguishes natural affections,
erases conjugal loves, blots out filial attachments, blights paren-
tal hope, and brings down mourning age in sorrow to the grave.
It produces weakness, not strength; sickness, not health; death,
not life. It makes wives, widows; children, orphans; fathers,
fiends; and all of them paupers and beggars. It feeds rheuma-
tism, nurses gout, welcomes epidemics, invites cholera, imports
pestilence, and embraces consumption. It covers the land with
idleness, misery, and crime. It fills your jails, supplies your
alms-houses, and demands your asylums. It engenders contro-
versies, fosters quarrels, and cherishes riots. It crowds your
penitentiaries aud furnishes victims for your scaffolds. It is
the life blood of the gambler, the element of the burglar, the
prop of the highwayman, and the support of the midnight incen-
diary. It countenances the liar, respects the thief, esteems the
blasphemer. It violates the obligations, reverences fraud, and
honors infamy. It defames benevolence, hates love, scorns vir-
tue and slanders innocence. It incites the father to butcher his
helpless offspring, helps the husband to massacre his wife, and
the child to grind the parricidal axe. It burns up men, consumes
women, detests life, curses God and despises heaven. It suborns
witnesses, nurses perjury, defiles the jury-box, and stains the
judicial ermine. It degrades the citizen, debases the legislator,
dishonors statesmen, and disarms the patriot. It brings shame,
not honor; terror, not safety; despair, not hope; misery, not
happiness; and with the malevolence of a fiend, it calmly surveys
its frightful desolation, and, not satisfied with its havoc, poisons
felicity, kills peace, ruins morals, blights confidence, slays repu-
tation, and wipes out national honors, then curses the world and
laughs at its ruin."
789
CONTEMPORAR Y CHRONICLE.
POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.
Municipal Ownership. — Beyond any other city in the world Glas-
gow, Scotland, has gone most extensively into the municipal
management of public utilities. The city supplies water, gas,
electric light, street railways, telephones, baths, and wash-
houses; conducts markets for vegetables, fruit, cattle, cheese,
meats, old clothes, birds, and dogs; owns and partly directs
2488 municipal houses, 78 lodging houses, a family home, 372
shops, 49 stores, 43 warehouses, 43 workshops, 12 halls, 2
churches, 2 hotels, 1 theatre, 1 studio, 1 pawn office, 1 nursing
home, 1 powder mill, 1 laundry, 1 bakehouse, 1 golf course, sev-
eral stone quarries, 900 railway wagons, and 1 gospel tent ;
farms 1000 acres of land and converts city sewage into fertilizers.
It builds street railway cars, reclaims bogs, runs a granary,
utilizes clinker and sells waste paper.
It is too soon to say what will be the final outcome of these re-
markably extensive additions to municipal work, and, in any case,
one example does not establish a principle. But the people of
Glasgow have not as yet realized their expectation of reaping
large profits from the system. Taxation has increased from
$1.20 to $1.62 on the $100 valuation. The assessable rental has
increased from $16,000,000 to $25,000,000, but, in the same period,
the city debt has risen from $24,000,000 to $64,000,000. Profits
on the street railways and telephones have not materialized, after
allowance is made for depreciation. Glasgow's experience so far
is not conclusive either way, but the city has not made the money
gains calculated upon. Possibly it has too many irons in the fire.
LITERATURE.
The National Fraternal Congress. — Proceedings of the XVI. An-
nual Meeting of the National Fraternal Congress, Held in the City
of Denver, Col., Aug. 27-28, 1902. (Courtesy of Mr. Th. B. Thiele.)
Reading these proceedings, we were agreeably surprised to
find the reforms proposed at Denver mostly the same as those
advocated for years by The Review. As quite a number of
Catholic benevolent societies have joined the Fraternal Congress,
it is to be hoped that they will be eager to carry out these re-
forms before it is too late.
The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages. By the Rev. Horace
K. Mann, Headmaster of St. Cuthbert's Grammar School, New
castle-on-Tyne. Vol. I. Part II. A. D. 657-795.— Price S3.00.
B. Herder.
One of the many disastrous consequences of the so-called Re-
formation is that perversion of truth under which historical lit-
erature, especially in Protestant countries, still labors. It was
necessary to degrade the Church of the Middle Ages, in order to
gain a basis for and to legitimate the great religious revolution
of the XVI. century. Above all the papacy, "that wicked woman
of Babylon," who had, as it were, born and bred those past ages,
had to be depicted as an abomination. But as time passed on,
and religious fanaticism more and more gave way before the mod-
ern critical spirit, the papacy was recognized as one of the grand-
790 The Review. 1902.
est institutions the world had ever seen. The historic works of
Protestants like Ranke became apologies of the popes.
But as Protestantism and the papacy exclude each other, be-
ing-, as it were, two opposite poles, the full understanding- of the
latter is an utter impossibility for a Protestant writer. He alone
can give a true account of a thing who knows not only its out-
ward appearance, but also its intrinsic nature. Only a Catholic
understands the real essence of the papacy, its divine origin, its
supreme rights, its perfect freedom and independence in its
proper sphere.
Accordingly we have given a hearty welcome to Mann's Lives
of the Popes, because it is written from a Catholic standpoint,
and is, as far as we know, the first original Catholic history of
the popes in English. The second volume bears out our judg-
ment of the first.
Since the reverend author has, as it seems, made use of written
up history onty, his work offers no entirely new results of investi-
gation. However his conscientious research into extant compila-
tions, thorough acquaintance with his subject, and faithfulness
in portrayal, must needs be pleasing to the intelligent enquirer,
who is but too frequently asked to accept fiction for fact, when
the Catholic Church is maligned. True, our imagination is not
regaled with a brillant display, as in one great panorama, of all
the different agents and powers that moved the world in which
the vicars of Christ were placed. Our intellects, however, are
satisfied by the plain and unvarnished narration of historic facts.
Thus, if we can not give to Mann's Lives of the Popes the pred-
icate of a classic historical production, we must call it a trust-
worthy, useful, and much needed book. Its value is still enhanced
by the critical remarks, especially on other historical produc-
tions, which the author gives in the course of his work. If in one
place he regrets that the present volume had already been written
before vols. 7 and 8 of Dr. Hodgkin's work 'Italy and her Invad-
ers' appeared, it is, perhaps, still more to be regretted that the
author could not make use of the great work of the German his-
torian H. Grisar, S. J., 'Geschichte Roms und der Papste im Mit-
telalter,' of which the first volume has been published. We hope
that the demand for a new edition of his book will give Father
Mann a chance to avail himself of these aids.
The Fauna and Flora of the Holy Land. — Prof. J. Wimmer publishes:
Palestinas Boden mit seiner. Pflanzen und Thierwelt vom Beginn
der biblischen Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart (Palestine's Soil, Flora
and Fauna from the Beginning of Biblical Times till the Present
Day.) Second annual publication of the GoerresGesellschaft for
1902. 128 pages 8°; paper, 55c.
The author divides his work into two main parts: soil, flora
and fauna during the time from Abraham to about A. D. 50, and
from A. D. 50 till the present day, utilizing all modern discov-
eries that throw any light on the subject. Hence the first part
is of particular interest to the Bible student, who, to his surprise
perhaps, may learn, e. g., that the "passer solitarius in tecto" is
no sparrow at all, but a blue thrush, a melancholy bird, also
called the "hermit."
791
MOTE-BOOK.
"Gloria in excelsis Deo et in terra pax hominibus!"
^^ ^^ ^^
The Review wishes all its readers, those who hate as well as
those who love it, a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.
•y V> »&
As usual there will be no Review issued New Year's week.
The first number of volume X. will appear January 8th, 1903.
This issue of The Review (No. 50), the last for 1902, contains
the title-page and index of volume IX.
j* +r +r
It appears that we were right in forecasting the nomination of
Rt. Rev. James E. Quigley of Buffalo for the metropolitan see of
Chicago, made vacant several months ago by the death of the
venerable Msgr. Feehan. We join with all our heart in the chorus
of the Catholic press which is unanimously congratulating the
great Archdiocese of the Northwest upon its good fortune in
securing for its spiritual head such an able, zealous, energetic
and thoroughly conservative prelate as Msgr. Quigley, who, as
Archbishop of Chicago, will most assuredly be "the right man in
the right place."
"Ad multos annos!"
+r +r +r
The Cincinnati Times-Star of Dec. 8th says: "The announce-
ment of Rev. McGrady's resignation does not come as a surprise
to the local Catholic clergy. The Times-Star stated that in their
opinion Rev, McGrady should have resigned long ago, for the
Catholic Church is no place for vagaries or the private opinions
of any individual against the teachings of the Pope. One priest
remarked: 'Bishop Maes should have gotten after Father Mc-
Grady long ago, but he was very kind to the clergyman and hoped
to convert him from his false views and teachings. The Cath-
olic papers of the country, especially The Review, published by
Mr. Arthur Preuss, in St. Louis, for several years have been
condemning Mr. McGrady's Socialism and calling on Bishop
Maes to repress the erratic priest of his diocese. '"
The question, "Are we a Christian nation or not?" is as old as
the Constitution. Rev. Dr. Heiter, in a brief and pithy state-
ment that lately circulated through the German Catholic press,
answers it on the basis of a very fine and true distinction. As a
State, he says, our Republic can not claim to be reckoned among
the Christian States, inasmuch as the Constitution abstracts
from every form of Christian belief and, tolerating all creeds,
prefers none and excludes none. The case is different with the
792 The Review. 1902.
citizenship of the country. They, originally, nearly all belonged
to the one or other Christian confession and more or less influ-
enced legislation and our public life. Thus the Christian Sunday
has remained a State institution, the legislatures habitually open
their sessions with prayer, the courts take oath upon the Bible —
all of which are Christian practices opposed to the Constitution.
Against Sunday observance the Jews may rightly protest;
against the Bible, the Catholics, because the version used has a
sectarian character and does not agree with the genuine Catholic
text. This contradiction between theory and practice has gen-
erated a new sect, which we may call a child of Freemasonry —
a formless Christianity, lacking positive dogma and contenting
itself with the name and a few usages and practices in which all
are thought to agree. It is this milk-and-water Christianity
which is propagated by our public schools.
^% ^r\ ^X
A subscriber writes: "Rev. Vincent Brummer's article on
'The Goat in Freemasonry' (No. 44) forcibly impresses me as
bordering on the deistic or rationalistic. After quoting Loch
and Reischl, Rev. B. says: 'I do not consider this explanation'
(of the Fathers, plus Loch and Reischl — and I might add — plus
Arndt-Allioli) satisfactory !' The latest and doubtless one of
the very best of annotated Bibles is the Arndt-Allioli Bible (Fr.
Pustet & Co.). In their notes to II. Chron. xi. 15, referring to
Leviticus xvii. 7, they say: 'In the Hebrew, the goats, i. e. evil
sfiii'its that were worshipped in the form of goats.' Is not this
plain enough? Who is the safer authority? Why whitewash
Freemasonry that has been so often and solemnly condemned
by the infallible Church? Diana Vaughan could not be condemned
because she never existed. The Church can only condemn that
which is evil or leads to evil, and in the final analysis (except of
course the sins of the flesh) all transgressions are inspired by
the Evil One. In Matth. xxv. 33, the reprobates are compared with
goats, i. e., evil spirits."
+r +r +r
The Messenger shows in its December number that Dodd,
Mead & Co. 's 'New International Encyclopaedia,' now in course
of publication, contains in its first three volumes, so far out, a
number of glaring errors and misstatements with regard to
Catholic doctrine and practice, as well as on historical matters.
Yet the Catholic World Magazine of the Paulist Fathers has been
advertising this cyclopaedia full-page for several months.
NP V£ Ng
Peculiar was the composition of the Hague Arbitration Court
on the Pious Fund case in regard to the religion of its members.
Sir Edward Fry is a Quaker. Prof. Theodore de Martens is a
Greek Schismatic. Mr. Lohman is a Calvinist. Mr. Assen is a
Jew. The council for the U. S. was Senator Descamps, for Mexico
Ex-Prime Minister Bernaert of Belgium, both Catholics.
FINIS.
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