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ARCHAEOLOGIA: 

O  R, 

MISCELLANEOUS  TRACTS 

i 

RELATING  TO 

ANTIQUITY. 

PUBLISHED  BY 

THE  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  LONDON. 

VOLUME  X. 


LONDON, 

Printed  by  J.  Nichols,  Printer  to  the  Society: 

Sold  at  their  Apartments  in  Somerset  Place;  and  by  Meffieurs  White, 
Robson  and  Clarke,  Leigh  and  Sotheby,  Brown,  and  Egertons. 

M  DCC  LXXXIX. 


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T  A  B  L  E 

O  F 

C  O  N  T  E  N  T  S, 


I.  SERFATIO  NS  on  the  Situation  of  the  cintient 
Portus  lccius.  By  the  Rev.  Mr.  Lyon,  jF.  A.  S.  in  a 

Letter  to  Daniel  Minet,  Efq.  F.  R.  and  A .  S.  i — 16 

II.  Derbeiefcira  Romana.  By  the  Rev .  Mr.  Pegge,  in  a  Let - 

ter  to  Richard  Gough,  Efq.  17 — 3& 

III.  Qbfervations  on  Canterbury  Cathedral.  By  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Denne,  in  a  Letter  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Norris,  Secretary 

37~42 

IV.  Some  Obfervations  on  the  Paintings  in  the  fVindow  of  Brere- 

ton  Church.  By  the  Rev.  Samuel  Pegge,  in  a  Letter  to 
Owen  Salufbury  Brereton,  Efq.  V.P.  5° — 53 

V.  Further  Obfervations  on  Catara&onium,  and  the  Parts  adja * 
cent.  By  John  Cade,  Efq.  In  a  Letter  to  R  icbard  Gough,  Efq. 

Director  54—66 

VL 


VI 


CONTENTS. 


YL  Defcriptlon  of  two  antient  Manfion  Houfes  in  Northampton¬ 
shire  and  Dorfet.  By  Richard  Gough  67 — 69 

VJL  Ext  raffs  out  of  an  old  Book  relating  to  the  Building  of  Louth 
Steeple i  and  repairing  the  Church ,  &c.  from  about  the  Tear 
1500  or  1501  to  1518.  Communicated  by  Sir  Jofeph  Banks, 
Bart.  1 R.  S.  70 — 98 

VIII.  Account  of  the  antient  Modes  of  Fortification  in  Scotland. 

By  Robert  Riddel,  Efq.  F.  A.  S.  In  a  Letter  to  Richard 
Gough,  Efq.  Director  q<p _ IG^ 

IX.  Druidical  and  other  British  Remains  in  Cumberland,  defcribed 

by  Hay  man  Rooke,  Efq.  F.  A.  S.  In  a  Letter  to  the  Rev . 
Dr.  Lort  ioy — 1 13 

X.  Defcriptlon  of  certain  Pits  in  Derbylhire,  by  Hay  man  Rooke, 

Efq.  In  a  Letter  to  the  Hon.  Daines  Barrington  1 14 — i\y 

XI.  A  Roman  Altar  infcribed  to  Belatucader,  illujlrated  by  Mr . 

Gough  ,  1 18 — 122 

XII.  Obfervations  on  the  Machine  called  the  Lewis.  By  Francis 

Gibfon,  Efq.  F.A.S.  In  a  Letter  to  the  Right  Hon.  Lord 
Mulgrave,  F.A.S.  123 — 127 

XIII.  Defer iption  of  the  Church  of  Quenington  in  the  County  of 

Gloucefter,  By  Samuel  Lyfons,  Efq.  F.  A.  S.  128 — 130 

XI V.  Account  of  Roman  Antiquities  dif covered  in  the  County  of 
Gloucefter.  By  Samuel  Lyfons,  Efq.  F.A.S.  131  —  !  36 

XV.  An  Account  of 'fame  Roman  Antiquities  in  Cumberland  hi¬ 
therto  unnoticed.  By  Hay  man  Rooke,  Efq .  F.  A.  S.  137 — 142 

XVI.  Obfervations  on  the  late  Continuance  of  the  Ufe  of  Torture  in 
Great  Britain.  In  a  Letter  from  George  Chalmers,  Efq. 
to  John  Tophaitt,  Efq . 

XVII. 


A 


I 


CONTENTS.  ?ir 

XVII.  Obfervations  on  Vitrified  Fortifications  in  Galloway.  By 
Robert  Riddel,  Efq.  F.A.S.  In  a  Letter  to  Mr.  Gough 

147 — 1  50 

XVIII.  A  Moja'ic  Pavement  in  the  Prior’s  Chapel  at  Ely;  with 
a  briej  Deduction  cf  the  Rife  and  Progrefs  cj  Mofaic  Work  fince 
the  Introdudiion  of  Chrijiianity.  By  Richard  Gough,  Director 

1 5 1  — 1 55 

XIX.  On  the  Hunting  of  the  Antient  Inhabitants  of  our  If  and v 
Britons  and  Saxons.  By  the  Rev.  Samuel  Pegge,  F.  A.  S. 
In  a  Letter  to  Richard  Gough,  Efq.  Director  156- — 166 

XXI.  Defer iption  of  a  Saxon  Arch  with  an  Infcription  in  Din- 
ton  Church ,  Buckinghamfhire,  and  of  fund  >y  Antiquities  found 
in  that  Par  if j.  In  a  Letter  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Brand,  Secretary 
to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  from  John  Claxton,  Efq.  F.  A.’S , 

'  '  167—171 

XXII.  Obfervations  on  a  Roman  Horologium,  found  in  Italy.. 

By  Richard  Gough,  Director  1  7 2 — 76^ 

XXIII.  Obfervations  on  an  antient  Font  at  Burnham  Deepdale-  in 
Norfolk.  By  the  Rev .  Samuel  Pegge,  F.  A.  S.  In  a  Letter 
to  the  Hon.  Daines  Barrington  177 — 18 z 

XXIV.  Defer  iption  of  the  old  Font  in  the  Church  of  Eafit  Meon, 

Hampfhire,  1789;  with  fome  Obfervations  on  Fonts .  By 

Richard  Gough,  Director  183—207 

XXV.  Three  Letters  from  Mr.  Samuel  Carte,  to  Dr.  Ducarel, 
and  one  to  Sir  Thomas  Cave,  Bart,  concerning  Fonts  208—224 

XXVI.  Obfervations  on  a  Charter  in  Mr.  A  fi  le’s  Library ,  which' 
is  indorfed ,  in  a  Hand  co-eval  with  it,  Hcec  eft  Carta  Regis 
Eadgari,  de  Infitutione  Abbatie  Elienfis,  &  duplicates.”  Ad~ 
dr  e fed  to  the  Earl  of  Leicefler,  P ref  dent,  Feb.  16,  1791 

226 — 2  21 

XXVlL 


6 


V511 


CONTENTS. 


XXVII.  Obfervations  on  a  Charter  of  King  Eadgar.  By  Tho¬ 
mas  Aflle,  Efq.  F.  A.  S.  In  a  Letter  to  Robert  Auflen, 
Efq.  F.A.S.  232 — 240 

XXVIII.  Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels,  3  Edvv.  III.  From  a 
Record  in  the  Exchequer  communicated  by  Craven  Ord,  Efq . 
F.A.S.  Dec.  9,  1790.  241 — 260 

XXIX.  Remarks  on  the  Stalls  near  the  Communion  Fable  in  Maid- 

Rone  Church ,  with  an  Enquiry  into  the  Place  of  Burial  of 
Archbi/hop  Courtney.  By  the  Rev.  Samuel  Denne,'  F.  A.  S. 
In  a.  Letter  to  Richard  Gough,  Director  261 — 297 

XXX.  Further  Remarks  on  Stone  Seats  in  the  Chancels  of  Churches , 

Cathedral ,  Collegiate ,  and  Parochial.  By  the  Rev.  Samuel 
Denne,  F.A.S.  298 — 324 

XXXI.  Account  of  Antiquities  difcovered  at  Bath  1790.  By  Sir 
Henry  Charles  Englefield,  Bart.  F.  R.  and  A.  S.  325 — >333 

XXXII.  Conjectures ,  with  Remarks  on  fame  of  the  Portraits  in 
the  Window  in  Brereton  Church ,  exhibited  in  Archaeologia, 
V ol.  IX.  Plate  XXIII.  By  the  Rev.  Samuel  Denne,  F.  A.  S. 


334—344 

XXXIII.  Account  of  feme  fepulchral  Antiquities  difcovered  at  Lin¬ 
coln.  By  John  Pownall,  Efq.  F.A.S.  345 — 349 

XXXIV.  An  Account  of  the  River  Orwell,  or  Orewell,  in  the 
County  oj  Suffolk,  and  of  the  Fown  and  Harbour  of  that 
Name.  By  Mr.  Myers.  Communicated  by  Mr.  A  file,  from 
the  Papers  of  the  late  Mr.  Moran t  35c — 359 

XXXV".  Obfervations  on  the  Introduction  of  Arabic  Burner als  into 
England,  addrejfeed  to  the  Earl  of  Moreton,  1766.  By  the  Rev. 
Mr.  North,  of  Coddicote,  F.  A.  S.  Communicated  from  fome 
MS  Papers  of  the  late  Dr.  Lort,  pur  chafed  by  Mr.  Gough 

360—37; 

4  XXXVI. 


IX 


CONTENTS. 

XX  W  I.  Roman  Remains  in  Sherwood  Foreft,  d if  covered  by 
Hav man  Rooke,  Efq.  F.  A.  S.  and  communicated  by  him  in 
a  Letter  to  the  Right  Hon .  Sir  George  Yonge,  Bart.  378 — 385 
XXXVII.  Colledhon  of  a  Subfdy  13S2  by  the  Prior  ^/"Barnwell, 
By  Mr.  Gough  386— 395 

XXXVIII.  A  Charter  of  Barnwell  Priory ,  from  the  Original  in 
the  P  of'efjion  of  Richard  Gough,  Efq.  396—398 

XXXIX.  A  Survey  of  the  Manor  of  Wymbledon,  alias  Wim- 
bleton,  with  the  Rights ,  Members ,  and  Appurtenance  thereof 
lying  and  being  in  the  Countie  of  Surrey,  late  Par  cell  of  the  Pof- 
■  fejfions  of  Henrietta  Maria,  the  Relict,  and  late  Queene  of 
Charles  Stuart,  late  King  of  England,  made  and  taken  by  us 
whofe  Names  are  hereunto  fubfcribed,  in  the  Moneth  of  Novem¬ 
ber,  1649,  by  virtue  cf  a  Commif  ion  grounded  upon  an  Adi  of 
the.  Commons  ajfembled  in  Parliament  for  Sale  of  the  Honors , 
Manors ,  and  Landes ,  heretofore  belonging  to  the  late  King , 
dfieene,  or  Prince ,  under  the  Handes  and  Seales  of  five  or  more 
of  the  Trufees  in  the  faid  Adi  named  and  appoynted.  Commu¬ 
nicated  by  John  Caley,  Efq.  F.  A.S.  399 — 448 

XL.  Defcription  of  the  Great  Pagoda  of  Madura,  and  the  Choultry 
ofldx  imul  Naik,  in  a  Letter  from  Mr.  Adam  Blackader,  Sur¬ 
geon,  to  Sir  Jofeph  Banks,  Bart .  P .  R.  S.  F.  A.  S .  449—594 

Appendix.  461—482 


Vol.  X. 


b 


ARCH.3X 


[  *  3 


ARCH  AEOLOGI  A: 

O  R, 

MISCELLANEOUS  TRACTS,  &c. 


I.  Obfervations  on  the  Situation  of  the  antient  Portus 
Iccius.  By  the  Rev .  Mr.  Lyon,  F.  A.  S.  in  a 
Letter  to  Daniel  Minet,  Efq .  F.  R .  S.  and  F.  A, .  S. 

Read  Nov.  5,  1789. 

m. 

Dear  Sir,  Dover ,  Jan.%,  1789. 

IF  you  think  the  annexed  flieets  will  cafl:  any  additional  light 
on  a  controverted  point  of  Julius  Caefar’s  account  of  his  ex¬ 
pedition  to  Britain,  1  fhall  be  obliged  to  you  to  prefent  them  to 
the  Antiquarian  Society. 

And  I  am, 

Dear  Sir, 

Your  moft  obedient  humble  fervant, 

JOHN  LYO  N. 

Vol.  X.  B  THE 

t 


t 


/ 


2  Mr.  Lyon,  on  the 

THE  following  arguments  are  offered,  to  fhew  the  Portus 
Iccius  of  Julius  Caefar  could  not  have  been  at  Calais ,  as  many 
have  fuppofed  j  nor  to  the  eafhvard  of  it ;  but  that  it  was  to 
the  weftward,  and  at  Boulogne. 

I  am  inclined  to  believe,  that  every  one,  who  examines  this 
very  remote  period  of  our  hiftory,  without  prejudice  or  partia¬ 
lity  to  any  opinions  previoully  formed,  will  be  inclined  to 
conclude,  that  feveral  perfons  have  been  led  into  confiderabfe 
errors,  by  taking  it  for  granted  the  coafts  of  French  Flanders, 
and  the  Eaftern  parts  of  our  idand,  have  continued  nearly  in 
the  fame  ftate  during  eighteen  or  nineteen  centuries. 

Though  it  may  now  be  impolfible  to  determine,  with  any 
great  degree  of  accuracy,  how  much  the  fea  may  have  loft 
or  gained  upon  each  coaft  lince  the  expedition  of  Julius  Caefar 
to  Britain,  yet  it  is  certain,  there  have  been  great  alterations; 
and,  if  we  may  judge  from  the  prefent  appearance  of  the 
low  and  flat  coaft  which  is  to  the  eafhvard  of  the  high  cliffs 
oppofite  Dover,  the  Portus  Iccius,  could  not  have  been  fituated 
where  many  have  placed  it  [a1.. 

As  there  are  ftill  different  opinions  concerning  the  fituation 
of  this  port  ;  it  may  be  prudent  to  attend,  ftrft,  to  what  Julius 
Caefar  himfelf  has  laid  of  it,  in  the  fhort  account  he  has  left  us 
of  his  embarkations.  If  we  may  judge  from  his  own  words, 
the  Portus  Iccius  [T]  was  in  the  province  of  the  Morini,  and 
this  province  was  the  neareft  on  the  continent  to  our  Ifland. 

[a]  By  confulting  Chifflet,  Somner,  Camden,  Horfley,  and  others  ;  it  will 
be  found,  the  Portus  Ittius  mentioned  by  Julius  Caefar  has  been  fixed  at  every 
little  dirty  flream  between  Dunkirk  and  Whitfan. 

UJ  C.  Julii  Caefaris  de  Bello  Galileo,  lib.  iv.  §  18. 


He 


Situation  of  the  ancient  Portus  Xccius.  3 

He  does  not  lay,  that  he  embarked  at  the  neareft  point  of 
land  011  the  continent  to  our  ifland  ;  but  that  he  embarked  at 
the  moft  commodious  port,  in  the  neareft  province,  and  that 
the  paflfage  from  this  port  was  about  [cj  thirty  miles  crofs  the 
channel. 

It  is  far  more  than  probable,  the  informations  refpe&ing  the 
diftance  of  the  port  from  our  ifland  were  gained  by  C.  Volu- 
fenfus  [dj  of  the  merchants,  who  had  frequently  palled  over 
the  water  to  trade  with  the  Britons  ;  than  that  the  diftance 
was  meafured  by  Julius  Caefar  in  his  paffage ;  for,  the  Romans 
had  not  then  made  any  conliderable  progrefs  in  the  art  of  navi¬ 
gation,  neither  do  I  believe  they  had  any  accurate  method  to 
determine  how  many  knots  a  veflfel  would  fail  in  an  hour, 
when  crofting  a  ftrong  current. 

Whether  he  obtained  this  knowledge  by  informations,  or  by 
adlual  admeafurement,  fignifies  but  little  to  my  prefent  en¬ 
quiry;  as  the  commodioufnefs  of  the  port,  and  the  diftance  of 
it  from  our  ifland,  are  fo  clearly  recorded  by  Caefar  himfelf; 
but  this  clearnefs  has  not  been  thought  fufficient  to  fix  the 
fituations,  becaufe  the  diftance  has  not  correfponded  with  the 
different  accounts  in  more  modern  authors  [Y] ;  and  this  has 

[c]  Caefar  de  Bello  Galileo,'  lib.  v.  §  20. 

[d]  Idem,  lib.  iv.  §  19. 

f  e]  Thofe,  who  have  contended  for  the  Portus  Iccius  being  to  the  Eaftward 
of  the  high  cliffs  on  the  Continent,  have  been  guided  by  Ptolemy ;  who  has 
placed  Gefforiacum  in  the  lame  latitude,  but  Eaftward  of  the  promontory  ;  and 
there  they  have  been  fearching  for  a  place  to  agree  with  the  diftance  as  men¬ 
tioned  by  Pliny,  lib.  iv.  c.  16  ;  or  Dio  Ca/Tius,  Hift.  Rom.  lib.  39  ;  where 
the.firft  makes  the  diftance  50,  and  the  fecond  56  miles. 

B  2 


been 


4 


Mr.  Lyon  on  the 


been  a  fource  of  controverfy  among  the  litterati  for  more  than 
a  century.  Where  there  are  many  different  opinions  on  one  and 
the  fame  historical  fa£t ;  there  muft  unavoidably  be  fome  errors 
introduced  to  Support  them. 

Thofe  who  have  contended  for  Saint  Omer’s  [y  ]  being  the  an¬ 
cient  Portus  Ittius  have  not  very  rigidly  confined  themfelves  to 
the  distance  as  recorded  by  Julius  Cfefar ;  and  yet  they  may 
perhaps  have  as  much  probability  in  their  conjecture  as  thofe 
who  have  fixed  it  either  at  Graveling,  Mardike,  or  Calais ;  for, 
from  the  prefent  appearance  of  the  coaSt  of  French  Flanders, 
the  Sites  of  all  thefe  places  muft  be  of  modern  date,  when  com¬ 
pared  with  the  tranfaCtions  I  am  considering.  If  Saint  Omer’s 
for  the  ancient  Sithiu)  had  a  capacious  harbour  at  the  time  of 
Julius  Crefar’s  embarkation,  or  at  any  more  modern  period  of 
our  hiftory,  it  will  follow,  that  the  prefent  coaSt,  from  the 
high  land  Weftward  of  Calais,  and  to  a  confiderable  distance 
EaSlward  of  it,  as  well  as  much  of  the  low  and  flat  country  be¬ 
tween  the  prefent  Shore  and  the  fuppofed  harbour,  were  all 
overflowed  by  the  fea,  and  a  large  track  of  fand  Still  leaves 
Striking  marks  of  it ;  and,  befides,  the  fea  has  been  for  a  long 
courfe  of  ages,  and  ftill  is,  receding  from  the  maritime  towns 
of  French  Flanders. 

By  admitting,  what  cannot  with  any  reafon  be  denied,  there 
are  fufflcient  data  to  conclude,  that  neither  the  fltes  of  Graveling, 

[/]  D’Anville  Notice  de  PAncienne  Gaule,  p.  389. 

“  L’opinion  la  plus  finguliere  eft  celle  de  Malbranq,  auteur  d’un  grosouvrage 
fur  les  Morini,  qui  fuppofe,  que  la  mer  formoit  autrefois  un  golfe  aflez  profond 
pour  penetrer  jufqu’a  Sithiu  ou  S.  Omer,  &  auquel  le  nora  de  Sinus  Ittius 
conviendroit.?> 

Mardike, 


Situation  of  the  ancient  Portus  Iccius.  j 

Marclike,  ©r  Calais,  were  habitable  in  the  days  of  Julius 
Caefar,  and,  if  they  were  not  continually  under  water,  they 
were  certainly  frequently  covered  with  the  high  tides. 

Camden  [gj  tells  us,  we  are  informed  by  L’Hofpital,  the  great 
and  learned  Chancellor  of  France,  who  was  well  acquainted 
with  the  antiquities  of  that  kingdom,  that  Calais  was  far  from 
being  an  ancient  town  ;  neither  was  it  of  any  note  till  Philip 
earl  of  Bolougne  walled  it  round  only  a  few  years  prior  to  its 
being  taken  by  the  Englifh. 

I  believe  it  will  be  a  difficult  talk  to  find  any  place  near 
Calais  which  has  the  lead:  appearance  of  ever  having  been  a 
commodious  natural  habour  for  the  Morini,  or  the  Gauliffi 
merchants  to  have  failed  from,  who  traded  with  the  Britons  ; 
and  as  for  their  buildings  and  any  part  of  the  prefent  har¬ 
bour,  they  have  no  pretenfions  to  any  high  antiquity. 

If  there  was  no  fafe  and  commodious  natural  harbour  for 
the  Morini  at  Calais,  there  is  not  any  reafon  to  conclude,  from 
the  account  which  Caefar  [ h J  has  given  us  of  them,  that  they 
were  arrived  at  fuch  a  degree  of  perfection  in  the  mechanic 
arts  as  to  be  able  to  fence  againlt  the  feas,  and  build  one ;  or 
that  they  underdood  the  art  of  embanking,  and  draining  lands 
for  corn  and  pafture  and,  if  they  did  not,  all  low  lands  in  a 

jjj-'J  Camden’s  Brit,  p.  282. 

Horfley  (Britannia  Romana,  p.  13,  note)  knowing  that  no  traces  of 
the  Romans  have  ever  been  difcovered  at  Calais,  in  order  to  get  clear  of  a 
difficulty,  fuppofed  the  camp  of  Julius  Caefar  might  be  buried  by  the  fea,  If 
he  had  known  the  fea  has  been  receding  from  it  for  a  courfe  of  time,  he  furely 
would  not  have  formed  fuch  a  conjedlure  to  fupport  his  opinion, 

[£]  De  Bello  Gallico,  lib.  iv.  §  20, 

date 


2 


6 


Mr.  Lyon  on  the 


flute  of  nature,  and  where  the  fea  had  any  inlet,  contained 
Ragnant  and  corrupt  water. 

But  admiting  there  was  a  natural  harbour  at  Calais,  or  to  the 
Ea  ft  ward  of  it,  as  many  have  fuppofed  ;  it  cannot  be  granted, 
that  the  Roman  Emperor  would  encamp  on  the  low  and 
fwampy  ground  on  the  coaR,  when  there  was  fuch  a  tra£l  of 
high  land  near  it  ;  and  efpecially  as  they  had  not  at  that  time, 
if  the  place  was  habitable,  any  water  fit  for  ufe  ;  for  at  prefent, 
with  all  the  advantage  of  embanking  and  draining,  and  culti¬ 
vating  the  lands,  the  water  is  far  from  being  good. 

But  not  only  the  Romans  ;  the  Morini,  and  every  other 
people,  as  they  have  arrived  at  the  firft  Rage  of  civilization 
to  affociate  together,  and  quit  a  rambling  life,  have  uni¬ 
formly  fought  for  a  fettlement  near  fome  Rream,  or  fpring  of 
frefh  water,  as  they  found  it  an  article  fo  effentially  neceffary 
for  their  exigence  ;  and  the  eafy  method  of  procuring  it  was 
fuch  a  defirable  objeft,  that  even  men  in  a  Rate  of  nature 
could  not  overlook  it.  It  was  avarice,  or  neceffity,  in  the  more 
advanced  Rages  of  civilization  than  Julius  Casfar  found  the  Mo¬ 
rini  in  which  firft  tempted  men  to  fettle  in  bogs,  in  marfhy  and 
unwholefome  fixations,  to  breathe  corrupted  air,  and  to  drink 
putrid  water,  while  they  were  endeavouring  to  drain  and  culti¬ 
vate  the  foil  for  the  fake  of  future  profpefts. 

As  the  whole  coaR  of  French  Flanders  has  not  the  leaR  ap¬ 
pearance  favourable  to  the  fuppolition  of  there  having  been  a 
natural  harbour,  either  at  Graveling,  Mardike,  or  Calais,  it 
will  be  neceffary  to  look  to  the  weRward  of  thefe  places,  and 
this  will  bring  us  to  Whitfan,  or  Boulogne. 


Camden 


Situation  of  the  ancient  Portus  Iccius.  y 

Camden  [/]  appears  to  have  founded  his  opinion  of  the 
Portus  Ittius  being  at  Whitfan,  on  finding  it  recorded  in  ancient 
chronicles,  that  feveral  perfons  of  eminence  had,  in  a  courfe 
of  ages,  pa  fled  over  the  water,  between  Dover  and  this  place. 

If  I  may  be  indulged  in  a  conjecture,  I  think  the  refort  of 
many  of  thofe  who  came  to  Whitfan  was  intirely  owing  to 
Louis  the  young  king  of  France  embarking  at  it,  when  he 
came  on  a  pilgrimage  to  Thomas  of  Canterbury,  and  pray¬ 
ing  on  his  paflage  that  there  might  not  be  any  perfon  fh ip- 
wrecked  between  the  two  ports.  In  an  age  of  fuperflition  and 
ignorance,  the  prayer  of  this  king  might  be  thought  fufficient 
to  place  the  paflage  under  the  protection  of  the  Saint,  and  the 
monks  might  favour  the  impofition  ;  but  as  Julius  Caefar  was 
long  prior  to  the  fuppofed  or  pretended  influence  of  the  Saint, 

I  cannot  fee  any  reafon  to  conclude  his  judgement  could  be  fiy 
far  biafled  in  favour  of  Whitfan,  to  defcribe  it  as  the  moft 
commodious  port  in  the  province  of  the  Morini,  when  there 
was  one  a  little  farther  to  the  weflward,  and  in  the  valley  at 
Boulogne,  which  far  exceeded  it.  At  this  place,  the  verv 
valley  which  extends  to  fome  difiance  within  land,  and  into 
which  the  fea  at  that  time  flowed  between  two  hills,  formed 
a  good  natural  harbour  for  fhipping,  where  they  might  ride 
well  flieltered  from  the  power  of  the  winds  and  waves,  and  at 
the  fame  time  the  Romans  could  have  the  advantage  of  a 
ft  ream  of  frefh  water  for  their  ufe.  At  fuch  a  place  the  mer¬ 
chants  would  naturally  be  induced  to  fettle,  for  the  conve- 
niency  of  exporting  and  importing  their  merchandize,  as  they 
had  a  fecure  port  for  lading  and  unlading  their  veflels,  without' 

[*]  Camden’s  Brit.  p.  282.  Somner’s  Portus  Ittius,  p.  74  and  85. 

being. 


8 


Mr.  Lyon  on  the 


being  expofed  to  the  dangers  which  have  always  been  expe¬ 
rienced  on  an  open  fhore. 

As  the  mod:  commodious  port  In  the  province  of  the  Morini 
was  at  this  place ;  fo  was  it  well  known  to  the  merchants  and 
the  natives  who  had  fettled  there,  and  the  name  which  the 
Roman  General  gave  it  was  fome  Gaulish  or  Britifh  word  la¬ 
tinized,  expreflive  of  the  place.  It  might  probably  be  Forth - 
Fit  ha  [£],  an  ancient  Britifh  word,  fignifying  the  utmofl: 
paffage. 

As  the  valley  at  Boulogne  is  the  only  place  in  the  province 
of  the  Morini,  where  there  are  any  traces  of  a  good  natural 
harbour,  and  where  the  merchants  and  natives  could  fecure 
their  veffels ;  fo  is  it  the  only  one  that  will  anfwer  in  every  par¬ 
ticular  with  the  account  which  Julius  Caefar  has  given  us  of  his 
expeditions.  He  tells  us,  he  had  colledted  at  Portus  Ittius  [/] 
about  So  (hips,  which  he  thought  fufficient  for  the  tranfporting 
two  legions,  and  he  had  alfo  i8  fhips  of  burden,  which  wer® 
wind-bound  in  a  port,  or  bay,  about  eight  miles  off,,  and  which 
could  not  reach  the  place  of  rendezvous. 

[£]  Rowland’s  Mona  Antiqua,  p.  23.  §  5.  I  place  no  ftrefs  upon  Itius,  or 
Iccius,  being  derived  from  Eitha  ;  but  I  think  is  as  probable  as  Chifflet’s  deri¬ 
vation,  where  he  changes  Mardike  to  Mardiccium ,  and  by  dropping  the  four 
fir  ft  letters  gets  Iccium ,  and  then  Iccius. 

Itium  is  alfo  obtained  by  writing  Calais,  Calitium ,  and  droping  the  three 
firft  letters.  See  Somner’s  Portus  Ittius,  p.  14,  15,  &  21.  Mardike  is  clearly 
compounded  of  Mare ,  and  Diick,  which,  Minfhew  fays,  is  an  old  Belgic  word 
for  ditch,  or  a  work,  call  up  againft  the  fea.  Such  kind  of  work  is  ftill  called 
Dicker  work  in  fome  places. 

[/]  Caefar  de  Bello  Gallico,  lib.  iv.  §  20. 


Rather 


Situation  of  the  ancient  Portus  Iccius.  9 

Rather  than  mifs  an  opportunity  for  failing,  he  ordered  his 
cavalry  to  march  to  the  eighteen  fhips,  and  to  embark  from  the 
other  port,  while  he  failed  from  the  Portus  Ittius,  and  ftretched 
over  towards  our  ifland.  Though  he  has  not  particularly  men¬ 
tioned  the  wind,  it  muft  have  been  conftderably  to  the  weft- 
ward  of  the  fouth,  by  detaining  the  eighteen  fhips  in  the  bay, 
eight  miles  [in]  to  the  eaftward  of  him  ;  and  with  a  fouth-weft 
wind,  and  an  ebbing  tide,  he  might  ftretch  acrofs  in  a  ftraight 
courfe  from  Boulogne  to  the  port  or  bay  between  the  two 
hills,  and  in  the  valley  at  Dover.  If  he  had  failed  from  Calais, 
or  from  any  place  to  the  eaftward  of  it,  he  could  not  with  his 
little  fkill  and  experience  in  failing  a  veftel  have  reached  Dover, 
and  his  knowledge  in  failing  in  currents,  tacking,  and  turning 
to  windward,  we  may  eafily  guefs  at  by  what  he  has  recorded 
of  his  fecond  expedition. 

He  tells  us,  he  left  his  port  [«]  this  time  with  a  gentle  fouth- 
weft  wind  fteni  Africo)  ;  but  about  the  middle  of  the  night, 
by  the  breeze  ceaftng,  he  could  not  hold  his  courfe,  but  was 
driven  confiderably  to  the  north-eaft ;  neither  does  it  appear  he 
could  have  reached  our  ifland,  without  a  confiderable  exertion 
with  the  oars. 

From  this  plain  fatt,  we  may  eafily  judge,  that,  if  Julius 
Caefar  had  failed  from  Calais,  or  from  any  place  to  the  eaftward 

[/«]  I  believe  the  advocates  for  Chifflet’s  opinion  will  be  puzzled  to  point  out 
a  place  eight  miles  to  the  eaftward  either  of  Calais,  Mardike,  or  Graveling, 
where  the  eighteen  fhips  could  be  confined  in  a  port  by  a  fouth-weft  wind  ; 
but  in  the  bay  near  Combleteufe,  they  would  have  been  fixed  with  a  fouth- 
weft  wind. 

[«]  Caefar  de  Bello  Gallico,  lib.  v.  §  7. 

Vol.  X.  C 


of 


io  Mr.  Lyon  on  the 

of  it,  lie  never  could,  with  all  his  art,  have  got  fo  far  to  the 
fouthward  as  Dover,  upon  his  firft  making  our  ifland  ;  but 
that  he  did  anchor  in  the  valley  [o],  where  the  town  is  now 
fituated,  is,  I  believe,  too  well  efiablifhed  to  be  controverted. 
The  diftance  of  thirty  miles,  between  Dover  and  Boulogne*  is 
a  firong  proof  that  the  Portus  Ittius  was  at  the  laft  mentioned 
place.  But,  in  order  to  clear  the  fubjeft  of  fome  farther  difficul¬ 
ties  which  have  been  ffarted,  it  may  be  neceffary  to  confider 
what  Caefar  has  recorded  of  his  voyage,  after  he  anchored  in 
the  bay  at  Dover  ;  for  it  appears  to  me,  that  he  has  been  mif- 
taken  in  more  infiances  than  one. 

Caefar  [^],  after  holding  a  counfel  on  board  his  veffels,  in 
the  valley  at  Dover,  judged  it  necefTary  to  weigh  anchor;  and, 
about  three  o’clock  in  the  afternoon,  they  fieered  to  the  north¬ 
ward,  with  the  wind  and  tide  in  their  favour;  and,  after  failing 
about  eight  miles,  he  fays,  he  drew  up,  or  fiationed  his  fleet 
near  an  open  and  a  level  fhore. 

As  the  current  fets  at  the  rate  of  three  miles  in  an  hour  at 
leafl,  it  is  very  probable  Caefar  was  carried  farther  than  he 
efiimated  ;  but,  as  Deal  nearly  anfwers  the  difiance  as  mentioned 
by  Caefar,  this*has  been  fuppofed  to  have  been  the  place  of 
his  landing,  and  fome  pretended  proofs  have  been  offered  in 
favour  of  it. 

Near  the  beach  between  the  town  of  Deal  and  Walmer 

cafile,  there  are  fiill  (or  lately  were)  remaining  fome  faint 

« 

[o]  Lib.  iv.  §  21.  See  alfo  Phil.  Tranf.  No.  193,  on  the  time  and  place  of 
Casfar’s  defcent  upon  Britain,  by  Dr.  Halley. 

[/>]  Csefar  de  Bello  Gallic©,  lib.  iv.  §  21. 

traces 

2 


Situation  of  the  ancient  Portus  Icclus.  1 1 

traces  of  a  breaR:  work,  which  was  very  probably  caR  up  during 
fome  of  the  civil  broils  which  have  happened  in  our  ifland  ; 
and  this  work  has  been  afcribed  to  Julius  Caefar,  but  upon  no 
better  authority  than  being  between  eight  and  nine  miles  from 
Dover,  and  this  has  been  frequently  produced  as  a  corroborat¬ 
ing  proof  of  it’s  being  the  landing  place  of  the  Romans. 

The  advocates  for  Deal  [y]  being  the  place  where  Julius 
Caelar  firR  landed,  ihould  have  taken  a  little  time  to  conlider 
in  what  Rate  the  coaft  between  Walmer  and  Thanet  was  at 
this  very  diRant  asra  of  our  hiftory. 

If  there  be  any  credit  to  be  paid  to  fome  of  the  early  hiRo- 
riansjy],  or  if  we  may  judge  from  the  large  tradt  of  fand-hills, 
which  take  up  the  fpace  between  the  prefent  fhore  and  the  re¬ 
mains  of  the  ruins  of  Richborough  caflle  (a  frnall  parcel  of 
arable  and  paRure  ground  excepted),  there  cannot  be  any  doubt 
but  the  whole  was  a  part  of  the  fea  at  the  time  of  Casf.r’s 
defeent  upon  Britain  ;  and  as  for  the  old  breaR-work,  and  the 
fite  of  the  prefent  town  of  Deal,  they  are  but  of  yeilerday, 
when  compared  with  the  tranfa&ions  I  am  confid.;ring. 

[^]  There  is  fuch  a  long  lift  of  authors,  and  moft  of  them  well  known, 
who  make  Deal  the  landing  place  of  the  Romans,  that  i  fhall  omit  any  reference 
to  them. 

[r]  See  Bede’s  Eccl.  Hift.  lib.  i.  c.  25  ;  and  feveral  authors,  who  mention  the  . 
river  Wanfum  as  navigable  long  after  Ccefar’s  landing. 

In  the  Cotton  Library,  Julius,  B.  iv.  p.  25  is  a  copy  of  a  Survey  made 
A.  D.  1565,  which  contains  an  account  of  all  the  towns,  &c.  from  Hithe 
to  London,  with  the  number  of  houfes  in  each  place,  the  veftels,  inhabitants, 
landing-places,  and  other  particulars;  but  there  is  not  any  mention  made  of 
Deal  in  it ;  from  which  it  is  plain,  as  the  water  has  receded,  it  has  been  fol¬ 
lowed  by  people  in  building  towns. 

C  a 


When 


i2  Air.  Lyon  on  the 

When  Caefar  had  difcovered  this  open  and  level  fhore  where  he 
Rationed  his  (hips,  he  was  at  a  lofs  to  find  a  proper  place  to  land 
at,  for  it  is  plain  from  his  own  account  of  the  bufinefs  (which  we 
may  be  allured  is  as  much  in  his  own  favour  as  poffible)  that  he 
met  with  fuch  a  vigorous  refiftance  from  the  natives,  that  his  men 
would  not  face  them  ;  he  therefore  prudently  recalled  them, 
and  ordered  them  on  board  his  gallies,  and  they  then  rowed 
from  his  fhips  till  they  came  to  a  place  where  they  could  flank 
the  Britons,  and  it  was  then  they  beat  them  off  by  the  aftiftance 
of  the  fnips,  the  arrows,  and  engines  of  the  Romans  [j].  This 
fkirmifh,  which  happened  upon  the  fhore,  previoufly  to  Caefar’s 
landing  his  men,  muft  have  been  at  a  place  where  there  was  a 
depth  of  w?ater  for  the  veflels  of  the  Romans  to  pafs  beyond  the 
front  line  of  the  Britons,  or  they  could  not  have  flanked  them  ; 
and  this  place,  if  we  may  judge  from  the  prefent  appearance  of 
the  country,  was  near  the  main  mouth  of  the  river  Wanfum, 
and  where  the  Romans,  who  followed  afterwards,  built  a  caftle, 
which  was  called  Rutupia.  . 

This  very  nearly  correfponds  with  Casfar's  account ;  for  he 
informs  us,  as  I  have  already  remarked,  the  port  he  failed  from 
was  thirty  miles  from  our  ifland  ;  that  he,  after  reaching  our 
coafl,  failed  eight  miles  farther,  which  together  make  thirty- 
eight;  and,  if  we  add  the  diftance  he  was  probably  carried 
by  the  current  farther  than  he  eflimated,  and  likewife  the  ma¬ 
noeuvring  his  veflels  to  gain  the  advantage  of  the  Britons,  we 
fhall  have  the  diftance  of  about  40  miles  between  Portus  Ittius 
and  Rutupia,  as  mentioned  by  Strabo,  and  the  landing-place 
round  a  promontory  according  to  Dion  Caflius  [/],  without 

[j]  Casfar  de  Bello  Gallico,  lib,  iv.  §  23. 

[f]  See  note  e  foregoing. 


making 


Situation  of  the  ancient  Portus  Iccius.  rj 

making  two  different  kinds  of  ftadia,  or  wiredrawing  the  Roman 
foot,  to  perplex  a  clear  and  plain  narrative. 

But  I  have  another  reafon  for  placing  the  Portus  Ittius  at 
Boulogne. 

When  the  Romans  came  into  the  province  of  the  Morini 
in  the  reign  of  Caligula,  it  is  natural  to  fuppofe  he  would 
follow  the  route  of  his  predeceffor,  as  he  had  his  account  of  his 
wars  with  the  Gauls  to  guide  him.  The  writer  of  his  life  [u] 
briefly  tells  us,  he  came  to  the  feacoaft,  drew  up  his  men  on  the 
Ihore,  prepared  his  baliffae,  and  arranged  all  his  inftruments 
of  war,  as  if  he  was  going  to  attack  an  enemy  and,  after  this 
great  preparation,  he  ordered  his  men  to  fill  their  helmets  with 
fhells,  faying  they  were  the  fpoils  of  the  ocean,  and  worthy  of 
being  offered  in  the  capitol.  This  a of  folly  was  performed 
at  the  port  of  the  Morini  or  Boulogne,  for  he  ordered  a  light- 
houfe  to  be  eredled  there,  to  light  (hips  in  the  night,  which 
fiiews  it  was  a  port  much  frequented  ;  and  this  monument, 
which  he  built  to  perpetuate  his  memory,  was  of  lingular  ufe 
to  the  merchants  and  the  mariners  who  reforted  to  this  place. 
The  advantage  of  a  light- houfe,  in  the  infancy  of  navigation, 
was  of  fuch  ufe  to  the  Romans  in  approaching  the  land  in  the 
dark,  that  they  built  another  on  the  hill  at  Dover,  I  believe,  as 
early  as  the  days  of  Claudius  Caefar. 

Father  Lequien[Y],  who  was  born  at  Boulogne,  preferved  a 
drawing  of  the  tower  built  there  by  the  order  of  Caligula,  and, 
from  his  and  other  perfons  memories  it  appears,  to  have  been  odla- 

[«]  Suetonius,  Edit.  Delphini,  p.  344* 

[at]  Montfaucon’s  Antiq.  Suppl.  Yol.  IV.  b.  vi.  p.  462. 

It  appears  in  the  painting  of  the  fiege  of  Boulogne  at  Cowdry,  publilbed  by 
the  Society,  and  is  defcribed  by  Sir  Jofeph  Ayloffe,  Arch.  Yol.  III.  p.  257. 

gonali 


14  Mr,  Lyon  on  the 

gonal  without  and  fquare  within,  and  that  each  fide  of  the  o£la- 
gon  was  about  twenty-five  feet  It  had  twelve  entablatures  or 
cornices,  one  over  another,  and  in  every  ftory  there  was  a  little 
gallery  of  a  foot  and  a  half  broad  taken  out  of  the  thicknefs 
of  the  wall,  which  leffened  the  tower  in  proportion  to  its 
height. 

This  light  houfe  was  repaired  about  the  year  of  Chrifi:  810 
by  the  Emperor  Charlemagne,  who  rebuilt  the  top  of  it  which 
had  fallen  down. 

When  Boulogne  was  taken  by  the  Englifh  in  the  year  1545, 
they  built  a  fmall  fort  with  towers  round  this  ancient  ftru&ure, 
which  preferved  it  near  another  century ;  but  as  every  fabrick 
raifed  by  the  art  of  man  is  doomed  fooner  or  later  to  decay 
under  the  corroding  power  of  time,  fo  this  building,  after 
withftanding  the  force  of  fo  many  tempefls,  repeated  for  fo 
many  years,  was  at  laft  fapped  by  the  flow  approaches  of  the 
fea.  It  fell  on  the  twenty-ninth  day  of  July  1644;  and  the 
few  remains  which  are  left  there  continue  a  heap  of  rubbifh. 

The  light-houfe  built  by  the  Romans  on  the  hill  at  Dover 
is  fimilar  to  that  which  they  built  at  Boulogne,  for  it  is  an  o£ta- 
gon  without,  and  a  fquare  within,  and  it  is  very  probable  they 
were  both  ere&ed  within  a  few  years  of  each  other,  and  with 
the  fame  kind  of  materials.  But,  that  I  might  not  proceed 
entirely  upon  conjecture,  I  employed  a  perfon  laft  fummer  to 
examine  the  remaining  rubbifh  of  the  old  pharos  at  Boulogne, 
and  to  bring  me  over  a  piece  or  two,  if  he  could  find  any  of  the 
materials  left,  like  what  I  gave  him  to  direCt  him  in  hisfearch. 
The  piece  he  brought  me,  and  which  I  have  in  my  pofieffion, 
is  what  the  Foffilifts  call  Tophus,  and  it  was  with  this 
kind  of  petrefaftion  the  Romans  built  the  walls  of  the  light- 

houfe 


Situation  of  the  ancient  Portus  Iccius.  1 5 

houfe  in  Dover  caftle,  which  is,  perhaps,  without  exception, 
one  of  the  oldeft  buildings  in  the  kingdom,  but  now  going  very 
fad:  to  decay  for  want  of  a  little  repair,  which  might  preferve 
it  another  century.  The  ufe  of  the  tophus  in  building  was 
well  known  to  the  Greeks  and  Romans ;  and  they  compared  it 
with  the  Parian  Marble,  which  they  frequently  ufed,  as  did 
the  Egyptians,  in  the  partitions  of  their  mod  elegant  buildings, 
on  account  of  the  lightnefs  of  it. 

The  tophus,  though  rough,  and  fimilar  to  the  pumice  for 
its  porofity,  eafily  crumbles  when  rubbed,  but  is  very  durable, 
as  may  be  proved  by  the  ages  it  has  remained  expofed  to  the  in¬ 
clemency  of  the  feafons  on  fuch  a  high  fituation  as  the  cadle 
hill  at  this  place.  It  alfo  anfwered  their  purpofe  exceedingly 
well  in  turning  arches,  for  there  is  an  arch  in  this  tower  dill 
remaining  very  perfedh 

We  are  informed  the  tophus  is  very  common  in  Germany  and 
Italy  [y],  that  there  are  vad  rocks  of  it  on  the  Rhine,  and  that 
the  Germans  ufe  it  indead  of  pumice.  The  Romans  knowing 
by  experience  the  ufe  and  durability  of  the  tophus  in  build¬ 
ings,  indead  of  fearching  an  enemy’s  country  for  materials  to 
eredt  a  light-houfe,  which  they  wanted  immediately  to  light 
their  fhips  from  the  continent,  they  certainly  imported  the  ma¬ 
terials,  and  the  tophus  [s]  was  not  only  light  for  water-carriage, 

but 

[y]  Da  Cofta’s  Nat.  Hift.  of  Foflils,  Series  II.  Se£D  18.  p.  135.  See  alfo • 
Theophraftus’  Hift.  of  Stones,  by  Hill,  p.  39. 

[z]  Kirwan’s  Mineralogy,  p.  25.  The  Tophus,  he  fays,  is  the  Duckftein  (or, 
as  Hill  calls  it,  the  Toffftein,  or  Tuftein,  of  the  Germans;  and  that  it  differs 
from  the  Stala&ites  in  being  formed  by  a  gradual  deposition  of  earths,  chiefly 
of  the  calcareous  kind,  barely  diffufed  through  water,  and  within  the  water, 
itfelfo. 

FaherV 


1 6  Mr.  Lyon  on  the  Situation  of  the  ancient  Portus  Iccius. 

but  it  was  more  eafily  drawn  up  a  hill,  at  that  time  of  difficult 
accefs,  than  any  very  folid  materials,  which  they  knew  not  at 
that  time  where  to  find  near  the  place. 

When  we  confider  the  Romans  had  a  light-houfe  built  by 
Caligula  at  Boulogne,  and  another  ere&ed  almod  oppofite 
to  it  at  Dover,  of  the  fame  form,  and  very  probably,  by  the 
fpecimen  produced,  of  the  fame  kind  of  materials,  exactly  30 
miles  didant  from  the  moft  commodious  port  in  the  province 
of  the  Morini,  which  was  frequented  by  the  merchants  ;  is 
there  any  place  on  the  continent  fo  likely  to  have  been  the 
Portus  Ittius  of  Julius  Caefar,  as  the  Valley  at  Boulogne  ?  As 
he  failed  from  the  very  bed  port  in  the  province,  it  would  be 
a  reflexion  on  thofe  who  came  after  him  to  fuppofe  they 
failed  from  a  worfe.  That  they  did  not,  is  very  certain  by 
the  roads,  and  the  works  of  the  Romans  terminating  at  Boulogne, 
in  the  province  of  the  Morini ;  neither  have  I  read  of  any  being 
yet  difcovered  to  the  eadward  of  it. 

This,  added  to  what  I  have  already  faid,  amounts  at  lead:  to 
a  drong  prefumptive  proof  that  the  Portus  Ittius  was  at  Bou¬ 
logne,  and  not  at  Calais. 

I  am  fenfible,  where  a  fubjefl  does  not  admit  of  a  geometrical 
or  mathematical  demondration,  there  may,  and  fometimes  will 
be  diverfities  of  opinions,  and  each  writer  will  be  tenacious  of 
his  own  ;  and  I  confefs  I  (hall  require  arguments  more  con- 
clufive  than  any  I  have  yet  feen,  before  I  ffiall  fubfcribe  to  the 
Portus  Ittius  of  Julius  Caefar  having  been  at  Calais,  or  to  the 
eadward  of  it. 

JOHN  LYON. 

[z]  Faber’s  Letters  on  the  Natural  Hiflory  of  the  Mountains  in  Italy,  p.  205. 
The  volcanic  productions  near  Trivali  have  been  in  many  places  covered  with 
new  flrata  of  calcareous  tophus,  produced  by  the  calcareous  waters  of  the  Apen¬ 
nines,  or  the  overflowings  of  the  tophaceous  Lago  de  Tatari  andLago  de  Bagiri. 

II.  Der- 


II.  Derbeiesseira  [a]  Romana.  By  the  Rev .  Mr, 
Pegge,  in  a  Letter  to  Richard  Gough,  Efq, 


Read  Nov.  12,  1789. 


Dear  Sir, 

IT  has  been  obferved  on  a  former  occafion  [b]  that  the  county 
of  Derby  in  the  Britifli  times  conftituted  a  part  of  that 
large  tribe,  the  Coritani ,  or  Coitanni  [V],  confequently  it  had 
then  no  peculiar  provincial  name. 

It  apparently  deduces  its  prefent  name  from  that  of  Derby , 
its  principal  town,  and  the  queftion  then  will  be,  when  this 
borough  currently  took  its  prefent  appellation,  as  it  was  alfo 
fometimes  anciently  called  Northwarthig  [</J.  The  fhire  could 
not  poffibly  receive  its  prefent  denomination  till  after  that 
asra. 

I  conceive,  notwithftanding  the  whims  and  fancies  of  the 
heralds,  who  have  given  the  town  a  buck  in  a  park  for  its  arms, 

[a]  Charta  Hen.  I.  in  Chartulario  Decani  Line.  Domefday  has  Derbyfcire , 
as  we  write  now,  c  having  the  power  of  cb.  See  Hearne’s  Cur.  Diic.  p.  46. 

I b ]  Nichols’s  Bibl.  Top,  Brit.  N°  XXIV.  p.  47. 

[r]  Ibid.  p.  46. 
d ]  Camden,  col.  587. 

Vol.  X.  D 


as 


1 8  Dereeiesseira  Rom  an  a. 

as  if  it  had  been  once  a  habitation  for  deer\_e'\ ,  that  the  name 
is  contra&ed,  as  Mr.  Camden  thought,  from  Derwentby  [f\ 
a  term  expreflive  of  its  fituation  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Der¬ 
went.  There  was  an  old  Saxon  town  at  this  place  in  the  ninth 
century,  called  Northworlhlge ,  to  diftinguifh  it  probably  from 
! Tamaweorthige ,  or  Tamworth ;  it  was  at  that  time  of  impor¬ 
tance,  and  was  taken  by  the  Danes ,  who  were  then  powerful  in 
thefe  parts,  and  were  principally  feated  at  Repton  upon  Trent ;  and, 
as  this  new  acquifition  lay  on  another  river,  the  river  Derwent , 
not  far  diffant,  they  thought  proper  to  change  the  name  of  it 
to  Derwentby ,  afterwards  contracted  to  Deoraby  and  Derby . 
The  words  of  Fabius  Ethelwerd  are  very  exprefs  on  this  point, 
“  in  locum  qui  Northworthigie  nuncupatur,  juxta  aulem  Danaam 
“  linguam  Deoraby  [g].*’  The  town  being  of  confequence,  as 
abovefaid,  and  fortified,  or  at  leaft  having  a  caftle  [/6],  it  was  re¬ 
taken  by  force  of  arms,  A.  918,  by  the  warlike  princefs  /Ethel- 
jleda  [/],  when  it  went  by  the  name  of  Deoraby.  And  this,  I 
prefume,  may  be  the  firft  time  it  occurs  under  that  denomina¬ 
tion.  On  the  whole,  nothing  can  be  more  ridiculous  or 
abfurd  than  to  fuppofe  that  the  fite  of  the  town,  when  the 
Danes  had  it  in  polTeflion  was  a  chace  or  forefl  for  deer. 

[<?]  This  opinion  is  alfo  embraced  by  Bp.  Gibfon,  Camd.  col.  587. 

[/]  This  Etymon  I  prefer  to  that  from  hi,  juxta,  &  dur  aqua,  offered  by 
BP.  Gibfon,  ad  Chron.  Sax.  p.  24.  as,  in  that  cafe,  it. ought  rather  to  be  bidur 
than  Durbi. 

[jr]  Ethelwerd,  p.  843.  H.  Huntingdon  calls  it  Derebi,  on  the  fame  occafion 
P-353- 

[A]  H.  Hunt.  1.  c.  The  Caftle  was  demolifhed  at  this  time,  and,  as  I  think, 
never  rebuilt.  However,  if  it  was,  king  Edmund  retook  it.  Item,  p.  355. 

[i]  Chron.  Sax.  A.  918. 

7 


The 


DeRBEIESSEIRA  RoMANA,  f  9 

The  name  of  R)eoraby  is  found  on  a  coin  of  King  Atheljlan , 
who  acceded  to  the  crown  A.  925,  and  died  A.  941,  where 
the  legend  on  the  reverfe  is,  hegenredes  mo  on  deoraby  [£], 
{hewing,  that  the  town  was  then  of  great  confideration,  was 
privileged  with  a  mint,  and  ufually  went  by  its  modern  though 
contracted  name. 

England  certainly  was  not  diftributed  into  counties  till  after 
the  Saxons  were  completely  fettled  in  it ;  but  there  is  no  occa- 
fion  to  inveftigate  the  exact  time  when  the  feveral  (hires  were 
firft  formed  as  it  will  be  fufficient  to  obferve  that  this  county 
could  not  well  pafs  by  its  prefent  name,  as  we  apprehend,  till 
about  the  year  900. 

Our  prefent  enquiry,  however,  requires  us  to  go  into  times 
of  much  higher  antiquity  than  the  date  here  fpecified,  though 
before  we  enter  on  a  detail  of  the  Roman  antiquities  found 
within  the  limits  of  this  little  county,  it  will  be  highly  proper 
to  premife  a  word  concerning  the  Rate  and  condition  of  the 
country  at  the  time  that  people  had  concerns  with  it. 

The  Romans  firft  arrived  in  Britain  55  years  before  the  Birth 
of  our  Saviour;  but  it  was  long  after  that,  before  they  made 
any  permanent  fettlement  in  it,  or  had  penetrated  into  the  inte¬ 
rior  parts  of  the  province,  which  probably  did  not  happen  till 
the  reign  of  the  Emperor  Claudius  A.  D.  4r.  when,  as  we  have 
good  reafon  for  thinking,  this  region  of  the  Coritani  was  much 
covered  with  wood  [/].  The  Romans  who  firft  entered  this 

[£]  Sir  And.  Fountaine,  in  Dr.  Hickes’s  Thefaur.  Tom.  II.  tab.  II.  The 
name  alfo  occurs  there  on  a  coin  of  king  Edgar,  tab.  V. 

[/]  Nichols’s  Biblioth.  Top.  Brit.  XXIV.  p.  47.  Arch.  VII.  p.  174, 

D  2  quarter 


20 


Derbeiesseira  Romana. 


quarter  mixed,  we  may  fuppofe,  with  the  natives,  fo  that  the 
body  of  the  people  con-fitted  of  Britons  and  fome  few  Romans 
intermingled  with  them. 

One  can  hardly  doubt  but  the  Contani ,  or  Indigence ,  as  I 
will  call  them,  had  difcovered  mines  of  lead  (for  we  do  not 
hear  of  any  copper  mines  in  Derbyfhire)  previous  to  the  arrival 
of  the  Roman  ttrangers.  Thefe  latt  would  confequently  not 
only  gain  intelligence  of  fuch  mines,  but  all'o  of  the  BritiJJj 
manner  of  working  them.  And  thus  it  would  be  extremely  na¬ 
tural  for  the  new-comers,  the  matters,  to  encourage. the  natives 
to  proceed  in  their  accuttomed  employments  ;  for  thefe  to  be 
the  miners  or  labourers,  and  they  themfelves  to  be  the  em- 
ployers,  the  overfeers,  and  the  paymatters  [/»].  There  feems 
to  be  no  other  way  of  accounting  for  the  Roman  letters  which 
we  find  on  that  block  of  lead,  fmelted  in  the  reign  of  the  Em¬ 
peror  Claudius  [»].  Whence  it  is  moft  evident,  that  this  tradh 
became  known  to  the  Romans  very  foon  after  they  had  gained 
any  fettlement  in  the  ifland. 

The  Romans  continued  in  Britain  till  A.  420;  and  it  is  but 
reafonable  to  expedt,  that  in  the  compafs  of  475  years,  reckon¬ 
ing  from  their  firtt  Invafion  by  Julius  Casfar,  various  evidences, 
tokens,  and  monuments  of  their  refidence  here  would  appear, 
and  every  day  more  and  more  ;  indeed  it  would  be  ttrange  if 
they  did  not.  What  I  propofe  therefore  is,  to  try  to  recolledt 
and  remitter  the  feveral  inttances  that  have  occurred  of  their 

[m]  Galgacus,  indeed,  feems  to  infinuate,  in  his  fpeech,  that  the  Romans, 
did  not  pay,  but  compelled ,  the  natives  to  work  at  the  mines  as  ilaves  ;  but 
this  we  may  regard  as  a  rhetorical  flourifh. 
jj n J  It  will  be  mentioned  below. 

/> 

O 


abods 


Derbeiesseira  Romana. 


21 


abode  and  exertions  in  thefe  parts,  which  I  may  venture  to 
augurate  will  prove  no  inconfiderable  number. 

In  doing  this,  however,  I  (hall  take  care  not  to  put  down 
any  thing  of  doubtful  authority;  confining  myfelf  flridly  to 
thofe  remains  which  are  undoubtedly  Roman ,  and  by  all  means 
endeavouring  not  to  confound  them  with  Britijh  antiquities,  or 
thofe  of  other  nations,  Saxons  or  Danes,  who  have  frequented 
this  county  and  fettled  in  it.  I  (hall  not  therefore  regifter  that 
rich  and  curious  jewel  found  in  a  barrow  on  Winjler  moor ,  and 
defcribed  by  my  late  friend,  Mr.  John  Mander  of  Bakewell  jY], 
Nor,  for  the  fame  reafon,  (hall  I  mention  the  many  Celts,  that 
at  various  times  have  been  found  in  the  county,  fince  now, 
whatever  the  opinion  may  have  been  formerly,  they  are  decid¬ 
edly  adjudged  to  the  Celtic  nations.  So  the  large  filver  plate, 
or  di(h,  found  at  Rijley ,  about  5  miles  from  Derby,  A.  1729, 
I  omit,  though  the  late  Dr.  Stukeley,  who  gave  an  account  of 
it  to  his  friend  Roger  Gale,  Efq.  1736;  thought  it  Roman , 
and  conjedured  it  might  rife  as  high  in  antiquity  as  the  age  of 
Auguflus  ;  becaufe  it  was  brought  hither,  as  he  imagines,  from 
France,  and  therefore,  though  a  curious  piece  of  Roman  anti¬ 
quity,  and  alfo  found  here,  does  not  come  within  the  true 
meaning  and  intention  of  this  memoir,  as  it  does  not  appear 
from  any  one  particular  dated  by  the  Dodor,  that  the  Romans 
had  ever  been  at  Rifley,  and  he  accounts  for  the  plates  coming 
to  England  in  much  later  times. 

Adhering  again  clofely  to  the  fubjed,  I  (hall  not  excur  be¬ 
yond  the  known  limits  of  the  county,  and  confequently  (hail 


[e]  Arch.  Vol.  III.  p,  274, 


not 


22  Derbeiesseixa  Romana. 

not  infert  Mr.Rooke’s  Villa  Romana[p]y  nor  the  Roman  anti¬ 
quities  we  meet  with  in  Dr.  Plott’s  Nat.  Hid:.  of  StafFordfhire  [q\ 
though  both  places  lie  but  juji  without  the  borders  of  our  county. 
If,  after  all,  a  particular  of  dubious  original  fhall  chance  to  be 
noticed,  care  fhall  be  taken  to  exprefs  the  fufpicion  that  attends 
it. 

Now  to  chalk  out  and  prefcribe  to  ourfelves  fome  rational 
method  of  proceeding,  as  alfo  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
reader,  I  fhall  difpofe  the  various  Roman  antiquities  hitherto 
difcovered  in  the  county  of  Derby,  at  lead:  fo  far  as  they  have 
come  to  my  knowledge,  under  the  following  heads : 

.1.  Lead. 

2,4  Roads. 

3.  Stations. 

4.  Camps. 

.5.  Urns, 

6.  Coins. 

7.  Infcriptions. 

,8.  Lows  or  Barrows. 

Roman  remains,  as  will  appear  from  the  fubfequent  detail, 
have  been  found  in  almoft  every  corner  af  our  county  ;  info- 
much  that  one  may  predict  from  this  catalogue,  without  much 
prelumption,  that  many  more  will  be  difcovered  in  time  coming, 
fmce  it  is  certain  that  the  places  which  we  fhall  have  occafion 
to  mention  were  all,  except  Little  Chejler  and  Brough ,  not 


f/>]  Arch.  Vol.  VII.  p.  363. 

Itf]  -Dr.  .Plott,  Nat.  Hift.  of  Staff.  p.  404. 

known 


Derbeiesseira  Roman a>. 


23 

known  to  have  had  any  connexion  with  the  Romans,  in  the 
time  of  our  illuftrious  and  celebrated  Camden. 

i.  Roman  Lead. 

*  We  begin  with  that  Roman  block,  or  pig  of  lead,  which, 
bearing  the  name  of  the  Emperor  Claudius ,  is  the  oldeft  of 
any  hitherto  difcovered.  It  is  now  in  the  hands  of  our  worthy 
member,  Richard  Molefworth,  Efq.  and  was  found  upon  Matlock 
Moor ,  A.  1787.  The  Society  is  pofleffed  of  a  fhort  Account  of 
this  piece,  printed  in  Arch.  Vol.  IX.  p.  45,  and  therefore  no 
more  needs  be  laid  of  it  here. 

The  next  article  of  this  clafs  was  alfo  found  on  Matlock  Moor , 
A.  D.  1783,  and  is  now  in  the  poffeffion  of  my  friend,  Mr. 
Adam  Wolley  the  younger,  of  Matlock  :  it  is  defcribed  in  the 
Vllth  volume  of  the  Archasologia,.,  to  which  I  beg  leave  to 
refer.. . 

The  third  and  lafh  fpecimen  of  Derbyfhire  Roman  lead  was 
difcovered  upon  Cromford  Moor ,  April  1777,  and  bears  the. 
name  of  the  Emperor  Hadrian .  It  belongs  to  Peter  Nightingale 
of  Lee,  Efq.  and  is  illuftrated  with  home  neceflary  obfervations 
in  the  Vth  volume  of  the  Archasologia. 

2.  Roman  Roads, 

It  mud:  have  been  fome  time  after  their  accefs,  before  the 
Romans  would  think  of  making  military  roads  in  our  idands, 
as  this  could  not  well  be  done,  till  they  were  not  only  in  force, 
but  in  peace  and  tranquillity,  and  alfo  well  acquainted  with  the 
bearings  and  fituations  of  places.  Thefe  roads  are  found  to  be 
more  numerous  than  one  would  imagine. 


Ike  nil d- 


24 


Derbeiesseira  Romana. 


'  Ike  ni Id- facet,  one  of  the  four  principal  Roman  roads  in 
Britain,  was  traced  A.  D.  1768,  from  its  entrance  into  Der- 
byfhire  to  Little  Chejler  and  Chejlerjield ;  and,  by  conjecture,  to 
Brough ,  near  Rotheram  in  Yorkjhire  [y]. 

Another  (hotter  road,  paffing  from  Brough  to  Buxton ,  both 
in  the  Peak  of  Derbyfhire,  has  alfo  been  traced  [s']. 

Dr.  Plott  imagines  a  Roman  road  might  go  from  Edingall, 
[  in  Staffordfhire  to  Lullington  ;  and  thence  to  Repton ,  in  Derby¬ 
fhire  [/]. 

Thefe  were  all  the  roads  that  were  known  in  1768;  but 
(ince  then,  my  late  friend,  the  Rev.  John  Watfon,  ReCtor  of 
Stockport,  difcovered  a  road,  1772,  leading  from  Brough  in 
the  Peak  to  Melandra  cqjlle  there  [«"|. 

Mr.  Watfon  alfo  was  of  opinion,  that  a  road  went  from 
Melandra-cajlle  to  Buxton  j\v]. 

He  afferts  again,  that  another  road  pafled  from  Buxton  to 
Stockport  [y],  and  this,  which  he  Rates  as  coming  from  Man - 
chejler  to  Buxton ,  he  has  actually  defcribed  [%]. 

My  refpe&able  and  valued  friend,  Hayman  Rooke,  Efq.  has 
this  very  year,  1788,  given  me  fome  information  of  a  Roman 
road,  and  called  fo  by  the  common  people,  which  goes  from 
Derby  (more  probably  from  Little  Chejler )  by  Hopton ,  the  feat 
of  Philip  Gell,  Efq.  over  Brajmgt  on-moor ,  and,  leaving  New 

[r]  Bibl.  Top.  Brit.  N°  XXIV.  p.  9.  &  feq. 

[j]  Ibid.  p.  34.  &  feq. 

[/]  Dr.  Piott,  Hift.  of  Staff,  p.  402. 

Archaeologia,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  237. 

[*]  Ibid. 

[y]  Ibid. 

[z]  Bibl.  Top.  Brit.  N°  XXIV.  p.  35. 

Haven , 


I  \  v 

Dereeiesseira  Romana. 

*  V  J 

Haven,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  to  the  left,  takes  its  courfe  to 
Buxton .  In  another  letter,  dated  31  May  1788,  he  fays,  44  he 
44  traced  it  down  the  hill  to  the  inclofures,  where  it  had  been 
44  deftroyed  by  the  plough.” 

Mr,  James  Pilkington,  in  his  44  View  of  the  prefent  State  of 
44  Derbyfhire,”  juft  publifhed  [Vj,  has  thefe  words,  44  There  is, 
44  according  to  tradition,  another  Roman  road,  the  extremity  of 
44  which  appears  at  the  diftance  of  a  few  miles  from  Buxton.  It 
44  begins  at  Hurdlow  Houfe,  and  extends  to  Pike  Hall.  It  runs 
44  nearly  parallel  with  the  turnpike  road,  which  leads  to  AJh- 
44  bourn .  It  appears  highly  probable,  that  this  road  was  once 
44  a  means  of  communication  between  the  bath  at  Buxton ,  and  the 
44  ftation  or  encampment,  which  I  fhall  have  occafion  hereafter 
44  to  (hew  the  Romans  had  at  ParwichP 

To  finifh  this  bufinefs  of  the  roads,  it  is  fuppofed,  and  with 
abundant  reafon,  that  there  went  a  military  way  in  the  later 
times  of  the  empire,  from  Little  Chejler  to  Nottingham  \b]. 
This  we  may  be  allured  of,  that  the  Romans  formed  many 
more  roads  than  what  occur  in  their  famous  Itinerary,  fuch  as 
may  be  termed  v'ue  vicinales,  as  going  from  ftation  to  ftation 
within  the  country  [c]. 

3.  Stations. 

The  Roman  ftations  in  Derbyfhire,  as  contradiftinguifhed  to 
camps  and  intrenchments,  and  with  reference  to  the  Itinerary 


[a]  II.  p.  8. 

[£]  Bibl.  Top.  Brit.  N°  XXIV.  p.  23. 

[r]  Dr.  Plott,  Staff,  p.  402.  Mr.  Hutchinfon,  Hill,  of  Durham,  II.  p.  486. 

VoL.  X.  E  of 


2  6 


Derbeiesseira  Romana. 


of  Antoninus  j V],  were  four  on  the  Ikenild-Rreet,  and  two  on 
the  Bathom~Gate ,  or  the  Iefler  Roman  road. 

Our  prime  Ration,  that  of  which  the  remains  are  the  moR 
confpicuous,  and  where  Roman  coins,  &c.  have  been  found 
without  number  [c],  and  are  Rill  fometimes  found,  is  noticed 
in  the  XHIth  Iter  of  Richard  of  CirenceRer  by  the  name  of 
Derbentio,  and  is  now  called  Little  Chefier\  near  Derby.  The 
town  of  Derby  probably  arofe  from  its  vicinity  to  this  Ration, 
and  in  part,  perhaps,  from  its  ruins  [/]. 

A  fecond  Ration  on  this  road  put  down  by  Richard  is  now 
totally  effaced  in  the  author,  both  as  to  its  name,  and  its  diRance 
from  Derbentio  [g-]. 

Another  Ration  undoubtedly  there  was,  on  the  road  from 
Derby  to  Chejlerfield ,  either  at  Higbam  or  Limbury ,  though  we 
cannot  with  certainty  pronounce  at  which  [A]. 

The  fourth  and  laR  Ration  on  this  Iter  was  unqueRionably 
Chejlerfield ,  at  io  miles  diRance,  where  coins  have  been  found  [/], 
and  which  has  been  proved  by  other  evidence  to  have  been  at 
Tapton  Hill  [Tj. 

The  two  Rations  on  what  I  have  termed  the  Lefier  Roman 
Road  were  Brough  and  Buxton ;  the  RrR  at  the  outfet,  the 
fecond  at  the  termination  of  this  fliort  Iter.  As  to  Brough ,  I 

| \d]  Bibl.  Top.  Brit.  N°  XXIV.  p.  13. 

[>]  Camden,  col.  587.  Leland,  Itin.  VI.  p.  1 31 . 

[/J  Of  Derby  and  the  two  Derbentio s,  fee  more  in  Bibl.  Top.  Brit,  p.  21. 

[H  Richard,  Bibl.  Top.  Brit.  p.  13. 

[A]  Ibid.  p.  28. 

[i]  Ibid.  p.  29. 

D]  Ibid.  p.  30.. 


have 


Derbeiesseira  Romana. 


27 

have  nothing  to  add  to  what  has  been  Raid  in  the  Bibliotheca 
Topographica  Britannica  [/]. 

Buxton  was  indifputably  a  Roman  Ration  ;  the  feveral  roads 
pointing  to  it  [w]  intimate  and  confirm  that.  Mr.  Watfon  afferts, 
“  that  at  Buxton  he  had  difcovered  the  fite  of  a  Roman  Ration, 
“  unknown  he  believed  then  to  any  other  antiquary  but 
“  himfelfjyz].”  But  quaere,  whether  this  may  not  be  the  cu¬ 
rious  exploratory  camp,  which  Mr.  Rooke  mentions  in  a  letter 
to  me,  Sept.  22,  1787,  “  as  being  on  Combs  Mofs ,  a  moor 
about  4  miles  from  Buxton  if  fo,  the  Buxton  Ration  could 
not  be  there,  that  place  being  too  far  diRant  certainly,  it  muR 
not  have  been  nearer  to,  or  at  the  bath.  And  therefore  let  us 
enquire  how  things  were  there.  There  was  a  Roman  well  here 
clofe  by  St.  Anne’s  well,  where  alfo  were  the  ruins  of  the  an¬ 
cient  bath  [ 0 ].  But  there  feem  to  have  been  more  baths  than 
one  anciently  [f\.  And  as  to  the  Ration  here,  Mr.  Watfon  ex- 
prefily  fays,  44  that  on  the  top  of  the  hill  above  the  hall,  in  a 
“  piece  of  ground  called  the  Stain  (or  Stan)  cliffs,  are  the  vifible 
“  remains  of  an  ancient  fettlement,  which  I  doubt  not  was 
“Roman.”  In  the  fummer  of  1787,  Mr.  Rooke  obferved  an 
oblong  tumulus,  with  a  ditch  and  vallum;  and  on  removing 
the  earth  he  found  44  a  wall  fimilar  to  that  of  the  large  room 
“  in  the  Roman  Villa  at  Mansfield  IVoodhoufie ,  with  offfets  on  the 
44  outfides.  This  inclofed  the  tumulus  in  an  oblong  fquare, 

[/]  N°  XXIV.  p.  34. 

[m]  See  our  2d  head,  the  Roads. 

[«]  Archseologia,  Vol.  III.  p.  237* 

[5]  Bibl.  Top.  Brit.  p.  35. 

[7>]  Ibid.  Fora  further  account  of  the  old  Roman  Bath  difcovered  in  1781, 
fee  there  p.  36. 

E  2  “4 6  feet 


2$  DERBEIE9SE1RA  Romana. 

“  46  feet  by  22  feet  6  inches.  Within  it  was  a  body  of  clay* 
“  which  appeared  to  be  rammed  in,  though  fome  of  the  work- 
“  men  thought  it  was  the  natural  foil  y  which  ever  it  was,  the 
“  wall  was  certainly  built  a  gain  (l  it.  As  the  infide  was  rough 
“  and  irregular,  it  might  poffibly  have  been  a  floor.”  This  is 
Mr.  Rooke’s  defcription,  who  then  offers  his  conjedlure  concern¬ 
ing  the  intention  of  this  tumulus.  “He  is  apt  to  think,  he  fays* 
“  that  this  muff  have  been  a  temple ;  it  is  fituate  on  the  hill 
“  facing  the  crefcent,  and  about  100  yards  in  a  direct  line  from 
“  the  hot  fpring.  And  he  thinks  it  natural  to  fuppofe,  that 
“  the  Romans,  after  finding  the  falutary  effects  of  thefe  waters, 
<6  would  eredl  a  temple  to  the  prefiding  deity  [y].”  The  Roman 
road  from  Fairfield  a  man  told  him  came  into  the  prefent 
road  near  this  ground  j  and  if  fo,  it  could  not  be  20  yards  from 
the  temple ,  and  ended  there. 

To  difpatch  this  head ;  the  camp  of  Melandra  Caftle  in  the 
parifh  of  Glojfop ,  difcovered  firffc  by  the  late  Mr.  Watfon,  is, 
at  this  day,  according  to  his  account  and  delineation  of  it  in 
the  Archaeologia  [r],  in  a  very  perfect  condition,  and,  con- 
fidering  the  feverai  Roman  roads  that  terminate  there,  as  alfo 
the  ftrudture  of  its  vallum,  very  juftly  intitled  to  the  na mp,  the 
confequence,  and  dignity  of  a  Ration. 

4.  Roman  Camps. 

The  Roman  remains  of  this  defcription  in  Derbyshire,  it 
muft  be  acknowledged,  are  but  few.  One,  however,  there  is 
on  Fentrich  common  [jj. 

\_q]  Apollo,  perhaps,  or  Minerva . 

[r]  Archseologia,  Vol.  III.  p.  236. 

[5]  Bibl.  Top.  Brit.  N°  XXIV.  p.  26.  See  Mr.  Pilkington,  vol.  II.  p.  317. 

Another 


I 


Derbeiesseira  Romana.  29 

Another  there  is  on  Combe-mofsy  as  mentioned  under  the  laid 

* 

head  ;  and 

Thirdly,  there  is  a  fquare  camp  amongft  the  gardens  at 
Cajileton ,  very  vifible  when  you  look  upon  the  gardens  from  the 
caftle. 

In  regard  to  the  camp  at  Parwich ,  mentioned  p.  9  of  his 
“  View,**  &c.  Mr.  Pilkington  fays,  p.  284  of  the  fame  volume, 
“  About  half  a  mile  north  of  the  village  may  be  feen  feme 
“  faint  veftiges  of  a  Roman  encampment  or  Ration,  at  a  place 
“  called  Lombards  green?'  He  then  defcribes  it,  and  obferves, 
that  about  20  years  ago,  a  labouring  man  found  a  military 
weapon,  a  coniiderable  number  of  coins,  and  an  urn  of  very 
great  thicknefs  in  which  the  coins  had  mold  probably  been  de- 
pofited ;  and  that  the  coins  principally  confided  of  Roman  De¬ 
narii  the  number  about  eighty  ;  and  then  follows  a  more  par¬ 
ticular  detail  of  them. 

The  entrenchment  on  Mam-Tor  at  Cajileton ,  is  in  the  opinion 
both  of  Mr.  Bray  and  Mr.  Pilkington,  moft  probably  a  Roman 
work  [/]. 

5.  Roman  Urns. 

Two  urns,  one  within  the  other,  were  found  by  Mr.  Rooke, 
in  a  barrow  on  Stanton-Moor  [ u ];  thefe,  however,  are  not 
certainly  Roman ,  but  may  be  Briti/h ,  or  Roman-Briti/h. 

In  opening  a  tumulus  on  Mr.  Cell’s  eftate  near  Brajjington 
Moor ,  1788,  Mr.  Rooke  found  fragments  of  an  urn  of  coarfe 

[f]  See  Mr.  Bray’s  Tour,  p.  202.  Mr.  Pilkington’s  View,  II»p>  402* 

[a]  Archasologia,  Vol.  VIII.  p.  58. 

clay, 


Derbeiesseira  Rom  an  a. 


< 


3° 

clay,  with  bones,  and  the  blade  of  an  iron  knife  about  5  inches 
long  [a: j  ;  part  of  the  handle,  which  was  of  wood,  appeared  at 
the  end,  and  the  blade  was  evidently  fixed  in  the  haft  34.  inches 
deep.  This  blade  was  very  much  corroded,  as  was  another  to  be 
mentioned  below. 

1 7  7  9  ’  Kooke  opened  a  tumulus  upon  Cult  on ,  the  hill 

above  Chatfworth  park,  and  found  a  fmall  urn  of  coarfe  clay 
full  of  afhes.  It  was  placed  between  two  flat  Hones,  and  had 
another  over  it.  Whether  this  be  Briti/h  or  Roma?i  may  be 
doubted  ;  its  coarfenefs  feems  to  fpeak  it  BritiJJj. 

6.  Roman  Coins. 

Thefe  have  been  found  very  frequently  in  the  county  of 
Derby ,  and  in  various  places.  Many  at  JJttle  Cbejler  \  y],  one 
in  the  camp  at  Pentrich  [z],  two  at  Chejterfield  [<*],  a  Claudius 
Gothicus  in  Staveley  parilh,  and  feveral  at  Barleborough,  the 
eftate  of  Cornelius  Heathcote  Rhodes,  Efq. 

About  the  year  1740,  a  pot  of  Roman  Denarii  was  difco- 
vered  near  a  place  called  Greenhaigh-lane ,  in  the  parifli  of  Al- 
freton,  in  a  hedge  bottom  ;  the  coins  were  dilperfed  into  many 
hands. 

A  poor  labouring  man,  about  1770,  found  a  large  number  of 
denarii,  at  a  place  in  Pleajley ,  called  Stuffine  wood ,  and  fold  them 

t  .  t  *  0 

[a'3  See  the  plate,  p.  35. 

[y J  See  above,  Art.  3. 

O]  BibJ.  Top.  Brit.  N°  XXIV.  p.  26. 

Ibid.  p.  29. 


to 


Derbejesseira  Romana.  31 

to  a  per  foil  at  Mansfield  for  5/.  Mr.  Martin,  a  farmer  of 
Pleafley,  has  at  this  time  three  Roman  coins  found  at  the 
fame  place  [&].  This  farm,  it  feems,  is  very  near  Mr.  Rooke’s 
Villa  Romana ,  fo  that  the  Romans  appear  to  have  much  fre¬ 
quented  this  neighbourhood. 

A  very  fine  and  perfect  brafs  coin  of  the  Emperor  Commodus 
was  found  in  Chatfworth  park,  and  given  to  me  by  the  late 
Alexander  Barker,  Efq.\  and  I  fuppole  his  Grace  the  Duke  of 
Devonfhire  may  have  it  now,  as  I  put  it  into  his  hands. 

The  late  Mr.  John  Reynolds  of  Crich  had  four  fmall  brafs 
Roman  coins  found  fomewhere  between  Winfter  and  Bahewell. 

The  manor  of  Crich  is  the  place  moR  eminent  for  difcoveries 
of  this  kind,  as  there  have  been  no  lefs  than  four  different  re- 
pofitories  de-enterred  there  : 

One,  July  26,  1761,  on  the  fummit  of  the  cliff. 

Another,  1772,  at  Fritchley. 

A  third,  in  March  1788  in  Cull  and  Park. 

And  of  the  fourth  the  rev.  John  Mafon,  curate  of  Crich ,  a 
gentleman  of  good  learning  and  equal  curiofity,  writes  to  me 
thus:  Feb.  9,  1785,  “As  fome  labourers  were  getting  Rone 
“  upon  Edge-moor ,  in  Crich  common,  Jan.  9,  1788,  they  found 
44  in  digging  the  furface  two  or  three  pieces  of  Roman  coin, 
44  which  they  judged  to  be  filver,  and  looking  round  with 
“  attention  they  obferved  an  earthen  pot,  the  upper  fide  lying 
“  level  with  the  furface  of  the  ground  :  the  pot  was  broken 
*  into  many  pieces,  and  as  fuppofed,  by  the  wheel  of  a  carriage 
44  pafling  over  it  many  years  ago.  Its  fhape,  however,  might 

64  be  afcertained,  which  they  defcribed  to  me  to  be  wideR 

• 

[£]  Information  of  Rev.  Chaworth  Hallowes,  Reftor  of  Pleafley,  1788. 

44  in- 


Derbeiesseira  Romana. 

“  in  the  middle,  with  a  long  narrow  neck,  about  an  inch  in 
“diameter;  and  they  thought  it  might  contain  about  two 
“  quarts.  They  found  it  full  of  coins,  which  mouldered  away 
“  in  their  hands,  except  9  or  to,  and  thefe  by  rubbing  and 

pinching  with  their  fingers  they  broke,  all  but  2  or  3.  Of 
tl  thefe  laft  I  have  not  feen  any  ;  of  the  others  I  procured 
6t  three  fragments  of  two  coins.  One  is  of  Gordianus  III.  the 
“  head  with  a  radiated  diadem.  The  other  is  a  fragment  of 
“  Philip  the  younger.  Thefe  coins  appear  to  be  copper  or  iron 
44  covered  with  tin.” 

About  23  years  ago,  in  the  encampment  at  Parwich ,  about 
80  Roman  coins  were  difcovered,  chiefly  Denarii,  and  a  parti¬ 
cular  account  of  them  is  given  by  Mr.  Pilkington  [cj. 

j.  Roman  Infcriptions. 

An  altar  with  a  Latin  infcription  was  formerly  dug  up  at 
Haddon  in  Derbyfhire,  an  ancient  feat  of  his  Grace  the  Duke 
of  Rutland.  It  was  facred  to  Mars  Braciaca ,  and  fome  account 
of  it,  with  a  copy  of  the  infcription,  may  be  feen  in  the 
“  Eflay  on  the  Coins  of  Cunobelin  [*/].” 

Mr.  Watfon,  whom  I  have  often  had  occafion  to  men¬ 
tion,  has  alfo  engraved  a  Roman  infcription  of  the  age,  as 
he  fancied,  of  the  Emperor  S events ,  found  near  Melandra 
Gajllc  [e\. 

[ c ]  See  Mr.  Pilkington’s  View,  II.  p.  285. 

[</]  Printed  1766,  p.  15. 

[<?]  Archaeologia,  Vol.  III.  p.  236. 

4 


thole 


Derbeiesseira  RoMANAs 


35 


8.  Roman  Lows  or  Barrows. 

As  the  various  nations,  inhabitants  of  our  ifland,  and  the 
Romans  or  Romanized- Britons  among  the  reft  [/],  have  all  ufed 
the  low ,  or  barrow,  it  is  difficult,  in  many  cafes,  to  afeertain 
the  Roman  barrows,  and  to  diftinguifh  them  with  certainty  from 
thole  of  other  people.  The  barrows  are  now  chiefly  found  in 
the  peak[g],  whatever  they  may  have  been  formerly,  and  the 
late  Mr.  Maty  is  egregioufly  miftaken,  when  he  talks  of  lows 
about  Derby  [/6],  an  error  owing  to  not  well  knowing  the  face 
of  the  country,  but  gaining  ideas  and  notions  merely  by 
haftily  travelling  in  it,  as  is  the  cafe  with  too  many  of  our 
tourijls • 

The  criteria  we  have  for  judging  and  pronouncing  a  tumulus 
to  be  Roman ,  feem  to  be  thefe  two ;  firft,  if  it  be  near  one  of 
their  military  ways;  and  fecondly,  from  its  contents;  if,  for 
inftance,  it  affords  any  antiquities  upon  opening  it,  that  are 
undoubtedly  Roman ,  as  coins,  implements,  urns,  &c.  Dr.  Plott 
deemed  feveral  barrows  to  be  Roman  upon  this  ground  [/]. 

The  barrow  containing  the  two  urns,  one  within  the  other, 
mentioned  above,  p.  29,  may  perhaps  be  Roman . 

Mr.  Gell’s  barrow  in  the  fame  page,  exhibiting  an  iron  knife, 
may  with  more  certainty  be  efteemed  fuch. 

[ /]  Archaeologia,  Vol.  VII.  p.  138. 

U]  Ibid.  p.  1 3 1. 

[h~\  Maty’s  Review,  1785,  p.351. 

[z]  Plott,  Nat.  Kilt,  of  Staff,  p.  403.  See  alfo  Mr.  Gough’s  Sepulchral 
Monuments,  p.  j. 

VoLo  X«  F  After 


3  4- 


Deebeiesseira  Romana. 


After  thus  running  ever  our  eight  heads,  it  may  be  proper  to 
fpecity  a  tew  fingle  articles  of  Roman  extradtion  which  have 
been  found  in  our  county. 

The  Roman  bath  at  Buxton  has  been  already  fpeken  to. 

The  rudera  of  the  Roman  temple  at  Buxton  have  alfo  been 
noticed. 

The  Roman  bridge  at  Little  Chejler  over  the  river  Derwent 
is  laid  to  be  vifible  at  low  water  [£].  This  was  of  wood  pro¬ 
bably,  as  the  Romans,  it  is  thought,  eredted  no  ftone- bridges 
in  Britain  [f]  ;  but  many  undoubtedly  they  had  of  timber  [m\. 

A  large  Roman  knife  was  found  on  Mr.  Gell’s  eftate  near 
BraJJington  moor ,  by  fome  labourers  in  making  a  plantation 
among  fome  rocks,  not  far  from  the  tumulus  mentioned  before, 
p.  33.  It  is  of  iron,  14  inches  long,  but  much  corroded  with 
rulf,  as  the  lefler  knife,  fig.  1,  found  with  fragments  of  urns 
and  bones,  in  a  tumulus  near  Braffington  moor,  May  21,  1788, 
part  of  the  handle  of  the  latter,  which  was  of  wood,  appears  alfo 
as  attf,  fig.  2.  The  blades  are  now  the  property  of  Mr.  Rooke, 
who  has  been  fo  obliging  as  to  favour  me  with  a  drawing  of 
them.  Some  parts  of  thefe  knives,  Mr.  Rooke  obferved,  had 
totally  loft  their  magnetic  power. 


p]  Bibl.  Top.  Brit.  N°  XXIV.  p.  19. 

[ZJ  Mr.  Drake,  Eboracum,  p.  53.  Mr,  Brand,  Hift.  of  Newcaftle. 
[«]  Bibl.  Top.  Brit.  N°  XXIV.  p.  19 


7 


The 


.Prrbeiessexra  Rom  ana* 


35 


The  refult,  upon  the  whole,  feems  to  be,  that  the  Romans 
were  concerned,  as  Dr.  Plott  obferves,  in  a  multitude  of  places 
in  the  interior  parts  of  the  country,  remote  from  their  military 
ways ;  that  more  Roman  antiquities,  variety  and  number  taken 
together,  have  been  found  in  the  county  of  Derby ,  than  in  any 
other  province  included  in  the  generical  name  of  Coritani  (though 
they  are  not  fewer  than  five)  or  perhaps  than  in  moft  other 
counties  in  England.  And,  further,  that  were  gentlemen  in  their 
refpedlive  counties,  and  we  have  members,  I  prefume,  from 
moft  parts  of  the  kingdom,  to  enumerate  and  point  out  the 
feveral  places  within  their  diftridts  and  provinces,  where  Roman 

F  2  remains, 


Derbeiesseira  Romana#' 

remains,  Including  antiquities  of  all  the  different  kinds,  have 
been  found,  in  fome  fuch  manner  as  is  here  done,  we  fhould 
have  an  excellent  Britannia  Romana,  on  a  very  extenfive  plan. 
Whence  it  would  appear,  that  our  ifland  had  indeed  been 
a  favourite  province,  as  Dr.  Stukeley  [«]  terms  it,  with  that  great 
people,  and  that  they  had  in  fad  occupied  or  vifited  almoft 
every  corner  of  it  [o]% 

I  am,  Sir,  with  great  efteem, 

Your  moft  obedient  fervant, 

Whittington,  Bee.  i,  1788,  SAMUEL  PEGGE. 

[»]  Itin.  II.  p.  6r. 

Dr.  Piott,  Staff,  p.  403.  405. 


III.  Ob- 


III.  Obfervations  on  Canterbury  Cathedral.  By  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Denne,  in  a  Letter  to  the  Rev.  Mr* 
Norris,  Secretary. 

Read  Not.  19,  1789- 

DEAR  Sir,, 

»  .  *  t 

MR.  Ledvvich,  in  his  ingenious,  and  in  many  in  Ranees  fa- 
tisfadory  obfervations  upon  antient  churches,  publifhed 
in  Archajologia,  vol.  VIII.  No.  XIX.  p.  176,  has  remarked,, 
that  if  Ofbern’s  authority  is  of  any  weight,  the  undercroft  at 
Canterbury  was  founded  antecedent  to  the  year  742  ;  that  writer 
having  informed  us,  that  archbifhop  Cuthbert  ere&ed  St.  John’s 
chapel  in  the  eaftern  part  of  the  greater  church  or  cathedral. 
The  chapel  here  noticed  was  not,  however,  any  part  of  the 
cathedral  fabrick  ;  and  I  am  inclined  to  attribute  this  miftake  to 
Mr.  Ledwich’s  having  before  him  an  imperfed  extrad  from  the 
life  of  archbifhop  Bregwin  by  Ofbern  ;  who  expreflly  fays, 

that  the  chapel  was  almojl  contiguous  to  the  greater  church  [^]. 

There 

[a]  Qui  (Cuthbertus)  ecclefiam  in  oriental!  parte  majoris  ecclefiae  eiderm 
pene  contiguam  in  honore  beati  Johannis  Baptiftae  fabricavit ;  ut  et  baptifteria  et 
examinations  judiciorum  pro  diverlis  caufis  ad  correftionem  fcelerum  inibi 

celebrarentur  ;  et  archiepifcoporum  corpora  in  ea  fepelirentur,  fublata  de  medio 

antiqua 


38  Mr.  Denne  on  Canterbury  Cathedral . 

There  are  befides  other  evidences  of  its  being  a  detached  build¬ 
ing;  and  that  at  the  time  of  its  being  conftrufted,  it  was  at  a 
greater  diftance  from  the  eaft  end  of  the  cathedral,  than  when 
the  Monkiffi  biographer  wrote  his  hiftory.  The  primary  often- 
fible  reafons  offered  by  Cuthbert,  for  erefting  this  church  were, 
that  it  might  be  ufed  for  a  baptiftery,  and  a  court  of  judica¬ 
ture  ;  but  there  is  ground  to  fufpedt,  that  his  chief  motive  was 
to  make  it  a  place  of  fepulture  for  the  archbifhops  of  Canter¬ 
bury,  who  had  hitherto  been  buried  in  St.  Auflin’s  monaflery. 
Cuthbert,  it  is  plain,  foon  had  it  configned  to  this  ufe;  ob¬ 
taining,  fay  the  monks  of  St.  Auftin  [£],  king  Eadbert’s  leave, 
and,  fay  their  brethren  of  Chrift  Church  [c],  the  authority  of 
the  Pope,  and  the  royal  permiffion  for  fuch  an  appropriation. 
Cuthbert,  and  Bregwin  his  immediate  fucceffor,  were  here  in¬ 
terred  ;  but  Lambert,  the  next  archbifhop,  who  had  been 
abbot  of  St.  Auflin’s,  was,  by  his  own  direction,  buried  in 
the  chapter-houfe  of  the  convent,  over  which  he  had  prefi ded ; 
after  whom  no  primate  was  interred  within  its  walls. 

There  are  no  traces  of  the  chapel’s  being  applied  to  the  pur- 
pofes  fir  ft  fpecified.  After  the  parochial  clergy  were  allowed 
to  adminifler  the  office  of  baptifm  in  their  refpeflive  diftridls, 
a  general  baptiflery  at  the  cathedral  church  could  not  be  want¬ 
ing  ;  and  it  appears  from  Edmer’s  defcription  of  the  church, 

antiqua  confuetudine  qua  eatinuS  in  ecclefia  apoftolorum  Petri  et  Pauli  corpora 
antecefforum  fuorum  tumulari  foleba-nt.  Angl.  Sac.  II.  p,  75. 

Nomine  Baptiftae  fundavit  et  ipfe  capellam  ; 

Ecclefiae  muros  haec  prate  fa&a  fuit. 

Jn  qua  decrevit  praTul  fore  fe  fepeliri, 

Ac  fucceffores  quofque  fuos  pari  ter.  Ib.  72, 

[b\  X  Script.  Chron.  Thorn,  c.  1774. 

[<•]  Ibid.  Gervafe,  1294 — 1641. 


before 


Mr.  Denne  on  Canterbury  Cathedral '. 


before  the  appointment  of  Lanfranc  to  the  fee  of  Canterbury, 
that  low  contioverfiers  and  pleas  were  determined  in  the  fouth 
door  of  the  nave  [J]. 

St.  John’s  chapel  being  in  a  dilapidated  ftate,  'it  was  repaired 
by  Lanfranc,  and  made  the  infirmary  chapel.  Edwin’s  Iketch 
of  the  cathedral  and  precinds  of  t he  priory,  delineated  before 
the  fire  in  1174^],  ihews  the  fituation  of  this  chapel  with  re- 
fpt'd  to  the  eafi-end  of  the  church,  where  was  the  chapel  of 
the  Holy  Trinity.  After  the  fire,  this  chapel  with  its  under¬ 
croft  being  wholly  taken  down,  it  was  rebuilt  upon  a  more  ex- 
ten  five  plan  ;  and  in  digging  for  the  foundation  of  the  walls  of 
the  new  undercroft,  they  met  with  the  bones  of  feveral  monks  in 
the  cemetery  ;  which  were  colleded,  and  re- interred  in  a  large 
trench  in  the  angle  between  the  chapel  of  the  Trinity  and  the 
infirmary  towards  the  fouth  jY]. 

A  part  of  the  fouth  wall  of  the  infirmary  chapel  is  remain¬ 
ing;  and  it  may  be  the  wall  of  St.  John’s  chapel,  though  after 
the  new  appropriation  of  it,  the  Virgin  Mary  being  confidered 
as  a  more  proper  guardian  of  the  fick  and  infirm  monks,  it 
was  dedicated  to  her.  Nor  are  marks  wanting  of  its  being  the 
wall  of  the  original  fabrick.  It  was,  as  already  noticed,  only  re¬ 
paired  by  Lanfranc  ;  and  the  attentive  Mr.  Goftling  obferves  [/], 
that  befules  the  eaft  window  of  the  chapel,  which  is  clofed  up, 
there  are  fome  arches  of  older  windows  ftill  to  be  feen  in  the  wall. 
There  is  alfo  in  the  fouth  wall  a  mutilated  figure  allowed  by 


[-4]  Ibid.  1291. 

[/j  An  engraving  of  it,  at  the  expence  of  this  Society,  was  publilhed  in  1755. 
“  Coepit  Magifter  Willielmus  caufa  fundamenti  monachorum  cemeterium  fo- 
dere,  unde  compulfus  eft  multorum  fan&orum  monachorum  offa  effodere  ;  quae 
diligenter  in  unam  collegia  repofita  funt  in  fofla  grandi,  in  angulo  illo  qui  eft 
inter  capeliam  etdomum  infirmorum  ad  meridiem.”  X  Script.  Gervafe,  1299. 

[/]  Walk  in  and  about  Canterbury,  p.  138. 


Somner 


4®  Mr.  Denne  on  Canterbury  Cathedral. 

Somner  and  Battelyf^]  to  have  been  the  effigies  of  John  the 
Baptift,  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  of  its  being  defigned  for 
him,  becaufe  in  the  hand  was  a  label  with  this  inlcription, 

Ecce  major  me,”  &c.  In  Somner’ s  time  it  was  partly  legi¬ 
ble,  and  he  dared  fay  it  was  in  a  cbara&er  lefs  antient  than  the 
fabrick  ;  had  luckily  a  fac-fimile  been  taken,  the  age  of  the 
letters  might  have  been  by  others  nearly  afcertained. 

Both  thefe  eminent  antiquaries  were  indeed  fully  perfuaded 
that  the  walls  of  this  chapel  were  deftroyed  by  the  fire  in  1 174, 
if  not  fooner  ;  and  they  feem  to  have  been  as  confident,  that 
the  outer  walls  of  the  choir  had  the  fame  fate.  In  this,  how¬ 
ever,  they  were  certainly  miftaken  ;  and  it  fhould  be  remarked 
that  the  tower  of  St.  Andrew,  which,  from  its  fituation  at  the 
north- eafl:  end  of  the  choir,  was  neareft  to  the  infirmary,  was, 
after  the  fire,  in  good  prefervation  [ h j  ;  why  then  are  we  to 
conclude  that  the  walls  of  the  infirmary  chapel  that  were  much 
lefs  expofed  fhould  not  have  efcaped  ! 

When  Gervafe  tells  us  that  very  many  of  the  ornaments  and 
goods  of  the  church,  the  furniture  of  the  choir,  the  timbers  of 
the  roof,  and  the  fialls,  all  combuftible  materials,  were  reduced 
to  afhes  [/'],  we  without  hefitation  admit  the  aflertion ;  and 

we 

[g]  Antiquities  of  Canterbury,  p.  106,  107.  h  Cantuar.  Sacr.  p.  94. 

[A]  “  Magifter  turres  praedi&as  (Sanifti  Anfelmi  et  San£ti  Andreae  in  utroque 
latere  ecclefiae  antiquitus  ad  circinum  pofitas)  diffipare  non  volens,  intcgras 
autem  transferre  non  valens.”  X  Script.  1303. 

[/]  “  Non  enim  foluinmodo  chorus  hoc  incendio  confuinptus  eft,  verumetiam 
■donnas  infirmorum  cum  capella  Sanctae  Marise  et  aliis  quibufdam  curiae  offici- 
nis.  Ornamenta  quoque  ecclefiae  quamplurima  et  bona  in  cinerem  redadta  funt.’f 
Ibid.  c.  1290.  “  Poll  multum  vero  temporis  ecclefiam  Cantuarienfem  cum  offi- 
cinis  et  ecclefiam  Sandli  Johannis  Baptiftae,  quae  a  beato  Cuthberto  aedificata  et 
dedicata,  vorax  flamma  confumpfit ;  quae  poftea  Lanfrancus  archiepifcopus 
1  reparavit : 


Mr.  DennE  on  Canterbury  Cathedral.  41 

we  can  eafily  imagine  that  the  pillars  of  the  choir,  inconfequence 
of  the  intenfe  heat  of  the  fire  from  fuch  a  pile  of  wood,  that 
blazed  with  violence  to  the  height  of  fifteen  cubits  from  the 
floor,  might  receive  irreparable  damage.  But  when  thefe 
words  are  applied  to  the  confumption  of  ftone  walls,  they 
muft  be  read  with  a  due  allowance  for  the  figurative  ftyle  of 
the  relator.  Though  therefore  Mr.  Ledvvich  may  from  mif- 
information  have  conceived  that  the  eafl:  end  of  the  undercroft 
of  this  cathedral  is  of  the  date  of  Cuthbert’s  primacy,  it  is  not 
by  any  means  improbable  but  that  the  chapel  of  John  Baptift, 
which  was  eredled  by  that  archbifhop,  may  be  in  part  fub- 
lifting. 

As  to  the  weft  part  of  the  undercroft,  the  time  of  its  con- 
ftrudtion  cannot  be  precifely  fixed.  It  may  be  of  a  prior  date 
to  St.  John’s  chapel ;  I  am  at  leaf!  inclined  to  fufpedt  it  to  be 
of  a  greater  age  than  Mr.  Ledvvich,  upon  the  authority  of  Mr. 
Goftling,  imagines  it  to  be.  Edmer,  who  was  precentor  of 
this  priory,  in  his  defeription  of  the  church,  previous  to  the 
reparations  and  additions  made  by  Lanfranc,  refers  to  the 
paffage  in  Bede,  which  mentions  Auftin’s  dedicating  to  Chrifl: 
the  church  recovered  by  the  afliftance  of  King  Etheldred,  which 
Bede  had  learnt  was  built  by  the  old  believing  Romans  [£]. 

Edmer 

reparavit :  et  eccleliam  novam  in  qua  fan&orum  epifeoporum  corpora  in  aqui- 
lonari  parte  fuper  voltum  magnum  et  pulcherrimum  impofuit  reverenter,  et 
collocavit  decenter,  et  fub  lingulis  locellis  ordinavit.  In  ilia  etiam  conflagra- 
tione,  quanta  dampna  locus  ipfe  perpefTus  fit  nullus  edicere  potefl.  Scilicet  in 
auro,  in  argento,  in  libris  divinis  et  legibus.  Infuper  et  privilegia  Romanorum 
pontificum  et  regum,  et  principum  regni  ex  integro  omnia  confumpta  funt.” 
Vita  Bregwini,  authore  Ofberno,  Ang.  Sac.  vol.  II.  p.  76. 

[i]  Recuperavit  regio  fultus  adminiculo  ecclcfiam  quam  ibi,  Romanorum 
Vol.  X.  G  antiquorum 


42  Mr.  Denne  on  Canterbury-  Cathedral, 

Edmer  then  adds,  that  the  church  in  a  certain  part  refembled 
the  church  of  St.  Peter’s  at  Rome,  wherein  the  moft  facred 
reliques  of  the  whole  world  decently  kept,  were  reverently 
worfhiped  [/].  By  this  part  mud  be  underftood  the  confef- 
fionary,  or  crypt,  that  are  fynonymous  terms ;  but  from  the 
perplexed  mode  of  expreffion,  it  is  difficult  to  determine  how 
far  the  monk  meant  to  imply  that  this  confeffionary  was  a 
part  of  the  church  noticed  by  Bede.  Unfortunately  Edmer’s 
defcription,  which  is  prefervea  by  Gervafe,  is  concife,  imper¬ 
fect,  and  not  without  other  obfcurities,  which  a  Somner,  a 
Battely,  and  a  Goftling,  have  not  beeii  able  to  difpell.  The 
church  evidently  confided  of  a  prefbytery,  a  choir,  and  a  nave  ; 
and  from  the  choir  were  fome  Heps  leading  up  to  the  prefby¬ 
tery.  There  was  likewife  a  high  vaulted  crypt,  under  the 
prefbytery  only,  as  Battely  feems  to  think ;  but  as  I  read  the 
words,  it  was  continued  under  the  choir.  Whether  the  floor 
of  the  nave  was  upon  a  level  with  the  floor  of  the  choir,  or 
with  that  of  the  undercroft,  is  not  clear  from  the  defcription. 
If  the  former  were  the  cafe,  there  mu  ft  have  been  an  immenfe 
quantity  of  earth  removed,  previous  to  the  laying  of  the  foun¬ 
dations  of  the  nave  fuppofed  to  be  built  by  Lanfranc,  and  of 


antiquorum  fidelium  opere  fa&am  fuifTe  didicerat,  et  earn  in  nomine  San£ti 
Salvatoris  Dei  et  Domini  noftri  Jefu  Chrifti  facravit.”  Beda  Ecclef.  Hift.  L.  I. 
c.  xxxiii. 

[/]  “  Erat  enim  ipfa  ecclef  a,  quod  per  excefTum  dici  patientur  quaefo  accipiatur, 
licut  in  hiftoriis  Bedae  teflatur,  Romanorum  opere  fafta,  et  ex  quadam  parte  ad 
imitationem  eccleliae  beati  apoftolorum  principis  Petri,  in  qua  facratiffima?  reli¬ 
quiae  totius  orbis  veneratione  celebrantur  decenter  compofita. — -Ad  hrec  altaria 
nonnullii  gradibus  afcendebatur  a  choro  cantorum  quam  Criptam  vel  Confeffionem 
Romani  vocant.  Subtus  erat  ad  inltar  ccnfeflionis  Sanfti  Petri  fabricata,  cujus 
fornix  eo  in  a'.tum  tendebatur  ut  fuperiora  ejus  non  nil!  per  plurts  gradus  poffent 
aduk”  Edmerus  X  Script.  Gervaf,  c.  1231. 

'  the 


Mr.  DeisTne  on  Canterbury  Cathedral.  43 

the  prefent  nave.  It  is  alfo  doubtful,  whether,  according  to 
Edmer’s  defcription,  Dunflan  w'as  buried  in  the  crypt,  or  ftri£tly 
Ipeaking  in  the  nave,  feparated  by  a  ftrong  {lone  wall,  without 
the  crypt  [m].  I  imagine  it  to  have  been  without  the  crypt, 
concluding  the  fteps  mentioned  by  Edmer,  not  to  be  the  fteps 
leading  up  the  prefbytery  from  the  choir,  but  to  the  many 
fteps  he  afterwards  notices  of  afcent  to  the  choir  from  the  un¬ 
dercroft. 

Ofbern  relates  that  Dunftan  two  days  before  his  death  pointed 
out  the  place  where  he  wifiied  to  be  buried  [»].  Edmer  fays, 
that  he  was  laid  very  deep  in  the  ground ;  and  both  agree  that 
a  fublime  monument  was  reared  over  his  grave,  which,  adds 
Edmer,  could  be  feen  by  the  fingers  in  the  choir,  and  by  the 
priefts  going  up  the  fteps  to  the  altar.  This  is  an  expreflion 
that  feems  to  imply  that  the  monument  muft  have  been  at 
fome  diftance  from  the  preibytery,  and  not  at  its  weft  end,  as 
I  conceive  Battely  to  have  furmifed.  The  interfe&ion  between 
the  nave  and  the  choir,  or  rather  the  eaft  extremity  of  the 
nave,  and  not  far  from  the  altar  of  the  crucifix  which  was 
there  fituated,  appears  for  many  years  to  have  been  no  un- 

[w]  “  Sane  via  una  quam  curvatura  criptae  ipfius  ad  occidentem  vergentem 
concipiebat,  ufque  ad  locum  quietis  beati  Dunftani  tendebatur,  qui  maceria 
forti  ab  ipfa  cripta  dirimebatur.  Ipfe  namque  fan&iflimus  pater  ante  ipfos 
gradus  in  magna  profunditate  terrae  jacebat  humatus,  tumba  fuper  eum  in  rno- 
dum  pyramidis  grandi,  fublimique  ftru&ura,  habente  ad  caput  San£ti  Altare 
inatutinale.  Inde  ad  occidentem  chorus  pfallentium  in  aulam  eccleliie  porrige- 
batur.”  Ibid.  col.  1292. 

[«]  “  Deferentes  illud  (Dunftani  corpus)  in  balilicam  magni  bafilei  domini  fal- 
vatoris ;  ibi  in  loco,  quern  ante  biduumipfe  diiftaverat,  cum  diligentia  lepultus, 
et  poll  haec  eminentioris  operis  ftruftura  decenter  opertus,  fiebilem  fimul  et 
amabilem  cundlis  live  in  choro  plallentibus  feu  per  gradus  ad  altare  afcendenti- 
bus  fui  memoriam  reliquit.”  De  vita  Dunftani,  Ang.  Sac.  II.  p.  1 1 9. 

;  -  G  2  common 


44-  Mr.  Denne  a/j  Canterbury  Cathedral 

common  place  of  interment  of  bifliops ;  and  it  is  obfervable 
that  Dundan’s  head  was  depofited  near  an  altar  where  matins 
were  performed.  In  “  Cantuaria  Sacra”  there  is  what  the  author 
apprehended  to  be  the  ichnography  of  Edmer’s  church  with 
references;  but  he  has  not  marked  the  place  of  Dunftan’s 
tomb,  poffibly  from  his  having  doubts  as  to  its  fituation.  There 
is  alfo  in  the  (ketch  an  omiflion  of  the  ailes  mentioned  by  the 
monk,  though  not  fpecified  whether  there  were  fide  ailes  or 
crofs  ailes  [0].  Several  antient  churches  were  built  in  the  form 
of  a  crofs  [/>" . 

Certain  however  it  is  that  in  Canterbury  cathedral,  as  de- 
fcribed  by  Edmer,  there  was  a  lofty  undercroft;  and  to  this 
Ofbern  muft  have  alluded,  when  he  fpeaks  of  the  vaulting  large^ 
and  beautiful,  above  which  Lanfranc  placed  the  bodies  of  the 
holy  bifhops  which  he  had  brought  from  other  parts  of  the 
church.  He  indeed  ufes  the  epithet  new>  but  it  muff  not  be 
dridtly  rendered  ;  a  latitude  of  interpretation  being  here  the 
more  allowable,  becaufe  the  word  repair  occurs  in  the  preced¬ 
ing  fentence.  As  the  vaulting  of  the  old  church  was  of  done, 
it  could  not  have  been  dedroyed  by  the  dre  before  the  Con- 
qued  -q]9  and  Mr.  Godling  has  judly  rejected  the  notion  of 
Lanfranc’s  having,  in  feven  years,  re-edified  from  the  founda¬ 
tion  the  whole  church,  together  with  the  palace  and  mo- 
nadery.  More  than  twenty  years  were  requifite  for  Gundulph’a 


[0]  “  Deinde  fub  medio  longitudinis  aulte  ipfius  duae  turres  erant,  prominentes. 
ultra  ecclefiam  alas.”  X  Script,  col.  1292. 

[p]  Bingham,  Ecclef.  Antiq.  b.  VIII.  c.  iii. 

[?]  “  Siquidem  poll  innumeras  perfecutiones  quas  faepiflime  pafla  eft  intus  et 
foris,  occulto  noftris  fed  judicio  jufto  Dei,  incendio  confumpta  eft,  et  cum  om¬ 
nibus  ornamentis  et  utenftlibus  fail  in  nichilum  pane  redutfta.”  Edmerus,  ut 
fupra. 


2 


rebuilding 


Mr.  Denne  on  Canterbury  Cathedral.  45 

rebuilding  Rochefter  cathedral,  that  is  upon  a  much  fmaller 
fcale.  And  of  the  church  of  St.  Paul  begun  by  Bifhop  Mau¬ 
rice,  fo  expanded  was  the  undercroft,  and  lo  capacious  the 
upper  parts  of  the  fabrick,  that  though  he  purfued  the  work 
with  affiduify  and  fpirit  for  twenty  years,  he  left  the  comple¬ 
tion  of  it  to  his  fucceflors  [r]. 

From  the  ftyle  of  the  ornaments  of  the  capitals  of  the  pillars 
in  the  undercroft,  Mr.  Goftling  has  fuggeftcd,  that  Grymbald 
and  his  affiftants  might  be  the  archite&s  ;  and  he  infers  that 
thofe  who  built  the  vault  may  be  fuppofed  to  have  raifed  the 
walls  alfo.  But  in  Ofborn’s  life  of  Odo  there  is  a  paflage, 
which  a  little  inclines  me  to  believe,  that  the  crypt  and  the 
then  fuperftru&ure  might  be  of  greater  antiquity. 

When  Odo  was  advanced  to  the  primacy  of  Canterbury  it 
is  laid  he  found  the  roof  of  the  church  perifhed  by  great  age, 
every  part,  half  ruined,  being  ready  to  fall  [j].  Now,  as 
Odo  was  promoted  in  934,  and  Grymbald  died  in  903,  is  it 
very  probable  that  between  the  time  when  Grymbald  and  his 
affiftants  may  be  imagined  to  have  built  the  walls,  and  placed 
the  roof  upon  them,  the  roof  ffiould  have  become  fo  totally  di¬ 
lapidated!  Mr.  Battely  is  of  opinion  that  Odo  only  raifed 
the  walls  to  a  level,  they  being  before  uneven  ;  but,  as  ap¬ 
pears  to  me,  he  carried  all  the  walls  higher  than  they  were 
before.  The  artificers  whom  he  collected  were  employed  three 

[r]  Dugdale’s  Hill,  of  St.  Paul’s,  p.  5. 

[YJ  “  Tedium  ejufdem  ecclefiae  Chrilti  nimia  vetvjlale  dirutum  femirutis  per 
totum  partibus  pendebat.  Quod  ille  renovare  cupiens,  murum  quoque  in  por- 
redtiorem  celfitudinem  exaltari  defiderans,  congregatis  artificibus  praecepit  ut 
quod  diffolutum  defuper  eminebat  penitus  tolli,  et  quod  minus  in  altitudinc 
murus  habebat,  juffit  extolli,  in  tribus  annis  quibus  ecclefis]  muri  in  altum 
porrigebantur.”  Ang.  Sacr.  Yol.  II.  p.  83.  j 


years  ^ 


Mr*  Denne  on  Canterbury  Cathedral \ 

years  ;  and  this  feems  to  have  been  a  longer  time  than  was 
fufficient  for  a  number  of  men  to  have  executed  fo  plain  a  piece 
of  work.  I  am  therefore  apt  to  imagine,  that  fomething  more 
might  be  done,  in  which  fecurity  and  elegance  were  united. 
It  is  obferved  by  Mr.  Goflling,  that  the  outfide  of  the  fouth 
wall  of  the  church  is  adorned  with  a  range  of  fmall  pillars, 
fome  witn  fantaftic  fhafts  and  capitals,  fome  with  plain  ones, 
that  fupport  arches  which  interfedt  each  other.  And  this, 
fignificantly  termed  by  him  a  girdle ,  he  fuppofes  to  have  been 
in  the  walls  Lanfranc  found  at  his  coming  to  the  fee,  and 
that  the  archbifhop  made  ufe  of  thefe  walls  in  his  grand  re¬ 
pair  of  the  cathedral  [7]  ;  will  it  then  be  deemed  a  {trained  fur- 
mife,  that  this  girdle  was  an  ornament  worked  into  the  walls 
by  the  artificers  whom  Odo  employed  ! 

In  the  Appendix  to  the  fame  volume  of  Archamlogia,  p.  44^ 
Mr.  Barrington  has  noticed  the  gloominefs  of  the  undercroft 
at  Canterbury,  and  offered  an  opinion  concerning  the  purpofes 
for  which  this  and  fimilar  apartments  were  conflrudted  in 
churches.  Somner  terms  the  crypt  lightfome,  but  Erafmus 
fays,  that  the  eaflern  part  being  fomewhat  obfeure,  till  lights 
were  hi  ought  he  could  not  view  to  advantage  the  elegant 
chapel  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  who  had  there  her  habitation  [*]. 
And  in  this  pait  we  aie  to  trace  a  caufe  of  the  prefent  gloom 
in  the  whole  undercroft,  which  was  to  have  been  in  fome  de¬ 
gree  obviated.  For  the  crypt  beneath  the  choir  was  defigned 
to  have  a  conftant  communication  with  the  vaults  under  the 

[/]  Walk,  he.  p.  78. 

f>]  “  Ia  cryPto  domicilium  liabet  virgo  mater,  fed  fubobfeurum,  feme!  atque 
iter mn  ferreis  cancellis  circumfepta  ;  admotis  lucernis  vidimus  plufquam  regale 
fptctaculum.”  Peregrinat.  Relig.  ergo  j  Opera  Erafmi,  Vol.  I.  c.  785. 

-3  Trinity 


Mr,  Denne  on  Canterbury  Cathedral,  ^ 

Trinity  chapel,  erected  after  the  fire  in  1174  [*],  and  which  are 
now  allotted  to  the  houfe  of  the  firft  prebendary.  Mr.  Bar¬ 
rington  might  not  have  an  opportunity  of  feeing  them  ;  but 
they  are  reprefented  by  Mr.  Gofiling,  as  being  fpacious  and 
beautiful,  and  what  would  make  a  finer  parifli  church  than 
any  in  the  city  [y].  When  the  crypt  under  the  old  Trinity 
chapel  was  heightened,  enlarged,  and  improved,  it  was  with 
the  view  of  erecting  a  tomb  in  honour  of  Becket  at  the  eaft 
end,  where  there  is  a  tower  ftill  called  Becket’s  crown.  And 
had  this  become  the  receptacle  of  his  fttrine,  there  cannot  be  a 
doubt,  but  that  it  would  have  had  a  number  of  windows  that 
would  have  calf  much  light  over  the  whole  undercroft  [2]. 
But  the  plan  was  changed,  and  the  chapel  of  the  Virgin  Mary, 
for  probable  reafons  fuggefted  by  Mr.  Gofiling,  was  fecluded 
from  the  fight  of  the  vulgar.  The  French  church  is,  how¬ 
ever,  lefs  lightfome  than  it  was  formerly,  in  confequence  of 
the  ground  without  it  being  confiderably  raifed.  For  part 
of  the  windows  on  the  fouth  fide  are,  if  I  am  not  miftaken, 
fome  feet  below  the  furface  of  the  church-yard  ;  from  which 
there  is  a  defcent  by  fix  fteps  into  the  fouth  weft  crofs,  that  is, 
upon  a  level  with  the  nave.  To  the  crypts  under  the  choirs 
of  cathedrals  fpecified  by  Mr.  Barrington,  may  be  added  that 
at  Rochefter,  conftru&ed  by  Gundulph. 

We  are  informed  that  the  crypt  at  Canterbury  was  made  in 
imitation  of  the  confeftionary  of  St.  Peter’s  church  at  Rome, 
and  from  this  we  may  collect  the  original  ufe  of  undercrofts, 

M  “  Introitum  de  veteri  in  novam  criptam  magifter  prudenter  aperuit.” 
X  Script,  c.  1302. 

[ y ]  Walk,  &c.  p.  143. 

[z]  “  FaFtoque  igitur  rauri  exterioris  fundamento  flrmiffimo  ex  lapide  et  ce- 
mento  murum  etiam  criptae  ad  bafes  feneftrarum  erexit,”  X  Script,  c.  1299. 

and 


48  Mr.  Denne  on  Canterbury  Cathedral. 

and  from  what  circumftance  they  acquired  the  appellation  of 
confeffionaries.  When  a  church  was  built  over  the  grave  of  a 
martyr,  or  confeffor,  it  was  after  the  Greeks  termed  a  mar- 
tyry ,  and  after  the  Latins  a  confejjionary .  Thefe  names  were 
afterwards  adopted,  when  churches  were  only  ere&ed  in  me¬ 
mory  of  perfons  of  this  clafs  ;  and  when  it  became  a  prac¬ 
tice  to  preferve  and  venerate  their  relics,  and  to  dedicate  altars 
in  honour  of  them,  the  relics  were  placed  near,  under,  or 
within  the  altars.  Edmer  mentions  an  altar  in  the  crypt  at 
Canterbury,  in  which,  according  to  an  antient  tradition,  was 
enclofed  the  head  of  St.  Furfeus,  founder  of  the  monafiery  of 
Burgh  caftle,  in  Suffolk,  about  the  year  630  ;  and  fome  of 
the  relics  of  the  Holy  Apoftles  and  Martyrs,  Auftin  is  reported 
to  have  brought  with  him  he  might  depofit  in  the  church 
built  by  the  Romans  in  this  city.  In  thefe  crypts  there  might, 
in  general,  be  light  fufficient  for  the  celebration  of  divine  rites; 
and,  in  compliance  with  the  fuperftition  of  the  age,  there  were 
lamps  burning  at  the  feveral  altars. 

This  appropriation  of  what  was  deemed  a  very  facred  part 
of  the  church  will,  in  fome  meafure,  account  for  none  but  ca¬ 
nonized  perfons  being  for  a  confderable  time  buried  within 
the  churches.  Auflin,  though  the  converter  of  the  Saxons  to 
Chriltianity,  the  firfi:  archbifhop  of  Canterbury,  and  founder  of 
the  religious  houfe  called  after  his  name,  was  interred  in  the 
portico  of  the  church  of  that  abbey  ;  as  were  his  five  next 
fucceifors.  There  being  a  want  of  room  for  more  bodies, 
Theodore,  the  feventh  primate,  was,  it  is  fa  id.,  buried  in  the 
church.  But  church  is  not  always  to  be  flridlly  conftrued  ;  for 
it  often  means  fome  edifice  within  the  precindt.  Archbifhop 
Lambert  was  buried  in  the  chapter  houfe  of  St.  Auftin’s,  and 
the  like  apartment  in  Durham  cathedral  was  the  general  re- 

pofitory 


Mr.  Denne  on  Canterbury  Cathedral  ^ 

pofitory  of  the  early  bifhops  of  that  fee.  And  when  Cuthbert 
was  defirous  of  changing  the  burial  place  of  the  archbifhops, 
he  did  not  prefume  to  folicit  that  himfelf  and  his  fucceffors 
fhould  be  laid  with  the  faints  in  Chrift-church,  but  in  a  de- 
(ached  chapel. 

I  am,  dear  Sir, 

* 

Your  obliged  and  humble  fervant, 
Wilmington ,  April  1 5,  1 789.  SAMUEL  DENNE, 


Vol.  X. 


IX 


XV*  Some 


t  s°  3 


IV.  Some  Obfervations  on  the  Paintings  in  the  Window 
of  Brereton  Church.  By  the  Rev.  Samuel  Pegge, 
in  a  Letter  to  Owen  Salufbury  Brereton,  Efq. 
Vice  Prejident. 


Read  Nov.  26,  1789 


S  1  R, 


H  E  beautiful  coloured  drawing  which  you  were  pleafed 


A  to  exhibit  at  the  Society  [*],  is  fo  very  curious,  in  re¬ 
gard  to  the  many  fingularities  which  attend  it,  at  leaft  in  my 
eye,  that  I  requeft  your  favourable  acceptance  of  a  few  addi¬ 
tional  obfervations  upon  it. 

There  are  five  figures  in  what  we  may  call  the  lower  com¬ 
partment  of  the  window  at  Brereton  church,  in  the  county 
of  Chefter,  and  feemingly  all  knights ;  and  it  is  true,  that  in  an 
illumination  in  a  fmall  vellum  MS.  of  a  Latin  Manual  of 
Prayers,  which  I  have,  the  aflaffins  are  five  ;  the  piece  confin¬ 
ing  of  them  who  are  all  Handing,  of  St.  Thomas  kneeling  at  an 
altar,  and  of  a  monk,  whom  we  may  fuppcfe  to  be  his  chap¬ 
lain,  or  crofs-bearer,  at  his  fide.  But  neverthelefs  all  hiftory 
teftifies  that  the  murderer  of  Becket  were  but  four  in  number. 


[«]  Engraved  in  Archoeologia,  vol.  IX.  p.  368. 


William 


Some  Obfervations ,  &c.  $  t 

William  Fitz-Stephen,  who  was  living  at  the  time,  was  in  the 
archbifhop’s  fervice  [£],  and  no  contemptible  writer,  names 
but  four  [c],  and  moft  later  authors,  if  not  all,  agree,  I  think, 
in  the  fame  [< d ]  ;  fo  that  the  middle  and  moft  confpicuous 
figure  in  your  drawing  muft  needs  be  intended  to  reprefent  the 
martyr  himfelf,  though  by  a  moft  wonderful  incongruity,  re¬ 
pugnant  to  all  hiftory,  he  is  pourtrayed  with  his  fword  drawn, 
and  clad  in  armour.  We  incur  no  miftake,  Sir,  in  denomi¬ 
nating  this  principal  figure  the  martyr  himfelf,  for  his  name 
is  exprefsly  written  on  the  label  under  him  thus, 

partita  ®&onta_|>]. 

It  is  further  obfervable,  in  refpeft  to  the  Knights ,  that  the 
two  on  the  right  of  the  martyr  carry  their  fwords  in  their  left 
hands,  which  can  only  be  to  pleafe  the  eye  of  the  fpe&ator  by 
making  a  contraft  with  the  fwords  of  the  two  figures  on  the 
oppofite  fide. 

The  names  of  the  knights  on  their  labels  are,  Willin' s  Traciq . 
Reginaldus  jilij  Ale  i  [y],  nec  non  Mertilius[g’\  hugo ,  Ricardus 
Bruto  [/6]  ;  which  in  the  infeription  underneath  ftand  thus, 
44  Ricardus  Bruto  nec  non  Mertelius  hugo  Willmus  traci  Reginaldus 
44  fdius  hici  (no  doubt  for  urci,  i.  e.  urji)  Martirm  'T’homam  jigri 

[£]  Account  of  Fitz-Stephen  prefixed  to  his  Defcription  of  London, 
A.  1772,  p-  8. 

[c]  Fitz-Stephen,  p.  78. 

[i]  Rog,  Hoveden,  p.  521.  Annal.  Duftap.  p.  33.  Rad.  de  Diceto  et  Ger- 
vas.  inter  X  Script,  col.  515.  1414.  1672.  Dugdale,  Baron.  1.  p.  678.  Lord 
Lyttelton,  Yol.  IY.  p.  353. 

[<?]  i.  e.  Thomam. 

[/]  This  certainly  fliould  be  Urci  or  Urfi,  as  all  authors  call  him  ;  Caxton 
alfo  naming  him  Berefon. 

[g-]  That  is,  Morvllle. 
i.  e.  Brito. 

H  2 


u  fecere 


52  Some  Obfervations  on  the  Paintings 

sc  fecere  beatum  anno  milleno  centum feptuageno”  of  which  the  ten 
latter  words,  as  you  truly  remark,  form  two  Hexameter  verfes ; 
but  if  I  be  not  miftaken,  the  whole  infcription  may  be  thrown 
into  four  verfes  of  that  fpecies,  thus, 

Ricardus  Bruto ,  necnon  Murtelius  Hugo, 

Willelmus  trad,  Reginaldus  Jilius  hid , 

Martirum  [z]  Tdhomam  fieri  fecere  beatum, 

Anno  Milleno  centenc  feptuageno. 

The  firft  of  three  figures  in  the  upper  compartment  is  evi¬ 
dently  a  bifhop,  and,  as  the  nimbus  denotes,  a  faint ;  whence  I 
fhould  efteem  him  to  be  either  Bechet  himfelf,  or  St.  Chad, 
who  was  conne&ed  at  this  time  with  the  Diocefe  of  Chefter. 
I  incline  to  the  latter,  becaufe  we  have  the  effigies  of  Bechet  in 
the  other  compartment.  The  middle  figure  is  alfo  a  prelate 
with  his  mitre  and  crofier,  and  in  the  attitude  of  conferring  his 
benedi&ion,  and  probably  was  that  Bifhop  of  Lichfield,  or 
Chefter,  who  was  fitting  at  the  time  when  the  window  was 
made.  The  third  figure,  with  a  glory  and  a  book,  muff, 
I  think,  be  the  patron  faint,  to  whom  the  church  of  Brereton 
was  dedicated,  fome  faint,  but  not  a  bifhop,  as  he  wants  the 
csofier.  This  patron  faint,  I  find,  was  Ofwald  jTj. 

The  church  of  Brereton  is  thought  to  be  one  of  the  oldeft 
in  the  County  Palatine  of  Chefter  [yj;  but  whatever  the  fabrick 

[/]  This  is  particular  both  as  to  the  quantity  of  the  middle  fyllable,  and. 
she  termination  ;  but  the  like  errors  occur  often  in  monkifh  verfes. 

\  E£ton. 

[/]  Archteol.  vol.  IX.  p.  368. 

3: 


\ 


1 


in  the  Window  o/'Brereton  Church .  53 

of  the  church  may  be,  perhaps  as  old  as  the  Norman  ConqueftjW), 
this  window,  reprefenting  the  tragical  end  of  Bechet ,  cannot 
be  fuppofed  to  rife  any  higher  than  the  canonization  of  that 
faint,  A.  D.  1172,  and  probably  not  near  fo  high. 

I  am,  Sir,  with  the  greateft  regard  and  efteem, 

Your  mofl  obedient  humble  fervant, 
Whittington,  OB.  29,  1789. 

SAMUEL  PEGGE, 

[/«]  There  is  no  mention  of  a  church  at  Bretone ,  which  is  placed  in Mildeftvic 
hundred,  by  which  name  Northwicb  hundred  went  at  the  making  of  Domef- 
day,  (Leycefter,  p.421.) 


V.  Further 


[  54  ] 


V.  Further  Obfervations  on  Catara&onium,  and  the 
Parts  adjacent.  By  John  Cade,  Efq.  In  a  hotter 
to  Richard  Gough,  DireElor. 

Read  Nov.  26,  1789. 


S  1  Gainford,  Sept,  22,  1789. 

HAVING  cafually  had  occafion  to  recur  to  the  learned 
Mr.  Burton’s  Commentary  on  Antoninus’  Itinerary 
through  Britain,  where  at  page  53,  in  quotation  from  Bede, 
he  tells  us,  that  were  we  acquainted  with  the  mount  called 
W Up  apes  Dun  or  JVilfares  Dun ,  about  ten  miles  from  Catarac- 
tonium,  we  fhould  have  little  caufe  to  doubt  of  the  true  fixa¬ 
tion  of  that  place  ;  this  circumftance  attended  with  an  ardent 
defire  to  refcue  from  oblivion  a  few  places  mentioned  in  Bede’s 
Ecclefiadical  Hifiory,  and  other  authors,  induced  me  take  a 
journey  from  Greta  Bridge  to  Catterick,  and  fome  other  parts 
of  Yorkfhire  and  Durham.  The  refult  of  my  obfervations 
may,  perhaps,  be  not  altogether  unworthy  of  perufal ;  however, 

I  fhall  at  all  events,  confide  in  your  wonted  candor  and  hu¬ 
manity. 

As  I  have  the  abidance  of  our  venerable  monkifh  hidorian, 
my  primary  ebort  mud  be  to  point  out  Wilfares  Dun  and 
Wilfares  Down ,  memorable  for  the  difperfion  of  king  Ofwin’s 
army,  and  the  melancholy  catadrophe  that  fucceeded  it  at 

Inge - 


s 


Obfervations  on  Catara&onium.  55 

Ingethingum  or  Gathely.  The  lingular  appearance  of  Wilfares 
Dun  *  had  formerly  attracted  my  attention  on  viewing  it  from 
the  hill  above  Giiling,  at  a  time  when  I  little  imagined  that 
its  hiftory  would  be  intereRing.  It  is  now  called  Didderjlon 
or  Didderjley-hill ,  is  about  nine  miles  northweR  from  Catterick 
village  on  the  Herman-Rreet  road,  and  oppofite  to  it  is  another 
mount  of  a  conical  form,  called  the  Clack-hill.  The  adjacent 
down  is  fpacious,  and  no  place  could  be  better  fixed  upon  (in 
conformity  with  the  tallies  of  thofe  feudal  times)  for  the  ex¬ 
ertion  of  military  prowefs,  or  deciding  the  fate  of  a  kingdom. 
The  fequel  is  well  known,  and  Ofwin’s  life  atoned  for  his 
inaufpicious  temerity,  by  oflenfibly  appearing  to  combat  Ofwy’s 
army,  fo  exceedingly  fuperior  to  his  own.  The  unfortunate 
prince’s  remains  were  interred  at  Tin  mouth,  where  a  monaftery 
was  afterwards  built  and  dedicated  to  him  ;  but  I  have  never 
read  of  any  miracles  attributed  to  him,  though  his  name  feems 
to  have  been  honoured  with  a  place  in  the  Roman  kalendar. 
Within  the  angle  where  the  Herman-ftreet  and  High-ftreet 
feparate,  is  the  feat  of  Sir  Robert  Hildyard,  Bart,  now  called 
Sedbury ,  which  I  am  inclined  to  think  was  a  palace  of  King 
Ofwin’s.  Bede  pofitively  fays,  that  our  Saxon  princes  ever  gave 
the  preference  to  a  Roman  Ration  for  their  refidence,  and  of 
neceffity  there  muff  have  been  one  at  this  place.  The  Sedes 
Burgi,  if  I  may  be  at  liberty  to  ufe  the  expreffion,  remains  in 
the  prefent  name  Sedbury  or  Sedburg ,  and  its  vicinity  to  Giiling 
and  Wilfares  Dun  favors  the  conjedture.  Mr.  Burton  has 
alfo  particularly  remarked,  at  the  Rations  Rutupi and  Derventioy 
that  this  cuRom  was  prevalent  through  Britain,  and  at  the 
latter  place  he  gives  Bede’s  recital  of  king  Edwin’s  efcape  from 
the  machination  ofEumerus  the  affallin. 

[<?]  So  named  perhaps  from  the  Mercian  King.  See  Bede’s  Chronology. 

Having 


$6  Obfervations  on  Catara&onlum. 

Having  perhaps  faid  too  much  concerning  Sedbury,  my  next 
employment  muft  be  to  fearch  for  Akeburg ,  near  Cataraflon, 
the  refidence  of  James  the  Deacon,  who  firft  introduced  the 
Roman  Church  Song  into  the  Northumberland  kingdom,  and 
fucceeded  Paulinus  in  the  government  of  the  cathedral  of  York, 
mentioned  likewife  in  Bede’s  Hiftory,  page  175.  I  can  find  no 
place  in  that  neighbourhood  called  Akeburg  ;  we  have  Aldburg 
about  fix  miles  diflant,  but  that  I  fhall  not  fix  upon.  How¬ 
ever,  about  a  mile  or  two  fouthwards,  towards  Sedbury  and 
Catterick,  is  Melfonby ,  which  fhall  not  be  paffed  in  a  fuperficial 
manner,  as  the  church  at  that  place  is  dedicated  to  St.  James, 
and  the  origin  from  whence  I  would  derive  its  prefent  name 
will  coincide  with  the  cufloms  of  our  primitive  Saxon  Roma¬ 
nized  church,  wliofe  dignitaries  were  ever  diflinguifhed  by 
fome  lafling  memorial.  To  inflance  only  a  few  places  in  the 
Northumbrian  territories,  which  retain  6cclefiaftical  appella¬ 
tions,  and  are  applicable  to  the  fubjea,  viz.  Ancroft  or  Aidan- 
croft  from  Aid  an  ;  Etal  from  Eta  ;  Fudho ,  Fuda  ;  Fine  hale, 
Finan  (afterwards  noted  for  Goodrick’s  aufterities)  ;  Ebchefer , 
Ebb  a  ;  Branfpath ,  St.  Brandon  ;  as  alfo  Ac  ley  from  Acca  ;  to 
which  faints,  the  three  latter  churches  are  dedicated;  hence 
there  is  reafon  to  conclude,  that  Melfonby  has  been  the  refi¬ 
dence  of  James  the  Deacon.  We  read  of  a  Mellitus,  Juflus, 
Honorius,  Deufdedit,  and  the  melliflous  do&or  St.  Ambrofe, 
and  I  apprehend  Mefonus  may  not  be  improperly  applied  upon 
the  prefent  occafion  as  a  derivative.  Perhaps  fome  perfons  may 
fay,  I  am  purfuing  an  exploded  fyftem,  and  that  etymologies 
are  very  uncertain,  but  Rill  I  can  fee  no  fubflantial  reafon, 
why  they  fhould  be  totally  rejeaed  and  until  I  can  meet 
with  fatisfadory  proof,  that  my  conjeaure  is  ill  grounded, 
I  fhall  not  readily  give  up  the  point.  As  for  the  name  Akeburg , 

it 


Qbfcrvatio?is  on  Catara&onium. 

k  might  anciently  be  fo  called  from  its  fituation  among  Oaks , 
and  have  derived  the  prefent  one  from  a  church  being  built  at 
the  place,  and  dedicated  to  St.  James,  which,  at  this  time, 
may  almoft  challenge  the  honour  with  Harrow  on  the  Hill 
for  being  a  vifible  church;  if  a  fpire  was  added,  it  w'ould 
eclipfe  it,  and  the  beft  hone  quarries  in  the  north  are  adjacent 
to  the  place. 

On  reviewing  the  remains  of  Catara&onium,  I  met  with  no 
reafon  to  deviate  from  the  description  given  of  that  place.  The 
Scattered  fragments  of  fortification  to  be  feen  in  the  circumja¬ 
cent  parts,  leave  no  room  to  doubt  of  its  former  magnitude. 
When  we  confider  the  vaft  concourfe  of  people  that  muft  oc- 
cafionally  have  refided  there,  the  accommodations  necefTary 
for  the  numerous  Sojourning  cohorts,  the  Space  occupied  by 
magazines  of  every  kind,  with  the  allotments  requifite  for  mer¬ 
chants,  artifans,  and  manufactures ;  befides  its  being  the  fite 
of  the  great  northern  corporate  mint,  from  whence  the  legions 
were  to  be  Supplied  at  the  praetenturas  and  Caledonian  Rations ; 
curforily  paffing  by  its  temples,  hoftells,  baths,  and  other 
public  buildings,  need  we  queftion  the  afTertion  of  the  ancient 
Cataradlon  having  included  ‘Thornburg ,  Burg  hall,  and  Catterick 
village,  a  circuit  at  the  moft  not  exceeding  three  Roman  miles? 
It  would  be  abfurdity  in  the  extreme  to  be  guided  by  Some 
writers,  who  imagined  that  it  did  not  comprife  above  ten  or 
twenty  acres.  Here  we  may  in  reality  meet  with  a  more  ap- 
pofite  Bellojitum  than  the  Oxonian  historiographer  could  pof- 
fibly  defcry,  where  the  coins  preferved  befpeak  Jupiter  Cuftos, 
and  the  teftimony  of  Succeeding  ages  has  never  been  wanting 
to  immortalize  its  former  Splendor  and  importance.  Well 
might  the  philanthropic  Mr.  Burton,  contemplating  its  pre¬ 
fent  fit  u  at  ion,  repeat  the  words  of  the  Pfalmift,  “  Come, 

Vol.  X.  I  behold 


5 8  Obfervations  on  Cataraclonium. 

behold  the  works  of  the  Lord,  what  defolation  he  hath 
“  brought  upon  the  earth.’'  I  muft  acknowledge  that  I  never 
viewed  the  place,  that  the  fate  of  Ilium,  Tyre,  and  Carthage, 
was  not  brought  to  my  remembrance  ;  but  with  this  Toothing 
reflection,  that  religion  and  juftice  fvvay  the  fceptre  of  this 
happy  land,  whilft  contending  nations,  not  fatiated  with  the 
deftruCtion  of  a  town  or  a  city,  are  for  extirpating  whole  re¬ 
gions  ;  as  if  feveral  of  the  European  hates  were  in  need  of  a 
new  colonization. 

Leeming-lane ,  I  fuppofe,  means  no  more  than  a  common 
high  way.  We  find  another  road  in  Kent  fo  denominated. 
Dr,  Stukeley’s  conjecture  of  its  being  repaired  by  Helena,  and 
having  partly  retained  her  name,  feems  inconclufive. 

I  was  formerly  of  opinion,  that  the  Fofs  way  had  not  ter¬ 
minated  at  Lincoln,  but  was  continued  acrofs  the  Humber  by 
York,  Catterick,  Stanwick,.  Fofiet,  and  Portgate,  to  Alcluid  or 
Dunbarton  ;  and  that  the  Herman-ftreet  had  interfered  it  be¬ 
tween  Carli fie  and  the  Grampian  mountains;  but  I  think  you 
did  not  coincide  with  that  hypothecs.  I  imagine  the  cele¬ 
brated  Arthur’s  Oon  would  with  more  propriety  accord  with 
Car  Oon  ;  the  name  of  the  village  and  water  on  which  it  was 
fituate,  with  the  coins  flruck  at  Catterick,  reprefenting  that 
ftruCture,  plead  much  in  favor  of  Caraufms ’  Oon.  I  think 
the  Scots  alledge  that  Edward  the  Firft  caufed  the  name  to  be 
changed. 

St  amt  on  in  the  Street ,  Stanwick ,  and  Stainthorpe ,  muft  have 
all  been  fo  called  from  Roman  milliaries.  None  of  them  are  in 
a  ftony  fituation.  I  am  perfuaded  that  the  uncertainty  and  bad- 
nefs  of  the  fords  over  the  Tees  below  Winfton,  and  the  river 
Were  about  Witton,  had  occafioned  the  Romans  to  conftruCb 
the  new  road  by  Pierfbridge  to  Binchefter,  &c.  Near  Gainford 

this 


Obfervations  on  Catara&onium.  59 

this  alpine  river  is  frequently  making  new  channels,  and  the 
fords  in  confequence  as  frequently  changing  ;  whilR  that  where 
the  Roman  bridge  flood  at  Pierfbridge,  would  be  good  at  this 
day,  if  not  injured  by  wears  and  other  temporary  obRrudlions. 

I  have  no  doubts  concerning  the  four  Acklands  being  all 
derived,  like  Sarron  in  Greece,  from  a  land  of  Oaks.  This 
county  was  formerly  included  in  the  diocefe  of  HaguRald,  and 
the  old  deanery-houfe  at  St.  Andrew’s  Ackland  was  built 
within  a  Roman  Ration,  The  collegiate  church  there  is  like- 
wife  dedicated  to  St.  Andrew,  in  conformity  with  that  at 
Hexham,  which  looks  as  if  Acca  had  refided  at  the  place. 
The  Preflons  near  Acley  and  Stockton  indicate  that  fome 
religious  foundations  have  been  at  no  great  diflance. 

Monk  Weremouth  mufl  have  been  a  Roman  Ration,  though 
not  diRinguifhed ;  the  ballaR  hills  and  numerous  buildings 
now  at  that  place  muR  make  any  fearches  abortive  ;  but  I  am 
really  of  opinion,  that  the  old  conventual  church  of  St.  Peter 
was  on  the  fame  fite  with  the  prefent  church.  On  examining 
the  bafis  of  its  auk  ward  Reeple,  I  difcovered  part  of  an  arch 
that  appears  to  carry  every  mark  of  antiquity. 

On  the  oppofite  fide  of  the  Were,  is  a  Druidical  remain, 
called  Maiden  Paps ,  a  good  lea  mark.  And  at  Ackley  Heads , 
near  Durham,  has  been  a  large  Druidical  grove,  which  our 
county  hiRorian  could  not  perceive.  The  original  road  to  the 
north  was  weRward  of  the  prefent  from  that  city  along  a  Rreet 
caalled  Allergate. 

I  am  pretty  certain  the  river  Oufe,  on  which  York  is  fituated, 
had  taken  that  name  originally,  on  the  jun&ion  of  the  Swale 
and  Eure.  The  two  Oufe  Bums,  or  Brooks,  can  fuggeR  no 
more  than  Burns  running  into  the  Oufe.  Hence  we  may  ob- 
ferve,  that  the  river  does  not  change  its  name,  Ifis  and  Oufe 
being  fynonymous,  and  that  the  Swale  was  formerly  called 

I  3  Kis, 


6o 


Obfervatlons  on  Catara&onium. 

Ills,  and  deified  at  Cataraflonium,  we  need  only  refer  to  the 
lubterranean  leaden  pipes  difcovered  at  that  place,  where  in  all 
probability  had  been  a  temple  to  Proferpine,  an  infernal  deity 
of  the  fame  fgnificancy  with  Ifis  :  moreover  the  Wifk,  which 
runs  into  the  Swale,  retains  in  fubftance  its  old  name  likewife. 

As  the  elucidation  of  Bede’s  Hiftory  was  defignedly  my 
principal  object,  it  may  not  be  amifs  to  make  fome  enquiries 
after  the  prince,  who  is  faid  to  have  occafioned  the  converfion 
of  the  Englifh  nation,  by  permiting  his  vaflals  to  be  expofed 
for  fale  in  the  public  markets  at  Rome.  The  authenticity  of 
the  ft ory  has  been  queftioned  upon  rational  grounds,  and  Ella’s 
memory,  perhaps,  loaded  with  obloquy,  for  no  other  reafon  than 
his  being  a  Pagan  prince.  Journeys  or  voyages  to  and  from  Rome 
were  not  fo  frequent  in  his  reign,  as  we  find  them  in  after-ages, 
when  the  hierarchy  of  that  church  was  daily  fubverting  the 
fplendor  of  declining  monarchy.  The  Northumbrian  kingdom 
being  then  divided,  I  apprehend  that  Ella  fixed  his  refidence  at 
Elvet ,  now  a  fuburb  to  Durham,  the  Fetus  Burgus,.  which 
has  been  mifplaced  by  fome  writers  at  Old  Durham,  on  the  op- 
pofite  fide  of  the  river  Were,  where  was  a  Roman  ftation, 
called  Malden  Caftle .  The  raEix  and  origin  of  Elvet  I  will 
venture  to  afcribe  to  Ella  the  Elder,  the  firft  king  of  Deira, 
contemporary  with  Gregory  the  Great,  the  promoter  of  St.  Au- 
guftine’s  million.  A  note  in  the  Saxon  Homily,  p.  1 5,  fayS, 
that  Ella  fignifies  courage ,  magnanimity ,  •virtue ;  and  the  learned 
Mr.  Rollin,  fpeaking  of  the  origin  of  the  Greeks,  informs  us, 
that  Elis  in  Peloponnefus,  the  Elyjian  Fields,  and  the  river 
IliJJlis  or  Elifus ,  are  all  derived  from  Ellas  or  Eliza ,  fon  of 
Javan,  the  great  patriarch  of  the  Grecian  nations.  In  that 
part  of  Deira  between  the  rivers  Tees  and  Tine  are  feveral 
places  that  retain  evident  marks  of  their  being  derived  from 

Ella, , 


Obfervations  on  Cataraffonium.  6x 

Elba,  viz.  Elvet,  which,  I  fuppofe,  was  a  regal  feat ;  Eldon ^ 
or  Dun ,  near  Auk  land  ;  Eljlob ,  Elwicb,  and  Elion ,  all  in  Stock- 
ton  Ward.  1  (hall  not  notice  Elcroft  near  York,  as  that 
place  had  its  name  from  Ella  the  Ufurper,  near  three  centu¬ 
ries  afterwards.  I  am  induced  to  fix  upon  Elvet  for  being  the 
Fetus  Burgus ,  and  refidence  of  the  great  Ella,  from  various, 
confiderations  ;  and  firft,  all  authors  agree  that  here  has  been 
a  church  dedicated  to  St.  Ofwaid,,  from  the  earlieft  ages  of 
Chriftianify  in  the  northern  parts  ;  and  near  the  church-yard 
is  a  plat  called  the  Anchorage ,  which  appears  to  have  been  the- 
cell  of  fome  anchoret  or  reclufe,  even  prior  to  that  foundation*, 
and  which  perhaps  originated  from  the  eredlion  of  fome  prime¬ 
val  crofs,  fo  much  celebrated  in  King  Ofwald’s  Hiflory.  Se¬ 
condly,  we  likewife  meet  with  a  place  there  called  Rotten , 
or  Rotten-row,  a  name  of  great  antiquity,  which  the  learned" 
Mr.  Camden  deduces  from  the  German  freebooters,  or  hireling 
auxiliaries;  rotten  or  rotteren  to  mufler,  fays  he,  hence  rot - 
meljler ,  a  corporal,  &c.  This  appellative  occurs  alfo  at  Sadberg* 
Darlington,  York,  Nottingham,  and  many  other  towns  ;  at 
the  three  firft  mentioned  places,  we,  in  like  manner  meet  with 
Hungate ,  the  etymon  of  which  has  not  a  little  perplexed  the 
late  Dodtor  Drake,  in  his  celebrated  work  the  “  Eboracum,” 
where  at  p.  312,  he  obferves  that  Hungry  gate  is  but  a  poor 
conjedture,  and  afterwards  remarks,  the  place  was  formerly  in¬ 
habited  by  many  eminent  merchants.  If  it  would  not  be 
thought  pedantry  in  me  to  give  my  opinion,  I  fhould  deci- 
fively  derive  it  from  the  Huns ,  or  Eaflerling  merchants,  who 
had  flaples  or  marts  at  the  mod  confiderable  towns  in  the  king¬ 
dom,  and  perhaps  the  fuppofed  caravanfary  at  St.  Leonard’s* 
York  has  been  occupied  by  them.  But  1  am  infenfibly  wan¬ 
dering  from  the  borough  of  Elvet,  where  oppofite  to  the 

Rotten- row 


6  2 


Obfervatlons  on  Catara&onium. 

Rotten-row  is  a  place  called  Hall-gar th-Jireet,  near  Maiden* 
caftle  hill,  where  I  fuppofe  a  palace  of  Ella  was  fituated,  and 
in  the  vicinage  of  the  church  are  fome  tumuli,  which  probably 
contain  his  remains  with  other  Saxon  princes,  before  the  ar¬ 
rival  of  Paulinus  in  the  Northumbrian  kingdom.  Bifhop  Hugh 
Pud  ley  rePored  this  diPridt  to  the  church  of  Durham,  and 
annexed  it  to  the  city  by  a  Prong  Pone  bridge  ;  and  here  the 
chapter  hold  their  occafional  courts  for  the  Borough  of  Elvet 
at  this  day. 

Having  mentioned  Sadberg  in  the  preceding  difcourfe,  I  (hall 
take  a  furvey  of  that  place,  and  my  journey  thither  necef- 
farily  leads  me  by  the  old  Rycknild-Jlreet  way,  which  I  endea¬ 
voured  to  trace  in  a  former  paper.  And  here  it  may  not  be 
improper  to  remark,  that  adjoining  to  the  identical  road  is  a 
water-mill  upon  the  Skern,  called  the  Rychiild-mill>  and  fur¬ 
ther  a  manfion  called  the  Rycknild  grange  in  the  oldep  re¬ 
cords  of  the  parifii  where  they  are  fituate. 

This  county  exhibits  many  remains  of  the  Danifh  polity 
and  ufurpations.  Sadberg  has  been  one  of  their  Prong-holds, 
and  the  chapel  there  is  built  on  the  fummit  of  an  old  encamp¬ 
ment.  The  place  commands  an  extenfive  profpe<P  over  a  dis¬ 
tant  country,  and  particularly  the  eminent  Pation  at  Mainsforth, 
about  eight  miles  to  the  northward.  Sadberg,  though  now 
reduced  to  a  fmall  village,  has  been  an  Emporium  of  great 
magnitude  and  opulence.  Several  of  the  Preets  may  Pill  be 
traced,  and  its  privileges  at  this  time  with  the  honour  of  the 
ancient  earldom  add  no  fmall  luPre  to  the  epifcopal  fee,  to 
which  it  is  united.  In  Lambard’s  Topographical  Di&ionary 
we  find  it  Pyled  Satbergia  (from  the  Lindisfarn  Chronicle)  ; 
and  that  it  was  anciently  a  county,  containing,  as  he  informs 
us,  a  great  part  of  what  is  now  called  the  county  or  biPioprick 


Qbfervatfons  on  CataraCtonium.  6] 

©•f  Du ! Ham,  Thefe,  with  other  corroborative  circumftances, 
induce  me  to  conclude,  that  it  was  the  metropolis  of  Suberic, 
the  Danifh  King  of  the  Northumbrians,  who  probably  was 
treacheroufly  dilpatched  by  poifon  or  other  barbarous  devices 
at  the  place.  Holinfhed  and  Speed  give  us  very  contradictory 
accounts  of  this  cataftrophe,  fo  that  there  is  no  fpeaking  with 
precision  upon  the  fubjeCt. 

Bijhopton ,  about  two  or  three  miles  to  the  eaftward,  and  the 
tumulus  at  that  place,  are  prefumptive  indications  that  the  former 
has  been  the  refidence  of  a  prelate,  and  that  the  latter  com¬ 
memorated  fome  event  of  importance.  We  are  told  that  Beatrice, 
or  Edith,  filter  of  king  Afchelltan,  was  married  to  this  Pagan 
prince,  A.  D.  915,  and  allowed  the  free  exercife  of  her  religion, 
with  the  afhftance  of  an  ecclefialtical  confjftory  to.  forward  the 
converfion  of  her  hufband  to  Chriftianity.  Where  then  can 
we  fix  its  refidence  with  more  propriety  than  at  Bifhopton  fo 
near  at  hand  ?  and  to  what  attribute  the  fabrication  of  the  tu¬ 
mulus,  but  for  a  memorial  of  fome  extraordinary  interment  at 
that  place  ?  whether  of  this  Sitheric,  or  his  queen  Beatrice, 
will  not  be  eafy  to  fay  :  if  the  Scotifh  hiftorians  are  to  be  de¬ 
pended  upon,  perhaps  the  latter.  In  the  Vllth  Volume  of  the 
ArchaeoJogia  is  fome  account  attended  with  an  engraving  of  the 
ftrong  camp  at  Main: forth,  alfo  conjectures  on  the  fituation  of 
Brimeibury,  where  king  Athelftan  gained  a  complete  victory 
over  Godfrey  and  Anlaf,  foils  of  Sitheric.  Many  accidental  cir- 
cumftances  have  occurred  to  ftrengthen  thofe  conjectures,  and 
the  large  Moofe  deer  horns  found  at  Mainsforth  are  not  the  leaf. 
Indeed  there  remain  many  evidences  of  this  county  being  the 
great  fcene  of  aCtion  during  the  Danifli  Invafions.  Ravenf- 
worth  near  Newcaftie  and  Ravenfworth  near  Richmond  in 
Yorkfhire,  may  perhaps  date  their  origin  from  the  ereClion  of  a 

Danifli 


64  Obfervatio'ns  on  Gatara&onium. 

ODanilh  llandard  as  well  as  Ravenjburg  near  Hull,  where  it  was 
•fird  difplajed  ;  and  the  celebrated  IV ar den- tow  was  certainly  oc¬ 
cupied  by  them ;  and  on  this  account  it  is  probable  St.  Cuthbert’s 
relics  could  not  have  fan&uary  at  the  place.  Gainford  had 
like  wife  its  rife  from  thofe  marauders,  their  original  encamp¬ 
ment  being  a  little  north  of  the  place,  and  at  the  entrance  from 
the  ead  is  a  confiderable  mount  of  their  conftrudlion,  whether 
’for  the  purpofe  of  religion,  judicature,  or  interment,  I  am  at 
a  lofs  to  determine.  Thofe  lordly  people  feem  to  have  dis¬ 
regarded  both  the  Roman  and  Saxon  mode  of  fortification.  Cir¬ 
cular  elevation  with  fome  intrenchments  in  the  dyle  of  cir- 
cumvallation  condituted  the  ufual  method  of  condrudting  a 
Danilh  fortrefs,  and  often  fo  remote  from  water  that  a 
perfon  cannot  readily  afiign  any  reafon  for  fo  glaring  an  ab¬ 
surdity. 

It  is  a  doubt  with  me,  whether  the  fee  of  Durham  ever 
ufed  the  arms  of  the  Kings  of  Northumberland  before  the 
.earldom  of  Sadberg  was  annexed  to  it,  and  I  attribute  the  de¬ 
molition  of  that  place  to  the  devaluations  made  by  the  fird 
William  a  little  time  after  the  Conqued.  This  event  might 
contribute  to  the  rife  of  the  neighbouring  town  of  Darlington, 
which  was  much  better  accommodated  with  numerous  good 
fprings  than  Sadberg,  where  water  was  not  over  abundant,  and 
which  place  Hugh  Pudfey  had  adorned  with  a  fpacious  church 
and  other  buildings  about  eighty  years  afterwards.  But  Dar¬ 
lington  may  claim  higher  antiquity.  It  appears  to  have  been 
noticed  by  Bede  with  its  river  the  Dar  or  Der ,  now  called  the 
Skern ,  fome  centuries  antecedent  to  that  aera,  and  about  the 
year  860  was  given  to  St  Cuthbert,  by  Seir,  fon  of  Ulphus, 
lord  of  the  place.  Soon  after,  it  became  a  refidence  of  the 
Bilhops.  I  am  inclined  to  think  the  magnificent  bridge  over 

the 


Obfervatlons  on  CataraCtonium.  6  5 

the  Tees  at  Croft  was  built,  the  architecture  of  which  corre- 
fponds  with  the  church  at  Darlington  in  the  conflruCtion  of  the 
arches,  cornices,  and  battlements,  and  has  withftood  the  va¬ 
rious  depredations  of  this  rapid  river  for  fix  hundred  years. 
Hiftory  is  filent  in  regard  to  the  erection  of  this  ufeful  ftruc- 
ture.  Perhaps  it  may  have  been  built  by  public  contribution,  as 
I  have  never  read  ot  any  prelate  that  promoted  the  work,  ei¬ 
ther  by  indulgences  or  liberality.  Although  Darlington  is 
feated  upon  a  flat  near  the  Skern,  which  annually  overflows 
fome  hundreds  of  acres,  for  want  of  a  proportionate  channel  to 
carry  oft  its  redundant  waters,  yet  it  enjoys  a  temperate  whole- 
fome  air,  inftances  of  longevity  being  rarely  wanting  ;  nay,  at 
this  time  there  are  a  man,  his  wife,  and  fitter,  inhabitants  of 
one  houfe,  whole  ages  put  together  amount  to  near  two  hun¬ 
dred  and  feventy  years ;  and  there  lately  died  two  neighbours, 
one  at  ninety-two,  and  the  other  at  ninety-four  years.  C011- 
fumptive  cafes  are  lefs  frequent  here  than  in  any  of  the  adjacent 
market- towns,  and  population  rapidly  increafing,  this  place 
has  doubled  the  number  of  its  inhabitants  in  half  a  century. 
Of  late  years,  horticulture  has  been  brought  to  great  perfection 
at  Darlington,  and  agriculture  as  much  patronifed  in  the  en¬ 
virons.  For  ten  miles  around  no  wafte  or  common  land  is 
to  be  met  with  ;  and  the  laudable  premiums  given  by  a  re- 
fpeCtable  fociety  contribute  much  to  accelerate  profeffional  im¬ 
provements. 

To  conclude;  the  miracles  afcribed  to  our  great  Patron 
St.  Cuthbert  have  raifed  the  ecclefiaflical  hierarchy  of  Durham 
to  its  prefent  grandeur  and  opulence.  His  guardian  aufpices 
have  likewife  continued  to  aggrandize  the  favoured  Palatinate 
for  fome  revolving  centuries.  We  contemplate  with  pleafure 

Vol.  X.  K  and 


66  Obfervatlons  on  Cataraftonium. 

and  experience  the  effects  of  our  riling  commerce,  maritime 
confequence,  and  internal  wealth.  The  Tyne,  Were,  and 
Tees,  are  the  great  channels  of  our  export  and  import,  and 
their  benign  influence  has  contributed  to  give  us  that  national 
fuperiority  for  which  the  county  of  Durham  has  long  been  dif- 
tinguilhed. 

JOHN  CADE. 


VI.  IV- 


V 


t-9  l  7J"X  l°A 


¥ 


E  67  ] 


VI.  Defcription  of  two  antient  manfion  houfes  in  Nor- 
thamptonfhire  cmd  Dorfet.  By  Richard  Gough. 


Read  Dec.  3,  1789. 

TH  E  drawing  herewith  exhibited,  taken  by  Mr.  Schneb- 
belie  in  the  courfe  of  laft  fumtner  [#],  reprefents  a  frag¬ 
ment  of  one  of  the  oldeft  manfion  houfes  in  this  kingdom. 

It  was  the  feat  of  the  family  of  Longucville  from  the  reign 
of  Edward  II.  when  John  de  Longueville  levied  a  fine  of  the 
manor  of  Little  Billing ,  in  the  hundred  of  Spelho,  and  county 
of  Northampton,  where  this  houfe  is  fituate.  This  John, 
who  was  declared  lord  of  the  manor  9  Edw.  II.  founded  the 
houfe  of  Auftin  Friars  in  the  town  of  Northampton,  1 6th  of 
faid  reign,  to  which  feveral  of  his  defendants  were  benefadlors, 
and  were  there  buried,  as  was  probably  the  founder  himfelf. 
In  this  fa mily  the  manor  of  Little  Billing  continued  till  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth. 

Leland  [3]  thus  defcribes  this  building : 

66  The  eldeft  houfe  or  manor  place  of  the  Langevilles,  yet 
remaynith  at  Little  Billinge,  about  a  3  miles  eft  from  Nor¬ 
thampton.” 

[tf]  See  Plate  I. 

L]  It.  tV.  40. 

K  2  Mr. 


63 


J V)efcription  of  two  aniient  Manfon-houfes 

Mr.  Bridges  [e]  the  hiftorian  of  Northamptonfhire  gives  this 
account  of  it. 

“  Part  of  the  manfion  houfe,  which  was  formerly  inhabited 
by  the  Longevilles,  is  Bill  left  Banding,  and  hath  great  marks 
of  antiquity  remaining.  The  firft  ftory  is  fupported  with  broad 
arches,  where  is  the  appearance  of  a  chapel.  The  door-cafes 
of  Harlefton  freeftone  are  thick  and  large.  And  at  the  fouth 
end  is  a  turret,  with  a  flair-cafe  leading  up  to  the  leads.  A 
part  of  it  is  embattled.  In  the  yard  is  the  farm-houfe,  made 
out  of  the  ruins  adjoining  to  the  ruinous  part.” 

Meffrs.  Buck  engraved  a  view  of  thefe  ruins  1729  ;  but  have 
called  them  by  miftake  a  Cijlercian  priory.  What  could  have 
fuggefted  this  idea  it  is  not  eafy  to  fay  ;  for  there  is  nothing  in 
the  parifh  to  give  rife  to  it.  Perhaps  they  confounded  it  with 
the  religious  houfe  founded  by  the  fame  family  in  Northampton 
as  before  mentioned. 

The  ruins  are  much  reduced  in  a  courfe  of  60  years.  The 
hexagon  turret  and  all  the  building  to  the  weft  of  it  is  gone. 
In  the  prefent  view  only  the  eaft  part  of  the  north  fide  is  feen 
in  which  is  a  large  bay  window  below,  and  a  long  cafement 
above  it,  with  a  large  chimney  to  the  eaft. 

Mr.  Hutchins,  in  his  Hiftory  of  Dorfet  [J],  has  given  a  view 
not  unlike  this,  with  a  plan,  of  a  manfion  houfe  in  Great  Can- 
ford,  which  belonged  to  the  family  of  Monteacute,  earls  of 
Salifbury,  about  the  middle  of  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  and  wa& 
the  chief  place  of  their  refidence.  The  remains  were  intirely 
taken  away  1765  :  but  before  that  time  confided  of  a  fuite  of 

[r]  I.  409. 
fy]  11.  100,  107. 

of 


/ 


In  Northamptonfhire  and  Dorfet.  69 

•  / 

of  three  rooms  running  from  eaft  to  weft.  The  mod  eaftern 
was  about  25  feet  fquare,  and  had  a  ftair  cafe  tower  at  the 
north-eaft  angle.  To  this  room  adjoined  on  the  north  fide  a 
fquare  tower  over  a  gateway.  On  the  weft  fide  of  the  firft  room 
adjoining  another  48  feet  long  by  25  wide,  communicating 
with  it  by  a  door,  and  having  a  fire  place  in  its  fouth  fide, 
and  two  large  oriel  windows  in  its  north.  The  weftermoft 
room  of  this  finite  was  33  feet  by  25,  and  had  two  windows  in 
the  north,  and  two  in  the  weft  front,  and  a  fquare  tower  at  the 
north  weft  corner.  Behind  all  thefe,  but  parallel  with  their 
line,  were  offices,  fuch  as  kitchen  and  wafli-houfe,  with  their 
chimnies  back  to  back,  and  at  the  end  a  ftable,  and  another 
room.  There  was  no  appearance  of  a  quadrangular  or  other 
court.  The  houfe  fronted  to  the  river  Stour,  which  was  at  no 
great  diftance  from  it. 

Thefe  two  manfions  may  be  confidered  as  a  kind  of  ftnufture 
between  the  caftles,  calculated  for  military  defence,  and  the 
manor  houfes  or  palaces  of  ths  nobility  in  the  reigns  of  Eli¬ 
zabeth  and  the  two  Henrys  preceding  her. 

Spofford  caftle  in  Yorkffiire  comes  the  neareft  to  thefe  two 
in  point  of  time  and  plan  ;  built,  as  Mr.  King  [<?]  obferves, 
about  the  time  of  Edward  III.  in  imitation  of  the  ftyle  of  archi¬ 
tecture  then  introduced;  when  the  idea  of  the  clofe  compaCt 
well  fecured  keep  was  nearly  laid  afide;  when  that  even  of  the 
cajlle  began  to  be  confidered  as  of  importance  in  name,  rather 
than  in  reality,  and  when  the  idea  of  the  convenient  hofpitable 
palace  was  adopted  and  brought  into  ufe. 


[<?]  Archseologia,  Vol.  VI.  342. 


C  7°  ] 


VII.  ExtraBs  out  of  an  old  Book  relating  to  the  Building 
of  Louth  Steeple ,  and  repairing  the  Churchy  &c. 
from  about  the  year  1500  or  1501  to  1518. 
Cotnmunicated  by  Sir  Jofeph  Banks,  Bart.  Pr.  R.  S. 

Pvead  Jan.  14,  1790. 


Robert  English, 
Thomas  Alderton, 
William  Keel  and 
Thomas  Fox 


1 


Kirkwardens  in  1501. 


Thomos  Taylor,  Draper, 
William  Johnson,  Draper, 
Robert  Bousley,  Mercer, 
Thomas  Angram,  Draper. 


Kirkwardens  in  1501. 


Page  2.  Paid  for  ftone  and  expences  at  the  quarrel  to 
the  broach. 

Item,  paid  to  John  Chapman,  merchant, 
William  Johnfon  riding  to  the  quarrel  by 
four  days,  and  other  two  men  charing  ftone, 
and  to  William  Nettleton  in  his  expences,  o  6 
Item,  paid  to  William  Johnfon  for  his  labour 
i2d.  and  his  horfture  13d.  02 


Item,  paid  to  the  quarry n  for  ftone  at  that 

time,  . - . 

Item,  paid  William  Nettleton,  charing  ftone 
at  the  laid  quarrel  to  the  broach, 


o  40 

o  1 


d. 


% 

1 

o 

4 


Sum,  o  50  1 

Paae 


\ 


Extracts  out  of  an  old  Bosk ,  &c. 


7* 

£ •  s.  d. 


Page  II.  Paid  for  carrying  of  (tone. 

Item,  paid  to  Thomas - — -  for  two  load 

Hone  carrying  to  Louth  — —  0  3  5 

Item,  paid  William  Kelfy  two  loads  31.  4 d. 

Robert  Kelfy  one  load  zod.  and  William 
OfFrey  one  load  20 d.  —  068 

Item,  paid  to  John  Moaks  and  his  fellows 
from  Confby  to  Louth,  for  five  load  car¬ 
rying  -  11  ■  . . .  084 

Page  13.  Item,  paid  to  William  Johnfton  for  his  own 
coft  and  his  horfhire,  riding  to  the  quarrel 
for  Rone  to  the  broach  by  four  days,  024 
Item,  to  John  Offiey  for  ten  load  from  the 
quarrel  to  Dog  Dike  by  land  and  water, 
price  a  load,  20 d.  Sum,  016  8 

Item,  to  Richard  Spencer’s  wife,  ofKeelby, 
for  two  load,  from  the  quarrel  to  Apple- 

tree  nuts,  - -  — ■  020 

Item,  paid  John  Lebel  for  the  fame  two 

load  from  Appletree  nuts  to  Dog  Dyke,  014 
Item,  paid  to  the  faid  John  for  7  load,  from 
the  quarrel  to  Dog  Dyke,  by  land  and 

water,  ■  - -  on  8 

Pa^e  1  Item,  paid  the  fir  ft  Sunday  of  Lent  to  Wil¬ 
liam  Bennet,  quarryer  of  Keelby  for  ftone 

at  the  quarrell,  -  ■ - *  o  36  8 

Page  ij.  Memorandum,  There  is  coming  home  ftone 
to  the  broach  10  fcore  foot  and  5,  and  to 
the  gallery  within  the  fteeple,  40  foot 
grofts  and  10  orbs, 

3 


Page 


ExtraMs  out  of  an  old  Book 


*7  O 

7 2 


Page  26.  Item,  paid  to  William  Nettleton,  riding  to 
the  quarrell  for  to  buy  ftone  to  the  broach, 
and  for  to  get  a  matter  mafon,  for  to  take 
charge  of  the  faid  broach,  by  four  days,  2 s. 
and  to  John  Miller  for  his  horfehire  and 
his  own  coft,  20 d.  Sum, 

N.  B.  John  Cole,  matter  mafon  from  1501 
to  1505-6. 

A  looch  or  loch  is  a  place  to  lay  ftone  in. 

Item,  paid  to  John  Cole,  matter  mafon  of 
the  broach  for  making  molds  to  it  by  four 
days,  .... ...  ~  - 

Item,  paid  to  William  Thomas  to  fetch  him 
diverfe  things,  . , 

Item,  paid  for  packthread,  glue,  and  nails. 
Item,  paid  to  William  Thomas  one  day,  4 d, 
to  John  Archer  one  day,  4 d.  and  Thomas 
Garbard  one  day,  4 d.  bearing  timber  forth 

of  the  loch,  — - -  - 

Item,  paid  to  John  Cole,  matter  mafon,  and 
to  William  Johnfon,  riding  to  the  quarrell 
for  to  buy  ttone  to  the  broach, 

Item,  paid  by  the  hands  of  John  Chapman, 
merchant,  and  William  Johnfon,  at  two 
times  for  ttone  to  the  broach,  and  to  the 
gallery  within  the  tteeple  to  William 
Benneit  and  John  Loveley,  quarriers, 

Item,  that  William  Johnfon  paid  John  Levely 

and  William  Bennett  at  the  quarrel  for 
ttone,  — 


o 

o 


80 


8 


o  10 


3  4 


o 


40  o 
Item, 


relating  to  the  Building  of  Louth  Steeple. 


4 


Item,  that  John  Cole,  matter  mafon,  and 
William  Johnfon  paid  to  the  faid  John 

and  William  at  the  quarrel,  - 

Item,  that  Robert  Beverley  and  his  fellows 
paid  of  St.  Ann-day  at  Louth  to  the  faid 
quarries,  . .  . . 

Item,  that  the  faid  John  and  William  has 
received  the  day  afore  of  the  faid  Robert 

and  his  fellows,  — _ _ 

Item,  that  William  Bonnett  has  received  of 
Sunday  afore  Michaelmas-day  at  Louth  of 
Thomas  Taylor  and  his  fellows,  — • 
Item,  that  John  Lively  and  William  Bonnett 
has  received  at  Gunfby  of  John  Cole, 
matter  mafon,  and  William  Johnfon,  an 
owing  reckoning  of  St.  Katharines-day 
this  year,  — - -  - _ 

And  that  day  lay  there  at  Cunfby  31  load 
ftone  paid  for. 

Item,  that  the  faid  John  Cole,  matter  mafon, 
and  William  Johnfon  paid  the  fame  day 
to  William  Bonnett  and  John  Lively, 
quarriers,  for  ftone  that  lies  at  the  quarrell, 
Page  27.  Memorandum,  that  matter  mafon  and  Wil¬ 
liam  Johnfon  bought  ftone  at  the  quarrell 
of  Roger  Hanking  and  Edmund  Shepherd, 
100  foot,  price  a  foot  2 and  fo  they 
gave  them  in  31.  4 d.,  and  to  William  Cam- 
worth  100  foot,  price  2  \d.  a  foot,  and 
they  gave  him  31.  and  4 d.,  alfo  John 
Glover  for  eight  load  great  ftone  from 


o  20 


0  57 

o  27 


o  90 


0  7 


O  I 


L 


73 

d. 


o 


if 


6 


o 


6 


o 


* 


Vol.  X. 


Wigfurth 


74 


Extracts  out  of  an  old  Book 


«  iff  d% 

Wigfurth  to  Appletree  nuts,  3*.  4 d.9  and 
alfo  to  the  faid  Matter  and  William  for 
their  cofts,  3/.  4^.,  alfo  paid  to  Matter 
Mafon  another  time  for  to  bear  to  the 
quarries  the  4th  Sunday  of  Advent,  20  /. 

Sum,  20  19  & 

For  to  make  a  Loch  to  lay  Stone  in. 

Paid  to  Robert  Beverley  for  6  bunch  fewing 

rope,  -  ■  '■■■  1  o 

Alfo  paid  to  Thomas  Taylor  for  latts  200 
and  4.,  1 2 ~d.y  nails  6d.9  ttraw  2 s  4 d.  1  *  lb. 
of  wax  10 ~d..  rofin  14 lb.  I’d.  Sum,  o 
Alfo  paid  to  William  Thomas  and  William 
Palmer,  levying  the  ground  for  to  fett  the 
broach  upon,  and  removing  ftone  by  three 
days,  2J.,  alfo  for  four  load  fand  gather¬ 
ing,  8  <7.  - -  o 

Page  28.  Paid  for  Carriage  of  Stone  from  Dog  Dyke  to  Louth. 

Item,  paid  to  William  Newfome  for  three 
quarters  of  a  load  14 d.9  paid  to  a  man  of 

Coniby  for  2  load,  3^  4 d.  -  046 

Memorandum,  that  there  is  at  Dog  Dyke 
31  load  ttone  paid  for,  except  thefe  four 
load. 

Item,  paid  to  John  Glover  for  one  load  20 d.9 
John  Howfon  one  load  20 d.9  and  William 
Kilfey  one  load  20 d.9  at  Mid  Lent,  o  5  & 

Item,  paid  diverfe  times  in  expences  to  the 

carriers  and  matter  mafon,  —  024 

Item, 


0  5 

4  4F 

2  8 


relating  to  the  Building  of  Louth  Steeple. 

Item,  paid  for  i  load  carriage  from  Dog  Dyke 
to  Louth,  _  _  ' 

And  fo  there  is  remaining  at  Tatterfhall 
21  load. 

Item,  paid  to  the  bailiff  of  Confby  for  toll 
for  ftone  carriage  in  great  for  the  broach  by, 

Item,  paid  to  William  Johnfon  by  three  days 

riding  to  the  quarrell,  _ _ 

Page  31.  Item,  alfo  that  Thomas  Taylor  paid  to  Ro¬ 
bert  Pen i Ron  for  lyme,  -  - 

Item,  winding  up  ftone  to  the  broach. 

Item,  paid  to  William  Plumer  by  three  days 
rolling  up  lead,  - —  .  _ _ 

Item,  paid  Good-Fryday  to  Maifter  Mafon’s 
man  making  mortar  by  9  days,  . _ _ 

Paid  for  the  making, 

Memorandum,  that  the  Abbot  of  Louth  Park 
gave  one  yew-tree  to  it. 


75 

£.s.  d. 
O  O  20 

0  5  O 
0  2  0 
0  12  O 

060 
0  12  0 
0  3  8 


Item,  paid  to  the  faid  Abbot  for  one  tree,  0 
Item,,  paid  for  felling  of  them  4 d.,  and  to  6  4 

William  Johnfon  one  load  6d.,  and  Robert 
Englifh  gave  t’other  load. 

Item,  paid  to  Giles  Kingerby  for  one  day 
and  half  charing  and  cutting  of  the  faid 

timber,  yd.,  and  for  carting  in,  meat  and 
drink,  3d.  _  c 

Item,  paid  to  John  Penifton,  for  carrying 
timber  from  St.  John’s  chapel,  3d.,  to 
John  Fafth  for  iron-work,  2d.,  carriage 
of  two  afh-trees  from  Thorp-hall,  3d., 

L  2 


John 


76 


Exirafls  cut  of  an  old  Book 


s  •  d* 


John  Harrifon,  fmith,  for  one  pully  fhife 
of  brafs,  1 6d.  for  Span ifh  iron,  2 s. 

Page  38.  Memorandum,  that  the  faid  accomptants  has 
borrowed  to  the  building  of  the  broach 
of  the  alderman  and  brethren  of  our  lady 
Gy  Id,  and  the  com’onty  *  (hall  pay  to 
the  faid  Gyld  again,  as  it  appears  in  the 
accompt  book  of  our  Lady  Gyld,  613  4 

Alfo  that  the  faid  accomptants  has  borrowed 
of  the  faid  alderman  and  brethren  to  the 
building  of  the  faid  broach,  the  which  the 
Com’onty  fhall  pay  again  as  it  appears  in 

our  Lady  accompt  book,  -  6  10  Q 

Alfo  that  the  faid  accomptants  has  received  of 
William  Johnfon  and  Richard  Brough 
Deans  of  our  Lady  Gyld,  by  the  alfent  of 
the  alderman  and  brethren  of  the  faid 
Gyld,  for  to  buy  Rone  to  the  broach,  as 
it  appears  in  their  accompt,  fum  40^., 
the  which  fum  was  borrowed  of  our  Lady 
Hock  for  to  buy  wax. 

Memorandum,  that  the  faid  accomptants  has 
borrowed  to  the  faid  building  of  the  al¬ 
derman  and  brethren  of  St.  Peter  Gyld, 
fum,  6/.  js.  o d. 

And  the  faid  accomptants  by  theaflentof  the 
com’onty  has  laid  to  pledge  to  the  faid  al¬ 
derman  and  brethren  the  beft  chalice  be¬ 
longing  to  the  high  altar,  the  which  cha¬ 
lice  lays  in  Trinity  Hutch. 

\  .  .  V  ' 

*  The  townfmen  or  parifhioners. 

3  Me- 


relating  to  the  Building  of  Louth  Steeple . 


77 

£•  s.  d. 


Memorandum,  that  the  faid  alderman  and 
brethren  of  our  Lady  Gyld  has  lent  of 
St.  Hugh  day  to  the  building  of  the  faid 
broach  to  the  faid  accompts,  the  which 
the  com’onty  {ball  pay  again,  61.  8/.  4 d. 

Owing  to  our  Lady  Gyld  this  year,  fum,  21  16  8 

Owing  to  St.  Peter  Gyld,  fum,  6  12  o 

Sum,  28  8  8 

Page  50.  Paid  for  ftone  at  the  quarrell  and  for  carriage  to 

Dog  Dike. 

Item,  paid  for  ftone  borrowed  of  the  abbot  of 

Revelby,  the  which  he  had  for  his,  o  I  r  4 

Item,  paid  to  the  faid  quarries  for  carriage 

20  load  from  the  quarrell  to  Dog  Dyke,  o  33  4 

Page  5 1 .  Paid  to  fervers  of  the  matter  mafon  by  fix 

days,  —  . .  — ■  o  18  c 

Page  53.  Paid  for  carriage  of  ftone. 

Memorandum,  that  the  abbot  of  Revelby  has 
lent  ftone  15  kenns  containing  15  yards, 
and  Thomas  Ay  by  carried  one  load  20  d.9 
&c.  to  Belchforth,  and  Thomas  Wright 
carried  that  load  to  Louth,  1  yd. 

Item,  in  expences,  %d. 

Item,  paid  in  expences  for  wains  at  Horn- 
caftle  2 3<f.,  at  Confby  for  horfe  meat,  14^., 
at  the  water  fide  horfe  meat,  6d.y  in  meat 
and  drink,  6d.,  at  Confby  and  Horncaftle 
at  dinner,  gs.  id.  to  John  Pikeforth  for 
horfehire,  gd.  — -  Sum,  073 

Memo- 


7  8  Extracts  out  of  an  old  Book. 

Mem  or  an  d  u  m ,  t  h  at  Wi  1 1  i  a  m  Joh  n  fo  n ,  w  ea  ve  r, 
has  agreed  with  the  bailiff  of  Tumby,  in 
great  as  long  for  ftone  to  the  broach  to 

Thifby,  .  . -  ■  «  c 

Alfo  paid  to  William  Johnfon  for  riding  to 
Stainton  in  expence,  c 

Page  57.  Memorandum,  that  the  faid  com’onty  has 
borrowed  of  the  alderman  and  brethren  of 
St.  Peter  Gyld,  —  -■  .  ,  .  6 

And  the  faid  com’onty  has  laid  in  to  the 
faid  alderman  and  brethren  their  bed: 
chalice,  which  chalice  lies  in  their  hutch 
belonging  to  the  faid  alderman  and  bre¬ 
thren  called  Trinity  hutch  within  the  round 
loft. 

Borrowed  of  our  Lady  Gyld  and  Trinity 
Gyld,  and  St.  Peter  Gyld,  to  the  building 
of  the  broach  the  year  afore,  and  this 

year,  fum  total,  - -  -  44 

Page  64.  That  the  faid  accomptants  has  borrowed  of 
the  alderman  and  brethren  of  our  Lady 
Gyld  *  this  year  to  the  building  of  the 
broach,  - 


£•  s . 


Which  fum  was  paid  of  the  arrears  of  Wil¬ 
liam  Watfon,  Dean  of  the  brotherhood, 
as  it  appears  in  our  Lady  books,  An.  Dom. 
1503,  and  paid  by  the  hands  of  John 
Chapman,  merchant,  - 


4  4 


12 


4  4 


4  4 


14 


* 


1503- 


As 


relating  to  the  Building  of  Louth  Steeple . 


10 


As  it  was  left  in  his  hands  as  it  appears  from  the  laid  Book. 


Page  70.  Item,  paid  of  Paffion  Sunday  to  Robert  Weft 
and  his  man  making  fcaffolds  about  the 

broach  by  eight  days,  -  c 

Page  71.  Item,  paid  of  Eafter  day  to  Thomas  Meften-' 
ger  for  half  a  quarter  of  lime  and  buftiell,  c 
Item,  for  charcoal  of  Eafter  eve,  _  c 

Page  74.  Memorandum,  that  the  com’onty  of  this 
town  oweth  to  mafter  alderman  George 
Fitzwilliams,  Efq. .  and  brother  of  this 
Gy  Id,  as  it  appears  the  year  afore  to  the 
building  of  the  broach,  the  which  belongs 
to  our  lady  Gyld,  —  fum,  36 

The  which  the  faid  com’onty  has  laid  to  pledge 
to  the  faid  mafter  alderman  and  brethren 
two  filver  croftes,  one  of  their  bell  chalices 
and  their  diver  pax. 

Alfo  the  faid  com’onty  borrowed  this  year 
of  the  arrears  of  William  Watfon,  as  it 
appears  afore,  ■  .■ .  . 

Memorandum,  that  the  faid  com’onty  bor¬ 
rowed  of  the  alderman  and  brethren  of 
Trinity  Gyld,  to  the  faid  building,  as  it 

appears  the  year  afore,  -  21 

Of  Peter  Gyld,  —  _  7 

Page  85,  Alfo  paid  to  John  Liffel  and  William  B011- 
nett  for  done  at  the  quarrel  and  carriage, 

In  the  firft  for  17  load  Iquare  pieces  of 
Hazlebrough  ftone,  -  —  o 


£- 


s. 


o 

o 


4  4 


8 

7 


d. 


9 

1 


8  8 


38  o 
Alfo 


8o 


Extracts  out  of  an  old  Book 


£• s* 

Alfo  for  io  load  of  Willsforth  fquare  pieces,  o  20  o 
Alfo  for  54  foot  crokytts,  price  1  foot,  2 d,  o  38  4 

Alfo  paid  to  Nicholas  Brancell  for  100  foot 
achlere  *,  and  fquinches  of  18  inches  high 
and  15  at  the  lead:,  price  the  foot  2 i.d.  o  25  o 

Page  96.  Memorandum,  that  the  kirkwardens  of  this 
kirk,  and  com’onty,  has  borrowed  of  John 
Chapman,  alderman  of  Trinity  Gyld,  and 
brethren  of  the  fame  Gyld,  to  the  build¬ 
ing  of  the  broach  as  appears  in  their  ac- 
compt  of  the  lifelod,  oa  1  % 

Alfo  that  the  kirkwardens  and  com’onty  bor¬ 
rowed  this  year  of  the  faid  Mr.  alderman 
and  brethren  of  money  received  of  Eli¬ 
zabeth  Lindfey,  8di  alfo  of  the  arrears  of 
John  Fifher  Barker,  Dean  of  the  faid 
Gyld,  1  of.  3J.,  as  it  appears  alfo  of  Thomas 
Alderton,  for  diverfe  brethren  their  names 
unknown,  6f.  4 d. 

Of  mafter  alderman  George  Fitzwilliams, 

Efq.  and  brethren  of  our  Lady  Gyld,  40*  12  9 

Of  the  arrears  of  Richard  Brough,  0  48  84 

Of  Simon  Lincoln,  merchant,  and  alderman 
of  St.  Peter  Gyld  to  the  building  of  the 
faid  broach,  - - -  — *  6120 

Lawrence  and  William  and  Chriftopher 
Scune,  mafter  mafons  from  1 50 5-6  to  1 5 1 5. 

Page  187 — 1510  paid  to  Lawrence  and  William  maf¬ 
ter  mafon,  Chriftopher  Scune  his  prentice. 

Afhlcr. 


Therefore 


relating  to  the  Building  of  Louth  Steeple . 

Therefore  lying  in  Trinity-hutch  a  chalice  in  pled 

Page  109.  In  1506  paid  to  Chriftopher  Scune,  matter 
mafonthewhichfumhepaid  to  John  Lefell 
and  William  Bonnett,  quarriers,  forttone,  o 
Alfo  to  the  faid  William  thirteen  great  pieces 
containing  four  tonn  and  half  of  ftone, 

price  one  foot,  gd.  -  o 

Page  no.  Paid  for  carriage  of  ftone,  four  load,  from 

Dog  Dyke  to  Louth,  o 

Page  in.  Paid  to  Chriftopher  Scune,  maftermafon, 
making  molds  to  the  broach,  by  two  days, 

the  Sunday  after  Eafter,  o 

Page  1 1 3.  Paid  to  diverfe  men  winding  ftone,  and  other 
labours,  &c.  &c. 

Page  1 19.  Memorandum,  the  kirk  wardens  and  com’nty 
of  this  town  ovveth  to  alderman  and  bre¬ 
thren  of  Trinity  Gyld,  as  appears  by 

parcels,  &c.  -  Sum,  o 

To  alderman  and  brethren  of  our  Lady 
Gyld,  43 


To  St.  Peter  Gyld, 


Memorandum,  that  mafter  George  Fitz- 
william  borrowed  of  the  faid  accomptants 
belonging  to  the  kirk,  100  wt.  of  web 
lead,  1  qu.  J.  and  6  lb. ;  alfo  borrowed 
another  time  100  wt.  old  lead  and  4.  and 
7  lb.  of  the  fame  kirk  of  Louth. 

Page  124.  Gifts  given  when  the  firft  ftone  was  fet  of 
the  broach  by  diverfe  men. 

Item,  received  of  the  gift  of  George  Fitz- 
william,  Gent. 

Vox..  IX.  M 


81 

ge. 

<f. 

20  O 

8  2 

6  8 

o  16 

3s  3 

* 

o  18 
7  o 


o  20 
Item, 


82 


Extracts  out  of  an  old  Book 


Item,  received  of  John  Chapman,  mer¬ 
chant,  an  old  noble,  the  which  was  re¬ 
ceived  for  of  Robert  Beverley  of  Good 

Friday,  - - -  — — 

Item,  received  of  John  Girdyke  for  the 

fame  work,  -  - - - 

Item,  received  of  diverfe  men  for  the  fame 
work,  . . .  >■■■■ 

Diverfe  timber  fold. 

Item,  received  of  John  White,  pried:,  for 
old  timber  taken  off  the  higheft  floor 
within  the  fteeple,  — — » 

Item,  received  of  Richard  Moore,  for  chips, 

when  the  Gyld-hall  was . — . 

Page  127.  Paid  —  going  to  Horn-caftle  a  meflage 

for  done  to  the  broach,  - 

Page  128.  Paid  firft  Sunday  after  Eafter  to  Chriflopher 
Scune,  mafter  mafon,  for  half  a  year, 

being  fee  the  year  afore,  - 

Alfo  paid  to  the  faid  mafter  in  a  reward  for 

Page  160.  Paid  fawing  ftone. 

Item,  Hugh  Smith  three  days,  iid.,  &c. 
Item,  paid  fawing  done  by  eleven  tonn, 
Page  178.  Item,  paid  for  great  cable  to  wind  up  ftone 

23,4  fathom  bought  at  Lynn,  - . 

Carriage  by  water  to  Ingoldmells,  — 


relating  to  the  Building  of  Louth  Steeple. 

And  for  a  man  wages  and  coft,  2 s.,  and  ^  ^ 

carrying  to  Louth,  16 d.,  bell  firing,  ud. 
a  tub,  4 d.,  a  fpade,  4 d,  (hovel,  id. 

Page  179,  Paid  for  nether  fcaffolds  of  the  broach  and  middle 

fcaffolds. 


Item,  for  eight  pieces,  %d.,  and  for  middle 
fcaffolds  two  pieces  going  through,  i6d, 
eight  fmaller  liggers,  4 d.t  weighing  wood, 
4 d»9  four  trees,  i2d.,  nine  pieces  ligging, 
......  aboon  trees,  4 d.,  four  fparrs,  2 s.,  two 

,  P*eces  over  fcaffold,  1  yd.,  four  iparrs, 
12 d,  railing  tree  and  beam,  10 d. 

Page  203.  Memorandum,  Thomas  Alderton  paid  Mr. 

Riggs,  Bailiff  of  Confby  for  toll  as  long 
as  the  broach  is  in  hand,  and  to  it  be 
ended,  as  appears  by  a  bill  of  his  own 
hand,  which  bill  is  lying  in  the  com’on 
hutch,  _ _ _  _ _ 

Alfo  faid  Thomas  paid  for  a  houfe  where 
is  hewn  at  quarrel,  . _ . 

Page  233*  Paid  bellman  covering  one  grave,  - 

Thomas  Carfare  making  little  bin,  _ 

Alfo  for  riding  to  Dog  Dyke  for  ftone, 

Latts,  2 d.,  Dodington  ftone  kirk  ftyle, 

Five  flrike  lyme,  yd.,  ftrike  charcoal,  \ d.9 
key  for  the  weft  kirk  door,  4 d. 

Page  1 87.  Paid  to  Lawrence  and  William,  mafter 
mafon,  Chriftopher  Scune  his  prentice, 
frft  payment  of  a  more  fum, 

M  2 


10  0 

o  20 
o  2 
o  6 
012 
o  2 


o 


6  8 
Page 


Extracts  out  of  an  old  Book 


*4 

£- s •  & 

Page  214.  Paid  to  a  man  at  Confby  carrying  25  load 

from  Waterhoufe  to  Louth,  .  o  50  o 

Page  234.  Paid  quarriers  for  30  tonn  of  ftone,  0  55  0 

Carriage  by  land  and  water,  —  o  50  o 

Alfo  paid  for  twenty-one  waines,  wanting 

of  their  payment,  2d.,  every  wain,  036 
Alfo  that  they  hired  wains  to  carrying  home 
the  faid  ftone  from  Confby,  belides  their 

boon  wains,  - - -  '  0  10  o 

Page  235.  Paid  Lawrence  for  hewing  ftone  in  great  18 

ftones,  - - -  —  040 

Page  236.  Memorandum,  Thomas  Bradley,  merchant, 
and  the  kirk  wardens  feoft  to  faw  32  tonn 
of  hone  with  John  Coke,  glover,  and 
Thomas  Garbard,  labourer,  for  8 d.  the 
tonn,  except  the  faid  John  and  Thomas 
fhall  give  two  tonn  fawing  of  their  good 
will. 

Page  263.  The  weathercock  was  fet  upon  the  broach 
of  Holy-rood-eve,  and  hallowed  with 
many  priefts  there  prefent,  and  all  the 
ringing,  and  alfo  much  people  there,  and 
all  to  the  pleafure  of  God.  Amen. 

Page  264.  Paid  Lawrence  Mafon  for  riding  to  his 

mafter  in  north  country  for  to  fpure  him  . 
whether  he  would  make  end  of  the 
broach,  and  he  faid  he  would  deal  no 
more  with  it,  but  he  fhewed  his  councel, 

Sum,  068 

William  Walker  and  Lawrence  Mafon  rid¬ 
ing  to  Bofton  to  fpeak  with  mafter  Mafon 
to  make  end  of  broach,  — -  020 


t 

relating  to  the  Building  of  Louth  Steeple .  85 

^  •  s  %  ct  # 

Page  300.  Memorandum,  that  the  faid  broach  was  1 5 
years  fetting  up,  which  coft  as  appears 
afore. 

Memorandum,  that  Thomas  Taylor,  Dra¬ 
per,  bought  the  fait  of  filver  that  matter 
Richard  Birmingham  .  gave  for  3*.  3 d \ 
ounce,  weighing  1 24.  oz.  fum,  o  40  74 

Page  266.  Memorandum,  the  15th  Sunday  after  Holy- 
Trinity  of  this  year  (1515)  the  weather¬ 
cock  was  fet  upon  the  broach  of  Holy- 
Rood  Eve  after,  there  being  William 
Ayleby,  parifh  prieft,  with  many  of  his 
brethren  prietts  there  prefent,  hallowing 
the  faid  weathercock,  and  the  ttone  that 
it  ftands  upon,  and  fo  conveyed  upon  the 
faid  broach ;  and  then  the  faid  prietts 
fnging  Te  Deum  Laudamus  with  organs, 
and  then  the  kirkwardens  garred  ring 
all  the  bells,  and  caufed  all  the  people 
there  being  to  have  bread  and  ale,  and 
all  the  loving  of  God,  our  Lady,  and  all 
laints.  And  the  faid  Thomas  Bradley 
lived  after  by  five  years. 

Memorandum,  that  Thomas  Bradley,  mer¬ 
cer,  faid  that  he  might  mean  well,  and 
faw  the  firft  ttone  fet  upon  the  faid  tteeple, 
and  alfo  the  laft  ttone  fet  upon  the  faid 
broach.  And  alfo  Agnes,  the  wife  of 
Robert  Englifh  Barker,  faid  the  fame 
with  many  more. 

Me* 


86 


Extradls  out  of  an  old  Book 


/C*  d » 

Memorandum,  that  the  fleeple  is  in  length, 
from  the  ground  to  the  highefl  ftone  of 
the  broach  by  the  King’s  yard  18  fcore 
feet,  and  great  meafure  fhewed  by  mailer 
mafon  and  his  brethren. 

Memorandum,  that  Thomas  Taylor,  draper, 
gave  the  weathercock,  which  was  bought 
in  York  of  a  great  baron,  and  made  at 
Lincoln  ;  and  the  King  of  the  Scotts 
brought  the  fame  baron  into  England 
with  him. 


Good  Money  and  evil  Money. 


Page  268.  Memorandum,  coll  and  charges  of  the 
broach  by  15  years,  14  fcore  and  84 

and  31.,  - — .  288 

And  alfo  this  year  ending  and  paid  diverfe 

men,  - -  —  17 

Sum,  15  fcore  pounds  and  5  feven  Shillings 
and  four  pence,  ■  ■■■■  ■■  ■  . . . 


3  0 


4  5 


3°S  7  5 


Page  147.  Trinity  bell  clapper  weighs  3  qrs.  cwt. 
and  3 lib. 

5th  new  bell  clapper  weighs,  701b. 
James  bell  clapper  weighs,  121  lb. 
Memorandum,  that  John  Quark,  ofBofton, 
fmith,  warrants  the  two  bell  clappers  of 
his  coils  and  charges,  at  any  time,  if  need 
be,  during  feven  years  after. 

1 


Kirk- 


relating  to  the  Building  of  Louth  Steeple. 


87 


Kirkwardens  of  St.  James 
of  Louth  1515. 


John  Kitchin  Fletcher, 
William  Walker,  1 
Richard  Bonker,  and 
■William  Brown  Milner. 


Page  177. 


Paid  for  Bells. 


jC* 


To  Oliver  Whitaker,  fen.  to  the  Bell-foun¬ 
der,  Nottingham,  - 

Item,  paid  to  the  faid  Oliver,  in  full  payment 
and  payments  in  any  condition  which 'be¬ 
longs  to  his  faid  matter,  as  appears  by  a 
indenture  and  obligation  which  he  broke 


and  cancelled,  . - .  _ 

Alfo  paid  Palmer  taking  diverfe  fuits  at 
London,  of  bell  founder  of  Nottingham, 
for  becaufe  he  would  not  deliver  three 

new  bells.  —  _ 

Page  187.  Paid  Robert  Johnfon  of  Botton,  fmith,  for 
mending  Trinity  bell  clapper  beds,  with 

other  charges  to  them,  -  Sum, 

Alfo  in  expences  to  him  and  carriage  of 
faid  clappers  from  Botton  to  Louth, 

Alfo  paid  the  faid  Robert  for  iron,  and 

making  the  5th  bell  clapper,  - 

Memorandum,  that  every  lb.  of  iron  and 
workmanfhip  cott  $d.  a  lb.  which  is  ac- 
compted  for,  and  the  faid  clapper  weighs 
3  fcore  lb.  and  6  lb. 


3  o 


o  19 

o  9 

0  3 
o  17 


o 


20 


o 


4 

4 

o 


Page 


38  Extracts  out  of  an  old  Book 

*  t  ^ 

Page  1 8 1.  Memorandum,  the  weight  of  three  Bells  in  Louth, 


Item,  the  i  ft  the  leafl  bell  called  John  cwt.  qr. 

Weyner,  «— «  — —  l3  1 

cwt.  lb. 

Item,  the  middle  bell  1 5  cwt.  4  except  plb.  15  47 
Item,  the  great  bell  called  Stella  Mariae, 

weigheth  18  cwt.  except  i2lb.  -  17  44 

The  heft  bell  clapper  weigheth  a  quarter  of 

cwt.  and  1 2I b.  —  - —  o  4° 

The  middle  bell  clapper  a  quarter  of  cwt. 

*  and  1 61b.  -  - — —  o  44 

The  great  bell  clapper  \  cwt.  and  61b.  o  62 


f,  s,  d. 

Memorandum,  that  the  three  new  bells 
weighed  heavier  than  the  three  old  bells 
in  metal  which  bell-getter  had  in  money, 

7/.  8*.  which  was  borrowed  of  Trinity 
hutch  as  appears  by  accompts  there. 

Page9l.  Paid  for  making  three  new  bells  to  Notting¬ 
ham  bell-getter. 

Paid  for  three  indentures  making  betwixt 

this  town  and  the  faid  bell-getter,  040 

Paid  William  Fofter  riding  to  the  faid  bell- 
getter  to  Nottingham  to  fee  the  bells 
calling,  his  expences,  ■  ■  -  040 

Paid  Thomas  Wright  and  Robert  Burnet, 
carrying  two  of  the  faid  bills  to  Brace- 

bridge  befide  Lincoln,  -  068 

Item,  carrying  the  firft  bell  to  Bracebridge,  008 

Riding 


relating  to  the  Building  of  Louth  Steeple . 


Riding  to  Nottingham  for  the  faid  bells  by 

fix  days,  -  - 

Item,  carrying  faid  three  bells  from  Brace- 
bridge  to  Louth,  two  load,  . — . 

Making  three  bell  clappers,  — 

Paid  to - Hardy,  for  carrying  the  rope 

from  Saltfleet  Haven  to  Louth,  _ 

Page  162.  Paid  in  expences  to  them  that  carried  two 
new  bells  from  Nottingham  to  Louth, 
Item,  paid  to  John  Spencer  for  an  obligation 

making,  -  - - , 

Page  2S6.  Paid  to  the  bellfounder  of  Nottingham  part 
of  a  more  fum  for  calling  Trinity  bell, 
Paid  Robert  Goldfmith  riding  to  Notting¬ 
ham  for  Trinity  bell,  - 

Page  308.  Paid  Chriftopher  Capper  for  evil  money, 
bringing  away  in  his  market,  — 
Item,  paid  to  a  Webfter  doing  forth  candles 
in  plague  time  of  Sundays  and  holidays. 
Page  33.  Paid  to  William  Palmer  for  flicing  bell- 
ftrings,  making  bell  colars,  pyking  the 

bells,  —  — ■  ■-  — _ 

Page  2.  Paid  for  one  clofet  to  ling  high  mafs  in. 
Page  Received  of  Parfon  ofKetfby  for  14  Rone 
web  lead  in  halfpennys,  - . 


£•  de 
0  4  4 

O94 

o  14  o 
006 
008 
004 
068 

O  O  23 

O  O  20 

i 

O  2  Q 

O90 


Page  3.  Payment  of  Salaries  for  fervices  in  the  Church. 


Vol. 


Paid  William  Folfer  by  the  whole  year. 
Paid  John  Caywood  by  the  whole  year, 
Paid  for  blowing  of  the  organ,  - 


X. 


N 


o  20  o 
084' 
03  4 

Paid 


Extracts  out  oj  an  old  Book 


St 

Paid  to  Thomas  Wayt  and  Richard  Mafon, 
keeping  the  clock  and  winding  up  the 

chime  plumb,  «— - —  - - —  068 

Paid  him  for  keeping  the  chimes,  « —  034 

Paid  to  John  Bradfull  cleaning  the  kirk 

above  and  beneath  by  the  whole  year,  034 
Paid  to  JannettPatterington  wafhing  cloaths 

to  the  high  altar  by  the  whole  year,  o  2  o 
Page  20.  Memorandum,  that  Simon  Lincoln,  mer¬ 
chant,  oweth  for  Romans  belonging  to 
this  faid  kirk,  —  062 

And  received  of  the  faid  Simon  for  them,  050 
Page  1 57.  Received  wafle  of  torches. 

Of  Mr.  John  ToplifFe  for  the  child,  006 

Page  303.  Houfe  lying  again  Louth  hone. 

(Query,  if  this  is  not  the  blue  Rone  ?) 

Page  307.  The  week  afore  holy  water  Sunday. 

Item,  to  a  poor  man  hurt  in  bell  firings, 

St.  George  Altar,  and  St.  Thomas  Quire. 

Paid  to  John  Caywood,  making  and  writ¬ 
ing  this  account,  — —  o  3  4. 

Memorandum,  that  they  afk  allowance  of 
money  that  Simon  Lincoln  had  with  him 
this  year  when  he  went  to  Calais  in 
Romans,  - — —  —  o  6  8 

Page  17.  Memorandum,  that  William  Chapman, 
clockmaker  of  Kirby  by  Baine,  has 
'  taken  this  clock  this  year,  of  his  own 
cofl  and  charges  j  and  that  the  faid  Wil¬ 
liam  fhall  have  the  two  year  after  this 

5  year 


relating  to  the  Building  of  Louth  Steeple .  9 1 

s*  eft 

year,  and  every  year  after  of  the  kirk 
graves,  2 s.  a  year,  he  to  take  all  manner 
charges  of  this  fame  clock,  during  as  long 
as  he  may  ride  and  go,  except  that  the 
kirkgraves  (hall  pay  for  wire  and  timber 
work. 

Page  21.  Received  of  Burials  within  the  Church. 


For  Thomas  Wycombe,  Butcher,  — .  0  6 

Item,  received  of  old  debt  for  the  burial  of 
William  Robinfon’s  wife,  — .  03 

Page  33*  Item,  Paid  for  hallowing  of  St.  Mary  kirk, 

Gaith  to  the  Suffragan,  —  0  oQ 


8 

4 

© 


Legacies  and  Gifts. 

Page  22.  Received  of  matter  John  Chapman,  mer¬ 
chant,  paid  by  his  own  fon  to  the  build¬ 
ing  of  the  broach  above  the  fteeple  in 

gold,  - - -  fum,  20  o  o 

Page  35.  Memorandum,  that  George  Smith,  mer¬ 
chant,  bought  one  pair  organs  beyond 
the  fea,  and  the  faid  George  fold  them 
the  com’onty  of  this  town  of  Louth,  for 
13/.  6s.  8 d.  In  the  firtt  they  paid  him,  10/. 
the  which,  matter  Thomas  Barrow  gave 
to  the  faid  com’onty  and  parfon  of  the 
faid  town  being  then  dead,  &c.  &c.  &c-. 

N  2  Page 


9* 


ExtraBs  out  of  an  old  Book 


Page  37. 


Legacies  and  Gifts. 


^9 


Received  of  the  Webfters  and  Walkers  of 
their  light  that  they  gave  to  the  building 
of  the  broach,  - — -  —  o  30  o 

Item,  received  of  John  Tathwell  of  Tath- 

well,  Jentylman,  . —  o  o  13 

Page  79.  Memorandum,  the  21ft  day  of  May,  that 
John  Glover  gave,  for  becaufe  he  was  fo 
courteoufly  dealt  with,  five  clipped  groats, 

Richard  Swaby,  parfon  of  weft  kirk  of 
Saltfleetby  1 505L6. 

Page  98.  Memorandum,  that  the  executors  of  Mr. 

Thomas  Sudbury,  fometime  vicar  of 
Louth,  John  Chapman,  merchant,  Simon 
Lincoln,  merchant,  and  Richard  Beverly, 
mercer  of  the  fame  town,  difpofed  and 
gave  of  his  goods  to  the  Laid  kirk  and  to 
other  places,  &c.  &c. 

Page  155.  Mr.  John  Skipwith  knight,,  of  Grimfby,  020 
Page  281.  Received  of  John  White,  prieft,  part  of  the 
wages  of  John  Baly,  prieft,  in  recom- 
pencing  that  he  ftole  from  the  hutch,  oil  10 
Memorandum,  that  John  White,  prieft, 
gave  to  the  buying  of  Trinity  bell  in 
gold,  6s.  8A  and  alfo  the  faid  John  gave 
three  filver  fpoons  to  the  faid  bell,  fold 

to  Richard  Lofte,  — ■ - -  086 

Alfo  received  of  diverfe  men  of  their  good¬ 
will  to  the  faid  Trinity  bell,  —  o  54  5 

3  Gold 


relating  to  the  Building  of  Louth  Steeple . 

Gold  found  in  the  kirk  delivered  by  Wil¬ 
liam  Ayleby  prieft  to  kirkwardens, 

Page  42.  Received  for  diverfe  things  fold  of  John 
White,  prieft,  for  feven  planks,  which 
was  fpended  at  the  Gyld-hall,  — 
Item,  of  John  Linfey,  prieft,  of  Maltby  for 
ftone  to  a  crofs,  - — 1 

Page  62.  Received  for  ringing  the  great  bell, 

Alfo  received  for  wafte  of  torches,  and  can¬ 
dles  of  wax. 

Alfo  the  faid  accompt  charges  them  with 
a  cake  of  wax  bought  at  Hull,  with  evil 

money,  -  - 

Page  63.  Item,  received  of  John  White,  prieft,  for 
timber,  laying  at  St.  Mary  kirk,  which 
was  fpended  for  a  paile  making  by  our 

Lady  Bedehoufe,  »  . - 

Alfo  for  one  plank  which  lay  at  St.  Mary 

kirk,  -  - 

Alfo  received  for  one  pair  of  beeds  that 

were,  &c.  -  — 

Page  163.  Paid  making  a  coder  for  prickfong  books  by 
the  door  fide  in  our  Lady  Quire  ;  mak¬ 
ing  a  crofs  for  candle  of  timber  ewyns ; 
and  for  fetting  up  the  Flemifh  organ  in 
the  rood  lofc  by  four  days,  • — 

Paid  John  Aunull  for  two  chymols,  a  lock 
and  two  keys  to  the  coffer,  — 
William  Robinfon,  fcrivener,  turning  a 
proceffioner,  - —  - - 


93 

ft  S»  da 

o  012 

048 

0  3  4 

008 

028 

o  o  20 
o  016 
006 

O  O  20 
0  0  6 

0  2  4 

Page 


04 


Extracts  out  of  an  old  Book 


t 


s* 

Page  288.  Remaining  Sr.  id.  with  ill  ttlver,  §d. 

2$d.  thereof  paid  Thomas  Wayte,  for  going 
with  parifh  prieft  playke  [plague]  time. 

Page  316.  Paid  Nicholas  Upton,  mafon,  part  of  a 

more  fum  for  crofs  in  market  head,  068 
Page  317.  Et  lie  debet  4 6s.  3 ~d.  much  ill  money. 

Page  322. Received  for  two  ounces  galy  halfpennys 

fold  this  year  by  their  knowledge,  064 
Page  1 35.  Memorandum,  that  the  ift  day  of  0£t. 

1507,  Richard  Beverley  of  Louth,  mer¬ 
cer,  executor  of  the  teftament  and  laft 
will  of  matter  Thomas  Sudbery,  late 
vicar  of  Louth  aforefaid,  delivered  in  the 
prefence  of  matter  Richard  Birmingham, 
vicar  of  the  fame  parifh,  John  Topliffe, 
efq.  Thomas  Bradley,  mercer,  T  homas 
Taylor,  draper,  P.obert  Beverly,  mercer, 
and  Richard  Gyrdyke,  mercer,  and  alfo 
of  many  other  of  the  moft  honett  and 
fubttantial  of  the  fame  town,  a  crofs  of 
fiver  andgilded,the  ttaff thereofgarnifhed 
•with  fiver  and  gylded  pommells,  and  a 
foot  belonging  to  the  lame,  all  gylded, 
weighing  in  all  together  2 37  ounces, 
which  crofs,  with  the  foot  and  ttaff,  was 
bought  and  made  with  the  goods  of  the 
aforefaid  matter  Thomas  Sudbery,  and 
given  and  delivered  by  the  faid  Richard 
perpetually  to  remain  in  the  parifh  church 

of 


relating  to  the  Building  of  Louth  Steeple.  g  - 

of  Louth  for  ever,  there  to  be  and  occu¬ 
pied  in  the  honour  of  God,  his  blefied 
mother,  St.  James,  and  all  faints,  at  every 
,  '  principal  feaft,  and  alfo  at  the  burial  of 

every  brother  and  lifter  of  the  lamp  light, 
and  yearly  as  long  as  the  faid  mailer 
Thomas  Sudbery  lhall  have  an  obit  kept 
in  the  aforefaid  parilh  church  of  Louth, 
it  likewife  to  be  occupied  at  the  faid  obit, 
and  the  faid  crofs  with  the  foot  to  be  fet 
upon  his  heers  [hearfe],  to  the  intent  the 
devotion  of  good  people  lhall  the  rather 
be  Itirred  to  pray  for  the  foul  of  the  faid 
mailer  Thomas  Sudbury,  which  God 
pardon.  And  the  faid  crofs,  nor  no  thing 
thereto  belonging,  to  be  occupied  at  none 
other  time  nor  feafon,  except  only  that 
if  it  be  the  minds,  alfents,  and  confents  of 
the  vicar  of  the  fame  church,  the  aider- 
man  of  the  Gyld  of  the  Holy  Trinity, 
and  the  alderman  of  the  Gyld  of  our 
blelfed  Lady,  founded  and  eflablilhed  in 
the  fame  church,  and  the  kirkwardens  of 
the  fame  parilh  for  the  time  being,  to 
whofe  wifdoms  and  diferetions  the  ufe 
and  occupations  of  the  aforefaid  crofs, 

Half  and  foot,  is  allway  committed  for 
ever.  Amen. 

Page  293.  Item,  received  of  Thomas  Bradley,  mer¬ 
chant,  in  expences  at  Lincoln,  for  John 
Baly,  prieft,  — —  * - -  o  40  o 

Page 


96 


Extracts  out  of  an  old  Book 


Page  294.  In  expences  for  John  Baly,  prieft,  leading 
him  to  Lincoln  caftle,  for  breaking  hutch 
with  others,  about  1518. 

Item,  paid  Robert  Moos  for  his  horfe  fetch¬ 
ing  him  to  Louth. 

Item,  paid  John  Layremond,  Thomas  Ri- 
chardfon,  with  the  firft  day  riding  for 

him,  . —  - 

Allb  to  the  faid  Thomas  Richardfon,  John 
Layremond,  and  Thomas  Gregory,  con- 
ftables,  for  their  expences  with  more, 
Item,  four  men  keeping  him  in  the  moot 

Rail  day  and  night,  - 

Item,  paid  for  meat  and  drink  to  the  faid 

prieft,  -  - — — 

Item,  paid  for  tallow  candle  burning  nights, 
Item,  paid  John  Layremond  for  his  horfe 
to  faid  prieft  that  he  rode  upon  to  Lincoln, 
Item,  paid  Robert  Tregold,  for  mafter 
Hennage  breakfaft,  when  he  came  to 
Louth,  * — —  - - 


S. .  s  • 


O  O  12 

062 
0  3  2 
o  o  IO 

o  o  24 

O  0  12 

OOI9 


In  expences  at  Lincoln  at  Affizes  for  faid  prieft. 


Paid  Thomas  Wayte,  parifh  clerk, 

- - John  Taylor,  parfth  clerk, 

•— —  Richard  Johnfon,  glover, 
- Furbifcher,  fon,  . . 

*  - to  his  father,  - - - 

*  * 

•  - Robert  Gadelarc,  —— 

•—  John  Gony,  — — — 


03  2 

026 

026 

026 

008 

026 

026 

Paid 


relating  to  the  Building  of  Louth  Steeple . 

£■ 

Paid  to  Sir  Robert  Turwhite,  fherifF,  o 

. . —  for  bills  of  indictment,  —  o 

* - William  Walker  for  his  bufinefs  at 

Lincoln  for  faid  prieft,  —  o 

- - Robert  Moos,  kirk  warden,  —  o 

- Thomas  Carface  for  fame,  — -  o 

- - to  William  Weft  for  fame,  — *  o 

Memorandum,  that  the  half  allowance  that 
vve  paid  to  Thomas  Bradley,  merchant, 
part  of  his  40*.  appears  before,  o 

Item,  in  a  gold  noble,  fold  to  William 
Goldfmith,  which  faid  prieft  ftealed  out 
of  the  faid  hutch,  — ~ ■ — —  o 

Page  298.  Helping  Latin  cenfures,  - —  o 

Helping  cenfures  to  fetch  fire,  — »■  ■■  --  o 

Robert  Bofton  for  the  Holy  Ghoft  appear¬ 
ing  in  the  kirk  roof,  -  ■  ■■  o 

For  one  tree  brought  at  Brackenbury,  o 
Robert  Bofton  for  Holy  Ghoft,  o 

Richard  Bofton  for  faid  Holy  Ghoft,  as  ap¬ 
pears  afore,  ■  o 


Page  329. 


The  exchange  of  evil  money. 


Item,  in  money  loft  in  the  exchange  of  four 
marks  of  the  warft  money,  fent  unto 
London  by  Robert  Baily  of  Louth  this 
year,  1521,  — — 

PaSe  337*  Will  Wo r (ley,  goldfmith,  mending  filver 
crofs  that  faid  Will,  parifti  prieft,  broke. 

Alfo  for  two  indidments  for  the  faid  prieft, 

Voi~  x.  *  o 


o 


97 
s  •  d « 

7  0 
o  16 

3  0 
2  o 

2  o 

2  O 


15  4 

O  12 
O  2 

O  4 

2  O 
6  O 
2  O 

O  20 


I  I  4 


o  7 
Page 


o 


9S 


Ext  rafts  out  of  an  old  Book ,  &Ci 


Page  342.  Memorandum,  that  Robert  Baly  fold  corn’ll 

bull  to  John  Spencer,  - 

Alio  faid  Robert  bought  Will  Bernard  a 


com’n  bull,  - — —  — 

Page  342.  Memorandum,  that  Malde,  the  wife  of 
Chriftopher  Sunlay,  capp  of  all  holyday 
gave  to  the  honourement  of  the  ferture  of 
1  crucifix  of  fiiver  and  gylt  weighing. 


o  12 
o  B 


0  3 


d, 

0 

8 


Q 


VIII.  Ac- 


I  99  1 


VIII.  Account  of  the  ancient  Modes  of  Fortification  in 

Scotland.  By  Robert  Riddel,  Efq.  F .  A '.  S.  In 
a  letter  to  Richard  Gough,  Efq.  Director. 


Read  Feb.  4,  1790. 


Friars  carfe ,  near  Dumfries ,  Dec.  5,  1789. 
Dear  Sir, 

I  HEREWITH  fend  you  a  fhort  account  of  the  different 
modes  of  fortification  which  appear  to  have  been  in  ufe 
in  Scotland  from  the  moft  early  period  to  the  acceffion  of 
James  VI.  to  the  crown  of  England.  If  you  think  this  worthy 
the  acceptance  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London,  pleafe 

to  prefent  it  to  them  with  my  beft  refpe&s.  I  am, 

/ 

Dear  Sir, 

Your  moft  obedient  fervant, 

ROBERT  RIDDEL. 

THERE  is  not,  perhaps,  in  the  hiftory  of  man  a  more  certain 
criterion  for  afcertaining  his  different  gradations,  from  his 
primaeval  ftate  of  rudenefs  and  ferocity  to  the  high  polifh  of 

O  2  his 


ico  Mr.  Riddel  on  the  ancient  mode 

his  modern  refinement,,  than  a  minute  attention  to  the  dif¬ 
ferent  modes  of  fortification  made  ufe  of  by  him,  from  his 
age  of  primitive  rudenefs  to  that  period  when  he  attains  ele¬ 
gance  in  his  manners,  and  a  tafte  for  the  fine  arts. 

In  Scotland,  the  moft  ancient  remains  of  fortifications  now 
to  be  traced  confifl  of  an  area,  furrounded  by  a  ftrong  ram¬ 
part  formed  of  earth  and  flones,  and  generally  fituated  upon 
the  top  of  a  mountain,  where  the  barbarous  inhabitants  fhel- 
tered  their  cattle ;  and  in  huts  or  wigwams  lodged  themfelves 
andy their  corn,  perhaps  in  a  fimilar  manner  as  the  wretched 
inhabitants  of  New  Holland  do  at  prefent.  At  this  period, 
their  arms  feemed  to  have  coniifled  of  fpears  and  arrows, 
headed  with  barbed  flints  and  ftcne  battle  axes,  feveral  of 
which  have  been  found  in  fepulchral  tumuli  or  cairns. 

Upon  the  Mollach  hill,  on  the  eftate  of  Daljivlnton ,  the  re¬ 
mains  of  a  fortrefs,  anfwering  this  defcription,  flill  exift. 

I  fhall  fay  nothing  of  Mr.  Williams’s  vitrified  forts,  having 
great  doubts  whether  they  are  not  the  effects  of  volcanoes,  but 
fhall  pafs  on  to  what  I  conceive  to  have  been  the  firfft  improve¬ 
ment  upon  the  mode  of  fortification  already  defcribed,  which 
are  thefe  conical  towers,  accurately  defcribed,  firft  by  Mr. 
Gordon,  and  afterwards  by  Mr.  Pennant.  They  muft  have 
required  more  art,  and  afforded  a  more  comfortable  fhelter, 
than  the  tops  of  hills  fimply  enclofed  with  a  flrong  ram¬ 
part. 

In  Glenbeg  are  frill  to  be  feen  feveral  of  thefe  venerable 
ruins:  as  alfo  in  Skye;  but  the  largeff,  and  by  far  the  moft 
perfedl  is  fituated  in  Lord  Rae’s  country,  and  is  called  Dun 
Dornadllla.  This  building  is  near  fifty  yards  in  circumference, 
and  its  inner  area  twenty Teven  feet  diameter.  On  the  outfide 
die  wall  tapers  like  a  line,  but  the  inner  wall  is  perfectly  perpen- 
l  dicuiar ; 


of  Fortification  in  Scotland.  ror 

• 

d’icular  ;  in  the  heart  of  which,  are  three  diflimft  tires  of  apart¬ 
ments,  communicating  with  each  other  by  rude  flights  of  Heps. 
Thefe  apartments  are  lighted  by  apertures,  which,  look  into 
the  circular  court.  The  door  or  entrance  from  without  is 
placed  about  fix  feet  above  the  bafe  of  the  building.  What 
had  been  the  heighth  of  this  tower  when  entire  it  is  impoffible 
now  to  fay,  but  its  prefect  remains  are  about  thirty- feet  high, 
and  built  of  flones  entirely  without  mortar,  which  are  regularly 
formed  into  what  mafons  call  courfe  and  gage.  Tradition 
afcribes  the  building  of  this  tower  to  Dornaddla,  king  of 
Scotland,  who,  according  to  Lefiy,  was  a  great  hunter,  fil'd: 
efhablifhed  the  laws  of  the  chace,  reigned  twenty- eight  years, 
and  died  in  peace  with  all  his  neighbours,  two  hundred  and 
thirty-three  years  before  the  Chriftian  aera. 

I  am  much  in  doubt  whether  the  ufe  oi  iron  was  known 
in  Scotland  before  the  arrival  of  the  Romans.  .The  mtioduc- 
tion  of  this  moft  ufeful  of  all  metals  mud  have  made  a  very 
great  change  in  the  buildings,  aims,  and  oth^r  implement:* 
of  the  Scots;  audit  is  highly  probable,  that  fquare  towers,, 
built  with  cement,  fucceeded  the  conical  ones.  The  moft 
ancient  of  thefe  are  generally  to  be  met  with  on  projecting 
cliffs  overhanging  the  fea,  perhaps  intended  to  repel  the  inva- 
fions,  firft  of  the  Romans,  and  afterwards  of  the  favage  and 
barbarous  inhabitants  of  Denmark  and  Norway. 

Oldwick  caftle  upon  the  coaft  of  Cathnefs  is  perhaps  one  of 
the  oldeft  fquare  towers  in  Scotland.  It  feems  to  be  out  a 
fmall  improvement  upon  the  conical  ones  before  mentioned ; 
and  is  built  of  done  and  lime.  The  walls,  which  are  enor- 
moufly  thick,  contain  fmall  chambers,  with  narrow  flairs  of 
communication  between  the  lower  and  upper  apartments,  wnich 
are  lighted,  by  windows  looking  into  the  fquare  area,  or  middle 


loz  Mr.  Riddel  on  the  ancient  mode 

of  the  tower.  Some  fmall  apertures  are  to  be  feen  high  up, 
upon  the  outfide  wall,  probably  intended  to  watch  the  motions 
o t  an  enemy. 

An  improvement  in  the  conftrudting  of  fquare  towers  next 
took  place,  which  was  covering  in  the  inner  area  with  a  ftrong 
roof  of  ftone  vaulted  :  and  this  kind  of  building  was  called  in 
Scotland  a  feel ,  and  in  England,  a  keep  or  dungeon.  Many 
ancient  towers  of  this  kind  Rill  remain  in  Scotland,  fuch  as, 
Dunjlafnage  in  Argyle,  Dunnoly  in  Lorn,  Rothfay  in  Bute, 
Clagg  in  Hla,  Dunvcgan  in  Skye,  and  many  others  too  tedious 
to  mention.  Several  of  thefe  very  ancient  towers  were  built 
upon  an  ifland  in  a  deep  lough,  fuch  as  Elanftalker  in  Lochlinne, 
Kllchurn  in  Lochaw,  the  caftleof  Rive  in  Galloway,  Lochmahen 
in  Annandale,  Clofeburn  in  Nithifdale,  and  many  others. 

It  is  highly  probable  the  Caledonians  learned  from  the  Ro¬ 
mans  the  art  of  conftructing  vaulted  chambers ;  which  improve¬ 
ment  mu  ft  have  made  a  wonderful  change  in  the  comfort  as 
well  as  ftability  of  their  ftrengths  and  fortreftes.  And  it  is 
probable  the  caftle  of  Dunftafnage  was  the  firft  that  underwent 
this  material -alteration  of  having  a  tower  built,  the  middle  area 
cf  which  was  covered  with  arches  of  ftone.  This  place  is  fup- 
pofed  to  have  been  the  refidence  of  the  Scottifh  Kings,  from 
the  period  that  Dun  Dornadilla  was  deferted  by  them,  until  the 
capture  of  Scone  from  the  Pi&s,  which  then  became  their  fa¬ 
vourite  refidence. 

As  the  improvements  in  the  art  of  war,  from  time  to  time, 
called  for  additional  modes  of  defence,  we  find  the  original 
tower  or  peel  was  aided  by  ftrong  walls,  flanked  with  mafly 
towers,  the  gates  of  which  were  fecured  by  the  portcullis. 
The  barnakin  or  outer  balhum  was  alfo  added,  which  was  fur- 
rounded  by  .a  ftrong  rampart  and  wet  ditch.  Of  this  kind  were 
6  the 


of  Fortification  in  Scotland.  io'j1. 

tfie  caftlesof  Down,  Forthwith,  Hume ,  and  many  others.  And 
this  was  all  that  was  necellary  before  the  general  ufe  of  heavy 
battering  artillery. 

Before  James  VI.  fiicceeded  to  the  crown  of  England,  the 
fituation  of -Scotland  was  fuch,  as  rendered  it 'necellary, for  every 
baron  there  to  have  his  residence  more  or  lefs  fortified,  accord¬ 
ing  to  his  power  and  confequence  in  the  country,  or  according 
as  his  caftle  was  lituated.  If  it  flood  near  Edenburgh  or  Stir¬ 
ling,  where  the  inhabitants  were  more  poliOied  in  their  man¬ 
ners  and  overawed  by  the  neighbouring  feat  of  government, 
all  that  was  neceflary  in  fuch  a  fituation  was  a  fortalice 
capable  of  refilling  the  curfory  attacks  of  robbers  and  thieves, 
who,  fo  near  the  royal  authority,  never  dared  flop  to  make  a 
regular  invefiment,  but  only  pillaged  by  furprife,  and  if  re- 
pulfed,  inflantly  fled.  The  houfes  of  Dean ,  Niddry ,  Melville , 
Allva ,  and  many  others  fell  under  this  defcription.  But  when 
the  feat  of  a  baron  was  more  remote  from  the  royal  protection, 
as  in  the  (hires  of  Perth,  Rofs,  or  Cathnefs,  then  it  was  necef- 
fary  in  addition  to  the  ancient  peel,  to  call  in  the  aids  of 
outer  walls,  turrets  with  a  rampart  and  wet  ditch,  to  enable 
the  owner  to  refill  the  formidable  attack  of  a  powerful  adver~ 
fiary. 

The  hiflory  of  Scotland,  fo  late  as  the  reigns  of  James  VL 
affords  a  number  of  melancholy  inflances  of  inveterate  feuds 
that  raged  with  unrelenting  fury  among  the  great  lords  and  lefler 
barons  of  that  period ;  and  every  mode  of  fortification  then  in 
ufe  proved  often  of  little  avail  in  defending  the  caftle  againfl  the 
florm  or  blockade  of  the  enraged  and  relentlefs  foe.  Of  this 
kind  were  the  caftles  of  Du  fits  in  Moray,  Dunrobm  in  Suther-- 
land,  Dunotter  in  the  Mearns,  and  a  great  many  others. 

But" 


cc>4  Mr.  Riddel  on  the  ancient  Mode  of  Fortification ,  &c. 

But  the  happy  period  is  now  arrived,  when  internal  fortifica** 
tion  againft  the  domeftic  foe  is  of  no  ufe.  The  nobles  and 
barons  of  the  land  have  deferted  their  flrong  and  gloomy  caftles 
for  the  more  refined  modern  houfes  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
and  the  ancient  and  venerable  remains  of  the  great  infecurity 
of  former  times  are  now  fall  falling  to  decay,  and  fhortly 
fcarce  a  trace  will  be  left,  but  in  hiftory,  of  their  former 
exigence. 


IX.  Druidical 


fr 


E  I0s  3 


IX.  Druidical  and  other  Britifh  remains  in  Cumber¬ 
land,  defcribed  by  Hayman  Rooke,  Efq.  F.  A.  S . 
in  a  Letter  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Lort. 


Read  Feb.  4,  1790. 

Dear  Sir,  Mansjield-Woodhoufe ,  Dec.  17,  1789. 

WHEN  I  had  the  pleafure  of  feeing  you  at  Rofe  Cattle,  I 
mentioned  my  having  difcovered  fome  lingular  fepul- 
chres  of  the  ancient  Britons ;  and  if  you  think  the  following 
account  of  them  is  worthy  of  being  laid  before  the  Society,  I 
{hall  take  the  liberty  of  troubling  you  to  prefent  it.  I  am, 

Dear  Sir, 

Your  obedient  and  obliged  humble  fervant, 

H,  ROOK  E.. 

IN  my  account  of  thofe  ancient  inclofed  works  in  Englewood 
Forett  in  Cumberland,  which  I  had  the  honor  to  lay  before  the 
Society  laft  year  |V],  it  appeared  doubtful  whether  they  were  of 
Britifh  or  Roman  origin.  The  following  narrative  cf  a  difco- 
very  I  made  laft  September  on  the  fame  foreft,  and  not  above 
a  mile  from  one  of  thofe  works  called  CaJlle-Jleads ,  plainly 
evinces,  that  they  were  originally  thrown  up  by  the  ancient 
Britons. 

[a]  Archaeol.  vol.  IX.  p.  223. 

P 


Vol.  X. 


At 


i  c  6  Mr.  RoOke  on  Druidical  remains  in  Cumberland. 

At  the  S.  W.  end  of  Broad  Field ,  on  Englewood  foreft,  and 
near  High-head  Cajlle ,  is  a  field,  which  has  been  inclofed  about 
fix ty  years,  and  is  the  property  of  his  Grace  the  Duke  of 
Portland.  Towards  the  middle,  the  earth  has  been  thrown  up 
in  a  circular  form,  with  a  doping  bank  of  12  feet.  The  dia¬ 
meter  of  the  top,  which  has  a  flat  and  level  furface,  is  63  feet. 
H  ere  there  appeared  to  have  been  a  circle  of  erefl  flones.  The 
holes  from  whence  they  have  been  taken  are  very  diflingui (li¬ 
able,  and  feveral  people  in  the  neighbourhood  affined  me  that 
many  large  Rones  have,  from  time  to  time,  been  blafted  and 
carried  from  this  place.  See  the  plan  at  A,  PL  II. 

Towards  the  centre,  and  a  little  out  of  the  circular  line, 
were  fix  large  fiones  placed  two  and  two,  N°  1  was  5  feet 
broad  and  4  feet  high  ;  N°  2,  4  feet  in  breadth  and  3  feet  high  ; 
N°  3,  4  feet  and  -  in  breadth  and  3  feet  high.  They  evi¬ 
dently  appeared  from  their  fhape  to  have  been  much  higher, 
and  the  prelent  tenant  told  me  that  he  remembers  having  feen 
large  pieces  broken  from  their  tops.  Being  of  opinion,  that 
tb  is  elevated  circle  had  been  a  Druid  temple,  I  could  not  help 
thinking  that  thofe  fiones,  placed  two  and  two,  were  put  there 
for  fome  myfierious  purpofe,  either  as  rock  idols,  or  fepulchral 
monuments  of  the  Druids.  With  this  idea,  I  ordered  two  men 
to  clear  away  the  ground  under  N?  1  and  the  fione  adjoining. 
PI  ere  I  perceived  that  great  pains  had  been  taken  to  fix  thefe 
fiones  firm  in  the  ground,  by  placing  large  fiones  clofe  round 
their  bafes  to  the  depth  of  3  feet  and  4.  This,  I  think,  favors 
the  fuppofition  of  their  having  been  a  confiderable  height  above 
the  ground,  which  would  naturally  require  their  being  firmly 
fecured  in  the  earth.  The  fmallefi  of  them,  at  p relent*  cannot 
be  lefs  than  five  or  fix  tun  weight. 

7 


In 


Vol.  X. FI.  TL.jp.  106. 


/ 


) 


. 


r 


i 


\ 


'  * 


V 


Mr.  P.oo ICE  on  'Druidic at  remains  in  Cumberland.  107 

In  removing  the  earth  and  hones  in  front  of  N°  1,  I  ob- 
ferved,  that,  as  the  workmen  advanced  towards  the  centre  of 
the  circle,  the  foil  varied  to  a  lighter  kind  of  earth,  and  free 
from  hones.  They  followed  this  ftratum,  and  frequently  turned 
up  afhes.  At  length  I  difcovered  a  fmall  hone  cheh.  See  the 
perfpeflive  view  and  plan  at  ( a )  in  P3.  II.  the  hones  of  which 
had  been  fhaped  and  drelfed,  and  fitted  clofe  at  the  fides  without 
cement.  This  was  filed  with  light  fandy  earth,  and  at  the 
bottom  were  pieces  of  a  fcull  and  Imali  bits  of  bones,  which 
mouldered  away  on  being  touched  ;  under  the  fcull,  was  found 
a  lump  (about  as  big  as  a  man’s  fih)  of  concreted  metallic  par¬ 
ticles  refembling  gold,  but  whether  it  is  a  compofition  of  art 
or  nature,  feems  to  me  doubtful.  I  have  therefore  fent  up  a 
a  piece  for  the  infpe&ion  of  the  Society. 

The  hone  of  which  the  cheh  was  made  is  a  kind  of  free¬ 
fone,  common  in  that  part  of  Cumberland. 

In  digging  under  the  hones  marked  (2)  in  the  plan,  they 
appeared  to  have  been  as  firmly  fixed  in  the  ground  as  thofe 
above  mentioned.  At  about  fix  feet  from  thefe  towards  the 
centre,  I  difcovered  another  cheh  a  little  bigger  than  the  former, 
the  ends  equally  diverging.  See  the  perfpe&ive  view  and  plan 
at  (<£).  In  the  bottom  was  part  of  a  fcull  with  the  upper  jaw, 
the  teeth  remarkably  even,  and  the  bones  lay  as  defcribed  in 
the  plan.  They  were  much  decayed  and  mouldered  away  011 
being  prehed.  Near  the  head  was  found  a  piece  of  a  fcull, 
which  I  at  firh  thought  had  been  part  of  another  head,  but  as 
no  bones  lay  near  it,  I  am  inclined  to  think  it  was  part  of  the 
other  fcull.  A  piece  of  the  fame  compofition,  as  the  above 
mentioned,  only  larger,  was  found  under  the  head.  This  cheft 
was  covered  with  a  fiat  Hone,  and  two  large  cobble  fiones  were 

P  2  placed 


/ 


io8  Mt\  Rooke  on  Druidical  remains  in  Cumberland. 

placed  on  the  top,  for  the  purpofe,  I  fhould  fuppofe,  of  keeping 
it  clofe  down. 

The  fides  of  this  cheft  were  a  dark-coloured  kind  of  (late, 
lhaped  and  drefted,  and  what  is  very  remarkable,  none  of  the 
fort  is  to  be  found  nearer  than  Grifdale  fell,  between  eighteen 
and  nineteen  miles  from  this  fpot,  and  from  whence,  it  is  ima¬ 
gined,  thefe  ftones  were  brought.  Proceeding  in  like  manner, 
from  the  Rones  marked  (5)  in  the  plan,  I  found  a  third  cheft, 
filled  with  light  earth,  the  fides  of  which  were  of  the  common 
free-ftone  and  dreffed.  See  the  perfjpeClive  view  and  plan  at  (y). 
Pieces  of  a  fculJ,  a  few  teeth,  and  fome  bones  which  were  very 
brittle,  lay  at  the  bottom.  See  their  pofition  in  the  plan.  There 
were  likevvife  fome  fmall  bits  of  the  above  mentioned  compofi- 
tion.  This  cheft  was  alfo  covered  with  a  flat  ftone,  and  two 
large  cobble  ftones  were  upon  it. 

The  fituation  of  thefe  chefts  will  be  beft.  explained  by  the 
perfpedtive  view  and  plan  marked  A  and  B  in  PI.  III.  where  they 
are  reprefented  as  they  were  found,  fix  feet  under  ground, 
ftanding  nearly  N.  and  S.  the  heads  lay  at  the  S.  end.  N°  1, 
2,  3,  are  the  monumental  ftones. 

At  about  165  yards  S.  from  this  Druid  Temple,  is  a  large 
.ftone  23  feet  9  inches  in  circumference,  and  fuppofed  to  be 
near  ten  tun  weight.  On  examining  the  bottom,  I  perceived 
it  had  been  doped  off  to  a  point,  from  which  I  imagined  it  had 
formerly  been  a  rocking  ftone,  nor  was  I  deceived  in  my  con¬ 
jecture,  for  on  clearing  away  only  part  of  the  ftones  and  rubbifh 
from  under  it,  one  man  fet  it  in  motion  with  the  iron  crow  he 
was  working  with,  and  it  eafily  moved  on  its  centre.  This 
appeared  more  extraordinary,  as  I  had  been  informed  by  the 
tenant  that  he  had,  not  many  years  ago,  blafted  off  a  great 
piece  from  the  top,  which  it  was  natural  to  fuppofe,  might  have 

deftroyed 


Vol.  X.  FI.  m.  p.  10 8 


\ 


,  I 


l 


.  >  ■  / 


'  > 


Mr.  Rooke  on  Druldl cal  remains  in  Cumberland.  109 

deftroyed  the  equilibrium.  See  the  (hape  of  the  Pone  at  B 

in  PI.  II. 

Several  large  Pones  had  been  placed  on  each  fide  of  the 
rocking  ftone.  Parts  of  four  now  remain,  and  I  was  told  that 
others  have  been  taken  up  for  the  conveniency  of  ploughing  ; 
from  whence,  I  think,  it  is  probable,  that  there  has  b.een  an 
avenue  of  ereft  (tones  leading  to  this  facred  rock.  See  the  plan 
of  the  remaining  (tones  at  C,  PI.  II.  where  N°  1  is  the 
rocking  (lone. 

The  placing  thefe  fmall  chefs  fix  feet  under  ground,  and 
in  the  middle  of  a  Druid  temple,  is  very  fingular.  It  is  evi¬ 
dent  that  the  bodies  could  not  be  inhumed  within  fo  fmall  a 
fpace ;  it  is  therefore  probable,  that  they  were  firf  burnt, 
which  was  a  cufom  among  the  ancients,  of  very  remote  an¬ 
tiquity,  and  the  bones  afterwards  depofited  in  the  chefs. 
I  muf  here  obferve,  that  thefe  tombs  differ  from  the  f  one 
chefs  called  Rifwaen ,  found  in  large  barrows,  which  were 
made  with  two  large  unhewn  Pones  on  each  fide,  and  one  at 
each  end,  forming  vaults  near  feven  feet  long,  and  where  the 
bodies  were  laid  at  full  length,  with  their  weapons  by  their 
(ides. 

As  neither  arms  nor  any  kind  of  ornaments  were  found  in 
thefe  little  chefs,  I  think  it  is  not  improbable,  but  that  they 
were  the  fepulchres  of  the  principal  Druids  of  that  diflrift, 
who  alone  would  be  indulged  in  having  their  bones  depofted 
within  the  facred  circle. 

Amulets,  as  prefervatives  againf  difeafes,  withcraft,  and 
other  unforefeen  accidents,  were  highly  efeemed  by  the  an¬ 
cient  Britons ;  and  after  death,  were  depofited  in  their  fepul¬ 
chres,  or  placed  upon  their  afhes  in  urns  as  guardians  of  the 

manes. 


no  Mr.  Rooke  on  Druidical  remains  in  Cumberland.' 

manes.  One  thus  placed  I  found  in  a  barrow  among  the  Drui- 
dical  remains  in  Stanton- moor  \a\.  Hence,  I  think,  we  may- 
venture  to  conclude  that  the  abovementioned  lumps  of  metallic 
particles  were  deposited  in  the  cheds  as  amulets. 

From  the  vicinity  of  thefe  Druidical  remains  to  thofe 
three  works  in  Broad  Field  near  Stock lewarth,  which  I  men¬ 
tioned  in  a  former  paper  [/>],  1  think  there  is  reafon  to  fuppofe 
that  they  likewife  were  the  works  of  the  ancient  Britons.  No 
Roman  coins  nor  urns  have,  as  far  as  I  could  learn,  ever  been 
found  in  them. 

In  September  lad  I  digged  below  the  foundation  of  two  urns 
in  the  work  called  Stone-raife  [c].  In  one  was  part  of  a  handmill, 
in  the  other  a  clever  with  feveral  pieces  of  iron  much  cor¬ 
roded  with  rud  and  which  had  lod  their  magnetic  power. 
See  a  drawing  of  the  clever  at  D  in  PL  II.  Afhes  were  fcattered 
about,  but  no  burnt  bones  or  urns  were  to  be  found. 

I  again  examined  the  little  inclofures  in  what  is  called  Cajlle - 
Jleads  [r/],  and  found  them  to  be  rude  foundations  of  walls, 
formed  of  und  refled  dones  without  cement,  the  Ample  con- 
drudlion  of  an  ancient  Briton’s  houfe,  which  probably  might 
once  have  been  the  refidence  of  a  Britidi  chief.  In  the  pro- 
grefs  the  Britons  made  in  building,  this  feems  to  be  the  mode 
they  would  naturally  adopt,  after  quitting  their  caves  and  fub- 
terraneous  dwellings. 

The  many  Roman  dations  and  camps  that  have  been  dis¬ 
covered  in  Cumberland,  and  the  number  of  altars  and  infcrip- 

[ a ]  Archaeologia,  vol.  VIII.  p.  62. 

J >]  Vol.  IX.  p.223. 

[c]  Ibid. 

Id]  Ibid. 

tions 


Mr.  Rooke  on  Druidical  remains  in  Cumberland.  1 1  * 

tions  that  have  been  found  in  them,  induce  us  to  conclude  that 
every  work  we  find  with  a  ditch  and  vallum  is  a  Roman  camp, 
not  confidering  that  the  Brirons  were  very  numerous  in  that 
county,  before  the  Romans  got  po  fief  lion  of  it. 

Cumberland  firfl  took  its  name  from  the  inhabitants,  who 
were  the  true  and  genuine  Britons,  and  called  themfelves 
Kimbri  or  Kumbri .  Many  places  retain  their  ancient  Britifii 
names,  fuch  as  Caer-lueU-Car-dronoe ,  Penrith ,  and  Pen-redu. 

The  learned  Mr.  Whitaker  fays,  “  Very  well  inhabited 
“  we  are  a  flu  red  by  Casfar  and  Diodorus,  was  the  whole 
4f  compafs  of  the  ifland  ;  and  proportionably  fo  mull  every 
44  kingdom  of  it  have  been,  and  the  counties  of  Durham, 
44  York,  Cumberland,  Weftmoreland,  and  Lane  after,  are  ex- 
44  prefly  declared  to  have  been  uncommonly  populous,  even 
44  before  the  fettlement  of  the  Romans  within  them  [e]P 

Hence  I  think  there  is  great  reafon  to  fuppofe,  that  thofe 
works  inclofed  with  a  ditch  and  vallum,  where  no  Roman 
coins  nor  inferiptions  have  been  found,  were  thrown  up  by 
the  ancient  Britons  ;  not  always  as  places  of  defence,  but  for 
holding  courts  ofjuftice  and  other  public  meetings. 

I  fhall  now  beg  leave  to  lay  before  the  Society,  an  account 
of  the  contents  of  a  barrow  opened  in  June  laft  by  Mr.  Bigg 
at  Afpatria,  which  is  about  twenty  miles  from  Carlifle  in  the 
road  to  Cockermouth. 

Afpatria ,  or  Afpatrick ,  was  fo  firft  named  from  Gafpa* 
tric,  Earl  of  Dunbar,  father  of  Waldeive,  firft  Lord  of  Aller- 
dale  [/].  It  is  a  long  {haggling  village  about  half  a  mile  in 

[<?]  Whitaker’s  Hi  ft.  of  Manchefter,  vol.  I.  p.  371. 

[/]  Nicolfon  and  Burn,  ifntiq.  of  Cumberland,  vol.  II,  p.  153, 


lengthy 


\ 


1 12  Mr.  Rooke  on  Druidical  remains  In  Cumberland. 

length,  and  Rands  upon  the  ridge  of  a  hill  pointing  E.  and  W. 
the  foil  a  dry  land. 

Mr.  P»igg,  who  is  the  proprietor  of  the  land  where  the 
barrow  Rood,  was  fo  obliging  as  to  give  me  leave  to  take 
drawings  of  the  antiquities  he  found  there,  and  to  fatisfy  all 
my  inquiries  relative  to  the  difcovery,  at  the  fame  time  he 
allured  me  that  no  other  perfon  had,  or  fhould  take  drawings 
of  them. 

About  two  hundred  yards  N.  of  the  village,  and  juR  behind 
his  houfe,  is  a  rifing  ground  called  Beacon-hill,  on  the  fummit 
of  which  the  barrow  was  placed,  commanding  an  extenfive 
view  every  way,  and  of  courfe  a  very  proper  fituation  for  a 
beacon,  which  was  probably  eredled  on  the  barrow.  In  levelling 
this,  (the  bafe  of  which  I  found  to  have  been  90  feet  in  cir¬ 
cumference)  they  removed  fix  feet  of  earth  to  the  natural  foil, 
and  about  three  feet  below,  they  found  a  vault  or  kiftvaen, 
formed  with  two  large  cobble  Rones  on  each  fide,  and  one  at  each 
fide.  In  it  was  a  fkeleton  of  a  man,  which  meafured  feven  feet 
from  the  head  to  the  ancle  bone  ;  the  feet  were  decayed  and 
rotted  off.  The  bones  at  firfi  appeared  perfedf,  but  when  ex- 
pofed  to  the  air  became  very  brittle. 

On  the  left  fide  near  the  fiioulder  was  a  broad  fword  near 
five  feet  in  length  ;  the  guard  was  eleganly  ornamented  with 
inlaid  filver  flowers.  See  the  figure  of  the  faid  fword  at  A  in 
PL  IV.  On  the  right  fide  lay  a  dirk  or  dagger,  one  foot  fix 
inches  and  a  quarter  in  length,  the  handle  appeared  to  have 
been  fludded  with  filver.  See  the  figure  at  B.  Near  the  dagger 
was  found  part  of  a  gold  fibula  or  buckle,  and  an  ornament 
for  the  end  of  a  belt,  a  piece  of  which  adhered  to  it  when 
firR  taken  up.  This  Mr.  Rigg  proved  to  be  gold  by  trying  it 
with  aquafortis ;  fee  figures  C  and  D,  the  fize  of  the  ori- 
1  ginals. 


VblX.fS.1V.  j,.nn 


Mr.  Rooke  on  Druidic  a?  remains  in  Cumberland.  113 

ginals.  Several  pieces  of  a  fhield  were  picked  up,  but  I  did 
not  fee  parts  fufficient  to  make  out  the  fhape.  There  were 
alfo  part  of  a  battle  axe  as  at  E,  length  fix  inches,  width  four 
inches,  a  bit  F  fhaped  like  a  modern  fnaffle,  length  of  the  fide 
from  (a)  to  ( b )  four  inches  and  half,  part  of  a  fpur  G,  length 
from  ( a )  to  (d)  four  inches.  Thefe  were  very  much  corroded 
with  ruft.  H  and  I  are  the  two  large  cobble  ftones,  which 
inclofed  the  Weft  fide  of  the  kiftvaen.  H  is  two  feet 
eight  inches  in  length.  I  is  three  feet  in  length,  and  one  foot 
eight  inches  high.  On  thefe  flones  are  various  emblematical 
figures  in  rude  fculpture,  though  fome  of  the  circles  are  exactly 
formed,  and  the  rims  and  crofies  within  them  are  cut  in  re¬ 
lief.  On  the  ftone  I  at  ( a )  are  marks  which  refemble  an 
M  and  a  D,  but  whether  they  were  intended  for  thofe  letters 
is  very  doubtful. 

The  ancients  we  know  were  fond  of  emblematical  figures, 
and  they  frequently  typified  eternity  by  a  circle.  As  fuch,  it  was 
natural  for  the  friends  of  the  deceafed  to  cut  thofe  fignificant 
marks  on  the  unhewn  Rones  of  his  fepulchre,  to  which  they 
might  add  the  crofs  on  the  dawning  of  Chriftianity,  that  is, 
foon  after  Auguftine  the  monk  arrived  in  Britain,  which 
was  A.  D.  596.  About  that  time,  probably,  this  perfon  was 
interred;  and  from  the  gold  ornaments  depofited  with  him 
there  is  reafon  to  fuppofe  he  was  a  man  of  confiderable  rank. 

The  mod  ancient  kind  of  fpur  was  undoubtedly  that  with 
a  fingle  point  ;  and  the  firft  bits  ufed  by  the  Britons  were 
made  of  the  bones  of  large  marine  animals  and  finely  polilhed ; 
but  when  they  came  to  work  in  iron,  which  was  manufactured 
early  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius,  they  would  naturally  make  their 
bits  of  that  metal,  and  upon  the  mod  fimple  conftruCtiori. 
Such  the  bit  here  reprefented  appears  to  be,  and  its  lhape  has 
been  handed  down  to  the  prefent  time. 

Vol.  X.  Q 


X.  Be* 


[  ”4  1 


X.  Defcription  of  certain  Pits  in  Derby  (hire,  by  Hay  man 
Rooke,  Efq.  In  a  Letter  to  the  Hon.  Daines 
Barrington. 

« 

Read  March  io,  1790. 


1  *  '■ 

Dear  Sir,'  Waodhoufe ,  Oft.  27,  1789. 

Q  BEING  your  very  curious  account  of  thofe  remarkable 
^  pits  in  Berkshire,  which  you  favored  the  Society  with, 
I  could  not  help  thinking,  that  the  like  kind  of  excavations 
might  be  found  in  the  Peak  of  Derbyshire,  where  there  are  a 
number  of  caves,  and  other  remains  of  the  ancient  Britons. 

I  was  not  deceived  in  my  conjecture;  for  the  Rev.  Mr.  Mafon 
of  Winder  in  the  Peak,  who  has  a  fade  for  antiquities,  in¬ 
formed  me  that  he  knew  of  fome  pits  in  a  wood  joining  to  an 
edate  of  his,  which  greatly  refembled  thofe  mentioned  by  you 
in  the  Seventh  volume  of  the  Archaeologia,  p.  236,  that  went 
by  the  name  of  Piifleads ,  in  a  wood  called  Linda  Springs 
lying  at  Linda  lane ,  about  a  mile  from  Brakenfield  near  Crick. 

Upon  this  information,  I  made  an  appointment  with  Mr. 
Mafon,  who  was  fo  obliging  as  to  meet  me  at  Crich  in  June 
lad,  and  we  went  together  to  examine  the  pits.  Upon  entering 
the  wood,  we  f$ut\d  them  ib  furrounded  with  brambles  and 
underwood,  that  it  was  dulicult  fo  pafs  from  one  to  the  other. 

However, 


Description  of  certain  Pits  in  Derby  (hi  re, 

However,  I  faw  about  fifteen  out  of  the  fifty  which  were  faid 
to  be  there.  Several  of  thefe  I  meafured.  The  largift  was  22 
feet  by  20,  and  10  feet  deep;  the  others,  one  with  another, 
were  16  feet  by  15,  and  6  feet  deep.  Their  pofition  will  be 
bed:  explained  by  the  annexed  plan. 

Not  being  quite  certain  as  to  the  exact  number  and  fituation, 
I  wrote  to  Mr.  Mafon  to  defire  he  would  get  fome  men  to  count 
the  number  of  pits,  and  examine  their  pofitions.  He  very  ob~ 
ligingly  complied  with  my  requeft,  and  his  anfvver  is  fo  fatif* 
fadlory  that  I  fhall  here  fend  you  a  copy  of  it. 

“  Dear  Sir,  *  Winfer ,  July  23,  1789. 

“  THE  continued  heavy  rains  have  prevented  me,  until 
lately,  from  vifiting  the  Pit  heads  in  Linda  fpring.  However, 
I  now  fit  down,  with  pleafure,  to  give  you  the  refult  of  my 
inveftigation  of  them. 

“  I  took  two  men  with  me  to  the  fite  of  thefe  antiquities, 
directing  one  to  go  down  the  fouth  row  of  pits,  and  the  other 
down  the  north,  and  to  count  the  number  in  each  row,  while 
I  walked  betwixt  them. 

46  The  man  on  the  fouth  counted  28  pits  in  his  row,  and  he 
on  the  north  counted  25  in  his.  The  numbers  in  each  were 
taken  with  the  greateft  exadlnefs  that  the  crowded  brambles 
and  underwood  loaded  with  a  luxuriant  foliage  would  admit. 
The  pits  of  each  line  are,  in  general,  oppofite  to  each  otner,  but 
not  in  every  inftance,  as  you  will  obferve  the  number  in  one 
line  is  unequal  to  the  number  in  the  other. 

“  The  length  of  each  line  is  250  yards.  We  meafured  the  dis¬ 
tance  between  two  pits,  at  the  extremity  of  the  weft  end  of 
thefe  lines,  and  found  the  neared  points  in  their  refpedtive 
circumferences  to  be  four  yards  afunder.  We  meafured  the 

0^2  diflance 


1 1 6  Defcription  of  certain  Pits  in  Derbyshire. 

diftance  between  two  others  about  the  middle  of  the  lines, 
and  found  it  five  yards.  At  the  eaft  end  we  meafured  the  fpace 
between  two,  and  found  it  nine  yards ;  fo  that  the  lines  are 
not  parallel,  but  fomewhat  diverging  as  they  advance  eaftward. 
Perhaps  this  bufinefs  might  have  been  performed  more  accu¬ 
rately  in  winter,  after  the  fall  of  the  leaf. 

“  My  tenant  thanks  you  for  your  kind  offer,  but  defires  no 
other  gratification,  than  the  pleafure  he  has  already  received, 
in  being  fomewhat  inffrumental  to  elucidate  this  curious  remain* 
“  I  am,  with  fincere  refpeCt, 

“  Your  moff  obedient  fervant, 

“  J.  MAS  O  N  ” 

There  is,  Sir,  I  think,  great  reafon  to  fuppofe  that  this  ftreet 
of  pits  was  a  British  town,  and  allowing  only  three  peifons  to 
a  pit,  they  would  contain  1 59  fouls  ;  a  considerable  number, 
considering  the  early  period  in  which  the  uncivilized  Britons 
had  fubterraneous  dwellings.  They  could  not  have  fixed  upon 
a  better  Situation  for  a  town  :  that  part  of  the  wood  is  remark¬ 
ably  dry,  and  notwithstanding  there  had  been  feveral  days 
rain  previous  to  my  being  there,  there  was  no  water  to  be  feen 
in  any  of  the  pits. 

The  other  part  of  the  wood,  which  is  about  10  or  12  acres, 
is  very  fwampy  and  full  of  Springs,  from  whence  it  is  called 
Linda  Spring.  They  had  here  plenty  of  good  water  at  hand  : 
a  clear  brook  runs  at  the  bottom  of  the  wood  through  Some 
very  rich  and  well-Sheltered  meadows. 

The  regular  manner  in  which  thefe  pits  are  placed,  forming 
a  kind  of  ftreet,  obviates  a  fuppofition  that  they  were  hiding- 
places  of  people  purfued  by  a  victorious  army.  In  Such  a  dif- 
treSfing  Situation  they  would  naturally  Secure  themfelves  by 

digging 


Defcription  of  certain  Pits  in  Derbyfhire.  117 

digging  boles  in  the  firft  place  of  fafety  that  offered,  without 
any  attention  to  a  regular  ftreet,  as  this  evidently  appears  to 
be,  allowing  for  the  rude  manners  of  the  age  in  which  it  was 
made. 

I  muffc  beg  leave  to  obferve,  that  no  coal,  ore,  ffone,  01 
clay,  is  to  be  found  in  thefe  pits,  the  loil  being  a  dry  kind  of 


XL  A 


XI.  A  Roman  Altar  infcribed  to  Beiatucader,  illujlrated 

by  Mr .  Gough. 


Read  March  25,  1790. 

THE  inclofed  infcription  which  has  juft  been  communi¬ 
cated  to  me  by  a  gentleman  who  brought  it  from  Cum¬ 
berland  in  the  courfe  of  the  laft  fummer,  was  exhibited  to  the 
Society  by  Major  Rooke,  and  engraved  in  the  Archaeologia, 
Vol.  IX.  PI.  XVII.  a. 

DEO 
MARTI 
BELATVCAI 
RO  ET  NVMI 
NIB.  AVGC 
IVL1VS  AV 
GVSTALIS 
ACTORIVS  LV 
PI  PREF 

It  is  on  an  altar  in  the  mod  perfect  prefervation  found  laft 
year  at  Plump  ton-wall,  upon  the  remains  of  the  fort  Petriana , 
now  called  Cajlle-fteeds  and  Cambeck-fort ;  of  which  fee  the  new 
edition  of  Camden’s  Rritannih,  Vol.  III.  p.  172—190. 

No  fewer  than  nine  infcription  in  honor  of  Beiatucader  have 
been  found  in  Britain.  One  at  Elenborough  now  loft  [a], 

[ a ]  Horfley,  p.  283.  Pref.  ad  Leland.  Itin.  VIII.  p.  xviii.  Camden,  vol.  III. 
171  —  185. 


3 


another 


V 


Mr.  Gough  on  a  Roman  Altar,  &c. 

another  at  Wardal  [3],  a  third  at  Burgh  on  fands  [c],  a  fourth 
at  Plumpton  where  the  prefent  was  difcovered  [V],  a  5th  [ e ] 
and  6th  [/]  at  Netherby,  a  feventh  at  Kirby  Thor  in  Weft- 
morland  [g],  an  eighth  in  the  river  Irthing  at  Irthing  at  Scaleby 
caftle  L&],  and  the  prefent  makes  the  ninth. 

Profeffor  Ward  [/],  Bifhop  Lyttelton  [TJ,  and  other  Anti¬ 
quaries  [/],  were  of  opinion  that  Belatucader  was  a  local  deity 
of  the  Brigantes  and  other  northern  people  correfponding  to 
the  Apollo  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  Mr.  Baxter  [m],  Dr. 
Gale  [#],  and  Mr.  Horfley  [0],  and  Mr.  Pegge  \p\,  thought 
him  equivalent  with  Mars.  Mr.  Pegge  in  a  Memoir  commu¬ 
nicated  to  this  Society  1771,  and  published  in  their  Archaeolo- 
gia,  Vol.  III.  toi — 104,  has  clearly  eftablifhed  the  conformity 
between  Belatucader  and  Mars.  I  (hall  not  repeat  his  argu¬ 
ments,  but  content  myfelf  with  obferving  that  the  infcription 
now  under  confideration  is  a  decifive  confirmation  that  the  true 
reading  of  the  infcription  at  Netherby  loft  fince  Mr.  Camden’s 
time  is 

Deo  Marti  Belatucadro . 

[£]  Horflev,  Cumb.  IX.  p.  278.  Camd.  Ib.  172. 

[r]  Archaeologia,  vol.  I.  308.  Camd.  Ib.  187. 

[d]  Ib.  vol.  III.  101.  Camd,  Id.  190. 

[e]  Pennant’s  Tour  1772,  p.  197. 

[/]  Horfley,  271.  Camden,  lb.  197. 

jjr]  Horfley,  Weflm.  IIS.  298.  Camd.  Ib.  148.  158. 

[/;]  Horfley,  Cumb.  XXXI.  p.  260.  Camd.  Ib.  201  PI.  XIII.  5. 

[7]  in  Horfley,  p-  261. 

[v§ j  Archseologia,  vol.  I.  101. 

[/J  Somner,  Selden,  Montfaucon,  and  the  authors  of  the  Univerfal  Hiflory. 

[;«]  GIcfTar.  Ant.  Brit,  in  voce. 

[k]  Anton,  p.  34.  I11  the  preceding  page  he  is  inclined  to  fnppofe  it  the 

name  of  a  river  near  Belaw. 

£*]P.  271. 

[Pi  Archseol.  vol.  III.  p.  102. 


without 


Agreeable  to  this  is  the  etymology  of  the  name  in  the  Britifh 
language ;  Bel  y  duw  cadarn ,  Bel,  the  god  of  frength ,  or  of 
cajlles  or  war,  whence  Dr.  Stukeley,  in  one  of  his  MS.  notes 
makes  it  fynonymous  with  the  feripture  phrafe,  the  Lord  of 
Hofts.  Mr.  Baxter  explains  it  Be/  at  u  cadr ,  q.  d.  Be/us  ad  arcem 
mentis . 

With  him  are  here  joined  the  Numina  Auguforum,  as  with 
Jupiter  Optimus  Maximus  &  Dolichenus,  (Horfley,  Northumb. 
VII.  p.  36,  37.  39.),  and  with  the  topical  deity  of  the 
Brigantes  (Yorkfh.  XVIII.)  if  we  admit  with  Mr.  Pegge  [q] 
that  Juppiter  and  Mars  Pater ,  of  the  Romans  were  adopted  by 
the  Romanized  Britons,  we  fhall  fee  the  propriety  of  the  com¬ 
pliment  paid  to  their  Emperors,  by  coupling  them  with  thefe 
divinities. 

Two  of  the  former  inferiptions  to  Belatucader  are  by  a 
perfon  of  the  name  of  Julius  ;  for  fo  I  underhand  lolus.  Whe¬ 
ther  in  the  prefent  Auguftalis  be  the  name  of  the  dedicator  or 
his  office  is  next  to  be  difeuff. 

The  ludi  Augujlales,. or  games  in  honor  of  Auguftus,  were  ce¬ 
lebrated  by  the  Confuls  and  Tribunes  of  the  people  on  the  anni- 
verfary  of  his  birth,  as  thofe  on  the  feftival  of  Mars ;  the  con¬ 
fuls  gave  out  prizes,  and  the  tribunes  obferved  a  facred  folem- 
nityjVj.  Auguftalis  as  a  title  of  office  occurs  frequently  in 
Gruter.  Augufales  in  coloniis  &  municipiis  facrorum  cur  am  age - 
bant ,  fays  Reinefius  [/].  They  were  a  college  of  priefls  for 
the  Julian  family  inhituted  at  Rome  by  Tiberius  [/].  In  the 

[?]  Arch.  III.  p.  102. 

[r]  Dio  Caffius,  LVI.  46. 

[i]  P.  29.  Infc.  XU. 

[J]  Tacitus,  An.  I.  54.  Kift.  II.  95. 

1 


colonies 


infcrtbed to  Belatucader.  I2f 

colonies  they  were  lefs  numerous.  They  were  alfo  civil  officer?, 
either  for  the  adminiftration  of  juftice,  repair  of  roads,  and  other 
public  offices ;  and  even  women  held  places  under  this  title  [*]. 
The  fame  antiquary  explains  Actor  by  the  Greek  S7 repair  gS  0,kmv, 
a  houfe  Reward,  and  Spon,  Mifcell.  Antiq.  p.  209,  calls  fervus 
ctttor,  a  major  domo  :  and  in  Reinefius’  Infcriptions,  65  Clafs 
XI.  ASior  is  a  land  Reward.  May  we  then  fuppofe  that  Ati- 
gujialis  ASior  in  our  Plumpton  infcription  means  fome  trea- 
furer  of  the  houfehold,  or  of  the  army,  or  of  the  college  of  re¬ 
ligious  named  Augujtaks  appointed  to  celebrate  the  worth  ip  or 
memory  of  the  Emperors  ?  Mr.  Horfiey  gives  ASiarius  for  Ac - 
twar  'ms  on  an  infcription  Northumb.  LXXVI.  which  Mr.  Ward 
explains  a  commiffary  for  fupplying  the  troops  with  corn  fx]. 
So  alfo  Gruter  [y],  and  Muratori  [»],  have  Afar  Augujlalis  a 
frumento.  But  as  Afar  on  infcriptions  ufually  precedes  Aucuf- 
talis ,  perhaps  the  latter  is  rathe,  the  agnomen  of  the  dedicator 
of  this  altar,  who  held  the  office  of  ASior  under  the  prated 
Julius  Lupus. 

Mr.  Horfiey  is  for  referring  Numlnibus  Augg.  on  the  infcrip¬ 
tion  Northumb.  LXXXVIII.  to  the  Emperors  Severus  and  Cara- 
calla,  and  Augujli  nojlri ,  Northumb.  IX*  2  &  York.  XIII.  to  An¬ 
toninus  Pius  and  Verus  [a].  The  two  fir  ft  it  is  mod  natural 
to  conclude  are  intended  here,  as  the  fort  is  on  the  wall  of 
Severus.  T'he  date  of  this  infcription  will  then  fall  between 
A.  D.  207,  when  Severus  began  and  A.  D.  208,  when  he  finifhed 
the  wall  [b]  when  Virius  Lupus  was  propraetor,  as  he  was 
throughout  that  reign,  and  occurs  on  two  infcriptions,  one  on 

\u~\  Reinefius,  loc.  cit. 

[*]  Horfiey,  p.  233. 

[y]  CCLX.  1. 

OJ  P.  994. 

[a]  See  alfo  Archajologia,  vol.  III,  12.Q, 

[b~\  Horfiey,  61,  62. 

VOL.  X.  R 


a.  very 


122 


Mr.  Gough  on  a  Roman  Altar ,  &c. 

a  very  fine  altar  now  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  [c] ;  the 
other  at  Ilkley,  feen  by  Mr.  Camden,  but  fince  loft  [dj. 

Julius  Lupus,  under  whom  Julius  Auguftalis  ferved,  may 
have  been  a  relation  of  the  propraetor  :  fo  may  Venuftinus 
Lupus,  who  dedicated  an  altar  Deo  Sanc(toi)  Marti  [<?],  firffc 
publifhed  by  Mr.  Gordon  [/].  Another  proof  that  the  two 
deities  were  the  fame  under  different  names. 

Petuaria  was  a  Ration  of  fo  much  confequence  as  to  give 
name  to  an  Alat  of  which  the  cohors  II  Gallorum  equitum ,  men¬ 
tioned  on  an  infcription  found  at  Plumpton  [g],  and  another 
from  old  Penrith  [/->],  was  part.  I  fhould  afcribe  the  Augg.  to 
the  two  Philips  as  on  the  laft — were  not  the  name  of  they>r^- 
fetlus  equitum  very  different. 

To  whatever  reign  w7e  afcribe  this  infcription  we  obtain  a 
new  name  of  a  praefedl.  v 

Here  then  1  leave  thefe  obfervations  to  the  candor  of  fome 
abler  inveftigator  into  the  Roman  antiquities  of  this  ifland. 

Dec.  21,  1 789.  RICHARD  G  OUG  H. 

[c]  Horfley,  York,  I.  504,  Camden,  III.  15  93. 

[d ]  Horfley,  Camd.  Ib.  7.  49. 

[<?]  Horfley,  Cumb.  XXXV. 

f /'  Itin.  Sept.  p.  81. 

L]  MS.  Letter  of  Mr.  Patten  to  Mr.  Horfley,  p.  275.  107.  112. 

[A]  Cumb.  LII«.  Horfley,  pref.  p.  xx. 


XII.  Oh - 


[  l23  3 


XIL  Olfervations  on  the  Machine  called  the  Lewis* 
By  Francis  Gibfon,  Efq.  F.  A .  S.  In  a  'Letter  to 
the  Right  Hon .  Lord  Mulgrave,  F.  A.  S. 


Read  March  25,  1790. 


My  Lord, 


Whitby ,  Feb .  19,  1990, 


S  I  flatter  myfelf  that  every  attempt,  however  feeble, 
to  illuftrate  the  venerable  remains  of  antiquity,  will  meet 
in  fome  degree  with  your  iordfhip’s  approbation,  I  have  been 
induced  to  hazard  my  opinion  on  the  hate  of  mechanics  of  the 
thirteenth  or  fourteenth  centuries,  and  fhall  be  happy  if  your 
lordfhip  judges  it  worthy  the  attention  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries. 

If  1  have  been  too  prolix  in  defcribing  the  remains  of  Whitby 
abbey,  I  truft  it  will  be  thought  in  fome  meafure  excufeable  ; 
firft,  that  though  it  is  one  of  the  mod  perfect  monuments  of 
Gothic  archite&ure  in  the  ifland,  it  has  hitherto  been  very  im~ 
perfectly  defcribed,  and  fecondly,  that  an  account  of  the  prefent 
frate  of  the  building  was  rendered  neceffary  to  introduce  the 
fubfequent  obfervations. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be  your  Lordfhip’s  mo  ft  obedient 

and  mo  ft  humble  fervant, 

FRANCIS  GIBSON. 

R  2  The 


124  Mr,  Gibson  on  a  Machine  called  the  Lewis. 

The  church  of  Whitby  abbey,  or  as  it  was  called  before  the 
Conqueft,  the  monaftery  of  Streanfliall,  though  it  hath  fuffered 
greatly  from  the  ravages  of  time  and  wilful  dilapidations,  yet 
ftill  exhibits  in  its  venerable  remains  complete  fpecimens  of  the 
varied  ftyles  of  architecture  which  prevailed  at  the  different 
period  when  its  nave  and  choir  were  built. 

The  edifice  was  originally  founded  A.  C.  658  by  Ofwy, 
king  of  Northumberland,  whofe  kinfwoman  Hilda  fuper- 
intended  its  ereCtion,  and  was  the  firft  abbefs. 

The  Danes  under  Hubba  landing  in  Dunfley  Bay  [a],  near 
Mulgrave  caftle,  two  miles  from  Streanfhall,  took  and  lacked 
the  town,  plundered  the  monaftery,  and  after  maffacreing  the 
defencelefs  inhabitants  fet  fire  to  the  building. 

It  lay  in  a  ruinous  ftate  until  the  reign  of  William  Rufus, 
when  a  church  in  form  of  a  crofs  was  erected  on  the  ancient 
fite  by  William  de  Percy,  a  powerful  Norman  baron,  who 
endowed  it  with  confiderable  grants  of  land,  which,  with  many 
civil  and  religious  privileges,  were  afterwards  confirmed  by 

Henry  I.  and  Pope  Honorius  II. 

The  remains  of  this  once  celebrated  pile  are,  the  choir  with 
its  north  aile,  the  great  center  tower,  and  north  tranfept, 
with  certain  fragments  at  the  weft  end  ;  the  three  firft  men¬ 
tioned  parts,  excepting  their  roofs,  are  nearly  entire. 

In  the  year  1762,  the  body  or  nave  of  the  church,  refting 
on  16  well-proportioned  pillars,  unable  to  refift  the  violence  of 
a  ftorm  blowing  full  upon  it  from  the  north,  fell  to  the  ground ; 
yet  fuch  hath  been  the  excellence  of  the  cement,  that  the 
pillars  and  arches  (hardly  disjointed)  remain  proftrate  in  nearly 
their  priftine  forms. 


[a}  The  Dunns  Sinus  of  Ptolomy. 


On 


Mr.  Gibson  on  a  Machine  called  the  Lewis,  125 

On  a  clofe  infpeftiotv  into  the  fragments  of  the  outward  wall, 
and  weft- end  of  the  church,  which,  with  its  noble  window 
over  the  principal  entrance,  is  yet  handing,  it  plainly  appears, 
that  the  nave  built  in  the  reign  of  Rufus  had  been  taken  down, 
and  an  edifice  raifed  upon  its  foundations,  which  by  the  light-* 
nefs  and  elegance  of  the  ftyle,  I  am  of  opinion  hath  been 
eredled  near  that  time  when  Gothic  or  Britifti  architecture  was 
rapidly  advancing  to  its  perfection  of  beauty  and  regularity  under 
Edward  III, 

That  the  weft  end  of  this  church  hath  been  built  long  after 
the  choir,  ftrongly  appears  at  the  junction  of  the  two  parts 
where  the  (tones  are  unequal  and  of  different  colours. 

The  choir  in  a  view  taken  on  the  fpot,  and  which  I  had  the 
honor  to  prefent  to  the  Society,  exhibits  a  range  of  bi-formed 
windows  immediately  over  the  lower  arches,  and  above  thofe  a 
correfponding  row,  equal  in  number,  but  of  fmaller  dimen- 
fions,  fimilar  to  thofe  feen  in  the  fouth  tranfept,  which  is  the 
moft  ancient  part,  of  the  cathedral  of  York  :  whereas  in  the 
nave  of  Whitby  abbey,  from  the  points  of  the  lower  arches 
a  fingle  line  of  large  and  elegant  windows  continued  to  the 
upper  cornice,  I  mean  that  fupporting  the  roof.  Each  win¬ 
dow  was  divided  into  three  parts,  and  finifhed  with  beautiful 
ramifications  in  the  manner  of  thole  in  the  nave  of  York  min  Ire  r, 
which  (excepting  the  choir)  is  the  moft  modern  part  of  that 
fabric. 

The  key  ftone3  of  thofe  upper  arches  are  of  large  dimenfions, 
meafuring  near  a  ton  and  an  half  each.  On  examination  as  they 
lay  on  the  ground,  I  was  furprized  to  fee  in  the  crown  of  each 
a  cavity  in  many  refpects  fimilar  to  thofe  cut  into  large  blocks 
of  ftone  for  the  purpofe  of  railing  them  by  a  machine  com¬ 
monly  called  a  Lewis , 


This 


ix6  Mr.  Gibson  on  a  Machine  called  the  Lewis* 

This  machine,  of  which  I  have  given  a  drawing  [£],  is  fuppofed 
by  feveral  intelligent  engineers  to  have  been  the  invention  of 
an  ingenious  French  mechanic  employed  in  the  magnificent 
public  works  of  Louis  XIV.  and  had  its  name  given  in  com¬ 
pliment  to  that  monarch. 

At  the  piers  of  this  port  this  machine  is  highly  ufeful  in 
railing  ftones  of  6  and  even  io  tons  weight.  That  the  holes  in 
the  key-ftones  of  Whitby  abbey  were  cut  for  fimilar  purpofes 
hardly  admits  a  doubt  ;  but  the  machine  muft  have  been  of  a 
fomewhat  different  form,  and  perhaps  lefs  powerful  than  that  » 
ufed  at  prefent,  yet  it  might  have  been  capable  of  railing  a 
block  of  4  tons,  larger  than  any  ftones  we  fee  ufed  in  our  an¬ 
cient  buildings. 

To  prevent  a  redundance  of  words,  I  have  annexed  to  thole 
obfervations  drawings  of  the  form  of  the  prefent  Lewis  ; 
fedlions  of  the  cavity  cut  in  ftone  for  its  reception  ;  a  fedlion  of 
the  fame  in  the  key  ftones  of  the  abbey,  with  the  conjeflural 
form  of  the  machine  formerly  ufed. 

The  principal  view  of  the  writer  of  the  foregoing  remarks  is 
to  induce  an  abler  hand  to  a  clofer  inveftigation,  tending  to 
prove  that  this  highly  ufeful  machine,  called  a  Lewis ,  is  not 
a  modern  French  invention,  but  rather  an  improvement  of  an 
ancient  one,  and  that  our  anceftors  were  not  fo  ignorant  in 
mechanics  as  is  generally  imagined. 

FRANCIS  GIBSON. 

[£]  See  Plate  V, 


EXPLA' 


Vol.  X. Pl.V.p .  126. 


127 


Mr.  Gibson  on  a  Machine  called  the  Lewis. 

EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE. 

A.  Longitudinal  fe&ion  of  part  of  a  (lone  of  6  tons  weight, 

with  that  of  the  hole  for  the  infertion  of  the  Lewis. 

1.  Form  of  the  hole  at  top. 

2.  — — — — - - at  bottom. 

B.  Key-done  in  Whitby  abbey,  with  a  perforation  in  the 

crown  fuppofed  to  have  been  cut  for  a  fimilar  purpofe. 

1.  Size  of  the  hole  at  top. 

2.  -  at  bottom. 

C. aa.  Two  diftindt  parts  of  the  Lewis  perforated  at  their  heads 

to  receive  the  bolted.  Thefe  are  dipt  in  by  hand  : 
between  them  the  part  b  is  iuferted,  which  pufties  their 
points  out  to  the  fides  of  the  done,  and  fills  the  cavity. 
e  the  ring  of  the  Lewis  on  which  the  tackle  is  hooked : 
each  end  of  this  is  likewife  perforated  to  receive  the 
bolt  which  enters  at  f  and  forelocks  at  g. 

D.  End  view  of  the  part  b  fhewing  the  fize  of  the  hole  for 

the  reception  of  the  bolt. 

N.  B.  This  Lewis  has  railed  a  done  weighing  io  tons. 

E.  Suppofed  form  of  the  Machine  ufed  at  the  erection  of 

Whitby  abbey. 

In  forming  this  cavity  the  part  a  has  been  left  feemingly 
defigned  as  a  guide  to  point  the  two  principal  mem¬ 
bers  of  the  Machine  to  their  dedined  places,  where 
they  were  fecured  by  the  intervention  of  a  third  part 
b  perforated  at  the  head  to  receive  in  conjunction 
with  c  d  e  f  the  forelock  bolt. 

F.  End  view  of  b . 


I 


XIII. 


I  3 


/ 


XIII.  Defcriptlon  of  the  Church  of  Quenington  in  the 
County  ^Gloucefter.  By  Samuel  Ly  fons,  Efq,  F.  A,  S • 


Read  May  13,  1790. 


PLATE  VI.  reprefents  the  fouth-eaft  view  of  the  parifh 
church  of  Quenington,  or  Queenington,  in  the  county  of 
Gloucefter,  which  is  fituated  about  two  miles  north  of  the 
market  town  of  Fairford  in  the  fame  county. 

This  building  bears  evident  marks  of  antiquity,  although  it 
appears  to  have  undergone  confiderable  alterations  within  the 
laft  two  centuries.  The  original  round  headed  windows  may 
ftill  be  traced,  though  they  are  now  either  walled  up,  or 
changed  into  (harp  pointed  or  fquare  ones.  At  the  weftern  ex¬ 
tremity  of  the  north  and  fouth  walls  are  two  door  ways  lead¬ 
ing  into  the  nave,  which  exhibit  very  rich  fpecimens  of  that 
kind  of  architecture  ufually  termed  Saxon.  From  the  (ituation 
of  thefe  doorways  it  feems  probable  that  the  nave  of  the  church 
formerly  extended  further  weftward  than  it  does  at  prefent,  and 
perhaps  terminated  in  a  tower.  Sir  Robert  Atkyns  in  his  Hif- 
tory  of  Gloucefterfhire  [a]  fays  that  this  church  formerly  had  a 
fpire  in  the  middle ;  if  fo  it  was  probably  a  modern  addition. 

The  fouth  door-way  (fee  PI.  VII.)  is  five  feet  eleven  inches 
in  height,  and  nine  feet  eleven  inches  wide;  the  arch  of 


4 


M  L  322.  2d  Edit. 


it 


.v-  -  '  ■  •  •  . 

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’ 


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V 


j Defcription  of  the  Church  of  Quenington  in  Gloucefterfhire.  129 

it  is  femicircular,  and  ornamented  with  a  variety  of  mouldings 
and  other  decorations,  wherein  plainly  appears  a  corruption 
of  the  Roman  ftyle.  The  interior  part  of  the  arch  is  orna*. 
mented  with  the  zig-zag  moulding,  fo  conftantly  to  be  feen 
in  works  of  this  kind.  Within  this  and  immediately  over  the 
door,  are  feveralfigures  rudely  carved  in  has  relief;  amongft  which 
may  be  diftinguifhed  the  Deity  [£]  crowning  theVirginMary  who 
holds  a  dove ;  and*  the  angel,  eagle,  winged  bull  and  lion  (the  fym- 
bols  of  the  Evangelifts),  the  four  laft  of  which  are  accom¬ 
panied  with  fcrolls.  On  one  fide  is  the  figure  of  a  church,  in 
which  it  may  be  remarked  that  all  the  arches  are  circular,  that  it 
has  a  low  fpire  covered  with  fhingles,  and  a  fmall  tower  on  each 
fide,  terminating  in  a  pinnacle,  probably  a  reprefentation  of 
the  original  weft  front  of  this  church.  From  the  ftyle  of  the  or¬ 
naments  in  theft  door-ways  I  think  one  may  venture  to  con¬ 
clude  that  this  building  was  ere&ed  foon  after  the  Conqueft, 
when  the  Normans  introduced  a  more  fumptuous  and  orna¬ 
mental  kind  of  church-architedhire  than  was  in  ufe  amongft 
their  Saxon  predecelTors ;  and  if  fo,  the  figure  above  alluded  to, 
feems  in  fome  meafure  to  contradict  the  opinion  [c]  that 
fpires  were  not  ufed  in  the  churches  built  here  by  the  Normans. 

The  north  door-way,  PI.  VIII.  is  ten  feet  and  eight  inches 
in  width,  and  thirteen  feet  in  height;  it  has  a  great  variety 
of  ornaments,  amongft  which  the  zig-zag  and  lozenge  mould¬ 
ings  are  the  moft  confpicuous. 

Over  the  door  is  the  figure  of  our  Saviour  carved  in  has  relief 
trampling  on  the  devil  bound  hand  and  foot,  and  thrufting 
the  crofs  into  his  mouth.  There  are  alfo  three  figures  in 
praying  attitudes,  one  of  whom  appears  juft  efcaping  from  the 
jaws  of  a  large  ferpent;  over  them  is  a  figure  of  the  fun. 

[£]  The  crown  rcferables  thofe  on  the  coins  of  William  the  Conqueror  and 
William  Rufus. 

[c]  Bentham’s  Ely,  p.  40. 

Vol.  X. 


s 


Above 


i  qo  Defcription  of  the  Church  of  Quenington  in  Gloucefterfhire. 

Above  the  door-way  is  the  figure  of  a  ram’s  head  much 
mutilated.  Both  thefe  door-ways  are  better  preferved  than 
many  others  of  the  fame  kind,  having  luckily  efcaped  the 
obliterating  hand  of  the  white-wafher. 

The  manor  of  Quenington  was  granted  by  William  the 
Conqueror  to  Walter  de  Lacy,  one  of  his  Norman  followers, 
from  whom  it  defcended  to  his  fon  Roger,  who  is  Laid  to  have 
been  in  fo  great  favour  with  the  Conqueror  that  he  beftowed 
on  him  one  hundred  and  fixteen  manors,  whereof  twenty  were 
in  Gloucefterfhire. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  this  church  was  eredled  at  the  ex¬ 
pence  either  of  the  father  or  fon. 

The  knights  hofpitallers  of  St.  John  of  Jerufalem  had  a 
preceptory  at  this  place  (V],  founded  by  one  of  the  fame 
family  and  two  other  perfons.  Some  of  the  buildings  belong¬ 
ing  to  it  are  ftill  remaining,  converted  into  a  farm  houfe  nearly 
adjoining  to  the  church. 

[</]  Dugdale,  Monad,  vol.  II.  p.  510.  548.  Tanner,  Not.  Mon.  p.  148. 


XIV. 


S.  £y  JQru  F.A.S,  dzt. 


[  13l  3 


XIV.  Account  of  Roman  Antiquities  dif covered  in  the 
County  o/'Gloucefter.  ^Samuel  Lyfons,  Efq.  F,A*S* 


Read  May  20,  1 790. 


PLATE  IX.  Fig.  1 .  A  burial  urn  of  glafs,  found  about  twenty- 
five  years  fince,  in  a  field  called  Kingfmead ,  about  half  a 
mile  diftant  from  Cirencefter ;  it  was  wrapped  in  lead,  and  de¬ 
posited  in  a  Rone  hollowed  out  to  receive  it  ;  it  is  of  a  greenifti 
colour,  not  very  tranfparent,  but  well-moulded,  having  feveral 
raifed  circles  on  its  bottom,  quite  fmooth,  without  any  appear¬ 
ance  of  having  ever  been  faftened  to  a  blowing  iron  as  all  mo¬ 
dem  glafs  veffels  are  in  the  making,  which  have  therefore  a 
rough  mark  at  the  bottom,  unlefs  they  have  been  afterwards 
ground  fmooth.  Its  diameter  at  the  top  is  five  inches  and  three 
eighths,  height  ten  inches  and  one  eighth,  and  width  at  the 
bottom  five  inches  and  five  eighths.  It  is  in  the  pofleffion  of 
C.  H.  Parry,  M.  D.  of  Bath. 

Fig.  2.  An  urn  of  brown  earthen  ware  found  in  the  year 
1786,  in  a  field  adjoining  to  the  town  of  Cirencefter,  called  the 
Querns,  lying  a  little  without  the  fite  of  the  Roman  wall.  It 
was  inclofed  in  a  cafe  of  lead,  between  two  large  ftones,  in 
which  a  round  hole  was  cut  to  contain  it,  and  was  nearly 
half  full  of  burnt  bones.  It  is  in  height  feven  inches  and 

S  2  a  half, 


I32 


Mr.  Lysons  on  Antiquities  in  Glouceflerfhire. 

a  half,  and  its  diameter  at  the  top  three  inches  and  a  half, 
Leland  defcribes  a  fimilar  one  as  having  been  found  in  the 
fame  place  in  his  time  [VJ. 

Fig.  3.  An  urn  of  brown  earthen  ware  found  in  the  year 
1789,  in  a  gravel  pit  at  Kingfholm  near  Gloucefier,  at  which 
place  a  great  number  of  burial  urns,  leaden  and  hone  coffins, 
and  human  fkeletons  [t>]  and  a  considerable  variety  of  Roman 
coins  and  utenfils,  many  of  which  are  hereafter  Specified,  have 
been  at  different  times  difcovered.  This  urn  is  in  height  five 
inches  and  a  half,  and  in  diameter  at  the  top  five  inches. 

Fig.  4.  A  fmail  urn  of  coarfe  ware,  found  at  Kingfholm 
in  17895  its  diameter  at  the  top  is  two  inches  and  fix  tenths  ; 
it  is  very  thick,  and  has  the  appearance  of  having  never  been 

baked, 

PI.  X.  Fig.  1.  A  fragment  of  an  Amphora,  confining  of 
the  neck  and  handles,  found  at  Kingfholm.  Its  diameter  at 
the  top  is  fix  inches,  at  the  lower  part  ten  inches  and  a  quarter, 
and  length  fifteen  inches  and  a  half.  In  the  pofifeffion  of  the 
Rev.  Peter  Hawker,  of  Woodchefter. 

Fig.  2.  One  of  the  brafs  inftruments  called  Celts,  extremely 
well  preferved,  found  at  South  Cerney  near  Cirencefter. 

*  -  K  r  T  •  #  •  •  ^  •  .  *  •  ‘  ' 

fa]  “  In  the  fowth-fowth-Kveft  fide  of  the  waul  be  lykelyhod  hath  bene  a 
caftel,  or  fum  other  great  building,  the  hil'es  and  ditches  yet  remay ne.  The 
place  is  now  a  waren  for  conys,  and  therein  hath  be  fownd  mennes  bones, 
injolitcs  magnitudinis ,  alfo  to  fepulchres,  ex  fefio  lapide.  In  one  was  a  round 
yeflel  of  leade  covered,  and  in  itafhes  and  pieces-  of  bones.”  Itin.  vol.  V.  fob  65, 
By  the  place  where  thefe  remains  were  found  Leland  undoubtedly  meant  the 
Vpuerns,  which  is  covered  with  fmail  hills,  having  the  appearance  of  fo  many 
tumuli ,  rnoft  probably  the  remains  of  ftone  quarries  dug  by  the  Romans  for 
building  the  city  and  making  roads,  and  afterwards  ufed  as  a  burying  ground. 


Vo  l  .  X  .  'Pl.  X.  A  132. 


<s- 


■011*1  F.A.S.  oLtL 


Vol.x.  pi.xi.f*.  /a a 


VolXPLX II.  A  13S. 


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J.  jCya-imrf  F.A.  S.  del- 


JiaJirt  Sc. 


/ 


Mr,  Lysons  on  Antiquities  in  Glouceflerfhire.  i  33 

Fig.  3.  A  fmall  figure  of  brafs,  found  feveral  years  ago  at 
Cirencefter.  This  and  the  preceding  article  are  of  the  fame 
fize  with  the  drawing ;  and  are  both  in  the  poffefiion  of  the 
Rev.  John  Collinfon,  F.  A.  S.  * 

Fig.  4.  A  hatchet  of  iron  found  at  Kingfholm.in  1789,  five 
inches  and  five  eighths  in  length. 

Fig.  5.  A  fmall  lamp  of  brafs  found  at  the  fame  place  in 
1790.  it  is  well  preferved,  but  has  loft  the  chains' by  which  it 
was  fufpended.  This  and  the  two  following  articles  are  of  the 
fame  fize  with  the  drawings. 

PI.  XI.  Fig.  1.  A  fmall  fpoon  of  brafs  found  in  Mr. 
BathurfFs  park  at  Lidney. 

Fig.  2..  A  fpoon  of  bone  found  in  the  Querns  at  Cirencefler 
in  1786.  The  fharp  end  was  probably  intended  for  a Jiyle.  it 
is  in  the  poffeffion  of  Mr.  Collinfon. 

Fig.  3.  A  patera  of  brafs  found  at  Kingfholm  in  1789. 
The  handle,  which  is  the  only  part  of  it  not  corroded,  is  in 
length  five  inches. 

Fig.  4.  is  probably  a  bulla  of  brafs.  This  and  the  three  fol¬ 
lowing  articles  were  found  at  Kingfholm  in  1789,  and  are  of 
the  fame  fize  with  the  drawings. 

Fig.  5.  A  fpnall  ornamental  bell  of  brafs. 

Fig,  6.  A  fmall  pyxisj  or  perhaps  meafure  of  brafs. 

Fig.  7.  A  pair  of  brafs  compares,  one  of  the  legs  of  which 
is  broken  off ;  that  which  remains  has  a  flit  at  the  end  of  it. 
The  figure  of  one  nearly  refembling  this  is  engraved  in  the 
fifth  volume  of  Count  Cayius’s  Antiquities,  tab.  LXXXV.fig.  5. 

PI.  XII.  fig.  1.  A  Jiyle ,  one  end  of  which  is  flat  for  the 
purpofe  of  obliteration,  found  in  the,  Querns  at  Cirencefler  in 
1786,  with  many  other  Roman  remains,  on  making  an  aquedubl 
for  the  fupply  of  the  Thames  and  Severn  canal. 


134  Afr.  Lysons  on  Antiquities  In  Gloucefterfhire. 

Fig.  2.  A  Jlyle  which  has  no  flat  end,  found  with  the 
former. 

Fig.  3.  A  brafs  pin. 

Fig-  4>  5,  6,  7,  8.  Fibula  of  brafs  found  at  Cirencefler. 
Thefe  and  the  three  preceding  articles  are  in  the  pofleflion  of 
Mr.  Collinfon. 

Fig.  9.  A  fibula  found  in  the  Leaufes  at  Cirencefler,  which, 
from  the  holes  in  it,  appears  to  have  been  fevved  to  the  garment 
which  it  fattened. 

Fig.  10.  A  large  fibula  of  brafs  found  at  Cirencefler,  nowin 
the  pofleflion  of  Dr.  Parry. 

Fig.  1 1.  A  fibula  found  at  Lidney  park,  in  the  pofleflion  of 
Thomas  Bathurtt,  Efq. 

Fig.  12.  Part  of  another,  found  at  Kingfholm. 

Fig.  13.  Two  armillce  of  brafs.  The  one  which  is  entire 
was  found  with  four  others,  on  the  arm  of  a  fkeleton,  in  the 
Querns  at  Cirencefler  in  1789. 

Fig.  14.  Exhibits  both  fldes  of  a  circular  ornament  of  brafs, 
having  a  mafk  well  executed  in  alto  relievo  on  the  centre,  ex¬ 
tremely  well  preferved.  From  the  rivets  on  the  back,  it  appears 
to  have  been  fattened  on  leather,  probably  a  belt.  It  was 
found  at  Kingfholm  in  1789. 

Fig.  15.  Ahead  of  brafs  found  with  many  others  of  the 
fame  kind  at  Kingfholm  ;  there  were  alfo  found  at  the  fame 
place  more  than  flxty  blue  ones,  of  the  kind  commonly  called 
Druids  beads. 

•PI.  XIII.  Fig.  1.  A  fiatera  or  Roman  Jleel-yard  of  brafs,  found  at 
Kingfholm  in  1788.  It  is,  I  believe,  the  fir  A  which  has  been  dis¬ 
covered  in  this  kingdom,  and  is  very  well  preferved,  no  part  of 
it  being  loft  except  the  hock,  or  chain,  by  which  the  weight 
was  fufpended. 

1 


One 


Voix.Pi.xm.fi.i34. 


l.r 


'fJCy<y(mj  F.A.S.  dti. 


Mr.  Lysons  on  Antiquities  In  Gloucefferfhire.  135 

One  fide  of  the  beam  is  divided  into  fix  parts,  each  of  which 
is  fubdivided  into  twelve  ;  the  only  number  marked  on  this 
fide  is  V.  the  other  fide  has  tiie  numbers  V.  X.  XV.  XX.  in- 
fcribed  on  it. 

As  the  Roman  pound  confided  of  twelve  ounces,  each  of 
which  contained  fix  fextula,  and  twelve  dimidia  fextula ,  I  had 
little  doubt  that  the  fix  parts  in  the  firft  graduation  were  ounces , 
each  of  which  was  fubdivided  into  twelve  dimidia  fextula ,  and 
that  the  fecond  graduation  began  at  five  ounces,  and  proceeded 
on  to  twenty-four,  or  two  pounds.  An  experiment  1  afterwards 
made  with  the  Roman  weights  at  the  Britifh  Mufeum  con¬ 
firmed  me  in  this  opinion  ;  for  they  tallied  as  nearly  as  could 
be  expe&ed,  when  the  lofs  which  th zjlatera  might  be  fuppofed 
to  have  fuflained  in  weight  was  'confidered.  All  the  Roman 
feel-yards  which  I  have  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  are 
graduated  in  the  fame  manner,  making  the  higheft  number  on 
one  fide,  the  lowed  on  the  other,  and  proceeding  upwards  by 
Jives  either  of  pounds  or  ounces.  The  fine  fpecimen  preferved  in 
the  Britifh  Mufeum,  which  was  found  at  Herculaneum,  is  gra¬ 
duated  on  one  fide  of  the  beam  for  five  pounds,  and  on  the 
other  proceeds  from  five  to  twenty-five. 

Montfaucon  confounds  the  Jlatera  with  the  trutlna  or  fcales, 
and  makes  them  fynonymous  [cl,  but  afterwards  defcribes  the 
former  under  the  name  of  campana.  It  fliould  ieem  from  the 
following  paflage  in  Cicero  de  Oratore  jV],  “  Ad  ea  probanda 
qua  non  aurificis  fatera  fed  quadam  popular  I  trutina  examinant  urj 
that  the  former  was  chiefly  ufed  by  the  goldfmiths  for  weigh¬ 
ing  jewels  and  things  of  value,  and  that  the  latter  was  em~ 


[c]  L’Antiq.  expliq.  Tom.  III.  Liv.  iv.  p.  169. 

W  II.  38. 


ployed 


I 


136  Mr,  Lysons  on  Antiquities  in  Gloucefterfhire. 

ployed  for  the  common  purpofes  of  life ;  though  it  is  rather 
furprifing  that  this  fhould  have  been  the  cafe,  as  the Jleel-yard  is 
extremely  liable  to  error,  and  far  lefs  to  be  depended  on  than 

the  (cales . 

Mod;  of  the  ancient  Jiaterce  have  a  fcale  or  bafon,  fufpended 
by  chains  at  the  end  of  the  beam  :  this  fpecimen  has  only  a 
double  hook. 

Fig.  2,  3,  exhibit  two  fides  of  the  beam  of  the  Jlatera  above 
mentioned. 

Fig.  4.  The  bud:  of  a  young  man  in  bronze,  found  feveral  years 
fince  in  a  garden  fituated  in  the  Leaufes  or  Lewfes  at  Cirencefter, 
in  which  place  the  bronze  figure,  defcribed  and  engraved  in 
the  Appendix  to  the  Seventh  Volume  of  the  Archaeologia,  was 
found.  It  has  probably  been  the  weight  of  a  Jlatera ,  there 
being  a  hole  at  the  top  of  the  head  in  which  a  hook  may  have 
been  fattened.  It  is  in  the  poffefiion  of  Mrs.  Mary  Helliar  of 
Cirencefter. 

Fig.  5.  Another  buft  found  at  the  fame  place  in  1789,  which 
feems  alfo  to  have  been  ufed  as  a  weight;  the  back  of  it  is 
filled  with  lead,  and  there  is  a  hole  through  one  of  the  curls  on 
the  forehead,  by  which  it  was  probably  fufpended.  The  eyes 
appear  to  be  of  filver.  The  Roman  Stater te  had  commonly 
bufts  of  their  Deities  for  weights  ;  but  of  none  more  frequently 
than  Minerva,  Apollo ,  Hercules ,  and  Bacchus.  From  the  effe¬ 
minacy  of  this  head  it  was  probably  defigned  for  the  laft,  and 
is  not  unlike  a  buft  of  him  figured  in  Montfaucon,  tom.  I. 
pl.cxLVUT.  fig.  2.  It  is  in  the  poffefiion  of  Mr.  Mafter’s 
tenant,  who  rents  the  garden.-  This  and  the  two  preceding 
fpecimens  are  of  the  fize  of  the  drawings. 

The  feveral  articles  above  enumerated,  of  which  the  owners 
are  not  fpecified,  are  in  my  poffefiion. 

SAMUEL  LYSONS. 

XV. 


[  *37  3 


XV.  Account  of  fome  Roman  Antiquities  in  Cum¬ 


berland  hitherto  unnoticed.  By  Hay  man  Rooke,  Efqi 
F.  S.  A. 


Read  June  3,  179©, 


TH  E  county  of  Cumberland  abounds  with  Roman  anti¬ 
quities,  and  many  curious  altars  and  inferiptions  have 
been  found  in  it ;  which  have  been  accurately  deferibed  by 
Horfley,  Stukeley,  and  others.  Thefe  antiquities  have  been 
difeovered  by  chance,  either  in  ploughing  up  ground  for  cul¬ 
tivation,  or  in  digging  up  Rones  for  the  repair  of  houfes  and 
walls;  and  what  is  very  furprifing,  I  do  not  find  that  a  re¬ 
gular  fearch  has  ever  been  made  in  any  of  the  noted  Rations. 

At  old  Carlifle,  the  Qlenacum  of  the  Romans,  the  walls  of 
many  houfes  are  now  plainly  to  be  diftinguifhed,  yet  no  fearch 
has  ever  been  made :  whereas  by  clearing  away  the  earth  to 
their  foundations,  all  the  dwellings  and  Rreets  of  this  remark¬ 
able  Ration  would  appear.,  and  moR  probably  many  valuable 
remains  would  be  found. 

At  Bremetenracum  (old  Penreth)  the  remains  of  a  conlider- 
able  number  of  buildings  and  Rreets  are  to  be  feen,  and  I  was 
told  that  they  have  never  been  examined  below  the  furface. 
Vo l.  X.  T  It 


138  Mr,  Rooke  on  Roman  Antiquities  in  Cumberland. 

It  is  therefore  to  be  wifhed  that  fome  able  antiquaries  would 
"unite  in  invefligating  the  principal  Roman  flations  in  this 
county. 

The  following  antiquities  which  I  have  now  the  honor 
to  prefent  to  the  Society,  have  never  been  taken  notice  of; 
nor  have  any  drawings  but  thefe  been  made  from  them,  as 
I  am  allured  by  the  gentleman  in  whofe  pofleffion  they  now 
are. 

Fig.  1.  and  2.  in  PI.  IV.  were  found  in  the  year  1787,  in 
making  a  drain  in  Scotch  ftreet,  Carlille,  lying  near  the  two 
altars  mentioned  in  a  former  paper  fV):  The  figure  in  a  chair 
appears  to  be  a  woman  holding  fomething  in  her  lap and  as 
there  is  a  greater  fpace  on  the  right  hand  of  the  chair  than  on 
the  left,  I  fhould  fuppofe,  when  the  Rone  was  perfect,  there 
niufl  have  been  more  figures,  probably  three.. 

Fig.  2.  teems  to  be  a  fragment  of  a  pillar,  which,  from  tho 
fhape  of  its  top,  might  have  been  one  of  the  fupporters  of  an 
arch.  The  fculpture  is  evidently  intended  to  repnsfent  the 
head  of  an  eagle. 

Fig.  3..1S  a  very  lingular  piece  of  antiquity.  The  little  loop  ( a ) 
is  a  fpring  which  opens  at  the  end  (U)  ;  and,  what  is  very  fur- 
priling,  it  Rill  retains  its  elafticity  ;  from  its  being  covered  with 
green  ruR,  I  fhould  fuppofe  it  was  made  of  brafs.  The  drawing 
is  exadlly  the  fize  of  the  original.  I  fhall  not  venture  to  form 
a  conjecture  on  its  ufe,  but  leave  it  to  the  better  judgment  of 
the  Society.  The  abovementioned  are  in  the  pofleffion  of  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Carlifle,  who  is  earnefl  in  his  endeavours  to  procure*, 
and  careful  in  preferving,  Roman  antiquities. 


[<?]  Archseologia,  Yol.  IX.  p.  220. 


The 


Vol.  7LFI.  XLVr.  p.  ,38 


Mr.  Rooke  on  Roman  Antiquities  in  Cumberland.  13$ 

The  little  portable  altar,  Fig.  4.  is  only  remarkable  for  being 
the  ttnalleft  yet  difcovered  ;  the  fize  is  exa&ly  reprefented  by 
the  drawing.  There  is  no  appearance  of  an  infcription,  though 
poffibly  there  might  have  been  one  on  the  other  fide,  which 
is  now  much  mutilated.  It  was  found  in  making  thofe  ele*- 
gant  improvements  which  furround  the  houfe  at  Netherby,  and 
is  in  the  pofleffion  of  Sir  James  Graham. 

Fig.  5.  reprefents  two  very  fingular  dwarf  figures  with  whif* 
kers,  and  wrapped  in  hoods  and  mantle's ,  which  refemble  the 
gowns  worn  by  the  Roman  augurs ;  with  which  they  covered 
their  heads  when  they  obferved  the  flight  of  birds.  Dwarfs 
were  much  etteemed  by  the  Romans,  and  means  were  ufed  to 
prevent  the  growth  of  boys  and  girls  ;  therefore  it  is  not  im¬ 
probable,  that  fome  of  thefe  might  have  been  dignified  with 
the  high  office  of  augur,  and  reprefented  here  as  fuch.  This 
Rone  was  found  in  digging  a  foundation  for  a.  pigtty  in  the 
Cattle-yard  at  Carlifle,  and  is  in  the  pofleffion  of  Col.  Sen- 
houfe  at  Nether  hall,  as  are  all  the  following  antiquities. 

Fig.  6.  is  a  ftone  with  the  figure  of  a  Roman  foldier  on  horfe- 
back,  who  feems  to  be  directing  his  Ipear  towards  a  man  under 
the  horfe’s  feet.  The  infcription  is  almott  obliterated,  it  may 
be  read, 

Milites  Manipulates  Legionis  vialricis  (pofuerunt). 

But  lam  more  inclined  to  think  it  is  the  name  of  a  perfon  who 
had  dittinguifhed  himfelf  in  atttion,  for  whom  this  fepulchral 
monument  was  eretted.  The  figure  is  greatly  defaced,  and 
the  fculpture  in  many  parts  appears  to  be  very  indifferent,  the 
fhape  of  the  man  under  the  horfe’s  feet  is  quite  out  of  proportion. 
This  monument  was  found  in  the  wall  of  the  pariffi  church 
atStanwix,  and  fent  to  Col.  Senhoufe  in  the  year  1787. 

T  2 


Fig. 


140  Mr .  Rooke  on  Roman  Antiquities  in  Cumberland. 

Fig.  1.  in  PI.  V.  is  a  flone  with  three  difproportioned 
female  figures  in  rude  fculpture,  probably  intended  for  the 
De<e  Maires .  The  number  three  was  a  favourite  number 
among  the  Romans,  their  deities  were  frequently  grouped  in. 
threes,  and  the  gods  were  fuppofed  to  have  a  particular  pleafure 
in  that  number. 

This  Rone  was  found  in  the  cqflrum ,  or  fort,  near  Nether- 
hall,  which  according  to  Camden’s  conje£ture  was  called  Vo - 
Lint  him  7  but  by  Hoifley  Vi rojidum  and  Elen  font* 

The  hone,  Fig.  8,  was  found  in  the  above  fort  in  the  year 
1779,  and  is  the  only  infcription  difcovered  in  this  Ration 
that  mentions  the  Legions ;  it  appears  plainly  to  be 

V exillarii  Legionis  fecund <v  Auguftee  et  Vicefmre  Valentis  Vic — 
tricis  fecerunt. 


It  was  probably  placed  in  fome  building  ere&ed  by  the  Vexil- 
larii  of  thofe  legions.  The  cohorts  only  are  mentioned  in 
infcriptions  found  here,  and  thofe  are  Cobors  prima  Hifpa- 
norum ,  Cobors  prima  Dalmatarum ,  and  Cobors  prima  Baeta — 
forum. 

Fig.  3,  is  the  top  part  oh  an  Amphora  [3]  of  yellow  pottery 
faid  to  be  the  only  fragment  of  owe  ever  found  in  Britain. 
Col.  Senhoufe  told  me  that*  a  friend  of  his  allured  him  that 
this  top  was  exaTly  the  fame  fize,  fhape,  and  colour,  as  thofe 
he  had  feen  in  Italy,  which  were  found  in  an  ancient  villa  near 
Pompeii,. 


[£]  The  Amphora  as  a  liquid  meafure  held  forty  eight  Sextarii*  i.  e.  aboufci 
fevcn  gallons  and  one  pint ;  as  a  dry  meafure  it  contained  three  bufhels. 

Pig- 


Vol.  7L.JPI.  XV  .  p.iuo. 


Mr.  Rooke  on  Roman  Antiquities  in  Cumberland.  141 

Fig.  to.  is  a  perfpeftive  view  of  the  remains  of  the  Roman 
gateway  at  the  north  entrance  of  the  fort,  difcovered  in  1787. 
From  what  remains  of  this  building,  which  was  probably  the 
guard-room,  it  muft  have  been  a  very  elegant  Rru&ure.  The 
Rones*  which  are  {haped  and  drefled,  fit  clofe  to  each  other 
without  cement.  In  the  little  hole  marked  ( a ),  at  the  end  of 
the  corner  Rone,  was  an  iron  Ranchion,  on  which  it  is  fup- 
pofed  the  gate  was  hung,  and  from  whence,  at  the  bottom,, 
the  Rone  threlhold  {F)  was  carried  acrofs  to  the  length  of  near 
ten  feet.  On  the  top  are  two  hollows,  which  people  imagine 
were  worn  by  wheels,  but  (as  they  are  near  eight  feet  afunder) 
no  carriage  could  have  been  of  that  width;  and  they  evidently 
appear  to  have  been  fcooped  out  with  a  tool. 

Not  long  after  this  difcovery,  in  digging  in  the  front  of 
the  gateway,  they  found  the  arch  entire  which  had  covered 
the  gate;  but  Col.  Senhoufe  being  unfortunately  from  home  at 
that  time,  the  arch  was  defiroyed,  and  the  Rones  carried  away 
for  the  repair  of  walls*  From  this  gate  a  Roman  road  goesr 
in  almoR  a  Rraight  line,  to  Carlifle.  See  a  plan  of  the  remains 
of  the  gate  way  at  (<r). 

Fig.  1 1.  is  a  perfpe&ive  view  of  the  remains  of  an  elegant 
Roman  bath,,  difcovered  within  the  fort  in  the  year  1788* 
There  appears  to  have  been  a  paved  walk,  two  feet  widey, 
as  at  ( a),  carried  round,  from  whence  fome  of  the  Reps 
that  went  into  the  bath  remain.  The  height  of  the  upper 
wall  (b)  is  two  feet  ten  inches,  the  length  of  the  bath  fixteen 
feet. 

Walls  of  feveral  buildings  have  been  laid  open  to  a  confr* 
derable  length ;  and,  if  one  may  judge  from  their  thicknefs, 
they  muR  have  inclofed  fpacious  apartments.  Col*  Senhoufe 

keep© 


Mr.  Rooke  on  Roman  Antiquities  in  Cumberland. 

keeps  a  man  daily  at  work  in  fearching,  and  clearing  the  walls 
within  the  fortj  and  he  will  doubtlefs  be  well  rewarded  for 
his  pains,  by  the  acquifition  of  many  curious  Roman  monu¬ 
ments.  Thefe,  fortunately  for  the  lovers  of  antiquities,  are 
fure  to  be  well  preferved,  for  which  this  gentleman  is  no  lefs 
commendable  than  for  his  politenefs  and  hofpitality  to  thofe 
whofe  curiofity  lead  them  to  Nether  hall. 

Fig.  7.  PI.  XVir.  was  found  in  the  year  1785,  by  fome  of 
Col.  Senhoufe’s  labourers  in  digging  near  the  Praetorium  in  the 
fort  at  Eknborough.  From  its  lingular  lhape,  and  the  fquare 
hole  on  the  top,  I  ftiould  fuppofe  it  had  been  the  bafe  of  a  fmall 
obelilk,  probably  ufed  as  a  gnomon  to  point  out  the  hours  on  a 
horizontal  ground  dial. 

I  do  not  recolledt  ever  feeing,  among  the  many  fpecimens  of 
Roman  fculpture  that  have  been  publilhed,  a  woman  on  a  horfe 
without  a  bridle.  It  may  poffiblv  be  emblematical  ;  and  I  have 
fome  idea  of  having  feen  a  woman  in  this  pofition  on  a  Roman 
coin  [c]  ;  but  as  I  have  no  feries  of  coins  to  examine,  I  will 
not  hazard  another  conjecture  upon  it. 

[c]  The  only  two  inflances  on  coins  it  is  believed  arc  on  thofe  of  Heliopolis 
under  Commodus.  Patin,  Imp.  p.  21 1,  which  he  fuppofes  to  reprefent  Minerva 
Equeftris,  mentioned  by  Paufanias,  Attic.  B.  I.  A  coin  of  Pbera  in  Dr. 
Hunter’s  Colledlicn,  PI.  XLIII.  14.  p.  234,  has  a  woman  fitting  afide  on  a 
galloping  horfe,  and  holding  in  both  hands  a  blazing  torch.  R.-G* 


XVI. 


1 43  3 


r 

L 


XV  I.  Obfervations  on  the  late  continuance  of  the  ufe  of 
'Torture  in  Great  Britain,  In  a  Letter  from  George 
Chalmers,  Efq*  F .  R .  and  A .  SS .  to  John  Topham,  Efq , 

Read  March  3,  1791. 

Office  for  Trade,  Whitehall ,  March  1791* 

Dear  Sir, 

I  prefumed  to  think,  that  whatever  had  a  tendency  to  trace 
the  modes  of  our  government,  or  to  mark  the  improvement 
of  our  freedom,  would  not  be  deemed  by  you  altogether  un¬ 
worthy  of  your  learned  curiofity.  And  I  was  thus  induced  to 
communicate  to  you  a  copy  of  a  warrant  of  the  privy  council, 
as  late  as  1620,  for  ujing  torture  on  a  perfon,  who  was  fufpe&ed 
oftreafon;  which,  as  a  link  conne&ing  former  pradtice  with 
fubfequent  diffuetude,  may  be  regarded  as  an  inftru&ive  docu¬ 
ment. 

The  following  is  an  authentic  copy  from  the  Record : 

44  To  the  Lieutenant  of  the  Tower  of  London. 

“  Whereas  Samuel  Peacock  was  heretofore  committed  prifoner 
44  to  the  Marfhalfea,  and  that  now  it  is  thought  fit  upon  vehe- 
44  ment  fufpicion  of  high  treafon  againft  his  majefty’s  facred  per- 
66  fon  to  remove  him  thence,  and  to  commit  him  to  the  Tower; 
44  thefe  {hall  be  therefore  to  will  and  require  you  to  repair  to 
44  the  prifon  of  the  Marfhalfea,  and  there  to  receive  from  the 
44  keeper  of  that  houfe  the  perfon  of  the  faid  Samuel  Peacock, 
44  and  him  fafely  to  convey  under  your  cuftody  unto  the  Tower 
Vol.  X.  T  4  44  of 


f? 


344  Mr,  Chalmers  on  Torture  in  Great  Britain. 

46  of  London,  where  you  are  to  keep  him  clofe  prifoner  until 
44  further  order.  And  whereas  we  have  thought  meet  to  no- 
44  minate  and  appoint  Sir  Henry  Montagu,  Knt.  Lord  Chief 
44  Juftice  of  the  King’s  Bench,  Sir  Thomas  Coventry,  Knt. 
“  his  majefty’s  Solicitor  General,  and  yourlelf,  to  examine  the 
44  faid  Peacock,  for  the  better  difcovery  of  the  truth  of  this 
44  treafon ;  this  (hall  be  likewife  to  authorize  you,  or  any  two 
64  of  you,  whereof  yourfelf  to  be  one,  to  examine  the  faid 
u  Peacock  from  time  to  time,  and  to  put  him,  as  there  (hall 
44  be  caufe,  for  the  better  manifeftation  of  the  truth,  to  the 
44  torture,  either  of  the  manacles,  or  the  rack  ;  for  which  this 
44  (hall  be  your  warrant.  And  fo,  &c.  The  19th  of  February, 
44  1619.” 

Allow  me  to  fubjoin  a  few  obfervations.  The  Lieutenant  of 
the  Tower,  who  was  thus  entrufted,  was  Sir  Allan  Apfley. 
The  Privy  Counfellors,  who  directed  that  meafure,  and  figned 
that  warrant,  were  the  Lord  Chancellor  Bacon,  the  Earl  of 
W orcefter,  who  was  then  Lord  Privy  Seal,  the  Earl  of  Arundell, 
the  Lord  Carew,  Lord  Digby,  Mr.  Secretary  Naunton,  and 
Sir  Edward  Coke,  who,  after  he  had  ceafed  to  be  Chief  Juftice, 
as  a  Privy  Counfellor  fometimes  fan&ioned  practices,  which 
he  lived  to  condemn  as  a  writer. 

But  the  filence  of  the  Record  does  not  allow  us  to  fuppofe, 
that  the  king  was  either  prefent,  or  knew  of  this  tranfa&ion. 

When  Sir  Edward  Coke  publKhed  his  fecond  Inftitute,  he 
gave  it  as  his  opinion  [a],  that  torture  was  prohibited  by  the 
following  words  of  the  great  Charter  :  44  Nullus  liber  homo  aliquo 
46  mo  do  dejlruatur  niji  per  legale  judicium  parium  fuorum ,  aut  per 
44  legem  terrae .”  Neverthelefs  I  fear,  that  if  our  criminal  pro¬ 
ceedings,  from  that  great  epoch  to  the  acceffion  of  the  Tudor 
family,  were  fearched  with  malicious  diligence,  many  injftances 

[a\  Page  48. 


1 


of 


Mr,  Chalmers  on  Torture  in  Great  Britain.  x  45 

of  torture  would  be  found,  though  Magna  Charta  was,  mean¬ 
while,  confirmed  by  feveral  datutes.  During  the  reigns  of  the 
Tudors,  torture  was  often  ufed  upon  flight  occasions.  Lord 
Bacon  relates  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  that  when  (he  could  not  be 
perfuaded  that  a  book  was  really  written  by  the  perfon  whofe 
name  it  bore,  (lie  faid  with  great  indignation.,  that  (lie  would 
have  him  racked,  to  produce  his  author.  I  replied,  “  Nay, 
Mad  am,  he  is  a  Doctor,  never  rack  his  perfon,  rack  his  fly le  ; 
let  him  have  pen,  ink,  and  paper,  and  help  of  books,  and  be 
enjoined  to  continue  his  dory,  and  I  will  undertake  by  collating 
the  dyles,  to  judge  whether  he  were  the  author  \b\T  The  rack 
was  (hewn  to  Guy  Fawkes  on  his  examination,  as  King  James 
himfelf  relates  [c],  Torture  was  ufed  on  Peacock  in  1620,  as 
the  warrant  beforementioned  evinces.  When  Felton  afiaffi- 
nated  Buckingham  in  1628,  and  the  queftion  was  propofed  for 
difcovering  his  accomplices,  the  judges  declared,  that  con¬ 
fident  with  law  torture  could  not  be  ufed,  as  Ru(hworth  has 
recorded  [Jj. 

Such  was  the  former  practice ;  and  fuch  the  happy  difufe  of 
torture  in  England  !  Yet,  in  Scotland,  the  rack  continued  to 
terrify  and  debafe  the  people  for  ages  afterwards.  Sir  George 
Mackenzie  has  a  whole  chapter  Of  Torture  ;  (hewing  that  the 
privy  council,  or  the  fupreme judges,  could  only  ufe  the  rack; 
how  thofe  were  punilhed  who  inflidled  torture  unjudly ;  and 
who  were  the  perfons  that  the  law  exempted  •  and  he  infids, 
that  all  lawyers  were  of  opinion,  that  even  after  fentence 
criminals  might  be  tortured,  for  knowing  their  accomplices  [*]. 
Yet,  he  (hews  incidentally,  that  though  the  pradice  of  torture 

[£]  Cabala,  p.  80. 

[c]  Works,  p.  231. 
jV]  Collections,  Vol.  I.  p.  638,  639. 

[<?]  Criminal  Law,  p.  543. 

Vol.  X.  U 


continued 


146  Air.  Chalmers  on  'Torture  in  Great  Britain. 

continued  in  Scotland  till  the  Revolution,  yet  the  privy  council 
refufed,  in  1666,  to  order  the  Covenanters  to  be  racked  after 
condemnation  ;  aligning  as  a  reafon  :  “  Nam  pojl  condemnation 
“  nem,  judices  f unfit  funt  officio The  learned  Lord  Stair  con¬ 
firms  what  Sir  George  Mackenzie  had  thus)  laid  down  before 
him  [/]. 

It  is  very  remarkable,  that  when  the  parliament  of  Scotland 
framed  their  claim  of  right,  in  April  1689,  they  only  declared, 
that  the  ufing  torture,  without  evidence,  or  in  ordinary  crimes, 
is  contrary  to  law  [g],  It  requires  no  elaborate  commentary  to 
prove,  that  when  there  was  evidence  of  extraordinary  crimes, 
torture  might  hill  be  lawfully  ufed  in  Scotland  fubfequent  to  the 
Revolution.  It  was  the  Union,  and  the  lalutary  fpirit  which 
that  happy  meafure  brought  with  it,  that  freed  Scotland  from 
the  danger  and  reproach  of  ufing  torture  in  any  cafe.  And  it 
was  the  aft  of  the  Britilh  parliament  which  was  palled,  in  1708, 
for  improving  the  union  of  the  two  kingdoms ,  that  put  an  end  to 
torture,  by  enafting,  among  other  favourable  regulations,  that 
no  perfon  accufed  of  any  crime  in  Scotland  fhall  be  liable  to 
torture  [£]. 

Such  are  the  obfervations  which  haftily  occurred  to  me 
on  perufing  the  before  recited  warrant.  If  you  Ihould  think 
that  document  and  thole  obfervations  would  be  acceptable  to 
fche  Society  of  Antiquaries,  you  will  be  io  good  as  to  prefent  them, 
in  the  manner  molt  refpeftful  to  the  members,  and  moll  agree¬ 
able  to  yourfelf.  Allow  me  only  to  add,  that  I  ever  am,  with 
fincere  kindnefs, 

Your  moll:  faithful 

and  obedient  fervant, 

r  _  ..  GEO.  CHALMERS. 

[/]  Inltitutes,  p.  699. 

{/]  Aft  1689,  ch.  xiii. 
f]  7  Anne,  ch.  xxi. 

XVII. 


E  *47  ] 


XVII.  Obfervations  on  Vitrified  Fortifications  in  Gal¬ 
loway.  By  Robert  Riddell,  Efq.  F .  A .  S .  In  a 
Letter  to  Mr .  Gough. 


Read  Nov.  n,  1790. 

Sir,  Friars  Carfe ,  Off.  23,  1 790. 

THE  ingenious  Mr.  Williams  mineral  engineer  having 
difcovered  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland  fome  lingular  re¬ 
mains  which  he  called  vitrified forts9  and  having  defcribed  in  a 
Series  of  Letters  [ a ]  thofe  at  the  hill  of  Knochfarrel ,  at  the  hill  of 
Craig  Phadrick ,  at  the  hill  of  Dun-Evan ,  at  Cajile  Finlay  and 
at  the  Caftle  hill  of  Fin-avon ,  this  publication  very  much  en¬ 
gaged  the  attention  of  the  curious  in  refearch.  Along  with  it, 
was  publilhed  a  Defcription  of  Craig-Phadrick,  by  Mr.  Wate, 
Engineer  at  Birmingham,  and  a  Letter  from  Dr.  Black,  Pro- 
felfor  of  Chrymiftry,  to  Mr.  Williams. 

Many  fenfible  enquirers  were  much  puzzled,  whether  to 
conlider  thefe  appearances  as  the  work  of  man  alone,  or  as 
volcanic  remains,  which  a  rude  ferocious  people  had  taken 
the  advantage  of  to  form  a  flrong  and  permanent  place  of 
refuge  from  an  equally  barbarous  foe.  While  many  judicious 
antiquaries  remained  fceptical  upon  this  curious  fubjefl,  the 

D]  1777,  8vo. 

U  2 


learned 


148  Mr.  Riddell  on  Vitrified  Fortifications  in  Galloway. 

learned  Alexander  Frazer  Tytler,  Efq.  publifhed  in  the  fecond 
volume  of  the  Edinborough  Philofophical  Tranfaftions,  amoft 
fatisfadtory  and  elaborate  paper  on  Pome  extraordinary  ftru&ures 
upon  the  tops  of  hills  in  the  Highlands,  with  remarks  on  the 
progrefs  of  the  arts  amongft  the  antient  inhabitants  of  that 
country.  And  in  this  account,  he  accurately  defcribed  Craig- 
Phadrick,  which  he  feems  to  have  Purveyed  in  a  very  minute 
manner. 

Having  now  no  doubt  of  the  exigence  of  thefe  curious  re¬ 
mains,  and  that  the  probability  was  greatly  in  favor  of  their 
being  the  work  of  man,  without  the  aid  of  volcanic  craters,  I 
began  to  make  many  enquiries,  whether  any  fuch  remains 
exifted  in  Galloway:  and  I  very  foon  obtained  information  of 
two ;  The  Moat  of  the  Mark  in  the  Barony  of  Barcley,  in  the 
parifh  or  Colvend  ;  and  Cajlle  Gower  in  the  adjacent  parifh  of 
Baittle. 

At  my  requeft  two  different  gentlemen  went  and  examined 
them,  from  whofe  reports  I  found  them  to  be  very  fimilar  to 
thofe  defcribed  in  the  Highlands.  I  then  requeued  a  neigh¬ 
bouring  clergyman  to  go  to  the  one  on  Colvend  and  tranfmit 
me  the  beft  account  of  it  he  poflibly  could.  In  confequence  of 
which  he  went,  and  Pent  me  the  following  account,  along 
with  Peveral  fpecimens  of  the  vitrified  matter. 

,  1 

“Sir, 

“  With  this  you  will  receive  Pome  fpecimens  of  the  vi- 
“  trifled  fort.  It  is  impoffible,  at  prefent,  for  me  to  give  you 
“  any  particular  account  of  it.  It  is  full  of  rubbifh,  and  fur- 
“  rounded  with  Banding  corn.  It  would  take  a  man  one  day 
u  at  lead:  to  clear  it,  and  this  cannot  be  done  till  after  harveft. 

“  It 


✓ 


Mr.  Riddell  on  Vitrified  Fortifications  in  Galloway.  149 

4C  It  refembles  in  form  a  child’s  craddle,  and  would  be  worth 
“  the  trouble  of  clearing  out  when  the  crop  is  taken  off  the 
“  ground.1* 

A  gentleman  in  the  neighbourhood  has  alfo  fent  me  fome 
fpecimens  of  the  coloured  vitrified  fort,  and  informed  me  that 
the  area  was  of  an  oblong  form,  and  that  in  it  was  difcovered  a 
pile  or  heap  of  ftones  of  the  form  and  fize  of  a  goo fe  egg  each 
(one  of  which  was  fent  me)  and  I  apprehend  they  had  been 
gathered  upon  the  fhore,  which  is  contiguous,  and  piled  up 
here  for  the  purpofe  of  flinging  or  throwing  with  a  balifla,  at 
an  approaching  enemy.  I  very  much  wifhed  that  Capt.  Grofe 
fhould  have  feen  thefe  forts  when  he  was  in  Scotland  laft  fum- 
mer;  but  the  difficulty  of  approaching  them  in  a  wheel-carriage 
prevented  it.  I  could  wifh  much  that  a  ground  plan,  fedtion, 
and  perfpective  view  were  taken  of  each.  Galloway  would 
amply  repay  a  judicious  antiquary  who  was  a  draftfman,  for 
the  trouble  of  inveftigating  the  antiquities  of  this,  almofl  as  yet 
undefcript  country.  Capt.  Grofe,  in  his  very  elegant  work 
now  carrying  on,  has  given  views  of  many  of  its  monaffic 
ruins,  as  well  as  fome  of  its  baronial  feats,  and  he  has  caufed 
to  be  engraved  that  very  lingular  curiofity  in  the  Glen  kenns, 
called  the  Laggan  ffone  ;  which  certainly  was  a  druidical  rock 
idol.  This  huge  rock  is  fituated  in  the  wildeft  fpot  almofl:  to 
be  feen ;  many  miles  from  an  houfe,  and  the  road  almofl  inac- 
ceflible.  It  reffs  on  two  points,  and  the  light  fhines  through: 
it,  and  though  a  child  may  make  it  move,  it  would  require 
gunpowder  to  raife  it  from  its  feat.  I  have  heard  of  many  more 
Druidical  remains  in  Galloway,  which  only  want  a  Borlafe  to 
explore  them.  Mr.  Gordon,  the  ffewart  depute  of  Galloway, 
wrote  me  concerning  a  fine  cromlech,  fomething  like  that  in 

Kent' 


*5°  Mr.  Riddell  on  Vitrified  Fortifications  in  Galloway, 

Rent  mentioned  by  Dr.  Borlafe.  The  fine  rides  and  pifturefque 
fcenery  to  be  met  with,  along  the  margin  of  Loch  Kenn  (a 
frefh  water  lake,  18  Scots  miles  in  length)  would  much  gratify 
any  perfon  of  tafte  vifiting  the  Lakes  in  Cumberland  and  Weft- 
moreland,  and  would  afford  full  compenfation  for  the  additional 
trouble  of  continuing  their  journey  fo  far. 

Kenmore  Caftle,  formerly  the  refidence  of  the  Galwegian 
Reguii,  and  afterwards  of  John  Baliol,  fometime  King  of 
Scotland,  hands  at  the  head  of  Loch  Kenn,  commanding  a 
moft  extenfive  and  romantic  profpedl :  two  views  of  it  are 

engraved  in  Captain  Grofe’s  Antiquities  of  Scotland  now  pub- 
lifhing. 

If  you  think  this  long  Letter  worthy  of  the  attention  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London,  pleafe  to  prefent  it  to  them 
from  me.  I  ever  am, 

Sir,  - 

Your  moft  obedient  Servant, 

ROBERT  RIDDELL. 


XVIIL 


(  *5*  ) 


XVIII.  A  Mofaic  Pavement  in  the  Prior  s  Chapel  at 
Ely;  with  a  brief  Deduction  of  the  Rife  and  Progrefs 
of  Mof  aic  IVork  fence  the  Introduction  of  Chrife 
tianity .  By  Richard  Gough 3  Director . 

Read  Dec.  2,  1790. 


n^HE  drawing  fubmittad  to  the  examination  of  the  Society T 
JL  and  engraved  Plate  XVI.  reprefents  a  mofaic  pavement 
before  the  altar  of  the  chapel  in  the  prior’s  lodgings  at  ELY, 

.  built  offtone  by  John  Crawden,  orCrouden,  prior  from  1321  to 
now  a  dwelling  houfe,  making  part  of  the  Deanery,  and 
lately  in  the  occupation  of  the  Reverend  Mr.  Lewis  Jones,  fon  of 
the  late  prebendary  of  that  name.  The  pavement  is4feet  10  inches 
long,  and  3  feet  1  inch  wide  and  reprefents  the  fall  of  man  ; 
Adam  and  Eve  at  the  forbidden  tree,  whole  fruit  the  ferpent  with 
a  human  face,  which  fome  perfons  believed  he  aflumed  [Y], 
fee  ms  to  be  recommending  to  the  latter. 

The  art  of  inlaying  pieces  of  various  coloured  marbles,  or 
baked  and  glazed  bricks,  was  known  to  the  Greeks  of  Alia 
Minor.  Pliny  fpeaks  Fc]  highly  of  two  fpecimens  of  an  artift 
of  the  name  of  Sofus  at  Pergamus ;  one  of  them,  the  doves 
drinking  and  dr  effing  themfelves  on  the  edge  of  a  velfel,  is  fup- 
pofed  to  have  been  brought  to  Rome,  and  made  an  ornament 


[a]  Bentham’s  Ely,  p<  220. 

[£]  Lyranus  in  Calmet’s  Dictionary,  art.  Adam . 
[f]  Hilt.  Nat.  XXXVI.  25. 


of 


152  Mr.  Gough  on  a  Mofalc  Pavement  at  Ely. 

of  Hadrian’s  villa  at  Tivoli,  where  it  was  found  in  1737,  and 
brought  again  to  Rome  and  engraved  by  Furietti  in  his  learned 
work  on  Mofaics,  p.  27 — 30.  PI.  1.  [*/]. 

The  teflelated  pavement  of  the  Temple  of  Fortune  at  Pra> 
nefte  is  referred  to  the  diftatorlhip  of  Sy  11a,  and  by  the  language 
of  the  infcriptions  in  it  may  be  afcribed  to  Greek  artifts. 

But  not  to  enter  into  the  antiquity  of  thefe  wrorks,  the  pur- 
pofe  of  the  prefent  Memoir  is  to  deduce  them  from  profane  to 
Chriftian  antiquity. 

The  fubje&s  of  the  latter  kind  will  determine  their  dates.  It 
is  natural  to  conclude  that  Conftantine  the  Great,  on  his  conver¬ 
sion,  would  transfer  the  application  of  the  art  from  Pagan 
temples  to  Chriftian  churches.  That  he  did  this  without 
changing  the  fubje&s,  appears  from  the  Mofaics  with  which  the 
dome  of  the  church  of  St.  Conftantia  in  the  Via  Nomentana  at 
Rome  was  decorated  by  him  [*?],  which  were  probably  removed 
from  fome  Pagan  temple. 

From  the  reign  of  this  firft  Chriftian  Emperor  Ciampini  pafles 
to  leveral  churches  ere&ed  in  Rome  and  Ravenna  in  the  middle 
of  the  fixth  century,  and  adorned  with  mofaic  work  [/],  and  to 
others  in  Italy  in  fucceeding  centuries  down  to  the  ninth,  with 
which  his  fecond  part  concludes  [g]. 

It  is  obferved  by  Furietti  [A],  that  though  the  arts  were 
much  on  the  decline  in  Italy  in  the  eighteenth  century,  we  are 
by  no  means  to  look  upon  them  as  entirely  loft,  notwithftanding 
we  read  that  in  the  eleventh  century  Defiderius,  abbot  of  Cafino, 

[d]  I  have  feen  a  very  beautiful  copy  of  this  in  modem  Mofaic  at  the  earl 
of  Bute’s  at  Luton. 

[ e ]  Ciampini  Vetera  jEdificia,  Part  II.  p.  1— •  5.  Rom.  1699. 

[/]  Ib*  c-  7- 

[£]  See  alfo  Furietti  de  Mufivis,  c.  v.  p.  65 — 68. 

[6]  Ib.  p.  87. 


fent 


Mr.  Gough  on  a  Mofaic  'Pavement  at  Ely,  i$j 

fent  for  workers  in  mofaic  from  Conftantinople.  motive 

was  rather  to  get  the  heft  artifts  than  to  revive  the  art  [/],  many 
fine  fpecimens  of  which  were  applied  to  his  abbey  church.  The 
Venetian  artifts  in  this  line  were  employed  on  the  church  of 
Treviio  in  1239.  William  II.  or  the  Good,  king  of  bicily, 
adorned  the  church  of  Monte  Reggio  with  mofaics,  and 
Ciampini  [f]  has  given  us  feveral  fet  up  by  the  Greek  Emperors 
in  the  Holy  Land.  Pope  Innocent  III,  in  the  beginning 
of  the  13th  century,  repaired  and  added  to  the  Mofaics  at 
St.  Peter’s  altar  in  the  Vatican.  His  fucceftor,  Honorius  III. 
repaired  thofe  in  the  dome  of  St.  Paul’s  church,  and  the  por¬ 
traits  of  both  thefe  pontifs  were  added  in  the  fame  work.  John 
XXII.  about  1328  laid  with  it  the  pavements  of  many  churches 
at  Pavia  and  Ticino  [/]. 

It  would  be  as  endlefs  as  unneceflary  to  recite  the  many  fpe¬ 
cimens  of  this  art  in  Italy,  from  whence,  as  from  a  fountain  of 
fcience  as  well  from  a  fcene  of  conftant  refort  to  the  Papal  court, 
it  foon  found  its  way  over  the  Continent  and  into  our  illand. 

Giotto  has  been  accounted  the  inventor  of  the  art.  His  birth 
is  dated  1276,  and  his  death  1 336.  But  how  truly  this  merit 
has  been  afcribed  to  him  may  be  judged  from  what  has  been  al¬ 
ready  faidf  All  that  can  be  allowed  him  muft  be  that  of  ex¬ 
ecuting  elegant  figures  in  it. 

Andrea  1  affi,  and  Gaddo  Gaddi,  both  of  Florence,  are  not 
lefs  celebrated  in  the  end  of  the  13th  and  beginning  of  the  14th 
century.  Pietro  Cavallini,  who  worked  in  this  art  at  Rome,  and 
died  and  was  buried  there  1364,  at  the  age  of  85,  is  generally 
believed  to  have  made  the  (brine  of  Edward  the  Confeftor  at 


[i]  lb.  p.  88.  Muratori,  Antiq.  med.  asvi.  tom.  II.  dilT.  24.  p.  364. 

[B  C.  24.  p.  150,  &c.  58.  p.  182.  in  parerg.  de  fac.  asdific.  Furietti,  p.  92. 
.  [/]  Anonymus  de  Laudibus  Papice,  c  2.  ap.  Muratori  Rer.  Italic,  it.  p.  19* 
Furietti,  p.  96.  , 

Vol.  XV  X  Weft- 


154  Mr.  Gough  on  a  Mofalc  Pavement  at  Ely. 

Weftminher,  the  pavement  before  the  high  altar  there,  and  not 
improbably  the  monument  of  Henry  III.  pm],  the  lateft  fpeci- 
men  of  Mofaic  work  in  that  church,  and  indeed  of  any  hze  in 
any  other  among  us. 

The  prior  who  eredled  this  chapel  at  Ely  was  contemporary 
with  the  fub-prior  Alan  de  Walfingham,  who  laid  the  firh  hone 
of  the  beautiful  Lady  Chapel  on  the  North  fide  of  the  choir  there, 
and  was  appointed  facrift  1321,  the  fame  year  that  Crouden 
was  ele&ed  prior :  “  He  was  a  man  every  way  qualified  for 
that  hation,  efpecially  as  among  his  other  accompliffiments  he 
was  eminently  (killed  in  archite&ure  and  other  mechanical 
arts.  He  had  not  been  quite  two  months  in  his  office  before 
he  had  a  favourable  opportunity  of  exhibiting  a  fpecimen  of  his 
talents  and  abilities  that  way  [«]”  by  rebuilding  the  centre 
tower  which  had  fallen  down  and  demoliffied  the  choir  under  it. 
He  rebuilt  it  in  the  cdagon  form,  with  the  dome  and  lanthern 
over  it.  By  this  form  he  in  a  great  meafure  guarded  againft 
future  accidents  of  the  fame  kind.  He  alfo  embellifhed  the 
choir  with  a  moh  elegant  fet  of  halls,  now  effectually  re¬ 
paired  and  placed  in  the  new  choir  [0].  Biffiop  Hotham  took 
upon  himfelf  to  complete  the  preffiytery,  or  old  work,  eahward 
from  the  dome  [pi.  The  prior  kept  pace  with  his  brethren,  and 
built  a  very  handfome  chapel  of  hone,  covered  with  lead,  and 
a  new  hall  and  hudy  adjoining  to  his  lodgings.  The  Convent, 
with  the  biffiop,  and  his  fucceffor,  and  the  prior,  feemed  to  have 
vied  with  each  other  in  (kill  and  liberality.  Crouden  was  a 
great  encourager  of  learning,  and  may  be  confidered  as  the  firh 
founder  of  Trinity-hall  at  Cambridge,  which  was  built  a  few 

Ini'  Sepulchral  Monuments,  1.  p.  4,  5.  Henry  III.  died  1272. 

[«]  Bentliam,  ubi  fup.  p,  156. 

[0]  lb.  p.  283. 

[p]  lb.  220. 


5 


years 


Mr.  Gough  on  a  Mofaic  Pavement  at  Ely.  15^ 

years  after  on  the  fite  of  an  houfe  which  he  had  purchafed  for 
the  refidence  of  fome  of  his  monks,  in  order  to  their  better  im¬ 
provement  in  Univerfity  learning  [^].  He  was  unanimou  fly 
elected  by  the  monks  of  his  convent  to  fucceed  Bifhop  Hotham, 
1337;  but  the  Pope’s  recommendation  prevailed -in  favour  of 
Montacute,  who  was  tranflated  from  Worcefter  [rj.  Our  prior 
died  Sept.  25,  1341,  and  was  buried  in  the  prefbytery,  at  the 
feet  of  Bifhop  Hotham,  but  the  brafs  on  his  monument  has 
been  long  fince  gone.  Walfingham  the  facrift  fucceeded  him  in 
his  office  of  Prior  [i j. 

Among  other  fpecimens  of  Mofaic  work  in  England  which  de~ 
ferve  to  be  noticed  is  the  pavement  in  Trinity  chapel  in  Canter¬ 
bury  cathedral,  which  “  has  many  circular  hones  in  it,  with 
figures  very  rudely  dehgned  and  executed,  ot  the  figns  of  the  Zo¬ 
diac  and  other  fancies  of  the  Workman,  and  befides  thofe  a  cu¬ 
rious  and  beautiful  Mofaic,  which  has  buffered  much  by  the 
fuperffition  of  fome  and  the  deffrudtive  curiofity  of  others,  but 
has  very  lately  been  in  part  repaired.  It  fhews  evident  marks  of 
the  fhrine  of  Becket  having  been  vifited  by  multitudes  of  people.” 
Whether  this  pavement  was  coeval  with  the  building  of  this 
chapel,  prefently  after  the  great  fire  of  1 1 74,  we  are  not  told* 
Mr.  Carter  has  an  accurate  drawing  of  it. 

[j]  Bentham,  p.  159. 

[r]  lb.  220,  221. 

[j]  Goflling’s  Walk,  2d  Ed.  p.  261*  ,  '*  ‘  . 


X  2 


XIX. 


/ 


E  *56  1 


XIX.  On  the  Hunting  of  the  Ancient  Inhabitants  of 
our  If  and,  Britons  and  Saxons.  By  the  Rev .  Sa¬ 
muel  Pegge,  F.  A » S»  In  a  Letter  to  Richard  Gough, 
Efq.  Director . 


Read  Dec.  2,  1790. 


Dear  Sir, 

»  -  . .  . 

IN  regard  to  your  queftion  concerning  the  hunting  of  the 
ancient  inhabitants  of  the  Ifland  of  Great  Britain,  the  Bri¬ 
tons  and  Saxons ,  the  genuine  and  authentic  notices  which  have 
come  down  to  us  relative  to  the  cuftoms  and  manners  of  thofe 
two  nations,  are  indeed  but  very  few,  fo  that  much  cannot 
reafonably  be  expected  to  have  reached  us  on  the  fubjedt  pro- 
pofed.  However,  for  the  amufement  of  yourfelf  and  friend, 
I  fhall  endeavour  to  bring  together  fuch  paifages  as  have 
occurred  to  me  in  authors  concerning  this  matter,  with  fome 
neceffary  remarks  and  obfervations,  premifing  and  noting  here, 
once  for  all,  that  the  writers  alluded  to  deal  fo  much  in  gene¬ 
rals,  that  they  afford  us  not  many  particulars ,  refpe&ing  the 
modes  of  proceeding  of  our  anceflors  in  thofe  early  times  in 
the  great  and  important  bujinefs ,  as  I  may  call  it,  of  the  chafe. 

The  predominant  paflion  of  the  Northern  nations  was  war, 
as  they  wifhed  for  no  greater  pleafure  than  to  drink  and  ca- 

roufe 


Mr.  Pegge  on  the  Hunting ,  &c. 

roufe  out  of  the  fkulls  of  their  enemies,  as  appears  both  from 
the  poems  of  OJian,  if  I  may  be  allowed  to  cite  that  au¬ 
thor,  and  from  Monfieur  Mallet  [a],  Now  the  very  beft  fchool 
for  war  in  thofe  remote  ages,  when  difcipline  was  but  little 
underftood,  was  hunting ,  as  we  learn  from  Xenophon  [£],  and 
has  been  repeated  by  many  authors  fince  his  time  ;  yet  was  it 
more  peculiarly  fo,  in  regard  to  thofe  people  we  are  here  fpeak- 
ing  of.  The  Greeks  ufed  hunting  as  a  paftime  or  diverfion, 
and  had  arrived  at  great  perfection  in  the  fport,  as  we  find  by 
the  author  laft  mentioned ;  the  Romans  did  the  fame,  as  ap¬ 
pears  from  their  minor  poets  [c].  But  Monfieur  Mallet  will 
tell  you  that  hunting  in  the  North  was  the  conftant  and  daily 
exercife  of  the  men ,  while  the  women  had  the  care  of  every 
thing  elfe.  It  will  appear  too  hereafter,  when  we  come  to  men¬ 
tion  the  fpecies  of  beafts  which  they  commonly  purfued, 
creatures  wild  and  ferocious,  that  that  employment  required, 
in  its  veAy  nature,  the  utmofh  aClivity  and  dexterity,  courage 
and  conduCI,  qualifications  all  extremely  rcquifite  for  the  ad¬ 
vantageous  meeting  of  their  enemies  in  the  field  of  battle.  Xe¬ 
nophon  has  accordingly  made  his  hero,  the  young  Cyrus,  a  great 
hunter  [Jj. 

But  apart  from  the  confideration  of  hunting  as  an  ufeful 
preparative  for  the  labours  of  war,  our  progenitors  had  a  kind 
of  necefiity  for  it.  They  lived  much,  Caefar  tells  us,  upon 

[rt]  Northern  Anttq.  tranflated  by  the  Bifliop  of  Dromore. 

O]  Xenophon  Cyrop.  p.  13,  567,  ed.  Hutchinfon,  etde  Venatione,  p.  160. 
Jg\.  Edit.  Wells.  See  alio  Cadar  de  B.  G.  VI.  c.  21,  where  hunting  and Jludiutn 
rei  militaris  are  joined  as  relatives. 

M  Poetas  Latini  Minores.  Edit.  Burman,  2  vol.  4to« 

[n]  Xenophon,  Cyropsdia,  p,  157.  Ed»  Hutch. 

flefh 


158  Mr.  Pegge  on  the  Hunting 

flefh  [<f].  And  thus,  the  boar,  tlie  wild  bull,  the  hart  and 
hind,  and  the  goat,  all  which  will  be  mentioned  hereafter, 
came  to  the  table ;  and  as  to  the  venifon,  Mr.  Macpherfon  has 
given  us  their  manner  of  baking,  or  cooking  it,  with  hot 
dones  [y'].  The  wild  beads  again,  the  bear,  the  wolf,  and 
the  fox,  they  would  be  delirous  of  dedroying,  for  the  fake  of 
preferving  their  ufeful  cattle,  or  domedic  animals  from  their 
ravages  and  devaluations. 

The  Northern  parts  of  this  ifle  are  often  fo  faft  bound  and 
hardened  by  frod,  or  fo  deeply  covered  with  fnow,  for  feveral 
months  together,  that  one  cannot  fuppofe  the  natives  could  at 
fuch  times  either  hunt  the  ferocious  or  the  timid  animal, 
whence  one  is  compelled  to  imagine,  that  they,  as  in  other 
countries,  had  fome  method  of  preferving  the  flefh  of  their 
eatable  game  caught  at  other  times  by  drying,  halting,  or 
otherwife,  again d  the  hard  and  inclement  feafon. 

I  obferve  next,  that  the  country  throughout  was  then  ex¬ 
tremely  woody,  in  comparifon  of  what  it  is  now,  when  fo 
much  of  it  is  adarted,  tilled,  or  fed.  What  an  immenfe  tra& 
of  wood  was  the  Salt  us  Caledonius  of  the  Coritani ,  and  the  two 
others  of  the  fame  denomination,  to  name  no  ethers  [g]  l 
This  is  a  circumdance  fo  very  unfavourable  to  men’s  hunt¬ 
ing  on  horfeback,  that  one  is  in  a  manner  forced  to  conclude,, 
that,  in  thofe  times,  the  greated  men  purfued  their  game, 
whatever  it  was,  on  foot.  And  this  it  feems  was  the  manner 
of  hunting  the  fox  by  our  kings  in  the  13th  century,  where  one 
horfe  only  is  employed  for  the  purpofe,  not  of  riding  but  to 

[<?]  Caefar  de  B.  G.  Lib.  V.  c.  14. 

\f  Macpherfon  orv  Oflian.  I.  p.  22.  Edit.  1765. 

f^]  Diflert.  on  the  Coritani,  annexed  to  Effay  on  Coins  of  Cunobelin, 
p.  123. 


carry 


of  the  ancient  Britons  and  Saxons.  i  $9 

carry  the  toil  [/>].  It  is  my  firm  opinion,  that  the  heroes  of 
Antiquity  proceeded  no  otherwife  in  the  field  fports,  and  that 
from  thence  fwiftnefs  of  foot  became  a  quality  of  excellence  and 
admiration.  All  will  remember  the  I loSug  dzig  of 

Homer.  It  feems,  however,  to  have  been  otherwife  in  the 
great  and  magnificent  huntings  of  the  old  Perfians  [/]. 

To  go  now  on  the  fport  itfelf ;  the  Britons ,  I  am  of 
opinion  made  ufe  both  of  dogs  and  nets.  Strabo  informs  us, 
that  the  Britifi  dogs  were  excellent  for  hunting  and  war,  and 
were  exported  for  thofe  purpofes  into  other  countries  [£]. 
And  amongft  the  coins  of  Cmobelin  there  appears  a  dog  flrong 
and  tall  enough  to  carry  a  lady  upon  him  [/].  Mr.  Thorefby 
alfo,  in  his  Mufeum,  regiflers  a  Britifi  coin  exhibiting  a  dog 
under  a  man  on  horfeback  [m\  whence  I  fufpeft,  that  Strabo’s 
Britifh  dogs,  which  were  an  article  of  commerce,  and  purchafed 
by  the  Celt#  as  well  to  be  ufed  in  war  as  for  the  chafe,  were 
of  this  bold  and  robufl  kind  ;  fuch  as  would  aflault  a  flag 
when  at  bay,  or  attack  a  bear,  a  boar,  or  a  bull,  upon  oc- 
cafion ;  though  I  do  not  obferve  that  Dr.  Caius  has  mentioned 
this  of  fierce  and  valorous  dogs,  in  his  treatife  de  Canibus  Bri- 
tannicis ,  and  yet  they  were  bought  .up  by  the  Romans ,  as  Mr. 
Camden  fhews,  for  the  fports  of  the  amphitheatre  [«].  So  far 
in  regard  to  the  interpretation  of  the  pafiage  in  Strabo.  It  ap¬ 
pears,  however,  from  the  exprefs  teflimony  of  Nemefianus, 

\f]  Gent,  Mag.  1790,  p.  789. 

[i]  Xenophon,  Cyrop.  p,  567.  Ed.  Hutch. 

[£]  Strabo,  IV.  p.  192.  Ed,  Almeloveen. 

[/]  Effay  on  Coins  of  Cunob.  Clafs  IV.  N°  5.  Seep.  75.  there. 

[m]  Thorefby,  p.  338. 

[«]  Camden,  Brit.  col.  139. 


that 


^  i  r r  ... 

160  Mr.  Pegge  on  the  Hunting 

•  •  r  •*  jJJ 

that  our  Britons  were  anciently  famous  for  dogs  of  the  fwiiC 
and  fleet  kind,  as  well  as  for  the  pugnacious  and  warlike  fort 
for  the  combat  5  the  words  are, 

Sed  non  Spartanos  tanium ,  tantumvs  MoloJfoS 
Pafcendum  catulos :  divija  Britannia  mittit 
Velcces?  nojlrique  orbis  [<?]  venatibus  apt  os. 

Nemefian.  Cyneget.  123. 

And  indeed  I  have  formely  feen  a  Arcing,  and  yet  fwift,  kind  of 
grey-hound,  which  they  termed  a  wolf-dog ,  or  lycifcus.  There 
was  one  at  Lambeth  palace,  and  another  at  Wentworth  houfe  % 
and  if  the  breed  be  not  now  quite  worn  out,  perhaps  it  may  be 
found  in  Ireland  [p]  or  Scotland. 

I  return  now,  Sir,  to  what  I  conceive  to  have  been  the  com¬ 
mon  mode  of  hunting  among  the  ancient  Britons.  When  the 
chafe  was  roufed  from  his  lair  or  den,  which  was  done,  I 
prefume,  more  by  beating  than  queuing,  it  WaS'perfued  into 
the  foil,  and  the  hunters  came  up  with  their  cry  of  dogs  and 
arms,  with  their  venabula ,  or  hunting  fpears,  and  their  bows 
and  arrows,  A  method  of  proceeding  not  much  unlike,  to 
compare  fmall  things  with  great,  the  grand  fcenes  of  ancient  [^] 
and  modern  huntings  amongft  the  oriental  monarchs,  attended 
by  little  armies  in  the  field  of  fport.  The  whole  is  finely  ex- 
prefled  by  Virgil,  in  that  appofite  fimile  of  the  1 2th  Book, 
where  ZEneas  prefies  upon  Turnus  when  hemm’d  in,  as  it  were, 
on  all  fides. 


t-  T-  ,  ,  •  •  .  •  '  ,  r  . 

[0]  Meaning  Italy,  or  the  Continent,  Britain  being  fometimes  termed 
.Alter  Orbis. 

[/>]  See  Camden,  III.  470.  484.  Pennant’s  Brit.  Z00L  I.  54>  4t0» 

[/>]  Xenophon,  Cyrop.  II.  p.  157,  158.  Ed.  Hutch. 

/*- 


of  the  ancient  Britons  and  Saxons.  16 1 

Inclufunt  veluti  fquando  in  famine  nadlus 
Cervum,  aut  punicece  feptum  for  mi  dine  pennae, 

Venator  curfu  canis9  et  latratibus  infat . 

A£n.  XII.  34 9. 

The  river  here  and  the  red feathers  correfpond  to  the  toil.  I 
have  no  evidence  or  authority,  ’tis  true,  for  the  Britons  ufing 
toils,  and  therefore  only  introduce  them  from  analogy,  all 
nations,  as  I  obferve,  ufing  them  anciently  in  hunting,  of  wild 
beafts  efpecially,  and  Xenophon  minutely  defcribing  them  even 
in  hare-hunting  ;  and  that  they  were  ufually  applied  here  in 
fox-hunting,  we  have  feen  above  from  the  Wardrobe  account  of 
the  13th  century. 

The  arms  of  the  hunters,  which  I  mentioned,  were  abso¬ 
lutely  neceflary ;  for  the  favage  beafts,  fierce  enough  by  na¬ 
ture,  when  once  exafperated,  and  fighting  in  their  own  de¬ 
fence,  and  for  their  lives,  were  often  very  furious  and  dange¬ 
rous  to  the  aflailants.  Adonis  is  reported  by  moft  authors  to 
have  been  fiain  by  a  wild  boar.  I  need  not  take  any  further 
notice  of  the  venabulum ,  or  fpear ;  but  as  to  the  bows  and  ar¬ 
rows,  the  huntrefs  Diana  has  her  bow,  and  Virgil  in  theIVth 
^Eneid  beautifully  compares  the  love-fick  queen  to  a  hind 
ftricken  with  an  arrow ;  and  what  is  more  to  our  prefent  pur- 
pofe,  King  William  Rufus,  of  Northern  extraction,  was  killed 
by  an  arrow  in  hunting,  very  foon  after  the  Conqueft. 

As  one  may  be  allowed,  I  prefume,  to  argue  from  the  cuf- 
toms  and  practices  of  the  Germans  to  thofe  of  the  old  Northern 
inhabitants  of  our  ifiand,  I  beg  leave  to  obferve,  that  the  Ger¬ 
mans  had  a  method,  as  appears  from  Cagfar,  of  taking  the  larger 
wild  animals  by  the  fovea ,  or  pit-fall  [r],  an  artifice,  probably, 

£r]  Caefar,  de  B.  G.  VI.  c.  28. 

Vol.  X.  Y  not 


162 


Mr.  Pegge  on  the  Hunting  of  the 

not  unknown  here,  and  dill  ufed  abroad  in  regard  to  thofe  un* 
weildy  beads  the  elephant  and  the  rhinoceros. 

The  objects  of  the  Britijh  fportfmen  were  either  the  favage 
and  noxious  animals,  the  bear,  the  boar,  the  wolf,  the  fox, 
and  the  bull  ;  or  thofe  of  a  more  timid  and  harmlefs  nature, 
the  hart  and  hind,  the  roe-buck,  and  the  goat. 

The  Bear , 

For  what  relates  to  this  animal,  as  exiding  once  in  Britain,  I 
fhall  refer  you,  Sir,  to  Camden  [Y],  and  the  Didertation  on  the 
Coritani  [t] ;  only  thereto  you  may  add  Archbifhop  U flier’s  An¬ 
tiquities  [a],  Dugdale’s  Warwickfliire  [*],  and  Mr.  Pennant’s 
Zoology  [y]. 

The  Boar, 

See  the  Eflay  on  the  Coins  of  Cunohelin  [%]. 

The  Wolf. 

I  have  nothing  to  add  to  what  Dr.  Caius  [a],  and  Mr.  Pen¬ 
nant  [b~\,  have  laid  on  this  noxious  bead,  but  that  after  the 

[5]  Camden,  Brit.  col.  1227.  Diflertatjon  annexed  to  the  Eflay  on  the 
Coins  ofCunobelin,  p.  126. 

CO  P-  349- 
[“]  P-  23-  53*  91* 

[*]  P.  298. 

[>]  Vol.  I.  p.  63. 

(z]  Plate  II.  Clafs  IV.  p.  98. 

[VJ  De  Canibus  Brit.  p.  499.  Ed.  Burman. 
w  Zoology,  Vol.  I.  p.  61. 

2 


general 


ancient  Britons  and  Saxons. 


163 

general  (laughter  of  him  in  the  reign  of  King  Edgar,  there  re¬ 
main  fome  traces  of  his  continuance  here,  and  that  the  Saxons 
called  January  the  wolf  month ,  from  their  great  fiercenefs  at 
that  feafon  | V], 

The  Fox . 

This  animal  is  an  inmate  of  all  the  cold  Northern  climates, 
and  was  every  where  an  object  of  the  chafe  ;  but  as  he  is  now 
lb  well  known,  nothing  needs  be  faid  of  him  here  in  parti¬ 
cular. 

The  mid  Bull.  - 

For  this  creature,  fee  the  Coins  of  Cunobelin,  Clafs  III.  N°  5, 
and  Clafs  V.  N°  1.  Mr.  Pennant  in  the  Zoology,  Vol.  I.  p.  18, 
feems  to  think  this  animal  to  be  extinct ;  but  the  late  Marma- 
duke  Cuthbert  Tunftall  of  WyclifFe,  Efq.  whole  death  I  moll:  fin- 
cerely  lament,  lent  me  a  print,  not  long  lince,  of  the  wild  bull 
of  the  ancient  Caledonian  breed,  now  ranging  in  the  park  at 
Chillingham  caftle,  in  Northumberland.  Mr.  Tunftall  was  no 
contemptible  judge  of  thefe  matters,  but,  perhaps,  not  fo 
perfect  or  accurate  a  connoilfeur  as  Mr.  Pennant.  See,  how¬ 
ever,  this  laft  gentleman’s  Second  Tour  to  Scotland,  p.  109, 
to  whom  I  (hall  only  add,  that  Fitz-Stephen  reports,  that  in 
his  time,  the  12th  century,  the  immenfe  foreft  of  Middlefex 
afforded  the  wild  bull  j [d]  ;  and  of  his  horns  we  may  well  fup- 
pofe  the  curious  ancient  drinking-horns  were  compofed,  for 
which  fee  Csfar  [<?]  and  your  Archasologia  [yj. 

[r]  Verftegan,  p.  89. 

[d~\  Fitz-Stephen,  Defcription  of  London,  p.  26.  Ed.  1772,  4*. 

[f]  B.  G.  Lib.  YI.  c.  *8. 

[/]  Vol.  III.  p.  7.  feq. 

Y  2 


You 


Mr.  Pegge  on  the  Hunting  of  tht 


You  will  wonder,  Sir,  perhaps,  that  the  wild  cat  is  not  re¬ 
corded  here  amongft  the  favage  hearts,  as  an  obje<ft  of  the 
Britons  chafe,  as  it  is  undoubtedly  true  that,  two  or  three 
centuries  ago,  we  were  wont  to  hunt  it  [g].  But  Mr.  Pen¬ 
nant  having  given  us  fome  valid  reafons  for  thinking  it  is  not 
an  indigenous  animal  here  [/6],  one  knows  not  how  to  affign 
it  a  Britijh  antiquity  in  the  ifland.  One  does  not  hear  of  any 
Cat-hunting  now,  except  in  America. 

The  hart  and  hind  [/*],  the  roebuck,  and  goat,  were  the 
harmlefs  and  inoffenfive  objects  of  the  Britijh  chafe ;  but  the 
cafe  here  is  fo  plain,  that  it  is  fufficicnt  to  name  them.  But 
then  you  will  fay,  why  do  you  not  mention  the  hare  ?  Was 
not  that  creature  to  afford  them  diverfion  ?  I  anfwer;  we  are 
told  by  Caefar,  that  the  Britons  did  not  eat  this  animal  [/£],  and 
therefore  as  it  was  harmlefs  and  innocent,  they  had  no  induce¬ 
ment  to  take  any  pains  to  dertroy  it.  Let  us  now  vifit 


The  Saxons. 


Imagining  then,  that  this  people  had  the  fame  motives  for 
deftroying  the  noxious  animals  as  their  predeceffors  the  Britons 
had,  as  alfo  the  fame  objects  of  amufement  and  diversion,  only 
adding  to  them  the  hare;  we  fhall  have  little  more  to  do  here 
on  our  fubjefi,  than  to  (hew  good  and  fufficknt  authority, 
that  this  Northern  nation  was  fond  of  hunting  after  they  were 
once  well  fettled  in  the  ifland.. 


[g]  I  remember  feeing  above  60  years  ago  three  or  four  very  large  piftures. 
of  cat-hunting  hanging  in  the  hall  of  the  Oaks,  a  feat  of  the  Gills  in  the  parith 
of  Norton,  co.  Derby. 

[£]  Ibid.  p.  46. 

[/]  We  had  then  no  fallow-deer  Pennant,  Zool.  I.  p.  37. 
fi]  B.  G.  Lib.  V.  c.  I*. 


In. 


ancient  Britons  and  Saxons.  165 

In  the  reign  of  Wulfere,  King  of  Mercia,  about  A.D.  66o, 
Wulfade  and  Rufine,  the  King’s  fons,  are  laid  to  be  chafing  a 
hart  when  they  firfl:  approached  the  ceil  of  St.  Chad,  had  con- 
verfe  with  him,  and  were  converted  by  him  to  the  Chriftian 
faith  [/?.  This  probably,  and  what  follows  of  Wulfer’s  flaying 
both  his  fons  with  his  own  hand,  are  no  better  than  legendary 
dories  ;  but  neverthelefs,  they  may  go  fo  far  as  to  fliew  what 
kind  of  diverfions  young  princes  in  thofe  times  were  accuf- 
tomed  to. 

Afl'er  Menevends  reprefents  hunting  as  a  laudable  and  princely 
art,  when  he  mentions  it  as  one  of  the  accomplilhments  of 
the  young  Alfred.  In  omni  venatoria  arte  induftrius  Venator 
**  incefiabiliter  laborat  [f.  laborabatj  non  in  vanum :  nam  in- 
“  comparabilis  omnibus  peritia  et  felicitate  in  ilia  arte,  ficut  et 
Ci  in  ceteris  omnibus  Oei  dotiis  fuit  [m ].” 

That  lafcivious  prince.  King  Edgar,  who  acceded  to  the 
throne  A.D.  957,  wanting  to  detect  the  fraud  and  treachery  of 
Earl  Ethelwold,  his  favorite  and  confident,  in  an  affair  of  love, 
projected  a  match  of  hunting  in  thofe  parts  where  the  lady  re¬ 
dded,  as  if  fuch  rendezvous  were  not  uncommon,  and  took 
that  opportunity  to  flay  him  [«].  Edgar,  moreover,  ordered  a 
general  hunting,  or  maffacre  of  the  wolves  in  his  kingdom, 
as  related  above. 

And  by  a  law  of  King  Cnut  every  man  might  hunt  in  his 
own  wood  and  grounds,,  but  not  to  interfere  with  the  royal 
demefnes  [o\ 

In  a  MS.  Saxon  Calendar  in  the  Cotton  Library,  Tiber.  B.  V„. 
the  month  of  September  is  chara&erifed  by  a  wild  boar  hunting. 
See  Mr.  Strutt’s  Hopba  An^el-cynnan,  Vo).  I.  p.  44,  PI.  XL 

[/]  Gunton,  Hift.  of  Peterborough,  p.  2. 

[wz]  After.  Menev.  de  rebus  iElfredi,  p.  1 6,  Ed.  Wife 

pz]  Gul.  Malmefb.  p.  59. 

[0]  Wilkins,  Legg.  Sax.  p.146. 

1 


The 


'I 


166  Mr.  Pegge  on  the  Hunting ,  &c. 

The  above,  Sir,  are  all  the  particulars  I  can  at  prefent  recoiled 
concerning  the  matter  in  hand,  and  I  fear  will  prove  little  fa- 
tisfaCtory.  One  obfervation,  however,  I  will  fubjoin  for  a 
conclufion,  that  I  find  nothing  either  of  the  park  or  forejl 
in  this  period.  The  word  pajic  indeed  occurs  among  the 
Saxons  as  an  inclofure,  but  not  as  particularly  appropriated  to 
deer,  though  that  be  the  fenfe  of  it  now,  and  England  is  famous 
for  the  great  number  of  them  [ p ] ;  but  as  to  the  other,  the 
forejl ,  1  find  it  not  in  the  dictionary,  and  in  faCt,  I  believe 
both  the  word,  and  the  forejl  law ,  and  all  the  terms  and  expref- 
frons  relative  to  thofe  privileged  diftriCts,  were  entirely  the  in¬ 
troduction  of  the  Normans .  Confequently,  if  the  monkifh 
hiftorians,  writing  pofterior  to  the  Conqueft,  Ihould  at  any 
time  be  found  to  drop  an  expreflion  allufive  to  the  foreft,  or 
the  peculiar  terms  thereof,  when  fpeaking  of  the  Britons  or 
Saxons,  it  muft  be  by  a  Prolepfis ,  and  not  to  be  underftood 
ilriCtly,  but  with  latitude  and  according  to  analogy  ;  juft  as 
Mr.  Macpherfon  ufes  the  word  foref  in  Fingal  [^]. 

I  am,  Sir, 

Your  mod  obedient  humble  fervant, 
Whittington ,  Nov.  18, 1790.  SAMUEL  PEGGE. 


[/>]  Pennant’s  Zoology,  Vol.  I.  p.  37* 
]  Offian,  p.  24. 


XXI. 


[  i67  } 


XXI.  Defcription  of  a  Saxon  Arch,  with  an  Infcription 
in  Dinton  Church ,  Buckinghamftiire,  and  of  f undry 
Antiquities  found  in  that  Parijh.  In  a  Letter  to 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Brand,  Secretary  to  the  Society  of  An¬ 
tiquaries ,  from  John  Claxton,  Efq.  F.  A.  S. 

Read  March  10,  1785*  * 

S  X  R, 

BEING  onavifitin  Buckinghamfhire,  near  Aylefbury, 
at  the  latter  end  of  laft  year,  I  was  informed  that  there 
was  a  remarkable  antient  arch  at  Dinton  church  in  that  neigh¬ 
bourhood.  I  took  the  firfl  opportunity  of  going  to  fee  it ;  and 
finding  it  to  correfpon'd  with  the  report  I  had  heard,  I  employed 
an  artift  at  Aylefbury  to  take  a  drawing  of  the  arch,  which 
I  now  take  the  liberty  of  requeuing  you  to  lay  before  the 
Society. 

Dinton  church  is  fituated  four  miles  from  Aylefbury,  a 
little  to  the  left  of  the  turnpike  road  leading  from  thence  to 
Thame  in  Oxfordfhire.  It  confifts  of  a  nave  and  fouth  aifle 
leaded  and  embattled,  and  a  chancel  tiled,  with  a  fquare  bell 
tower  at  the  Weft  end. 

The  door-way  reprefented  in  the  drawing,  N°  1.  [#],  opens 
into  the  South  aide,  and  is  the  ufual  entrance  into  the  church*. 

O]  pi.  XVII 

/ 


Under 


i68  Mr.  Claxton  on  an  ancient  Arch 

Under  the  arch  are  carved  two  fea  monflers  tearing  a  tree  be¬ 
tween  them,  and  under  the  infeription  is  a  winged  dragon  with 
a  fifties  tail  opening  its  mouth  at  an  angel. 

The  height  from  the  top  or  center  of  the  arch  to  the  bale 
or  floor  is  11  feet  6  inches,  breadth  from  out  to  out  15  feet, 
height  of  the  door-way  6  feet  1  inch,  and  width  4  feet  one  inch. 
The  columns  from  the  top  of  the  capitals  to  the  bafe  or  floor 
are;  in  heigh  7  feet  2  inches. 

The  circular  arch,  the  capitals  of  the  pillars,  accompanied 
with  billet  and  zig-zag  ornaments,  plainly  point  out  the  archi¬ 
tecture  to  be  Saxon,  or  what  is  ufually  called  fo  ;  both  the 
Saxons  and  Normans  having  copied  the  Roman  manner  of 
building.  The  door-way  at  the  Weft  end  is  a  pointed  arch 
with  receding  mouldings  ;  the  windows  are  alfo  pointed ;  cir- 
cumftances  that  fhew  the  church  not  to  be  of  very  high  anti¬ 
quity,  as  the  pointed  or  Gothic  arch  is  generally  thought  not 
to  have  been  introduced  before  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Henry 
the  Firft,  or  the  beginning  of  that  of  Henry  the  Second.  There 
ure  two  Latin  lines  over  the  door,  which  I  read  as  follows : 

Premia  pro  meritis  Ji  quis  dejperet  habenda 
Audiat  hie  precepta  Jibi  que  funt  retinenda. 

The  laft  line  is  not  vifible,  except  the  fpeCtator  be  raifed 
about  three  feet  from  the  ground,  being  engraved  on  a  flone 
that  (lands  farther  back  than  thofe  above  and  below  it,  by  the 
projection  of  which  it  is  hid. 

The  letters  are  in  relief ;  the  under  line  inclined  from  the 
eye  upon  the  projection  of  the  door-cafe,  fo  as  to  be  nearly  con¬ 
cealed  from  obfervation. 

Though  the  T  in  Defpet  is  rather  removed  from  the  former 
letters,  it  feems  merely  accidental,  as  the  diftance  barely  exceeds 
that  between  any  other  two  letters ;  nor  is  any  mark  of  ab¬ 
breviation 


I 


Voi.  x  fi.y&m.p.  i6S. 


Odce/t  Ji  l. 


&/'  //'/ 


R 

i 


| 


* 


X 


§ 

X- 

,\ 


I 


l  (N 


V 

X* 

V 

<x 


ft 


& 


ft* 


ft 


X 


ft\ 


Xr 

rs 


N 


c8a/ts'e/c. 


,V  '/’///'’  "?sys  //././/;*  // ^<7/1/-// /’// s/j,  f/o.  fZ/y  l/y///yn///?f'  Z/41  /Z/-  /^/  Z •/ /////?/, 


/  J 


and  other  Antiquities  at  Dinton  in  Buckinghamfhire.  169 

breviation  inferted.  The  errors  in  frcpta,  fit,  and  retinenda  are 
faithful  copies  of  the  original,  which  is  every  where  remarkably 
perfeCl,  except  the  final  A  and  the  top  of  the  crofs. 

At  Pedmore  church  in  Worcefterfhire  and  at  Hales  Owen  in 
Shropfhire  are  arches  in  a  fimilar  ftyle5  as  may  be  feen  in 
Bifhop  Lyttelton’s  colle&ion  of  drawings  of  Saxon  Architecture 
in  the  Society’s  Library,  whence  they  were  engraved  by  Dr. 
Nafh  in  his  Hiftory  of  Worcefterfhire,  Vol.  I.  p.  598.  The  door¬ 
way  at  Barfrefton  church  in  Kent  is  of  the  fame  kind,  but 
richer  in  fculpture,  and  of  more  elegant  workmanship.  Mr. 
Grofe  has  publifhed  a  good  engraving  of  it  in  his  valuable  work, 
the  Antiquities  of  England.  See  the  preface,  p.  66. 

The  Dinton  arch  is  built  of  ftone  of  the  grit  kind,  and  is 
in  fine  prefervation.  It  {lands  within  a  porch,  which  no  doubt 
has  contributed  to  defend  it  from  the  injuries  of  the  weather. 
The  fculpture  was  formerly  obfcured  by  a  thick  white- walh, 
which  was  very  carefully  and  fkilfully  fcraped  off  about  three 
years  ago,  by  dire&ion  of  Sir  John  Vanhattem,  the  Lord  of  the 
Manor,  who  refides  in  the  manor  houfe,  fituate  near  the  church, 
formerly  the  feat  of  Mayne  the  Regicide.  The  Maynes  were 
poflefted  of  the  manor  of  Dinton  many  years.  The  family  of 
the  Tugoldfby’s  alfo  refided  in  this  parilh  ;  and  feveral  of  them, 
as  well  as  the  Maynes,  lie  buried  in  the  church. 

In  the  church-yard  on  the  South-fide  are  the  remains  of  a 
fmall  crofs. 

The  glafs  vefiel  and  the  fpear-heads,  reprefented  in  the  other 
drawing  [£},  were  dug  up  in  an  arable  field,  in  finking  a 
trench  for  the  foundation  of  a  building  in  the  caftle  fly le, 
which  Sir  John  Vanhattem  ereCled  in  the  year  1769.  It  is  now 
furrounded  with  a  fmall  plantation  inclofed  with  pales,  and 


Vol.  X. 


j>]  PI.  XVIII. 

z 


adjoins 


170  Mr.  Claxton  on  an  ancient  Arch 

adjoins  the  turnpike  road  leading  from  Dinton  to  Thame.  At 
the  fame  time  were  found  many  human  bones;  one  of  the 
fkulls  was  coated  with  clay,  which  on  taking  up  the  Ikull  parted 
from  it.  The  bones  were  collected  together,  and  afterwards 
depofited  in  a  coffin  in  the  earth  near  the  place  where  they  were 
originally  interred.  The  glafs  vefiel  and  the  fpear  heads  are 
now  in  the  poffeffion  of  Sir  John  Vanhattem  of  Dinton  Hall, 
who  is  very  ftudious  to  preferve  fuch  remains  of  antiquity  as 
fall  in  his  way.  He  very  liberally  made  me  a  prefent  of  the 
drawing,  in  which  they  are  accurately  delineated  by  the  fame 
artift  (Mr.  Brett  of  Aylefbury)  who  made  the  drawing  of  the 
arch. 

The  vefiel  found  at  Dinton  is  of  thin  green  glafs,  and,  from 
its  make  and  the  fmall  lines  in  relief  with  which  it  is  orna¬ 
mented,  is  by  no  means  contemptible  as  a  work  of  art.  To 
what  nation  it  is  to  be  attributed,  1  (hall  not  prefume  to  deter¬ 
mine;  but  muff  obferve,  that  it  appears  very  improbable  to  me, 
that  the  manufacture  of  glafs  fhould  have  exilted  amongft  a 
rude  and  barbarous  people.  Veffels  of  glafs,  though  much 
rarer  than  thofe  of  earth,  are  fometimes  found,  as  I  am  in¬ 
formed,  in  graves  near  Roman  ftations,  with  pieces  of  armour, 
ornaments,  and  coins  of  the  Lower  Empire.  Fragments  of  wea¬ 
pons,  variety  of  glafs  beads  and  glafs  veffels,  the  latter  very 
rarely,  have  been  met  with  in  barrows  in  various  parts  of  the 
kingdom.  I  have  been  favoured  with  a  fight  of  two  fuch  glafs 
veflels  in  perfeCt  prefervation,  by  Mr.  Douglas,  who  is  podeffed 
of  a  very  curious  and  ample  collection  of  fepulchral  antiquities. 
Mr.  Douglas’s  glades  differ  totally  in  fhape  from  the  Dinton 
glafs,  being  broad  and  (hallow ;  the  latter  feems  adapted  for 
drinking,  and  in  its  form  exaftly  refembles  the  drinking-cups 
now  in  ufe  in  many  parts  of  Germany.  It  feems  likely  that, 
as  feme  of  the  molt  antient  cups  were  made  of  the  horns  of 

animals. 


and  other  Antiquities  at  Dinton  in  Buckinghamfhire.  1 7 1 

animals,  the  conical  figure,  in  veflels  deftined  to  that  ufe,  might 
remain  long  after  other  materials  had  been  fubftituted  in  the 
Read  of  horn. 

I  will  trefpafs  no  further  on  the  patience  of  the  Society, 
than  juft  to  mention  that  at  the  diftance  of  about  two  miles 
from  Aylelbury  (going  towards  Thame)  there  is  a  lane  called 
'Port- lane,  one  end  of  which  points  towards  Aylefbury,  the 
other  towards  Dinton  fouthward,  where  it  is  terminated  by  a 
very  broad  elevated  road  lying  between  the  village  of  Stone 
(about  a  mile  from  Dinton)  and  the  hamlet  of  Bifhopftone.  At 
the  entrance  of  this  lane,  the  turnpike  road  fuddenly  bends  to 
the  right  round  Sir  William  Lee’s  pales.  The  words  port  way 
or  lane  are  ufually  applied  to  roads  leading  to  Roman  towns, 
Rations,  or  camps ;  but  1  have  not  heard  of  any  Roman  coins 
being  found  in  that  neighbourhood  j  nor  does  the  elevated  road 
mentioned  above  appear  to  have  been  paved. 

I  am,  Sir, 

Your  moft  obedient  humble  fervant, 

JOHN  CLAXTON. 

Shirley ,  March  9,  1 78 5. 

P.  S.  There  is  a  manufcript  in  the  Bodleian  Library  at 
Oxford  containing  an  account  of  Dinton  parifh  by  Browne 
Willis.  Sir  John  Vanhattem  has  a  tranfcript  of  it  copied  into 
a  folio  volume,  which  he  has  embellished  with  many  paintings 
in  water  colours,  chiefly  relative  to  natural  hiftory,  and  has 
alfo  added  fome  particulars  refpedting  the  general  hiftory  of 
that  parifh. 

***  Sir  John  Vanhatten  died  Dec.  4,  1789. 

Z  2 


XXII. 


C  ] 


XXII.  Obfervations  on  a  Roman  Horologium,  found  m 
Italy.  By  Richard  Gough,  Director. 

Read  Dec.  1 6,  1790. 


IT  cannot  but  be  in  the  recolleftion  of  this  learned  So- 
ciety,  that  an  account  of  a  Roman  Horologium ,  the  only 
one  then  fuppofed  to  be  exifting,  was  given  in  a  Letter 
from  the  late  Beaupre  Bell,  Efq.  to  the  late  Roger  Gale, 
Efq.  and  publifhed  in  the  Archajologia,  Vol.  VI.  p.  133. 
It  appears  to  have  been  a  folar  dial  h^ed  at  fome  Ration 
2 


near 


Mr.  Gough  on  a  Roman  Horologium.  iyg 

near  Taloire  or  Annecy,  protected  by  a  building,  and  that 
building  guarded  by  a  fence  or  palifade,  and  attended  by  an 
officer,  or  fervant,  to  give  notice  of  the  hours  [<2].  Mr.  Gale  has 
collected,  and  this  infcription  furniffies,  many  curious  particu¬ 
lars  refpe&ing  this  inftrument  for  meafuring  time  ;  compared 
to  which  the  fimpleft  and  rudeft  modern  clock,  or  even  the  fir  ft 
contrived  clock,  would  be  a  wonderful  machine. 

This  Horologium  was  ufed  in  one  of  the  provinces  of  the 
Roman  empire.  The  oldeft  at  Rome  were  in  fome  of  their 
Temples  [£].  The  firft  in  the  forum  was  that  let  up  by  M. 
Valerius,  who  brought  it,  A.  U.  491,  from  Sicily  ;  but,  as 
it  was  calculated  for  the  meridian  of  that  illand,  L.  Phi- 
lippus  when  Cenfor,  placed  another  near  it  adapted  to  that' 
of  Rome  [c].  Scipio  Nafica  contrived  and  placed  the  firft  hour 
glafs  A.  U.  595.  whereby  the  hours  both  of  day  and  night 
were  equally  divided.  T an:  din  Populo  Romano  indifcreta  lux  fun  ; 
fays  Pliny  [r/j. 

Thefe  meafures  of  time  may  be  fuppofed  to  anfwer  to  the 
public  clocks  among  us  at  the  Royal  Exchange,  St.  Paul’s  Ca¬ 
thedral,  and  the  Horfeguards ;  or,  inftead  of  the  laft,  we  may 
fuppofe  one  on  the  Weft  front  of  Weftminfter-hall,  near  which, 
on  a  tower  it  feems  there  actually  was  a  clock  or  dial  from  the 
reign  of  Edward  III.  to  that  of  Elizabeth  [*]. 

[a]  Compare  Athenaeus,  IX.  c.  17.  Plin.  N.  H.  VII.  53.  Martial  VII. 
67.  Juvenal,  Sat.  X.  216.  Seneca  de  Brevit.  Vit.  c.  12.  Sueton.  Eomit.  c.  16. 
Sid.  Apollin.  II.  Epifh  9.  The  fervant  who  announced  the  hour  among  the 
Greeks  was  called  naptfyia.  Hefychius  in  voce. 

[£]  Cenforinus,  c.  23. 

W  lb. 

[</]  Nat.  Hift.  VII.  c.  60. 

[e]  Archaeol.  V.  417. 

Cicero » 


» 


174  Mr.  Gough  on  a  Roman  Horologium. 

Cicero  \f  j  Ipeaks  of  a  tired  inattentive  judge,  lending  a  perfon 
•to  know  what  was  the  hour,  in  order  to  tell  the  time  when 
fome  advocate  was  pleading. 

Varro  [g]  defcribes  a  dial,  within  which  two  ftars,  the  morn* 
ing  and  evening,  defcribed  the  hours  of  the  day  and  night; 
by  moving  round  a  hemifphere  or  half  circle,  in  and  round 
the  centre  of  which  was  a  circle  or  border  of  the  eight 

O 

winds  as  on  the  Temple  of  the  Winds  at  Athens  built  by 
Cyrrheftes,  and  hill  remaining  with  the  lines  of  a  fun-dial  on 
its  feveral  fronts  [/&]. 

This  machine  of  Varro’s  may  be  confidered  as  the  firft 
wind-dial  at  Rome,  as  perhaps  the  Temple  of  the  Winds  was 

in  Greece. 

We  learn  from  Capitolinus,  in  his  life  of  Pertinax  [/'], 
that  in  that  emperor’s  time  they  had  attained  to  the  conhruc- 
tion  of  more  complicated  machinery  for  meafuring  the  fun’s 
courfe,  and  pointing  out  the  winds.  The  palfage  is  fo  ob- 
fcure,  I  (hall  give  it  in  the  original  without  attempting  a  tran- 
flation  : 

64  VchicuZa  arte  fabrics  nova  perplexis  diverjifque  rot  arum  or  bibus 
4,i  exquijitis  fedilibusy  nunc  ad Jolem  declinandum ,  nunc  ad  fpirilus 
“  opportunitatem  per  vertiginemy  &  alia  iter  metientia ,  horajque 
tl  monjlrantia 

The  laft  of  thefe  defcriptions  would  feem  to  indicate  a  mo¬ 
dern  vvay-wifer  or  meafuring  wheel. 

[f]  Mittent'm  ad  boras.  De  Claris  Oratoribus  §  200.  Ed.  Delpli. 

[g-j  De  Re  Ruflica.  III.  c.  5. 

[/->]  Stuart’s  Antiq.  of  Athens,  L 

[']  C.  8. 


Lucian 


Mr.  Gough  on  a  Roman  Horologium.  175 

Lucian  [i]  fpeaks  of  a  water  clock  that  ftruck  the  hours  : 
npuv  Se  ttjv  pcsv  $1'  vdcijog  kcci  MYKHMATOX,  ttjv 

<$1  yjXiov  e7ri$u}tv/jievovi 

The  hours  were  announced  in  the  temples,  as  we  learn  from 
Martial  [/J,  Apuleius  [w],  and  Seneca  [«];  the  latter  fays  it 
was  by  found  of  trumpet,  which  is  confirmed  by  Propertius  [0]. 

Berofus  the  Chaldaean  [/>]  is  faid  to  have  invented  the  con¬ 
cave  femicircular  dial.  “  Hemicyclium  excavatum  ex  quadrato  ad 
“  enclimaque  fuccifum  Berofus  Chaldee  us  dicitur  invent ffe  [q]” 
One  fomewhat  of  this  fort  in  the  Valle  Palace  at  Rome  is 
exhibited  in  Simeoni’s  Illuftrazione  degli  Epitaffi,  p.  46, 
and  another  at  Ravenna  (lb.)  ;  a  third  may  be  feen  in  an  an- 
tient  MS.  of  the  third  century  in  the  Imperial  Library  at 
Vienna  [r]  ;  a  fourth  was  dug  up  1741,  in  the  ruins  of  a 
villa  on  the  Tufculan  Mount,  about  a  mile  from  Frafcati, 
and  about  as  far  from  the  antient  Tufculum.  This  was  illus¬ 
trated  by  a  Differtation  by  Giovanne  Luca  Zuzzeri,  a  learned 
Jefuit,  printed  at  Venice  1746,  4to,  from  whence  the  drawing 
which  accompanies  this  Memoir  is  copied. 

Twelve  divifions  are  marked  on  this  Rone,  exprefling  the 
hours  of  the  day,  the  divifion  of  which  Cenforinus  inclines 
to  think  was  not  made  at  Rome  till  after  the  invention  of 
Dials  [j]. 

jY]  Hippias  in  fine. 

[/]  X.  Ep.  48. 

\ni]  Metam.  XI. 

[«]  Fragm.  in  Lipfii  Eleft.  XXII.  18.  Controv.  III.  Theyeftes,  I.  798. 

| >]  IV.  4-  1-  63. 

[p\  Suppofed  to  have  been  contemporary  with  Alexander  the  Great. 

M  Vitruvius,  IX.  c.  9. 

[r]  Lambecius,  Commentar.  III.  p.  10. 

[j]  De  Die  Nat.  c.  10. 


I  (hall 


*i^6  Mr,  Gough  tn  a  Roman  Horologium. 

I  fhall  not  enter  into  the  mathematical  difcuffions  of  the 
learned  Jefuit  on  occafion  of  this  difcovery.  Suffice  it,  that  it 
confirms  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Gale  on  the  infcription  referring  to 
a  Roman  Dial  found  about  five  years  before  it  in  a  different 
part  of  the  Roman  empire,  and  at  the  fame  time  illuftrates 
the  various  paffages  of  antient  writers  referring  to  the  fame 


i 


XXIII. 


[  *77  3 


XXIII.  Obfervations  on  an  antwtt  Font  at  Burnham 
Deepdale,  /^Norfolk.  By  the  Rev,  Samuel  Pegge, 
F.  A .  S .  In  a  Letter  to  the  Hon .  Dairies  Barrington. 


Read  Nov.  18,  1790. 


Sir.  Whittington ,  Sept,  15,  1790. 

AS  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  formerly  thought  proper  to 
prefent  to  the  public  a  print  of  the  very  elegant  marble 
font  in  St.  James’s  church,  Weftminfter  [a],  and  another  of 
the  famous  Bridekirk  font  [3],  to  which  many  more  of  the 
like  kind  have  been  added  by  various  authors  [c]  •,  I  beg  leave 
to  bring  forward  for  your  infpe&ion  and  amufement,  a  draw¬ 
ing  *,  which  1  believe  to  be  very  accurately  made,  by  a  young 
gentleman,  of  a  mod:  curious  and  lingular  antient  laver,  ap- 

\a ]  Vetufta  Monum.  I.  No.  III. 

[b]  Ardneologia,  II.  p.  131.  This  has  beenilluftrated  by  Bifhop  Lyttelton  ; 
and  before  by  Bifhop  Nicolfon  in  Lowthorp’s  Abridgement  of  Philof.  Tranf. 
III.  p.  435.  See  alfo  Mr.  Gough’s  noble  Edition  of  Camden’s  Britannia, 
III.  p.  183.  * 

[c]  Goftling,  Walk  about  Canterbury,  p.  204,  2d.  Edit.  Carter,  Antiq. 
I.  p.  30.  Gent.  Mag.  1786,  p.  650;  1787,  p.  565,  Sec.  No.  LII.  of  Mr. 
Nichols’s  Bibliotheca  Topographica  Britannica. 

*•  PI.  XIX. 

Vol.  X.  A  a 


pearing 


r^8  Mr.  Pegge. on  the  Font 

pearing  now  in  the  pariffi  church  of  Burnhain-Deepdale  in 
Norfolk. 

The  embellifhments  on  three  fides  of  this  font,  (the  fourth 
fide  being  placed  againft  a  pillar  never  had  any  decoration, 
but  only  a  foliage  relembling  that  on  the  other  fide)  were  till 
lately  totally  incrufted  by  frequent  whitewadiings,  and  confe- 
quently  obliterated  [*/],  but  fortunately  a  fmall  portion  of  the 
coat  or  incruflation  breaking  of  by  fome  means,  the  prefent 
worthy  and  fagacious  Redlor  of  Burnham,  the  Rev.  Henry 
Crowe  inftantly  perceived  that  certain  effigies  in  relief  were 
carved  on  its  fides,  and  being  a  gentleman  of  an  inquifitive  dif~ 
polition,  very  laudably  gave  himfelf  the  trouble  of  denuding 
and  excoriating  the  whole  ;  fo  that  it  is  entirely  owing  to  his- 
attention  and  care,,  that  this  truly  venerable  monument,  for 
fuch  I  conceive  you  will  undoubtedly  efleem  it,  has  now  re¬ 
gained  its  priftine  flate  and  appearance. 

The  fculpture  of  the  figures  is  fo  mean  and  rude  as  un- 
queftionably  to  befpeak  a  very  remote  antiquity  ;  but  whether 
the  performance  can  be  thought  to  rife  higher  than  the  Norman 
aera  may,  perhaps,  bejuftly  doubted  ;  for  though  the  fteepleof 
this  church  be  round ,  and' built,  as  Mr.  Crowe  informs  me,  in 
a  very  rude  manner,  fo  as  to  be  evidently  older  than  the  prefent 
fabric  of  the  church  or  chancel,  which  feems  to  imply  that 
there  was  once  a  church  here  as  old  as  the  fleeple,  and  pro¬ 
bably  of  the  fame  ftyle  of  building,  to  which  confequently  the 
font  in  queftion  may  have  originally  belonged  :  and  though 
thefe  round  (leeples  are  but  rare,  feldom,  I  think,  found  out  of 
Norfolk  and  Suffolk  [<?],  and  that  the  late  Sir  James  Burrough 

[d~]  See  fome  inftances  of  the  like  fort  in  Mr.  Gough’s  fplendid  work,  Sepul¬ 
chral  Monuments ,  p.  xcviii. 

b]  See  Sir  John  Cullurn,  in  Antiquarian  Repertory,  Vo!.  II.  p.  137. 

5 


was. 


at  Burnham  Deepdale.  179 

was  of  opinion  they  were  Danijh  [  f  J,  and  the  Danes,  we  know* 
much  and  long  flourifhed  in  thofe  eaftern  counties,  yet  certain 
reafons  occur  which  induce  me  to  aftign,  both  to  this  church 
and  its  font,  a  later  date,  and  to  bring  them  down  to  the  pojl- 
Normanic  times.  Fir 0:,  it  weighs  much  with  me,  that  there 
was  no  church  at  Burnham  when  Domefday  Book  was  made  ; 
and  then,  that  though  a  round  tower  might  be  a  Danifh  mode 
of  building  originally,  yet  it  is  very  obvious  to  imagine,  that 
in  thofe  parts,  the  fame  form  of  ftrudture  might  be  followed 
and  continued  after  the  Conqueft  by  the  architects  of  the  day, 
juft  as  we  are  fure  that  many  femircircular  arches  were  made 
here  after  the  introduction  of  the  mitred  Norman  one.  The 
inference  then  feems  to  be,  that  our  font  was  coeval  with  the 
firft  and  oldeft  church  ere&ed  at  this  place,  but  that  neither 
this,  nor  its  fteeple,  were  prior  to  the  Conqueft;  though  pro¬ 
bably  conftru&ed  foon  after;  an  opinion  which  appears  not  to 
be  a  little  confirmed  by  the  font’s  being  adapted  to  the  place 
it  flood  in,  as  having  its  fourth  fide  blank,  becaufe  adjoining 
to  a  pillar ;  pillars  being  unknown,  as  I  judge,  here,  in  parifii 
churches,  either  in  the  Saxon  or  Danifh  times.  The  whole, 
however,  of  this  reafoning  I  willingly  fubmit,  Sir,  to  your 
better  judgement,  and  fo  ftiall  proceed  in  the  laft  place  to  con- 
fider  the  argument  or  fubjedt  matter  of  thefe  antique  pour- 

trait  u  res. 

The  compartments  you  will  perceive  at  firft  fight  to  be 
all  agricultural  ,  and  that,  probably,  as  they  are  twelve  in 
number,  they  were  intended  to  reprefent  the  feveral  works  or 
employments  correfpondent  to  the  months  of  the  year.  You, 
Sir,  are  fo  converfant  with  old  books  and  MSS.  that  I  can 

r  /"]  Sir  Tames  Burrougli,  cited  by  Sir  John  Cull  urn,  ubi  fup. 

A  a  2  venture 


i  So  Mr.  Pegge  on  the  Font 

venture  to  afiert,  you  muft  have  feen  many  an  old  Kalendar 
embellifhed  and  ornamented  in  the  margin  with  verfes  concern¬ 
ing  the  feftivals  and  faints  of  the  month,  by  abbreviating  their 
names  [g],  or  with  metrical  obfervations  and  rules  about  diet 
and  medicine  [//] ;  or  laftly,  with  directions  for  the  manual 
works  of  hufbandry  peculiar  to  each  month,  juft  as  is  emble¬ 
matically  done  here  in  this  font,  and  as  we  now  meet  with 
them  at  this  day  in  fome  publications  refpe&ing  horticulture. 
But  to  enable  you  the  better  to  decide  on  this  point,  you  will 
here,  not  only  have  the  drawing  before  you,  but  alfo  the  con¬ 
jectures  of  Mr.  Crowe,  with  fome  additions  of  mine  of  fmall 
confequence  included  within  crochets. 

i.  January.  A  figure  feated,  with  a  drinking  horn  in  his  hand. 

[The  chair  is  old  and  rude,  and  the  man’s  carouf- 
ing  in  "January  correfponds  with  the  lines  under 
that  month  in  the  Kalendar  prefixed  to  “  Hore 
“  Chrijiofere  Virginis  Marie  fecundum  ufum  Roma - 
“  num by  Simon  Voftre  f /]. 

[o]  In  a  P falter  of  mine  printed  A.  D.  1500  on  vellum,  in  January  we  have 
thefe  lines,  which  I  give  here  to  explain  my  meaning,  and  to  (hew  the  nature 
of  thefe  abbreviations  j 

C'lji  ge.  Janus.  Epi  libi.  gull,  come  hil.  fa.  mau.  mar.  art. 

Prifca  .fab.  ag.  virt.  eme.  paul  conver*  ag.  julian. 

which  mean  Circumcifio.  Epiphania.  Guillermus.  Commemoratio  Epifcopo- 
rum  et  Abbatum  Ordinis.  Hilarius.  Felix.  Maurus.  Marcellus.  Antonius. 
In  the  Pentameter,  Prifca.  Fabianus.  Agnes.  Vincentius.  Emerentiana.  Pauli 
Converfio.  Agnes  fecundo.  Julianus.  Thofe  in  Italics  are  in  red  ink.  We 
muft  not  expeft  quantity  in  Monkilh  verfes. 

[b]  See  what  is  faid  under  January  below. 

[/]  He  was  abookfeller  at  Paris  A.  D.  1508,  atleaft  his  Almanack  for  21  years 
begins  then.  There  is  no  Colophon,  but  he  is  mentioned  in  Ames,  p.  485. 

In 


Crouse /a  n 


at  Burnham  Deepdale. 


1 B  i 


3,  March. 

4.  April. 


5.  May. 


In  Jano  darts  caUdifique  ctbis  potiarist 
Atque  decens  pot  us  pojl  fercula  fit  tihi  notus , 

Ledit  erdm  medo  [j&]  tunc  potatus  bene  credo , 

Balnea  tutius  intres ,  et  vetiam  Jindere  cures  [/]. 

2.  February.  A  figure  in  a  quiefcent  pofture,  reprefenting  the 
inactivity  of  this  month.  [The  chair  here  is 
more  rude  and  uncouth  than  the  former.] 

An  hufbandman  digging.  [Implying  that  the  bu- 
finefs  of  the  field  begins.] 

An  hufbandman  having  a  pruning  hook  by 
his  fide  for  in  his  hand)  ;  in  his  left  hand  a 
leaf  of  a  tree.  [A  hedging  bill  appears  to  be 
in  his  right  hand,  and  behind  him  a  branch  of 
a  tree.] 

A  female  figure  with  long  hair,  having  a  banner 
in  her  hand.  Before  her  a  tree  in  full  foliage, 
an  emblem  of  this  month.  May  it  not  allude 
to  the  perambulation  ?  [I  much  think  it  does, 
as  the  Rogation  Days  generally,  if  not  always, 
fall  in  this  month.] 

Very  uncouth.  The  implement  on  which  his 
hands  refts  mod:  refembles  a  plough.  [If  it  be 
a  plough  it  mud  denote  the  dirring  of  a  fallow, 
as  they  had  no  field  turneps  then.  But  it  is 
difficult,  on  this  fuppofition,  to  account  for 
what  feems  to  be  a  (lump  or  branch  between 
the  hilts  of  the  plough.  Quaere,  therefore,  if 
not  intended  to  fignify  weeding  corn,  and  that 
which  I  called  a  dump  or  branch  above,  be  not 

[£]  Medo,  nif.  mead.  Spelm.  Gloflf. 

[/]  The  fame  four  lines  occur  in  my  Pfalter  of  1500,  cited  in  note  [,§■]. 

a  t  hi  file. 


6.  June. 


Jl  8  2  Mr.  Pegge  on  the  Font  at  Burnham  Deepdale. 

a  thiflle,  or  other  weed.  The  weeding* hook, 
indeed  is  lingular,  and  yet  I  think  I  have  feen 
fome  like  it.J 

7.  July.  A  hufbandman  mowing.  [Moft  afluredly.] 

8.  Auguft.  A  hufbandman  binding  up  a  fheaf  of  corn.  [Moil 

probably,  as  he  is  apparently  {looping.] 

9.  Sept.  A  hufbandman  thraihing.  [Certainly.] 

jo.  061.  A  Vintner  putting  wine  into  a  calk,  holding  a 
bladder  or  {kin  containing  the  liquor  in  his 
right  hand  ;  in  his  left,  a  funnel.  (This  is 
well  explained,  only  one  would  rather  call  hitn 
a  Vintager  (which  fee  in  Johnfon’s  Dictionary) 
to  avoid  ambiguity.  Does  not  this  (hew  that  at 
this  time  they  made  wine  in  England,  in  Nor¬ 
folk  at  leaft  r] 

11.  Nov.  A  man  carrying  a  log  of  wood;  another  con- 

jedfure  is,  that  it  bears  fome  refemblance  to  a 
pig  carrying  to  the  {laughter.  [One  can  hardly 
doubt  but  this  was  intended  to  reprefent  the 
{licking  of  a  pig]. 

12.  Dec.  A  merry-making  at  Chriftmas.  On  the  table  are 

feveral  utenlils,  only  two  legs  belonging  to  all 
the  company.  [The  legs,  I  am  of  opinion, 
■belong  to  the  table,  and  not  to  the  company.] 


My  remarks,  you  obferve,  Sir,  concur  very  much  with  thofe 
of  Mr.  Crowe,  and  I  {hall  be  happy  if  jointly  they  may  meet 
with  your  fandlion. 

I  am,  Sir, 

Your  truly  affedlionate, 

and  molt  obedient  fervant, 

SAMUEL  PEGGE. 

XXIV.  Be- 


1 . 


» 


. 


N 

•  '  ' 


‘ 


’ 


;  • 


i 


X  ' 


-  > 


V 


t 


■  • 


*  - 


\ 


/ 


“V 


t 


1 


' 


«* 


dc/t  ne& lelee  del 


* 


(  tS3  ) 


XXIV.  Defcription  of  the  old  Font  in  the  Church  of 
Baft  Meon,  Hamplhire,  1789  :  with  fome  Obferva-- 
tions  on  Fonts .  By  Richard  Gough,  Dire&cr. 


Read  Dec,  23,  1790. 


.  V 

rip  HE  two  drawings  which  accompany  this  paperrepre^ 
Pent  the  general  view  and  four  Tides  of  a  lingular  and 
very  antient  font  in  the  church  of  Eaft  Meon  in  Hamplhire  *. 

The  two  villages  of  the  name  of  Meon  now  diftinguhhed  by 
EltJI  and  Weft,  were  in  the  ConfelTor  and  Conqueror’s  time,, 
known  by  the  general  name  of  Mene  or  Menes ,  and  gave  their 
name  to  this  hundred  [a]. 

They  are  entered  in  that  antient  record  Domefday  as  the 
property  of<  the  bilhop  of  Winchefter. 

In  Mene  Hnndredo . 


Ip feEpi [copus  tenet  in  Mene  6  hidas  &  unam  virgatam  cum  aecclefia. 
Terra  eft  4  carucatte .  In  dcminio  eft  una  carucata  dim .  et  1 1 
villani  &  8  bordarii  cum  3  carucatis.  Ibi  2  fervi  &  unus  molinus 
de  30  denarii  s  &  4  acrce  prat i.  T.  R,  E.  et  poftea  valebal  4  libras * 
modo  100  ftolidos . 


*  See  Plates  XX.  XXI. 

0]  In  Mene  hundred.  Domefday  puts  only  Mene  (Meon)  and  Siocbes, 
(  )  In  Mcnejhche  hundred  Menes  (perhaps  Weft  Meon) 

and  Menejloche  (Meonftoke).  Drocheneforde  (Droxford)  is  in  a  hundred  of  its 
own  name  with  Benevde . 


\ 


Whatever 


**£>4  Afr.  Gough’s  Obfervatlons 

Whatever  conftru&ion  may  he  put  upon  the  ftlence  of  this 
record  concerning  churches  in  many  places  where  there  is  fuffi- 
•cient  evidence  to  prove  their  adtual  exigence  at  the  time  it  was 
compiled  [£],  it  leaves  no  room  to  doubt  that  a  church  actually 
exifted  at  Mene  or  Meon\c\,  and  from  the  ftyle  of  architecture 
^nd  other  circumftances  there  is  no  reafon  to  doubt  that  Eajl 
Meon  is  the  place  here  intended. 

Among  thefe  circumftances  the  Font  here  reprefented  is  of 
no  little  weight  in  this  argument.  Its  refemblance  to  that  in 
Winchefter  Cathedral,  engraved  in  PI.  XXXIX.  and  XL.  of  the 
fecond  volume  of  Vetufta  Monumenta  of  this  Society,  and  in 
the  defcription  accompanying  thefe  Plates  referred  to  the  time 
ofBirinus,  firft  biftiop  of  Winchefter,  about  the  beginning  of 
the  feventh  century,  would  induce  no  little  probability  of  con¬ 
jecture  that  they  are  both  of  an  age  ;  both  monuments  of 
the  fame  event,  the  introduction  of  Chriftianity  into  this  pro¬ 
vince  ;  and  perhaps  both  the  work  of  the  fame  artift  and  the 
gift  of  the  fame  biftiop. 

The  font  is  of  black  marble  [</],  or  touch,  a  fquare  block 
excavated  into  a  bafon,  placed  on  a  circular  fhaft  of  three  large 
ftngle  ftones,  with  four  circular  pillars  at  the  corners  without 
bafes,  and  having  capitals  of  plain  upright  leaves.  The  bafon 
is  fur  rounded  with  a  wreath  of  foliage,  and  at  two  of  the  angles 
are  birds,  perhaps  doves,  putting  their  beaks  into  a  veflel,  like 
a  ftone  bottle,  furmounted  by  a  crofs  :  at  the  other  two  corners 
are  foliage thefe  four  corners  are  ornamented  exaCtly  as  the 
Winchefter  font. 

V 

[b]  See  Mr.  Denne’s  Paper,  Archaeol.  Vllf.  218—220,  Sc  feq. 

[r]  As  alio  at  Aienejloche  or  Meonftoke. 

Pfj  So  is  the  upper  part  of  the  font  at  Iflip,  Oxfordfliire. 

2 


On 


Vol.  X.  FI.  XXI.  p.  i85 . 


m  antient  Touts, 


l8S 

On  two  of  the  tides  of  the  tquare  are  carved  in  the  rudelt 
ftyle  of  relief,  on  one  the  hiftory  of  the  creation  of  Man,  the 
formation  of  Eve  from  Adam’s  fide,  and  the  eating  of  the  forbid¬ 
den  fruit  by  them  both  ;  and  on  the  other,  the  expulfion  of  Adam 
and  Eve  from  Paradife  is  reprefented  by  the  angel  with  a  drawn 
fword  driving  them  from  a  magnificent  gate  or  portal ;  and 
then  with  a  fpade  in  his  hands  feeming  to  inftrudt  Adam  in  the 
employment  he  was  henceforth  doomed  to  follow,  while  Eve, 
who,  as  well  as  her  hufband,  is  here  reprefented  as  decently  ap¬ 
parelled,  is  c-xercifing  her  diftafF. 

The  other  two  fides  are  ornamented  with  arches  fupported  by 
fingle  and  double  columns,  and  the  frieze  over  them  charged 
with  dragons,  beafts,  and  birds. 

The  general  conformation  of  this  font,  as  well  as  the  material 
and  dimenfion  of  it,  agrees  with  that  at  Winchefter  ;  but  the  an¬ 
gular  columns  of  the  latter  have  bafes,  and  fome  are  ftriated  or 
wreathed,  and  all  hand,  as  the  workmen  term  it,  battering ,  or 
Hoping  inward.  Three  of  its  fides  have  hiftotical  reliefs,  and 
only  one  is  charged  with  birds.  But  thefe  varieties  do  not 
afFedt  the  correfpondence  between  the  two  fonts,  or  with  the 
third  at  Lincoln  ;  or  the  ftrong  probability  there  is  that  as  the 
font  at  Winchefter  commemorated  the  converfion  of  the  Weft 
'Saxons,  and  the  eftablilhment  of  the  fee,  fo  that  at  Lincoln 
had  a  relation  to  the  foundation  of  that  fee,  which  rofe  out 
of  that  of  Dorchefter ;  and  it  is  not  at  all  extraordinary,  that 
a  church  like  this  at  Eaft  Meon,  which  was  a  peculiar  of  the 
fee  of  Winchefter  from  the  earliell:  period,  fliould  be  honoured 
with  a  font  refembling  the  other  two. 

Since  this  Paper  was  written,  their  learned  and  worthy  mem¬ 
ber  Mr.  Pegge  has  communicated  to  this  Society  a  drawing 
and  illuftration  of  the  font  at  Burnham  Deepdale  in  Norfolk  [ej, 
which,  if  not  of  the  fame  high  antiquity  with  the  three  here 
touched  on,  is  a  fpecimen  of  a  very  early  date  [7  ],  and  only  pa¬ 
ralleled  by  one  at  Fincham  in  the  fame  county,  which  Mr. 
Schnebbelie  met  with  and  drew  the  laft  fummerJVj.  I  am  fpeak- 

[r]  See  the  preceding  Memoir. 

[  /  ]  All  that  is  faid  of  it  in  Blomefield’s  Norfolk,  III.  729,  is  (i  that  it  is  an 
tld  font  Handing  on  five  pilafters.5’  [g-]  See  PI.  XXVII. 

Vol.  X.  B  b  ing 


1 86 


Mr*  Gough’s  Obfervdtions 


ing  now  of  fuch  antient  fonts  as  have  hiftorical  has  reliefs  on 
them :  for  the  font  at  Sharnborne  in  Norfolk  [A]  and  many  more 
are  fculptured  in  a  flyle  of  rude  antiquity,  though  the  orna¬ 
ments  are  only  grotefque  and  fanciful.  Perhaps  fuch  fonts 
as  that  at  Prefhute  near  Marlborough  in  Wiltlhire,  a  plain  bafon 
of  dark  grey  marble,  or  as  Mr.  Camden  [/]  calls  it  Lapis  Obfidia - 
nus,  or  Touchftone,  two  feet  and  an  half  diameter  at  top,  ending 
in  an  inverted  cone,  in  which  the  inhabitants  pretended  to 
Camden  fome  princes  had  been  baptifed  [k],  or  that  in  Beverley, 
minfter,  a  large  bafon  of  agate  hone  [/j  on  pilafters,  or  that  in 
the  church  of  Rotherfield  Grays,  Oxfordfhire,  an  oblong  veflel 
with  pilafters  at  the  corners  and  hollowed  in  a  round  bafon  [ ml, 
and  a  fourth  at  Wimpole  in  Cambridgefhire  [»],  are  of  the  ear- 
lied:  antiquity.  The  font  at  Ambrefbury  is  a  large  veffelwitha 
lip  pannelled,  and  fet  on  a  ftiaft  with  niches.  That  at  Stoke 
Pogeis  is  not  unlike  it,  but  plain  and  without  a  lip.  That  at 
Tlarbledon  is  a  kind  of  cup  on  (1  think)  four  pillars,  like  that 
at  Hempded  in  Gloucederddre  [0].  That  at  Sedgbrook,  Lin- 


[&]  See  PI.  XXIII.  [/']  Britannia,  I.  93. 

}T]  The  pillars  of  Prefhute  church  have  Saxon  capitals-  lb.  p.  119. 

[/]  lb.  III.  73,  from  Bifhop  Gibfon. 

[w]  See  PI.  XXIV. 

On  this  font  Sir  H.  C.  Englefield  obferves,  that  “  it  is  different  in  its  form  from 
any  which  he  had  ever  feen  ;  and  appears  to  be  of  very  high  antiquity  ;  its  whole 
appearance  is  very  much  that  of  a  farcophagus  ;  and  it  probably  was  taken  from 
fome  vate  of  that  kind.  We  find  that  when  baptifm  ceafed  to  be  adminiflered  by 
immeriion,  and  of  courfe  the  baptifteria,  built  with  great  magnificence  about  the 
time  of  Conftantine  and  his  immediate  fuccefTors,  became  ufelefs,  cinerary  vafes 
were  frequently  converted  into  fonts  in  Italy  ;  and  many  fuch  now  remain  applied 
to  this  day  to  the  fame  ufe.  Probably  therefore,  when  the  converted  Saxons  fent 
(as  we  know  they  did)  for  plans  and  workmen  to  Italy,  they  would  often  take 
their  ideas  of  fonts  from  the  vafes  they  had  feen  applied  to  that  ufe.  The  fonts 
of  Winchefter  and  Lincoln  feem  evidently  to  bear  a  fort  of  refemblance  to  fuch 
models ;  and  the  font  here  drawn  has,  in  my  opinion,  a  very  ftriking  refem¬ 
blance  to  vafes  of  that  defcription.  This  however  is  merely  given  as  conjecture. 
This  molt  antient  and  venerable  feat  now  belongs  to  the  family  of  Stapylton, 
to  whom  the  title  of  Le  Defpencer  devolved  on  the  deceafe  of  Lord  Francis  ; 
but  was  the  chief  manfion  of  the  great  and  opulent  family  of  Knollys,  who  had 
vaft  pofTefllons  in  the  neighbourhood.  The  church  contains  feveral  molt  coftly 
monuments'  to  their  memory.” 

j>]  See  PI.  XXIV.  [*]  See  PI.  XXV. 


3 


[0]  See  PI.  XXV. 


colnfhire, 


) 


Vol  X  PI.  XXIII.  M 


del  -  tfia/lre  ji. 


a 


T071&. 


-on  antlent  Fonts. 


187 

colnfhire,  another  on  a  round  fhaft.  Veffels  of  this  fhape  and 
fize  may  be  feen  in  Ciampini’s  Vetera  Monumenta,  Part  II. 

c.  iv.  PI.  II.  III.  IV. 

Fonts  made  of  lead,  of  which  we  have  four  inftances  ;  at 
Brooklandin  Kent,  Dorchefter  [£]  in  Oxfordfhire,  Wareham  [^] 
in  Dorfetfhire,  and  Walmsford  in  Northamptonfhire,  are  fup- 
pofed  to  be  of  high  antiquity.  This  may  be  true  as  far  as 
rarity  is  a  proof  of  antiquity,  and  the  fir  ft  of  thefe  inftances 
may  have  relation  to  the  time  of  Birinus  himfelf.  To  what 
circumftance  the  others  are  to  be  referred,  or  from  wrhat  older 
church  brought,  does  not  appear. 

The  font  at  Kiddington  removed  from  the  chapel  at  Iflip 
where  Edward  the  Confeflbr  was  baptifed  is  juftly  doubted  by 
Mr.  Warton  [r]  as  to  its  being  of  that  antiquity.  Dr.  Plott’s 
engraving  of  it  [j]  is  not  corred,  but  reprefents  it  charged  with 
the  Twelve  Apoftles,  the  common  ornaments  of  fuch  veflels. 

The  form  as  well  as  ornaments  of  the  font  in  St.  Martin’s 
church  at  Canterbury,  pleads  ftrongly  in  favour  of  its  antiquity. 
It  refembles  a  tub,  as  if  intended  for  Immerfion,  which 
Lyndwood  fays  is  required  in  a  font  [/].  Mr.  Bigland  [&]  fays, 
the  old  font  at  Barnwood,  Gloucefterfhire,  which  is  preserved, 
was  lined  with  lead,  and  is  of  confiderable  dimenlions.  Some 
efcocheons  and  rude  fcuipture  remain,  but  the  arms  are  de- 
ftroyed.  In  proof  of  the  great  antiquity  of  thefe  fonts  it  has 

[/>]  The  leaden  font  is  finall,  and  fet  on  a  large  fhaft  of  hone. 

The  figures  of  the  Apoftles  on  the  ftone  font  at  Afhover  in  Derbyfhire  are 
of  lead.  Topog.  II.  60. 

[q]  Hutchins,  I  34. 

[r]  Hift.  of  Kiddington. 

[r]  Oxfordfh.  p.  364,  c.  x.  §  124.  PI. 

[t]  “  Quod  baptizandus  poffit  in  eo  mergi Gibfon’s  Codex,  I.  435.  See 
Blomefield,  I.  472.  The  miflal  of  1528  diredls  three  immerfions.  Gent.  Mag. 
LV.  161,  162. 

[«]  Colledlions  for  Gloucefterfhire,  p.  130. 

B  b  2 


been 


1 83  Mr.  Gough’s  Obfervations 

been  ©bferved,  that  fonts  of  the  earlieft  date  were  capacious 
enough  to  admit  of  total  immerfion,  according  to  the  canon  of 
the  church.  There  is  a  fimilar  one  at  Denton,  Suffex,  en¬ 
graved  in  the  Appendix  to  Mr.  Grofe’s  views.  Another  in 
Stukely  church,  Bucks  [ x ],  of  the  age  of  Henry  I.  And  a  third  in 
Hempftead  church,  Gloucefteifhire.  This  laft  is  fomewhat 
fimilar  in  fhape  to  that  at  Brighthelmfton,  which  is  ornamented 
with  the  figures  of  Chrifl  and  the  Twelve  Apoltles  at  the  infti- 
tution  of  the  Eucharift,  which  figures  have  been  new  carved 
and  white-wafhed  [y]  :  That  at  Afhover  with  the  Apoftles  [z]. 
Another  at  Bakewell  is  alfo  adorned  with  Apoftles  and  Saints  [tf]. 
The  font  at  St.  Peter’s  in  Oxford,  now  removed  into  the  church¬ 
yard,  had  the  Twelve  Apoltles,  and  Hearne  [6]  fuppofed  it  coae- 
val  with  that  at  Winchefter.  That  at  Little  Maplefted,  Effex, 
the  church  of  which  is  round,  and  belonged  to  the  Knights 
Templars,  isftill  fimpler  jV].  One  in  the  upper  church  at  Lewes 
is  fhaped  like  a  barrel,  the  body  adorned  with  fretwork,  and 
an  upper  and  lower  band  or  fafcia  of  rounds  and  quatrefoils, 
and  fet  againfl  a  pillar.  One  at  Digfwell  in  Hertfordfhire 
is  rudely  ornamented  with  fcroll  work.  One  at  Ancafter 
with  interlaced  arches  on  long  pillarets,  like  another  at  Nef- 
wick  in  Yorkfhire  [*/].  At  Everingham  in  the  Eaft  Riding  of 
Yorkfhire  is  a  very  old  font  ornamented  with  Saxon  carving  and 
lately  turned  out  of  the  church  [<?].  At  Alphinfton  in  Devon- 

[*]  See  PI.  XXV. 

[y]  Camden5' s  Brit.  I.  200.  Antiquarian  Rep.  III.  56. 

[z]  Topographer,  I.  61. 

[a]  Engraved  by  Mr.  Carter,  No.  VI. 

\b~\  Pref.  to  Leiand’s  Collett,  p.  xxxix 

[c]  Hift.  of  Effex,  II.  80,  8vo.  where  it  is  engraved.  Mr.  Morant  takes 
no  notice  of  it,  I.  282. 

[</]  See  PI.  XXIV. 

[*J  Camden,  Brit.  III.  71. 

I 


(hire 


Vol.  X.  PL  XXV  P  188. 


(Ari/i /y 


./ y  s<? ns  del. 


.  ////  /v  ^ ///  /v  j  . 


•  ?frr- 


,  //c  ///.  y//  /  /y  ///or/*  //r  ^////  ?s^  '. 


Vol.  X.F7.  XXVI.  jj  189. 


V 


on  antient  Fonts . 

(hire  is  another  in  dance,  charged  with  interlaced  arches  and  a 
fafcia  of  birds,  beads,  and  hunters,  in  grotefque  [y],  Another  at 
Eaftbourne,  Suflex,  more  rude  and  lingular  [g],  That  at  Da- 
rent  in  Kent  has  the  fame  rude  arches  and  reliefs  \h],  and  is 
of  large  capacity  ;  and  the  chancel  there,  as  at  Compton  in 
Surrv,  is  vaulted  with  done.  The  font  at  Hirchin  is  round, 
adorned  with  figures  in  nicnes.  That  at*  Colefhill  in  Warwick - 
fhire  is  alfo  round  on  a  round  {haft,  and  adorned  with  a  relief 
of  the  Crucifixion.  That  at  Eafeby  in  Yorklhire  is  circular,  on 
a  diaft  of  arches.  That  at  Bowes  is  round  on  three  pillars. 
Thole  at  Standed,  Eflex,  and  at  Arrington,  Cambridgefhire,  are 
fhaped  like  the  frudum  of  a  pillar  on  a  bale.  That  at  Lockington 
in  Leicederfhire  is  round,  with  a  fafcia  of  interlaced  arches,  on 
a  round  fnaft  and  doping  bale.  A  circular  one  with  all  the 
five  pillars  may  be  feen  in  Dr.  Nath’s  plate  of  Saxon  architec¬ 
ture  [/J,  and  at  Ozleworth  in  Gloucederlhire  [£]  ;  another  on 
two  pillars  in  Whaddon  church,  Bucks  [/j.  In  Kingfbury  church, 
Middlefex,  was  1751  a  very  antient  font  like  a  rock  on  a  pe- 
dedai  [ ni\. 

Except  the  indances  before  mentioned,  adorned  with  gro¬ 
tefque  work  and  interlaced  arches,  and  of  a  circular  fhape, 
reding  oil  the  bafe  or  pavement,  what  I  apprehend  to  be  the 
olded  fonts  are  iquare,  placed  on  a  fingle  round  (haft  in  the 
centre,  with  round  pillars  at  each  angle,  like  thofe  at  Win- 
cheder,  Lincoln,  Ead  Meon,  Berkeley  [n]  in  Gloucederdiire, 


J  lb.  II.  8.  It  is  engraved  in  the  Antiquarian  Repertory. 

[g]  Antiq.  Rep.  IV.  162. 

\h]  Thorpe’s  Antiquities  in  Kent,  p.  94.  PI.  XI.  The  font  at  Hardres  in. 
Kent  is  fquare  and  plain.  Ducarel,  MS. 

[z]  I.  598. 

[k\  PI.  XXV. 

[/J  PI.  XXIV. 

[w]  Ducarel,  MS. 

[»]  PI.  XXVI. 

idy 


* 


u  go  Mr.  Gough’s  Observations 

Ifiy  in  Oxfordflfire  [0],  and  the  three  in  Norfolk."  Such  are  the 
fonts  at  Broxborne  in  Hertfordshire,  Hendon  in  Middlefex 
Roydon  in  Effex,  Albury  and  Stevenage  in  Hertfordshire,  Sad- 
burn  in  -Suffolk  ;  only  on  four  pillars.  Some  inftances  occur 
■with  only  the  angular  pillars,  as  at  Denham  by  Uxbridge. 
That  at  Tickencote  is  fquare,  adorned  with  interlaced  arches* 
on  a, plain  fquare  bafe  :  and  many  others  might  be  added. 

The  font  at  Fincham  in  Norfolk  is  thus  defcribed  by  Mr. 
iBlomefield  [yj: : 

“  At  the  Weft  end  of  the  nave  ftands  a  large  ftone  font ; 
with  a  four-fquare  bafon  about  a  yard  fquare.  On  the  South 
fide  or  fquare  are  the  figures  of  three  men  under  three  arches 
of  ftone  in  a  very  rude  and  antique  drefs.  On  the  Weft  fide 
fomething  refembling  a  crib  or  manger  and  a  child  therein  : 
over  that  two  heads  (like  oxen)  but  broke  ;  alfo  above  them 
fomething  like  a  ftar,  to  fet  forth  the  birth  of  our  Saviour, 
.and  the  wife  men  with  their  offerings.  On  this  fquare  are  alfo 
two  figures,  one  much  broken,  the  other  like  an  antient  Druid, 
probably  to  reprefent  John  the  Baptift.  On  the  North  fide  is 
the  figure  of  a  bifhop  in  his  robes,  and  with  a  mitre  and  crofier 
ftaff,  and  is  likely  to  reprefent  St.  Auguftine,  the  Apoftle  of  the 
Englifh.:  the  fecond  figure  is  like  that  of  a  prieft  in  a  pulpit  or 
deik,  and  the  third  figure  is  obfcure.  On  the  Eaft:  fide  is 
Adam  and  Eve*  and  another  figure  not  to  be  feen,  the  font 
here  joining  to  a  pillar.  This  Gothic  font  with  its  rude  arches, 
figures,  &c.  in  baftb  relievo,  is  undoubtedly  a  piece  of  great 
antiquity  [r].” 

Thus. Mr.  Blomefield.  But  this  defcription  is  erroneous.  The 
'figures  on  the  South  fide  may  not  be  eafily  explained,  unlefs 

[>]  PI.  XXV. 

[/>]  Gent,  Mag.  LVI.  193.  LVII.  565,  in  which  lafl  it  is  engraved. 

[?]  IV.  105. 

[r]  Sec  it  engraved,  PI.  XXVII. 

2 


we 


# 


(3}a/cre  Jb. 


Vw 


on  ani'ient  Fonts . 


1911- 

we  fuppofe  the  middle  one  on  the  Weft  reprefents  Chrift’ s  refur- 
re&ion,  and  then  thefe  three  figures  will  be  the  foldiers  guard¬ 
ing  the  fepulchre.  What  Mr.  Blomefield  takes  for  the  manger 
and  oxens  head  and  ftar  is  now  too  indiftimft  ;  but  it  is  not  im¬ 
probable  that  the  hiftory  of  our  Saviour’s  birth,  baptifm,  and  re- 
furredtion  [j],  might  be  introduced  on  this  font,  in  contraft 
with  the  Fall  exhibited  on  the  Eaft  fide,  where  the  blank 
fpace  may  have  contained  the  tree  and  ferpent.  The  North 
face  clearly  exhibits  the  baptifm  of  Chrift,  and  the  defcent  of 
the  dove  over  him.  The  bifhop  at  one  fide  may  be  St.  Nicholas,  - 
the  patron  of  children  [/],  and  the  figure  on  the  other  fide  St. 
John  the  Baptift.  This  font  has  evidently  been  raifed  on  a  more 
modern  pedeftal. 

The  next  variation  I  take  to  be  the  hexanguiar  or  o&angular 
form  on  a  (haft  of  the  like  fhape,  the  upper  part  divided  into 
compartments  adorned  with  quatrefoils  filled  with  coats  of 
arms,  initials,  rofes,  emblems  of  the  Trinity,  inftruments  of 
the  Paftion,  merchants’  marks,  bufts  of  Angels,  fymbols  of  the 
Evangelifts  or  other  devices :  and  the  lower  part  or  fhaft  with 
Apoftles  or  Saints  in  niches. 

The  font  at  Lechiot  Maltravers  in  Dorfet  bears  the  devices 
of  the  Maltravers  family,  lords  of  the  manor  from  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.  [«].■ 

The  font  at  Barnard  Caftle  has  in  the  upper  part  merchants* 
marks  and  thefe  initials,  A.  E.  M.  T. [be].  Thofe  at  Southfleet, 

[j]  Part  of  the  ceremonial  of  baptifm;  putting  on  white  garments,  had  re¬ 
ference  to  the  refurre&ion,  of  which  that  of  Chrift  was  an  earneft.  Durand 
Rituale,  p.  exxvi. 

[t]  See  Gent.  Mag.  XLVII  131.  157.  208.  See  alfo  the  Seal  found  at 
Glaflenbury,  lb.  XXII.  410,  explained  459,  without  attending  to  the  legend 
of  St.  Nicholas,  to  whom  it  doubtiefs  refers. 

[«]  Butchins  II.  116. 

[*]  Hutchinfon’s  Excuifion  to  the  Lakes,  366,  367.  Camden’s  Brit.  Til.  in. 

Farmingham, 


192  Mr.  Gough’s  Obfcrvatlons 

farmingham,  and  Shorne,  all  in  Kent,  have  in  the  upper 
compartments  the  Seven  Sacraments,  or  fingly  that  of  Eaptifm, 
the  Refurre&ion  of  Chrift,  the  initials  of  the  name  of  Jefus, 
St.  Michael  weighing  fouls,  St.  Peter,  the  Agnus  Dei,  the 
chalice  and  wafer,  and  a  bifhop,  probably  St.  Nicholas.  The 
(hafts  of  thefe  laft  fonts  have  only  empty  niches,  and  the  bafe 
is  charged  with  rofes  in  quatrefoils. 

That  at  Felixflow  has  the  inftruments  of  the  Paffion  [ jy]. 

On  the  hexagon  font  at  Stratford  on  the  South  fide  of  the  Tees 
are  the  initials  R.B.E.  That  in  Carlifle  cathedral,  hexagon,  has 
a  crofs  on  a  fhield  (the  arms  of  the  fee)  and  a  rude  face.  That 
in  St.  Clement’s  at  Haftings  odlagon,  adorned  with  the  inftru- 
ments  of  the  pafiion  on  fhields  in  quatrefoils  [z].  That  at  Pen- 
fhurft  is  odlagon,  with  a  crowned  M.  xpe  and  ihs  (each  twice)  a 
crofs,  the  archbifhop’s  pall,  and  the  inftruments  of  the  Pafiion. 
That  at  Cobham  in  Kent  is  odlagon,  on  four  round  painted 
pillars,  and  an  odlagon  (haft.  That  at  Sittingborn  is  odlagon, 
charged  with  two  rofes,  a  duller  of  acorns,  Canterbury  im¬ 
paling  in  a  border  ingrailed  a  lion  rampant  quartering  cheque,  in- 
(truments  of  the  Pafiion,  a  crofs  flory,  and  a  modern  infeription. 

The  Seven  Sacraments  are  the  common  ornament  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  fonts  in  the  churches  in  the  Eaftern  part  of  Suffolk  ; 
the  defigns  vary,  and  the  execution  is  good :  particularly 
at  Woodbridge,  Melton  [V],  Baddingham,  Laxford  ;  the  fame 
defigns  are  fculptured  on  the  font  at  Grantham  [£]. 

The  font  at  Binham  abbey,  Norfolk,  is  odlagon  adorned  with 
Saints  and  the  Seven  SacramentsvThat  at  Walfingham  is  adorned 
with  the  Seven  Sacraments  and  the  Crucifixion,  and  the  (haft 

[>]  Grofe. 

O]  Gent.  Mag.  LVI.  650,  and  plate. 

| >]  See  PI.  XXVII. 

P]  See  PI.  XXIX. 


with 


Johnson  del. 


HBa/cre/c. 


Vo i  x.  pi.  xxvm.  p.  19 1. 


J*on  1 1/1  J/f  /fr'/i  C//  arc/i,  <  \\///o//' . 


,'///r  ( <‘r//y///  >////<■ ///</  0^\  %d/r/, //i  /'////sr//,  - 


on  cmtienl  Fonts.  193 

with  Apoftles  defaced  in  the  civil  war.  It  Hands  on  a  high 
octangular  bafe,  and  the  cover  is  a  cupola  with  four  pillars. 
That  at  Kettleftone  is  adorned  with  the  arms  of  France  and 
England  quarterly,  and  others.  That  at  Fakenham  with  the 
emblems  of  the  Trinity,  Paflion,  and  Evangelifts,  and  in  the 
lower  compartments  an  N  ducally  crowned.  That  in  Chi- 
chefter  cathedral  is  oftagon  againft  a  pillar.  1  hat  at  Tick- 
hill,  Yorkfhire,  hexagon,  with  the  initials  pf  Mary,  Jefus,  a 
third,  and  a  crofs.  That  at  Doncafter  fquare,  on  four  round  pillars 
under  each  fide. 

The  font  at  Farringdon,  Berks,  is  hexagon,  with  two  rows 
of  arches  on  a  hexagon  bafe. 

That  at  Leverton  in  Lin  coin  (hire  is  octagon,  the  Tides 
adorned  with  niches  and  a  border  of  quatrefoils  in  rounds,  and 
the  fhaft  has  niches. 

That  at  W range  in  the  fame  county  is  o&agon,  with  plain 
fquare  compartments  on  a  fluted  (haft,  and  the  three  fteps  with 
the  raifed  one  at  the  Weft  fide  as  at  Eaft  Dereham. 

That  at  Bennington  in  the  fame  county  is  alfo  oflagon, 
adorned  with  the  figure  of  the  Deity  holding  the  crucifix  be¬ 
tween  his  knees  and  fouls  in  his  hands,  two  Angels  cenfing  him; 
and  the  Twelve  Apoflles  on  each  fide  of  him ;  the  fhaft  alfo 
edlagon  has  eight  Apoftles. 

The  font  at  Wellefborne  is  alfo  o&agon,  with  rofes  in  qua¬ 
trefoils,  on  a  fhaft  of  quatrefoils. 

The  fhaft  at  All  Saints,  Stamford,  is  odagon,  and  has  in  it  a 
plinth  to  raife  the  bafon.  The  font  has  eight  fhields  in  quatrc- 
'foils. 

That  at  Hackington  Hands  on  three  fteps,  is  o&agon,  with 
arches  very  deeply  cut  at  bottom,  which  feem  to  have  been 
painted,  and  have  flowered  pediments,  capitals,  and  fafcia. 

Vol.X.  Cc  Among 


Mr.  Gough’s  Qbfirvatibns - 

Among  the  fonts  in  Leiceflerfhire,  that  at  Muffon  is  fquare>, 
with  rofes  in  the  Tides  and  under  the  angles,  and  Hands  on  a 
round  bafe. 

That  at  Kegworth  hexagon,  on  a  bracket  bafe  richly  moulded,. 

On  Bredon  font,  which  is  alfo  hexagon,  are  thefe  arms  t. 
i.  A  chevron  between  three  garbs  ;  2.  A, chevron  between  three 
fpread  eagles;  3.  and  5.  Seven  mafcles  conjoined,  3.  3.  1.;; 
6.  a  bend  \  c]. 

Burbach  font  is  oflagon  ;  on  three  Tides  are  the  arms  of  Haf~ 
tings,  Stafford,  andChawell ;  on  the  others,  Gothic  tracery  [d~\. 

That  at  Great  Shepey  is  alfo  odagon,.  and  contained  fimilar 
fhields.  It  has  been  removed  out  of  the  church  in  a  late  repair,, 
and  is  now  perifhing  in  the  church-yard. 

On  “  the  font  Hone”  at  Whitwick,  Burton  mentions  thefe- 
three  efcutcheons :  “  1.  three  garbs;  2.  three  chevrons  ^ 
3.  feme  de  crofs  crofslets,  three  fleurs  de  lis  [<?].” 

The  font  at  Ufford  in  Suffolk  has  the  arms  of  the  family  of 
that  name,  fmgle  and  quarterly,  and  rofes  [/]. 

That  at  Elmefwell  in  the  fame  county  is  leptagon,  having  on 
it  the  word  £)6DE6  deeply  engraven  in  large  letters,  and  three 
Hiells  in  an  efcucheon  [g]. 

The  font  at  Winterborne  Whitchurch,  Dorfet,.  is  of  a  very 
fingular  form,  ffanding  on  a  carved  (baft  with  four  pillars  at 
the  corners  adorned  with  purffed  finials,  and  with  ffiields- 
charged  with  arms  and  infcriptions  alternately  [A]* 

[<:]  Nichols’s  Leiceflerfhire  Colleftions,  p.  1318- 

[<af]  Engraved  in  the  fame  Cohesions,  p.  261.  PI.  V. 

[r]  Defcription  of  Leiceflerfhire,  p.  306. 

[/]  Camden,  II.  p,  86.  Staveley,  Hill,  of  Churches,  p.  220. 

[g]  Bibl.  Top.  Brit.  N°  LII.  p.  17. 

[£]  Hutchins’s  Dorfet,  I.  68. 

7 


The 


On  antient  Fonts •  ’595 

The  font  at  which  the  venerable  Latimer  officiated  atThur- 
cafton  is  circular  and  (hallow  on  a  hexagon  bafe  with  niches. 

That  at  Kirkby  Belers  is  hexagon,  on  a  (haft  and  two  pillars* 

the  other  fide  fupported  by  a  block. 

That  at  Market  Bofworth  engraved  in  Mr.  Nichols'  Leicefter* 
(hire  Collections  [/]  is  of  a  very  lingular  conflrudtion  :  an  hexa¬ 
gon  vafe  adorned  with  ffiields  of  arms  under  purged  canopies, 
and  fupported  on  eight  ffiort  round  pillars  with  capitals  and 

bafes. 

That  at  St.  Ofyth,  EfTex,  is  o&agon,  having  two  plain  ffiields, 
four  with  roles,  one  with  a  plain  crofs,  and  one  with  a  crofs 
fleurs ;  the  (haft  has  four  little  buttrelfes. 

That  at  Northaw,  Herts,  is  odlagon,  with  ffiields  of  arms,  &ce 

That  at  Ware  is  oftagon,  charged  with  whole  length  figures 
of  the  Salutation,  St.  John  the  Baptift,  St.  James  the  Lefs, 
St.  Catharine,  St.  George,  St.  Chriftopher,  St.  Margaret  and  the 
dragon  ;  and  between  the  compartments  bulls  of  angels  hold  th® 

inftruments  of  the  pa'ffion  and  of  mu  fie. 

The  font  at  Luton  is  ottagonal  on  Heps,  having  over  it  an 
o&agonal  Hone  canopy,  fupported  by  eight  pillars,  about  25 
feet  high,  and  making  a  final!  freellone  chapel  round  the  font 
capable  of  containing  leven  or  eight  people  with  great  eafe.  It 
may  very  properly  be  called  a  Baptiltery,  and  is  the  only  one 
of  the  kind  perhaps  in  England  [£].  In  the  centre  of  the  roof 
is  a  lion  O.  and  a  griffin  V.  rampant.  Mr.  Blomefield  calls  this 
*  vine,  a  dragon,  and  the  holy  lamb,  which  laft  defends  the 
vine  from  the  injury  of  the  dragon,  fignifying  that  baptifm 

[/]  PI.  LXI.  p.  1184. 

t  [*]  Ducarel’s  MS.  penes  me.  It  was  engraved  at  Ills  expence  by  J.  Bavley 
„68.  given  to  Gent.  Mag.  .778,  XLVill.  and  to  Hift.  of  Luton,  Bibl.  Top. 
Brit.  No.  VIII.  p.  651. 


C  c  2 


defends 


196  Mr.  Gough’s  Objervations 

defends  us  from  the  devil,  and  that,  by  the  a  Alliance  of  the 
Lamb  of  God,  the  evil  one  fhould  have  no  power  to  hurt  the 
church,  of  which  the  vine  is  ail  emblem.  On  the  top  of  all  is 
a  large  bafon,  where  the  confecrated  water  ufed  to  be  kept, 
which  was  let  down  out  of  it  by  a  pipe  at  the  prieiVs  pleafure 
into  the  font  [/]. 

The  font  at  Eaft  Dereham  in  Norfolk  has  on  its  eight  faces 
the  Seven  Sacraments  and  the  Crucifixion  :  on  the  fhaft  eight 
of  the  Apoftles  at  full  length,  and  at  the  eight  corners  between 
them  the  other  eight  fitting,  and  the  fymbols  of  the  four 
Evangelifts  between  them.  The  afcent  to  the  font  is  by  a  double 
odagon  fiep,  the  upper  odagon  curioufly  worked  in  the  Gothic 
tafte.  This  font  was  ereded  1468,  and  by  the  following  ex- 
trad  from  the  church  accounts  appears  to  have  coft  £.1 2  13J.  yd. 


Cojls  of  the  new  Funte . 

“  Imprimis,  payd  to  the  mafon  quan  he  toke 

the  faid  funte  in  arneft,  . —  — 

i(  Item,  payd  for  makyng  of  an  oblegaceon  in 

the  which  he  was  bound  for  the  feyd  work, 
“  Item,  payd  for  lying  of  the  freflone,  that 
was  for  the  feyd  funte  atte  Lynne, 

“  Item,  payd  for  carryng  of  the  feyd  done, 

6i  Item,  payd  for  carrying  iiii  lods  of  the  feyd 
fre  ftone  fro  Lynne  to  Eft  Derham  per  i  lod 
carying  in.  vi d.  — -  — -  fumma, 

“  Item,  payd  to  Thomas  Platfote  for  carrying 
of  iii  lodes  of  freftotie  be  feyd  fpace  takyng 
for  a  lode,  iiu.  — -  —  fumma. 


.  da 

•  •  •  • 
1111 

•  •  •  • 
1111 

xxii 
•  •  *  •  • 

11  VIII 


x 


i  x 


[/]  Blomefield’s  Colled,  Cantab.  Part  II.  p.21.  Ibft.  of  Luton,  ubi  fup.  p.  40. 

2  “  Item, 


on  antient  Fonts . 


4  Item,  payd  for  di.  chalder  of  lyme  xxd.  and 
cc  tyle  bowt  at  Norwich  xv\d,  fumma, 

4  Item,  payd  to  Robert  Crane,  for  carrying  of 
the  feyd  lyme  and  tyle,  —  — 

4  Item,  payd  to  Ric.  Wefthave,  for  iron  work 

to  the  feyd  funte,  -  - - 

4  Item,  in  expens  upon  help  quail  the  funte 

was  in  the  reeping,  - —  — 

4  Item,  payd  to  the  mafon  for  workmanfliip 

of  the  feyd  funte,  - - -  —  X 

4  Item,  to  his  reward,  - - 

4  Item,  payd  to  Will.  Plomer  for  ledyng  of  the 

new  funte,  - -  - 

4  Item,  payd  Will.  Pylche  for  makyng  of  the 
dole  to  the  funte  and  keveryingof  the  fame, 

4  Item,  payd  for  making  of  aquetance  betwixt 
our  mafon  and  us,  -  - 


19.7 


s» 


111 


XX 

xi 

•  • 
11; 


XX 


•  • 

11  V 

XX 


it 


xiv  ii 


Of  this  money  50J.  and  led.  was  raifed  by  a  voluntary  fub- 
fcription  of  the  inhabitants  and  rent  of  the  church  lands  (at 
that  time  very  fmall)  and  Sunday  gatherings,  and  the  legacies 
or  quejlword  of  the  deceafed  fupplied  the  reft,  and  were  the 
funds  from  which  the  church  was  repaired  and  ornamented. 
To  this  ftone  font  in  the  year  1678  was  added  a  Gothic  top 
ornamented  in  the  tafte  of  the  time,  and  fupported  by  four  fluted 
pillars  [*»]. 


[ m ]  Blomefield,  V.  1186-7.  The  font  was  drawn  and  engraved  by  Mr.  Caiter 
in  his  XV'th  Number  with  a  defcription  by  Sir  John  Fenn,  who  thinks  the 
tilts  ill  the  account  were  glazed*ones  for  the  pavement. 


The 


Mr.  Gough’s  Obfervations 

The  fiole  charged  in  the  lad  article  but  one  is  the  higher  dep 
to  the  principal  front  of  this  veflel,  on  which  face  the  Cruci¬ 
fixion  is  reprefented,  for  the  pried;  to  hand  en  during  the  admi- 
liidration  of  the  rite  of  baptifm. 

Among  the  fonts  at  Suffolk,  that  at  Stradbrook  is  o&agon, 
adorned  with  angels  holding  fhields  whited  over;  lions  fquatted 
and  wild  men  (landing  on  the  (haft* 

Wilby  has  the  four  Evangel  ids  fitting,  and  reding  on  their 
refpe&ive  fymbols  before  their  knees. 

Laxford  deferves  a  particular  defcription  and  drawing,  and 
(lands  on  two  fteps  with  four  intervals. 

Ubbedon  is  odtagon,  adorned  with  rofes  in  quatrefoils  di¬ 
vided  by  pairs  of  niches,  and  the  (haft  is  divided  into  niches. 

Heveningham  has  angels  and  fymbols  ot  the  Evangelids, 
and  on  the  (haft  pillars  and  lions. 

That  at  Earls  Soham  is  fimilar,  except  that  the  angels  hold 

fhields. 

Playford  is  hexagon  on  a  fhaft  hollowed  into  niches  :  Cul- 
pho  has  the  fame  form  with  rofes  in  the  compartments. 

Grundifborough  is  o£lagon,  with  lions  fitting,  and  .angels 
holding  fhields  alternately,  and  on  the  lhaft  lions  fitting  alter¬ 
nately  at  the  angles:  a  border  of  rofes  and  lilies  between. 

Burgh  is  remarkably  low,  otfagon,  charged  with  fymbols  of 
the  Evangel-ids,  an  angel,  another  with  a  fcroll,  a  third  with  a 
crown,  a  figure  fitting  at  a  dcfk. 

Halkerton  octagon,  has  four  angels  holding  on  fhields  a  lion 
double  tailed  rampant  between  ten  crofs  croflets,  the  arms  of 
Bruce,  two  (ingle,  arid  one  impaling  Payton ,  a  crofs  ingrailed 
and  one  plain  and  four  rofes,  and  a  lion  rampant,  and  a  chev¬ 
ron  between  three  crofs  croflets  htche.  it  has  been  taken  off 
the  pededal,  and  lowered. 


Brad  field 


199 


on  antlent  Fonts . 

Brar! field  fquare,  on  a  round  pillar. 

Dadlington  hexagon. 

Chars  field  has  had  animals  fquatting  on  the  (haft,  and  on  the 
vafe  (vrnbols  of  the  Evangelifts  and  angels  alternately. 

Letheringham  has  the  fame  on  it,  and  on  the  (haft  a  dog,, 
wolf,  and  lions  fupporting  it.  See  PI.  XXV. 

Brandefton  is  hexagon  in  four  (lories,  and  on  its  wooden* 
dome  cover  the  arms  of  Revett  with  quartering&  1711. 

That  at  Lantwardine  in  Hertfordfhire  is  very  rude. 

That  at  Wigmore  in  the  fame  county  odlagon,  and  placed  ii> 
the  middle  of  the  nave. 

At  Harewood,.  Yorkfhire,  a  cup  on  a  rude  bafe. 

The  offaeonal  form  is  thus  recommended  in  thefe  lines  of 
St.  Ambrofe  at  Milan  over  the  font  of  St.  Tecla,  before  it  was- 
adorned  by  more  modern  magnificence : 

Oftachorum  fandlos  templum  furrexit  in  ufus„ 

Odlagonus  fons  eft,  munere  dignus  eo. 

Hoc  numero  decuit  facri  baptifmatis  aulam 
Surgere,  quo  populis  vera  falus  rediit 
Luce  refurgentis- Chrifti,  qui  clauftra  refolvit 
Mortis,  &  a  tumulis  fufcitet  examines. 

Gruter,  p.  1166,.  Ciampini,  P.  II.  p.  2%* 

The  laft  lines  explain  the  appearance  of  Chrijl's  refurredlion  on 
fonts.  Ciampini,  lb.  PI.  VIII. 

The  baptiftery  at  Pifa  is  o&agon  ;  and  that  of  Conftantine- 
at  Rome. 

In  fiances  of  this  form  and  the  hexagon  are  mod  numerous. 
Other  varieties  will  prefent  themfelves  to  an  attentive  ob=» 
ferver.... 

The 


200 


Mr,  Gough's  Obfervations 

The  font  at  Newark  has  a  circular  upper  part,  and  on  the  {haft 
'the  Twelve  Apoftles,  and  on  the  bafethe  infcription  incorre&ly 
engraved  in  the  new  edition  of  the  Britannia,  II.  PI.  I.  p.  29  r, 
which  fhould  be  read, 

Came  in  nati  fiunt  hac  ......  fonte  renati. 

That  at  Orford  in  Suffolk  has  an  infcription  cut  in  and 
blacked,  to  John  and  Katherine  Cockerell  who  caufed  it  to  be 
made  [»]. 

►P  Orate  fro  animabus  Johannis  Coker  el  &  Katerine  uxoris  ejus 
qui  ifiam fontem  in  honor  e  Dei  fieri  fecerunt . 

At  the  fides  are  the  fymbols  of  the  Evangelifts,  the  Deity  and 
Chrift,  the  Virgin  and  dead  Chrift,  angels  holding  inftruments 
of  the  paffion  and  emblems  of  the  Trinity.  On  the  (haft  are  al¬ 
ternately  woodmen  and  beafts  fitting. 

On  the  pedeftal  of  the  font  in  the  beautiful  church  at  Kirkton, 
an  Lincolnfhire  is  this  infcription-: 

Orate  fro  a' 'a  Alani  Burton  qui  fiontem  ifiam fieri  fee ,  A.  D. 
MCCCCV.  [0], 

Mr.  Hutchins  gives  an  infiance  of  a  font  ferving  for  a  fu¬ 
neral  monument.  On  the  pedeftal  of  that  at  Brianfton  is  this 
infcription  : 

Hie  jacet  cor  Radulfhi  d ,  .  .  .  ham , 

•  0*]  Camden,  lb  87.  Account  and  print  of  it  in  Antiquarian  Repertory, 
,1  181. 

[oj  Camden,  II.  242. 


Which 


201 


on  antient  Fonts . 

Which  he  fupplies  fcopham ,  one  of  the  antient  lords  of  the 
manor  [/>]. 

THE  term  Font  is  of  antient  ufe  among  the  early  fathers  of 
the  church,  originally  applied  to  the  fountain  or  pool  wherein 
perfons  were  immerfed  or  baptifed  Afterwards  to  the 

vefiel  capable  of  admitting  adults,  and  at  lad:  to  the  veffel  of 
the  prefent  form  to  contain  only  the  water.  Infant  baptifm  ob¬ 
tained  in  the  twofirft  centuries  [r],  W’hetherit  was  adopted  in  the 
converfion  of  this  kingdom  to  Chriftianity,  or  gradually  intro¬ 
duced,  the  Baptiftery  at  Canterbury  Cathedral  and  the  font  in 
St. Martin’s  church  in  that  city  would  equally  anfwer  the  purpofe 
of  baptizing  infants  or  adulis.  If  it  be  true  that  there  was  no 
font  in  this  cathedral  before  Bilhop  Warner  gave  one  1636  [j], 
Mr.  Goftling’s  [/]  conjecture  concerning  the  ufe  of  the  baptiftery 
there  will  ftand  uncontroverted,  however  fingular  this  building  be 
in  this  country,  this  perhaps  being  the  only  inftance  of  the  kind, 
though  common  in  foreign  cathedrals  [«].  Mr.  Denne  has  fug- 
gefted  a  conjecture,  that  as  no  font  is  mentioned  in  Dugdaje’s 
Defcription  of  St.  Paul’s  cathedral,  there  might  poffibly  be 
none  [x].  The  fame  learned  Antiquary  conceives  “  there  were 
few  cathedrals  ornamented  with  fixed  fonts  at  a  much  earlier 
period  than  that  of  Canterbury,  unlefs  they  had  likewife  paro¬ 
chial  altars  for  the  ufe  of  the  lay  people  of  fome  contiguous 

[ p ]  Hutchins,  I.  88.  Mr.  Hutchins,  I.  47.  101.  fays,  the  fonts  at  Bere 
Regis  and  Pimpern  are  very  ancient  but  does  not  defcribe  them. 

[^]  Bingham,  B.  VIII.  c.  vii.  Vol.  III.  217. 

[V]  lb.  B.  XI.  c.  iv. 

0]  So  Mr.  Sonmer  conjeftured  ;  at  which  Mr.  Goftling  exprefles  furprize. 

[/]  Walk,  p.  185.  He  feems,  however,  to  give  it  up  in  his  Appendix, 
p.  398.  Mr.  Denne  thinks  it  a  Lavatory. 

[a]  Du  Frefne  in  voce.  Gent.  Mag.  XL VI.  58. 

[a]  Gent.  Mag.  Ib. 

Vol.  X.  D  d 


diftricts 


202, 


Mr.  Gough’s  Obfrvations 

did  rifts*  [jy].”  But  can  we  account  for  the  fonts  in  Wincheder 
and  Lincoln  cathedrals  on  this  principle;  to  mention  no  more? 
Some  learned  men  have  fuppofed  that  antiently  there  was  but 
one  baptidery  in  a  city,  and  that  at  the  bifhop’s  church.  In 
after  ages  baptideries,  by  which  we  are  to  underftand  fonts , 
were  fet  up  in  country  parifhes ;  for  the  council  of  Auxerre 
fpeaks  of  baptifing  at  Eader  in  villages  by  allowance.  Edmund 
archbidaop  of  Canterbury,  in  his  Conditutions  publifhed  about 
1236,  direfts  that  a  done  font  (baptifterium  lapldeum)  be  pro¬ 
vided  in  every  baptifmal  church,  which  Lyndwood  interprets  a 
church  having  the  people,  i.  e.  the  laity,  connected  with  it  (in 
quahbet  ecclefa  baptifmali ,  tali,  adds  Lyndwood,  quce  habet populum 9 
fiv :  cathfdrali five  conventualij  [2d.  Agreeable  to  this  idea,  Du- 
frefne  f]  condders  £i  ecckfia  baptifnalis  &  parochialis  f  as  fyno- 
nymous.  He  even  finds  baptifterium  ufed  by  Sidonius  and  others 
for  a  baptifmal  or  parochial  church . 

Perhaps  the  dronged  proof  of  the  exidence  of  a  font  in  a 
conventual  church  is  to  be  found  in  the  monadery  of  Sherborn 
in  Dorfet.  By  an  ordination  made  between  the  abbot  and 
convent  and  the  parifhioners  it  appears  that  the  monks  com¬ 
plained  that  though  there  had  been  in  the  body  of  the  church 
of  the  monadery,  from  its  foundation,  a  baptifmal  font,  in. 
which  the  infants  of  Sherborn  paridi  were  commonly  bap- 
tifed  ;  yet  certain  of  the  inhabitants  erected  another  new 

[  y]  Gent.  Mag.  ibid. 

[z]  lb.  XUV.  508. 

Voc.  jRcftijlaium.  The  paiifhioners  of  what  was  afterwards  St.  Nicholas*' 
church  in  Rochelier  reforted  to  the  cathedral  before  their  parifh  church  was 
built.  There  was  alfo  a  parochial  altar  in  Salifbury  cathedral.  Gent.  Mag. 
XLVI.  59. 

The  prefent  font  in  the  latter  church  is  o&agon,  having  on  four  fides  quatre- 
foils  and  fhields,  and  {landing  on  an  o&agon  draft  and  bafe. 

font 


on  antient  Fonts.  203 

font  in  the  lower  part  of  the  church,  where  the  inhabi¬ 
tants  ufed  to  hear  divine  fervice,  on  pretence  of  the  bells 
ringing  to  mattins,  and  the  flraitnefs  of  the  entrance  of  the 
door  in  the  wall  between  the  place  of  the  parifhioners  and  the 
body  of  the  church.  At  the  procefiion  to  the  font  at  Eafier 
and  Whitfuntide  a  contention  arofe  between  the  abbot  and 
-monks  and  the  townfmen.  The  monks  defiring  that  the  font 
might  be  removed  to  the  antient  place,  no  one  oppofed  it;  and 
proclamation  being  made  for  that  purpofe,  the  biihop  ordered 
the  bell  to  be  rung  to  mattins  after  the  6th  hour  according  to 
the  abbey  clock,  the  font  to  be  replaced  in  the  antient  place,  and 
the  door  and  entrance  for  the  procefiion  of  the  parifhioners  to 
the  font  to  be  enlarged,  a  partition  to  be  made  to  the  nave  near 
the  choir,  that  there  might  be  a  diftinft  reparation  between  the 
monks  and  the  parifhioners.  Dated  1436,  Jan.  8,  14  H.  VI.  [/?’. 
Leland  [c]  confirms  this  account,  and  adds,  that  upon  the  de¬ 
facing  the  font  wherein  the  townfmen  took  the  privilege  to 
ufe  the  Sacrament  of  baptifm  in  the  chapel  of  Allhallows, 
fuch  a  variance  and  fedition  arofe,  that  a  pried:  of  Allhallows 
ihot  a  fliaft  with  fire  into  the  top  or  roof  of  that  part  of  St. 
Mary’s  church  that  divided  the  Eaft  part  that  the  monks  ufed 
from  that  the  townfmen  ufed;  and  this  partition  chancing  at  that 
time  to  be  thatched,  the  roof  was  fet  on  fire,  and  the  whole 
church  defaced.  The  abbot  obliged  the  town’s  people  to  con¬ 
tribute  towards  the  rebuilding  of  it.  But  after  this  time  Allhal¬ 
lows  church,  and  not  St.  Mary’s,  was  ufed  as  the  parifh  church  \  d], 

I  know 

[b\  Reg.  Nevil  epi  Sarum.  f.  108. 

[<r]  Itin.  III.  93. 

\d]  Hutchins’s  Dorfet  II.  379.  380. 

“  The  body  of  the  abbay  church  dedicated  to  our  Lady  fervid  ontill  a  hun- 
-drith  ye  res  fyns  or  more  for  the  chiefe  paroche  church  of  the  town.  This  was 

D  d  2  the 


204  Mr.  Gough’s  Observations 

I  know  not  whether  it  may  not  be  deemed  too  bold  a  con¬ 
jecture,  if  I  fhould  fugged:  that  the  part  of  the  nave  in  St. 
Alban’s  abbey  church  feparated  towards  the  Eaft  by  a  hand* 
fome  fcreen  of  niches  for  an  altar,  and  inclofing  the  font,  may 
not  have  been  partitioned  off  for  a  fimilar  reafon  as  at  Sherborne. 
The  conjecture  is,  I  acknowledge,  not  fupported  by  any  re¬ 
cord,  and  muft  ftand  or  fall  on  its  own  merits.  This  abbey 
was  of  the  BenediCtine  order,  and  the  objection  made  to  the 
baptiflery  at  Canterbury  might  apply  here. 

Mr.  Staveley  \e~\  (on  what  authority  does  not  appear)  obferves 
that  the  firft  fonts  were  fet  up  in  private  houfes,  and  then  after 
Chriftians  recovered  from  perfection  in  fafe  and  peaceful 
times  then  drew  nearer,  and  placed  their  fonts  a  little  diftance 
from  the  church  or  oratory.  Afterwards  they  were  placed  in 
the  church  porch  [/],  and  lafily  in  the  church  itfelf  as  they  now 
(land,  but  near  the  entrance,  becaufe  this  is  the  facrament  of 
initiation,  or  admittance  into  the  church,  and  hath  ever  fmce 
retained  the  name  o  $  font  or  fountain,  from  the  primitive  ufe 
of  bnptifing  in  rivers  and  fountains.  And  antiently  there  was 
but  one  font  in  a  city,  and  that  in  or  near  the  principal  church, 
which  ufe  is  ftill  continued  at  Pifa,  Florence,  Bologna,  Parma, 
and  other  cities  in  Italy,  as  Durandus  tells  ns.  Thefe  fonts 

the  caufe  of  the  abolition  of  the  paroch  chirch  there..  The  monkes  and  the 
townfmen  fell  at  variance,  becaufe  the  towfmen  took  privilege,  &c.  AllhaL- 
lows  chapel  or  church  were  one  and  the  fame  building  ;  a  paroch  church  pulled 
down  a  late  and  the  paroch  church  made  in  our  lady  church  at  the  abbey.''’ 
Leland,  Itin.  111.  90. 

[e]  H iff.  of  Chuiches,  c.  xiii.  p.  217.  2d  Edit. 

[/]  Gregory  Turonenf.  VI.  c.  ii. 

They  were  probably  fucceeded  there  by  holy  water  bafons  to  be  feen  in 
every  porch,  or  at  the  arch  of  the  door  within  or  without.  See  alfo  Le  Boeuf, 

1.  21. 

alfo 


on  antient  Fonts, 


20  5 


alfo  were  antiently  adorned  with  the  pi&ures  or  images  of 
Saints  and  Holy  Men,  to  the  end  that  fuch  as  were  baptifed 
might  afterwards  have  before  their  eyes,  the  representations  of 
thole  perfons  eminent  for  holinefs  and  virtue,  whole  a£hons 
they  were  to  imitate  [g-]. 

The  church  of  St,  Jean  le  Rond  at  Paris,  taken  down  1748, 
was  the  baptiftery  of  the  cathedral  of  that  city.  The  original 
or  primitive  baptiftery  of  Paris,  near  the  houle  oi  St.  Genevieve 
was  known  by  the  name  of  the  Chapel  of  St.  John  Bap- 
till:  in  881.  The  church  of  St.  John  le  Rond  took  its  name 
from  the  round  form  of  the  oratory  in  which  was  the  veffel  or 
bafon  for  the  adminiftration  of  baptilm  jAJ. 

By  the  conftitutions  of  archbifhop  F.dmund,  before  cited,  the 
font  was  to  be  of  ftone,  or  of  fome  competent  materia)  (lapi- 
deum  *vel  aliud  competens )  [/].  And  to  thele  re^er  the  conllitu¬ 
tions  made  by  the  bifhop  of  London,  prelident  in  the  room  of 

the  archbilhop  of  Canterbury  1603,  1  Ja.  I.  [£]• 

The  rage  for  whitewalhing  every  thing  in  our  churches 
lias  concealed  many  a  handfome  Hone  wrought  into  a  ront. 
One  in  Suffolk  is  ftill  of  grey  marble,  that  at  Bafing  of  pur- 
beck. 

Though  there  was  an  exprefs  canon  againfl  making  patens 
of  tin  there  was  none  againft  the  ule  of  lead  in  any  eccleliaftical 
velfel.  We  lee  therefore  all  the  fonts  before  the  Reformation 
lined  with  that  metal[/J  :  1  fuppofe  to  prevent  the  porofity  of  the 

[g]  Camden  Brit.  Cumberland,  III.  170.  ex  Paulini  Epift.  12. 

[1]  Le  Boeuf,  Hill,  de  la  ville  &  diocefe  de  Paris,  I.  20.  437. 

["/']  Wilkins,  Concilia,  I.  636. 

p]  lb.  IV.  394*  .  c  . 

[/* 1  So  in  the  account  of  Eaft  Dereham  font  there  is  a  charge  Ci  2f.  5«.  by 

William  the  plumber  for  ledyng  the  new  lont.  See  before  p.  197. 


Hone 


206 


Mr.  Gough’s  Obfervations 

Rone  from  abforbing  the  water.  For  before  that  period  there 
was  provided  in  all  a  hole  or  channel  at  the  bottom  of  the  upper 
part  through  the  fhaft  to  convey  away  the  water  that  was  left 
after  the  adminillration  of  the  rite  £//;!.  This  hole,  while  the 
water  was  in,  was  fecured  by  a  Ropple,  as  the  holy  water 
bafons  at  the  lides  of  altars  [«]. 

A  cover  was  provided  for  the  generality  of  fonts  ;  but 
more  coilly  in  fome  parifh  churches  than  in  others.  Very 
few  are  now  retained,  becaufe  the  water  is  brought  in  a 
imall  bafon  in  proportion  as  the  occafion  requires.  InRanccs 
of  coflly  and  laboured  covers,  finifhed  in  a  rich  Gothic  Ryle 
of  wood-work  may  be  found  at  Luton  in  Bedfordfhire  [o], 
Ufrord,  Worlingworth,  and  St.  Gregory’s  at  Sudbury  in  Suf- 
folk  [p]  ;  the  latter  fuppofed  of  the  time  of  Richard  II.  and 
of  oak  Gothic  work,  reaching  to  the  top  of  the  church,  and 
lufpended  by  a  pulley.  Mr.  Vertue,  in  a  letter  to  Dr.  Ducarel, 
in  my  poffeffion,  mentions  having  feen  feveral  Rone  fonts  with 
very  high  pinnacle  wooden  fpires,  richly  adorned  and  carved  in 
Norfolk ;  but  none  with  feats  as  at  Luton.  I  have  feen  fome 
plainer  fonts  with  proportionably  plainer  covers. 

The  cover  was  required  to  be  kept  fad  with  a  lock  for  fear 
of  forcery  ;  “  Fontes  baptifmales  fub  /era  claufi  teneantur, 

[w]  BlomefielcTs  Norfolk,  I.  472. 

[n]  1  he  coniecrated  baptifmal  water  ufed  to  be  kept  in  the  font.  Archbifhop 
iidmund  1236,  ordained  that  it  Ihould  not  remain  there  more  than  feven  days 
aitei  the  baptiim  ol  an  infant.  2  E.  VI.  it  was  to  be  changed  every  month  at 
leaft.  Cullum's  Hawfted,  p.  46. 

0]  Antiquities  of  Luton,  Bibl.  Top.  Brit.  No.  VIII. 

[/>]  See  the  print  of  the  Jail  by  Vertue.  It  is  adorned  with  four  rams  for  fa- 
crifice  or  Agni  Dei,  over  them  the  fymbols  of  the  Evangeliils,  and  between 
them  angels  with  coats  of  arms.  I  hat  at  Ufford  is  fuperior,  being  elaborately 
executed  and  diminifliing  pyramidically  to  the  very  roof.  Britannia,  II.  86. 

3  “  propter 


on  antient  Fonts • 


207 

<<  propter fortilegia .”  Archbifhop  Edmund’s  Conftitutions  before 
cited.  “  The  forcery  here  guarded  againft,”  fays  Lyndwood, 
“  was  fome  vulgar  fuperftition  better  underftood  than  ex- 
“  plained:”  The  remains  of  the  iron  faftenings  for  locking  the 
cover  of  the  font  at  Hawfted  are  ftill  to  be  feen  [^],  A  cover 
was  bought  for  Brockdifh  font  fo  late  as  1553  [rj. 

The  laft  circumftance  to  be  noticed  is  the  pew  or  inclofure  in 
which  fome  fonts  are  placed ;  as  at  Luton. 

The  refult  of  all  thefe  different  obfervations  is  a  proof  that 
when  the  baptifm  of  infants  became  an  eftablifhed  cuftom, 
which  Mr.  Robinfon,  of  Cambridge,  in  his  elaborate  and 
learned  Hiflory  of  Baptifm  juft  publifhed,  (hews  was  not  till 
the  14th  century  [f],  it  was  unneceffary  for  the  adminiftrators  to 
go  into  the  water,  and  they  contrived  ciflerns  which  they  called 
fonts ,  in  which  they  dipped  the  children.  In  the  fir  ft  baptift- 
eries,  both  adminiftrators  and  candidates  went  down  fteps  into 
the  bath.  In  after  ages  the  adminiftrators  went  up  fteps  to  a 
platform  on  which  ftood  a  fmall  bath  called  a  font .  In  mo¬ 
dern  practice  the  font  remains ;  but  a  bafon  of  water  fet  into 
the  font  ferves  the  purpofe,  becaufe  it  is  not  fuppofed  necef- 
fary  either  that  the  adminiftrator  fhould  go  into  the  water,  or 
that  the  candidate  fhould  be  immerfed.  This  in  England  was 
cuftom,  not  law;  for,  in  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  the 
governors  of  the  Epifcopal  church  in  effedt  exprefsly  prohibited 
fprinkling,  forbidding  the  ufe  of  bafons  in  public  baptifm. 

[j]  Cullum’s  Hawfted,  p.  46. 

[r]  Blomefield,  III.  228. 

[j]  Bafnage,  Theft  Mon.  Eccleft  &  Hift.  Canifii  kaiones  antiq.  digeft. 
I.  c.  5.  de  ritibus  de  immerfione  quae  per  13  fecula  perfeveravit  diaum. 

Voh.  X.  D  d  4  “  Laft 


*2o8 


Mr.  Gough’s  Obfervations 

i 

a  Laft  of  all  (the  churchwardens)  fliall  fee,  that  in  every 
a  church  there  be  a  holy  founte,  not  a  bafon ,  wherein  baptifm 
t*  may  be  miniftered,  and  it  be  kept  comely  and  clean  [/].” 
it  Item,  that  the  font  be  not  removed,  nor  that  the  curate 
“  do  baptife  in  parifld  churches  in  any  bafons ,  not  in  any  other 
a  form  than  is  already  preferibed  [«].”  Sprinkling  therefore 
was  not  allowed,  except  as  in  the  church  of  Rome,  in  cafes  of 
neceffity  at  home.  .  Damafus,  afterwards  pope,  conftru&ed  a 
baptifmal  font  in  the  old  Vatican  church  at  Rome  [x].  The  font 
at  Notre  Dame,  in  which  Clovis  was  baptifed,  flood  without 
the  church.  Richard  earl  of  Warwick,  1381,  is  reprefented 
as  baptifed  by  immerfion  in  an  hexagon  font  fupported  on  fix 
pillars  round  a  central  fhaft ;  king  Richard  II.  his  godfather 
holding  his  hand  on  his  head  [y]. 

Immerfion  is  enjoined  by  the  canons  [z]  ;  and  it  was  thrice 
repeated,  in  reference  to  the  Trinity  and  the  three  days  during 
which  our  Saviour  remained  in  the  grave.  Mr.  Robinfon  [a] 
fuggefts  that  the  bath  near  one  end  of  the  church  of  Eafl 
Dereham  in  Norfolk  was  a  baptiftery  ;  and  if  the  biffiop  of  Co¬ 
ventry  granted  to  Haghmon  abbey  an  officer  whofe  province  it 
was  to  baptife  Jews  as  well  as  infants,  it  is  natural  to  infer 
that  there  were  at  that  time  Jews  refident  in  Shropffiire,  and 
one  baptiflery  at  or  near  the  abbey  for  the  baptifing  men  and 

[/]  Book  of  certaine  canons.  Sc c.  printed  by  Day,  1571,  p.  19. 

[a]  Advertifement  for  due  Order  in  the  Public  Adminiftration  of  Common 
Prayer,  See.  1584. 

[#]  Ciampini  de  facr.  edific.  Vaticani,  c.  iv.  §  4. 

[>]  Strutt’s  View  of  Manners,  &c.  II.  PI.  VIII.  121.  from  Rofs’  MS. 
Lives  of  the  Earls  of  Warwick. 

[z]  See  Lyndwood,  lib.  iii.  tit.  24.  de  Baplifmo.  25.  Jmmerjio, 

0]  P.  130. 


women. 


cn  antlent  Fonts .  209* 

women  [£].  The  compartment  on  the  font  at  Brighthelmftone 
reprefenting  baptifm  exhibits  the  parties  under  arches,  perhaps 
of  the  baptiftery.  Mr.  Robinfon  offers  other  ingenious  conjec¬ 
tures  on  the  reliefs  on  fonts,  which  I  forbear  to  enlarge  on 
here,  thinking  it  is  time  to  conclude  this  paper,  after  obferving 
how  little  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  fubjeft  by  the  beft  and 
moil  inquifitive  defcribers  of  our  churches. 

[£]  Gent.  Mag.  XLIV.  p.  500 ;  and  XLV.  p.  13. 


D  d  5 


XXV. 


[  208  ] 


XXV.  Three  Letters  from  Mr .  Samuel  Carte  to  Dr . 

Ducarel,  and  one  to  Sir  Thomas  Cave,  Bart,  con - 

*■ 

cerning  Fonts . 

Read  Jan.  20,  1791. 

1. 


* 


SIR, 

IS  E  N  D  herewith  an  abftraCt  of  what  I  take  to  be  the  mod 
material  paflages  in  my  collections  heretofore  concerning 
fonts.  Indeed  I  am  almoft  afhamed  to  lay  them  before  you  ; 
but  either  the  fubjeCt  is  very  barren,  or  1  have  been  very  unfor¬ 
tunate  in  my  fearches,  particularly  I  have  not  met  with  any  au¬ 
thentic  account  of  the  pedeftal  or  foundation  of  the  font,  and 
very  little  concerning  the  cover  or  fuperftru&ure.  Mr.  New- 
court,  in  his  account  of  Allhallows,  Barking,  (I.  249.)  men¬ 
tions  a  crofs  over  the  font,  and  fome  images  or  pictures  over 
the  canopy  thereof,  a  petition  to  the  bifhop,  and  hearing  con¬ 
cerning  them  before  his  chancellor  Dr.  Duck,  and  an  order  for 
taking  them  down,  and  fetting  up  other  ornaments  in  their 
Read.  Perhaps  the  records  in  this  proceeding  may  afford  you 
greater  light  than  the  tedious  narrative  in  the  inclofed.  1  fhall 
be  glad  to  hear  the  refult  of  your  maturer  thoughts  on  this 
fubjeCl ;  fhall  hope  to  fee  you  in  a  fhort  time.  In  the  mean 
while,  I  continue. 

Sir,  your  mod  humble  fervant, 

SAMUEL  CARTE. 

Southampton  Court ,  July  30,  1753. 

Perhaps 


Mr.  Carte’s  Obfervatiom  on  antlent  Fonts .  209 

Perhaps  this  might  be  the  controverfy  mentioned  by  Mr. 
Vertue ;  at  lead  I  never  heard  of  any  other  about  fonts,  I  mean 
in  an  authoritative  court  or  affembly.  There  was  a  Puritan 
pamphlet,  intituled,  “  A  Dialogue  between  a  Poor  Man  and  his 
W  ite,”  which  [  once  faw,  and  I  remember  this  expreffion  on 
mentioning  the  parifh  pried  laying  the  Common  Prayer  Book 
over  the  font,  viz.  “  laying  one  idol  over  another.”  I  had  it  not 
in  my  hand  above  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  and  cannot  recoiled 
the  name  of  any  author,  or  give  any  further  information  con¬ 
cerning  it. 

If  I  remember  aright,  there  was  in  my  time  a  crofs  pattee 
Jitchee  over  the  cover  of  a  font  in  Leiceder  :  it  was  (in  no  long 
time)  altered,  and  a  carved  dove  fixed  at  the  top  of  the  cover 
indead  of  the  crofs. 

II. 

Juty  30,  1753. 

IN  refped  to  Fonts,  the  fubjed  of  your  lafh  letter  to  me,  I 
have  little  to  offer  that  can  be  thought  worthy  your  notice. 
Perhaps  I  may  be  able  to  fugged  a  hint  or  two  for  your  confi- 
deration,  and  in  that  way  “fungi  vice  cotis”  At  lead  from  your 
candour  I  fhall  hope  to  avoid  any  cenfure  on  account  of  my 
attempt  for  your  information,  and  fhall  therefore  obferve  to 
you  :  that  the  mod  early  indance  of  fonts,  within  my  obfervation, 
is  delivered  by  Du  Pin  in  his  Ecclefiadical  Hidory  of  the  4th 
century,  in  his  Account  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  St. 
Athanafius  ;  in  which,  viz.  in  the  Englifh  Trandation  thereof, 

I  find  thefe  two  following  fhort  hints  concerning  fonts; 
Ci  As  to  what  concerns  difcipline  in  his  time,  one  may  ob- 
ferve  in  his  works  that  there  were  fonts  in  churches,  and 
6C  that  oil  and  wine  and  bread  for  offerings  were  kept  for  the 
^  font.”  Indeed  the  hidorian  has  not  pointed  out  any  parti- 
Vol.  X,  E  e  cular 


2io  Mr .  Carte’s  Obfervations 

cular  paflages  for  the  fupport  of  his  averments  thus  quoted 
from  him.  Perhaps  you  may,  by  inquiry,  be  able  to  difcover 
them,  and  if  fo,  it  may  not  be  difficult  to  diftinguiffi  at  leaft 
whether  they  relate  to  the  exedra,  or  edifice  in  which  the 
baptifm  was  adually  adminiftcred  ;  or  to  the  refervoir  or  ca¬ 
vity,  wherein  the  water,  intended  for  ufe  in  that  folemnity, 
was  contained  or  holden  ;  a  diftin&ion  which  muft  be  nicely 
adverted  to  in  all  your  obfervations  concerning  this  fubjefr. 
This  will  appear  in  fome  degree  neceflary  from  what  I  am  going 
to  obferve  from  the  fame  hiftorian  in  refpeft  to  the  writings  of 
St.  Cyril  of  Jerufalem,  “  that  the  Cathecumens  were  un- 
«  cloathed  and  afterwards,  “  condufted  to  the  laver  and 
when  41  they  had  made  profeffion  of  their  faith  plunged  three 
«  times  into  the  water,  and  that  they  returned  out'  of  it 
“  three  different  times.”  (Du  Pin,  IV.  p.  113.)  From  this 
latter  quotation  it  appears  that  the  laver  is  expreffly  diffin- 
guiffied  from  the  water,  and  the  place  where  the  catechu¬ 
mens  were  uncloathed  and  condufted  from  thence  to  the  laver 
muft  be  confidered  as  the  baptiftery,  and  a  regard  to  this  dif- 
tinaion  feems  to  have  been  one  oceafion  for  introducing  the 
word  fins  or  fontes  into  our  canons  and  rubricks,  inftances  of 
which  may  be  feen  in  two  of  the  canons  of  archbiffiop  Ed¬ 
mund,  A.  D.  1223;  and  yet,  if  I  may  be  allowed  to  judge, 
the  word  baptiferium  is,  in  the  firft  of  thofe  canons,  ufed  pro- 
mifcuoufly,  to  fignify  the  place  or  ftation  for  performing 
or  folemnizing  the  baptifm,  and  alfo  the  refervoir  for  holding 
or  containing  the  water.  Which  of  the  two  figniflcations  is  the 
moft  proper  I  (hall  leave  to  your  confideration.  But  I  cannot 
avoid  obferving,  that,  in  the  formula  of  confecrating  the 
chapel  on  Ridgway  Heath  near  Southampton  (as  delivered  at 
the  end  of  Sparrow’s  Canons),  the  word  is  expreffly  applied 

and  . 


on  antient  Fonts . 


21  r 


and  limited  to  the  font  [<2]  ;  and  in  the  prayer  for  confecrating 
it,  the  font  is  fignifically  Ryled  the  Laver  of  Regeneration  [^]. 
Give  me  leave  to  add,  that  the  hiflorian  Socrates  mentions, 
KcXvfjL&yQpoi  tv  Ba,7rjis‘vi(3iv,  See  Orig.  Ecclef.  L.  VIII.  cap.  vii. 
fe£h  iv.  vol.  III.  p.  21 7. 

I  do  not  find  any  one  canon  during  the  firfi  fix  centuries 
which  fo  much  as  mentions  a  font,  unlefs  it  be  the  Council 
of  Lerida,  as  delivered  in  the  Decretum ,  Part  III.  De  Confecr 9 
Di/iindf.  IV.  C.  106.  Ornnls  Prejbyter.  According  to  which,  the 
font  ought  to  be  of  Rone,  “  lapideus And  what  will  more 
particularly  deferve  your  regard  in  refpedt  to  the  fubjedl  of  your 
enquiry,  is,  that  the  canon  fuppofed  not  only  a  fons,  but  in 
fome  infiances  at  leafi  a  veflel,  vas,  and  that  the  vas  was  ca¬ 
pable  of  being  removed  from  or  carried  out  of  the  church, 
extra  ecclejiam  deportari',  which  circumfiance,  I  fuppofe,  was 
not  applicable  to  the  font.  Fonts  are  mentioned  alfo  in  the 
Council  of  Toledo,  A.  D.  694.  The  fecond  canon  of  our 
Council  required  the  Bilhop  to  fiiut  up  the  font  in  the  beginning 
of  Lent,  and^feal  it  with  his  ring  till  Maundy  Thurfday. 
Whether  the  pool,  or  K was  lined  or  faced  with 
Rone  does  not  appear,  unlefs  you  can  infer  it  from  a  quotation 
by  Du  Frefne,  voh  II.  col.  479  [<r],  which  quotation  feems  to 
me  to  be  the  only  paflage  in  all  my  reading  that  leads  to  explain 
the  configuration  of  a  font.  1  flaall  for  that  reafon  exhibit  it 
at  large  :  44  Ifdem  Prceful  cl  fundamentis  ipfurn  Baptijlerium  in 
44  rGtundum  a  nip  la  largitate  conjlruens  in  meliorem  Jlaium,  atque 
4i  facrumfontem  in  meaio  largiori  f patio  fun  davit  P  The  words 
are  guoted  from  Pope  Leo  III.  who  according  to  Du  Pin  was 


[a]  Font,  Sparrow,  p.  383»Ep’us  Baptiflerium  aclit,  atque  impolita  manu  ait. 
[£]  “  Baptifed  in  this  laver  of  the  new  birth.” 
jY)  Voc.  Fons. 


E  e  2 


elected 


21  2 


Mr.  Carte’s  Obfervations 

defied  Pope  28  Jan.  A.  D.  795,  and  died  May  23,  A.D.  816. 
I  have  not  as  yet  feen  any  account  of  the  Temple  of  SanCta 
Sophia  at  Conflantinople,  other  than  the  extracts  concerning  it 
by  Du  Frefne  and  Mr.  Bingham,  neither  of  which  afford  any 
light  to  the  purpofe  inquired  after.  As  to  fonts  in  England,  I 
do  not  remember  to  have  ol^ferved  the  word.  In  Bede’s  Hiftory, 
L.  II.  c.  xiv.  it  is  dated  indeed  that  king  Edwin  received  La¬ 
ri  acrum  San  ft  a  R°generatloms.  In  another  place  Major  Exercitus 
rccens  de  Lavacro ;  and  afterwards  L.  V.  c.  vii.  A.  D.  689  it 
is  narrated  of  king  Cadwalla,  Venit  Romani  ut  ad  limina  beato - 
rum  apojlolorum  fonte  baptifmali  ablueretur.  1  have  above  referred 
to  the  canon  of  archbifhcp  Edmund.  It  cannot  be  improper  to 
obferve  fpecifically  that  the  word  cdoperialur  is  in  that  canon 
applied  to  the  font.  Bifhop  Ridiey’s  Vifitation  Articles  (n.  23, 
as  I  compute)  inquire  whether  any  ufeth  to  hallow  the  font 
011  Eafter  Even.  See  Sparrow,  p.  37.  The  fame  author  men¬ 
tions  them  in  his  Rationalia,  p.  260 — 365,  and  refers  to  Cyril 
and  Anadafius  A.  D.  1564.  Some  directions  were  publifhed  by 
authority,  the  9th  of  which,  viz.  of  thofe  under  the  fecond 
head  or  title,  provides,  “  That  the  font  be  not  removed,  and 
forbids  to  baptize  (in  the  church)  in  bafons  ;  and  the  fame  di¬ 
rection  appears  in  the  canons  of  1 571,  under  the  title  or  head 
of  JEditui ,  p.  235. 

How  far  thefe  directions  were  confident  with  the  ufage  at 
Twyford  chapel  in  Middlefex  I  know  not.  From  the  ac¬ 
count  of  that  chapel,  as  the  oldeft  in  the  record  quoted  by 
Newcourt,  I  incline  to  believe  that  there  was  not  any  font 
there.  Pleafe  to  enquire  how  the  cafe  is  tjiere  at  the  prefent. 
Mr.  Somner  in  his  Antiquities  of  Canterbury  mentions  that  the 
Metropolitan  Church  there  was,  at  the  time  of  his  writing, 
44  newly  graced  with  what  before  it  never  had,  though  much 
4  46  wanted. 


on  antient  Fonts ..  2 1 3 

wanted,  a  fixed  font.”  See  Survey,  p.  99.  In  Newcourt’s 
Effex,  on  mentioning  Bacon’s  Portion,  it  is  faid  that- a  penfion 
of  4/.  yearly  is  made  by  the  Redlor  of  Denge  to  the  portio¬ 
nary  ;  the  payment  to  be  made  on  the  font  hone.  In  New¬ 
court’s  account  of  the  church  of  St.  Katherine  Cree,  it  appears- 
that,  upon  the  vifitation  of  the  conventual  church  of  the  priory 
of  Chrift  Church  by  Bifhop  Clifford,  A.  D.  1414,  an  order 
was  made,  that  the  font  for  the  baptifm  of  children  fliould  be 
again  ereffed  for  their  own  parifh  church  or  chapel.  Whether 
any  alteration  was  made  concerning  it  at  the  time  of  the  confe- 
cration  by  archbifhop  Laud  does  not  appear.  Give  me  leave 
to  obferve,  that  antiently  at  leaf!:  the  font  was  large  enough- 
to  admit  of  an  adult  perfon  being  dipped  or  immerfed  therein.- 
Montgomery  was  originally  a  chapel  of  eafe  to  Chirbury,  in. 
the  diocefe  of  Plereford,  and  afterwards  advanced  to  the  dig¬ 
nity  of  a  church.  SeeFormulars  N.S.  L.  ii.  on  which  occafion  it 
was  ordered,  quod  ipfa  ecckjia  fontes  haberet ,  viz.  in  the  plural 
number.  Whether  two  fonts,  one  for  adults,  the  other 
for  infants  ?  Or,  one  for  publick,  the  other  for  private  bap¬ 
tifm  ?  If  I  remember  right,  the  font  for  Lincoln  Cathedral  is 
on  the  outfide  iquare,  but  the  inlide  or  cavity  is  round.  Q„ 
Which  of  thefe  is  the  lubjefl  of  your  enquiry  ?  But  it  is  time 
to  put  an  end  to  this  fcroll,  the  contents  of  which  are  fub— 
mitted  abfolutely  to  your  correflion  by, 

Sir,  your  moil  humble  fervant, 

SAMUEL  CARTE. 


III. 


Mr,  Carte’s  Obfervations 

III. 


21 4 


S  1  R, 

HEREWITH  I  return  your  Antiquities  of  Winchefter, 
with  my  hearty  thanks  for  the  loan  thereof.  The  account  of 
the  font  may  be  confldered  as  without  a  fimilar  or  parallel  in- 
ftance  :  it  might  be  wifhed  to  have  been  more  particular  in  the 
dimenfions  and  contents,  which  may  yet  be  fupplied  ;  but  I  fear 
it  will  hardly  be  practicable  to  decypher  the  carving,  without 
fome  account  of  which  there  can  be  fmall  hopes  of  determining 
with  any  certainty  the  age  of  railing  it,  or  the  nature  of  the 
church  for  which  it  was  originally  prepared  :  indeed,  I  can 
hardly  think  it  intended  for  (what  Mr.  Gale  calls)  the  old  mo- 
nailery.  The  monks  do  not  feem  to  have  been  interefted  in 
baptifm  of  any  fort,  but  in  burials  chiefly,  to  which  the  font 
has  no  relation.  Give  me  leave  on  this  occafion  to  obferve  to 
yon,  that,  among  other  things  in  the  book,  I  have  confldered 
Mr.  Gale’s  lift  of  the  Chancellors  and  Vicars  General  and  can 
(from  the  Fafti  Oxonienfes  at  the  end  of  the  firft  volume  of 
Wood’s  Ath.  Oxon.)  add  one  at  leaft,  E.  9.  That  author  in 
col.  21,  fays  that  “  in  July  and  Nov.  1513,  5  Hen.  III.  John 
“  Infent,  alias  Innocent,  lupplicated  for  his  degree,”  and  then 
adds,  that,  “  in  a  writing  dated  the  fame  year,  he  is  written 
“  thus,  'John  Infent)  L.  L.  Bac.  Epifcopi  Winton  Cam’rius 
“  et  ejufdem  confijlorii  epifcopalis  Prrejidens after  which  Mr. 
Wood  exprefsly  owns,  that  “  he  was  Vicar  General  to  Bilhop 

Fox.”  I  the  rather  choofe  to  lay  this  before  you,  as  you  did 
fome  time  ago  declare  an  intention  to  draw  up  a  Hiftory  of  Doc¬ 
tors  Commons,  and  a  Lift  of  Chancellors  and  Vicars  General 
throughout  England  may  not  be  an  ufelefs  or  unacceptable 
appendage  to  it.  I  am  next  to  obferve,  that  Wood,  in  col. 
51,  mentions  one  Dr.  Robert  Reynold,  Commiflary  under  Dr. 

Edmund 


on  antient  Fonts. 


21 5 

Edmund  Steward,  Chancellor  under  Bifhop  Gardiner,  and  fays 
that  Reynold  fufpended  Thomas  Hancock,  “  a  celebratione  divi- 
“  norum"  for  preaching  a  fermon,  &c.  and  for  proof  refers  to 
the  Memorials  of  Archbifhop  Crammer,  Lib.  ii.  ch.  vii.  p.  173, 
174,  and  both  thele  perfons,  Reynolds  and  Steward,  appear  in 
Mr.  Gale’s  Lift  ;  and  although  I  think  Mr.  Wood’s  account 
of  their  two  characters,  or  yours,  may  be  confident  together, 
yet  quaere.  Give  me  leave  to  add,  that  your  brethren  at  the 
Commons  may  probably  not  only  afcertain  the  truth  of  the 
faCts  in  thefe  two  inftances,  but  alfo  furnifh  lifts  of  their  prede- 
ceflors  in  the  other  jurifdi&ion  which  they  are  now  inveded 
with,  and  by  your  obtaining  from  them  fuch  lifts  you  might 
furnifh  great  light  to  fome  of  our  local  antiquities.  I  fome  time 
ago  attempted  fuch  lifts,  fo  far  as  Mr.  Wood’s  book  would 
enable  me  to  proceed  in  it,  all  which  I  am  ready  to  furnifh  if 
defired  •  but  of  this  more  when  we  meet,  which  I  hope  will 
be  in  no  very  long  time,  and  the  rather  fo,  as  I  propofe  to  vifit 
Leiceder  about  the  end  of  this  month.  In  the  mean  time,  I 
continue, 

Sir, 

Your  mod  humble  fervant, 

Southampton  Courts  Aug..  8,  17 53.  SAMUEL  CARTE. 

A.  D.  1295.  P.  de  Barthon,  Official.  Winton. 

A.  D.  1322.  Joh.  Langhorne  Henrici  Wint.  Epi’ commidar. 
et  fequedrator  generalis. 


t 


IV. 


Mr.  Carte’s  Obfervatio?is 


2 1 6 


IV. 

Extraft  of  a  Letter  from  Mr.  S.  Carte,  to  the  late  Sir  Thomas 

Cave,  Bart. 

©  C&nfft  pet#  Cato  fig  ^tferatrfi; 

€t  fuccttrtc  tuae  to  poetttg  Hargett  £)e|toe 
at  ftitt  tile  pate?  Cljomae  Cato*  fym  fua  mater* 
jfunto  pieces  uonuno  pro  nobtg  temper  fit  alto* 

Sir  Thomas, 

ABOVE  is  a  tranfcript  of  (what  I  take  to  be)  the  true 
reading  of  the  infcription  upon  the  brafs  plate  which  you  fent 
to  me.  It  favours  of  the  fuperftition  of  the  age  in  which  it  , 
was  formed,  or  engraved  ;  indeed  there  are  no  figures  or  marks 
for  pointing  out  the  time  of  the  infcription,  nor  do  I  find  any 
perfon  in  the  hiftory  of  your  family  (as  publifhed  in  the  Baro¬ 
netage)  to  whom  the  infcription  is  applicable,  unlefs  I  may 
be  allowed  to  fuppofe  the  genealogift  miftaken  in  the  Chriftian 
name  of  the  lady,  defcribed  in  the  pedigree  as  the  wife  of  Peter, 
the  fame  who  is  diftinguifhed  by  the  number,  or  figures  513". 
The  genealogift  ftates  her  name  to  be  Mary,  and  reprefents  her 
as  the  daughter  of  Burdett  of  Rothwell,  co.  Northampton. 
An  error  of  this  fort  is  very  frequent,  and  may  feem  to  have 
been  occafioned  by  the  great  affinity  between  the  Saxon  charac¬ 
ters  ofg.  and  y.  Thus  the  town  of  Bentley,  where  King  Charles 
11.  was  concealed  after  the  Battle  of  YVorcefter,  is  in  feveral 
Latin  charters  written  Bentlega.  I  could  mention  many  other 
fimilar  cafes  in  refpect  to  towns,  but  I  rather  choofe  to  take  no¬ 
tice  upon  a  different  fubjedt,  and  what  may  be  of  ufe  to  you  in 
your  ftudy  of  antiquities,  viz.  in  refpecl  to  Berry  and  Berg 

alias 


on  antient  Fonts,  2jy 

alias  Burg;  both  which  words,  though  feemingly  of  very  dif¬ 
ferent  figtiificadons  or  meanings,  will,  I  believe,  appear  upon 
examination  to  be  the  fame  or  identic  word.  Perhaps  this  may, 
at  the  firft  fight,  feem  ftrange  to  you  ;  but  I  flatter  myfelf  with 
the  expectation  of  your  attending  to  my  fentiments,  if  you 
will  pleafe  to  obferve  their  conftru&ion  and  ufe  as  opportunity 
ferves,  in  perufing  the  antient  memorials  relating  to  the  county 
now  under  your  confederation,  or  indeed  to  any  other  county. 
Whether  the  character  of  the  letters  of  the  infcription  upon  the 
plate  of  Thomas  Cave  on  his  monument  may  not  ferve  to 
confirm  my  fentiments  in  refpeft  to  the  Father  and  Son,  de¬ 
ferred  in  the  plate  now  before  me,  I  mult  fubmit  to  your 
obiervation,  otherwife  I  am  not  able  at  the  prefent  to  give  any 
further  account  of  it ;  I  fhall  therefore  difmifs  this  fubjeCt  with 
this  notification,  that  I  am  ready  to  return  your  plate  in  fuch 
way  and  manner  as  you  fhall  direCt. 

My  next  will  be  relative  to  Fonts  ;  and  I  take  this  oppor¬ 
tunity  to  exprefs  my  fatisfaCtion  at  obferving  the  notice  which 
you  take  of  them,  and  particularly  at  your  deferibing  their 
models  and  ornaments  as  proper  fubjeCts  of  learning  ;  and  the 
rather  fo,  as  you  give  me  hopes  of  feeing  a  draught  of  the  font 
at  Brighthelmftone  in  SufTex.  Give  me  leave  to  requefl  the 
favour  of  you  at  the  fame  to  enquire  into  the  hiflory  and  age  of 
ereCting  it,  the  name  of  the  workman,  the  artificer,  the  expence, 
the  materials  of  which  it  is  compofed,  and  the  feveral  dimen¬ 
sions  of  it,  and  of  the  cover  thereto.  As  you  feem  now  to  relifh 
the  fubjeCt,  you  may,  from  thefe  heads  of  enquiry,  be  enabled 
to  illuftrate  fome  expreffions  in  a  narrative  of  the  ceremonials 
as  obferved  in  England,  or  elfewhere,  in  relation  to  the  admi- 
niftration  of  that  facrament ;  and  indeed  an  attempt  of  this  fort 
Vol.  X.  F  f  feems 


2 1 8  Mr.  Carte’s  Obfervatiom • 

feems  to  be  the  rather  neceffary,  as  the  ufe  of  fonts  has  been 
decreafing  ever  (nice  the  Reformation,  and  confequently  the 
*  do&rine  concerning  them  has  been  dwindling  in  proportion. 
My  fentiments  may  feem  to  be  in  fome  degree  confirmed  by 
the  articles  of  vifitation  quoted  in  one  of  my  letters  heretofore, 
in  refped  to  the  dimenfions  of  fonts,  and  their  capacity  to  hold 
or  receive  the  body  of  an  infant,  and  they  are  further  con¬ 
firmed  by  the  following  words  of  a  Canon  made  A.  D. 

“  JEditul  curabunt  ut  in  Jtngulis  ecclejiis  Jit  facer  fans  (a  confe- 
crated  font)  non  pelvis  in  quo  baptifmus  minijiretur.  See  Spar¬ 
row,  p.  235.  Perhaps  it  may  leem  Rrange  that  this  difufe  of 
fonts  fhould  prevail  fo  much  immediately  after  the  Reforma¬ 
tion,  but  it  may  be  eafy  to  account  for  it  from  the  offence 
taken  at  the  very  great  multitude  of  ceremonies  ufed  in  the 
Church  of  Rome,  particularly  in  relation  to  fonts,  two  of 
which  are  hinted  in  Sparrow,  p.  37,  (N°  28  as  I  compute) 
in  thefe  words  :  “  Whether  any  ufeth  to  hallow  the  font 
“  on  EaRer  Even and  44  Whether  the  water  in  the  font  be 
“  changed  every  month.”  And  to  thefe  evidences,  from  the 
publick  ads  of  the  church,  I  fhall  take  the  liberty  to  fubjoin 
one  other  from  an  old  pamphlet,  which  I  remember  to  have 
feen  heretofore  in  my  father’s  Rudy,  entituled,  “  A  Dialogue 
“  between  a  Poor  Man  and  his  Wife,”  a  bitter  puritanical  libel 
upon  the  Church  of  England,  one  paffage  of  which  I  Rill  re¬ 
member  to  be  delivered,  concerning  the  parifh  miniRers  laying 
the  Common  Prayer  Rook  on  the  font  at  the  time  and  upon 
the  occafion  of  adminiRering  baptifm,  which  the  Pamphleteer 
Ryles  the  laying  one  idol  upon  another.  A  further  reafon  to  believe 
the  increafe  of  the  difufe  of  fonts  in  general  may  be  deduced 
from  the  delay  in  providing  one  for  the  cathedral  of  Peterburgh, 
which  cathedral,  before  the  Reformation,  was  no  more  than 

•  a  mere 


on  antient  Fonts . 


*19 

a  mere  abbey  church,  without  any  right  to  the  ufage  of  the 
publick  fervice  of  the  church  therein  :  their  devotions  were, 
many  of  them,  proper  only  for  monks  under  a  vow  or  pro- 
feflion ;  as  may  appear  from  fome  of  thofe  prepared  for,  and  efta- 
bl iflaed  by  Archbifliop  Lanfranc  for  the  ule  of  the  monks  of 
Chrift  Church,  Canterbury,  and  flill  preferved  in  the  Con¬ 
cilia,  Vol.  I.  Indeed  the  monks  were  forbidden  to  permit 
any  of  the  laity  to  be  prefent  at  thefe  fervices,  and  accordingly 
we  find  early  mention  of  a  parifh  church  in  the  town  of  Feter- 
burgh,  which  to  this  day  is  diftinCl  from  and  independent  upon 
the  Cathedral,  otherwife  than  as  the  reft  of  the  parifh  churches 
of  the  diocefe  are  confidered  to  be  fubordinate  to  the  Cathedral, 
It  is  now  many  years  fmce  I  faw  Patrick’s  edition  of  Mr. 
Gunton’s  Hiftory  of  Peterburgh.  But  that  book  doth,  as  I 
believe,  exhibit  a  pretty  full  and  particular  account  of  the  occa- 
fion  and  manner  of  introducing  and  fetting  up  the  font  therein, 
and  befides]  this,  I  do  not  remember  any  hiftory  of  fuch  an 
affair,  other  than  as  mentioned  curforiiy  in  the  late  forms  of 
confecrating  churches,  one  of  which  may  be  feen  at  the  end  of 
Bifhop  Sparrow’s  Collections  of  Canons.  Mr.  Somner  does  not 
fo  much  as  once  mention  the  font  in  Canterbury  Cathedral. 
And  though  Mr.  Battely  delivers  an  account  of  the  prefent 
font  ereCted  by,  and  at  the  coft  of  Dr.  Warner,  late  Bifhop  of 
Rochefter,  and  calls  it,  as  indeed  it  is,  a  curious  and  beautiful 
piece  of  work ,  yet  he  delivers  no  cut  or  reprefentation  of  it,  nor 
does  he  mention  any  account  of  the  form  or  ornaments  thereof. 
Indeed  I  have  been  informed  that  there  is  in  Luton  church  a 
noble  and  antique  ftruCture  for  this  purpofe,  but  of  this  I  cannot 
give  any  particular  account. 

A  further  inftance  and  evidence  that  the  ufage  of  fonts  in 
churches  is  ftill  declining  may  be  deduced  from  the  fafhion  of 

F  f  2  our 


220  Mr.  Carte’s  Obfervations 

our  modern  ntenfils  or  furniture  for  that  purpofe,  which,  fo 
far  as  I  have  obferved,  are  dill  all  of  them  in  the  form  of  meet 
bafons,  fet  in  a  Hand  of  wood,  and  are  generally  of  marble.  I 
would  not  be  thought  averfe  to  a  decent  or  coftly  ornament  for 
the  ufe  of  divine  fervice.  But  then  it  ought  to  be  proportioned, 
or  fitted  for  the  ufe  to  which  it  is  defigned,  and  not  fo  curtailed 
or  abridged  as  to  render  it  impracticable  to  comply  with  the 
pofitive  or  exprefs  direction  of  the  church.  In  refpeCt  to  the 
manner  of  adminidering  this  facrament,  let  it  be  large  and  ca¬ 
pacious  enough  to  allow  of  an  immerfion  of  the  infant,  and 
I  fhall  think  the  benefactor  in  earneft  to  ferve  his  God,  and 
honour  him  with  his  fubftance,  otherwife  he  cannot  be  con- 
fidered  as  a  chearfull  giver.  Perhaps  the  coldnefs  of  our  climate 
may  have  been  one  reafon  for  promoting  the  decline  of  this  ufe 
of  fonts,  and  introducing  of  bafons  in  their  dead.  The  tender 
mother  may  be  afraid  that  the  infant  fhould  fuffer  in  its  health 
by  immerfion;  but  Sir  John  Floyer,  late  of  Lichfield,  will  teach 
her  the  benefit  of  immerfion,  in  refpeCt  to  the  bodily  health  of 
the  infant.  A  further  particular  obfervable  in  refpeCt  to  fonts 
is  that  upon  the  abolidiing  the  ufe  of  the  Liturgy  by  the 
ordinance  of  the  Houfes  of  Parliament,  and  the  fetting  up  the 
Directory,  all  fonts  were  ordered  to  be  removed  out  of  churches, 
and  bafons  to  be  ufed  in  their  places.  The  fonts  were  in 
many  places  fold,  and  turned  to  horfe  troughs,  and  (what  is 
matter  of  wonder)  when,  upon  or  after  the  Redoration,  they 
were  purchafed  again,  and  fet  up  in  the  churches  to  which 
they  formerly  had  been  belonging,  they  were  immediately 
put  to  their  former  ufe,  without  any  folemnity  or  dedication, 
although  the  reconciliation,  as  the  Canonids  term  it,  of 
churches  after  blood  fhed  therein  or  other  defilement,  is  ex- 
prefsly  required  to  be  made  with  folemn  form  of  Prayer,  and 

althoughi 


2,2  f 


on  anticnt  Fonts . 

although  the  Hiftory  of  the  Maccabees  exhibits  a  very  different 
practice  in  refpeCt  to  the  Temple  at  Jerufalem  alter  its  defile¬ 
ment  under  Antiochus,  and  even  that  was  not  thought  fufhcient 
of  life  If*  but  was  attended  with  a  fucceflive  yearly  thankfgiving 
in  memorial  of  the  new  dedication  ;  at  one  of  which  anniver- 
faries,  although  no  more  than  a  human  inftitution,  our  Blefled 
Saviour  attended  in  perfon.  I  the  rather  choofe  to  mention  this 
practice  of  removing  fonts  out  of  our  churches  at  the  time 
abovementioned  as  in  my  papers  concerning  Leicefter  I  have 
fome  memorial  of  the  fale  of  the  font  in  the  church  of  St. 
Martin,  and  alfo  of  the  purchafe  of  it  again  for  the  ufe  of  the 

o- 

Another  particular  obfervable  in  fonts,  is  the  making  a  foramen 
or  hole  in  the  center  or  middle  of  the  hollow  part  or  receptacle 
of  the  water,  and  the  flicking  a  wooden  peg  therein ;  which 
feems,  in  my  opinion,  to  have  been  intended  purpofely  to  pre¬ 
vent  and  render  it  impracticable  to  immerge  a  child  in  the  font, 
but  at  the  prefent  ferves  only  for  an  opening  to  receive  the 
water  out  of  the  font,  and  pafs  it  through  a  canal,  and  let  it 
fink  into  the  ground  under  the  font. 

But  to  return  now  to  the  occafions  of  the  difufe  of  fonts  fince 
the  Reformation,  and  herein  I  ought  not  to  forget  the  affectation 
of  having  the  folemnity  performed  in  a  private  houfe.  This,  as  Dr. 
Nichols  has  obferved,  is,  in  fome  degree,  inconfiflent  with  the  de¬ 
claration  of  the  minifter  during  the  folemnity,  “  Ye  have  brought 
“  this  child  hither  to  be  baptifed.”  Perhaps  the  original  of  this 
ufage  might  begin  in  extraparochial  places  ;  but  the  frequency 
of  it  at  the  prefent  is  now  too  juft  a  ground  for  complaint. 
A  family  in  the  Newark  at  Leicefter,  I  am  loth  to  fay  out  of 
©dentation,  ufed  to  have  the  water  put  into  a  filver  bafon, 
which  occafioned  a  remark  by  a  worthy  clergyman  fince 

'dead*. 


222 


Mr .  Carte’s  Obfervations 

dead,  that  the  Canons  prohibited  the  ufing  it  afterwards  to  a  com¬ 
mon  or  profane  purpofe.  The  cenfers  of  Dathan  and  Abiram 
and  their  adherents  being  hallowed,  they  were  converted  into 
a  covering  for  the  altar.  It  was  fuggefled  that  the  filver  bafon 
ought  to  have  been  appropriated  for  the  ufe  of  private  baptifm, 
or  turned  into  a  falver  for  holding  the  bread  at  the  time  of  ad- 
miniftering  the  Sacrament  of  the  Lord’s  Supper ;  but  I  know 
not  how  the  advice  was  received.  A  due  reinforcement  of  thefe 
Canons  might  be  one  method  for  retraining  or  preventing 
many  of  thefe  irregularities. 

Another  ufage  in  refpedt  to  the  font  was  that  of  locking  it  up 
during  the  whole  feafon  of  Lent,  I  fpeak  here  from  my  me¬ 
mory,  till  Holy  Thurfday  and  Maundy  Thurfday,  on  which 
day  it  was  ufually  opened,  preparatory  to  the  folemnity  of 
Eater,  which  was  one  of  the  feafons  for  a  general  baptifm, 
which  ufage  or  practice  of  general  baptifm,  and  a  tated 
time,  the  late  Dr.  Nathanael  Marfhall  was  defirous  to  have 
retored  it  in  the  Church  of  England.  See  his  Penitential 
Difcipline  of  the  Primitive  Church.  But, '  befides  the  gene¬ 
ral  reafon  for  locking  up  the  font,  there  feems  to  have  been 
one  other  or  further  reafon  for  this  ufage,  but  of  a  very  different 
nature,  viz.  the  preventing  the  growth  of  a  fuperftitious  ufage 
of  taking  the  water  in  which  a  child  or  other  perfon  had  been 
immerfed,  and  carrying  it  to  the  houfe  of  a  difeafed  perfon, 
and  either  drinking  it,  or  waffling  a  fore  therewith,  in  order  to 
cure  or  heal  the  diftemperor  fores.  I  cannot  at  the  prefent  recoiled!: 
any  particular  authority  to  this  purpofe  ;  but  ftill  I  remember 
a  narrative  of  the  Emperor  Conflantine  being  cured  of  a  leprofy 
by  fuch  an  ablution.  The  (lory  indeed  is  fabulous  like  the 
fusion  in  Pfeudo  Damatus,  concerning  the  baptiftery  and  the 
magnificent  font  of  porphyry  within  it,  both  of  them  pretended 
to  have  been  given  by  the  fame  Emperor  to,  the  church  in 

which 


m  antlent  Fonts*  223 

which  he  was  baptifed.  The  mention  of  which  leads  me  to 
obferve,  that  in  the  cathedral  of  Lincoln  there  is  now  a  very 
noble  and  large  font  of  porphyry,  ftanding  on  the  fide  of  one 
of  the  pillars  in  the  row  between  the  middle  and  fouth  ailes, 
but  by  whom  provided,  or  why  placed  in  fuch  a  manner  I 
have  not  yet  been  informed ;  perhaps  Mr.  Gabriel  Newton  of 
Leicefter  may  enquire  out  thefe  and  other  particulars  from 
Mr.  archdeacon  Trimnell,  or  his  official  Dr.  Grey. 

Another  head  for  our  confideration  as  to  fonts  may  be  de¬ 
duced  in  refpeft  to  their  number,  “  Whether  more  than 
one  in  a  church.”  Indeed  I  know  not  fo  much  as  one  in- 
ftance  of  a  plurality  in  one  church,  but  quaere.  The  For- 
mular,,  N°  lii.  exhibits  a  compofition  between  the  prior  of 
Cherbury,  and  the  parfon  of  a  fourth  part  of  the  church  of  that 
place,  in  which  compofition  there  is  a  claufe  in  the  following 
words :  viz.  <c  Ip/a  Ecclejia  fontes  babeat  et  fepulturam Whe¬ 
ther  this  claufe  is  intended  only  for  a  liberty  to  provide  a  fe- 
cond  font  in  the  room  of  the  firft,  in  cafe  it  fhould  happen  to 
be  deftroyed  or  broken,  I  cannot  pretend  to  fay.  I  fhall  only 
obferve,  that  the  general  fenfe  of  antiquity  runs  for  one  biffiop 
and  one  altar,  and  yet,  by  means  of  the  ufage  of  the  Church 
of  Rome,  a  multiplicity  of  altars  in  one  church  was  grown 
fo  frequent,  that  I  hardly  remember  any  one  mother  church 
in  which  there  are  not  apparent  marks  or  tokens  of  more  than 
one. 

As  to  the  ornaments  of  fonts,  I  have  but  little  to  fay.  Indeed 
in  the  church  of  Sr.  Martin  in  Leicefter  there  is  an  o&agonal 
cover  of  oak  of  different  ledges,  raifed  one  above  the  other* 
and  riling  gradually  in  height,  decreafing  in  their  dimen- 
fions  towards  the  center,  and  terminating  in  or  upon  a  pyramid 
of  wood,  at  the  top  of  which  was  ere&ed  or  fet  a  cofs  pattee 
2  fitch  ee 


/ 


32 4  il/r.  Carte’s  Obfervations 

fitchee  gilt.,  but  this  was  afterwards  taken  away,  and  inftead 
thereof  a  carved  pigeon  placed  and  painted  white,  by  whofe 
order  or  advice  I  know  not,  but  I  incline  to  believe  that 
my  father  was  not  acquainted  with  it  ;  and  indeed  I  well  re¬ 
member  that  Dr.  Scott  difcourfing  concerning  the  defcent  of 
the  Holy  Ghoft  upon  our  Saviour  immediately  after  his  baptifm, 
declares  exprefsly,  that  the  Evangelift’s  description  is  to  be  ap¬ 
plied,  not  to  the  figure  or  form  in  which  he  manifefied  himfelf, 
but  to  the  manner  of  the  defcent  or  hovering  over  the  body  of 
our  Saviour.  I  (hall  only  add,  that  a  carved  figure  may,  in 
procefs  of  time,  give  occafion  if  not  to  a  fort  of  idolatry,  yet 
at  lead:  to  a  jeft  of  a  ludicrous,  or  perhaps  if  a  worfe  nature, 
of  which  fort  I  have  heard  one  inftance,  by  a  gentleman  of 
Leiceflerfhire,  now  deceafed  ;  but  I  am  ready  to  acquaint  you 
with  his  name,  if  you  defire  it.  In  the  mean  time  I  obferve  to 
you,  that  it  appeared  to  me  to  have  been  affeCtedly  borrowed 
from  fome  of  our  Free  Thinkers,  during  the  national  madnefs 
in  relation  to  the  South  Sea  fcheme,  A.  D.  1720,  and  was 
indeed  retailed  in  that  year.  Befides  thefe  particulars  I  do  not 
remember  any  ornament  to  any  of  our  fonts  in  Leicefterfhire 
other  than  two  or  three  cinquefoils  in  bafifo  relievo  upon  the 
font  in  St.  Martin’s.  Indeed  as  the  town  of  Swinford  did  here¬ 
tofore  belong  to  the  Knights  Hofpitallers,  I  was  in  fome  ex¬ 
pectation  that  the  font  there  would  have  exhibited  fome  extra¬ 
ordinary  ornaments,  either  of  device  or  fculpture.  Even  their 
dwelling  houfes  ufed  either  to  be  diftinguilhed  by  a  crofs 
ereCted  upon  the  ridge,  or  fome  other  place  of  the  roof.  See 
Fleta,  Lib.  V.  c.  35,  p.  22.  But  I  did  not  obferve  any  ;  which 
I  own  to  be  matter  of  fome  furprize  to  me,  as  that  order  had 
St.  John  the  Baptift  for  their  patron ;  but  then  it  ought  to  be 
obferved,  that  Swinford  was  not  a  commandery  or  praeceptory  : 

*7  whether 


on  antlent  Fonts . 


225 

whether  the  cafe  was  otherwife  at  Dalby  or  Heather  I  know 
not,  but  perhaps  this  may  not  be  an  improper  fubjeCt  for  youf 
confideration  when  you  come  to  enquire  or  write  concerning 
thefe  places. 

I  have  now  gone  through  my  collections  in  relation  to 
fonts ;  being  willing  to  offer  all  that  I  had  to  fay  on  this 
fubjeCt  at  once,  and  the  rather  fo  as  the  fubjeCt,  however 
general  or  extenfive  in  itfelf,  yet  will  poflibly  not  afford  a 
great  number  of  diftinguifhing  objects,  or  materials  for  con¬ 
sideration.  Perhaps  many  of  thefe  heads  may  not  be  impro¬ 
per  fubjeCts  for  your  intended  work;  and  I  apprehend  that 
none  of  them  will  be  cenfured  as  altogether  ufelefs  or  trivial. 
But  i  forget  the  nature  of  my  bufinefs  or  undertaking;  I  am 
only  to  furnifh  materials  to  the  architect,  or  mafter-builder ; 
you  are  the  contriver  and  modellifl.  As  fuch,  I  fubmit  the 
whole  to  you,  to  pick,  chufe,  or  rejeCt,  as  you  fhall  think  fit, 
being.  Sir, 

Your  moft  obedient,  humble  fervant, 

Jan.  21,  17  55,  SAMUEL  CARTE. 


Vol.  X. 


XXVI. 


t  J 


t  ‘ 


XXVI.  QhfervaUons  on  a  Charier  in  Mr .  A  (He’s  Lz- 
hr  ary  y  which  is  indorfedy  in  a  hand  co-evcil  with  ti  j 
■6i  Hac  eft  Carta  Regis  Eadgari,  de  inftitutione 
Ahbatie  Elienfisy  et  duplicatus Addrejfed  to  the 
Earl  of  Leicefter,  Preftdent ,  Feb .  16,  1791. 

Read  Feb.  17,  1791* 


BEFORE  I  enter  Upon  an  inquiry  into  the  authenticity 
of  this  Charter,  it  may  be  proper  to  premife,  that  Saint 
Etheldreda,  one  of  the  daughters  cf  king  Anna,  and  wife, 
fir  ft  to  Tonbert,  prince  of  the  fouthern  Gervii  [a]y  and  after¬ 
wards  to  Egfrid,  king  of  Northumberland,  is  reported  to  have 
founded  at  Ely,  about  the  year  673,  a  religious  fociety  both 
for  monks  and  nuns,  who  lived  together  under  the  govern¬ 
ment  of  an  abbefs.  In  this  ftate  the  fociety  continued  till 
the  year  870,  when  it  was  deftroyed  by  the  Danes.  Some  few 
years  afterwards  eight  of  the  religious  men  that  had  efcaped  the 
mafia  ere  repaired  part  of  the  buildings;  formed  themfelves 
into  a  fociety,  and  lived  there  as  fecular  priefts,  with  their 
wives  and  children,  under  the  government  of  provofts  or 
archpriefts ;  which  fociety  continued  till  970,  when  king 

[a]  The  people  inhabiting  the  South  of  Lincolnlhire,  Rutland,  Northamp¬ 
ton,  and  Huntingdonfhire,  were  antiently  called  Gervii.  Thefe  had  princes 
of  their  own,  dependant  neYcrthelefs  on  the  Mercian  kings. 

Edgar 


Mr,  Astle’s  Ohfervatiotis  on  a  Charter  in  his  fojfejjion.  227 

Edgar  reftored  the  monks,  under  the  diredion  of  Ethelwold, 
bifhop  of  Winchefter.  Mr.  Bentham  in  his  Hiftory  of  Ely, 
p.  72,  informs  us,  that  two  foreigners  of  diftindion,  having 
applied  to  the  king  for  a  grant  of  the  principality  of  Ely,  then 
parcel  of  the  royal  demefnes,  Wolften,  a  privy  counfellor 
and  fherifF  of  Cambridgefnire,  who  had  the  cuftody  of  the 
ifland  under  the  king,  diffuaded  him  from  making  fuch  a 
grant ;  whereupon  the  king  fent  for  Ethelwold,  bifhop  of 
Winchefter,  and  told  him,  that  he  intended  to  endow  and 
reftore  the  monaftery,  and  left  it  to  him  to  condud  the  whole 
as  he  fhouid  think  proper.  The  bifhop  readily  undertook  the 
management  of  the  bufinefs,  and  having  provided  a  number  of 
monks,  gave  orders  for  repairing  the  church,  and  for  ereding 
feveral  new  offices  for  their  accommodation  :  upon  his  return, 
he  agreed  with  the  king  for  the  furrender  of  the  whole  diftrid 
of  the  I  fie  of  Ely,  for  the  ufe  of  the  intended  monaftery 
who  gave  him  this  Royal  Charter,  by  which  it  appears,  that 
the  king,  in  confideration  of  60  hides  of  land,  £,  100  in  money 
paid  down,  and  one  crucifix  of  gold  given  to  him,  and  of  the 
bifhop’ s  having  undertaken  to  provide  a  number  of  monks  to 
fupply  the  antient  monaftery  of  St.  Etheldreda,  did  furrender 
the  whole  diftrid  of  the  Hie  of  Ely,  20  hides  of  land  within 
the  fame,  at  that  time  parcel  of  the  Royal  Eftate,  and  fub- 
jed  to  his  treasury,  with  all  the  appurtenances  thereto  belong¬ 
ing,  with  the  dignity  and  foke  of  the  two  Hundreds  within 
the  Ifle,  and  five  Hundreds  in  W icklaWy  in  the  county  ot  ouf- 
folk,  at  this  day  called  St.  Etheldreda’s  Liberties,  and  now 
known  by  the  names  of  Plomefgate,  Wilforo,  Tkiredling, 
Carleford,  Colneis,  andLoes,  in  the  Province  of  the  Eaft  Angles, 
with  the  power  and  authority  ot  trying  all  caules ;  a:fo  the  fines 
and  forfeitures  for  tranfgreftion  of  the  laws  in  all  iecular  caufes5 

G  g  2  within 


228  Mr,  Astle’s  Observations  on  a  Charter  In  his  pojjejjion, 

within  all  the  lands  and  manors  that  did  then,  or  that  fhould 
thereafter,  belong  to  the  monaftery,  either  by  purchafe,  gift,  or 
other  lawful  acquifition.  Alfo  the  fourth  part  of  the  profits  of  the 
county  ofGrantaceafler  (Cambridgefhire),  and  alfo  the  villages 
of  Meldeburn,  Earmingaford,  and  Northwo.ld,  and  10,000 
eels,  part  of  the  royal  revenues  due  from  the  village  of  Wyllan  v 
for  the  endowment  of  the  monaftery  at  Ely,  for  the  mainte¬ 
nance  and  fupport  of  the  monks,  and  for  fupplying  them  with 
neceflary  food  and  cloathing.  The  above  is  the  fubftance  of 
this  charter  of  king  Edgar  ;  which  now  is,  and  ever  fince  that 
time  hath  been,  the  ground  of  that  temporal  power  for  fo 
many  ages  enjoyed  by  the  church  of  Ely,  fome  remains  of 
which  are  at  this  day  veiled  in  the  bifhop.  This  Charter  is 
dated  at  the  Royal  Village  of  Wlfamere,  A.  D.  970,  not  pri¬ 
vately  and  in  a  corner,  but  in  the  mod  public  manner,  and 
under  the  canopy  of  Heaven  (as  the  Charter  exprefies  it),  in 
the  prefence  of  the  King,  the  Queen,  and  all  the  Bilhops  and 
great  men  of  the  kingdom,  then  and  there  afiembled  ;  and,  for 
the  greater  evidence  and  notoriety,  the  Charter  is  both  in  Latin 
and  in  Saxon,  that  it  might  be  read  and  underflood  by  all. 
There  is  no  fa<ft  in  our  early  hiflory  better  attefted  than  that 
of  king  Edgar’s  refounding  the  monaflery  of  Ely,  and  of  his 
refloring  its  antient  privileges ;  which  were  confirmed,  aug¬ 
mented,  and  more  particularly  defined,  by  the  Charter  of  king 
Edward  the  Confeffor  :  wherein  this  Charter  is  recited.  But 
many  circumflances  render  its  authenticity  fufpicious.  The 
monogram  QftO  in  red  ink,  which  is  fignificant  of  alpha  and 
omega,  is  not  to  be  found  in  genuine  Saxon  charters.  The  ftyle 
and  titles  of  the  king  are  remarkable  :  “  Ego  Eadgarus  Bafi~ 
hits  diiette  infule  Albionis  fubditis  nobis  fceptris  Scot  or  um  Cumbro - 
“  rumqite  ac  Britt  onum ,  et  omnium  circumcirca  regionum  quiet e 
“  pace  perfruens 


Mr .  Astle’s  Obfervations  on  a  Charter  in  his  pojfejjion^  229 

The  Charter  afterwards  mentions  fome  of  St.  Etheldreda’s 
miracles,  and  that  her  body  then  remained  incorruptible  in  a 
white  marble  tomb  ;  which  is  lingular,  as  fhe  had  been  dead 
near  three  centuries.  The  Charter  alfo  ftyles  her  a  virgin,  al¬ 
though  (lie  had  been  twice  married,  as  has  been  already  ob- 
ferved.  Her  firft  marriage  with  Tonbert  prince  of  the  Eaft 
Angles  took  place  in  the  year  652,  with  whom  ffie  lived  about 
three  years,  and  after  his  death,  having  remained  five  years  a 
widow,  fhe  was  married  about  the  30th  year  of  her  age  to 
Egfrid,  fon  of  Ofwy,  king  of  Northumberland,  at  whofe 
court  fhe  refided  near  twelve  years,  but  in  a  ftate  of  virginity, 
as  is  reported  in  the  legend  of  her  life,  which  attempts  to 
'  account  for  her  remaining  in  that  ftate  by  a  miraculous 
interference  not  necefTary  to  be  related. 

The  king  is  made  to  fay,  that  he  granted  this  Charter 
44  pro  animabus  patrurn  meorum  regum  antiquorum ”  I  never 
found  fuch  an  expreflion  in  a  genuine  Saxon  charter,  and,  after 
an  attentive  confederation,  I  believe  it  to  be  fpurious.  It  is 
difficult  to  form  an  opinion  on  the  motives  of  the  monks  for 
forging  this  Charter  after  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Confefi'or, 
becaufe  they  acquired  additional  pofteffions  and  privileges  by  the 
ConfefTor’s  charter,  and  therefore  they  would  not  have  been 
gainers  by  the  forgery. 

The  privileges  granted  by  this  Charter  were  allowed  before 
Odo,  Biffiop  of  Bayeux,  Juftice  of  England,  in  a  great  court 
held  at  Kentford,  April  2,  1080,  where  King  William  the 
Conqueror  by  his  charter,  reftored  to  the  abbot  and  monks  of 
Ely  the  fame  powers  and  privileges  they  were  in  pofTeffion  of 
at  the  death  of  Edward  the  Confeflor.  This  inftrument  is  in- 
rolled  in  the  Charter  Roll  of  the  12th  of  king  Edward  II.  n. 
42,  and  the  franehifes  thereby  granted  were  feveral  times  al¬ 
lowed 


23©  Mr.  Astle’s  Obfervations  on  a  Charter  in  his  poffejfion. 

Jowed  before  the  Juftices  in  Eyre  at  Cambridge,  viz.  22  Ed.  £, 
8  Ed.  II.  15,  18  Ed.  III.  and  the  privileges  were  confirmed  by 
Richard  II.  in  the  firft  year  of  his  reign  [7>j,  and  the  fame 
was  exhibited  before  Cardinal  Wolfey  in  his  legatine  vi- 
fitation,  April  18,  1529,  as  appears  by  an  indorfement  on  the 
Charter:  “  Exhibit  a  in  vijitatione  legatina  Reverendi  Pair  is  Domini' 
“  Rhoma  Cardinalis  Eboracenfis  apoftolice Jedis  eledii a  latere  legatiin 
«  prior atu  retro-feripta  xvm  die  Aprilis,  Anno  D* ni  1 529,  ac- 
“  tualiter ,  per  venerabilem  virum  magijlrum  Rolandum  Lee  decreto - 
“  rum  do  or  em  archid'm  archidiaconatus  Cor  nubia:  in  ecclefia  ca - 
**  thedrali  Exonienjis  didti  reverend ffimi  pair  is  ad  vijitationis  legati- 

nas  comirdjjarium  generalem  celebrat'  in prejentia  mei Many  of 
thefe  privileges  granted  by  this  Charter  were  taken  away  by 
Statute  of  Henry  VIII.  which  took  from  the  lords  of  all  franchifes' 
the  power  of  pardon,  and  alfo  the  power  of  making  jullices  in 
Eyre,  of  Affize,  of  Peace,  and  of  Gaol  delivery,  veiling  the 
fame  in  the  crown. 

It  has  already  been  obferved,  that  this  Charter  is  both  in 
Latin  and  in  Saxon  ;  the  Saxon  charadters  are  fimilar  to  thofe  of 
the  time  of  king  Edward  the  Confeflor.  There  is  an  anachro- 
nifm  in  the  date,  which  invalidates  its  authenticity.  It  is  dated 
in  the  year  9^0,  in  the  13th  year  of  king  Eadgar’s  reign. 
This  king  began  to  reign  in  959,  and  the  13th  year  of  his 
reign  mult  have  been  A.D.  972,  and  not  970.  We  mull  there¬ 
fore  either  conclude,  that  this  Charter  is  fpurious,  or  that  the 
king  and  his  officers  were  ignorant  of  the  year  of  his  reign. 
The  fabricator  of  this  inflrument  did  not  add  the  names  of  the 
fees  to  thofe  of  the  bifhops,  which  makes  it  difficult  to  afeer- 
tain  whether  they  were  really  po  fie  fled  of  biffiopricks  at  the 
time  this  charter  was  made.  It  is  obfervable  that  erodes  are 


[£]  Pat.  I.  Pic. II.  p.  5.  m.  34. 


not 


Mr,  Astle’s  Qbfervations  on  a  Charter  in  his  pojfejjion ,  231 

not  prefixed  to  the  names  of  the  witnefles,  as  is  ufual  in  Saxon 
charters,  though  Mr.  Bentham  has  placed  crofies  after  them  in 
the  Appendix  to  his  Hiftory  of  Ely,  whe're  it  is  printed. 

Upon  the  whole, I  conceive  that  this  Charter  is  not  fo  old  as  the 
reign  of  king  Eadgar ;  but,  from  the  purity  of  the  Saxon  charac¬ 
ters,  lam  of  opinion,  that  it  is  either  an  antient  copy,  or  that  it 
was  forged  by  the  monks  in  the  reign  of  king  Edward  the  Con« 
fefior,  at  the  time  when  he  granted  them  a  more  beneficial 
charter,  or  in  that  of  king  William  the  Conqueror,  for  the 
purpofe  of  eftablifhing  their  claims  to  their  pofTeffions,  before 
the  king’s  commiffioners,  in  the  great  court  held  at  Kentford 
in  1080,  as  above  is  mentioned. 


XXVII. 


<  232  ) 


XXVII.  Obfervatiom  on  a  Charter  of  King  Eadgar ; 
by  Thomas  Aftle,  Efq.  F.  A.  S.  in  a  Letter  to 
Robert  Auften,  Efq.  F,  A.  S. 


Read  Feb.  3,  1791. 

Dear  Sir,  Batterfea  Rife ,  Feb .  1,  1791. 

PURSUANT  to  your  requeft,  I  give  you  my  opinion  on 
the  authenticity  of  your  Charter  of  king  Edgar,  which 
you  fuppofed  to  have  had  a  feal. 

The  word  fgillum  in  the  times  of  the  Saxons  did  not  fignify 
a  feal  of  wax  appendant,  as  afterwards  amongft  the  Normans. 
The  Saxons  themfelves  in  their  charters  and  inftruments  ex¬ 
plained  that  word  to  fignify  the  fign  of  the  crofs ;  and  their  own 
interpretation  muft  be  decifive.  I  fhall  quote  feveral  original 
Saxon  charters  in  my  library,  which  will  demonftrate  that  the 
words  fgillum  zw&fignum  were  fynonymous,  and  that  the  former 
word  figuified  only  the  fign  of  the  crofs. 

N°  6,  The  Charter  of  Coenulf,  King  of  Mercia,  to  the 
Church  of  Canterbury,  dated  at  the  royal  village  of  Tam- 
worth,  A.  D.  799,  concludes  in  the  words  following :  “  Et 
<(  banc  dona  t  lone  m  meant  fub  illufrium  tefimonio  virorumy  ut  it  a 
44  permanent  Sandie  Cruets  Sigillo  confirmo 

“  +  Ego  Coenulf  Re  a  tefes  donabo  et  fubferibo . 

d 


All 


Mr.  Astle  on  an  antient  Charier . 


2  33 

All  the  witnefTes  ufe  the  feal  or  fign  of  the  crofs. 

N°  23.  The  Charter  of  king  Eadmund  whereby  he  granted 
lands  to  his  fervant  iElfftan  for  his  long  and  faithful  fervices 
concludes : 

ct  4-  Ego  Eadmundus  Rex  Anghrum  prefat  am  donationem  cum 
4S  Sigillo  fee  crucis  confirmavi. ” 

6i  4-  Ego  Oda  Dorobernenfs  eccVe  archiepifcopus  ejufdem  regh  do - 
«  nationem  cum  Sigillo  fee  crucis  fubarravif  dated  A.  D.  943. 

N°  24.  Is  another  Charter  of  the  fame  king,  whereby  he 
granted  to  the  faid  iElfftan  two  manfie  at  Ealdingtune  (now 
Aldington  in  Kent)  which  the  men  of  Kent  called  twelve  ful- 
ings,  dated  A.  D.  944. 

“  4-  Ego  Eadmundus  Rex  Anghrum  prefat  am  dc?iationem  cum 

Sigillo  fee  crucis  confirmavi. 

)  *  ' 

N°25.  The  Charter  of  king  Eadreds  dated  A.  D.  948, 
whereby  he  granted  to  a  devout  lady  named  iElfwynne  fix 
manfae  at  Wickham. 

The  King  gave  her  alfo  two  pounds  of  the  moft  pure  gold. 

“  4-  Ego  Eadredus  Rex  Anglorum  prefat  am  donationem  fub . 
66  Sigillo  fee  crueis  indeclinabiliter  concejifi  atque  robsravi.” 

4-  Ego  Eadgifu  ejufdem  Regis  mater  cum  Sigillo  fee  crucis 
* 6  confirmavi  A 

“  4-  Ego  Oda  Dorobernenfs  eccl'e  archie fs  ejufdem  regis  princi- 
*6  patam  et  benevolentiam  fub  Sigillo  fee  crucis  conclufi. 

“  4-  Ego  Wulfftams  archons  divine  fervitutis  officio  mancipatus 
i6  Eborace  civitatis  ar chief s  Sigillum  fee  crucis  imprefii. 

Hh 


Vol.  X. 


N°  29. 


2  ?  4  Mr.  Astle  on  an  ant  lent  Charter*. 

Na29*  The  Charter  of  king  ^Ethelred,  dated  A.  D,  1005*. 
whereby  he  granted  lands  near  Canterbury  to  his  faithful  Thane 
/Erhelred. 

64  -f  Ego  JEthelred  Rex  Xnglornm  hanc  me  am  donationem  cum 
“  Vexillo  fee  cruch  X'pi  rohoravi  et  fubfripfiC 

N°  34.  The  Charter  of  king  Cnut,  dated  1035,  whereby  he 
granted  lands  at  Berewic  in  the  parifh  of  Limne  in  Eaft  Kent 
to  hi  (hop  Eadhiii 

<<  4_  Ego  Cnut  Rex  Anglarum  prefat  am  donationem  cum  Sig.il  lo< 
“  fee  cruch  confirmaviC 

The  Saxons  when  they  fubferibed  Charters,  frequently  ufed 
the  words  Signum  S'cce  Q'ucis  and  V txlllum ,  but  thele  words 
were  fynonymous  with  Sigillum.  No  banners  were  painted  or 
feals  annexed  ;  the  fign  of  the  crofs  alone  being  invariably  ufed. 

So  in  the  Charter  of  king  Eadred  above  mentioned  (N°  25.) 
where  Wul/ftan  archbifhop  of  York  makes  ufe  of  the  words 
Sigillum  Santtijfwue  Cruch  imfreffi ,  he  doth  not  mean  an  im- 
preffion  in  wax,  but  an  impreffion  of  the  fymbol  of  the  crofs 
in  ink,  on  the  parchment,  as  it  appears  on  the  face  of  the 
charter. 

Thefe  proofs  Efficiently  demonftrate  that  the  word  Sigillum 
amongft  the  Saxons  iignified  nothing  more  than  the  fign  of 
the  crofs,  and  in  procefs  of  time  the  explanatory  words  Saner 
tiflim#  Cruch  became  fuperfluous,  the  word  Sigillum  alone  being 
fufficient  to  convey  the  fenfe  wherein  it  was  ufed  by  the 
Saxons ;  fo  that  the  words  Sigillum  nojlrum  in  your  Charter  are 
to  be  interpreted  our  feal  of  the  mofl  holy  crofs ,  as  in  all  the  in- 
ftances  above  quoted  y  therefore  the  above  words  do  not  imply 

that 


Mr.  Astle  on  an  ant  tent  Charter*  2^5 

that  a  feal  of  wax  was  appendant  to  the  inftrument,  Some 
of  our  antiquaries  have  been  milled,  by  not  undemanding  the 
meaning  which  the  Saxons  themfelves  annexed  to  the  word 
Sigillum,  and  have  fuppofed  that  our  Saxon  anceflors  ufed  feals 
of  wax  appendant  to  their  deeds,  which  was  not  the  cafe,  as 
Dr.  Hickes  and  others  have  clearly  proved,  and  as  the  Saxon 
charters  in  public  libraries  and  in  private  repofitories  manifeft. 
If  a  feal  appendant  to  a  genuine  Saxon  charter,  before  the  reign 
of  Edward  the  Coufeflor,  could  be  produced,  fuch  an  inftru¬ 
ment,  would  prpve  more  than  all  the  fuppofitions  which  have 
been  made  on  the  fubjeCt. 

At  the  bottom  of  your  Charter  is  the  word  SjDNV.  .  .  . 
then  fome  of  the  parchment  is  cut  off  for  feveral  inches,  and 
afterwards  appears  part  of  the  word  Crucis.  Thefe  words,  in  my 
opinion,  do  not  imply  that  a  feal  of  wax  was  placed  there,  but 
^ hat  the  ftgn  of  the  crofs  was  put  at  the  end  of  the  inftru¬ 
ment. 

But  if  a  feal  of  wax  had  been  aaually  appendant  to  your 
Charter,  this  circumftance  alone  would  render  its  authenticity 

fufpicious. 

The  learned  Dr.  Hicks  [a]  with  great  erudition  proves  a  charter 
of  King  Eadgar,  preferved  in  the  Harleian  Library  to  befpunous, 
and  that  it  was  written  long  after  the  reign  or  that  king,  and  it 
is  plainly  an  Anglo-Norman  writing.  Your  Charter  is  written  in 
the  characters  ufed  by  the  Anglo  -Normans,  and  the  croffes  are  not 
made  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  manner,  but  in  the  Anglo-Norman, 
which  are  very  different.  The  Saxon  croffes  being  plain,  and 
drawn  with  black  ink  only,  either  rectangular,  or  very  near 
that  form,  thus  -p*.  The  Normans  made  their  crofles  in  red 
ink  thus  and  foretimes  they  were  gilt  as  are  in  your 

[ a ]  Differtatio  Epiftolaris,  p.  06. 

Hh  2 


Charter 


Mr,  Astle  on  an  antlent  Charter . 

Charter  thofe  of  the  royal  family  and  of  the  ecclefiaftics,  though 
the  gilding  is  now  nearly  defaced  by  time ;  but  I  never  faw  a 
Saxon  charter,  and  I  have  feen  many  both  in  public  libraries  and 
private  collections,  with  red  or  gilt  erodes,  the  authenticity  of 
which  I  did  not  fufpeft;  and  I  agree  in  opinion  with  Dr. 
Hickes  and  others,  that  all  the  charters  which  have  gilt  erodes 
and  painted  figures  were  fpurious,  and  forged  by  Anglo-Nor¬ 
mans  after  the  Conqueft  [b]. 

It  is  an  eftablifhed  fad,  that  king  Eadgar  was  a  benefa&or 
to  Weftminfter  Abbey  ;  and  it  is  well  known,  that  he  was 
Simulated  to  make  many  grants  to  religious  focieties  by  arch- 
bifhop  Dunftan,  as  this  Charter  manifefts,  who,  in  confidera* 
tion  of  his  bounty  to  the  church  connived  at  his  debaucheries ; 
but  the  avarice  of  the  monks  might  induce  them  to  forge  a 
Charter  more  beneficial  to  themfelves  than  that  before  granted 

by  king  Eadgar. 

There  are  many  particulars  in  your  Charter  which  render 
its  authenticity  fufpicious. 

The  letters  at  the  beginning  of  the  Charter,  which 

have  alfo  been  gilt,  render  it  fufpicious  at  firft  fight. 

The  ftyle  and  addrefs  of  the  King  is  not  in  the  Saxon  but  in 
the  Norman  manner: 46  Ego  Eadgarus,  Dei  gratia  Anglorum  Rex, 
u  omnibus  epijeopis ,  a bbatibus,  comitibus ,  nojiris  prejentibus ,  vice - 
«  comitibus ,  centenariis,  ceterifque  agentibus  nojiris  prejentibusfcilicet 
«  et  futuris faint  em”  This  exordium  differs  greatly  from  that 
ufed  by  king  Ea'dgar  in  his  charters  which  are  authentic. 

The  ftyle  ufed  by  this  king  in  his  genuine  charters  is,. 
a  Ego  Eadgar  tothis  Britt annire  Bafikus ,  .and  fometimes  4 4  Ego 
“  Eadgar  Rex  Anglorum”  only  j  but  without  any  addrefs  to  the 
bilhops,  abbots,  earls,  fheriffs,  or  others. 

[&]  Wotton,  p.  4.i* 


4 


Your 


Mr.  Astle  on  an  antlent  Charter .  237 

Your  Charter  then  flates,  that  the  king  granted  it  at  the  in- 
flance  of  archbilhop  Dunflan,  and  of  iEthelwold  biihop  of 
Wmchefler;  and  that  he  had  determined  to  rebuild  all  the 
monafteries  in  England,  and  flates  it  to  be  his  intention  that  all 
their  poffiffions  fhould  be  reflored  ;  that  he  was  infpired  to 
begin  with  the  Church  of  St.  Peter  fituated  “  in  loco  tcrribili ” 
commonly  called  Thorney,  to  the  weflward  of  the  City  of 
London.  Then  follows  a  marvellous  relation,  which  informs 
us,  that  the  church  was  built  by  St.  Peter  himfelf,  and  dedi¬ 
cated  to  his  own  honour.  The  words  are,  “  non  ah  alio ,  fed 
<e  ah  ipfo  Banff  0  Petro  Apojlolorum  principe ,  in  fuum  ip  pus  pro - 
“ prium  honor em  deaicata .”  I  fhall  make  no  commentary  on 
this  part  of  the  Charter,  but  fhall  content  myfelf  with  ob- 
ferving,  that  this  tale  feems  to  have  been  invented  after  Bede’s 
time,  who  doth  not  mention  it. 

The  king  then  creates  a  fandtuary,  and  afterwards  confirms  all 
former  charters  to  the  monaflery.  The  Charter  then  recites, 
that  Dunflan,  with  the  confent  of  the  king  and  his  nobles, 
had  purchafed  feveral  eflates,  “  quas  eiiam ,  coram  legitimis  tef  • 
«  tibusy  Sigillo  fuo,  et  annulo  epifcopali,  in  ufum  fratrum  pre- 
“  fat#  ecclefire  in  perpetuam  rejlrinxit  poffejjionem This  is  a 
remarkable  paffage,  calculated  to  prove  that  archbifhop  Dun- 
flan  had  not  only  affixed  his  feal  to  his  grants  to  the  mo¬ 
naflery,  but  alfo  his  epifcopal  annulet  or  ring.  As  for  the 
firft,  the  fign  of  the  crofs  might  have  been  put  as  in  other 
cafes;  and  as  for  the  latter,  it  only  induces  me  to  believe  the 
inflrument  to  be  a  forgery,  perhaps  in  the  time  of  William  the 
Conqueror,  when  feals  were  ufed. 

The  monks  are  then  exempted  from  the  trinoda  necejjitas 
to  which  the  generality  of  eflates  among  the  Saxons  were 
liable  ;  and  they  are  difcharged  from  all  taxes  royal  or  national. 
It  then  concludes,  “  Et  ah  omnibus  optimatibus  nojiris ,  judicibus 

“  pub-, . 

•  V  *  v 


Mr,  Astle  on  an  ant  tent  Charter . 


44  public  l s  &  privates  me  litis  ac  certins  credatur  tnanus  no  fire  fub- 
“  fcriptionibus  fubter  earn  decrevimus  roborare  &  de  Sigillo  nofir  o 
“  jujjimus  ji'gillare  fignum  ^  Eadgari  incliti  &  ferenijjimi  Anglo - 
41  rum  regis  fignum  ^  Edw-ardi  ejujdem  regiis  fihi  fignum 
44  df  JE t heir edi fra tris  ejus, 

44  In  Chrijli  Nomine  ego  D  unjlan  ac  ft  peccator  Dorobornenfis 
44  ecclefe  ar  chief  us  hanc  libertatem  fancier  crucis  agalmate  config- 
44  navi  ac  deinde  fecundum  apofolici  Jo  Id  is  precept  um  obfervatores 
44  hujus  libertatis  aucloritate  qua  perfruor  a  peccatis  fuis  abfolvi,  in- 
44  frail  ores  vero  perpeti ,  maledixi ,  nifi  refipijeant ,  &  ter  tribus 
44  annis  a  liminibus  fee,  ec  defer  fequejlrati  penitentiam  agant, 

44  +p  Ego  Ofwoldus  Ebora°enfs  Archiepifcopus  Impofui. 

►p  Ego  E  Iff  a  mis  Luddinenfs  Ecclie  Epus 
►p  Ego  Athelwoldus  IVintonienfis  Ecc/e  Epus 
►p  Ego  JElfJlanus  Rofenfs  Eccle  Epus 
44  >p  Ego  Mfcwycus  Dorecenfs  Eccle  Epus 
44  >p  Ego  JElfeagus  Licedfeldenfis  Eccle  Epus 
44  >p  Ego  Mthelfinus  Scir eburnenfis  Eccle  Epus  Commodum  duxi. 
a  Eg0  H7 ulgarus  Wiltunienfs  Eccle  Epus  Confirmavi, 

44  >p  Ego  Athufus  Herefordenfs  Eccle  Epus  Ovanter  divulgavi . 

44  >p  Ego  /Ethulgarus  Cijfenienfis  Eccle  Epus  Adnotavi. 

44  >p  Ego  Sigarus  Willenfis  Eccle  Epus  Gaudenter  conclufi. 
44  >p  Ego  Ml  uric  us  Cridenfis  Eccle  Epus  Amen  Dixi, 

44  >p  Ego  Sigarus  Mlamhamenfis  Ecclie  Epus  Confgillavi , 

44  Atq\  cum  preferiptis  archiepifcopis  &  epifeopis ,  abbatibus ,  lumU 
44  accenfis  violator es  hujus  munificenticr ,  dignitatis  immo  apof~ 
44  /c//c£  tranfgreffores  hujus  decreti  in  perpetuum  excom .  nifi  parti - 
44  tulatam  penitentiam  refpifendo  per  agant 


a 


a 


a 


Adquievi . 
Corroboravi. 
Suppofui, 
lmprefji, 
Confolidavi, 


Then 


2  3-9 


Mr.  Astle  on  an  aniient  Charter . 

Then  follow  10  Abbots; 

«<  >j<  Ego  JEldred  Abbas  confevfi,  &  regis  Ju'fq ;  precipientibus 
il  hanc  libertatis  fingrapham  fcripfi,  Anno  Dominice  Incarnationis 
“  dcccc1110  lxviiii"0.  Indict.  xnma.  Idus  Maj ,  Anno  xmma. 
“  Regni  Regis  EaagariA 

Then  follow  9  Dukes  and  9  Priefts. 

The  proofs  of  the  forgery  are  confirmed  beyond  all  poffibi- 
lity  of  doubt  by  the  names  of  the  witnefles.  The  anachro- 
lhfms  in  the  lift  of  the  Bifhops  are  great  in  the  extreme.  Se¬ 
veral  bifhops  are  mentioned  as  witnefles  to  your  Charter  in 
969,  that  were  not  bifhops  till  long  afterwards ;  and  others 
are  not  to  be  found  in  any  of  the  catalogues  of  our  bifhops  :  for 
example,  in  your  Charter, 

Ofwald  ftiles  himfelf  Archbifhop  of  York  in  969,  who  did 
not  arrive  at  that  dignity  till  971  or  97 2,  as  Bifhop  Godwin, 
Mr.  Le  Neve,  and  others  agree. 

yElfftan  was  not  bifhop  of  Rochefter  till  the  year  980. 

AElfeagus  did  not  attain  the  fee  of  Lichfield  till  992,  fays 
Godwin,  de  Prsefulibus  Angliae,  Edit.  Cantab,  p.  31 1. 

AEthelfinus  was  not  bifhop  of  Sherborn  till  986. 

Wulgarus  was  not  bifhop  of  Wilton  till  981. 

Athulphus  was  not  made  bifhop  of  Hereford  before  997. 

JEthulgarus  did  not  obtain  the  bifhoprick  of  Cifa  or  Selfey 
till  980. 

Sigarus  was  not  confecrated  bifhop  of  Wells  before  9^5* 

iEluricus  is  here  faid  to  be  bifhop  of  Crediton  or  Kirton  in 
Devonfhire,  which  fee  was  afterwards  removed  to  Exeter ;  but  I 
do  not  find  that  any  fuch  perfon  was  ever  bifhop  of  that  fee. 

Sigarus  is  called  bifhop  of  Elmham,  which  fee  was  after- 

n  wards 


240  Mr.  Astle  on  an  antlent  Charter . 

wards  removed  to  Norwich ;  but  his  name  does  not  appear  in 
any  of  the  catalogues  of  bilhops  of  Elmham  or  Norwich. 

^Eldred,  the  abbot,  is  faid  to  have  written  the  Charter  in 
969  in  the  12th  year  of  the  indidtion  and  in  the  13th  year 
of  the  reign  of  king  Eadgar  ;  but  the  author  of  the  forgery 
did  not  recoiled  that  king  Eadgar  began  to  reign  in  959,  and 
that  the  13th  year  of  his  reign  muft  have  been  A.  D.  972. 

Thus  I  have  given  you  my  fentiments  concerning  your 
Charter,  which  is  a  curious  monument  of  the  ignorance,  as 
well  as  of  the  art  and  knavery,  of  thofe  who  were  the  fabrica¬ 
tors.  Thefe  remarks  may  alfo  caution  Antiquaries  againfl 
having  too  much  veneration  for  charters,  or  other  documents 
which  appear  to  be  ancient,  without  inquiring  into  their  au¬ 
thenticity.  I  remain, 

Dear  Sir, 

Your  molt  faithful  and 

1  ~  „.  ■  *  . 

Moft  obedient  Servant, 

THOMAS  ASTLE. 


<1 


XXVIII, 


[  24*  ] 


XXVIII.  Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels ,  3  Edw.  III. 
From  a  Record  in  the  Exchequer ,  communicated  by 

Craven  Ord,  Efq .  F*  A .  a?.  Dec.  9,  1790. 


INDENTUR A  fa&a  inter  D’um  Ric’m  de  Bury  nup’  cuftodem 
Garderobe  D’ni  Regis  E.  Tercij  poft  Conqueftum  &  Magr’m 
Thomam  de  Garton  fuccedentem  eiderri  in  eodem  officio,  de 
jocalibus,  veflellamentis  auri  &  argenti,  &  alijs,  remanentibus  in 
eadem  Garderoba,  &  lib’  eidem  Mag’ro  Thome  p*  d’m  D’um 
Ric’m  apud  Glouceftr’  24  die  Septembr’  anno  regin  ejufdem 
D’ni  n’ri  regis  tercio,  quo  die  idem  Mag’r  Thom’  fufcepit  dictum 
officium,  videl’t, 

De  jocalibus  receptis  de  D’no  Roberto  de  Wodehous  nup* 
cuftode  ejufdem  Garderobe  p’  Indenturam,  videlicet, 

£•  s-  « 

■»t  1  .r  "1  •  ,  u  _  .  _ 1*_ 


59  10 


pardo,  J 

3  Coclear’  arg’  plan’  fine  figno,  precij, 


[a]  An  ouclie,  a  gold  ftud  or  felting  for  jewels.  In  the  Inventory  of  Hemy 
V’s  jewels,  plate,  &c.  Rot.  Pari.  IV.  210.  is  a  gold  nouche  in  form  of  a  rofe 
fet  with  fapphires. 

[£]  Emeralds. 


Vol.  X. 


Ii 


Aquar* 


242 


Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels,  3  Edw.  III. 


£-  s' 


55  3 


IG2 


4  1 7  1 


Aquar  are  deaur  &  ay  me  ,, 

^  &  ,  .  Jr  ,  L. J  /  pond  2  marc  7 

partes  extra  aym  in  iundo  mrra  , 

y  '  r  n  •  r  U11C  dl  PreciJ> 

&  camoc  [#  J  infra,  *  J 

Ciphus  argenti  de  eadem  fe&a,  | Ponc^  4  ^arc  ^ 

j  unc  o ct %  prcc  • 

Ciphus  argenti  de  eadem  feda,  l^^^prec*^ 

Due  pelves  arg’  deaur’  &  ingravat’ 
in  fundo  de  ymag’  fc’i  falvator’ 
dat’  D’no  Regi  p*  decanum  [<?]  >  pond’  utriufque  5  majc  di* 
eccl’ie  fandi  Petri  Ebor’  ibidem  1 
28  die  Maij,  -  -  -  J 

Una  pelvis  arg’  deaur’  p*  totum  & 
ayrn’  in  fundo  de  arm’  regis, 
cum  tuello  dat’  d’no  regi  p’  ep’m 
,  Line*  [/]. 

Una  pelvis  conf’  [ g ]  cum  tuello  1  d 
dat’  regi  p  eundem  ep’m,  j 

Ciphus  arg’  deaur’  dupplic’  tali'  [h]  ) 

Sc  aym’  extra  in  lofeng’  de  arm’/ 

Angl*  &Francie  &  infra  in  fundo  V  pond' 

&  cooperculo,  dat’  regi  p’  merca- 
tores  de  focietate  Bardorum  [/], 


►pond’ 


4  12  Si 


4  9 


7 16  3 


Olla 


[c]  Enamelled.  [ d ]  Camoca ,  a  fort  of  iilk  or  velvet.  Da  Cange. 

[e]  Robert  Pickering,  1312 — 1332. 

[/]  Henry  Burgherlh,  1320 — 1343. 

fol  Confimilis.  [If].  double  intaglia. 

[/]  The  Corfini :  a  fet  of  Italian  merchants,  infamous  for  ufurious  contrails 
particularly  in  France,  whence  our  kings  drove  them  out  by  repeated  laws  and 
flatutes.  Of  thofe  iffued  by  the  king  of  France  the  moll  famous  is  an  edi£t  of 
St.  Louis  1268,  permitting  them  to  a£t  as  merchants,  provided  they  did  not  prac¬ 
tice  ufury,  and  another  of  Philip  le  Hardi  1346.  Mathew  Paris  fpeaks  of  them 

as 


Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels ,  3  Edvv.  III. 


►  pond*] 


Qlla  arg’  de  fe£ta  ejufdem  ciphi  ]  , 

dat’  regi  p’  eofdem  mercatores,  j 
Una  tuba  arg’  cum  duabus  boc’  [k] 
arg*  deaur’  &  fign’  de  diverfis 
arm’  videlt’  j  de  arm’  regis  Angl* 
com’  Lane’  &  Warrenn*  fe’e 
Etheldr’  Elien  &  .  • .  Epi  Elien’ 

&  alia  de  arm’  Rob’ti  de  Wa- 
tevill  &  aliorum  magnatum  fi- 
mul  cum  cafula  de  corio  ferro 
ligat’  &  ferur’  dat’  regi  p’  ep’m 
Elien*  [/JapudLinc’  ibdieSept’. 
anno  primo, 

Ciphus  arg’  deaur’  chifell’  extra*1 
&  aym’  in  fundo  &c  in  fummo 
cooperculi,  - 
Ciphus  arg’  alb’  cum  pede  &') 
cooperculo  aym’  in  pomello  de  >pond' 
6  leopardis, 

Ciphus  arg’  plat’  alb’  fign’  de 

uno  leopardo  parvo  extra  in  Ipond’ 
fundo,  -  - 


£• 


24  3 

s,  d. 

50  9 


66 


pond’  43.  prec*  460 


I 


4  5 


o  17  11 


as  a  public  nuifance  in  England  in  the  middle  of  the  13th  century.  Henry  II. 
expelled  them,  but  by  the  interference  of  the  Pope  re-admitted  them,  and  foon 
after  in  1251  drove  them  away  again.  They  were  one  divifion  of  the  Lorn- 
lards ,  by  which  general  name  the  Italian  merchants,  who  lent  money  were 
diftinguilhed  all  over  Europe,  but  divided  into  focieties  or  companies  called 
from  the  head  of  the  firm  or  houfe,  Amanati ,  Accaioiuli ,  Bardi,  Corjtni ,  G'aor- 
cini,  Caurjini ,  or  Gavoarfini.  Du  Cange  voc.  Gaorcini.  Rymer,  IV.  463,  has 
preferved  a  recommendation  from  Edward  III.  1331,  to  David  king  of  Scot¬ 
land,  to  repay  on  his  account  to  certain  merchants  of  the  fociety  of  Bardi  at 
Florence  1000  out  of  1300  marks  due  to  him  from  David’s  father  Robert. 

[£]  Q.  boaUy  mouth  pieces.  [/]  John  Hotham,  1316 — 1 337- 

Duo 


I  i  2 


244 


Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels,  3  Edw.  III. 


* 

£■ 

S, 

d ; 

Duo  ciphi  conf’ 

pond  cujullibet, 

0 

l8 

1 

4  Ciphi arg’  conf* 

pond’  cujullibet, 

0 

*7 

9 

7  Ciphi  argenti  conf* 

pond’  cujullibet, 

0 

18 

0 

Unus  ciphus  arg’  conf* 

pond’ 

0 

*7 

8 

Duo  ciphi  arg  plat  fign  extra  in')  .  n.. 

r  f  >pond  cujullibet, 

fundo  de  uno  leopardo,  j  J 

0 

14 

1 

Ciphus  arg’  conf’ 

pond’ 

0 

J3 

10 

Duo  ciphi  arg’  conf* 

pond’  cujullibet. 

0 

14 

3- 

Duo  ciphi  arg’  plat’  fign’  extra  in' 

1 

fundo  de  uno  fcuch’  de 

arm* 

^pond’  cujullibet, 

0 

12 

4 

Angl’  - 

Ciphus  arg’  plat’ conf’ 

1 

pond* 

0 

1 2 

1 1 

Ciphus  arg’  plat’  conf* 

pond’ 

0 

1 2 

10 

Ciphus  arg’  plat’  conf* 

pond’ 

0 

*3 

1 1 

Ciphus  arg’  conf* 

pond’ 

0 

14 

1 

Ciphus  arg’  conf’ 

pond* 

0 

H 

5 

Duo  ciphi  arg'  conf’ 

pond’  cujullibet, 

0 

14 

4 

Duo  ciphi  arg’  conf* 

pond’  cujullibet, 

0 

*3 

Ciphus  arg’  conf* 

pond* 

0 

14 

3 

Olla  arg’  magna  de  una  lag*, 

vetus'' 

&  fradla  fign’  in  cooperculo 

de 

>pond’ 

7 

6 

1 1 

arm*  Angl* 

- 

J 

■ 

Olla  arg’  conf’ 

O 

- 

pond* N 

7 

8 

5 

Olla  arg’  cum  cooperculo 

de 

■\ 

3 

quarter’  p’  eftimaco’em  cum  uno 

>pond* 

I  12 

0 

leopardo  in  tenone  [*»], 

- 

J 

Olla  arg’  conf’ 

- 

pond* 

1 18 

4 

[m]  In  the  Inventory  of  Henry  V’s  Wardrobe  are  “  Pottes  jaloners  (gallon 
pots)  d’  argentz  covertz  fignez  ovec  libarcl  cn  lei  handelles 

2  Pelvis 


245 


Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels,  3  Edw.  III. 


Pelvis  arg’  cum  1  fetich*  de  arm* 
Angl*  in  fundo, 

Pelvis  argenti  conf* 

Pelvis  argenti  conf* 

Pelvis  argenti  coni* 

Aquar’  arg’  cum  tuello  de  arm* 
Angl’  in  cooperculo. 

Aquar*  argenti  conf’ 

Aquar’  argenti  conf’ 

Pelvis  arg’  pro  capella  deaur’  in 
fundo  &  bordur* 

Pelvis  argenti  conf* 

30  difei  arg’  fign’  cum  leopardo 
extra  in  fundo, 

6  difei  argenti  conf’ 

29  difei  argenti  conf* 

57  difei  argenti  conf  ’ 

3  difei  argenti  conf’ 

7  difei  argenti  conf’ 

2  difei  argenti  conf’ 

Unus  difeus  arg’  conf* 

11  disf  iargenti  conf* 

Unus  difeus  arg’  conf’ 

8  difei  argenti  conf’ 

Unus  difeus  arg’  conf’ 

Unus  difeus  arg’  conf’ 

Unus  difeus  arg’  conf’ 

Unus  difeus  arg’  conf’ 

3  difei  argenti  conf’ 

4  difci  argenti  conf’ 


■  pond’  cujuflibet, 

pond’  cujuflibet, 
pond’  cujuflibet, 
pond’  cujuflibet, 
pond’  cujuflibet, 
pond’  cujuflibet,. 
pond’  cujuflibet, 
pond.’ 

pond*  cujuflibet, 
pond’ 

pond*  cujuflibet, 

pond’ 

pond’ 

pond’ 

pond* 

pond’  cujuflibet, 
pond’  cujuflibet, 


483 

4  7 10 

476 
481 

°  59  5 

o  5$  10 

o  59  8 

o  38  7 

o  40  I 
o  28  4 

O  27  2 

O  28  2 

O  28  O 
o  27  O 
O27  9 

o  28  8 

o  26  11 
o  27  8 

026  8 

o  27  11 
o  28  7 

O  26  2 

o  25  IO 
O  26  IO 
0  2  7  7 

O27  l 
Difeus 


246  Inventory  of  Crown  fewe/s,  3  Edw.  III. 


£>• 

5, 

d. 

Difcus  arg’  magnus  pro  interfercul’ 

fign*  extra  in  fun  do  de  uno  leo- 

>pond*  0 

54 

1 1 

pardo  cum  labell* 

Difcus  arg*  magnus  conf’ 

pond’  0 

55 

6 

Duo  difei  arg’  magni  pro  interfer-] 

r  pond’  utriufque,  .  0 

35 

2 

cults  non  lign  J 

Duo  difei  arg’  magni  Coni  ’ 

pond’  utriufque,  0 

35 

9 

Unus  difcus  arg’  magnus  coni’ 

pond’  0 

35 

3 

Unus  difcus  arg’  magnus  conf’ 

pond’  0 

35 

5 

13  falfar’  arg’  fign*  cum  uno’  leo-1 

.pond’  cujuflibet,  0 

8 

4 

pardo  extra  in  fund 

58  filfar’  arg’  conf 

pond’  cujuflibet,  0 

8 

3 

21  falfar’  arg’  conf* 

pond*  cujuflibet,  0 

8 

1 

25  falfar’  arg’  coni  ’ 

pond’  cujuflibet,  0 

8 

0 

1 3  falfar’  arg’  conf  * 

pond’  cujuflibet,  0 

7 

9 

13  falfar’  arg’  conf’ 

pond*  cujuflibet,  0 

7 

1  r 

7  falfar’  arg’  conf* 

pond’  cujuflibet,  0 

7 

7 

Unum  falfar’  arg’  conf  ’ 

pond*  0 

8 

8 

6  falfar’  arg’  conf’ 

pond’  cujuflibet,  0 

7 

6 

Unum  falfar  arg’  conf’ 

pond’  0 

8 

5 

Unum  falfar’  arg’  conf  * 

pond*  0 

8 

9 

Una  navis  arg’  cum  4  rot’  &  i  ca-h 

pite  dracon’  deaur’  ad  utrumque  ?-pond’  jz 

7 

4 

finem  ejufdem  navis,  j 

Olla  arg’  magna  coifata  \ti\  pro" 
elem’  [0]  cum  capite  regis  ex  una 

>pond’  15 

l3 

4 

parte  &  capite  epi’  ex  altera,  J 

13  difei  arg’  iign*  extra  in  bordur’" 

pond’  14 

l9 

0 

de  arm’  de  Harcla. 

‘prec’  16 

0 

0 

[7/]  Q_  ribbed ,  though  not  in  tins  fenfe  in  the  Gloflaries. 

[<?]  Q_  for  the  confecrated  elements  as  in  the  Inventory  of  Henry  V.  Rot* 
Pad.  IV.  222.  “  1  boifte  pur  le  facrament  depefehe.” 

2  plat’ 


Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels ,  3  Edvv.  III. 

247 

£ 

X. 

d. 

2  plat’  arg*  pro  fpe’bus  aymell’  [p]' 

pond’  utriufque,  31 

8 

0 

in  fundo  de  arm*  regis  Anglie. 

prec’  utriufque,  36 

8 

0 

2  pelvis  arg’  deaur’  aym’.in  fundo^ 

de  arm’  Angl’  &  Franc’  quarum 

.pond’  61.  is.  prec*  6 

1 1 

0 

una  cum  tuello. 

6  difei  novi  non  fign  at  i, 

pond’  7/.  1  ox.  prec’  8 

0 

0 

Salare  arg’  aymell’  per  totum  de  di— 

pond*  0 

46 

8 

verfis  babevvynis  &  oifelettis  [q],. 
Plat’arg’pro  fpe’bus  [r]  cum  bordur*' 

prec*  7  marc, 
pond’  0 

5° 

10 

ingravat’&  deaur’  de  chaceisfx], 

prec’  0 

64 

*4 

1 5  coclear’  arg’  lign’  de  uno  leo-1 
pardo  extra, 

■  pond’  0 

23 

9 

Calix  arg’  deaur’  &  ingravat’ 

pond’  0 

28 

4 

Calix  arg’  deaur’, 

pond*  0 

46 

8 

2  cruetti  arg’  deaur*  cum  lapidibus] 
&  albis  perils. 

-  pond’  0 

1 3 

1 

3  portifor’  de  ulu  Sarum. 

2  miffalia  notata  de  eodem  ufu. 

Unum  gradale  notatum  de  eodem  ufu. 

Una  c alula  de  panno  de  ferico  rub*  cum  tunic*  dalmatic*,  2  cap 
choral*,  3  alb’,  3  amit*.  2  floP,  3  phanon’  [t\  de  fed  a  [u1. 

2  frontal’  de  panno  viridi  de  Turkie j*]  lineat’  de  cardia India [y], 

[p]  “  Efmailles  en  les  founces  ove  armes.”  Rot.  Pari.  IV.  222. 

[q]  Baboons  and  little  birds. 

[r]  Spice  difhes.  Inventory  of  H.  V.  Ib.  227.  [x]  Hunting  matches. 

[/]  A  kind  of  altar  cloth  or  napkin.  Du  Cange,  v.  Fanon.  [ u ]  Of  a  fuit. 
M  P annus  Turquinus  iff  Drop  Turquois  are  found  in  Charpentier,  who  ex¬ 
plains  it  blue  cloth. 

[y.  Car da  Inda ,  Carda  Indlci  color  is,  iff  cardc  croceo  iff  lndico ,  occur  in  inventories 
of  church  furniture  in  Du  Cange,  but  without  explanation.  Charpentier 
adds,  it  feems  a  fort  of  cloth.  Its  ufe  here  is  for  lining.  In  the  Inventory  of 
the  Wardrobe  of  Henry  V.  (Rot.  Pari.  IV.  231.)  we  have  “  ii  Materaez  de 

“  Cardc." 


Una 


.24  8  Inventory  of  Crown.  “Jewels ,  3  Edw.  TIT. 

Una  cafula  cum  tunic’  dalmatic*  de  panno  albo  de  ferico  lineat’ 
de  cindone  viridi. 

Unum  pulvinar’  de  panno  de  ferico  radiato. 

Una  cafs’  pro  corporali  de  famite  broudato  cum  corporali  in 

•eadem. 

Una  cafs*  pro  corporali  de  panno  de  ferico  antiquo  cum  cor¬ 


porali  in  eadem. 

Unu*  tuell’  pro  altari  cum  j  parur’  de  famite  indio  broudat’  de 

diverfis  capit’. 

2  tuall’  pro  altari  fine  parur’* 

6  fuperpellicia  de  tela. 

2  tuall*  curt’  procapella. 

Unum  fuperaltare  [2]  lapideum. 

.2  cap.  chori  de  una  fedla  de  quodam  panno  de  Naflik  [a]  poudr’ 
de  griffon’  &  pavon*. 

3  fuperpellicia  de  tela. 

Unum  pfalterium  bonum  coopertum  de  panno  de  ferico,  alumpn’ 
[£j  de  auro  &  azura. 

Olla  argent i  pro  buttillar*  pond*  113/. 

Olla  argenti  conf*  pond’  112/. 

Olla  argenti.  pond’  66s.  $d. 

9  ciphi  arg’  de  curfu  [V],  pond’ cnjuflibet,  13^.  7*/. 

3  cophin’  de  corio  ferro  ligat’  pro  oliis  predict  is. 

Unus  cophinus  de  corio  pro  quodam  tripode  j  ciphi. 

Unus  cophinus  de  corio  pro  ciphis  arg’  predifris. 

2  pann’a  [d’]  nigra,  ferro  ligat’  pro  officio  buttillarie. 


[z]  Du  Cange  explains  fuperaltare  either  by  cibotium ,  or  a  portable  altar.  In 
this  inftance  the  epithet  lapideum  mull  mean  “  made  of  precious  Hones.” 

[a]  Neither  Du  Cange  nor  Charpentier  have  this  term. 

\b ]  Charpentier  gives  a Uumenare  for  illuminat  e  in  the  fenfe  of  lighting  candies  ; 
here  it  is  ufed  in  the  fenfe  of  ornamenting  by  painting. 

[c]  Of  courfe,  qu.  in  common  ufe  or  ordinary. 

[4]  P armaria i  bafkets. 


Pelvis 


;els,  3  Edw.  III. 

249 

•  St 

ipond’ 

76^  8  d. 

pond’ 

1 

0  60  9 

Ipond’ 

0  67  10 

camera  d’ni  regis, 
Unum  lavater*  argenti, 
Pelvis  are:’  alb’  &  inprav; 


j  dorfor’[/],  2  cotter’  [g],  j  banquer’  [h]  pro’  aula  de  arm* 
d’nor  E.  &  I.  [/]  fil*  Rs. 
j  faccusde  corio  pro  eifdem  intruttand*. 

j  dorforium,  2  coder’  j  banquer’  pro  aula  maftulat’  [k]  de  arm* 
com’  Lane’  Heref*  &  Pembr’. 
j  faccus  de  corio  pro’  eifdem  intrulTand’. 

Unu’  morter*  eneu’  cum  j  pilo  ferr’  pro  officio  f’pear’ 

Unum  pondus  eneum  de  16  marcis  in  preeijs  pro  minutis  rebus 
ponder’. 

Unum  par  balancium. 
j  anfer  [/]  pro  groffis  ponderibus. 


[<?]  With  the  arms  of  Edward  the  Black  Prince. 

[_/]  CL  hangings  for  the  back  of  a  bed  or  chair,  or  of  walls  in  general.  Char- 
pentier  in  voce.  In  the  Inventory  of  Henry  V’s  Wardrobe  (Rot.  Pari.  IV.  232.) 
occur  “  1  Dofer  d’ Arras'  d’or  veilf’  with  hiftorics,  p.  234,  “  1  dofer  over  ii 
“  coders  de  worded  rouge  pur  le  fale,”  p.  217,  <e  1  dofer  de  baudekyn  d’or,” 
p.  241,  “  i  dofer  pur  un  fale.” 

fgj  A  kind  of  hanging  for  beds  or  walls.  Du  Cange  from  an  inventory  of 
the  king’s  chapel  at  Wedminder.  Mon.  Ang.  III.  iii.  81  h  Madox,  For- 
mul.  Ang.  432.  In  the  Inventory  of  Henry  V’s  Wardrobe  (Rot.  Pari.  II.  230.) 
we  have  “  1  banker  d’ Arras  overe  de  divers  ymages,  qui  commence  en  Fef- 
“  criptur’  Jeo  vous  ayme  localment.”  Others,  p.  232,  “  launz  or,”  others  of 
Arras,  p.  233. 

[/?]  Q.  Hangings  or  coverings  for  benches  or  feats  joined  with  iapetes  in 
Fleta,  II.  ir,  Du  Cange  in  voce.  In  the  Inventory  of  Henry  V.’s  Wardrobe 
(Rotul.  Pari.  IV.  231.)  we  find  “  1  coder  de  worded  vermaille,”  others  with 
feripture  and  emblematic  hidories,  lb.  p.  232.  They  leem  from  the  fubjeds  to 
have  been  appropriated  to  chapels. 

'  [/]  The  arms  of  the  Black  Prince  and  his  brother  John  of  Gaunt. 

U]  Q^maculat'  q.  d.  fpotted.  [/]  Not  in  the  Glodaries. 

Vol.  X.  Kk  '  ■  jeoffr’ 


250  Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels ,  3  Edw.  Ill* 


JT.  s .  <£ 


j  coffr’  ftand’  pro  offic’  candelar’. 

6  patelle  eris. 

2  magne  olle  eris. 
j  parva  olla  eris  vetus  &  fradta, 
j  patella  ferri  pro  friatura  [#»]. 

4  broch*  ferri  magni 

j  craticula  vetus  &  fra&a  quad  nullius  valorise 
2'turnar*  ferri. 
j  fecuris  pro  bufca  fecanda. 

2  magne  bulgee  [0]  pro  difcis  arg’  intruflandis. 

2  befar*  [/>]  de  corio  pro  difcis  arg’  intrufiandis* 
j  bulgea  de  corio  cum  crochett*. 

Unum  calefadlorium  eris  pro  offic*  aquar’. 
j  pax  deofculator’  arg’  aym*  cum  uno  crucifixo,  pond* 

2  barell’  f^]  arg’  deaur*  cum  zonisl 
argenti  minutis. 

Plat’  de  jafpide  pro  fpe’bus  cum 
pede  argent’  &  circumfer’  d’ce 
plat’  cum  lapid’  &  perlis, 

Una  puchea  [r'J  de  canabo’  fign’  figillo  epi’  Exon’  [j]  Thef* 
que  intitulatur  fic  ;  44  Clavis  interioris  camere  juxta  aulam 
nigram  in  Turri  London’  ubi  jocalia  Thefauri  regis  privata 
reponuntur.” 


o  28 


j  pond’  in  toto 


4 


o  40  o 


>pond*  in  toto,  o  60  o 


[ot]  In  Henry  Y’s  Inventory,  p.  222,  we  have  “  1  frying  panne,  1  fklife 
“  ( flice )  and  1  ladeil  d’argent.” 

[«]  Spits,  gridirons,  and  other  kitchen  furniture,  are  not  omitted  in  the  in¬ 
ventory  of  Henry  V.  Rot.  Pari.  IV.  241. 

[0]  Bulga ,  a  Gaulifh  word  for  a  leather  bag.  Feftus  &  Du  Cange  in  v.. 

■  [p]  Sic  orig.  Cb  for  befac'  befaccia,  a  wallet.  Du  Cange  in  v. 

[?]  A  barrell,  lb.  Barillus.  Wardrobe  account  of  Ed.  I. 

[r]  A  pouch.  Du  Cange,  v.  Pouchea.  Puche>  Invent,  of  Henry  V.  Rot. 
Pari.  IV.  238. 

[jJ  Walter  Stapledon,  1307 — 1326. 


Una 


Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels,  3  Edw.  III.  251 

Una  parva  burfa  linea  fign*  figillis  d’norum  Rogeri  de  Nortli- 
burgh  [/]  &  Rogeri  de  Waltham  |T^]  cui  appenditur  una  cedula 
que  lie  inferibitur.”  In  ifta  puchea  continentur  claves  de  cruce 
Gneyth  [,v]  exiftent’  in  capella  infra  Turrim  London’  ubi  me. 
moralia  regis  que  funt  in  cuftodia  thef  ’  &  camerar’  de  fcaccario 
fub  clavibus  eorumdem  exiftunt.’ 

De  Jocalibus  &  VelTellamentis  argenti  &  alijs  receptis  de 
D’110  Will’mo  Cufance  [y], 

Coquilla  cum  pede  &  cooperculo  arg’  deaur’  &  aymell’  de 
dono  Walteri  Reynaud  archiepi’  Cantuar’  [a], 

Coquilla  cum  pede  &  cooperculo  arg’  deaur’  &  aymell*  de 
dono  D’ni  Johi’s  de  Haftinges. 

Lavator  arg’  deaur’  &  aym’  adi 

modum  Cirene  [a]  de  dono  Johis’  Ipond*  0  59  2 

de  V anne,  J 

[/]  Clerk,  Rymer,  III.  406.  keeper  of  the  great  feal,  and  taken  by  the 
Scots  1313,  keeper  of  the  wardrobe  to  Edward  II.  1316.  Ib.  347.  archdeacon  of 
Richmond,  1318.  Ib.  698.  recommended  by  the  king  to  the  pope  the  fame 
year,  (Ib.  733,  762.)  for  the  prebend  of  Willow  in  the  church  of  York,  1319, 
(Ib.  776,  1320,  846.)  when  he  was  fecretary  to  the  king,  who  wifhed  to  get 
him  a  cardinal’s  hat,  (Ib.  8.49.  887.)  and  made  bilhop  of  Lichfield,  (Ib.  920. 
921.)  in  which  laft  fuit  he  fucceeded,  1322,  Ib.  333.  948.  Godwin  fpcaks 
unfavourably  of  his  ambition.  He  filled  the  fee  38  years,  and  died  1359. 

[«]  Keeper  of  the  forfeited  lands  in  Stafford  (hire,  1322,  13  Edw.  II.  Rymer, 
III.  963,  and  of  the  wardrobe  from  15  to  17  Edw.  II.  his  account  of  which 
in  300  pages,  is  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Aftle. 

[*]  Of  this  crofs  fee  the  GlofTary  to  the  Wardrobe  account  of  Edward  I.  t® 
which  add  that  Edward  I.  granted  to  the  ten  perfons  who  brought  back  to  him 
at  Conway  that  piece  of  the  wood  of  the  crofs  which  the  Wefh  called  Crojfe- 
neybt,  and  which  Lcwellin  late  prince  of  Wales  and  his  predeceffors  princes 
of  Wales  had,  exemption  from  following  his  army  in  any  expedition  out 
of  the  four  Cantreds.  (Rymer  III.  247.) 

•[■>]  ^  him  fee  Rymer,  IV.  119.  549.  624.  He  was  a  canon  of  Ripon,  Ib. 
698.  620.  He  was  employed  to  negotiate  a  loan  for  Edward  III.  1240,  Ib.  V. 
172,  and  to  borrow  wool  for  him  1347.  (Ib.  583,)  He  is  called  keeper  of 
the  wardrobe  134J,  (Ib.  256.  276.)  Treafurer  1342  and  1343,  (Ib.  342.  381.) 

[*]  1 3 1 3^ — j32  7  Lord  Chancellor  and  Treafurer.  [a]  Sircnes,  a  Siren. 

K  k  2  Enfis 

*■  X 


\ 


252  Inventory  of  Crown  fewels ,  3  Edw.  III. 

Enfis  garnit’  de  velvetto  nigro  cum  zona  ftipata  argenti 
deaur*  &  aymell*. 

De  VefTellametitis  argenti  dat*  d’110  regis  per  diverfos  mag¬ 
nates  tarn  in  partibus  fcifmarinis  quam  tranfmarinis  per  vices 
anno  tercio  videlicet, 

jT.  s.  d. 


Ciphus  arg’  deaur’  camoc’  &  ay m’ 
in  fund’  infra  &  extra  &  circum- 
fer’  de  diverfis  bed’  [b\  cum  tri- 
pode  triangulat’,  aym’  cum 
ymag’  trium  regum  Angl’  Franc*  ^ pond’ 
&  Ifpan’  dat’  d’no  regi  per  re- 
ginam  [c]  Ifpan’  apud  Turrim 
London’  10  die  Februar’  anno 
tercio. 

Aquar’  arg’  deaur’  triang*  &  aym’ 
de  ymag’  trium  regum  Dan- 
march’  Alena’  &  Aragon’  de  dono 
ejuldem  regine  ibidem  eodem  \ 
die,  J 

Ciphus  arg’  conf*  deaur’  &  aymell*' 
extra  per  totum  &  infra  in  fundo 
de  avibus  minutis  cum  pede 
&  cooperculo  dat’  dono  regi  per  y pond’ 
Abbatem  de  C'lunv,  apud  Am- 
bian’  [r/]  8  die  Jun’  anno  pre« 
fente  tercio, 


6  6  8 


o  68  o 


o  104  10 


\b~\  Beftiis. 

[c]  Jean  eld  eft  daughter  of  Edward  III.  efpoufed  by  proxy  to  Alphonfo  III. 
king  of  Arragon,  who  died  1291  before  folemnization. 

[^]  Amiens. 


Aquar’ 


Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels ,  3  Ed w.  III.  253 

£•  s*  d. 


Aquar’  arg’  de  eadem  fedta  dat’  ei-^ 

dem  d’no  rcgi  per  didtum  abba-  >pond’ 


59  4 


pond’ 


5 1  » 


tem  ibidem  eodem  die, 

Ciphus  auri  cum  pede  &  cooper- 
culo  cum  4  Icuch’  de  arm’, 
j  leonelli  in  fundo  pomell’  & 
fummo  cooperculi  dat’  d’no  regi 
per  com’  March’  apud  Wygge- 
more  6  die  Sept’ 

Aquar’  arg’  deaur’  &  aym’  per^ 
partes  conftrudt*  ad  mod’  J.  ha-  / 
nonenf’jY]  cum  cap’  lanid’  equi-  I 
tant’  balewyno  dat’  d’no  regi  f  Pon(^ 
per  eundem  com.  ibidem  eodem  l 
die,  9 

Aquar’  auri  dat’  d’no  regi  perl 
d’nam  reginamifpan’a.  udWyn-  [pond’ 
def’  3  die  Febr.  anno  tercio, 

De  Jocalibu?,  Viffellamentis  auri  &  argenti,  &  alijs  receptis 
de  venerabili  patre  d’no  Thom’  Hereforden*  Epo’  Thef*  & 
Camerar’  de  fcaccario  per  j  indenturam  cujus  dat’  eft  apud 
Weftm’  22  die  Jan’  a0.  3d0.  vid’z. 

Unus  ciphus  auri  ponder’  p*  pond’  fterlingi,  o  64 


O  59  J 


o  31 


10 


Aquar’  arg’  planus  deaur’  &  aymell* 
in  cooperculo, 

Tres*  difci  arg’  fign*  cum  uno' 
parvo  leopardo  extra  in  bordur’ 


pond’  2  marc’  2  unc* 
prec’  o  50 


pond*  cujuflibet,  o  28 

v 

[«]  Thomas  Charleton  1327 — 1340. 


7 

10 


8 


3 


3  Difci 


J254  inventory  of  Crown  Jewels,  3  Edw.  III. 


3  Difci  arg’  conf’ 

7  Difci  arg’  conf’ 

4  Difci  arg’  conf’ 

2  Difci  arg’  conf’ 

2  1  Difci  arg’  conf’ 

19  Difci  arg’  conf5 
-15  Difci  arg*  conf* 

44  Difci  arg’  conf* 

1 7  Difci  arg’  conf* 

22  Difci  arg’  conf* 

28  Difci  arg’  conf* 

27  Difci  arg’  conf* 

Difci  arg*  conf* 

20  Difci  arg’  conf* 

7  Difci  arg*  conf  * 

1 1  Difci  arg’  conf* 

4  Difci  arg’  conf* 

6  Difci  arg’  conf* 
j  Difcus  arg’  conf’ 

4  Difci  arg’  conf  ’ 
j  Difcus  arg’  conf* 
j  Difcus  arg’  conf* 

3  Salfar’  arg’  cum  uno  parvo 
pardo  extra  in  bordur* 

2  Salfar’  arg’  eonf’ 

3  Salfar’  arg’  conf’ 

8  Salfar*  arg*  conf* 
io  Salfar*  arg’  conf  ’ 

19  Salfar*  arg’  conf’ 

40  Salfar’  arg’  conf* 

5 


pond’  cujuflibet, 

£• 

O 

s, 

28 

dc 

1 

pond*  cujuflibet, 

O 

28 

6 

pond’  cujuflibet, 

O 

28 

5 

pond*  cujuflibet. 

O 

28 

4 

pond’  cujuflibet. 

O 

28 

3 

pond’  cujuflibet. 

O 

28 

2 

pond’  cujuflibet, 

O 

28 

1 

pond’  cujuflibet, 

O 

28 

0 

pond’  cujuflibet, 

O 

27 

1 1 

pond’  cujuflibet, 

0 

2  7 

10 

pond’  cujuflibet, 

O 

27 

9 

pond*  cujuflibet, 

O 

2  7 

8 

pond’  cujuflibet, 

O 

2  7 

7 

pond*  cujuflibet, 

O 

27 

6 

pond*  cujuflibet, 

O 

27 

5 

pond’  cujuflibet, 

O 

27 

4 

pond*  cujuflibet, 

O 

27 

3 

pond*  cujuflibet, 

O 

27 

2 

pond’ 

O 

2  7 

1 

pond’  cujuflibet, 

O 

26 

10 

pond’ 

O 

26 

7 

pond 

O 

.26 

6 

leo-j 

-pond’  cujuflibet, 

O 

8 

8 

_/ J 

pond’  utriufque, 

O 

8 

7 

pond’  cujuflibet, 

O 

8 

6 

pond’  cujuflibet, 

O 

8 

5 

pond’  cujuflibet, 

0 

8 

4 

pond’  cujuflibet, 

0 

8 

3 

pond’  cujuflibet, 

0 

8 

2 

67  Salfar* 

Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels ,  3  Echv.  III. 


67  Salfar*  arg*  conf9 
57  Salfar’  arg’  conf’ 
31  Salfar’  arg’  conf* 
18  Salfar’  arg’  conf’ 
7  Salfar’  arg’  conf* 
2  Salfar’  arg’  conf’ 
2  Salfar’  arg’  conf’ 
j  Salfar’  arg’  conf’ 


pond*  cujuflibet, 
pond’  cujuflibet, 
pond’  cujuflibet, 
pond’  cujuflibet, 
pond’  cujuflibet, 
pond’  utriufque, 
pond’  utriufque, 
pond’ 


255 

f.  s,  d . 
o  8  r 
080 
o  7  1 1 
o  7  10 

0  7  9 
078 

o  7  7 
076 


De  Jocalibus  &  Veflellamentis  auri  &  argenti  receptis  de 
venerabili  patre  D’no  Thoma  Epo’  Heref  ’  Thef’  &  Camerar’ 
de  fcaccario  per  unam  indenturam  cujus  dat’  eft  apud  Weftm’’ 
20  die  Maij  anno  tercio,  videl’t. 

Ciphus  arg’  cum  triper*  [f]  deaurM  pond’  5  marc*  30 d, 

&  aym’  in  lofeng’  J  prec’  119^.  6d, 

Ciphus  argenti  conf’ cum  trifer’[/]|  pond’  5  marc’  iod0. 

fratlo,  Jprec’  6/.  is.  %d. 

Plat’  arg’  pro  fpe’bus  cum[Y]coo-q  ^  ,  .  » 

5  r  (pond  10  marc  2  unc 

perculo  ay’m  infra  &  extra  cumj  K  ,  . 

•  I  pi  cC  21m 

coclear’  arg’  deaur’  &aym’  infra, J 
Aquar’  arg’  deaur’  vinetar’  &  fe-’lpond’  5  marc’  nd. 

minatus  de  aymell’  jprec’  7/.  os.  yd. 

Aquar’  arg’  deaur’  camoc’  &  ay- 'l  pond’  2  marc’  2  unc’  18 d» 
mell’  in  pomell’  J  prec’  62s.  4 d. 

Aquar’  arg’  de  eadem  fe£ta,  pond’  24>r.  prec’  47 s. 

Aquar’  arg’  planus  deaur’  &  aym’ 
in  cooperculo, 


pond’  2  marc’  4  unc’ 
prec’  64J. 


[f  J  Triforium ,  a  border.  Du  Cange. 

[£]  Efpice  plate.  Invent,  of  Henry  V.  Rot.  Pari.  IV.  214*. 


Aquar5" 


Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels ,  3  Edw.  Ill, 

pond*  2  marc*  5  unc*  4 d. 


256 

Aquar’  arg’  de  eadem  feda, 


} 


prec*  6 ys.  1  id. 

Ipond’  2  marc*  5  unc*  2 d.  ob. 
prec*  52 s.  2 d. 

1  pond*  j  marc’  j  unc’  &  di* 
Aquar’  argenti  de  eadem  feda,  j  prec’  26j,  6^. 

Olla  argenti  deaur’  &  feminat’  despond’  5  marc’  2  unc’  lod. 
aymeli* 

Ciphu<s  arg’  deaur’  camoc’  &  ay 
mell*  in  fundo  &  pomell’ 


Ciphus  argenti  de  eadem  fed  a, 
Ciphus  arg’  de  eadem  feda, 
Ciphus  argenti  de  eadem  feda, 


J  prec’  yl.  os.  8 d. 

-]  pond’  4  marc’  4  unc’  3d. 
prec’  iooj.  yd. 
pond’  64/.  2 d. 
prec’  61.  8i.  4 d. 

*]  pond’  465* 

’prec’  4/.  1  2s. 
pond’  j  marc’  2 yd.  ob. 
prec’  1 1 5s. 


■)  pond’  5  marc’  6  unc’  &  di’ 
Ciphus  argenti  de  eadem  feda,  'prec»  7/.  13s. 

Ciphus  arg’  deaur*  planus  extra  &  pond’  3  marc’  4  unc  yd. 
ponfon’ infra &aymell’  in  fundo, ^  prec’  4/.  os.  3d. 


Ciphus  argenti  de  eadem  feda, 


pond*  2  marc’  7  unc’  10 d. 

prec’  6^s.  4 d. 

1  pond’  2  marc’  7  unc’ 
Ciphus  argenti  de  eadem  feda,  jprec’ 

Ciphus  argenti  deaur’  planus  extral  pond’ 3  marc’  2  unc’  3d. 

<y  camocatus  infra,  J  prec’  4/.  ys.  6d. 

Ciphus  arg’  deaur’  caftell’  &  ca’l  pond’  2  marc’  6  unc’  13^. 
m’oc  infra  &  extra,  Jprec’  13s. 


Ciphus  argenti  deaur’  &  chifellatus 
de  granis, 


pond’  4  marc’  2  unc’  1 3d. 
prec’  102 s.  3d. 

Ciphus 


Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels ,  3  Edw.  lit. 


Ciphus  argenti  deaur’  camoc*  & 
tali’  de  babevvyn* 


pond’  3  marc*  3^. 
prec’  6  marc’  6^. 

Ciphus  argenti  de  eadem  fe£ta,  V  °tK]  3 ‘nau  I0^* 

J  prec  7  marc  20 d* 

Ciphus  arg’  deaur’  cum  6  cotter’ 1  p0nd’  3  marc’  4^. 

&  pomelP  de  fementar’  J  prec’  7 u.  2r/. 

Due  pelves  arg*  cum  bordur’  deaur’l 

,  .  I  pond  7/.  ur.  4^. 

&  aym  in  fund©  infra  utrumque  f  ,  , 

,  .  .  .  ..  prec  10/.  4 s.  8tf. 

de  j  leone  in  medio,  J 

Due  pel  ves  arnenti  deaur’  quarum^!  „  _  , 

,  •  r  j  j  •  „  l  pond’  8/.  5/. 

i  aym  in  rundo  de  j  venatore  &  f  ,  , 

&  altera  de  j  lagittar  J 

Due  pelves  arg*  deaur’  in  bordur’ 
aym’  in  fundo  de  arm’  Angl 
quarum  una  cum  gutt’a, 

Due  pelves  arg’  cum  tuell’  deaur’  &'|  pond’  8  marc’ 
aymell’in  fundodediverlis  bettijs,  J  prec’  8/.  4/. 

Due  pelves  arg’  deaur’  in  bordur’-' 

&  aym’  in  fundo  utraque  cum  ? 
j  leopardo  &  dracone,  j 

Due  pelves  arg’  deaur’  in  bordur’  | 

&  aym’  in  fundo  de  arm’  Angl 
quarum  una  cum  gutta’ 

j  nuch’  auri  cum  3  faphir*  de 

oriente  z  rub’  garnit’  de  rubeis,  prec*  20  marc’ 
admirald*  &  perils, 

Firmaculum  auri  cum  rub’  &  ad-|  prec’  4.0s 
mirald*  ^ 


, )  pond’  14  marc*  6  unc 
J  prec’  17/.  131.  2 d. 


pond’  8/.  i6r. 

|  prec’  12/.  2S.  8^/. 

pond’  1 4  marc’  6  unc* 
prec’  1 7/.  13*.  2 d. 


Vol.  X. 


LI 


25 8  Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels ,  3  Edw.  Ill, 


j  Ciphus  auj-i  cum  pede  &  cooper- 
culo  coftellatus  garnitus  de  ay- 
mell’  clari  coloris  de  treaumes  [6] 
&  deguttatus  [/], 

Ciphus  auri  cum  pede  &  cooper- 
culo  aym’  clari  coloris  cum  j  ba- 
lafio  in  fummitate  cooperculi. 


Ipond’  651.  8 d* 
per  10L  le  marc’ 
prec’  in  toto,  49/.  5/, 


'j  pond’  4/.  1 6s,  11  d, 
J  prec’  71  /.  1  is,  9 d. 


5  Coclear’  auri. 


'  pond’  ior.  lod. 
’prec’  9/.  12 s,  6 d. 


One  of  the  firft  lifts  of  our  crown  jewels  is  contained  in  the 
letter  of  Margaret  queen  of  France  to  her  brother  Henry  III. 
of  England,  dated  1261,  when  they  were  lodged  in  the 
church  of  the  knights  templars  at  Paris  (T],  which  the  laid  king 
gave  his  queen  Eleanor  power  to  difpofe  of,  1264(7]. 

There  is  a  lift  of  thofe  belonging  to  Edward  I.  in  his  ward¬ 
robe  account  publifhed  by  this  Society. 

The  next  in  order  of  time  are  thofe  of  Edward  II.  which 
with  other  effedls  came  into  the  hands  of  Thomas  earl  of 
Lancafter  at  Newcaftle,  and  w'ere  taken  back  by  commifiioners 
appointed  6  Edward  II.  1313  [w]. 

Mr.  A  file  has  in  the  account  of  Roger  de  Waltham  keeper  of 
the  great  wardrobe  between  15  and  17  of  this  reign  a  lift  of 
the  jewels  and  plate  as  well  remaining  in  the  king’s  wardrobe 
in  the  cuftody  of  divers  officers  of  the  king’s  houfhold. 

A  long  inventory  of  jewels  and  plate  delivered  by  the  exe¬ 
cutors  of  Henry  V.  to  John  Stafford,  High  Treafurer  of  Eng- 

[*] 

[*']  Spotted  with  drops. 

\_k ]  Rymer,  I.  370. 

[7]  lb.  780.  878. 

[ot]  lb.  III.  387.  388, 

Jandf 


Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels ,  3  Edw.  III. 

Jane],  afterwards  archbiffiop  of  Canterbury,  is  printed  in  the 
Rolls  of  Parliament  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  IV.  215. 

Richard  de  Bury  was  a  native  of  Bury  St.  Edmund’s, 
educated  at  Oxfoid,  at  the  charge  ol  his  uncle  Willoughby, 
and  for  his  eminent  qualifications  appointed  preceptor  to  Ed¬ 
ward  III.  while  prince,  treafurer  to  Edward  II.  in  Gafcoine, 
hi  wmch  character  he  fupphed  his  queen  Ifabel  with  money 
againft  her  hulband.  Her  fon  on  bis  accefifion  appointed  him 
his  cofferer,  keeper  of  his  wardrobe  and  of  the  privy  leal, 
which  laft  office  he  held  five  years,  and  was  one  of  thofe 
prefent  in  the  garden  of  Newenham  priory  near  Bedford  1328, 
when  Edward  III.  re-delivered  the  great  feal  to  the  biffiop  of 
Lincoln  (Henry  Burgherft)  who  had  juft  before  furrendered 
it  into  the  king’s  wardrobe  [«].  The  king,  1330,  folicited 
the  pope  to  beftow  on  him  the  prebends  held  by  Gilbert  de 
Middleton,  aichdeacon  of  Northampton,  in  the  churches  of 
Hereford,  London,  and  Chichefter  |yj,  but  thefe  preferments 
feem  to  have  been  previoufly  engaged";  for  Bury  was  collated 
to  the  archdeaconry  of  Northampton  on  Middleton’s  death  1330, 
but  feems  to  have  been  put  by  for  Peter  de  St.  Stephen,  a  Roman 
Cardinal  [ft]  ;  was  prebendary  of  Lincoln  1330,  which  benefice 
he  exchanged  for  a  prebend  of  Exeter  [q],  and  held  one  at 
Lichfield  in  the  fame  year  [r],  In  the  above  recommendation 
the  king  calls  him  his  “  beloved  clerk  and  fecretary,  whom  he 
knew  to  be  a  man,  in  corflus  providutn ,  converfaticnis  vitce 
munditia  decorum ,  literarum  feientia  praditum ,  &  in  agendis  qui- 

[«]  Rymer,  IV.  374. 

[0]  lb.  462. 

{./>]  Willis  Line.  1 10. 

[ q ]  lb.  148. 

[rj  -lb.  436. 


L  1  2 


bujlibet 


2  6o  Inventory  of  Crown  Jewels,  3  E'dw.  III. 

bufllbet  clrcumfpedium .”  He  was  fent  on  a  commiffion  to  the  pope 
l33l  M  anc^  l333 »  being  then  fecretary  to  the  king,  was  re* 
commended  to  the  pope’s  nephews  jV],  He  was  promoted  tO‘ 
the  fee  of  Durham  1333,  being  at  the  time  of  his  promotion  to 
it  dean  of  Wells,  and  after  it  Chancellor  of  England  1334,  and 
Treafurer  1335,  and  dying  1345,  was  buried  in  his  church 
at  Durham  where  he  fat  1 1  years.  How  well  he  deferved 
his  character  for  literature  will  be  feen  by  his  liberal  endow¬ 
ment  of  a  library  at  Durham  college  at  Oxford,  after  he 
became  bifhop  of  Durham,  to  which  by  his  will  he  left 
his  books,  which  were  more  than  all  the  other  bifhops  in 
England  pofleffed,  and  had  been  collected  by  him  at  no 
fmall  expence  [u\.  Petrarch,  who  met  him  at  the  pope’s 
court  of  Avignon,  calls  him  vir  ardentis  ingenii ,  and  held  a 
correfpondence  with  him  about  his  library  and  collections.  See 
his  Philobiblon,  fin i fined  1344,  publifhed  by  Dr.  James  at 
Oxford  1399,  and  WartOn’s  Second  DiOertation  in  his  Hiftory 
of  English  Poetry.  His  charity  to  the  poor  and  liberality  to 
his  church  may  be  feen  in  Godwin,  p.  749. 

Thomas  de  Garton,  who  fucceeded  in  the  office  of  keeper 
of  the  wardrobe,  was  one  of  the  perfons  appointed  to  affift  the 
bifhops  in  removing  the  religious  and  receiving  their  property 
when  the  alien  priories  were  feized  into  the  king’s  hands  1324, 
18  Ed.  II.  and  affifted  the  bifhop  of  Lincoln  in  Huntingdon- 
fhire  [x], 

ft]  P  ymer,  lb.  $02. 

[f]  lb.  548. 

[a]  Hilt,  and  Ant5q.  of  Oxford,  II.  48. 

[.*]  Rymer,  IV.  96,  97. 


XXIX. 


[  261  1 


,1  iH  ) 


XXIX.  Remarks  on  the  Stalls  near  the  Communion 
! Table  in  Maid  ft  one  Churchy  with  an  Enquiry  into 
the  Place  of  Burial  of  Archbifhop  Courtney.  By 
the  Rev.  Samuel  Denne,  F.  A,  S .  In  a  Letter  to 
Richard  Gough,  DireBcr. 

'  i  1 4 1 1.  ;■>! ,  I  k;J  .*>'•!  -  *  -  *■ 1  - 

Read  May  8,  1788. 

.  .  '  •  .  v  .  1  J  -  .  *  '  . 

•  •  ;  1  ,  .  .  '  .  . 

# 

Dear  Sir, 

'  -  •  j  i  ’*  v; .  *  .  \  .  L i  J  !  L'  1  *  .  •  i 

"J"’  A  M  much  obliged  to  you  for  having  exhibited  to  our 
JL  Society  the  drawing  made  by  Mr.  Fifher  of  certain 
flails  noto  remaining  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  chancel  of  Maid- 
floue  church.  Rut  previous  to  my  Rating  the  fuppofed  time  of 
their  conhrudlion,  with  fuch  an  illuflration  of  them  as  may 
be  thought  requifite,  I  will  offer  fome  general  obfervations  re¬ 
lative  to  fimilar,  feats  that  are  flill  to  be  feen  in  parochial  as 
Well  as  cathedral  and  collegiate  churches. 

Several  writers  have  given  thefe  halls  the  appellation  of  con- 
feffionaries ;  but  this  was  an  ufe  to  which  they  do  not  by  any 
means  feem  to  have  been  adapted,  whether  we  confider  the 
material  of  which  they  are  conftrudted,  their  form,  their  num¬ 
ber,  or  their  fituation  in  the  church.  Confehional  chairs  are 
now,  and  probably  always  were,  of  wood.  Their  being  made 
of  hone  would  have  rendered  them  very  uncomfortable,  and 
even  hazardous  to  the  health  of  the  priefts  who  were  to  fit  in 

them 


262 


Mr.  Denne  on  the 

them  for  many  hours  together  [<*].  The  number  of  thefe  feats 
not  only  contiguous  to  one  another,  but  in  many  places  without 
any  other  partition  than  a  fmall  pillar  in  front,  would  alfo  have 
been  highly  improper  for  the  confidential  bufinefs  of  fecret 
confeffions,  and  their  being  ere&ed  in  the  chancel  would  have 
been  contrary  to  the  avowed  purport  of  divers  ecclefiaftical  con- 
hitutions.  By  an  injunction  of  archbifhop  Raynold,  A.  1322, 
the  p r i e ft  was  to  chufe  a  place  where  he  could  be  feen  in  com¬ 
mon,  and  not  any  fecret  place,  particularly  when  women  con- 
feffed  to  him.  And  it  was  ordered  by  archbifhop  Sudbury, 
A.  1378,  that  the  confeffions  of  a  woman  fhould  be  made 
without  the  vail,  and  in  an  open  place,  fo  that  fhe  might  be 
ieen,  though  not  heard,  by  the  people.  But  the  vail  always 
hung  before  the  chancel  in  Lent,  which  was  the  ufual  time  of 
confeffions  [/»].  In  Picart’s  Religious  Ceremonies  we  alfo  meet 
with  the  following  diredion  from  Alet’s  ritual.  “  The  confeffor 
“  muff  hear  confeffion  in  the  church,  at  the  part  of  it  which 
“  is  farthefi  from  the  high  altar,  i.  e.  at  the  bottom  of  the 
64  nave,  which  is  moft  expofed  to  the  view  of  the  people  [c].” 

Another  idea  is,  that  they  were  conftru&ed  for  the  pneft, 
deacon  and  fubdeacon  to  fit  in  at  certain  intervals  in  the  cele¬ 
bration  of  mals ;  and  fome  pertinent  paflages  are  cited  from 
Roman  miffids  in  fupport  of  this  opinion  | V].  But  though 
where  there  were  fuch  halls,  this  would  probably  be  an  ufe 
made  of  them  ;  yet,  as  I  imagine,  had  they  been  ereCled  prin¬ 
cipally  with  this  view,  we  fhould  conflantly  have  found  three 

O]  Gentleman’s  Magazine,  Vol.  LVr.  p.  752. 

\i]  Johnfon’s  Colledion  of  Ecclefiaftical  Laws. 

LJ  voi.  11.  P.  78. 

Gent.  Mag.  Vo1.  LVII.  p.  663. 


halls  ; 


Stalls  in Maidftone  Church ,  2 6~> 

Halls;  whereas  we  often  fee  only  one  feat,  in  fome  churches 
two,  in  others  three,  four,  and  even  five  Halls  [Vj. 

That  they  were  defigned  to  accommodate  bifhops,  and  other 
ecelefiaftics  wliofe  office  it  was  to  vifit  the  churches,  is  another 
conje&ure.  But  it  is  contended  this  could  not  be  the  ufe  of 
them  in  country  parifh  churches,  becaufe  formerly,  as  well  as 
at  prefent,  vifitations  were  held  only  in  parifhes  of  the  moH  con¬ 
fluence  in  each  dihri&f/].  This  objection,  I  apprehend, 
may  be  in  a  great  meafure  obviated.  Synods,  in  which  bifhops 
prelided,  were,  it  is  admitted,  ufually  affembled  in  the  cathe* 
dral,  or  in  fome  commodious  church  in  the  city  which  gave 
name  to  the  fee  ;  and  the  ordinary  vifitations,  or  chapters  of 
the  clergy,  held  in  places  from  which  the  refpeCfive  deanries 
were  denominated.  Parochial  vifitations  were,  however,  for¬ 
merly  very  frequent.  Upon  thefe  was  founded  the  claim  to 
procurations,  which  originally  were  only  due  to  a  local  vifitor. 

It  is  evident  from  divers  ecclefiahical  injunctions  in  the 
thirteenth  century,  that  procurations  were  become  extremely 
burdenfome  to  the  parochial  clergy  ;  and  the  nineteenth  lega- 
tine  conHitution  of  Othobon  exprefily  charges  the  bifhops  -and 
other  inferior  vifitors  not  to  aggrieve  their  fubje&s  with  a  fu- 
perfluous  retinue,  but  to  follow  the  moderation  which  the  fourth 
council  of  Lateran  had  publickly  dire&ed.  By  this  moderate 
regulation  an  archbifhop  was  reHrained  from  vifiting  with  more 
than  fifty  horfes  or  men  ;  a  bifhop  with  above  twenty,  or 
thirty  ;  an  archdeacon  with  more  than  five  or  feven,  and  a  rural  i 
dean  with  more  than  two[^].  Thefe  procurations  of  viCtuala  - 

p]  Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  LVI.  p.  752. 

[/]  Ibid.  Vol.  LVII.  p.  663. 

[>]  Johnfon’s  Ecclef.  Confift.  A.  MCCXXII.  LaogtonV  Conft.  22,  23,  . 
A.  M.  CCXXXVII.  Legat.  Conil.  of  Otto.  20.  A.  MCCLXVIII.  Legate 
Cenft.  Othobon.  18. 

2 


and  1 


264  Mr.  Denne  on  the  A\ .  \ 

and  provender  were  gradually  reduced  to  a  compofifion  in 
money,  whether  the  bifhop  or  archdeacon  virtted  locally,  or 
not;  and  I  imagine  the  general  rule  to  have  been  at  fix  pence 
in  the  pound  for  each  benefice,  according  to  the  rate  or  valua¬ 
tion  \h\  In  confequence  of  this  charge,  vifitations  of  parifhes 
became  much  lefs  frequent,  as  the  fbpulated  compenfation  in 
lieu  of  provifions  was  inadequate  to  the  expence  [/].  At  times 
they  were  however  neceflary  ;  and  befides,  in  former  days  both 
bifhops  and  archdeacons  held  their  courts  in  the  churches  of 
thole  parifhes  from  which  there  were  prefentments  of  any  great 
irregularities  or  defects  [k].  There  was  alfo  a  clerical  officer  in 
each  diftrid  called  the  rural  dean.  He  was  nominated  yearly, 
the  bifhop  appointing  one  out  of  three  incumbents  returned  to 
him  at  the  ordinary  vifitation.  His  province  was  to  take  care 
that  the  afts  of  court,  and  the  injunctions  of  the  bifhop  and 
archdeacon  were  carried  into  execution.  By  virtue  of  his  own 
authority  he  was  to  inquire  perfonally  into  the  rtate  of  the 
churches,  and  he  was  inverted  in  the  office  by  the  delivery  of 
a  feal  to  him.  It  being  an  employment  of  trouble,  and  what 
would  often  fubjeCt  the  perfon  who  exercifed  it  to  obloquy,  the 

[-6]  Memorials  of  Rochefler  cathedral,  inferted  in  Mr.  Thorpe’s  Antiquities 
of  the  Diocefe  of  Rochefler,  p.  212.  Reg.  T.  Lowe  Epi  Roffen.  fol.  203.  a. 
A.  1457*  June  21,  Apud  Roffam  fada  fuit  convocatio  cleri  civitat’ et  diocef* 
Roffen’  et  expofit’  clero  per  mag.  Tho.  Candour  commiffar’  D’ni  de  vifita- 
tione  epa’li  hoc  anno  et  de  procurationibus  folvendis  ratione  vifitationis  con- 
ceffere  vid.  de  lib.  folvend’  D’no  pro  efculentis  et  poculentis  et  procurationibus 
ratione  vifitationis  folvend’  die  vifltat’  fecundu’  taxationes  beneficior  laxat’  et 
non  taxat’  fecundu’  commun’  valore’  eorund’.  Et  qd’  licebit  D’no  per 
omnes  cenfuras  ecclefiaflicas  non  folventes  compellere.  Ad.  Cur.  Confifl. 
fol.  323.  b. 

[/]  Stilli ngfleet’s  Poflhumous  Trads,  p.  256. 

H]  Ad.  Cur.  Confifl.  Roffen.  et  Ad.  Cur.  Archid.  Roffen. 

3 


clergy 


Stalls  in  Maid ftone  Church .  265 

clergy  endeavoured  to  avoid  being  burdened  with  it  [/]  ;  and 
there  may  not  now  be  more  than  two  or  three  diocefes  in 
England  where  there  are  any  veftiges  of  it  remaining  in  prac¬ 
tice. 

To  thefe  vifitors  of  different  ranks  the  feats  in  chancels 
might  be  appropriated ;  but  though  mod  probably  they  made 
ufe  of  them,  I  am  apt  to  believe  they  were  conflru&ed  to 
anfwer  an  occafion  when  the  prefence  of  the  bifhop  was  abfo- 
lutely  neceffary  ;  and  that  was  at  the  confecration  of  the  church 
or  chancel.  For  a  lord  of  a  manor,  or  other  perfons,  at  whofe 
charge  the  building  was  ereCted,  would  be  difpofed  to  think  it 
a  decent  mark  of  refpeCt  due  to  the  diocefan,  that  he  fhould 
have  a  feat  of  dignity  and  elegance  prepared  for  him.  Thefe 
flails  are  almoft  all  of  them  recedes  in  the  fouth  wall,  and, 
in  appearance,  coeval  with  it.  When  therefore  there  is  only 
a  fugle  flail,  I  am  for  aligning  it  to  the  bifhop,  and  if  more 
than  one,  the  reft  for  the  accommodation  of  his  chief  officers 
and  attendants. 

Confidering  the  flails  in  this  view,  it  is  to  be  regretted  that 
they  have  not  been  attentively  examined,  becaufe  an  infcrip- 
tion,  a  coat  of  arms,  initial  letters,  a  device,  or  the  ftyle  of 
architecture,  might  lead  to  a  difcovery  of  the  age  of  a  church  ; 
and  there  are,  comparatively  fpeaking,  but  few  parifh  churches 
the  times  of  whole  building  can  be  fixed  with  precifion.  In 
fome  county  hi  (lories  the  flails  in  chancels  are  mentioned,  but 
generally  in  fo  brief  and  fuperficial  a  manner,  that  no  adequate 
idea  can  be  formed  of  them.  This  is  the  cafe  in  Brydges’s 
Northamptonfhire,  who  has  noticed  both  flails  and  a  confef- 
fionary  in  the  fame  chancel,  without  (peciryiug  the  marks  by 

[/]  Ibid. 

Vol.  X.  M  m  which 


266  Mr.  Denne  on  the 

which  he  diftinguifhed  one  from  the  other.  To  fave  you  the 
trouble  of  turning  to  the  pages  alluded  to,  I  have  fubjoined  ex¬ 
tracts,  and  have  added  a  few  fimilar  minutes  from  other  books; 
but  rauft  further  obferve,  that  engravings  of  fuch  curious  ob¬ 
jects  of  antiquity  would  be  a  more  fuitable  appendage  to  a 
county  hiftory,  than  many  of  the  plates  which  are  to  be  feen 
in  fome  late  publications. 

There  feems  to  be  lefs  uncertainty  in  appropriating  one  of 
the  halls,  when  they  are  found  in  cathedrals,  to  the  bifhop  j 
becaufe  the  officiating  prieft  could  not  well  comply  with  the 
directions  in  the  miffal  concerning  the  reverences  to  be  paid  to 
the  bifhop  at  the  time  of  the  celebration  of  mafs,  unlefs  he 
were  ftationed  near  the  altar ;  and  the  rubric  cited  in  a  note 
appears  to  me  to  imply  that  he  fhould  be  placed  on  the  fouth 
fide  [m\.  In  Exeter  cathedral  there  are  three  feats,  with  pillars 
of  brafs,  near  the  altar,  faid  to  have  been  ereCted  in  memory 
of  king  Edward  the  GonfefTor,  Edith  his  queen,  and  Leofric, 
the  fir  ft  bifhop  of  that  fee ;  the  middlemoft  of  them  being  the 
feat  of  the  bifhop,  fitting  in  his  pontificals  between  the  king 
and  the  queen  [«].  Bifhop  Godwin  mentions  a  tradition  that 

[w'J  Mifiale  Romamim  ex  decreto  facrofanft.  Concil.  Tridentini  reftitu- 
tum  ;  de  principio  milfae,  et  confelfione  facienda.  Si  facerdos  celebraturus  lit 
coram  fummo  pontifice,  liftit  fe  ante  infimum  gradum  altaris  a  cornu  Evangelii 
ante  ipfum  pontificem,  ubi  genu  flexus  expe&at.  Accepta  benedi&ione,  erigit 
fe,  et  ftans  aliquantum  verfus  ad  altare,  incipit  milfam.  Si  autem  lit  coram 
cavdinale,  legato  fedis  apoftolicae,  aut  patriarcha,  archiepifcopo,  et  epifcopo,  in 
eorum  refidentiis,  vel  loco  jurifdi&ionis,  flans  ante  infimum  gradum  a  cornu 
Evangelii,  ut  fupra  expe&at.  Dato  figno,  facit  profundam  reverentiam  prae- 
Jato,  et  verfus  ad  altare  incipit  milfam.  Si  autem  folemniter  celebrat  coram 
fummo  pontifice,  aut  alio  ex  praedidtis  praelatis  in  ecclelia  eorum  jurifdiftionis, 
■ftans  a  finiftra  praelati  facit  cum  eo  confelfionem,  et  alia  fervat,  ut  in  caeremo- 
niali  ordinatur. 

[»]  Ifaack’s  Memorials  of  Exeter,  p.  43. 

they 


Stalls  in  Maidftone  Church .  267 

they  attended  Leofric  when  he  was  enthroned,  and  that  the 
king  taking  him  by  the  right  and  the  queen  by  the  left  led  him 
•to  the  throne  prepared  for  him,  and  placed  him  thereon  [o\ ; 
this  is  not,  however,  material  :  the  prelate  being  exhibited  as 
placed  in  one  of  the  ftalls,  affords  a  Ifrong  prefumption,  that 
one  of  them  was  defigned  for  him.  There  are  alio  three  flails 
on  the  fouth  'fide  of  the  prefbytery  of  Rochefter  cathedral,  dif- 
tinguifhed  by  three  fhields  of  arms,  and  as  one  of  them  is  em- 
blafoned  with  the  arms  of  the  fee  of  Rochefter  it  is  a  fufficient 
indication  of  the  perfon  who  ufed  it  [7)].  TIrefe  flails  are 
engraved  in  PI.  V.  of  Vol.  111.  of  the  Vetufta  Monumenta. 

A  flail  would  be  as  requifite  in  a  collegiate  church,  efpecially 
if  fituated  in  a  town  where  the  bifhop  might  occafionally  refide. 
And  that  was  the  cafe  at  Maidftone,  where  the  archbifhops  of 
Canterbury  had  a  material  houfe  to  which  feveral  of  them  fre¬ 
quently  reflored  ;  and  where  Courtney  founded  a  college  of 
fecular  priefts.  Mr.  Newton,  author  of  the  Hiftory  and  Anti¬ 
quities  of  Maidftone,  diftented  from  the  general  opinion  that 
the  whole  of  this  church  was  built  by  Courtney,  declaring  it 
to  be  much  more  probable  that  the  body  is  part  of  the  old 
parifh  church  [y].  But,  from  a  want  of  attention,  there  is,  I 
think,  an  inconfiftency  in  his  account.  His  reafon  for  fup- 
pofing  it  not  probable  that  the  nave  could  be  erefled  by  the 
archbifhop  is,  that  it  is  not  likely  he  fhould  have  time  for  fo  " 
great  a  work  after  his  obtaining  the  royal  licence  to  found  his 
college,  which  being  in  1396,  could  not  be  of  an  earlier  date 
than  the  25th  of  March.  And  yet  he  conceived,  that  between 
the  date  of  the  grant  and  the  death  of  the  archbifhop,  which 
happened  on  the  31ft  of  July  in  the  fame  year,  he  had  time  to 

[2  Godwin  de  Prseful.  edit.  Richardfon,  p.  400. 

[/>]  Memorials  of  Rochefter  Cathedral,  p.  202. 

HI  P-  44. 


Mm2 


build 


Mr .  Denne  on  the 


268 

build  the  choir  or  chancel,  and  to  fit  the  whole  for  the  ufe  of 
his  college.  But  the  chancel  is  a  fpacious  and  lofty  ftru&ure, 
and  could  not  poffibly  have  been  reared  in  four  months.  Ac¬ 
cording  to  the  infcription  on  the  archbifhop’s  tomb  ftone,  he 
raifed  from  the  foundation  the  prefen t  place  where  he  willed 
to  be  buried  ( qui  legaverat  hie  tumnlandum  in  preefenti  loco  quern 
jam  fundarat  ab  imo)  ;  and  it  would,  I  apprehend,  be  too  narrow 
a  conftrudtion  to  reftrain  thefe  words  to  the  chancel  where 
the  tomb  ftone  lies;  efpecially  fince  the  archbifhcp  in  the  co¬ 
dicil  of  his  will  directed  the  refidue  of  his  effects  to  be  ex¬ 
pended  at  the  diferetion  of  his  executors  about  the  building 
of  his  collegiate  church  f circa  conjlruffionem  collegiate?  ecclefiee  dc 
Maydejlon J.  The  cafe  more  probably  was,  that,  before  the 
archbifhop  began  to  build  this  parifh  church,  which  is  upon  a 
very  large  fcale  [r],  he  had  refolved  to  make  it  collegiate,  and 
that  he  deferred  foliciting  a  charter  of  foundation,  till  the 
building,  though  not  compleated,  was  in  fuch  forwardnefs 
as  to  be  fit  to  accommodate  the  members  of  his  eftablifhment. 

The  arms  of  both  Courtney  and  Arundel  impaled  with 
the  archiepifcopal  pall  are  on  the  roof  of  the  nave ;  from 
which  it  may  be  inferred  that  the  nave  was  finifhed  by  Arundel, 
who  was  often  refident  at  Maid  hone.  At  the  weft  end  and 
on  each  fide  of  the  chancel  there  are  twenty-eight  flails  of 
wood,  for  the  ufe  of  the  mailer,  brethren,  and  other  perfons 
belonging  to  the  college.  The  feats  of  thefe  flails  when 
turned  up  difplay  a  variety  of  carved  ornaments.  Many  have 
human  heads,  fome  grotelque  figures,  and  other  devices.  One 

[r]  Newton  mentions  its  being  perhaps  the  large#  parifh  church  in  the 
county;  and  that,  upon  an  admealurement,  the  nave  appears  to  be,  in  length 
163  feet  and  half,  breadth  91  feet,  the  length  of  the  choir  or  great  chancel  63 
feet  and  half,  breadth  30  feet,  and  the  ailes  on  each  lide  the  great  chancel  17 
feet  each  in  breadth,  p.  54. 


feat 


Stalls  in  Maidftone  Church .  269 

feat  has  three  fhields,  and  on  each  fhield  a  chevron  ingrailed 
between  three  palm  leaves  ;  and  feveral  of  the  ftalls  have  the 
arms  of  Courtney,  but  not  one  of  them  thofe  of  Arundel.  We 
however  meet  with  the  arms  of  thefe  two  primates  on  the  ftone 
{falls  drawn  by  Mr.  Fifher,  with  an  accuracy  and  neatnefs  that 
does  credit  to  fo  young  a  delineator.  This  induces  me  to  believe 
that  the  {falls  might  be  conftru&ed  on  a  plan  approved  by 
Courtney,  though  not  compleated  till  after  his  death.  The 
arms  of  Arundel  were  probably  fir  ft  placed  in  the  centre  of  the 
fecond  pinnacle,  reckoning  from  the  eaff,  but  removed  on  the 
putting  up  of  a  mural  monument.  Under  the  two  adjoining 
pinnacles  are  the  arms  of  Courtney,  one  ftueld  with  the  pall; 
the  bearing  on  the  dexter  fide  of  the  other  {hield  is  imperfetf:  ; 
and  the  armorial  bearings  of  the  fhield  under  the  fifth  pinnacle 
are  party  per  pale  barry  of  eight,  as  it  is  imagined,  but  this 
is  likewife  imperfeft.  Of  thefe  pinnacles  the  three  central  are 
confiderably  higher  than  the  firff  and  fifth  ;  and  the  fifth  differs 
from  all  the  reft,  as  to  the  material  of  which  it  is  ioimed, 
being  of  wood. 

It  is  aftonifhing  that  this  curious  piece  of  fculpture  ftiould 
not  be  mentioned  in  a  defcnption  of  the  church  written  by  a 
native  of  Maidftone,  and  long  an  inhabitant  of  the  town  ; 
who  vet  acknowledges  his  having  from  his  early  days  an  in¬ 
clination  to  this  fort  of  ftudies,  and  being  ufed  to  take  notice 
of  antient  buildings  [A  This  omiffion  is  the  mote  ftrange, 
becaufe  Mr.  Newton  has  referred  his  readers  to  a  table  monu¬ 
ment  of  inferior  workmanfhip  placed  111  the  fouth  aile  of  the 
chancel  behind  the  {falls.  As  it  is  diftinguifhed  by  Courtney  s 
arms,  he  imagined  it  to  be  a  memorial  of  the  founder  [/],  ra- 

[f]  Pref.  p.  xvi. 

[/]  Page  77. 


their 


Mr.  Denne  on  the 


ther  than  a  funeral  monument  in  memory  of  fome  perfon  of  the 
archbifhop’s  family,  which  was  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Harris  [«]. 
The  arms  are  on  a  canopy  arch  raifed  over  the  monument, 
and  both  monument  and  canopy  have  been  painted.  But 
‘there  are  likewife  on  the  canopy  the  other  coats  of  arms  which 
are  above  the  halls  ;  viz.  thofe  of  Arundel,  the  fhield  with 
harry  of  eight  [Yj,  and,  as  I  apprehend,  the  arms  of  the  priory 
of  Chrift-church  Canterbury.  The  bearings,  however,  upon 
this  fhield  are  not  diflindt.  Upon  the  flab  of  the  monument 
there  was  formerly  an  effigies  in  brafs,  doubtlefs  of  the  de- 
ceafed  perfon  to  whofe  honour  it  was  eredled,  and  who  might 
be  interred  within  the  tomb  ;  but  the  brafs  armorial  ffiields 
with  which  it  was  decorated  being  torn  off,  the  family  name 
cannot  be  afcertained.  This  monument  muft  have  been  con- 
flru&ed  before  the  flails,  for  the  inlaid  brafs  ornaments  of  the 
inner  or  north  border  of  the  flab  are  covered  by  the  wall  which 
partly  fupports  the  pinnacles. 

The  iinjuftifiable  and  needlefs  defacing  of  the  flails,  by 
placing  within  them  three  mural  monuments  fjy],  has  prevented 
a  delineation  of  the  front  ;  but  it  may  be  prelumed  that  it  was 
nearly  of  the  fame  fly le  of  architedfure  with  the  weftern  flail 
which  is  in  better  prefervation.  There  is  reafon  to  think  that 
there  never  was  any  feat  in  the  Eaflern  recefs,  and  probably  it 

[ u ]  Hiflory  of  Kent,  p.  190. 

[*]  This  coat  feems  to  have  a  relation  to  archbifhop  Arundel,  or  one  of  his 
family  ;  for  in  the  arms  of  John  Fitz  Alan,  earl  of  SufTex  and  Arundel,  as  em¬ 
blazoned  in  the  map  of  SufTex  inferted  in  Speed’s  Theatre  of  the  Britifh  empire, 
are  barry  of  eight  Or  and  Gules,  impaling  Sable,  a  lion  rampant,  Or. 

[y]  The  eaflern  and  weftern  monument  were  erected  in  1653,  and  the 
middle  monument  is  a  memorial  of  John  Aflley,  the  youngeflfon  of  Sir  Jacob 
Aflley.  He  died  in  1618. 


contained 


Stalls  in  Maidftone  Church. 


2  **  I 

> 

contained  the  ftoup  for  holy  water.  The  ftall  contiguous  muff 
have  been  appropriated  to  the  archbifhop;  another  hall  to  the 
warden  of  the  college  ;  and  it  may  be  prefumed  that  the  two 
remaining  ftalls  were  for  ecclefiuftics  of  high  rank,  or  for  the 
archbifhop’s  principal  officers. 

Befides  this  primary  ufe  of  the  ftalls,  I  had  thought  they 
might  alfo  be  intended  as  a  monument  or  cenotaph  of  the 
founder  of  the  church  and  college,  efpecially  on  obferving  that 
the  fuperftrudlure  of  the  monument  of  archbifhop  Kemp  in 
Canterbury  cathedral  a  little  refembled  the  three  capital  pinna¬ 
cles.  In  one  of  the  ftalls  in  Exeter  cathedral  already  noticed 
there  is  a  portrait  of  Leofric  [%] ;  in  one  of  thofe  in  Rochefter 
cathedral  there  was  likewife  a  portrait  of  biffiop  John  de  Shepey, 
who  was  interred  near  the  foot  of  them ;  and  for  that  realon  I 
imagined  that  they  might  be  conftru&ed  by  him,  or  ere&ed 
in  honour  of  him  [a\.  As  the  ftalls  in  Maidftone  chancel  are 
marked  with  the  arms  of  Arundell  as  well  as  of  Courtney,  it 
will  not  be  allowed  to  coincide  fo  well  with  the  idea  of  this 
being  his  monument.  You  will,  however,  bepleafed  to  recol¬ 
lect  that  I  term  it  a  cenotaph,  becaufe  if  Courtney  was  buried 
at  Maidftone,  to  which  notion  1  incline,  he  certainly  lies  under 
a  graveftone  in  the  middle  of  the  chancel. 

Whether  Courtney  was  buried  here,  or  in  his  cathedral,  is  a 
controverted  queftion;  and  as  it  may  fairly  be  deemed  a  colla- 

[z]  In  your  Sepulchral  Monuments,  p.  60,  you  feem  to  make  thefe  ftalls  the 
monument  of  Leofric  ;  though  in  p.  8  you  deferibe  a  monument  erected  to  him 
in  the  South  tranfept  in  1568,  which  was  tne  true  place  of  his  interment,  being 
at  the  time  of  his  deceafe,  before  the  church  was  enlarged,  the  cemetery  be¬ 
longing  to  it.  Godwin,  loc.  cit. 

[ a ]  Memorials  of  Rochefter  Cathedral,  p.  203% 

2 


teral 


Mr,  Denne  on  the 


feral  iubjecft,  I  will  beg  leave  to  trouble  the  Society  with  a 
fuller  examination  of  it  than  it  feems  to  have  hitherto  had. 

Archbishop  Courtney,  in  the  firft  claufe  of  his  will,  directed 
his  body  to  be  interred  in  the  nave  of  Exeter  cathedral  near  the 
high  crofs,  in  a  place  where  three  deans  lay  in  a  row,  whofe 
remains  were,  at  his  charge,  to  be  depofited  in  Some  other  ho¬ 
nourable  part  of  the  church.  Copious  extracts  from  the  will 
are  inferted  in  the  Supplement  to  Cantuaria  Sacra,  p.  32,  but 
its  date  is  not  fpecihed ;  it  mud,  however,  have  been  after,  or 
in  1391,  becaufe  Thomas  Chillenden  an  executor,  is  called  prior 
of  Chrift-church,  an  office  he  did  not  acquire  till  that  year. 

In  a  codicil  made  July  28,  1396,  which  was  only  three 
days  before  the  teftator’s  death,  Courtney,  being  then  at  Maid- 
ftone,  and,  as  it  is  expreffed,  languishing  and  near  his  end, 
willed  and  ordered,  that  as  he  did  not  think  himfelf  worthy  of 
being  buried  in  his  metropolitan  or  other  collegiate  church,  he 
Should  be  interred  in  the  cemetery  of  the  collegiate  church  of 
MaidSIone,  in  a  fpot,  not,  as  Somner  has  rendered  the  words, 
defigned  for ,  but  according  to  your  correct  translation,  pointed 
out  to  his  Efquire  John  Bottler  jT].  But  it  is  the  commonly 
received  opinion  that  the  archbishop’s  corpfe  was  carried  to 
Canterbury  cathedral,  and  buried  within  a  monument  fixed  near 
the  feet  of  Edward  the  Black  Prince.  To  this,  as  the  trueft 
account,  Somner  acceded  5  44  finding,  as  he  fays,  in  a  Leiger 
“  Book  of  Chrift-church  that  the  king  happening  to  be  at  Can- 
“  terbury  when  the  archbifhop  was  to  be  buried  :  (upon  the 
44  monks’  fuit  it  is  like)  over-ruled  the  matter,  and  ordered  the 
44  body  to  be  there  interred  [c].” 

Somner  having  from  memory  cited  a  Leiger  Book,  I  was 
willing  to  procure  a  tranfcript  of  the  paSTage  to  which  he  had 

[£]  Sepulchral  Monuments,  p.  154. 

0]  Antiquities  of  Canterbury,  p.  135. 

I 


referred. 


Stalls  in  Maidflone  Church,  27 3 

referred,  and  defired  Mr.  Hafted’s  aflillance.  Dr.  Lynch,  the  vice 
dean,  to  whom  he  applied,  very  obligingly  accompanied  him 
to  the  audit  room ;  but  their  repeated  fearches  were  fruitlefs, 
for  no  leiger  book  was  to  be  found  among  the  archives  of  the' 
church  of  Canterbury.  It  at  length  occurred  to  Mr.  Hailed, 
that  fome  light  might  be  got  from  the  catalogue  of  the  MSS. 
under  lock  in  the  library  ;  and  in  the  catalogue  he  met  with 
this  article,  Extracts  from  the  obituary  of  the  monks  of  Chrijl • 
church  by  W,  S.  (William  Somner).  The  vice  dean  favoured 
him  with  the  perufal  of  this  book,  and,  to  his  great  furprize, 
he  difcovered  in  it  the  MS.  he  wanted,  though  fo  much  mil- 
named  both  by  Somner  and  the  catalogue.  It  is  a  thin  quarto 
In  vellum,  very  fairly  written,  and  intituled  within  the  cover, 
Mdchu  vivorii  ei  defunSlorii  ecclie  xi.  Cant,  ab  anno  Job' is  regis 
octavo  ufque  ad  annum ,  after  which  words  there  are  three  lines 
obliterated.  On  the  cover  is  itidorfed,  Dom'nus  Thomas 
Cawfion  Moc'hus  hup,  eccl'ie  fieri  fecit  ifiu  quaternu ,  Anno  D'ni 
M°CCCC° LXXXVT.  The  MS.  confifts  of  three  parts,  and  to 
the  third  part  is  prefixed  Nomina.  Monachoru ’  Ecclie *  x'ti  Cant, 
Jicut  obierunt.  Mr.  Hafied,  found,  however,  in  the  courfe  of 
it,  minutes  of  the  deaths  of  archbifhop  Peckham,  King  Edward 
the  Firft,  archbifhop  Wynchelfey,  and  of  others  who  were  not 
monks ;  and  the  firft  entry  in  the  6th  page  is  as  follows  : 

“  Anno  D’ni  M°CCC^LXXXXV1°  ultimo  die  menfis  Julii 
fer’  ija  obiit  recolende  memorie  D’ns  Will’ms  Cortenay,  ar- 
««  chiep’s  Cant,  in  man’io  fuo  de  Maydyflon  circa  hora’  nona’ 
<<  diei’  cuj’  corpus  fer’  va  fequent’  delata  ell  Cant’  et  in  pe’tia 
Ricardi  regis  incliti  fec’di  et  mult’ru’  magnat’  pl’atoru’  comitu’ 

“  et  baronu’  ad  pedes  D’ni  Edwardi  principis  Wallie  patris 
Vol.  X.  N  n  “  p’fati 


274  Mr.  Denne  on  the 

“  p’fati  D’ni  Regis  Ric.  juxta  feretru’  Sti  Thome  [d]  ex  parte 
“  auftrali  honorifice  traditu  fepulture.” . 

This  entry,  fuppofing  it  to  be  authentic,  would  at  once  ter¬ 
minate  the  difpute  ;  but  it  is  open  to  feveral  objections.  In  the 
hrft  place,  the  truth  of  it  is  rendered  fomewhat  fufpicious,  be- 
caufe  no  entry  of  a  funeral,  marked  with  fuch  a  peculiar  cir- 
cumftance  of  honour  as  to  be  attended  by  the  king  and  a  nu¬ 
merous  fuite  of  nobles,  occurs  in  “  Dies  Obituales”  of  the  arch- 
bifhops  of  Canterbury  inferred  in  Anglia  Sacra,  V.  I.  p.  61. 
from  the  obituary  of  Chrift-ehurch,  or  in  any  regifler  which 
the  learned  compiler  of  thofe  volumes  had  examined,  whofe 
opinion  it  was  that  the  archbifhop  was  really  buried  at  Maid- 
Itonel*.;  and  of  the  correCtnefs  of  Mr.  Warton  in  this  in- 
ftance  there  is  no  ;eafon  to  doubt. 

Cawfton,  by  the  title  of  the  third  part  of  his  MS.  denotes 
it  to  be  only  an  obituary  of  the  monks  of  his  priory  ;  and 
though  Mr.  Haded  found  in  it  the  names  of  fome  of  Courtney’s 
predeceffors,  it  is  obfervable,  that  not  one  fucceffor  is  men¬ 
tioned  ;  and  yet  between  1396  and  1488,  the  date  of  the 
MS.  there  were  five  archbifhops,  who  were  buried  at  Canter- 
bury  [/]. 

[</]  By  the  injun&ion  of  king  Henry  VITT.  A.  1539,  the  name  of  St.  Tho¬ 
mas  f  Becket)  was  to  be  expunged  fi om  all  books ;  Cantuar.  Sacra,  p.117.  In  the 
Cawfton  MS.  Mr.  Hafted  obferved  many  deaths  and  other  incidents  entered  as 
having  occurred  on  davs  dedicated  to  that  imaginary  faint ;  and  he  noticed  the 
title  of  Saint  being  rated  in  every  article,  except  that  which  mentions  the  burial 
©f  archbilhop  Courtney. 

[e]  Cantuariae  fepultum  Godvvinus  feribit.  Verius  Maydenftonae  tumulatum 
efte  patet  ex  codicillo,  qui  teftamento  fuo  annexus  extat  inter  archiva  ecclsfiae 
Chrifti  Cant.  Ang.  Sacr.  I.  p.  121. 

[/  ]  Arundel,  Chiclieley,  Stafford,  Kemp,  and  Bourchier. 

The 


Stalls  in  Maidftone  Church .  275 

The  conclusion  of  the  article  Courtnev  in  “  Dies  Obituales.” 
p.  62,  Ihews  it  to  have  been  written  not  long  after  his  death; 
but  the  Cawfton  minute  is  clearly  not  a  contemporary  record. 
At  the  heft,  it  can  be  only  a  tranfcript  from  a  more  antient  re- 
gifter,  and  copied  at  the  diftance  of  almoft  a  century  fubfequent 
to  the  fadt  it  attefts.  It  is  allb  a  private  a£I,  an  evidence  ex 
parte,  and  that  in  a  caufe  in  which  the  monks  of  Chrift- 
church  thought  their  dignity  was  moft  materially  concerned  ; 
they  claiming  it  as  a  privilege  inherent  to  their  priory,  that 
the  archbifhops  Ihould  be  buried  in  their  cathedral. 

From  an  apprehenfion,  as  it  is  likely,  that  Peckham  had  a 
defign  to  be  interred  in  a  different  place,  Henry  de  Eftry  the 
prior,  and  his  chapter,  wrote  a  ferious  and  moft  prefling  letter 
to  the  archbifhop  about  three  months  before  his  death,  in  which 
it  was  averred,  that  ever^archbifhop,  who  had  died  in  England, 
had  from  time  immemorial  refted  in  peace  in  the  holy  mother 
church  of  Canterbury,  a  church  more  holy  than  all  other 
churches,  and  thought  to  be  more  illuftrious  by  all  the  faithful. 
They  reminded  him,  that  when  he  laft  honoured  them  with  a 
vifrt,  he  promifed,  as  an  increafe  of  paternal  confolation,  he 
would  let  the  bofom  of  his  mother  church  be  the  place  of  reft: 
for  his  body  ;  and  they  expreffed  their  hopes  and  fervent  withes, 
that,  his  fentiments  continuing  unmoveable,  he  would  follow 
the  fteps  of  his  predeceffors.  But,  if  otherwife,  which  they 
trufted  would  not  happen,  they  bewailed  the  example  that  fuch 
an  unaccuftomed  error  would  be  to  his  fucceflors,  and  the  re¬ 
proach  it  would  caft  on  the  memory- of  the  venerable  fathers 
who  had  gone  before  him.  An  offence  fo  intolerable,  that 
it  was  decent  and  expedient  to  guard  againft  it  with  all  cir- 
cumfpe&ion  [g].  Whatever  might  have  been  Feckham’s  in- 

IT)  Wilkins’s  Concil.  II.  p.  184.  He  refers  to  Regift.  Hear,  Prioris  Cantuar. 

N  n  2  tendon, 


Mr.  Denne  on  the 


276 

tention,  he  did  not  mortify  the  monks  by  a  denial  of  their  re- 
queft,  for  his  body  was  carried  to  Canterbury  :  but,  as  Weever 
relates,  upon  the  authority  of  a  MS.  in  the  Cotton  Collection, 
his  heart  was  depoiited  behind  the  altar  of  Chrift-church  priory 
in  London  [/6j.  This,  if  true,  creates  a  fufpicion  that  he  had 
propofed  being  buried  there,  and  that  the  Canterbury  monks 
might  be  apprized  of  it. 

As  prior  Thomas  Chillenden  was  the  firft  executor  named 
in  Courtney’s  will,  had  he  been  aware  of  its  being  the  defign 
of  the  teftator  to  be  removed  to  Exeter,  he  certainly,  after  the 
example  of  his  predeceffor  Henry  of  Eftry,  would  have  ex- 
poftulated  with  him  on  the  impropriety  of  his  intention.  And, 
on  the  death  of  the  archbifhop,  when  it  was  known  that  Can¬ 
terbury  was  not  named  for  the  place  of  his  fepulture,  there  can 
be  little  doubt ;  but  that  he  wrould,  if  it  were  in  his  power, 
prevent  the  introducing  of  a  precedent  fo  injurious  to  the  right 
of  the  convent  over  which  he  prefided.  The  king,  we  are 
told,  ordered  Courtney  to  be  buried  in  his  cathedral  ;  it  is 
likely,  continues  Somner,  upon  the  fuit  of  the  monks.  But  as 
no  fuch  fuit,  or  order,  is  mentioned  in  the  book  to  which 
Somner  is  fuppofed  to  refer,  'they  mull;  be  confidered  as  mere 
conjectures  of  his  own.  And  had  the  king  given  fuch  an 
order  in  compliance  with  the  petition  of  the  monks,  is  it  not 
as  fair  a  furmife  that  they  would  have  taken  effectual  care  to 
preferve  it  among  the  muniments  of  their  church  ?  It  may  be 
reafonably  fuppofed  that  the  warden  and  brethren  of  Maidftone 
college  would  not  involuntarily  forego  their  claim  to  have  the 
body  of  their  founder  interred  with  them ;  and  it  may  be  alfo 
prefumed  that  they  would  expeCl  to  have  the  king’s  pleafure 

[b]  Funeral  Monuments,  p.211. 

2  fignified 


Stalls  in  Maidfton q  Church.  2/y 

fignified  to  them  by  an  exprefs  warrant  from  his  Majefty  pro¬ 
perly  authenticated.  But  no  fuch  warrant  has  been  found  in 
our  public  records,  and  no  copy  of  it  is  known  to  be  extant 
in  any  Regifier  of  Chrift  Church.  Courtney’s  will  is  entered 
in  one  of  the  regifters  of  that  priory  ;  and  in  what  book  could  it 
have  been  more  properly  declared  that  the  obnoxious  claufe  of  the 
codicil  refpe&ing  the  burial  of  Courtney  in  another  place  was 
not  fulfilled  ? 

To  Richard  Courtney,  his  fon [/]  and  pupil,  in  cafe  of  his 
entering  into  orders,  the  Archbifhop  bequeathed  for  his  life  fix 
books  ;  and  after  his  death  he  granted  the  reverfion  of  them  to 
the  monks  of  Chrift  Church.  Richard  gave  a  bond  of  three 
hundred  pounds  to  the  convent,  that  his  executors  fhould  after 
his  death  deliver  up  the  books.  The  bond  was  fafely  kept  in 
their  chancery,  and  in  their  regifler  there  is  an  acquittance  to 
Richard,  who  had  become  Bifhop  of  Norwich,  for  the  re¬ 
ceipt  of  the  volumes.  But,  partial  as  the  monks  might  be  to 
the  valuable  writings  of  Nicholas  de  Lyra,  and  St.  Auguftin’s 
Mille-loquium,  I  am  inclined  to  infer  from  the  epiftle  of  the 
Prior  and  the  Chapter  to  Archbifhop  Peckham,  that  they  would 
have  been  as  folicitous  to  maintain  their  claim  to  Courtney’s* 
corpfe,  and  as  careful  to  fhew  by  unequivocal  proofs  that  they 
had  it  in  their  poffeffion. 

When  proofs  of  an  early  date  have  been  wanting  to  eftablifh 
any  right,  it  would  be  no  difficult  talk  to  point  out  many  in— 
Ranees  of  the  monks  having  afterwards  devifed  what  they 
trufled  would  anfwer  their  purpofe.  The  minute  in  the  Caw- 
fton  MS.  carries,  I  think,  a  queftionable  appearance  ;  and  as- 
being  ex  parte  evidence,  would  be  deemed  rather  incompatible 


[/]  Q.  Godfon,  or  Pupil,  I  fuppofe.  Batteley,  Cantuar.  Sacr.p.  74. 


zjt  Mr,  Denne  on  the 

in  any  court  literary  or  judicial,  unlefs  fubftantiated  by  other 
highly  probable,  if  not  unexceptionable,  proofs.  In  no  other 
antient  writing  that  I  have  read  is  the  burial  of  Archbifhop 
Courtney  mentioned,  except  in  the  Chronicle  of  Thorne,  the- 
monk  of  St.  Augufline,  or  more  properly  in  a  Supplement  to 
his  Chronicle,  which  is  allowed  not  to  have  been  brought 
lower  than  1375  [^’].  By  whom,  or  at  what  time,  thefe  addi¬ 
tions  were  made  we  are  not  informed,  but  the  inaccuracies  in 

\ 

the  paragraph  alluded  to  [/]  difcover  its  not  having  been 
penned  by  a  contemporary.  The  interment  of  the  archbifhop 
is,  according  to  the  margin,  related  under  the  year  1395;  and 
admitting  this  to  be  a  miftake  of  the  tranfcriber,  or  of  the  prefs, 
the  original  mud:  be  erroneous,  where  it  places  the  confecration 
of  Arundel  in  the  year  fubfequent  to  Courtney’s  death.  For 
the  Pope’s  Bull  of  Tranflation  was  dated  7  cal.  of  OClober,  the 
temporalities  were  reftored  January  nth,  and  Arundel  was  en¬ 
throned  in  February  1396  [ml. 

Somner  lays,  that  the  king  happened  to  be  at  Canterbury 
when  Courtney  died  ;  and  fuppofmg  his  being  buried  there  by 
the  king’s  order  to  have  been  a  tale  invented  by  the  monks., 
they  would  .crtainly  guard  againft  any  Inch  glaring  midakes  in 
the  king’s  movements,  as  might  be  eafily  dete&ed.  It  ac¬ 
cordingly  appears  from  Rymer’s  MS  Collections  [»],  that  the 
king  was  really  at  Canterbury  on  the  fourth  of  Augufl,  which 
was  the  day  next  to  that  mentioned  by  Cawfton  for  the  inter- 

IT]  Tanner,  Bibl.  Britan,  p.  712. 

[/]  Decern  Script,  c.  2197,  2192. 

\m]  Godwin  de  Praeful.  Edit.  Richardfon,  p.  123. 

[«]  Ciauf.  20.  R.  II.  PI.  1.  m,  28.  De  perfonis  opiniones  contra  fidem  te- 

nentibus  areftandis. 

Tefce  rfge  apud  Cantuar.  quarto  die  Augufli,  Rymer  MS.  4595.  f.  121. 


ment 


Stalls  in  Maid  Hone  Church . 


2  79 

ment  of  the  archbifhop.  Where  he  was  at  the  time  of  Court¬ 
ney’s  death  I  have  not  difcovered.  But  if  the  king  was  at 
Canterbury  when  the  archbifhop  died,  it  will  not  from  that  cir- 
cumftance  unqueflionably  follow  that  he  interfered  in  tha 
manner  related;  and  the  fhortuefs  of  the  time  between  the 
death  of  Courtney,  which  was  on  the  laid  day  of  July,  and  that 
fixed  for  his  funeral,  which  was  on  the  third  of  Aupuff,  is  far 
from  countenancing  luch  a  fugpeffion.  On  receiving  the  royal 
precept  to  change  the  place  of  fepulture,  the  members  of  his 
college  would  certainly  be  difappointed  ;  and  if  may  be  well 
fuppofed  that  they  would  difpatch  a  deputation  of  their  body 
to  try  to  obtain  a  reverlal  of  the  command,  by  humbly  offering 
reafons  why  the  will  of  the  teftator  fhould  be  fulfilled.  It  is 
alfo  obvious,  that  the  removal  of  the  body  thirty  miles,  when  it 
was  originally  intended  that  it  fhould  be  interred  where  it  was, 
would  occafion  fuch  an  additional  preparation  as  could  hardly 
be  compleated  iff  one  day,  or  in  two  days  at  the  utmoft. 
Btfides  that  was  not,  like  the  prelent,  a  flying  age  for  convey¬ 
ance  ;  and  if  we  may  judge  of  the  road  between  Maidffone  and 
Canterbury  towards  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century  from  the 
incommodioufnefs  of  it  for  quick  travelling  even  within  me¬ 
mory,  this  would  unavoidably  produce  a  material  delay. 

If  credit  is  to  be  given  to  the  Cawfton  MS.,  a  multitude  of 
prelates  and  of  nobles  of  all  degrees  wer.e  with  the  king  at  this 
fuppoled  funeral  of  Courtney.  The  king  was  going  to  Calais^ 
to  meet  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  and  to  enter  into  an  alliance 
with  the  Court  of  France,  which  was  to  be  cemented  by  a. 
marriage  with  I  label,  daughter  of  the  French  king.  He  was 
accompanied,  a-  Holinfhed  relates,  by  his  uncles  the  Dukes  of 
York  and  Gloucefler,  and  a  great  many  lords  and  ladies*.  The 

7  king 


Mr.  Denne  on  the 


280 

king  foon  returned  to  England  (leaving  the  ladies  ffcill  at  Calais) 
to  open  the  covenant  of  marriage  with  his  fubjedls  ;  and  this 
being  fettled  to  his  mind,  he  went  again  to  Calais,  and  with 
him  his  two  uncles  of  Lancafler  and  Gloucefter,  and  diverfe 
prelates  and  lords  of  the  realm.  And  while  he  was  in  France, 
previoudy  to  his  marriage,  which  was  celebrated  with  great 
iplendour,  and  much  profufion  of  money,  there  was  a  formal 
and  pompous  interview  at  Guignes  between  the  two  fove- 
•reigns  [0].  The  hiftorian  being  filent  as  to  there  being  any 
prelates  with  the  king  in  his  firft  journey,  and  exprefsly  faying 
that  he  was  in  his  fecond  accompanied  by  divers  prelates,  it 
may,  I  apprehend,  be  juftly  concluded  there  were  but  few,  if 
■any,  bifhops  at  Canterbury  on  the  former  occafion.  It  was 
indeed  cuftomary  to  invite  bifhops,  as  well  as  the  neighbouring 
abbats  and  priors,  to  attend  the  obfequies  of  ecclefiaftics  of  high 
rank;  but  there  was  not  time  to  affemble  them  purpofely  at 
Canterbury,  between  the  days  of  the  death  and  burial  of 
Courtney. 

Such  is  the  evidence  in  fupport  of  the  notion  that  this  arch- 
bifhop  was  buried  in  his  cathedral ;  the  evidence  of  his  lying  at 
Maidftone  is  of  a  different  kind,  and,  if  not  judged  to  be  decifive, 
it  may,  upon  enquiry,  be  found  liable  to  fewer  exceptions. 

Though  Courtney  three  days  before  his  death  had  fpecified 
a  fpot  in  the  cemitery  for  the  place  of  his  fepulture,  it  is  not  dif¬ 
ficult  to  account  why  a  preference  fhould  afterwards  be  given  to 

[0]  Holinfhed’s  Chronicle,  v.  II.  p.  1088,  &c.  Much  greater  preparations 
feem  to  have  been  made  for  the  king’s  fecond  voyage,  than  for  his  firft.  In 
Rymer  Feed.  VII.  839,  840,  are  minutes  of  the  following  writs  for  prefling  and 
vi&ualling  of  fhips.  20  R.  II.  De  navibus  areflandis  pro  paffagio  regis. 
Teit.  Reg.  apud  Weftm.  xxx  die  Augufti.  De  viflualibus  pro  viagio  regis. 
Teft.  Reg  apud  Roffen,  vicefimo  tertio  die  Septembris. 


a  grave 


Stalls  In  Maid  (lone  Church . 


grave  within  the  church.  When  he  made  his  will,  which 
was  done  with  much  deliberation,  he  could  have  no  objection 
to  being  buried  in  a  church,  nor  had  he  the  lead  fcruple  about 
didurbing  the  remains  of  three  deans  of  Exeter  to  make  room 
for  his  own  boner.  The  fenfe  he  exprefied  of  his  unvvorthi- 
nefs  to  be  interred  in  any  cathedral  or  collegiate  church  would 
confequently  be  attributed  to  an  extreme  depredion  of  fpirits, 
the  effedt  of  the  languifhing  date  of  his  body  fo  near  its  dido- 
lution.  It  was  befides  very  unufual,  if  not  in  that  age  almoft 
without  a  precedent  in  England,  to  bury  a  prelate  in  a  church¬ 
yard  ;  and  it  would  be  deemed  the  more  unfuitable  in  the  cafe 
of  Courtnev,  who  had  erected  the  church  at  Maiddone,  and 
had  founded  in  it  a  college  of  prieds  with  a  liberal  endowment. 
May  it  not  therefore  be  reafonably  inferred,  that  his  relations, 
who  were  high  in  rank,  and  the  members  of  his  new  inftitu- 
tion,  whofe  warden  was  one  of  his  executors,  would  concur  in 
opinion,  that  it  would  be  diewing  a  mark  of  difrepedl  to  the 
remains  of  the  departed  primate,  not  to  deviate  a  little  from  his 
injunction,  by  depofiting  them  in  the  chancel!  Tradition  fays 
he  was  there  buried,  and  an  infeription  on  a  mural  marble 
monument  at  the  fouth-wed  angle  of  the  great  chancel,  con- 
drudled  in  164.2,  begins  thus:  “  Next  unto  the  tombe  of  the 
“  fownder  of  this  church  on  the  fouth  fide  thereof  lye  the 
<l  bodies  of  Humphry  Tufton,  Efq.  Chridian  Tufton  and 

Cicelie  Tufton  his  fitters.”  This  tomb  is  a  marble  dab  of 
the  larged  fize,  that  had  upon  it  not  only  the  effigies  of  the 
archbifhop  infculped  in  brafs,  but  likewife  an  epitaph  about 
the  verge  inlaid  with  the  fame  metal,  copied  in  1630  by 
Weever  when  he  furveyed  the  monuments  in  Maiddone  church* 
The  three  fird  lines  of  the  epitaph  are  as  follow ; 

Vol.  X.  O  o 


Nomine 


2%Z 


Mr.  Denne  on  the 


Nomine  Willelmus  en  Courtnaaeus  reverend  usr 
Qui  fe  pod  obitum  legaverat  hie  tnmulandum, 

In  praefenti  loco  quern  jam  fundarat  ab  imo. 

En  rather  feems  to  yon  to  allude  to  the  archbishop’s  inten¬ 
tion  of  being  buried  at  Maidftone,  without  implying  that  his 
intention  was  fulfilled.  From  which  interpretation  I  muff  take 
the  liberty  of  expreffing  my  diflent ;  for  to  me  the  words  enr 
hie ,  and  in  preejenti  loco ,  appear  to  be  fully  equivalent  to  an  hie 
jacet.  And  en  I  conceive  to  be  an  addrefs  to  the  reader,  not 
merely  to  furvey  the  brafen  effigies,  but  to  advert  to  the  form,, 
the  qualities,  the  preferments  of  the  great  man  reprefented  by 
it,  and  in  purfuance  of  his  own  directions  here  depofited,  with 
the  addition  of  a  Synonymous  phrafe  in  order  to  eftablifh  a 
claim  to  that  honour.  And  if  fuch  be  the  proper  confirmation 
of  the  lines,  they  will  in  the  fcale  of  evidence  outweigh  the 
fecret  entry  in  the  Cawfton  obituary,  becaufe  inferiptions  on 
tomb  flones,  partly  on  account  of  their  publicity,  have,  in 
courts  of  law,  been  admitted  as  evidence  in  matters  of  much 
more  importance  than  the  prefent  queftion. 

One  of  my  objections  to  the  monk’s  minute  is,  that  it  can 
be  only  considered  as  a  tranfeript  from  an  antient  regifter  co¬ 
pied  upwards  of  ninety  years  after  the  death  of  Courtney  ;  but 
there  are  no  grounds  for  imagining  that  -the  tomb-ftone  at 
Maidftone  was  not  coeval  with  that  event.  As  the  monument 
at  Canterbury  is  not  known  to  have  had  an  infeription,  there 
is  in  this  point  no  room  for  a  companion  ;  we  may,  however 
contraft  the  two  monuments.  That  in  Canterbury  cathedral 
differs  not  at  all  from  many  cenotaphs,  whereas  this  in  Maid¬ 
ftone  chancel  is  prima  facie  a  very  grave  ftone,  without  bearing 

any 


Stalls  in  Maidftone  Church .  283 

any  refemblance  to  a  cenotaph.  It  is  a  flat  flone  raifed  but 
little  above  the  pavement,  and,  as  far  as  can  be  traced,  was  not 
ever  more  elevated.  , 

Had  the  executors  intended  a  cenotaph  in  honour  of  the 
archbiihop,  is  it  not  highly  probable  that  they  would  have 
raifed  an  embellifhed  altar  monument,  if  not  one  more  lofty 
and  fuperb  ?  And  its  being  not  uncommon  to  eredt  in  the  fame 
church  where  a  perfon  is  interred  a  monument  remote  from  the 
flone  that  covers  the  grave,  this  was  a  reafon  for  my  inclining 
to  an  opinion  that  the  flails  in  Maidftone  chancel  might  have 
been  of  the  fepulchral  clafs.  A  memorial  of  the  archbifhop 
they  certainly  are ;  and  as  a  piece  of  architecture,  both  with 
refpedt  to  ftyle  and  execution,  they  are  fuperior  to  the  monu¬ 
ment  in  Canterbury  cathedral,  which,  on  the  authority  of  a 
monk  of  Chrift- church,  has  acquired  the  appellation  of  the 
primate’s  tomb  ;  but,  after  what  I  have  written,  may  I  venture 
to  term  it  Courtney’s  cenotaph? 

I  am, 

Dear  Sir, 

Your  faithful  and  obliged  fervant, 

Wilmington ,  April  19,1788.  SAMUEL  DENNE. 


O  o  2 


Minutes 


2 


Mr.  Denne  on  the 


Mrnutes  of  Stalk  in  the  Chancels  of  fever al  Churches  referred  to  at 
page  26  (0  of  the  foregoing  Letter* 

Extracts  from  Brydges’s  Hiflory  of  Northamptonfhire,  Vol,  L 

N°  2.  Page  21.  Badby.  On  the  fouth  fide  of  the  chancel  are 

two  done  feats,  and  above  them  a  recep¬ 
tacle  for  holy  water. 

J.  1 19.  Eclgcote.  On  the  north  fide  of  the  chancel  is  ■&> 

confejjionary  leaded,  and  in  the  chancel  a. 
place  for  the  penitent  with  a  lattice  be¬ 
fore  it. 

Note,  As  what  is  here  called  a  confeffionary 
was  placed  on  the  north  fide  of  the  chan¬ 
cel,  it  could  not  be  defigned  for  the  offi¬ 
ciating  pried.  It  is  not  unlikely  to  have 
been  a  veftiary,  or  perhaps  a  private  ora» 
tory,  for  the  ufe  of  the  Lord  of  the 
Manor.  The  lattice  feat,  it  is  apprehended,, 
might  be  for  the  fame  perfon.  Would  a 
penitent  have  been  admitted  within  the 
chancel  during  the  celebration  of  mafs  ? 

3  52.  Brackley .  On  the  fouth  fide  of  this  chapel  near 
the  high  altar  was  a  confeffionary  of  five. 
arches. 

Note.  This  chapel  belonged  to  an  hofpital 
dedicated  to  St.  James  and  St.  John 
founded  by  Robert  Boflu  earl  of  Leiceder. 
It  confided  of  a  mafter  and  fellows  wha 
were  a  kind  of  fecular  chaplains,  and  the 
Ralls  were  doubtlefs  for  their  accommoda¬ 
tion,. 


Stalls  in  Maid  (lone  Church.  2  *>5 

173.  Helmedon .  On  the  fouth  fide  of  the  chance], 
which  is  large  and  fpacious,  is  a  confejjionary . 

1S2.  Merjion  St.  Laurence.  On  the  fouth  tide  of  the 
chancel  is  a'  confejftonary  with  a  receptacle 
for  holy  water. 

2.12 .Waptnham.  Behind  the  altar  are  two  feats 
of  itone  like  halls. 

Note.  The  fituaticn  of  thefe  halls  is  hrik- 
ing.  It  appears  from  Bingham’s  plan  of 
the  very  antient  Ghriftian  churches,-  that 
the  throne  of  the  bilhop,  with  the  lecond 
thrones  of  the  Prefoyters,  were  placed  in 
a  femicircle  above  the  altar  (Ecclef.Anticp,. 
B.  VIII.  c.  3.)  And  the  hone  feat  in 
which  the  archbifliops  of  Canterbury  have 
from  time  immemorial  been  enthroned  is 
fixed  above  the  altar.  May  not  this  be  a 
reafon  why  there  are  no  traces  of  halls  on 
the  fouth  fide  of  the  prefbytery  in  that  ca¬ 
thedral  ?■ 

271.  'Tffield .  On  the  fouth  fide  of  the  chancel  are 
two  Rone  feats -and  a  receptacle  for  holy 
water. 

325.  Stoke  Enter e.  On  the  fouth  hdeof  the  chancel 
are  five  halls  near  the  fcreen,  after  the 
manner  of  a  cathedral,  and  at  the  upper 
end  on  the  fame  fide  are.  a  confejfmary , 
and  a  receptacle  for  holy  water, 

353.  Court enhall.  On  the  fouth  fide  of  the 
chancel  are  three  hone  feats ,  and  a  bafoa 
for  holy  water,, 

7 '  i- 


286 

1ST  3.  Page 


Mr.  Denne  cn  the 


37 2.  Houghton  Magna.  On  the  fouth  Tide  of  the 
chancel  three  arches  for  confeflion. 

392.  V/otton .  On  the  fouth  fide  of  the  chancel  two 
arches  for  confcffion. 

397.  Tardley  Haftings .  On  the  fouth  fide  of  the 
chancel  are  three  old  arches  and  feats  in  the 
wall. 

N°  3.  Page  505.  Eajl  Haddon .  On  the  fouth  fide  the  chancel 

are  three  feats ,  and  a  place  for  holy  water. 
554.  Cotefbrooke.  In  the  fouth  wall  of  the  chancel 
are  three  feats. 

Confeffionaries  are  alfo  mentioned  by  Mr.  Brydges  in  the  fouth 

alles  of  the  following  churches. 

Page  1 15.  Chepmg  f Pardon.  At  the  upper  end  of  the  fouth  aile 
is  a  confefjionary. 

1 17.  Farninghoo.  Part  of  the  fouth  aile  is  enclofed,  and 
through  it  you  pafs  to  a  chapel,  called  the  chapel 
of  our  lady  ;  in  the  fouth  wall  within  the  inclo- 
fure,  there  is  an  ancient  arch,  where  probably 
,  was  a  monument,  perhaps  the  founder’s  of  this 
chantry,  to  which  this  inclofure  feems  to  be¬ 
long  ;  in  the  north  part  of  the  inclofure  is  a  con - 
feffionary . 

Might  not  what  is  here  called  a  confellionary 
be  a  feat  for  the  founder  of  the  chantry  ?  It  is 
noticed  as  being  on  the  north  part  of  the  inclo¬ 
fure. 

257.  Wedon  Pinkeney .  At  the  upper  end  of  the  fouth 
aile  is  a  chantry  chapel.  In  the  upper  end  of 
the  fouth  aile  is  a  confeffionary ,  and  an  antique 
arch  in  the  fouth  wall  of  the  chauntry  chapel. 

Query  as  before  Farninghoo  ? 

4 


Extra# 


Stalls  in  Maid  (lone  Church , 


287 


Extra#  from  Bibliotheca  Topographica  Britannica,  N°  VIII. 

N°  4.  Page  13,  Luton  in  Bed  ford  Oh  re.  On  the  fouth  wall 

of  the  chancel,  under  the  window  ar t  four 
niches  arched ,  over  the  arched  work  are 
eight  coats  carved  in  the  hone.  (Mr.  Ed¬ 
ward  Steel’s  notes.) 

33 ■ A11  thefe  arms  are  carved  in  hone,  over  the 
holy  water  hope  ;  and  grand  feats  for  the 
bifhop,  prieh,  and  deacon.  (Account  by 
Mr.  Francis  BlomeOeld). 

44.  On  the  fouth  Ode  of  the  altar  are  four  ele¬ 
gant  flat  arches ,  in  the  fpandrils  of  which 
are  the  arms  of,  &c.  (Mr.  Gough’s  Notes.) 

From  Mr.  Pennant’s  Tour  in  Wales. 

N°  4.  Page  190.  Chejler  cathedral.  In  the  chancel  are  four 

hone  falls  for  the  officiating  priehs,  with 
carved  Gothic  work  above,  a  recefs  or  two 
for  the  preferving  either  the  relics,  or  the. 
facred  utenflls. 

Tour  to  Snowdon. 

208.  Clynnog  church  in  North  Wales,  near  the 
altar  are  three  neat  falls  divided  by  pillars 
fupporting  gothic  arches,  the  feats  of  the 
officiating  priehs. 

Mr.  Willis  in  his  Appendix  to  the  Hihory  of 
Bangor,  p.  203,  fays  of  this  church,  that  in 
the  chancel  are  three  niches  in  the  fouth  wall, 

where,, 


208  Mr.  Denne  on  the 

where,  as  fome  would  have  it,  flood  heretofore 
a  monument,  but,  I  rather  think  it  the  confef- 

From  Mr.  Hutchinses  Hiflory  of  Dor fet (hi re,  V ol.  L 

P.  512.  Brtftol  cathedral.  The  tomb  of  Sir  John 
Young  is  near  the  confefwnary  in  the  choir. 

Vol.  II, 

4.  Page  £  r,  Wlnbourn  Minder.  There  is  a  noble  afcent 

into  the  chancel  from  the  choir  by  j  2  fteps 
in  three  divifions.  On  the  fouth  fide  of 
the  altar  are  four  large  niches  or  falls  hand- 
lome  purfled,  of  which  the  three  weftern 
ones  are  gradually  lower  than  the  fitft,  the 
eafternmoft  has  a  holy  water  bafon. 

From  Mr.  Weft’s  Antiquities  of  Furnefs  abbey. 

4.  Below  the  altar  in  the  fouth  wall  there  ar  z  four  falls  or 
feats  richly  ornamented  in  the  gothic  ftyle,  in  which 
the  officiating  priefl  with  his  aftiftants  fat  at  intervals, 
in  time  of  celebrating  the  mafs, 

ExtraT  from  Mr.  Hafted’s  Hiftory  of  Kent,  Vol.  II. 

N°  3,  Page  452.  henham.  At  the  weft  end  of  the  chancel  are 

fixteen  flails,  eight  on  each  fide,  though 
of  a  different  fize,  for  the  ufe  of  the  monks 
of  St.  Auftin’s,  when  they  vifited  th  eir 
eftate  in  this  parifh  ;  and  at  a  frnall  diftance 
from  them  on  the  fouth  fide  a  [tone  con - 
fejfonal  chair . 


1 73, 


Stalls  in  Maiddone  Church .  289 

From  Mr.  Thorpe’s  Antiquities  in  Kent. 

Nd  2.  Page  246.  Rokejley  church  (now  a  barn)  in  the  chancel 

part  yet  remain  two  confefional falls  with 
mitred  arches  and  feats  in  them ;  and  nearer 
to  the  eaft  end,  on  the  fame  fide,  is  the 
receptacle  for  holy  water. 

3.  Page  76.  Bexley.  On  the  fouth  fide  of  the  chancel  is  the 

confefionary ,  confining  of  three  divifions  of 
arches  wTith  pointed  mouldings,  the  center 
one  being  now  for  the  mod  part  filled  up 
with  Mr.  Huntington’s  monument ;  and 
clofe  by  the  upper  one  is  a  fmall  recefs 
for  holy  water. 

3.  Chatham.  In  the  chancel,  on  the  fouth  fide,  were  three 
falls  concealed  for  many  years  by  a  narrow  brick  wall, 
which  had  alfo  damaged  the  front  of  them.  The 
back  part  was  however  well  preferved,  and  the  orna¬ 
ments  of  the  eaftern  feat  were  richly  carved.  On 
taking  down  the  chancel  a  few  weeks  ago,  in  order 
to  enlarge  the  church,  a  gentleman  in  the  neighbour¬ 
hood  made  a  correct  and  beautiful  drawing  of  this  cu¬ 
rious  relick  of  antiquity. 

Tliefe  flails,  with  the  others  at  Rochefler  before- 
mentioned,  and  at  Tiltey  abbey  church  in  Efiex,  are 
engraved  in  the  Vetuda  Mcnumenta,  III.  PI.  V.  VI. 

ILaneham.  O11  the  fouth  fide  of  the  chancel,  is  one  very 
fine  done  feat,  with  an  arched  canopy. 


Voi.  X. 


FP 


From 


290  Mr.  Denne  on  the 

From  Bridges’s  Hiftory  of  Northamptonshire,  Vol.  II. 

N°  4.  Page  62.  Rothwell.  Within  the  fouth  wall  of  tho 

chancel  are  four  large  hone  feats  under  old 
arches,  and  towards  the  eaft  a  place  ad¬ 
joining  with  large  balons  for  holy  water. 
100.  Hardwick.  On  the  fouth  fide  of  the  chancel 
from  the  fouth  aile  of  the  church  appears 
to  have  been  a  confejfonary ,  over  which 
were  the  heps  afcending  to  the  rood  loft. 
6 «  138.  Earl's  Barton.  On  the  north  fide  of  the 

chancel  are  five  fmall  niches  fupported  by 
pillars,  and  fix  on  the  fouth  fide ;  above 
thefe  are  three  others  and  a  bafon  for 
holy  water. 

5*  183.  Newton  Bromfwold.  On  the  fouth  fide  of  the 

chancel  is  a  confejjionary  of  five  arches. 

3.  189.  Ringfcad.  In  the  chancel  are  three  confejjio - 

nary  feats. 

5.  232.  Denford.  On  the  north  fide  of  the  chancel 

are  four  confejjional  feats ,  and  two  like 
feats  over  againft  them,  and  within  the 
altar  rails  two  others. 

4.  264.  Warkton .  Near  the  altar  in  the  fouth  wall 

of  the  chancel  are  four  ftone  feats. 

2 73*  Hjhley *  On  the  fouth  fide  of  the  chancel  a 

confejjionary . 

283.  Brampton .  On  the  fouth  fide  of  the  chancel 

a  confejjional . 

3.  289.  Bulwick.  On  the  fouth  fide  of  the  chancel 

is  a  holy  water  bafon,  and  under  old 
arches  three  ftone  feats  one  above  another. 
X  N°  3, 


Stalls  in  Maiditone  Church .  29 1 

N*  3.  Page  398.  Benefield.  On  the  fouth  fide  of  the  chancel  is 

a  confiejjionary . 

493.  Bamak .  In  the  chancel  a  confiejjionary. 

510.  Etton.  In  the  fouth  wall  of  the  chancel  are 
three  ftone  arches,  and  an  old  arch  nearer 
the  church. 

515.  Helpfion.  In  the  chancel  under  old  arches 
are  fix  ftone  feats,  three  on  each  fide  of 
the  altar,  and  on  the  fouth  fide  a  bafon 
for  holy  water. 

2.  529.  Norhorough .  On  the  fouth  fide  of  Cleypoles 

aile  are  two  hone  feats,  one  lower  than  the 
other,  and  within  the  wall  beyond  them 
are  two  old  arches  ending  in  an  angle. 

I  have  received  information  of  thefe  ftone  feats  in  the  follow* 
ing  churches  in  Herefordfhire. 

N°  2.  AJion  Ingham . 

Brampton  Abbots ,  which  church  belonged  to  the  abbey 
of  Gloucefter. 

Dormington. 

Linton . 

Upton  Bfihop ,  and  two  pifcinae  or  holy  water  bafons. 
JFefion  Jubtus  Penyard. 

“  At  the  upper  end  of  the  fouth  wall  of  the  chancel  at 
Hock  wold,  in  Grimdhoe  hundred,  in  Norfiolk ,  are  three  neat 
arches  of  ftone  worked  in  the  wall,  making  three  leats  or  flails 
for  the  bifhop,  pried,  and  deacon  ;  and  at  the  head  of  thefe 
feats  is  another  arch  for  holy  water  ;  on  the  fummit  of  thefe 
arches  are  feveral  fhields  now  daubed  over  with  whiting  [*].’* 

[«]  Blomefield,  I.  493. 

P  p  2  i(  In 


292 


Mr.  Denne  on  the 

“  In  the  church  of  Feltwel!  St.  Mary,  in  the  fame  hundred 
againft  the  fouth  wall,  are  three  Hone  feats  for  the  bifhop, 
pi  left,  and  deacon,  and  at  the  head  of  them  an  arch  for  the 
holy  water ;  and  111  tne  north  wall  is  a  cupboard,  once  a  re-* 
pofitory  for  relicks  [3].” 

m  the  chancel  ox  Goodefton  church  in  Greenhoe  hundred  111 
the  fame  county,  ai  e  fix  flails  at  the  weft  end,  three  on  a  fide,  where 
the  reftoi,  vicar,  their  capellani  or  chaplains,  and  the  chantry 
priefrs  had  their  feats,  they  being  obliged  to  join  in  the  choir 
at  the  canonical  hours,  and  to  be  obedient  to  the  redor  or 
vicar,  fwearing  obedience  at  their  admiffion  ;  and  againft  the 
fouth  wall  near  the  end  have  been  three  feats  of  Hone  one  higher 
than  the  other  [c]. 

<e  Againft  the  fouth  wall  of  the  chancel  of  W.  Bradenham 
in  the  fame  hundred  near  the  eafl  end  are  three  arches  with 
feats  for  the  bifhop,  prieft,  and  deacon,  one  feat  riling  higher 
than  the  other,  and  at  the  head  of  the  uppermoft  is  an  arch  for 
holy  water  [Wj. 

Nicholas  Hews,  parfon  of  Walfoken,  which  he  refigned 
1502,  bequeathed  to  the  prefbytery  of  St.  Lawrence’s  church, 
Noiwich,  where  he  was  buried,  his  heft  carpet,  with  three 
cufhions,  to  be  occupied  at  principal  feafls  at  the  high  altar  in 
the  faid  prefbytery;  which  Mr.  Blomefield  [e]  explains  to  be  for 
the  three  feats  by  the  high  altar  for  the  bifhop,  prieft,  and 
deacon. 

[Z>]  Blomcfield,  I.  5C4,’ 

[r]  lb.  III.  403,  404, 

[d]  I'd.  4 eg. 

[<j  lb.  II.  678. 


u  Againft 


Stalls  in  Maid  ft  one  Church, 


293 

{£  Againft  the  north  wall  of  the  chancel  at  Fincham  St.  MU 
chaely  in  Clackclofe  hundred,  is  an  enarched  monument  of 
ftone  :  in  this  arch  is  a  raifed  tomb  about  two  feet  from  the 
ground  :  on  each  fide  of  this  arch,  in  the  fummit,  is  a  niche 
carved  for  fome  flatue.  There  is  no  infcription  or  arms  about 
it ;  and  probably  it  was  for  the  Sepulcbrum  'Domini ,  or  the  fe- 
pulchre  of  our  Lord.  Oppofite  to  this,  on  the  fouth  fide  of 
the  chancel,  are  three  ftone  feats  or  flails  raifed  within  the 
wall,  having  three  arches,  one  over  each  feat,  which  feats  are 
about  two  feet  in  depth,  and  above  three  in  height  ;  on  the 
fummit  of  each  arch  was  a  pyramid  of  ftone,  carved,  and 
pointing  to  the  cornice,  which  jutts  out  from  the  wall  about 
three  inches.  Such  feats  and  flails  are  ffill  to  be  feen  in  many 
old  churches,  and  were  for  the  bifhop,  priefl,  and  deacon,  or 
the  reftor,  curate,  or  chantry  priefts.  The  flails  here  differ 
from  others  in  this,  that  of  the  bifhop  or  redtor  is  about  two 
inches  higher  than  that  of  the  priefl,  and  the  flail  of  the  priefl 
is  the  fame  in  refped  of  the  deacon.  Over  the  flail  of  the 
bifhop  are  thefe  two  fhields :  quarterly,  France  and  England; 
and  quarterly,  i.  and  4.  A.  2.  and  3.  G.  a  frett  O.  over  all  a 
bend  S.  in  a  bordure  of  the  laffc  eight  mitres  of  the  fecond. 
Spencer ,  bifhop  of  Norwich  in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.  and  Ri¬ 
chard  II.  when  I  conceive  this  church  was  built.  Over  the  arch  of 
the  fecond  flail,  quarterly,  1.  and  4/ cheque  O.  and  Az.  Warren 
and  Surrey  ;  2.  and  3.  G.  a  lion  rampant  O.  Fit%  Alan  earl  of 
Arundel ;  Az.  three  cinquefoils  O.  lord  Bardolf.  Over  the  arch 
of  the  loweft  feat,  O.  a  fefs  between  two  chevronels  G.  lord 
Fitts  Walter.  G .  3.  2.  1.  efcallops  A.  lord  Scales.  Thefe  arms 
were  all  wafhed  over  with  whiting,  but,  no  doubt,  were  for¬ 
merly  painted  in  their  proper  colours,  ~The  lords  abovemen- 
*7  tioned 


Mr.  Denne  on  the 


294 

tioned  held  lands  in  caplte  in  this  town,  except  lord  Scales,  and 
he  had  a  lordfhip  in  the  adjoining  town  of  Barton,  which  ex¬ 
tended  here  [/']•” 

IV aldington ,  in  the  fame  hundred.  Three  hone  arches,  where 
have  been  three  halls  or  feats  in  the  wall,  and  a  fourth  for  holy 
water ;  now  all  worked  up,  and  plaihered  [g], 

'Nottingham/hire. 

Southwell.  In  the  fouth  wall  of  the  chancel  are  five  halls  on 
a  level,  beautifully  adorned  with  flowers  and  foliage-work, 
and  in  the  fpandrils  rich  hihorical  reliefs  of  leripture  :  a 
winged  figure  holding  a  globe,  another  holding  a  label, 
a  figure  reclining  before  a  rock,  another  fitting  leaning  on 
a  crutch,  a  reclining  figure  holding  a  babe  delivered  to  it 
by  another,  and  the  flight  into  Egypt.  Eah  of  thefe  a  rich 
holy  water  bafon  :  oppofite  to  this  a  recefs  of  two  win¬ 
dows,  with  a  fafeia  and  cornice  of  open-work,  and  wheels 
Sec.  carved  under  them,  as  if  part  of  other  work,  would 
tempt  one  to  fuppofe  them  part  of  a  holy  fepulchre,  re¬ 
moved  to  make  way  for  archbifhop  Sandy  s’  tomb,  or  per¬ 
haps  before. 

In  the  fouth  wall  of  the  chapel  of  the  fouth  aile  are 
three  plainer  flails,  refting  on  noble  fhort  round  columns, 
and  eaft  above  them  a  bold  projecting  piicina  parted  from 
them  by  a  locker.  The  dean  of  Lincoln  has  beautiful 
drawings  of  all  thefe  flails,  &c.  by  Mr.  Grimm. 

Bedford/hire. 

Bigglefwade.  In  the  fouth  wall  of  the  chancel  three  orna¬ 
mented  pointed  flails  of  unequal  height,  from  five  feet  to 

[/]  Blomefield,  IV.  108.  109. 

f  lb.  202. 


four 


Stalls  in  Maidftone  Church .  29$ 

lour  and  a  half  and  three  feet  ten  inches,  and  above 
them  to  the  eaft  a  pifcina. 


Catnbridg  ejhire . 

Bottejham .  In  the  fouth  wall  of  the  chancel  are  three  plain 
pointed  flails  of  unequal  height,  the  two  firft  five  feet  fix 
inches,  the  eafternmoft  three  feet  eleven  inches,  and  above 
them  a  double  pifcina. 

In  the  fouth  wall  of  a  chapel  at  the  eaft  end  of  the 
fouth  aile  ol  this  church,  a  fingle  ftall,  and  a  cont’guous 
pifcina  in  the  fame  frame. 

Burgh  Green .  In  the  fouth  wall  of  the  chancel  are  three 
pointed  level  flails,  and  beyond  them  a  double  pifcina 
higher  than  them. 


Leicejlerfhire. 

Rodeley.  Two  low  pointed  ftalls  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the 
altar,  and  a  double  pifcina,  or  holy  water  bafon. 

Oadby .  On  the  fouth  fide  of  the  altar  are  two  or 

three  luch  ftalls ;  and  alfo  in  the  fouth  aile. 

Little  Dalby.  Three  of  different  heights,  and  a  pifcina 
eaft  of  them. 

Croxton  Kyriel.  Two  on  a  level,  and  a  third  higher,  and 
a  pifcina  above. 

Kibworth . 


Cold  Overton  }  ^lree  on  a  ^eve^  anc*  a  pifcina. 

Wymondham .  Three  on  a  level. 

Staunton  JVyveL  Two  of  different  heights,  and  a  pifcina. 

Waltham  on  the  Woulds .  Three  on  a  level,  with  fhields  in 
the  fpandrils. 

Buckminfter .  Three  of  different  heights,  filled  up  and 
plaiftered  over  ;  eaft  of  them  a  double  pifcina,  or 
lockers. 

Sading- 


20  6 


Mr.  Denne  on  the 


Sadington .  One,  and  a  pifcina  above. 

Pickwetl.  Three  of  different  heights. 

Garthorp.  A  window  terminating  in  a  flail. 

Mr.  Nichols  informs  me  that  in  other  parts  of  this 
county  they  are  particularly  frequent.  As  they  will  be 
noticed  in  the  courfe  of  his  Hiftory,  1  forbear  enlarging 
the  lift  already  given. 

JJncoln/hire. 

Sedgebrook.  Six  ftone  flails  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  altar, 
and  a  pifcina  in  form  of  a  rofe. 

Leverton.  In  the  fouth  wall  of  the  chancel  three  flowered 
flails,  and  fn  the  eafternmoft  a  fquare  pillar  opening  into 
the  veftry,  and  a  pifcina. 

Leek.  In  the  fouth  wall  of  the  chancel  are  three  flails, 
under  a  pointed  pediment,  with  demi  quatrefoil  arches 
and  fmall  pillars.  In  the  window  over  them  lies  a 
ftone  figure  of  a  knight  in  mail,  bare-headed,  refting 
on  a  helmet  furrounded  with  a  corolla.  In  the  oppo- 
lite  wall  is  a  fquare  hole. 

Benington.  In  the  chancel  are  three  flails,  each  three  feet 
and  a  half  high,  fix  inches  from  the  floor,  and  a  pifcina 
eaft  of  them. 

Sleaford.  Three  flails  under  flowered  arches,  with  pin¬ 
nacles  between,  and  a  pifcina  under  a  flowered  arch 
like  the  reft. 

PLeckington.  In  the  fouth  wall  of  the  chancel  are  three 
rich  flowered  flails,  with  reliefs  of  faints,  angels,  the 
Virgin  Mary,  &c.  and  a  double  pifcina ;  and  oppofite 
to  it,  in  the  north  wall,  a  complete  holy  fepulchre ; 
and  in  the  fouth  tranfept  are  three  more  flails  and  a 
pifcina. 

Gloum. 


Stalls  hi  Maidflone  Church . 


*9  7 


Gloucejlerfhire. 

South  Cerney .  Two  very  plain  ones,  almofl:  covered  with, 
wainfcot.  That  which,  in  Mr.  Bigland’s  Colle&ions, 
I.  2'x9,  is  called  a  very  curious  lavatory  with  a  canopy 
of  Gothic  foliage  exquifitely  carved  for  that  rude  aera 
(the  Norman  time),  is  a  richly  ornamented  niche  for 
holy  water,  in  a  corner  of  the  chancel,  which  is  alto¬ 
gether  a  very  curious  building.  In  the  chancel  at  Chel - 
tenham ,  lb.  p.  31 1,  is  faid  to  be  “  a  very  curious  lava¬ 
tory  refembling  an  external  pinnacle,  and  from  which 
may  be  collected  the  flyle  of  archite&ure  in  that  of  the 
middle  ages but  this,  like  the  other,  is  only  a  recep¬ 
tacle  for  holy  water,  of  a  very  lingular  form,  having  an 
embattled  top  [h], 

««  In  a  north  aile  of  Baton  church,  formerly  a  chantry, 
on  the  left  are  two  fmall  figures  of  ecclefiaftics  cumbent, 
about  four  feet  long,  evidently  intended  for  fome  of 
the  officiating  priefls  of  this  chantry.  On  the  other 
fide  are  four  fubfellia  of  four  compartments  under  pedi¬ 
ments  and  quatrefoils.”  Ib.  p.  220.  Bhefe  aie  thtee 
{lone  Halls,  with  arches  of  very  rich  Gothic  workman- 
ffiip,  and  a  niche  for  holy  water  on  the  fide  of  them. 
In  the  chancel  are  an  equal  number,  with  pointed 
arches  very  plain,  and  a  niche  for  holy  water. 

At  Campden  are  the  fame  number  of  Halls,  and  the  niche 
of  very  elegant  architecture. 

At  Winch  combe  the  fame. 

In  Trinity  chapel  in  Cirencejler  church.  hree  very  ele¬ 
gant  ones,  almoH  hid  by  the  Hairs  leading  to  the  gal¬ 
lery  in  the  north  aile. 

In  the  Lady  chapel  of  Gloucejler  cathedral  are  fome  of  the 
1110H  beautiful  workmanffiip  Mr.  Lyfons  had  ever  feem 


[&]  At  Edgeworth ,  p.  553, 
on  the  left  fide  of  the  altar.” 

Vol.  X. 


“  a  lavatory  and  curious  fubfellium  or  flone  bench 


XXX, 


t  298  ] 


XXX.  Further  Remarks  on  Stone  Seats  in  the  Chancels 
of  Churches ,  Cathedral^  Collegiate ,  and  Parochial* 
By  the  Rev .  Samuel  Denne,  F.  A ,  & 


Read  Dec.  9,.  1 790, 


SOME  obfervations  by  the  late  Mr.  Wells  on  the  flails  ex¬ 
hibited  in  Vetufla  Monumental],  not  coinciding  with 
the  remarks  that  accompanied  the  drawing  of  the  flails  in 
Maidflone  church  prefented  by  me  to  the  Society  [^] ;  I  have 
judged  it  expedient  to  revife  my  letter  to  Mr.  Gough,  with 
the  view  of  retracing  my  furmifes,  had  I  found  them  entirely 
groundlefs  :  but  after  deliberately  examining  the  two  papers^ 
and  I  trufl  without  a  bias  of  prejudice  to  my  own,  I  mufl 
confefs  I  do  not  fee  reafon  to  alter  my  fentiments.  Before  I  con- 
fider  the  obfervations  of  this  ingenious  gentleman,  I  cannot 
forbear  expreffing  a  regret  that  our  body  fhould  be  deprived  of  a 
member,  not  long  enrolled  in  our  lift,  whole  zealous  ardour 
for  refearches  into  fubje&s  of  antiquity,  afliduoufly  purfued 
from  an  early  part  of  life,  fo  properly  qualified  him  to  anfwer 
the  purpofes  of  our  inftitution. 

[«]  Vol.  III.  PI.  IV.  V.  PP.  4,  5,  6. 

[£]  See  the  preceding  paper. 

We.:- 


Mr.  D£nne  on  the  Stone  Seats,  &c.  zyy 

We  concur  in  opinion,  that  thefe  flails,  of  which  kind 
there  are  many  in  good  prefervation,  have  been  improperly 
termed  confeffionaries  or  confeffionals.  Mr.  Wells  has  in 
general  referred  to  canons  and  ecclefiaftical  conftitutions,  as 
prohibiting  the  placing  of  chairs  of  confeffion  in  chancels,  or 
in  retired  corners  of  the  church  ;  and  I  will  fpecify  one  con- 
ftitution  of  archbilhop  Reynolds,  and  another  of  archbiffiop 
Sudbury,  as  well  becaufe  being  the  injunctions  of  primates  of 
England  they  are  particularly  applicable  to  the  flails  in  this 
country,  as  that  thofe  in  Rochefter  cathedral  and  in  Chatham 
church  were,  as  I  apprehend,  conftruded  in  nearly  the  fame 
age  when  thefe  canons  were  made  ;  and  thinking  it  therefore 
improbable  that  a  bi(hop  of  Rochefter  fhould  have  given  a 
fandion  to  fuch  a  mifufe  of  them,  as  the  prevailing  opinion  has 
fuppofed.  By  the  conftitution  of  archbifhop  Reynolds,  1322  [c], 
“  the  prieft  was  to  chufe  a  place  where  he  could  be  feen  in 
“  common,  and  particularly  to  avoid  a  fecret  place  when  wo- 
“  men  confefied  to  him  and  by  Sudbury  it  was  enjoined, 
“  that  the  confeffions  of  a  woman  fhould  be  taken  without  the 
“  vail,  and  in  an  open  place,  fo  that  though  not  heard  (he 
“  might  be  feen  by  the  people.”  But  the  vail  was  always 
dropt  at  the  entrance  into  the  chancel  in  Lent,  which  was  the 
ufual  time  of  confeffing.  There  is  likewife  in  Picart’s  Religious 
Ceremonies  a  rule  mentioned  which  feems  to  be  decifive  in  this 
matter  [V]  ;  for  by  this  rule  it  is  direded,  that  “  the  Con* 
“  feflor  muft  hear  the  confeffion  in  the  church,  at  that  part 
“  of  it  which  is  furt  heft  from  the  high  altar ,  i.  e.  at  the  bottom 
of  the  nave  which  is  moft  expofed  to  the  view  of  the  people.” 

[c]  See  Johnfon’s  Colleftion  of  Ecclefiaftical  Laws  under  the  rclpeftive 
years. 

l<n  Voi.ii.  p.  78. 

0  <]  2  The 


\ 


300  Mr.  Denne  on  the  Stone  Seats 

The  main  point  in  which  I  differ  from  Mr.  Wells  is,  as  to 
the  original  defign  of  erecting  thefe  flails,  which  he  conceived 
to  have  been  for  the  ufe  of  priefl,  deacon,  and  fubdeacon,  the 
three  perfons  principally  employed  in  the  celebration  of  mafs. 
Had  this,  however,  been  the  cafe,  would  not  flails  thus  fituated 
have  been  generally,  if  not  conflantly  provided  ?  Whereas  there 
is  not  any  appearance  of  them  in  far  the  greater  number  of 
our  own  churches,  and  Mr.  Wells  admits  they  are  not  fo  often 
to  be  feen  abroad  as  in  England.  And  would  not  a  triple  feat 
have  been  the  regular  plan  ?  But  in  fome  churches  there  is  only 
one  feat ;  in  others  there  are  two,  three,  and  four,  and  in  a  fewr 
five  flails.  Indeed,  where  there  are  four  or  five,  they  might,  agree¬ 
ably  to  his  idea,  be  made  for  the  attendant  officers,  Port-Mitre,  or 
Port-Crofier,  or  for  both.  And  where  there  was  only  a  fingle 
flail,  it  might  be  intended  the  priefl  ffiould  fit  in  it,  and  that  the 
deacon  and  fubdeacon  fhould  be  placed  at  his  feet,  on  each  fide, 
upon  two  flools.  But  where  there  are  no  more  than  two 
flails  jYJ,  one  of  the  three  officiating  miniflers  would  be  def- 
titute  of  a  feat. 

It  is  not,  however,  merely  from  the  number  of  the  flails, 
that  I  am  led  to  controvert  Mr.  Wells’s  appropriation  of  them  ; 
their  relative  fituation  and  embelliffiments  operate  againfl  his 
notion.  In  modern  chapels  of  the  Roman  Catholicks,  the 
priefl;,  at  the  proper  intervals  of  the  fervice,  is  feated  in  an  arm¬ 
chair;  and  in  Picart’s  Ceremonies,  in  the  celebration  of  high, 
mafs  in  the  pope’s  chapel  there  is  a  luperb  chair  for  the  priefl,. 
and  beneath  it  on  each  fide  two  low  flools  for  the  inferior 
clergymen,  between  whom,  as  the  rubrick  dire&s,  the  prieib 

(/]  In  the  churches  of  Badby,  Tiffield,  and  Wotton*  in  Northamptonfhire,, 
there  are  two  Halls  (Bridges,  Hill.  I.  pp.  21.  271.  393.)  as  there  are-  in  the' 
churches  ol  lbokefley,  Stroud,  and  Milton  by  Sittingbourne,  in  Kent. 

ffiali 


in  the  Chancels  of  Churches .  30  £ 

fhall  be  featedf/].  This  rule  could  not  have  been  followed 
with  the  leaR  degree  of  confiflency  in  any  of  the  triple  feats 
engraved  in  the  Vetufta  Monumenta.  In  each  fet  all  are  ranged 
in  a  line  in  front,  and  in  the  Rochefier  Rails  the  feats  are  upon  a 
level.  If  then  the  middle  Rail  were  defigned  for  the  prieft, 
the  deacon,  by  being  placed  to  the  Eaft  on  his  right  hand, 
would  have  had  the  Ration  of  pre-eminence  :  and  as  in  the 
churches  of  Chatham  and  Tiltey,  the  feats  rife  one  above 
another,  the  higheR  in  office  would  not  have  had  the  upper- 
moR  feat. 

Befides,  in  the  Chatham  triple  feat,  the  fculpture  of  the 
firR,  or  Eaflern  Rail,  was  far  more  elegant  than  the  nearly 
limilar  embelliffiments  of  the  fecond  and  third  Ralls,  and 
could  therefore  hardly  be  defigned  for  the  perfon  of  infe¬ 
rior  rank.  From  thefe  circumRances  I  collett,  that  had  the 
accommodation  of  prieR,  deacon,  and  fubdeacon,  been  the 
primary  view  in  confiru<Ring  thefe  Ralls,,  this  manifeR  impro¬ 
priety  would  have  been  guarded  againR.  It  is  obferved  by  Mr. 
Wells,  that  in  the  churches  abroad,  moveable  feats  are  to  this 
day  employed  with  more  convenience  ;  and  likewife,  as  I  am 
apt  to  fufpeft,  becaufe  more  conformable  to  both  the  letter  and 
fpirit  of  the  Roman  ritual.  The  fiibfequent  accidental  ufe  of 
thefe  feats  feems  to  be  a  very  different  queflion. 

Pofl'efi’ed  with  the  idea  of  his  having  adopted  the  original 
purpofe  for  which  thefe  Ralls  were  ertdled,  and  not  finding 
any  fituated  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  altar  of  the  lhrine  of 
Edward  the  Confeflor  in  WeRminRer  Abbey,  Mr.  Wells  was 

[/]  “In  miiTa  item  folemni  celebrans  msdius  inter  diaconum  et  fubdiaconum 
federe  potell  a  cornu  epiftolae  juxta  altare,  cum  cantetur  kyrie  eleefon ,  et 
gloria  in  excr/Jis Miflale  Romanum  ex  decreto  Concil.  Trident. 

I  prompted'. 


C02 


Mr.  Eenne  on  the  Stone  Seats 

prompted  to  fugged,  that  what  he  conceived  to  have  been  five 
it  11  s  at  the  weft  end  ot  the  chapel  were  for  the  ufe  of  the  offi¬ 
ciating  minifters.  But  is  not  this  notion  open  to  as  ftrong  an 
objtcli  mi  as  any  already  advanced  ?  It  is  expretsly  enjoined, 
that,  in  every  article,  and  under  all  circumftances,  barring 
every  pretence  and  ©ppofite  ulage,  which  is  declared  to  be  an 
abufe-  the  rubric  of  the  Roman  miflal  fhali  be  obferved  :g] ; 
and  of  the  general  rubrics  one  is,  that,  when  during  the  cere¬ 
mony  the  celebrant  is  allowed  to  reft  himielf,  he  fhali  be  feated 
a  cornu  epijiola  juxta  altare  ;  i.  e.  near  the  altar,  and  at  the  fouth 
horn  of  it.  When  there  could  not  have  been  the  leafl  occa- 
fion  to  have  deviated  from  this  rubric,  would  then  the  prieft: 
and  his  aftiftants  have  been  warranted  in  moving  to  the  Weft: 
and  lower  end  of  the  chapel,  and  to  have  intermixed  with  the 
laity  ? 

In  the  reafon  afligned  for  there  being  no  flails  on  the  fouth 
fide  of  this  chapel,  Mr.  Wells,  from  inadvertency,  has  flipt  into 
an  anachronifm  ;  for  he  fays,  “  it  could  not  be  contrived  in 
that  quarter  on  account  of  the  regal  monuments  there 
“  eredted.”  But  two  of  the  three  monuments  on  the  fouth 
fide  a^e  memorial*  of  king  Edward  the  Third  and  his  Queen; 
and  the  third  is  a  tomb  into  which  the  body  of  king  Richard 
the  Second  was  removed  from  Langley  by  king  Henry  the 
Fifth.  The  firft  monument  railed  in  this  chapel  was  in  ho¬ 
nour  of  kino;  Henry  the  Third,  who,  as  the  re-edifier  of  this 
church,  was  buried  on  the  north  fide. 

[,§-]  “  Demum  renovando  decreta  alias  fadta,  mandat  facra  congrcgatio  in 
omnibus  et  per  omnia  fervari  rubricas  miffalis  Romani,  non  obftante  quocunquc 
prsetextu,  et  contraria  confuetudine  quam  abufum  effe  declarat.”  Ibid.  PraTat. 

The 


in  the  Chancels  of  Churches .  303 

The  conje&ure  I  entertain  is,  that  neither  the  architect  of 
the  chapel,  nor  the  perlons  who  employed  him,  ever  thought 
of  preparing  a  fixed  feat  for  the  prieft,  concluding  that  a 
moveable  chair  would  be  more  convenient  and  fuitable ;  and 
a  few  years  after  the  building  of  the  chapel,  it  was  furnifhed 
with  a  chair  of  high  dignity  ;  for  the  new  chair,  in  which 
was  the  flone  of  Scotland,  was  placed  near  the  altar  before  the 
fhrine  of  St.  Edward  ;  and  this  was  given  by  king  Edward  the 
Firff,  purpofely  to  ferve  as  a  chair  for  the  celebrating  prieft  at 
Weftminfter  [h].  And  notwithftanding  the  order  of  Edward 
the  Third  to  reftore  it  to  the  Scots,  and  the  many  changes, 
devaluations  and  pillages  this  facred  edifice  has  undergone, 
the  chair  has  probably  ever  fince  retained  its  ftation.  At  what 
time  it  might  become  the  coronation  chair  of  the  Kings  of 
England  is  foreign  to  the  prefent  enquiry.  It  cannot,  however, 
be  deemed  an  extravagant  conceit,  that  the  abbot  of  Weftmin- 
fber  and  other  priefts  might  be  elated  with  having  an  unquef- 
tionable  right  to  be  frequently  feated  in  a  chair  in  which  fo- 
vereigns  were  enthroned. 

The  fi  ve  richly  fculptured  canopies  over  the  Hone  feat  at 
the  weft  end  of  the  Confeffor’s  chapel  might  difpofe  Mr.  Wells 
to  imagine,  that  there  might  be  under  them  the  fame  number 


\h]  The  only  item  that  occurs  relative  to  the  arts  is  a  payment  to  Walter 
the  painter,  for  a  flep  to  the  new  chair  in  which  the  /tone  of  Scotland  was  placed 
near  the  altar,  before  the  fhrine  of  St.  Edward,  in  Weflminfter  Abbey  ;  and  to 
the  carpenters  and  painters  painting  the  faid  flep,  and  for  gold  and  colours  to 
paint  it  with,  and  making  a  cafe  to  cover  the  laid  chair  it.  9 s.  7 d.  This  fa-- 
rnous  hone  was  brought  out  of  Scotland  but  three  years  before  (1296)  ;  and 
Walfingham  tells  us,  the  ufe  Edward  put  it  to,  was  to  ferve  as  a  chair  for  the 
celebrating  pnefts  at  Weflminfler.  Mr.  Topham’s  Obfervations  on  the  Ward¬ 
robe  Account  of  28  Edw.  I.  p.  xli. 

6  of 


304  Mr.  Denne  on  the  Stone  Seats 

of  didinct  flails ;  but,  as  far  as  can  be  traced,  there  were  never 
any  columns  of  reparation.  To  me  it  deems  more  likely  that 
this  Hone,  bench  was  originally  fixed  to  accommodate  king 
Henry  the  Third  and  the  illudrious  perfonages,  who  afiifted 
him  in  bearing  the  ched  with  the  relicks  of  the  Confeffor,  on 
the  tranflation  of  them  into  the  new  fhrine.  And  it  is  obferv- 
able  that  the  centre  canopy,  which  projects  beyond  the  colla¬ 
terals,  is  furmounted  with  a  buff  that  has  upon  the  head  a  regal 
crown. 

Having  taken  the  liberty  to  offer  my  reafons  for  diffenting 
from  Mr.  Wells’s  opinion,  I  will  venture  to  fuggefl  a  ufe  to 
which,  I  think,  thefe  flails  might  have  been  applied  in  churches 
cathedral,  collegiate,  and  parochial,  with  a  furmife  as  to  what 
may  have  been  the  immediate  purpofe  of  condrufting  them  in 
churches  of  the  lafl  denomination. 

In  cathedrals,  the  feat  of  the  bifhop,  or,  as  it  is  more  com¬ 
monly  flyled,  his  throne,  being  often  ereCted  at  a  very  confi- 
derable  diftance  from  the  high  altar,  another  feat  more  conve¬ 
niently  fituated  mull:  have  been  fometimes  more  delirable,  and 
particularly  when  the  facramental  elements  were  to  be  deli- 
livered  to  him.  Two  of  the  rubrical  directions  which  the 
pried  was  to  obferve  when  the  bifhop  was  prefent,  plainly 
fhew  that  he  mud  be  confidered  as  placed  within  the  limits  of 
the  prefbytery  [/]  ;  and,  as  it  is  truly  remarked  by  Mr.  Wells, 

feats 

[/]  a  Si  celebraturus  fit  coram  fummo  pontifice,  fi'ftit  fe  ante  infimum  gra- 
dum  altaris  a  cornu  EvangeJii  ante  ipfum  pontificem,  ubi  genuflexus  expedlat : 
accepta  benedi&ione  erigit  fe,  et  ftans  aliquantum  verfus  ad  altare  incipit 
miffam.  Si  autem  fit  coram  cardinale,  legato  fedis  apoflolica?,  aut  patriarcha, 
archiepifcopo,  et  epifeopo,  in  eorum  refidentiis,  vel  loco  jurifdidtionis,  flans 
ante  infimum  gradum  a  cornu  evangelii,  ut  fupra  expedlat :  dato  figno,  facit 

profundara 


in  the  Chancels  oj  Churches*  305 

feats  on  the  fouth  fide  were  conftantly  allotted  to  ecclcfiaftics. 
One  therefore  could  hardly  hefitate  in  affignitig  the  firft  ftall  in 
Rochefter  cathedral  to  the  bifhop,  had  it  even  not  been  diftin- 
guifhed  by  the  armorial  bearings  of  that  fee*  Befides,  thefe 
flails  could  not  be  near  the  horn  of  the  altar  ;  and  Mr.  Charles 
Clarke  (now  of  the  Ordnance  Office  atGravefend,  an  intelligent 
correfpondent  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  under  the  figna- 
tures  of  Indagator,  and  Indagator  Roffenfis)  whofe  idea  concern¬ 
ing  their  antient  ufe  correlponds  with  Mr.  Wells’s  notion, 
being  aware  of  this  obje&ion,  has  attempted  to  remove  it,  by 
an  intimation  that  the  altar  might  not  adjoin  to  the  Eaft 
wall  [/£].  Now  though  it  is  probable,  that  a  fpace  might  be  left 
for  a  proceffion  of  the  monks  behind  the  altar,  yet,  as  appears 
to  me,  the  firft  ftep  of  afeent  to  the  altar,  and  to  the  prefent 
communion  table  muft  have  been  nearly  in  the  fame  pofition ; 
for  had  it  been  brought  forward,  it  muft  have  concealed  the 
grave  ftone  of  a  biffiop  that  was  heretofore  fully  inlaid  with 
brafs  plates.  Above  the  middle  ftall  are  the  arms  of  Chrift- 
church,  Canterbury  ;  and  who  more  likely  to  have  been  feated 
in  this  ftall  than  the  archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  whofe  office 
it  was  to  inthrone  all  the  biffiops  of  the  province  !  The  arms 

profundam  reverentiam  prariato,  et  verfufi  ad  altare  incipit  miflam. — Si  autem 
folemniter  celebrat  coram  fummo  pontifice,  aut  alio  ex  praelatis  praedi&is  in 
ecclefia  eorum  jutifdi&ionis,  {tans  a  finiflris  praelati,  facitcumeo  confeflionem, 
ct  alia  fervat,  ut  in  casremoniali  ordinatur  miflae,”  Miffale  Romanum.  Dc 
Principio  Confeffione  facienda,  Ilk  *,  3.  There  is  no  veftige  of  a  ftall  in  the  pref- 
bytery  of  Canterbury  cathedral ;  perhaps  it  might  not  be  found  neceflary,  becaufe 
what  is  called  the  archbilhop’s  patriarchal  or  metropolitical  chair  was  placed  a 
few  fteps  above  the  altar  on  the  north  fide.  Gofling’s  Walk,  261,  272,  279. 
In  the  church  of  Wapenham  in  Noithamptonfhire,  behind  the  altar  are  two 
feats  of  {tone  like  {tails.  Bridges  Hift.  I.  p.  212. 

[i]  Gent.  Mag.  Vol.  LVI.  751.  Vol.  LVII,  663. 

Vo l.  X.  R  r 


of 


^o6  Mr.  Denne  on  the  Stone  Seats 

m/ 

of  the  third  flail  are,  Argent,  a  crofs  quarter  pierced  of  the  fame-. 
To  whom  it  belonged  is  uncertain;  nor  is  it  known  what 
were  the  arms  of  the  priory  of  Rochefler.  Dr.  Denne  imagined 
they  might  be  emblafoned  upon  this  fhield.  Suppofing  this 
conjecture,  which  is  plaufible,  to  be  well  founded,  this  would 
indicate  the  flail  to  have  been  for  the  ufe  of  the  prior :  and  it 
is  certain  that  at  the  time  of  the  celebration  of  high  mafs,  he 
would  be  placed  near  the  bifhop.  In  Durham  cathedral  pro* 
vifion  feems  to  have  been  made  for  a  greater  number  of  the 
chief  members  of  the  monaflery,  and  of  other  perfons  of  rank, 
there  being,  according  to  Mr.  Hutchinfon,  four  feats  on  each  fide 
of  the  altar  [/■*]. 

Stalls  of  this  kind  would  be  as  requifite  in  a  collegiate  church, 
efpecially  if  in  a  town  that  was  the  refidence  of  the  bifhop. 
And  that  was  the  cafe  at  Maidflone,  where  the  archbifhops  of 
Canterbury  had  a  manerial  houfe,  to  which  they  frequently  re- 
forted,  and  where  Courtney  founded  a  college  of  fecular  canons, 
and  rebuilt  what  was  before  a  parochial  church.  There  was 
not  in  the  chancel  any  feat  fuitable  to  a  perfon  of  his  prer 
eminent  rank,  except  one  of  the  five  flails  on  the  foutli  fide  of 
the  altar ;  and  his  Ration  demanded  that  he  fliould  be  placed 
in  the  upper  or  eaflern  flail,  upon  which  is  a  fhield  with  his 
coat  of  arms.  The  four  other  flails  it  may  be  fairly  con¬ 
cluded  were  for  his  attendants  and  officers. 

When  bifliops,  archdeacons,  vicars  general,  officials,  and 
rural  deans,  vifited  parifh  churches,  they  would  doubtlefs  be 
feated  in  the  chancel  during  the  time  of  divine  fervice  ;  and  for 
them  thefe  flails  would  be  a  proper  accommodation.  But,  it 
is  contended  by  Mr.  Clarke  (who  has  examined  with  care  and 

[/]  Hiflory  and  Antiquities  of  Durham,  Vol.  II,  244. 

judgment 


in  the  Chancels  of  Churches .  307 

judgment  the  various  fubjedts  of  antiquity  remaining  in  thefe 
facred  edifices),  that  this  could  not  have  been  the  ufe  of  them 
in  country  churches,  becaufe,  formerly,  as  well  as  now,  vi- 
fitations  were  held  only  in  pari  flies  of  the  moft  confequence  in 
each  diftridt  ;  which  objection,  as  I  apprehend,  may  be  in  great 
ineafure  removed. 

.Synods,  in  which  the  bifhop  prefided,  were,  it  is  admitted, 
ufually  aflembled  in  the  cathedral,  or  in  fome  commodious 
church  in  the  city  which  gave  name  to  the  lee  ;  and  the  ordi¬ 
nary  vifitations,  or  chapters,  were  held  in  places  after  which 
the  refpedtive  deanries  were  denominated  [w].  Parochial  vibra¬ 
tions,  however,  were  formerly  very  frequent.  Upon  them  the 
right  to  procurations  was  founded,  and  originally  they  were 
only  due  to  a  local  vifitor.  From  divers  ecclefiaftical  injunctions 
of  the  thirteenth  century  it  is  evident,  that  procurations  were 
extremely  burdenfome  to  the  parochial  clergy  ;  and  the  nine¬ 
teenth  legatine  conftitution  of  Othobon  exprefsly  charges  bifliops 
and  inferior  vifitors  not  to  aggrieve  their  fubjedts  with  a  fuper- 
fluous  retinue,  but  to  follow  the  moderation  which  the  fourth 
council  of  Lateran  had  publickly  diredted.  By  this  moderate 
regulation  an  archbifhop  was  retrained  from  viliting  with  more 
than  five  or  feven  ;  a  rural  dean  with  more  than  two[Yj. 

[/w]  This  was  not,  however,  an  invariable  rule.  For  archbifhop  Sudbury 
did  not  hold  his  vifitations  in  the  principal  parillies  of  the  decanal  diftri&s,  in 
the  following  inflances.  The  clergy  of  Lyminge  deanry  were  cited  to  Smeethe; 
thofe  of  Sandwich  to  Northburne  ;  thofe  of  Bridge  to  Wye  ;  thofe  of  Weflbeere 
to  Chiflet.  Wilkins’  Concil.  HI.  p.  in. 

O]  Johnfon’s  Ecclef.  Conftitut.  A.MCC.XXII.  Langton’s  Conflitut.  22, 
23.  A.D.M.CC.XXVIII.  Legat.  Conflit.  of  Otto.  20.— A.D.MCCLXVIil. 
Legat.  Conflit.  Othobon.  18. 

Thefe 


R  r  2 


/ 


Mr,  Denne  on  the  Stone  Seats 

Thefe  procurations  in  vi&uals  and  provender  were  gradually 
reduced  to  a  compofition  in  money,  payable  whether  the  biffiop 
or  archdeacon  vifited  locally  or  not ;  and  I  conceive  it  to  have 
-  been  often  colle&ed  at  the  rate  of  fix-pence  in  the  pound  for 
each  benefice,  according  to  the  valor  of  pope  Nicholas  [o].  In 
confequence  of  this  change  vifitations  of  pariffies  were  much 
lefs  frequent,  becaufe  the  ffipulated  compenfation  for  provifions 
became  inadequate  to  the  expence. 

At  times,  however,  they  were  neceffiary;  and  befides,  in 
former  days,  the  courts  of  both  biffiops  and  archdeacons  were 
held  in  the  churches  of  thofe  pariffies,.  from  which  there  were 
prefentments  of  any  great  irregularities  or  defers.  There  was 
alfo  in  each  fmaller  diftrift  an  annual  officer,  called  a  rural 
dean  ;  the  biffiop  appointing  one  of  three  incumbents  nomi¬ 
nated  by  the  clergy  at  the  general  vifitation,  and  he  was  in- 
vefted  in  the  office  by  the  delivery  of  a  feal  to  him.  His  pro¬ 
vince  was  to  take  care  that  thea&s  of  court  and  the  injunctions 
of  biffiop  and  archdeacon  were  enforced  ;  and  by  virtue  of  his 
own  authority  he  was  to  enquire  perfonally  into  the  Rate  of 
the  churches,  and  to  examine  the  houfes  and  other  buildings- 
of  the  clergy  [/>].  It  being  an  employment  of  trouble,  and: 
what  often  fubjeCted  the  perfon  exercifing  it  to  diftreffing  alter¬ 
cations,  the  clergy  endeavoured  to  avoid  the  being  burdened 

[o]  A.  145.7*  Jun.  21.  Apud  Roffam  fafta  fuit  convocatio  cleri  civitat’  et 
diocef  ’  Reffen’  et  expofit’  clero  per  mag.  Tho.  Candour  commiffar’ d’ni  de 
vifitatione  epa’li  hoc  anno  et  de  procurationibus  folvendis  ratione  vifitationis, 
concefiere  vi  d.  de  lib  lblvend’  die  vifitat’  faftae  fecundum  taxationes  benefieior* 
taxat’  fecundu’  comraun’  valore’  eorund’ ;  et  q’d  licebit  d’no  non  folventes  per 
omnes  cenfuras  eccleliafticas  compellare.  Aft.  Cur.  Conlift.  Roifen, 

[p]  Aft.  Cur.  Confift.  et  Archidiacon,  Roffen.  paffim. 

6-  With, 


in  the  Chancels  of  Churches,  ^  -9, 

with  it ;  and  there  may  nof  now  be  more  than  two  or  three 
diocefes  in  England,  in  which  there  is  even  a  fhadow  of  this 
jurifdidtion. 

To  thefe  vifitors  of  different  ranks  the  flails  under  review 
might  be  appropriated ;  but  though  mod  probably  they  made 
ufe  of  them,  I  am  rather  apt  to  imagine  they  were  conftru&ed; 
to  anfwer  an  occafion,  when  the  prefence  of  the  bifhop  was 
abfolutely  neceflary,  and  that  was  at  the  confecration  of  a 
church  or  chancel.  For  the  Lord  of  the  Manor,  or  other 
perfons,  at  whofe  charge  the  fabric  was  raifed,  would  be  dif- 
pofed  to  think  it  a  decent  mark  of  refped  to  their  diocefan, 
that  he  fhould  have  a  feat  of  dignity  and  elegance  prepared  for 
him.  Moft  of  the  flails  are  receffes  within  the  wall,  and  in 
appearance  coeval  with  it.  When  therefore  we  fee  only  a  fingle 
flail,  I  am  for  aligning  it  to  the  bifhop  ;  and  the  reft,  if  thefe 
are  a  greater  number,  for  the  accommodation  of  his  vicar  ge¬ 
neral,  his  chaplain,  or  others  of  his  fuite.  Mr.  Wells  fays, 
that  in  foreign  churches  where  there  are  five  feats,  the  port 
mitre  and  port  crofier  occupy  two.  And  does  not  the  enfign 
carried  by  the  former  imply  him  to  be  an  officer  in  attendance 
upon  the  bifhop  ? 

Confidering  the  flails  in  this  light,  it  is  to  be  regretted, 
that  they  have  not  been  more  generally  and  accurately  fur- 
veyed  ;  becaufe  the  ftyle  of  archite&ure,  an  infcription,  a  fhield 
of  arms,  initial  letters,  or  a  cypher  might  lead  to  a  difcovery 
of  the  age  of  the  edifice  itfelf ;  and,,  comparatively  fpeaking,, 
there  are  but  few  parifh  churches,  the  times  of  whofe  building 
can  be  fixed  with  precifion.  In  many  of  our  county  hiftories 
fome  feats  in  chancels  are  indeed  mentioned,  but  generally  in 
ib  brief  and  fuperficial  a.  manner*  that  no  adequate  idea  cam 

be" 


Mr.  Denne  on  the  Slone  Seats 


be  formed  of  them.  This  is  the  cafe  in  Brydges’s  North  amp* 
tonfhire  who  has  noticed  there  being  both  halls,  and  a  confef- 
Jionary  in  the  fame  chancel,  without  Specifying  the  marks  by 
which  he  diftinguilhed  one  from  the  other.  And  here  I  cannot: 
avoid  obferving,  that  engravings  of  fuch  curious  fubjecfs  of 
antiquity  would  be  a  more  fuitable  appendage  to  a  county  hif- 
tory  than  many  of  the  plates  to  be  feen  in  fome  late  publica¬ 
tions. 

The  falls  in  Rochefer  cathedral  and  Chatham  church  were, 
1  imagine,  eredled  about  the  fame  time.  In  the  three  com¬ 
partments  of  the  former  were  the  pictures  of  three  biffiops, 
which,  though  much  damaged,  were  not  defaced  before  the 
painting  of  the  choir  in  1743.  As  Weever  relates  [7],  one 
was  the  portraiture  of  biffiop  John  de  Shepey  over  the  place  of 
his  burial  ;  and  the  grave  f  one  which  covered  his  remains  was 
at  the  foot  of  the  falls  [r].  This  will  countenance  a  furmife 
concerning  the  date  of  them,  and  that  they  might  be  raifed  as 
monument  to  him.  The  monks  might  conhder  him  as  delerv- 
ing  this  compliment,  the  prelate  having  by  his  will,  made 
September  21,  1360,  a  month  before  his  death,  bequeathed  one 
hundred  marks  toward  the  reparation  of  his  cathedral,  and  the 
fame  fum  to  the  celerar’s  office  to  find  provisions  for  the  con* 
vent.  He  alfo  allowed  as  much  to  defray  the  expences  of  his 
funeral  [j]. 

On  better  evidence  may  the  age  of  the  falls  in  Chatham 
church  be  very  nearly  afeertained.  They  could  not  have  been 

[^]  Funeral  Monuments,  p.  314. 

[r]  Memorials  of  the  Cathedral  church  of  Rcchefter,  printed  with  Cuftumale 
J&ofFenfe,  p.  202. 

[s']  Ibid. 


confru£led 


hi  the  Chancels  cf  Churches-.  '  i  x 

condruCted  before  1352,  and  probably  were  fo  not  long  after; 
dnce  in  that  year  Pope  Clement  Vi.  iffued  a  letter  of  relaxation 
of  penances  for  a  year  and  forty  days,  to  all  perfons  who  ihould 

contribute  to  the  pious  work  of  re-building  the  church  of 
Chatham,  dated  to  have  been  recently  burnt  down  [/].  But  the 
fire  did  not  deflroy  the  whole  building;  for,  on  the  late  repa¬ 
ration  and  enlargement  of  the  church,  the  old  part  of  the  fabric 
was  clearly  to  be  didinguithed  from  the  work  added  after  the 
accident.  For  this  information  l  am  obliged  to  Mr.  Clarke,, 
who  difcovered  and  took  drawings  of  fome  unequivocal  re¬ 
mains,  at  the  Weft  end,  that  were  in  the  ftyle  of  architecture 
ufed  by  the  early  Normans ;  and  he  was  on  that  account  much 
difpofed  to  conclude  they  might  be  parts  of  the  church  built 
by  a  Crevequer,  to  which  family  the  fird  William  gave  the 
Manor  of  Chatham.  There  is  not,  however,  the  lead  reafon. 
to  doubt  of  the  chancels  being  ereCted  about  the  middle  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  and  the  triple  feat  was  indifputably  con- 
druCled  with  the  fouth  wall. 

The  greater  elevation,  and  the  fuperior  embelli/hments  of 
the  eafiernmod  dall  have  been  already  noticed,  and  an  opinion 
fhall  be  offered  why  it  might  be  more  richly  ornamented. 
Robert  de  Crevequer  (the  defcendant  of  Hay  mo  de  Crevequer, 
whole  lervices  his  royal  rnafter  had  rewarded  with  the  manor  of 
Leedes,  as  well  as  that  of  Chatham)  founded  at  Leedes  a  priory 
of  Autim  canons,  and  granted  to  them  for  the  welfare  of  his  own 
loul,  and  of  the  foul  of  his  uncle  Hamo  Dapifer,  the  church  of 
Chatham  with  fix  other  churches  appertaining  to  his  edate.  Be¬ 
fore  the  year  1 136,  the  monks  of  this  religious  houfe  obtained  the 
fulled  a-ppropriaticn  of  all  the  tithes  and  dues  of  the  parifh  of 
Chatham.  For  they  were  not  under  the  redriClion  of  endowing 

[/]  Reg*  Epif.  J.  de  Shepey,  fol.  257.  b.  Regiftrum  Roffenfe,  p.  209. 

a  vicar?> 


Mr,  Denne  oft  Stone  Seats 


a  vicar,  but  the  cure  of  the  church  was  to  be  fupplied  by  one 
•of  the  canons,  to  be  appointed  by  the  prior,  and  removable  at 
his  pleafure  [«].  That  the  prior  would  occafionally  vifit  a  church 
thus  dependent  upon  him  is  raofl  probable  ;  and  is  it  not  a 
plaufible  prefumption  that,  when  prefent  at  mafs  he  would  be 
placed  in  the  uppermofl  feat ;  and  that  being  the  governor  of 
one  of  the  principal  monafteries  in  the  county,  care  would  be 
taken  that  he  fhould  have  a  flail  becoming  his  high  rank  ? 

In  Tiltey  in  Elfex  aCiflercian  abbey  was  founded  about  1152, 
to  which  the  church  of  that  parifh  was  as  ftri&ly  appropriated. 
Mr.  Schnebbelie  thinks  it  was  the  conventual  church ;  Weever 
-exprefsly  thus  terms  it,  and  noticed  in  it  an  epitaph  to  the  me¬ 
mory  of  abbot  Thomas  de  Thaxted  [#].  This  building  has  an 
appearance  of  antiquity,  but  concerning  its  age  there  is  no 
written  evidence.  The  triple  feat  in  the  chancel,  as  Mr. 
Schnebbelie  has  obferved,  is  in  a  plainer  flyle  than  the  other 
flails  delineated  by  him,  either  from  a  want  of  archite&ural 
tafle  in  the  ruling  members  of  the  abbey,  or  that  their  revenues 
from  mifmanagement  [jy]  would  not  admit  of  the  charge  of  more 
elegant  and  coftly  ornaments.  But  the  firfl  feat  is  raifed  higher 
than  the  fecond  and  third,  and  this  I  conceive  to  have  been  de- 
figned  for  the  abbot’s  flail  [2]. 

This  paper  (hall  be  concluded  with  a  few  obfervations,  not 
irrelative  to  the  fubjedl  of  it,  occalioned  by  a  perufal  of  Sir  Jo- 
feph  Ayloffe*s  defcription  of  the  monuments  in  Weflminfler 
abbey  [j]. 

[a]  Ibid.  p.  310,  &C. 

[*]  Funeral  Monuments,  p.  600. 

[y]  There  were  only  fix  monks  in  it  at  the  difiolution,  though  valued  by 
Dugdale  at  £.167.  2.  6.  and  by  Speed  at  £.177.  9.  4. 

[z]  In  the  fouth  wail  of  the  chancel  of  St.  Mary’s  church  at  Oxford  are  three 
beautiful  ftalls  on  the  famt  level  as  at  Rochefter  and  elfewhere,  about  three  feet 
from  the  floor  in  a  fquare  frame  with  a  fafeia  of  oak.  leaves  and  a  flowered 

'cornice.  R.  G. 

[a]  Monumcnta  Vetufta,  Vol.  III.  PI.  XXXIV. 


Vol.  X.  PL  XXX 


P-  SA3- 


in  ihe  Chancels  of  Churches .  3 1  j 

Many  of  the  done  feats  were,  it  is  likely,  ornamented  with 
portraits.  A  reference  has  been  already  made  to  thole  in  Ro- 
cheder  cathedral ;  and  there  were  pidtures  in  the  {fails  of  the 
parifh  church  of  Pocklington  in  Somerfetdiire  \  F\  and  of 
Exeter  cathedral.  In  the  lowed  feat  at  Pocklington  there  is  a 
coarfe  daubing  of  Elias,  infcribed  unum  elite ;  and  as,  mod  pro¬ 
bably,  the  portraits  of  Chrid  and  Mofes  were  in  the  other 
dalls,  this  will  account  for  their  being  vulgarly  called  Taber¬ 
nacles.  In  the  dalls  in  Exeter  cathedral,  dyled  by  Mr.  Gough 
the  monument  of  Leofric,  the  fird  bifhop  of  that  fee,  is  the 
pidlure  of  Leofric  fitting  in  his  pontificals,  between  Edward  the 
Confeflbr  and  his  Queen  [< c ]  :  and  there  were  alfo  portraits  in 
the  four  recedes  of  the  North  front  of  the  tomb  of  king  Sebert 
in  Wedminder  abbey.  I  have,  after  Sir  Jofeph  Ay  Ioffe,  ufed 
the  word  recedes,  though  not  a  little  inclined  to  fufpedt,  that 
they  were  dalls  condrudled  for  the  fame  purpofe  as  thofe  which 
remain  on  the  South  fide  of  other  prefbyterics.  The  height 
and  width  of  the  pannels  are  mentioned  by  Sir  Jofeph,  but 
unluckily  he  did  not  minute  the  depth  of  thefe  recedes. 
Judging,  however,  from  the  perfpedtive  of  N°  IV,  I  appre¬ 
hend  there  is  room  for  feats;*  and  I  am  informed  by  Mr. 
Gatlin,  one  of  the  officers  of  the  abbey,  that,  to  the  bed  of 
his  recolledlion,  there  are  feats  nearly  as  wide  as  the  done 
bench  under  the  canopies  at  the  Wed  end  of  the  Confedor’s 
chapel. 

Sir  Jofeph  remarks  (what,  as  he  believes,  is  not  obfervable 
in  any  other  monuments  in  the  abbey)  that  the  fronts  of  Se- 

[6]  Gentleman^  Magazine,  LVIT.  755. 
fV)  Sepulchral  Monument?,  v.  60, 

s'Vol.  X,  '  ‘  -S  s 


bert’i 


4  Mr.  Denne  on  the  Stone  Seats 

bert’s  monument  are  in  the  form;?,  mode  of  conftru&ion,  and 
ornaments  widely  different ;  and  the  front  before  the  area  of  the 
altar,  called  by  him  the  principal  front,  is,  he  fays,  a  much 
more  elegant  defign  :  and  in  the  print  one  may  perceive  fome 
refemblance  between  thefe  recedes  and  the  triple  feat  in  Ro- 
chefter  cathedral. 

In  the  opinion  of  Sir  Jofeph,  the  monuments  on  each  fide  of 
prefbytery  were  not  hid  by  any  linings  hung  before  them,  till 
the  year  1625,  when  king  Charles  the  Firft  might  prefent  to 
the  dean  and  prebendaries  the  tapeftry  that  had  been  put  up 
as  a  proper  furniture  and  ornament  for  his  majefty’s  coronation. 
Rut  the  conclufion  he  has  drawn  from  the  filence  of  Camden 
and  Stow  concerning  any  fuch  concealment  of  thefe  beautiful 
relicks  of  antiquity,  however  plaufible,  is  not  fatisfadlory.  And 
had  he  attended  to  the  whole  of  what  Weever  has  written,  and 
which  he  has  in  part  cited,  he  would  have  difcovered  that  the 
cloth  of  arras  which  then  adorned  the  quire  muft  have  been  of 
ancient  date,  at  lead:  earlier  than  the  Reformation  ;  for  no  artifi: 
of  the  reign  of  the  firfi:  Charles  was  likely  to  have  interwoven 
in  it  the  tw7o  rhyming  monkifh  hexameters  copied  by  Weever; 
and  much  lefs  would  he  have  been  buffered  by  any  Protefiant 
employer  to  have  addrefied  the  pope  as  father  ; 

Hanc  regum  fedem  fibi  Petrus  confecrat  edem, 

$uam  tu,  Papa,  regis,  infignit  et  undfio  regis  \cT\. 

Uncertain  as  it  is  who  might  have  been  the  perfons  repre- 
fented  in  thefe  pannels,  Sir  Jofeph  flattered  himfelf  his  conjec¬ 
tures  might  be  venial ;  and  as  what  I  have  to  propofe  may 

{yj  Funeral  Monuments,  p.  451. 

likewife 


Vol.  X.  PI.  XXXI  /■>.  315. 


^ i, V  &  &ng  le/ield  del. 


Xda/irejc. 


str.t»cr*  r 


/«  the  Chancels  oj Churches,  -j  - 

like  wife  tend  to  an  elucidation,  I  truft  I  may  be  favoured  with 
the  fame  indulgence.  His  grounds  for  imagining  that  the  firfl 
figure  in  PI.  IV.  V.  was  defigned  for  king  Sebert  appear  to  be 
well  fupported;  but  that  the  figure  in  the  next  compartment 
fhould  have  been  -archbifhop  Becket’s  I  fee  no  room  to  con¬ 
ceive ;  apprehending  that  the  monks  of  Wefrminfler,  who  had 
fo  popular,  fo  marvellous  a  faint  of  their  own,  would  not  have 

r- 

.  condefcended  to  have  placed  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury  fo  near 
the  high  altar  in  preference  to  him.  I  had  thought  it  might 
be  the  Confeffor’s  picture ;  but  am  now  much  more  ready  to 
adopt  Sir  Jofeph’s  idea,  that  the  regal  and  laititlike  portrait 
on  the  South  front  of  the  tomb  might  be  defigned  for  him, 
and  for  this  additional  reafon,  that,  in  this  confpicuous  fixa¬ 
tion,  it  could  not  fail  of  drawing  the  attention  of  his  votaries 
who  were  paffing  along  that  ambulatory  to  his  fhrine. 

The  picture  that  w^as  in  the  lecond  pannel  being  fo  entirely 
defaced,  hardly  admits  of  a  doubt  of  its  having  born  the  refem» 
blance  of  a  faint;  and  of  whom  more  likely  than  of  St.  Peter  to 
whom  the  church  was  dedicated  ?  Weever[Yj  corroborates  this 
furmife  ;  for  he  w’rites  that  “  the  image  of  Sr.  Peter  is  depicted, 
fpeaking  to  king  Sebert  in  the  following  verfes,”  wrhich  declare 
Sebert’s  having  founded  the  church  to  Peter,  and  Peter’s  ac¬ 
knowledging  himfelf  to  be  its  tutelary  faint. 

Hie,  Rex  Seberte,  paufas,  mihi  condita  per  te 
Haec  loca  luftravi,  demum  luftrando  dicavi. 

The  king  is  liftening  [y']  to  the  figure  in  the  fecond  pannel, 
with  the  hand  uplifted  pointing  towards  heaven.  From 

[t]  Ibid.  p.  452. 

[/]  According  to  Sir  Jofeph,  di£la\ing\  but  Weever’s  account  is,  that  Peter 
is  /peaking  to  Sebert;  and  the  lips  are  clofed. 

S  S  2 


Weever’s 


Mr.  Denne  on  the  Stone  Seats 


316 

Weever’s  relation  it  may  be  inferred  that  this  picture  wa» 
then  viilble,  if  he  did  not  himfelf  fee  it;  and  confequently, 
whether  defigned  for  St.  Edward,  St.  Thomas,  or  St.  Peter, 
it  muft  have  been  deftroyed  with  the  axes  and  hammers  of 
Cromwell’s  foldiers,  the  extravagantly  zealous  regulators  of  that 
age;  to  whom  the  portraits  of  a  queftionable  faint  and  of  an 
apoftle  were  equally  obnoxious. 

Wilmington. ,  Dec,  3,  1790.  SAMUEL.  DENN E., 

P.  S.  Indagator  Roffenfis  (Mr.  Charles  Clarke  [g])  having  ad¬ 
vanced  in  the  Gentleman’s  Magazine,  vol.  L1X.  p.  804.  that 
plate  XXXIV.  N°V.  vol.  II.  of  Vetufta  Monumenta,  intituled,, 
“  1'he  North  front  of  King  Sebert’s  tomb,”  was  no  other 
than  a  reprefentation  of  leats,  or  ftalls,  on  the  north  fide  of  the 
altar  in  Weftminfler  abbey,  I  was  delirous  of  learning  upon 
what  grounds  this  opinion  was  formed  ;  and  received  the  fol¬ 
lowing  anfwer  to  my  letter  of  enquiry.  Sir  Jofeph  Ay  Ioffe’s 
defcription  and  notions  feem  to  be  judicioufly  corrected,  though. 
In  other  refpedts  Mr.  Clarke  may  not  be  free  from  errors. 

“  Sir  Jofeph  Ayloffe,  after  defcribing  the  fronts  of  the  mo¬ 
nument,  fays,  they  differ  widely  from  each  other,  and  in  pro¬ 
ceeding  points  out  the  monument  of  Sebert,  which,  as  I 
take  it,  muft  appear  to  any  one  to  be  nothing  but  the  back  of 
a  feat ;  for,  if  a  monument,  why  not  left  open  as  thofe  of  Ed¬ 
ward  III.  Richard  II.  Sec.  in  the  Confeffor’s  chapel ;  and  thofe 
of  Edmund  Crouchback,  and  the  earl  of  Pembroke,  and  De 
Valence,  in  the  choir,  before  the  prefent  fereen  was  ere&ed, 

{/]  See  before,  p.  305, 


which. 


otta/ire /£. 


■-&  6.  &na/e/ie/d  de/ . 


Vol.  X.  7Y  JfXXH  p.  ,3 77, 


^  yyy/ 


o /////', 


at  t/tay  t/t///////. 


y  / At  _A.Afat////y// /  grAtanyt/ty  aA? 

(AASaA/itA. 


in  the  Chancels  of  Churches.  3  i  j 

which  were  finifiied  equally  rich  oft  the  other  fide.  It  being; 
©pen  would  not  operate  againft  its  being  an  altar,  if  fuch  a 
thing  could  be  in  that  place:  for  open  altars,  not  placed  againft 
walls,  occur  frequently  in  the  churches  I  have  feen  in  Flan¬ 
ders.  And,  if  I  am  not  miftaken,  Gervafe  deferibes  fuch  an 
one  in  his  account  of  the  antient  cathedral  of  Canterbury. 

j 

“  Sir  jofeph,  after  describing  the  fide  in  the  choir,  fays, 

6  here  under  the  canopy,  and  on  a  flone  plinth  of  eight  inches, 
is  placed  a  chef:  of  oak  12  feet  6  inches  in  length,  3  feet  4 
inches  in  height,  and  2  feet  ii  inches  in  width,  evidently 
intended  to  rep  re  fen  t  the  farcophagus  of  Stbert,  as  well  as  to 
ferve  for  an  altar  on  the  day  of  his  anniverfary,  and  at  fuch; 
other  times  as  mafs  was  to  be  there  faid  for  the  repofe  of  his 
foul.  This  cheft  is  of  very  plain  and  rude  workman fhip;  how¬ 
ever,  a  greater  degree  of  elegance  feems  not  to  be  needful  1  it 
being  evident  from  the  feveral  large  broad  headed  nails  which 
have  boen  drove  into  it,  and  are  now  remaining,  as  alfo  from 
fome  filaments  of  gold  adhering  to  them,  that  this  chell:  was 
either  covered  with  carpeting  of  cloth  of  gold,  or  other  like 
rich  fluff.”  A  monument  and  farcophagus  of  the  fame  perfon 
in  one  church  is  rather-fingular,  nor  could  the  idea  of  a  fared- 
phagus  of  Sebert  be  annexed  to  that  of  an  altar,  fince  none  but 
the  bodies  of  faints  were  ever  permitted  to  be  enclofed  in  fo 
facred  a  repofitory  [Aj.  Nothing  can  be  more  unlike  the  de- 
feription  of  an  altar,  than  is  this  of  the  cheft.  Both  Altar  ia^ 
and  Arte  were  exp  refs  ly  obliged  to  be  made  of  ftone.  Durant  de 

\h]  Sir  Jofeph  terms  it  Sebert’s  fhrine ;  but  as  it  is  apprehended,  not  witlv 
accuracy  ;  fhrine's  being  for  the  reliques  of  faints,  to  which  honour  king  Se- 
bert  never  attained.  Old  Mailer  Weever  more  properly  ftyles  it  a  tomb. 

ritibus.,, 


Mr.  Denne  on  the  Stone  Seats 


S'S 

ritihus ,  fays,  that  from  the  fir  ft  eftablifhment  of  Chriftianity 
under  Conftantine,  they  were  never  made  of  wood  [/]  ;  and 
mafs  was  forbidden  to  be  faid  but  upon  (tone,  though  but  fuf- 
ficiently  large  for  the  foot  of  the  chalice  to  reft  upon;  fo  parti¬ 
cular  were  they,  that  a  fmall  confecrated  ftone,  or  fuper-altare , 
was  carried  (to  ufe  the  words  of  Fox)  by  popifh  priefts,  when 
they  went  mailing  to  gentlemen’s  houfes.  At  the  fame  time 
this  altar  muft  be  open  at  the  ends,  not  encumbered,  as  are 
thofe  of  this  cheft,  or  feat,  and  be  covered  with  three  linen 
cloths  (one  of  which  is  to  be  fufficiently  long  to  nearly  touch 
the  ground  on  each  fide),  and  not  with  nails  and  carpeting,  far 
more  adapted  for  making  cufhions  for  the  purpofe  of  fitting 
upon.  Every  rubrick  and  writer  I  have  read  on  this  fubjedt 
fay  fo  much,  nor  is  it  neceflary  to  load  this  account  with  cita¬ 
tions,  as  you  muft  be  in  poffefiion  of  at  leaft  as  many  books 
for  the  purpofe  as  myfelf. 

“  Befides,  confidering  the  impropriety  of  the  fituation  qf 
the  thing  itfelf  near  the  high  altar,  no  other  ever  being  placed 
in  the  choir,  and  its  far  greater  fimilitude  to  feats  for  a  pried:, 
deacon,  fubdeacon,  and  one  ceretncniarhis  (mailer  of  the  cere¬ 
monies),  whofe  office  in  long  fer vices  was  not  much  unlike 
that  of  a  prompter  :  from  what  1  have  faid,  and  Sir  Jofeph’s 
whole  defcription,  as  well  as  from  a  view  of  the  thing  itfelf, 
1  muft  fay  it  ever  ft  ruck  me,  as  the  officiant’s  feat,  almoft  ever 
larger,  and  fitted  for  more  perfons,  in  churches  extra- parochial. 

[*']  And  yet,  according  to  Erafmus’s  defcription,  what  was  commonly  called 
the  altar  of  the  martyrdom  of  St.  Thomas  in  Canterbury  cathedral  “  was 
•built  of  wood”  and  was  fmall  and  remarkable  on  no  other  refpedt,  but  as  it 
was  a  monument  of  antiquity  upbraiding  the  luxury  of  the  times,. 

Somner’s  Antiquities,  p.  92. 

Nor 


2 


in  the  Chancels  of  Churches.  '  ^rg 

Nor  can  I  help  concluding  it  to  be  nothing  elfe.  The  tomb  of  Se- 
bert  is  immediately  under  it  [i],  and  behind  the  verger’s  bench, 
ferving  them  as  a  fhelf  for  their  books  and  papers.  It  is  of 
Jlone  in  a  different  take,  and  likely  of  a  fomevvhat  earlier  erec¬ 
tion,  probably  built  at  the  fame  time,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IIL 
as  the  wall  in  which  it  is  fituated  -3  while  the  feat  above  it 
appears  to  have  been  the  work  of  Richard  de  Ware,  who 
erefled  the  Confeffor’s  fhrine,  the  fine  pavement  to  the  altar, 
and  the  monument  of  that  king,  each  in  mofaic,  and  executed 
by  the  fame  Italian  artift.  I  am  not  in  pofifeflion  of  any  one  ac¬ 
count  of  this  divine  church,  or  poffibly  by  comparing  dates,  &c. 
it  would  be  no  difficult  matter  to  ffiew  that  the  monument  be¬ 
low,  affigned  to  Sebert,  and  the  feat  above  were  eredted  at  different 
periods  ;  they  face  different  ways,  the  lower  one  to  the  fouth, 
the  feat  to  the  north,  and  open  to  the  choir,  adjoining  to  the 
altar,  and  in  the  very  place  of  the  triple  feats  of  other  churches  ; 
nor  can  it  be  doubted  that  this  fo  amply  endowed,  and  the 
darling  of  fo  many  of  our  pious  kings,  ffiould  be  wanting  in 
any  thing  conducing  to  the  increafe  of  folemnity. 

“  One  thing  remains  againft  me;  this  is  the  height  of  the 
feat  from  the  pavement ;  but  I  fancy  it  will  be  as  eafily  got 
over,  as  the  prieft  and  his  affieffors  could  mount  one  or  two 
Reps  of  wood  placed  before  it  for  that  purpofe  ;  and  this  height 
added  to  the  extreme  richnefs  of  the  canopies,  habits,  and  de¬ 
corations,  muft  have  greatly  encreafed  the  fublimity  of  the 
whole  appearance. 

H]  If  the  tomb  of  Sebert  is  beneath  the  fuppofed  feats,  there  is  no  ground 
for  my  fuggeftion  that  the  hand  of  the  figure,  probably  deligned  for  that  king, 
is  pointing  towards  the  repofitory  of  his  bones. 


“  Mr. 


^20  Mr,  Denne  on  the  Stone  Seats 

a  Mr.  Wells’s  objection,  inferted  in  the  Gentleman’s  Magazine, 
was  the  feats  having  been  ereded  for  the  life  of  vifitors  ;  but  I 
ever  underftood  you  it  was  your  opinion  they  were  for  the  ac¬ 
commodation  of  the  confecrating  bifhop  :  and  when  I  afked 
you  cnee  your  reafon  ;  1  recoiled  you  defired  me  to  wait  for 
the  publication  of  the  number  in  which  they  were  to  appear. 

“  In  the  church  at  Northfleet  are  the  remains  of  the  lower 
part  of  what,  from  the  marks  on  the  fouth  wall  of  the  great 
chancel,  was  a  very  elegant  triple  feat  ;  while  in  the  lame 
church,  at  the  eaft  end  pf  the  fouth  aile,  is  another  feat  of  this 
kind,  quite  perfed,  and  which- appears  to  have  belonged  to  a 
richly  endowed  chantry,  the  lead  hint  of  which  has  hitherto 
efcaped  my  mod  diligent  learch.  Neither  vifiting  nor  confe- 
cration[/]  could  require  two  fuch  feats  in  the  fame  church; 
while  high  mafs  was  fung  at  feveral  altars ;  and,  I  prefume, 
t-hefe  feats  were  wholly  for  the  celebrants  in  that  church,  and 
in  fome  manner  conclude  their  intentions  were  the  fame  in 
every  other.  Coinciding  with  this  idea,  and  (hewing  the  ufes 
of  from  one  to  five  feats,  are  the  contents  of  a  letter  I  received 
from  the  Rev.  Gerard  Robinfon,  a  clergyman  of  the  other 
church,  to  whom  I  applied  on  this  occafion  ;  a  copy  of  which 
I  take  the  liberty  of  inclofing. 

a  If  I  thought  it  would  not  be  impertinent,  and,  indeed,  if 
I  had  leifure  from  fome  troublefome  private  concerns,  which 
have  greatly  kept  back  this ;  I  could  deferibe  a  beautiful  feat  of 
five  compartments,  which  1  faw  behind  the  very  fine  high  al- 

[/]  The  rite  of  confecration  muft  have  been  performed  before  mafs  could 
have  been  faid  by  a  piieft  at  the  altar  of  a  chantry  chapel.  And  in  general  the 
ftipendiary  allowance  for  chantries  was  to  the  prieft  alone. 

7  tar 


in  the  Chancels  of  Churches . 

tar  of  the  abbey  church  of  St.  Bertin  at  St.  OmeV’s,  removed, 
as  I  apprehend,  when  the  Gothic  work  for  about  eight  feet 
long  by  three  high  of  gold  was  furrounded  by  the  prefent  em- 
bellifhments,  in  the  grotefque  tafte  which  feems  to  prevail  every 
where  in  thofe  parts,  and  was  the  manner,  when  the  Cal- 
viniftic  troubles  ceafed  in  Flanders,  and  gave  men  time  to  look 
about  them.  Three  chairs  are  introduced  in  the  room  of  this 
feat  ;  as  in  mod;  churches  I  faw.  Alfo  a  large  Gothic  crucifix, 
larger  than  life  in  the  rood-loft  in  the  fame  church,  which, 
with  the  fhrine  of  St.  Bertin,  expofed  in  the  odtave,  the  fan&ity 
of  whofe  countenance  I,  cannot  forget,  {truck  me  as  the 
greatefl  curiofities  I  had  ever  feen. 


“  I  am,  Sir, 


4i  Your  mod:  obliged  humble  fervant, 


“  CHARLES  CLARKE. 

“  Gravefend ,  Dec.  10,  1790.” 

T  t  Copy 


Vol.  X. 


322 


Mr,  Denne  on  the  Stone  Seats 


Copy  of  the  Rev,  Gerard  Robinfon’s  Letter,  mentioned  hy 

"  Mr,  Clarke, 


“  Dear  Sir, 

«  I  WAS  in  the  country  when  your  letter  was  left  at  my 
houfe  ;  otherwife  you  fhould  have  had  an  anfwer  by  the  return 
of  the  poft. 

The  many  unavoidable  avocations  I  have  conftantly  on 
my  hands,  befides  a  tremor  in  my  hand,  which  often  dis¬ 
qualifies  me  even  from  writing  my  own  name,  I  fear  muft 
render  my  anfwer  much  Ihorter,  and  more  unfatisfaClory,  than 
you  or  I  could  wi(h.  Your  explanation  of  the  three  feats  near 
where  the  high  altar  was  formerly  placed,  I  believe  to  be  per¬ 
fectly  true.  The  objection  of  your  learned  friend,  that  in 
other  •  churches  there  are  found  fometimes  two,  fometimes 
four  feats,  does  not  invalidate  your  opinion.  The  practice  at 
this  very  time  in  France,  Spain,  and  other  countries,  profef- 
fng  the  former  religion  of  this  ifland,  fufficiently  proves  what 
I  fay.  In  fome  chapels,  in  confequence  of  the  flender  founda¬ 
tion,  the  prieft  at  high  mafs  performed  the  part  of  celebrant 
and  deacon.  The  choir  fupplied  the  part  of  fubdeacon.  It 
is  therefore  natural  that  in  fuch  a  church  there  fhould  only  be 
one  feat ;  in  other  churches  better  endowed,  befides  the  cele¬ 
brant, 


in  the  Chancels  of  Churches,  323 

brant,  one  performed  the  part  of  deacon  and  fubdeacon.  In 
fuch  churches  there  were  two  feats.  Befides,  though  com¬ 
monly  at  high  mafs  there  are  three,  viz.  celebrant,  deacon, 
and  fubdeacon,  in  fome  churches,  efpecially  on  fome  very  fo- 
lemn  days,  there  are  alfo  one  or  two  mailers  of  ceremonies 
almoft  in  the  fame  drefs  and  ornaments  with  the  celebrant, 
and  with  their  white  wands  dire&ing  the  officiating  pried  and 
his  minifters.  Thefe  were  alfo  fixed  011  temporary  feats  for 
them.  What  I  here  relate,  I  have  feen  performed  in  France, 
Spain,  and  elfewhere. 

46  The  biffiops  always  had  a  private  chapel,  where  they  per¬ 
formed  their  private  devotions.  But  when  they  adled  as  bi¬ 
ffiops,  either  in  faying  pontifical  mafs,  or  in  performing  any 
pontifical  duty,  the  above  feats  were  for  them  and  their  af- 
fiflants. 

“  Exedra  has  different  fignifications.  Formerly  the  biffiops 
preached  (landing  on  the  (leps  of  the  altar  ;  they  were  there¬ 
fore  called  exedra.  Sometimes  exedra  means  the  reading  de(k, 
or  pulpit. 

“  Zozimus  and  Socrates  (the  hiflorians)  inform  us,  that  St. 
Chryfoflom  preached  from  the  ambo,  for  the  greater  conve- 
niency  of  the  people  ;  St.  Auftin  alfo  tells  us,  that  for  the 
fame  reafon  he  preached  from  the  exedra ,  or  abfs ,  of  the 
church.  Exedra  alfo  meant  a  place  out  of  the  church  ;  I  be¬ 
lieve  the  .portico,  where  the  marriage  ceremonies  were  per¬ 
formed  (for  before  the  eleventh  or  twelfth  century  they  were 
performed  in  the  church)  ;  and  where  alfo  the  penitents  per¬ 
formed  the  firfl  (lage  of  their  canonical  penance. 

T  t  2 


“  The 


324  Mr,  Denne  on  the  Stone  Seats ,  &c. 

“  The  authors  I  recommend  to  }7ou  on  the  Liturgies  are 
Monf.  le  Brun,  4  vols.  4?o,  and  Monf.  Renodaut,  2  vols*  4to. 


“  I  am,  &c. 


“  8  id,  Juniiy  1788.”* 


“  G.  R. 


XX  XL 


(  32  5  ) 


XXXI.  Account  of  Antiquities  difcovered  at  Bath  1790* 
By  Sir  Henry  Charles  Englefield,  Bart .  F>  R .  A .  5. 

Read  March  3,  1791* 

HAVING  vifited  the  remains  of  Roman  antiquity  lately 
difcovered  at  Bath,  I  beg  leave  to  prefent  to  the  Society 
the  following  account  of  them. 

The  remains  in  queftion  were  brought  to  light  by  digging  the 
foundation  of  a  new  pump  room  and  baths  between  the  prefent 
pump  room  and  Stall-flreet.  The  ground  opened,  confifted 
almoft  entirely  of  the  fragments  of  ruined  buildings,  and 
amongfl:  thefe  were  the  ornamented  Rones  now  preferved  for 
the  infpeftion  of  the  curious.  They  are  in  number  between 
50  and  60,  and  confill  of  parts  of  an  ornamented  cornice  ;  a 
Corinthian  capital ;  feveral  pieces  of  the  (haft  of  a  column  or 
columns  of  a  diameter  anfwering  to  the  capital ;  a  bafe  of  the 
fame  order  ;  pieces  of  pilafters  probably  belonging  to  the  fame 
building  with  the  columns ;  the  greater  part  of  the  ftones 
which  formed  the  tympanum  of  the  pediment,  and  which  were 
adorned  with  fculpture  ;  parts  of  an  infeription  which  probably 
ran  along  the  front  wall  of  the  building  on  a  frieze, 

ENMAVETVSTA . 

in  very  {harp  well  formed  letters,  much  better  than  thofe 
which  appear  in  inferiptions  commonly  found  in  Britain,  im¬ 
porting  that  it  had  been  decayed  by  age  :  and  pieces  of  bas  re¬ 
liefs  which  feem  to  have  ornamented  the  walls  of  it.  Betides- 
thefe,  are  two  bafes  with  parts  of  the  {hafts  of  fmaller  co¬ 
lumns. 


2  26  Account  of  Antiquities 

lumns,  and  a  part  of  the  tympanum  of  a  pediment,  fmaller 
than  that  before  mentioned.  An  altar  with  the  following  in- 
fcription  : 

DEAE  SVLLEVAE 
PRO  SALVTE  ET 
1NCOLVMITATE 
MARC  .  AVFIDII 
MAXIMI  .  LEG 
Vi  VIC  . 
v  AVFIDIVS 

TVC . V.S.L.P. 

V  .  S  -  L.  M  . 

and  feveral  fragments  of  fculls  of  different  animals,  with  parts 
of  horns,  and  earth  which  feemed  mixed  with  afhes. 

At  about  twelve  feet  below  the  level  of  the  prefent  ftreet, 
the  workmen  difcovered  a  pavement  of  large  ftones,  with  fteps 
fronting  the  Eaft.  Of  this  pavement,  enough  was  not  laid  open 
to  difcover  the  form  or  lize  of  the  building  to  which  it  be¬ 
longed.  It  appeared  to  extend  under  Stall-flreet.  On  it  the 
foundation  of  the  prefent  new  buildings  is  laid  ;  and  it  will  of 
courfe  be  for  a  long  time  covered  from  future  inveffigation. 

The  remains  however  ft  ill  acceflible,  and  of  which  the  cor¬ 
poration  of  the  city  of  Bath  take  a  laudable  care,  may  lead 
to  a  probable  guefs  at  the  deflination,  fize,  and  proportion  of 
the  building,  to  which  they  belonged.  This  probably  was  a 
temple  of  the  Corinthian  order,  dedicated  to  the  deities  who 
prelided  over  the  fprings  of  Bath  ;  and  which  an  altar  formerly 
dug  up  here,  tells  us  were  Apollo  and  Minerva.  The  orna¬ 
ments  in  the  pediment  of  the  temple  feem  to  refer  to  the  latter 
divinity  ;  while  the  fine  bronze  head  formerly  dug  up  near  this 
5  fpoB 


difcovercd  at  Bath,  327 

fpot,  and  now  preferved  in  the  town- hall  feems  evidently  to 
have  belonged  to  a  ffatue  of  the  former. 

The  ffyle  of  the  different  parts  of  this  building,  the  high 
pitch  of  its  pediment,  and  the  irregular  ordonnance  of  the  cor¬ 
nice,  feem  to  refer  the  aera  of  its  erection  to  a  period  when  ar- 
chite&me  had  very  conliderably  funk  from  the  elegance  of  the 
befl  Roman  times  ;  and  the  inaccurate  execution  of  the  orna¬ 
ments,  particularly  of  the  fragments  of  human  figures  ;  indicate 
that  the  (kill  of  the  workmen  was  ffill  inferior  to  that  of  the 
architect. 

The  remains  now  brought  to  light,  though  they  enable  us 
to  determine  with  tolerable  precifion  the  extent  of  the  front  of 
the  temple,  and  to  guels  pretty  nearly  at  its  height,  yet  afford 
110  light  as  to  the  ordonnance  of  the  front,  or  extent  of  the 
temple  in  length.  In  defcribing  the  drawings  which  accom¬ 
pany  this  account,  t  (hall  therefore  ffate  minutely  the  author 
rities  extant  for  each  part;  and  the  parts  which  I  have  fupplied 
from  analogy  to  the  general  known  proportions  of  architecture. 

PI.  XXX.  is  an  elevation  of  the  fuppofed  front  of  the  temple 
to  a  fcale  of  five  feet  to  an  inch.  The  extent  of  the  front 
was  determined  by  meafuring  the  angle  of  elevation  of  the 
pediment,  one  ftone  of  the  cornice  of  which  at  its  rife  from  the 
horizontal  line  yet  remains.  This  angle  is  further  ascertained 
by  the  vertical  angle  of  the  pediment  given  by  the  upper  ffone 
of  the  tympanum,  which  correfponds  as  nearly  with  the  other, 
as  meafures  taken  on  worn  Rones  can  be  fuppofed  to  do.  The 
height  of  the  tympanum  is  given  by  three  ffones  on  which  the 
great  patera  in  the  centre  is  cut,  and  below  which  there  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  another  courfe  of  ffones.  The  height 
being  thus  ascertained,  the  horizontal  line  is  of  courfe  deter¬ 
mined.  The  altitude  of  the  tympanum  was  meafured  8  feet 

4  inches.  . 


328  Account  of  Antiquities 

4  inches.  Hence  the  extent  of  the  tympanum  is  24  feet  2  in¬ 
ches.  Suppofmg  therefore,  that  beneath  the  prefent  remains 
of  the  cornice  another  moulding  exifted,  in  order  to  bring  the 
whole  fomething  near  the  ulual  proportion  of  the  Corinthian 
cornice;  and  giving  to  the  columns  their  diminution,  as  found 
by  the  remains  extant,  the  extent  of  the  front  of  the  temple 
above  the  bafes  of  the  columns,  was  26  feet  5  inches. 

As  of  the  frize  and  architrave  not  one  morfel  has  been 
found,  the  whole  of  that  part  is  fupplied  from  the  ufual  rules 
of  the  order.  The  capital,  which  as  far  as  can  be  judged  from 
its  remains,  was  better  wrought  and  defigned  than  any  other 
part  of  the  building,  appears  to  have  been  about  34  inches  high, 
and  26  inches  and  half  in  diameter  at  its  jun&ion  with  the  lhaft. 
This  therefore  is  taken  as  the  upper  diameter  of  the  column. 
Its  diameter  juft  above  the  bafe,  as  near  as  I  could  meafure  it 
is  35  inches.  This  diminution  is  confiderably  greater  than  is 
ufual  in  this  order.  For  the  height  of  the  (haft  no  authority 
remains  ;  1  have  therefore  taken  it  at  ten  diameters  as  is  ulual  in 
this  order. 

The  whole  height  of  the  building,  on  this  fuppolition,  is 
43  feet,  7  inches,  to  the  point  of  the  pediment.  It  is,  how¬ 
ever,  obvious  that  this  meafure  is  fubjedt  to  greater  uncertainty 
than  that  of  the  extent. 

For  the  intercolumniation  no  authority  whatever  remains. 
I  therefore  have  adopted  that  which  feemed  moft  graceful; 
lomething  like  what  is  called  by  Vitruvius  Euftyle,  though 
with  the  intercolumniations  lefs  wide  ;  leaving  as  much  fpace 
for  the  central  opening  as  pofhble.  As  only  one  capital  and 
one  bafe  has  yet  been  difeovered,  it  £1  ill  remains  uncertain 
whether  or  not  the  temple  was  as  I  have  drawn  it  Tetraftyle, 

or 


dif covered  at  Bath.  J29 

or  with  two  columns  and  Antae,  as  Vitruvius  recommends  for 
thofe  temples  whofe  front  is  fmall.  Nothing,  however,  yet 
difcovered  countenances  the  latter  fuppofition,  as  the  portions 
of  pilafters  found  were  evidently  belonging  to  a  continued 
wall. 

The  columns  were  fluted;  but  how  many  flutes  they  con¬ 
tained  it  is  not  eafy  to  afcertain  ;  it  feems  however  that  there 
were  twenty-feven  or  twenty-eight,  which  exceeds  the  ufual 
number  of  the  order,  twenty-four.  The  flutes  were  cabled  to 
a  certain  height;  but  how  high  cannot  be  ascertained. 

On  one  fide  of  the  lower  part  of  the  (haft  of  the  column  is 
cut  a  broad  and  deep  groove.  This  feems  to  have  been  for  the 
infertion  of  a  (lone  partition,  either  folid,  fuch  as  Vitruvius 
defcribes,  or  open,  fuch  as  appears  in  many  bas-reliefs  of 
Temples.  The  ufe  of  this  might  be  either  to  keep  the  crowd 
out  of  the  portico,  or  to  prevent  its  being  defiled  by  unclean 
animals. 

The  moft  fingular  part  of  this  building  is  the  extreme  ele¬ 
vation  of  the  pediment  ;  and  this  is  fo  well  afcertained,  as  to 
leave  no  doubt  about  it.  No  antient  building,  as  yet  difcovered, 
has  a  pediment  of  fo  acute  a  pitch  as  this  ;  though  in  fmaller 
works,  and  on  medals,  fuch  are  not  uncommon.  Whether 
this  deviation  from  the  antient  rule  arofe  from  ignorance  of  the 
architect,  or  an  attention  to  the  climate,  which  demands  a 
fharp  roof  to  refcue  buildings  from  fnow  ;  the  effect  is  extreme¬ 
ly  ungraceful  and  auk  ward. 

PI.  XXXI.  contains  fome  of  the  ornaments  on  a  larger  fcale, 
a  tenth  of  the  real  fize.  The  firil  figure  is  an  elevation 
of  the  cornice,  which  is  not  of  an  ungraceful  profile.  It  dif¬ 
fers  moft  eflentially  from  the  cornice  of  the  Corinthian  Order 
by  its  want  of  modillions,  inftead  of  which  the  corona  is  hoi- 
Vol.  X.  U  u  lowed 


2  op  Account  of  Antiquities 

lowed  and  enriched  in  its  foffir,  as  is  exprefled  in  Fig.  2.  The 
omiffion  of  the  modillions  extremely  reduces  the  height  of  the 
cornice.  It  is  evident  that  the  lower  moulding  of  the  cornice 
is  wanting,  and  probably  the  lower  part  of  the  dentils  alfo  ;  as 
otherwife  they  mud  have  been  of  a  very  bad  form.  They 
however  are  fo  carelefsly  executed,  the  intervals  between  them! 
being  only  chamfered  down  (as  the  fhade  in  the  drawing  ex- 
prefles),  and  fo  ill  defigned,  being  much  lefs  than  the  fpaces- 
between  them,  which  is  equally  ugly  and  contrary  to  rule  ; 
that  it  is  hard  to  fay  whether  they  were  originally  deeper  or 
not.  The  Ovolo  above  them  is  alfo  very  ill  defigned,  being 
broad  and  flat.  The  ornaments  of  the  Soffit  and  thofe  of  the 
Cima  Re£fa  are  rather  better,  but  of  coarfe  work.  The  orna¬ 
ments  of  the  Soffit  are  very  irregular.  Two  of  the  patterns  are 
given  in  Fig.  2,  feparated  by  the  fuppofed  break  in  the  ftone. 

Fig.  3,  is  a  perfpe&ive  view  of  the  cornice,  to  fliew  fomething 
of  its  effect  when  viewed  from  below,  which  is  rather  pleafing 
than  otherwife. 

Fig.  4.  Is  a  fpecimen  of  the  fluting  of  the  column,  with  the 
concave  termination  of  the  cabling  ;  to  the  fame  lcale  as  the 
former. 

Fig.  5.  Is  the  capital  of  one  of  the  pilaflers,  with  the  conti¬ 
nuation  of  the  ftone  ;  on  which  the  infeription  was  cut.  This 
feems  to  determine  the  pilaflers  to  have  been  inferred  in  a  wall  ; 
probably  the  front  wall  of  the  temple  :  the  infeription  ran  in 
two  lines  clofe  under  the  architrave  fupported  by  thefe  pilaf- 
ters  ;  an  unufual  pofition  for  inferiptions  of  this  kind.  The 
letters  are  of  molt  beautiful  form,  and  cut  with  great  elegance. 
The  narrownefs  pf  the  pilaflers,  though  contrary  to  our  pre- 
fent  practice,  is  ufual  in  the  antique  in  the  befl  times.  It  is 
however  poflible  that  thefe  pilaflers  may  have  ferved  to  orna¬ 
ment 


d if  covered  at  Bath,  33 1 ' 

•tnent  the  door-cafe;  but  this  is  mere  conjecture.  1  mud  add, 
that  the  diameter  and  flutes  of  the  pilaflers  were  meafured  ;  but 
the  length  of  the  cabling  and  proportion  of  the  Cima  Inver  fa 
were  forgot,  and  fupplied  by  memory.  They  are,  however, 
Very  near  the  truth. 

The  capital,  I  have  (aid  before,  though  of  good  flyle,  had 
nothing  different  from  the  ufual  form  ;  I  mud  here  add,  that 
the  bafe  is  Attick  ;  but  of  fo  very  bad  a  defign,  that  it  was  quite 
difgufling  to  put  it  on  paper ;  it  was  alfo  fo  much  damaged  as 
to  make  accurate  meafures  very  difficult,  had  the  fubject  been 
deferving  of  them. 

To  the  front  wall  of  the  temple,  I  fhould  fuppofe,  mud  have 
belonged  fome  fragments  of  boys  in  alt  relief,  which  feem  to 
have  fupported  garlands.  Thefe  I  had  not  time,  perhaps  not 
ability,  to  draw.  They  appeared  to  have  been  of  a  dyle  of 
workmanfhip  very  fuperior  to  that  of  the  other  parts  of  the 
building. 

PI.  XXXII.  exhibits,  on  a  fcale  of  three  quarters  of  an  inch 
to  a  foot,  the  central  ornament  of  the  tympanum  of  the 
temple,  every  part  of  which  was  meafured  on  the  Ipot,  and  all 
the  ornaments  faithfully  drawn  there,  except  the  head  in  the 
centre,  into  the  eyes  of  which,  I  fear,  I  have  put  a  degree  of 
expreffion  which  the  original  wants.  The  difpofition  of  the 
beard,  which  is  the  mod  curious  part  of  the  head,  I  can  how¬ 
ever  anfwer  for.  It  has  been  carved  on  four  dones,  whofe 
joints  are  faintly  marked  in  the  drawing.  The  top  done  (from 
which  the  vertical  angle  of  the  pediment  was  taken)  is  not 
quite  fo  entire  as  here  reprefented.  The  centre  done  has  the 
outward  circle  broken  off  it  on  the  left  hand  of  the  drawing,  and 
the  bottom  done  to  the  right  is  wanting.  I  thought  it  however 

U  u  2  better 


352  Account  of  Antiquities 

* 

better  to  givre  the  general  effed  of  the  whole  than  mutilate  the 
drawing;  in  which  nothing  appears  without  authority.  The 
ornament  itfelf  admits  of  many  conjedures.  Some  have 
thought  it  the  .fiEgis  of  Minerva,  but  the  Gorgon’s  head  in  that 
ftiield  is  I  believe  invariably  female.  A  gentleman  whole 
knowledge  in  antiquity  is  unrivalled,  called  it  a  patera  with  the 
head  of  the  Sun  in  the  centre;  and  informed  me,  that  on  many 
medals  of  temples  a  large  patera  of  this  fort  fills  the  tympanum, . 
The  head  of  the  Sun,  or  rather  of  the  great  creating  and  de- 
ftroying  power,  is  often  found  with  the  ferpents  and  wings,  - 
and  the  beard. 

This  patera  was  fupported  on  the  right  hand  by  a  female 
figure,  whofe  left  hand  fUU  appears  on  the  rim,  and  the  right 
arm,  with  a  bracelet  on  the  wrift,  remains  above.  The  head 
and  body  of  this  figure  is  quite  loft  ;  but  the  legs  remain  on 
another  ftone,  and  drew  that  the  figure  was  in  a  flying  pofture, 
with  one  foot  touching  a  celeftial  fphere.  Near  this  there  re- 
mains  a  very  (mail  part  of  a  Triton,  or  figure  ending  in  a  fifb. 

The  patera  being  defaced  on  the  left  fide,  it  is  not  certain  that 
a  flying  figure  fupported  it  on  that  fide;  but  betides  the  proba¬ 
bility  from  fvmmetry,  a-  part  of  a  female  figure  remains,  which 
evidently  was  in  the  fame  pofition  as  the  other,  and  looks 
towards  it. 

The  helmet  on  the  low’er  ftone  never  has  had  any  thing  near 
it,  but  appears  as  a  lingle  ornament  rather  oddly  placed,  as  does 
the  owl  on  the  right  hand.  The  little  ftar  above  the  patera 
appears  very  commonly  among  the  folar  emblems..  The 
wreaths  of  foliage  round  the  patera  feem  both  of  them  to  be 
oak,  as  the  acorns  are  in  both  very  dtfiincfly  marked.  The 
form  of  the  leaves,  however,  in  the  outer  circle  approaches 
much  nearer  to  the  olive,  being  long,  narrow,  and  fhghtly 

indented* 


dlfcovsrcd  at  Bath.  333 

indented.  The  execution  of  the  whole  is  very  indifferent ;  but 
the  head  is  as  bad  as  poflible,  flat,  hard,  and  without  tafte  or 
expreffion. 

The  bafes  and  part  of  the  (hafts  of  fome  fmaller  columns 
were  alfo  difcovered.  The  diameter  of  thefe  was  fifteen  inches, 
and  they  were  not  fluted.  A  done  alfo  was  dug  up,  which 
feemed  to  have  formed  the  vertical  angle  of  a  fmaller  pediment, 
and  which  was  of  a  pitch  rather  lower  than  that  of  the  temple; 
but  not  much:  on  it  was  carved,  in  very  high  relief,  an  head 
ornamented  with  the  hair  brought  forward  from  behind,  and 
tied  in  a  very  large  knot  on  the  top  of  the  head.  This  head 
and  (boulders  iflue  cut  of  a  crefcent.  On  the  fame  (lone  is  a  1 
fragment  of  fculpture,  which  appears  like  a  whip  with  a  long 
hhh  of  thong.  How  far  this  may  be  fuppofed  to  relate  to  * 
Diana,  1  will  not  pretend  to  determine.  It  is  equally  import!-  - 
ble  to  fay  whether  thefe  columns  might  have  formed  part  of 
the  interior  decoration  of  the  temple,  or  might  have  been  a 
facellum  adjoining  to,  and  dependent  on,  the  principal  edifice. 
Such  chapels  appear  in  the  court  of  the  temple  of  Ifis  at 
Pompeii. 

The  foregoing  observations  are  fiich  as  occurred  to  me  during 
a  .(lav  of  three  days  which  I  made  at  Bath;  and  would  have 
been  before  now  prefen  ted  to  the  Society,  had  I  not  been  in  ;- 
hopes  of  receiving  fome  farther  particulars  from  Mr.  Baldwin,  . 
the  architect  to  the  city  of  Bath  ;  who  having  been  on  the  fpot 
mu  ft  have  feen  more  than  any  flranger  could  fee.  1  have  iince 
been  informed,  that  he  means  to  publifti  an  exadl  account  of 
thefe  difcoveries,  and  what  farther  intended  excavations  may 
bring  to  light.  This  imperfect  account  will  not,  I  hope,  be 
confidered  as  an  encroachment  on  his  plan  ;  but  rather  as  an 
announce  to  the  Society  how  well  worthy  their  attention  Mr. 
Baldwin’s  full  and  accurate  defcription  will  certainly  prove. 

.  XXXII. 


[  334  ] 


% 


XXXII.  Conjectures ,  with  Remarks  on  fame  of  the 
Portraits  tn  the  Window  in  Brereton  Church ,  ex¬ 
hibited  in  Archcsolcgia,  VoL  IX.  Plate  XXIII, 
By  the  Rev .  Samuel  Denne,  F,  A.  S, 

Read  March  io,  1791. 


IT  has  been  obferved  concerning  this  curious  window,  that 
there  was  home  difficulty  in  afcertaining  which  of  the  figures 
might  be  intended  for  Becket.  But  as  the  central  portrait  in 
the  upper  compartment  is  alone  ornamented  with  a  mitre,  it  is, 
I  think,  juftly  remarked  at  p.  368,  of  the  IXth  Volume  of 
Archreologia,  that  it  was  probably  defigned  for  the  primate. 
The  wrords  under  the  lower  middle  figure  might  occafion  a 

O  O 

doubt,  it  being  drawn  in  a  military  habiliment,  and  not  differ¬ 
ing  in  the  leaf!:  from  the  figures  in  the  fide  pannels  declared  to 
be  thofe  of  the  murderers  of  the  archbifhop.  However,  as  I 
imagine,  Martim  Thonue  fignifies,  in  general,  that  the  martyr¬ 
dom  of  Thomas  is  the  fubjedl  of  this  relick  of  antiquity, 
which  obvioufly  exhibits  perfons  rather  than  things.  For  not  a 
fingle  trait  of  the  murderous  a£t  is  difplayed  ;  and  without  the 
infcriptions  it  might  long  have  remained  uncertain  to  what 
hiftorical  occurrence  this  coloured  glafs  alluded  jyz  j. 

The 

[a]  In  a  window  in  the  library  of  Trinity  College  in  Oxford,  is  a  figure 
with  a  mitre  and  crofier,  and  the  point  of  a  fword  flicking  in  bis  forehead, ;  from 

which 


Mr,  Denne  on  the  Portraits ,  &c,  335 

The  names  of  the  four  aflaffins  are  annexed  to  four  of  the 
figures  [<£].  The  central  portrait,  which  is  anonymous,  I  am 
for  attributing  to  king  Henry  the  Second.  And  to  the  fuperior 
judgment  of  my  brethren  of  the  Society  I  fubmit  the  ground 
upon  which  I  formed  this  notion,  as  well  as  a  reafon  why  the 
artift  might  not  conceive  it  requifite  to  be  more  explicit. 

Becket,  as  Fitzftephen  relates,  ufed  an  expreffion  which 
implied  a  confident  afiurance  that  the  knights  had  an  order  from 
the  king  to  take  away  his  life  ;  the  word  command  in  the  pa  fi¬ 
fing  e  referred  to  being  hardly  capable  of  any  other  conflruc- 
tion  [c].  The  king  of  France,  and  the  archbilhop  of  Sens, 
Backet’s  firm  friend,  in  their  letters  to  the  Pope,  prompted  him 
with  earneftnefis  to  avenge  the  blood  of  the  afi'aflinated  primate 
upon  Henry,  termed  by  the  archbifhop  another  Plerod,  who 
fient  his  executioners  to  pepetrate  the  crime  [*/].  And  though 

which  circumftance  Mr.  Huddesford  fuppofed  it  to  reprefent  Becket.  Collec¬ 
tion  of  the  Wills  of  Kings  and  Queens  of  England,  See.  p.  70,  note  a.  The 
circumftance  does  not,  however,  feem  to  correfpond  with  the  relation  of  the 
murder  of  Becket.  It  was  only  the  crown  of  his  head  that  was  ftruck  and  fe¬ 
vered,  and  Briton’s  fword  was  broken  by  the  blow  upon  the  pavement.  Corona 
capitis  tota  ei  amputata  eji,  Hift.  Ang.  Script,  a  Sparke,  vita  S.  I  ho.  Cantuar.  a 
W.  Stephan,  p.  87.  - 

[Z>]  The  lines  comprizing  the  names  of  the  four  knights  are  tranfpofed  in 
Brompton’s  Chronicle,  but  are  there  morecorre£My  fpelt.  Willelmus  Traci,  Re- 
ginaldus  films  urfi,  Kicardus  Brito,  necnon  Morvilius  Hugo.  X  Script,  col.  136c. 

[r]  Aliqui  dicentes  ;  captus  es  ;  venies  nobifcum  ;  injedlis  manibus,  cum 
ab  ecclefia  extrahere  volebant ;  ille  refpondens  ;  nunquam  ibo  ;  hie  facietis, 
quod  facere  vultis,  et  quod  vsbis  prccceptum  eft,  Stephan,  p.  87. 

\_d ]  Alter  quidem  Hcrodes,  feme n  Canaan,  et  non  Juda,  progenies  vipera- 
rum,  mifiis  a  fuo  latere  licloribus,  lignum  dominicae  paffionis,  quod  defuper  in 
vertice  gerebat,  nequaquarn  exhorruit  profundis  exarare  vulneribus.  Wilkins 
Concil,  1.  467,  Per  archidiaconum  nobis  fignificavit,  quod  caufam  mortis  ejus 
dederat,  ct  quod  eum  occiderat.  Ibid.  p.  468. 

Pope 


Mr.  Denne  on  the  Portraits 


336 

Pope  Alexander  might  be  at  length  convinced  of  the  king’s 
being  clear  from  all  intentional  guilt  ;  yet,  before  abfolutioti 
could  be  obtained  from  the  legates,  Henry  was  obliged  to  con- 
fefs  his  fuipicious  and  his  fears,  that  from  the  paffion  and  per¬ 
turbation  they  had  feen  in  him,  the  malefadtors  took  occa- 
fion  to  murder  BecketJV].  And  the  king,  considering  his 
exalted  ftation,  iuffered  a  more  levere  and  humiliating  penance 
than  is  laid  to  have  been  inflidbed  upon  the  murderers  themfelves. 

Might  not,  therefore,  an  art-ift  conclude  he  was  fully  war¬ 
ranted  in  placing  the  king’s  portrait  in  the  fame  groupe  with 
them,  though  he  might  doubt  the  prudence  of  exhibiting  him 
without  fome  caution  and  ambiguity  ?  Henry  was  of  the  order 
of  knighthood,  and  the  five  figures  are  delineated  as  knights 
completely  armed,  with  their  fvvords  drawn  and  upheld;  nor, 
.as  already  obferved,  is  there  any  difference  in  their  habits. 

The  relative  pofitions  of  the  figures  merit  alfo  fome  atten¬ 
tion.  The  portrait  in  queftion  muft  have  been  defigned  for  a 
perfon  of  fuperior  rank  to  the  other  figures ;  a  whole  panne), 
the  nich  of  pre-eminence,  being  afligned  to  him,  and  he  being 
fupported,  as  it  were,  by  two  knights  in  each  of  the  collateral 
compartments.  And  (ball  I  be  chargeable  with  an  excels  of  re¬ 
finement,  when  I  fuggeff,  that  the  fcroll  pendent  from  the 
.coat  of  mail  of  the' central  figure  might  be  meant  to  imply  that 
he  was  the  principal  promoter  in  beatifying  St.  Thomas  by 
his  martyrdom  ? 

At  the  time  this  picture  was  drawn,  emblems  more  circum- 
flantial  and  plain  might  be  judged  fuperfluous.  So  powerful 
for  centuries  was  the  afl'oeiation  of  ideas  'nor  is  yet  quite  dif- 
Tolved)  that  on  the  ftory  of  the  martyrdom  of  Becket  being 

[*]  Lor J  Lyttelton's  Hill.  Y.  p.  127,  8vo.  edit. 

either 


in  the  Window  in  Brereton  Church .  037 

either  related  or  difplayed,  Henry  the  Second  would  imme¬ 
diately  occur  to  the  imagination.  And  though  not  a  fymbol 
of  royalty  is  attached  to  this  portrait,  it  would  to  a  fpe&ator 
have  been  as  evident,  that  the  king  was  reprefented,  as  it  is 
to  every  reader  of  a  pafiage  in  Giraldus  Cambrenfis,  that  the 
hiftorian  was  defcribing  the  king,  when,  after  expatiating  on 
the  fudden  and  infamous  end,  as  it  were  by  divine  vengeance, 
of  the  four  moft  cruel  fatellites  of  the  devil,  who  martyred  St. 
Thomas,  he  adds,  but  without  fpecifying  name  or  title,  that 
he  who  was  believed  to  be  the  author  and  devifer  of  the  whole  vil- 
lanous  deed foon  ignominioufy  yielded  up  his  inferable  fpirit  [/'j. 

In  the- page  of  Archaeologia  already  referred  to,  it  is  inad¬ 
vertently  faid  that  Becket  was  (lain  at  the  high  altar.  Lord 
Lyttelton  has  fallen  into  the  fame  miftake;  for  in  his  particular 
detail  of  the  tranfaftion  he  mentions,  “  that  the  knights,  find¬ 
ing  no  obftacle,  rufhed  into  the  choir,  that  Becket  came  down 
the  fteps  of  the  altar  to  meet  them,  on  their  exclaiming  loudly 
where  is  the  archbifhop?  and  that  as  they  were  endeavouring 
to  drag  him  out  of  the  church,  he  clung  fa  ft  to  one  of  the 
pillars  of  the  choir,  where  they  murdered  him  [g].”  From 
what  writer  the  noble  hiftorian  colledled  thefe  circumftances  I 
am  not  aware.  The  authorities  he  cites  are  the  Quadrilogus, 
and  Edward  Grime’s  Life  of  Becket.  But  the  account  of 

[/]  Item,  hoc  quoque  pro  miraculo  habendum  eft  magno ;  quod  quatuor 
illi  Sathanae  fatellitse  cruentiffimi,  cum  toto  fequela  fua  ad  facinus  hoc  perpe- 
trandum,  ficut  et  omnes  fere  martyris  perfecutores  morte  in  brevi  funt  con- 
furnpti  ;  et  plerique  eorum  turpi,  et  tanquam  ultione  divina  fubita  paflione  per- 
culft.  llle  vero  qul  totius  fucinoris  audor  fuijfe  creditur  et  machinator  non  longo  pojl  tem¬ 
pore  miferum  cum  dedecore  fpiritum  exhalavit.  Giraldus  Cambrenfis  de  vitis  fex 
cpifcoporum  coaetaneorum.  Ang.  Sac.  II.  p.  423. 

jj-'J  Hift.  of  Henry  II.  Yol.  IV.  p.  360. 

Vol.X.  '  Xx 


Fitzftephen, 


I 


Mr.  Denne  on  the  Portraits 

Fitzftephen,  who  is  one  of  the  four  writers  in  the  former  com¬ 
pilation,  is  widely  different,  as  mu  ft  be,  as  I  fuppofe,  Grimes’s 
memorials,  becaule  they  were  both  prefent  at  the  fanguinary 
fcene.  And,  according  to  Fitzftephen,  the  archbifhop  had 
afcended  only  four  of  the  fteps  from  the  north-weft  crofs  aile, 
towards  the  choir,  being  going  not  ftri&ly  into  the  choir,  but 
to  an  altar  in  an  adjoining  aile,  where  he  was  wont  to  hear  pri¬ 
vate  m  a  lies  and  the  hours  [£].  There  is,  however^  room  to 
fufpedt  that  fome  of  the  monkifh  hiftorians  might  rather  wifh 
to  have  it  underftood,  that  the  archbifhop  fuffered  martyrdom 
whiift  he  was  at  his  devotions  at  the  high  altar,  in  order  to  ag¬ 
gravate  the  guilt  of  the  aflaffins  ;  it  being  related  .by  them, 
that  after  Becket  had  received  the  fatal  wound  he  dropped  at 
the  altar  [/],  and  when  altar  is  ufed  without  an  epithet  of  dif- 
tin&ion  it  moft  commonly  denotes  the  high  altar.  But  Becket 
was  flain  near  an  altar  dedicated  to  St.  Benedict  [£].  If  fuch 
were  their  view,  the  monks  could  not  avail  themfelves  of  this 
deception,  when  they  fhewed  to  pilgrims  the  chapel  of  the 
martyrdom;  though  the  altar  of  St.  Benedict  feems  to  have 
been  re-confecrated  in  honour  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  that 
they  might  have  an  opportunity  of  affuring  the  votaries  of  St. 
Thomas,  that  it  was  at  her  altar  he  recommended  to  her  pro- 

V  ,  ,  • 

j'/jJ  1  turns  Ed  svarn  fupenus  ubi  lniflas  famihares  et  lioras  folebat  audire* 

jam  quatuor  gradus  afcenderat.  Stephan,  p.  85. 

[  j]  Immolatus  itaque  coram  alturi  letale  vulnus  accepit.  Diceto,  X.  Sript* 

col;  555* 

Quismoritur?  Praeful.  Cur?  Pro  grege.  Qualiter  ?  Enfe. 

Quando?  Natali.  Quis  locus  ?  Ara  Dei.  Bromton,  lb.  col.  1064. 
In  faciem  concidit  fecus  aram,  quae  ibi  erat,  Sanfti  Benedifti.  V* 

Stephan,  p.  87. 

tedion 


in  the  Window  in  B  re  re  ton  Church.  339 

te&ion  his  departing  foul.  Nor  is  it  unlikely  that  the  original 
altar  might  be  prelerved,  it  being  defcribed  by  Erafmus  to  be 
built  of  wood,  fmall  and  remarkable  in  no  other  refpeft,  but 
as  a  monument  of  antiquity,  and  reproaching  the  luxury  of 
his  times  [/]. 

Notwithstanding  the  collateral  figures  in  the  upper  compart¬ 
ment  of  the  window  are  not  appropriated  b/  any  labels ;  Fitz- 
ftephen,  in  my  opinion,  affords  matter  for  a  very  plaufiblc 
furmife  of  the  ptfrfons  exhibited.  In  Archaeologia  they  are 
termed  priefts.  As  it  appears  to  me,  they  are  in  the  habit  of 
monks  ;  and  as  the  figure  on  the  right  of  the  epifcopal  portrait 
holds  a  crofier  in  the  right  hand,  this  marks  him  to  be  defigned 
for  an  abbat  [*#].  But  Fitzftephen  relates,  that  the  aboat  of 
Boxley,  and  the  prior  of  Dover,  for  whom  Becket  had  fent 
that  he  might  confult  with  them  about  the  appointment  of  a 
new  prior  of  Chriftchurch,  attended  the  obfequies  of  Becket, 
and  gave  directions  about  preparing  his  body  for  interment  [«]. 
Who  might  be  the  abbat  of  Boxley  I  have  not  learned  [0];  but 
the  then  prior  of  Dover  was  Richard,  the  fucceffor  of  Becket 

[/]  Illic  oflenditur  altare  ligneum,  divse  virgini  facrum,  et  pufillum,  nec 
ulla  re  vifendum  nifi  monuraento  vetuftatis  luxum  hi  fee  temporibus  expro- 
brante.  Illic  vir  pius  dicitur  extremum  vale  dixiffc  virgini,  cum  mors  immi- 
neret.  Peregrinat.  Religionis  ergo.  Erafm.  Op.  fob  v.  col.  783. 

£/tz]  Bilhops  carried  their  crofiers  in  their  left  hands  ;  but  abbots  carried 
them  in  their  right  hands.  Tanner,  Notit.  Monaft.  Edit.  Nafmith.  Piei.  p.  xvi. 
note  99.  There  was  a  crofier  in  the  right  hand  of  the  corple  ol  the  abbot  not 
long  fince  difeovered  in  Gloucefler  cathedral.  Arcliaeolog.  Vo!.  IX.  PI.  II. 

[«]  Affuit  illi  obfequiis  abbas  Boxlea  et  prior  de  Doura,  vocati  prius  ab  ai- 
chiepifcopo,  quia  eorum  confilio  priorem,  qui  in  Cantuarienfi  non  eiatecclefia, 
ununi  ex  monachis  voluit  facere.  Decreverunt  ipfum  non  eife  lavandum, 

aliter  quam  locus  erat  in  fanguine  fuo.  Stephan,  p.  8g. 

[<?]  Thomas  was  prior  1152,  and  received  the  benedidhon  from  archoilhop 
Theobald,  as  did  John  from  abp.  Richard  1 173.  MS  Coll.  E.  R.  Mores.  R.  G. 

X  x  2  in 


Mr.  Denne  on  the  Portraits 


34° 

in  the  fee  of  Canterbury.  Both  figures  bear  on  the  left  arms 
what  have  the  appearance  of  calkets;  and  fuppofing  them  to  be 
defigned  for  calkets,  will  it  be  deemed  an  over-fanciful  conjec¬ 
ture,  that  the  artift  might  mean  to  imply  the  enclofing  the 
blood  and  brains  of  the  martyred  primate,  which,  writes  Fitz- 
ftephen,  Arnald  a  monk,  who  was  a  goldfmirh,  and  others  ‘ 
with  him,  fcraped#from  the  floor  of  the  church,  and,  when 
cleanfed,  put  into  a  bafin  [p\ 

Left  fuch  a  fource  of  wealth  to  the  priory  of  Chriftchurch 
fhould  be  foon  exhaufted,  the  blood  was  mixed  with  water,  and 
being  fent  into  all  parts  of  the  world  [<y],  operated  cures  as  mar¬ 
vellous  as  the  miracles  recited  to  Becket  by  a  Ciftercian  abbat,  as 
having  been  wrought  by  the  founder  of  his  order.  Becket  heard 
the  narrative  with  contempt  and  difpleafure  ;  and  as  it  was  perti¬ 
nently  remarked  by  a  late  very  ingenious  writer,  thus  ftrikmgly 
fhewed  in  a  flhort  compafs,  what  were  the  prelate’s  private 
ideas  concerning  the  prevailing  fuperftitious  bigotries  and  ab- 
lurdities  [r]. 

But  what  muft  have  been  the  fentiments  of  a  man  of  emi¬ 
nent  abilities,  of  one  lo  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  impo- 
fitions  and  credulity  of  the  age,  could  he  have  conceived,  that 
becaufe  he  was  to  lofe  his  life  as  the  champion  of  the  unlimited 
prerogatives  ufurped  by  the  Roman  pontif,  he  fhould  at  once 
become  a  wonder-working  faint  ;  and  that  the  like  legendary 
tales,  but  far  more  numerous,  of  the  effects  of  his  relicks,  and 

[/>]  Poll  modicum  quidem  monachus  ecclefiae  Arnaldus  aurifaber,  et  aliqui 
cum  co  ad  locum  martyrii  ejus  redeunt.  Sanguinem  ejus  et  cerebrum  per  aream 
ecclefue  effufum,  mundiffime  in  pelvim  recolligunt ;  et  ne  conculcaretur  locus 
ille  pedibus  tranfeuntium,  fcamna  portabilia  tranfponunt.  Stephan,  p.  89. 

[q]  Gervafe,  X.  Script,  col.  141 7,  1418. 

[r j  Warton’s  Hift.  of  Englilli  Poetry,  vol.  II.  p.  431,  432. 

no 


in  the  Window  in  Brereton  Church. 

no  relicks,  fhould  be  vouched  for,  and  believed,  becaufe  he 
(lied  his  blood  to  exempt  the  clergy  in  general  from  all  civil 
jurifdiction,  however  heinous  might  be  their  crimes  !  what 
likewile  muft  have  been  his  feelings,  could  he  have  forefeen 
that  no  inquifition  for  his  blood  fhould  be  made  in  a  temporal 
court,  and  that  not  even  by  the  panegyrics  of  his  life  and  mar¬ 
tyrdom  any  reflexion  fhould  be  pointed  at  the  king’s  charac¬ 
ter  for  not  bringing  his  murderers  to  juftice? 

It  has  been  well  obferved,  that  there  is  no  forming  a  compe¬ 
tent  judgement  of  the  controverfy  between  Henry  and  Becker, 
and  of  its  iffue,  without  tranfporting  ourfelves  back  to  the 
time  ;  and  the  difficulty  of  reconciling  things  that  appear  to 
us  very  ftrange,  may  in  a  great  degree,  be  obviated  by  weigh¬ 
ing  the  opinions,  maxims,  and  habits,  of  the  twelfth  century. 
If  an  archbifbop  of  Canterbury,  learned  as  Becket  was,  from 
a  mifconception  of  laws  human  and  divine,  could  indeed  fatisfy 
his  own  mind,  that  a  temporary  confinement  in  a  cloyfler,  a 
ffiort  exile,  or  degradation,  was  an  adequate  punifhment  for 
murder,  when  the  delinquent  was  an  ecclefiaftic ;  can  it  be 
matter  of  furprize,  that  excommunication,  and  after  aofolution, 
a  pilgrimage  to  Jerufalem  was  thought  by  illiterate  laymen  a 
penalty  fufficiently  fevere  for  the  knights,  though  they  had 
killed  the  archbifhop  within  the  walls  of  his  own  cathedral ! 

Churches  being  an  afylum  for  murderers  contributed  likewife 
to  diminifh  the  horror  of  homicide  in  the  minds  of  the  people. 
And  as,  when  murder  was  committed  in  a  church,  the  cogni¬ 
zance  and  the  punifhment  of  it  mud:  have  originated  in  the 
fpiritual  court ;  upon  Becket’s  avowed  principles,  no  other 
fentence  ought  to  have  been  palled  upon  his  afiaffins:  for  when 
prelled  by  feveral  bifhops  to  confent  that  a  clergyman,  convicted 
5  and 


342  Mr.  Demne  on  the  Portraits 

and  degraded,  fhould  be  rendered  fubjetft  to  corporal  pains  and 
penalties,  he  maintained  it’s  being  abfolutely  unjuft,  againft  the 
canon,  and  againft  God,  for  a  perfon  to  be  twice  tried  and  con¬ 
demned  for  the  fame  offence  [jl. 

That  the  murderers  of  Becket  were  not  fummoned  before 
any  civil  tribunal  is  univerfally  admitted  ;  what  was  really  the 
penalty  enjoined  them  by  the  court  of  Rome  [/]  is  fomewhat 

dubious. 

£.j]  Dominus  vero  Cantuarienfis  facris  canonibus  confentiens,  in  contra rium 
allegabat ;  afferens  omnino  injuflum  fore,  et  contra  canones,  et  contra  Deum, 
fi  ob  unius  punitionem  delifti,  duo  quis  fubeat  judicia.  Si  damnatur  reus,  turn 
exaudloratur,  non  debet  alium  judicium  inchoari,  ad  ejufdem  condemnationem 
peccati.  Stephan,  p.  29. 

[tj  The  variety,  uncertainty,  and,  in  one  inflance  the  falfity,  of  the  {lories 
told  concerning  the  fubfequent  fate  of  the  knights  countenances  a  fufpicion  of 
their  being  founded  partly  on  vague  reports,  partly  on  imagination,  if  not  on  a 
wilful  mifreprefentation.  In  the  paffage  already  quoted  from  Giraldus  Cam- 
brenfis,  who  wrote  at  the  end  of  the  12th  and  beginning  of  the  13th  century, 
they  are  faid  to  have  died  in  a  Jhort  time  of  natural  dileafes.  He  is  lilent  about 
their  fuppofed  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land;  nor,  by  what  lean  colled  from 
Lord  Lyttelton’s  references  to  the  Quadrilogus  is  this  circum fiance  mentioned 
in  that  hiftorical  mifcellany ;  he  only  faying  that  “  all  the  knights  perifhed 
“  within  lefs  than  three  years  after  they  committed  the  murder,  and  that  their 
<c  premature  end  was  confidered  as  an  extraordinary  judgment  of  God  and  a 
“  divine  atteflation  of  the  fan&ity  of  Becket,  by  fome  of  the  writers  of  his 
“  life.”  (Hifl.  Vol  V.  p.  132.)  Indeed  William  of  Newburgh  advances  in  ex- 
prefs  terms,  that  the  homicides  being  flung  with  remorfe,  willingly  went  to 
Rome,  and  were  fent  from  thence  by  the  Pope  to  Jerufalem,  where  after  they 
had  for  fome  years  performed,  not  remiffly,  the  penance  enjoined  them,  they  all 
ended  their  lives,  Hoveden’s  relation  is,  that  after  much  time  (poll  multum 
temporis)  they  went  to  Rome,  and  were  enjoined  by  the  Pope  to  perform  their 
penance  upon  the  black  mountain  in  Judaea,  where  they  died,  and  were  buried 
before  the  gate  of  the  temple,  with  an  infeription  over  the  place  of  burial,  de¬ 
noting  that  they  were  the  wretched  men,  who  had  martyrized  the  blefled  St. 
Thomas,  Archbifhop  of  Canterbury.  But  Lord  Lyttelton  has  clearly  proved 
that  Hugh  de  Morville  was  living  in  the  beginning  of  King  John’s  reign,  and 
3  has 


in  the  Window  in  Brereton  Church . 


343 

dubious.  But  it  is  evident  that  care  was  taken  to  tranfmit  to 
diftant  ages  their  perfons  in  effigy,  with  their  names  fubfcribed, 

lias  likewife  fhewed  it  to  be  highly  probable,  that  William  de  Tracy  did  not 
die  much  earlier.  There  is  good  reafon  to  fuppofe  he  furvived  Becket  fifty- 4'e- 
ven  years,  and  died  about,  or  after,  1223.  Sepulchral  Monuments  of  Great 
Britain,  p.  40.  The  rumour  therefore  of  the  fpeedy  demife  of  all  the  knights 
was  groundlefs ;  and  with  regard  to  their  interment  at  Jerufalcm,  the  imme¬ 
diately  preceding  paffage  in  Hoveden’s  annals  has  fo  ftrong  a  taint  of  tne  bigotry 
and  collufion  of  a  monkilh  hiftorian,  as  to  corrupt  the  authenticity  of  his 
whole  narration  ;  it  being  ferioufly  averred,  that  when  the  fragments  of  the 
vi&uals  from  the  aflaffins*  tables  were  thrown  to  the  dogs,  they  no  fooner  tailed 
than  they  refufed  to  eat  them :  and  he  urges  it  as  a  manifeft  and  deferved  lign 
of  the  vengeance  of  God,  that  thofe  who  had  contemned  the  anointed  of  the 
Lord  were  contemned  by  dogs.  “  Soli  ergo  manducabant  et  fob  bibebant,  et 
fragmenta  cibariorum  fuorum  projiciebantur  canibus,  et  cum  hide  guftalfent 
nolebant  inde  quicquam  comedere.  Ecce  manifefta  et  digna  Dei  vindidla  !  Ut  illi 
qui  contempferunt  Chriftu'm  Domini,  a  canibus  etiam  eondemnebanturT 
Erafmus  has  preferved  another  legendary  tale,  which  he  learnt  from  the  myf- 
tagogue  of  Chrilt-church,  who  attended  him  when  he  vifited  that  cathedral. 
It  was,  that  the  knights  after  the  perpetration  of  the  deed  were  fcized  with 
madnefs,  but  rellored  to  found  minds,  by  the  interpofition  of  St.  Thomas, 
whofe  favour  had  been  implored. 

From  forgetfulnefs  or  inattention,  Erafmus  repeatedly  mentions  only  three 
knights.  He  intimates  that  their  names  were  fubferibed  to  the  figures,  left  for 
glory’s  fake  they  fliould  be  ufurped  by  any  perfons ;  but  he  has  fo  mifcalled 
the  knights,  that  to  decypher  their  names  would  require  no  little  lagacity. 

“  In  veftibulo  templi,  quod  eft  ad  auftrum,  ftant  faxo  fculpti  tres  armati,  qui 
manibus  impiis  fandtiffimum  trucidarunt :  addita  funt  gentis  cognomina, 
Tufci,  Fufci,  Berri.  Me.  Cur  tantum  honoris  habetur  impiis  ?  Og.  Videlicet, 
idem  honoris  habetur  iis,  quod  habetur  Judas,  Pilato,  Caiphae,  cohorti  militum 
iceleratorum,  quos  operofe  fculptos  vides  in  auratis  altaribus.  Adduntur  cog¬ 
nomina,  ne  quis  pofthac  ufurpet  gloriae  caufa.  Ingeruntur  oculis  ne  quis  au- 
iicus  pofthac  injiciat  manus  in  epifcopos,  vel  in  pofleftiones  ecclefiae.  Nam 
tres  illi  fatellites,  peradlo  facinore,  verfi  funt  in  rabiem,  nec  reddita  mens  eft, 
nifi  implorato  Thomae  Sandtiftimi  favore.  Me.  O  perpetuam  martyrum  clc- 
mentiam  !  Erafru.  Op.  I.  c.  683. 

as 


"  344  Mr,  Denne  on  the  Portraits ,  &c. 

as  the  bloody  inftruments  of  the  martyrdom  of  St.  Thomas. 
Over  the  porch  of  the  mod  frequented  entrance  into  Canter¬ 
bury  cathedral  were  placed  the  figures  of  thefe  four  knights  in 
ft  one ;  not,  obferves  Erafmus,  as  honourable  memorials  of  men 
io  impious,  but  from  the  fame  motives  that  Judas,  Pilate,  and 
Caiphas,  were  carved  in  a  wormanlike  manner  upon  altars  of 
gold.  And  unqueftionably  their  portraits  were  difplayed  in  the 
window  of  Brereton  church,  as  a  mark  of  infamy  and  detec¬ 
tion. 

Wilmington,  Feb.  16,  1791.  S  A  M  U  E  L  D  E  N  N  E. 


XXXIII. 


lumicy  del. 


'  /r/z/z/r//  /ys/  ?  '  fzz/zz/zzz/z/j  zz/_  /z  zzz'z>//z. 


dBa/ire/c. 


Vol.  X.  PZ.  XXXIII.  3/f5 


5  in. 


5  in. 


V 


t  345  ] 


XXXIII.  Account  of  forne  fepulchral  Antiquities  dif- 
covered at  Lincoln.  By  John  Pownall,  Efq .  F.A.S. 


Read  March  io,  1791. 


H  E  drawings  which  accompany  this  [<2]  exhibit  an  an- 
JL  tient  fepulture  difcovered  and  dug  up  about  three  or 
four  feet  below  the  furface  of  an  open  field  half  a  mile  due 
eaft  of  the  eaft  gate  of  the  antient  Lindum, 

That  field  having  been  broken  up  from  time  to  time  in  fe- 
veral  parts  of  it  to  dig  for  (tone,  a  variety  of  ftone  coffins  of 
various  fhapes  have  at  different  times  been  difcovered  in  the 
loofer  ground  that  covers  the  folid  rock. 

From  this  circumflance  there  is  reafon  to  believe  that  it  was 
the  common  burying  ground,  not  only  of  the  Romans  belong¬ 
ing  to  that  great  municipium,  but  of  fucceeding  generations 
for  many  ages  after,  and  until  the  eftablifhed  forms  of  Chriftian 
burial  introduced  different  modes. 

The  lingular  fepulture  here  defcribed,  is  undoubtedly  Roman 
and  probably  of  fome  perfon  above  the  rank  of  the  lower  order 


Vol.  X. 


[a]  See  Fig.  1  and  2,  PI.  XXXIII. 

y  y 


of 


346  Mr.  Pownall  on  fepuJchral  Antiquities 

of  the  people;  but  as  the  urn  inclofed  in  the  farcophagus  (if  I 
may  fo  call  it)  contained  nothing  but  fand  or  alhes  and  burned 
bones,  without  any  coin  or  other  memorandum  of  date,  the 
aera  of  interment  cannot  be  afcertained. 

This  fepulture  is  now  with  many  other  rare  fragments  of 
antiquity  in  the  pofleflion  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Gordon  praecentor 
of  Lincoln. 

When  I  infpeCted  that  curious  relick,  it  appeared  to  me  that 
both  the  Rone  and  its  cover  had  originally  been  fquare,  although 
the  ravage  of  time  had  fo  worn  the  angles,  as  to  give  it 
that  appearance  of  rotundity,  which  the  annexed  drawings 
N°  i  and  2  exhibit ;  and  I  am  confirmed  in  this  conjecture  by 
another  Rone  of  the  fame  kind  found  near  it,  which  Rill  re¬ 
tains  its  quadrangular  fliape,  but  without  urn  or  lid. 

I  have  endeavoured  to  difcover  whether  there  is  amongR 
the  relicks  of  antiquity  any  precedent  or  example  of  a  fimi- 
lar  mode  of  fepulture,  but  can  find  none,  that  only  excepted, 
which  is  defcribed  by  Mr.  James  Anderfon,  in  his  Letter  to 
George  Wilfon,  efq.  of  Lincoln’s  inn  [£],  or  if  fuch  conjecture 
is  admifiible,  the  learned  antiquary  will  find  a  perfeCt  example 
in  the  excavated  Rones,  containing  urns  with  bones,  now  de- 
pofited  in  the  Palace  of  Aix  en  Provence,  and  which  were 
found  to  make  a  part  of  that  noble  fepulchral  tower  in  the  city 
of  Aix,  demolifhed  in  the  year  1785,  or  about  that  time,  as 
Rated  in  Governor  Pownall’s  Notices  and  descriptions  of  the 
Provincia  Romana  of  Gaul,  pp.  51,  52. 

To  thele  drawings  I  beg  leave  to  add  others  of  feveral 
urns  dug  up  in  the  fame  cemetery  at  Lincoln  fince  I  was 
there,  and  communicated  to  me  by  Dr.  Gordon,  uhofe  po- 

[£]  See  Archaeologia,  vol.  V.  p.  243.  line  22 — 27. 

lit© 


difcovered  at  Lincoln,  347 

iite  attention  to  the  wifhes  and  objeds  of  the  Society  cannot 
be  fpoken  of  with  too  much  praife,  and  whofe  accurate  de- 
fcription  of  thefe  curious  remains  of  antiquity,  and  particu¬ 
larly  of  a  very  extraordinary  room  or  chamber  recently  dis¬ 
covered  in  the  .fame  cemetery,  cannot  fail  of  exciting  the 
curiofity  of  every  learned  Antiquary;  and  therefore  I  have 
thought  fit  to  annex  an  extract  of  fo  much  of  Dr.  Gordon’s 
letter  as  relates  to  this  fubjed,  with  fome  fhort  notes  of  my 
own  reading  on  the  fads  and  conjedure  it  refers  to. 

J.  P  O  W  N  A  L  L. 


Extract  of  a  Letter  to  Mr.  Pownall  from  the  Rev .  Dr,  Gordon, 

dated  Lincoln,  March  2,  1791. 

I  FELT  myfelf  much  honoured  by  your  obliging  letter  of 
the  14th  of  laft  month,  in  which  you  acquainted  me  that  you 
had  communicated  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  at  one  of  their 
laft  meetings  a  fhort  memorial  defcriptive  of  the  fpecimen  of 
antient  urn-burial  in  my.  pofteflion,  as  difcovered  laft  autumn, 
at  the  top  of  a  quarry  in  the  Eaft  Field,  which  I  had  an  oppor¬ 
tunity  of  fhewing  you,  when  I  waited  on  you  at  Lincoln. 

You  was  pleafed  to  add,  that  the  members  of  the  Society 
prefetit  at  the  meeting  confidered  this  relick  of  antiquity  as  an 
objed  of  curiofity,  and  exprefled  a  wifh  to  be  poftefled  of  a  more 
accurate  drawing  and  more  exad  dimenfions  of  it,  than  thofe, 
you  fay,  you  was  able  to  furnifti  them  with  from  your  memory 
only  ;  for  which  purpofe  they  had  delired  you  to  requeft  that 
l  would  communicate  to  the  Society  thole  further  notices. 

Y  y  2  When 


348  Mr.  Pownall  on  feputchral  Antiquities 

When  Mr.  Lumbey  was  employed  about  the  drawings 
you  wiftied  for  [c],  I  could  not  help  taking  the  opportunity  of 
getting  him  to  (ketch  out  a  few  other  urns,  which  the  quarry 
man  whom  I  introduced  to  you  at  the  pit  had  brought 
me  from  the  fame  cemetery  fince  you  was  here,  and  I  beg  to 
fubmit  them  entirely  to  your  judgement,  whether  you  think 
them  worth  {hewing  to  the  Society  or  not. 

The  glafs  urn,  marked  3.  in* Plate  XXX1I1.  whofe  {hape 
indeed  might  rather  entitle  it  to  the  name  of  jarr,  I  thought 
might  be  deemed  rather  fingular,  as  a  vehicle  of  burnt  bones 
which  were  found  in  it,  at  lead:  in  a  burying  ground,  as  well  as 
from  the  circumftance  of  its  being  entirely  perfedt.  It  is  very 
thick.  The  rim  at  the  top  is  better  than  half  an  inch  :  the 
other  parts  about  a  quarter,  the  opening  at  the  neck  about  2| 
inches  ;  the  colour  a  blueifh  green  rather  opake,  perhaps  ren¬ 
dered  more  fo  by  time;  the  handle  is  reprefented  at  4,  and 
the  bottom  at  5  with  the  meafures. 

The  forms  of  fome  of  the  other  urns  appeared  to  me  alfo 
fomewhat  uncommon,  as  alfo  their  ornaments,  elpecially  that 
marked  6,  with  the  (hells  or  fcales  on  the  prominent  part. 

7  and  8  are  other  earthen  urns,  the  latter  contained  remains 

of  bones,  and  9  a  fmaller  one  (food  by  it. 

10  is  one  of  the  common  fort  empty. 

I  will  only  break  in  upon  your  time  further  juft  to  acquaint 
you,  as  you  take  an  intereft  in  the  fubjeft,  that  the  other  day, 
a  room  of  a  confiderable  fize,  about  20  feet  by  16,  was  difco- 
vered  in  another  quarry,  about  ico  yards  weft  of  that  you  went 
to  fee  near  the  entrance  into  the  fame  field  from  the  town.  The 
height  cannot  be  afcertained  ;  the  bottom  is  about  12  feet  from 
the  prefent  furface,  funk  down  through  the  rubble  and  loofer 


[ c ]  See  Plate  XXXLIL 


done 


difccvered  at  Lincoln, 

flone  to  the  firm  part  of  the  rock.  The  floor  w  as  covered 
with  black  afhes,  and  the  walls  carry  the  evident  marks  of  fire. 
There  were  two  fkeletons  found  lying  on  the  floor,  and  a  large 
jlone  trough  [*/],  capable  of  holding  a  mao,  not  deep  enough 
indeed  for  a  coffin,  but  railed  at  the  edges  like  a  ftone  for  a 
fink.  For  want  of  having  read  any  thing  about  the  manner 
of  preparing  corpfes  for  urn  burial,  or  how  the  bufinefs  of 
Libitina  [<?]  was  conduced  in  this  refpedt  1  would  not  venture 
at  a  conje&ure  that  fuch  a  room  might  be  ufed  for  fome  purpofe 
of  this  kind  ;  but  I  fhould  think  it  probable  that  the  corpfes 
might  not  be  prepared  or  burnt  at  private  houfes  or  in  the  open 
air. 

[^]  At  circa  AlTon  Troadis  lapis  nafcitur,  quo  confumuntur  omnia  corpora. 
Sarcophagus  vocatur.  Pliny,  N.  H.  L  b.  II. 

[i]  Dea,  in  cujus  templo  affervabantur  fandapila  et  reliqua  quae  ad 
ritum  ceremoniafque  efferendi  funeris  pertinebant. 

Lazius,  Commentarior.  Reipub.  Roman. 

Peftilentia  in  agris,  forifque  et  conciliabulis,  et  in  urbe  tanta  erat,  ut  Libitina 
vix  nunc  fufficeret.  Livy,  Lib.  IY.  Ainfworth  explains  Libitina  here  of 
of  a  bier  to  carry  the  dead  on. 

Accelferunt  tantis  ex  principe  malis,  probifq.  quaedam  fortuita  :  peftilentia 
unius  autumni,  qua  triginta  funerum  millia  Libitina  venerunt.  Sueton.  in  Neron. 
Ainfworth  explains  Libitina  here  the  weekly  bill,  a  book  in  which  was  fet  down 
the  money  paid  into  the  treafury  at  the  death  of  any  perfon,  a  cutfom  as  old 
as  Servius  Tullus. 

Non  omnis  moriar  magnaque  pars  irreivitabit  Libitinam.  Hor.  Od.  III.  30.  7. 
where  and  in  Juvenal  XII.  122,  Libitina  is  put  for  death. 

Erat  porro  Romae  porta  Libitina ,  per  quam  cadavera  ad  Libitinam  effere- 
bantur.  Lazius  ubi  lupra. 

Supereft  ut  etiam  confuetudinem  ejus  populi  (Romani)  quam  in  cremando 
condendoque  cinerem  adhibebant  oftendamus.  Erat  autem  hujufmodi,  quod 
cadaver  in  pyra  et  pice  cremabatur,  atque  cinis  exinde  in  Oilas  colligebatur  at¬ 
que  Phialas,  atque  libamento  in  vitro  vel  phiaia  ex  vino  et  iafle  adjeflo,  Ac.  he. 

Idem,  ibid. 

XXXiV*. 


[  35°  1 


\ 


\  * 

XXXIV.  An  Account  of  the  River  of  Orwell,  or  Ore- 
well,  in  the  County  a/' Suffolk,  and  of  the  Town  and 
Harbour  of  that  Name ,  by  Mr.  Myers.  Commu¬ 
nicated  by  Mr.  A  file,  from  the  Papers  of  the  late 
Mr.  Morant. 

Read  May  19,  1791. 


ORWELL  is  a  river  in  Suffolk,  arifing  a  little  to  the 
weft  of  Rattlefdon.  It  takes  in  the  Gipping  a  little  below 
Stow,  runs  by  Needham  Market  and  Ipfwich,  and  joining  the 
Stour,  that  feparates  Suffolk  from  Effex  at  Harwich,  forms 
what  is  now  called  Harwich  harbour ;  then  pafling  by  Languard 
fort,  and  the  fand  called  the  Andrews,  it  diicharges  itfelf  into 
the  ocean;  at  the  mouth  whereof  we  have  ftrong  reafons  to 
fuppofe  there  formerly  was  a  very  confiderable  town  that  took 
its  name  from  the  river,  in  all  probability,  and  gave  its  name 
to  Orwell  harbour. 

Now,  as  it  is  a  very  difficult  thing  to  account  for  the  origi¬ 
nal  names  of  moft  rivers,  fo  we  fhall  find  it  to  account  for 
this  of  Orwell.  At  the  bed  we  can  give  but  bare  conje&ures, 
to  which  we  cannot  reafonably  challenge  a  pofitive  affent.  In 
order  hereto,  we  muft  fir  ft  premife,  that  all,  or  moft  of  the 
noted  rivers  in  the  world  have  had  their  original  name  from 

fome 


% 

Mr.  Myers  on  the  River  Orwell,  in  Suffolk.  351 

fome  word,  which,  in  the  proper  dialect  of  the  country,  figni- 
fied  water,  or  fome  diftindt  property  or  quality  belonging 
thereto  ;  or  from  the  colour  of  their  fand  or  gravel ;  or  the 
nature  of  their  currents  :  or  elfe,  from  fome  remarkable  trees 
or  plants  growing  on  their  banks,  or  in  them  ;  or,  as  it  is  in 
feveral  parts  of  England,  from  their  being  boundaries,  either 
betwixt  one  county  or  another,  one  parifh  or  another,  or  be¬ 
twixt  feveral  men’s  lands. 

Again  ;  we  often  find,  that  when  a  country  has  been  con¬ 
quered  by  an  enemy,  that  the  new  comers  have  taken  the  ap¬ 
pellatives  of  the  old  inhabitants  for  their  proper  names.  Hence 
it  is,  that  our  anceffors,  at  their  firft  coming,  whenever  that 
was,  called  fo  many  rivers  in  England  by  the  names  of  afc,  efc , 
ifc ,  ofc9  ufc ,  which  the  Englifh  afterwards  partly  retained,  and 
partly  varied  into  ax,  as  Axley ,  Axholm  ;  ex ,  whence  Exmouth , 
Exeter  ;  ox ,  whence  Oxford ,  or  Qufkford ;  and  ux,  as  in  Ux¬ 
bridge,  &c.  This  proceeded  from  their  ignorance  of  the 
language  of  their  ancient  predeceffors  the  Britons,  among (l 
whom  the  word  fignified  nothing  more  than  water,  as  it  doth 
in  the  highlands  of  Scotland,  and  in  Ireland.  In  the  fame- 
manner  have  the  Englifh  miftook  the  word  Avon  ;  which,, 
though  it  fignified  only  river  in  general,  yet  it  now  ferves  for 
the  proper  name  of  feveral  of  our  confiderable  rivers.  And 
thus  probably  it  may  have  happened  to  the  river  of  Orwell, 
now  under  our  prefent  confideration. 

For  as  mor,  in  the  Britifh  language,  fignifies  fea ;  or  in  the 
names  of  fome  rivers  only  water ,  as  ogmor ,  or  eogmor ,  falmon ~ 
water ,  in  Glamorganfhire  and  Carnarvonfhire,  and  nanmor  and 
mor  da  in  Carmarthenfhire;  fo  the  Saxons  might  give  it  the 
name  of  Morville ,  or  Mor  well,  and  afterwards  that  of  Orwell T 

5 


352  Mr.  Myers  on  the 

by  cutting  off  the  initial  letter  m ,  as  was  ufual  with  them 
to  do. 

Again  ;  or,  or  mor,  fignifies  great ;  as  mordav ,  a  great  brook 
or  'water  in  Shropfhire.  So  this  being  a  large  and  fpacious  har¬ 
bour,  might  thence  be  called  Mordav ,  or  Morav\  and  afterwards 
by  the  Saxous  Morewe ,  or  Morwell,  and  thence  Orwell ,  as 
above. 

Then  by  the  Saxons  it  is  very  probable,  that  the  firft  fyllable 
Or,  might  be  changed  into  Ar ,  which  was  very  common  with 
them,  and  vice  verfa ;  as  witnefs  Florence  of  Worcefter,  and 
Hoveden,  fpeaking  of  the  river  Arrow  in  Warwickffiire,  by 
them  called  Artwe ,  and  which,  in  all  probability,  was  the 
name  of  our  river  of  Orwell.  Not  as  the  river  Tigris  in  Me- 
fopotamia,  which,  in  the  Perfian  language,  fignifies  an  arrow, 
from  its  fwiftnefs;  but  from  its  flow  courie,  which  is  very  ob- 
fervable  in  our  river  of  Orwell  :  for  fo  the  word  Ara  imports 
amongft  the  antient  Gauls  and  Britons.  Hence  the  river  Are 
in  Yorkfhire,  Ware  in  Effex,-  Yare  in  Norfolk,  called  by  the 
Celtic  Britons  T  ar ,  and  Ara,  now  Saojne  in  France,  &c.  took 
their  names  from  the  flownefs  of  their  currents.  And  this  we 
have  further  confirmed  from  the  name  of  a  fmall  village  feated 
near  this  river,  called  Arwarton .  And  fo  alfo  Harwich  might 
have  formerly  been  called  'Kp. )>ic  f Arwic ),  and  not  Pepepic 
( Herewlc J,  as  Camden  imagines,  who  very  often  lets  down 
Saxon  names  without  the  authority  of  original  records.  Tints 
alfo  we  may  account  for  the  original  name  of  the  river  Ore , 
which  rifes  near  Framlingham  in  the  county  of  Suffolk,  and 
runs  by  Orford,  and  has  but  a  very  flow  courfe,  as  well  as  our 
river  of  Orwell. 


Now 


River  Orwell  in  Suffolk. 


351 

Now  from  the  great  quantity  of  fhingle  or  beach  flones  in 
Walton  marfhes  on  the  Suffolk  fide,  the  courfes  of  the  feveral 
creeks,  the  regular  Hoping  of  the  cliffs,  &c.  it  feerns  likely 
that  the  Orwell  had  its  outlet  into  the  fea  below  Bull’s  cliff  in 
the  parifh  of  Walton,  and  there  formed  the  fpacious  harbour  of 
Orwell  (which  is  at  prefent  a  very  large  bay),  fecured  from  the 
eaft  and  north-eaft  winds  by  a  large  tract  of  land,  now  wafhed 
away  by  the  fea,  as  appears  from  our  records,  where  lately 
were  to  be  feen  the  ruins  of  a  very  ffrong  caftle,  built  by  the 
Romans,  and  after  the  Conquefi;  belonging  to  the  Bigods.  And 
it  was  bounded  on  the  fouth  and  fouth-wefi:  by  a  long  narrow 
traCl  of  land  extending  from  the  Nefs  in  Efiex,  about  fix  or 
feven  miles,  or  fomewhat  more,  at  or  near  the  extremity  of 
which  was  feated  the  town  of  Orwell,  fo  called  from  the  river 
or  harbour  on  whofe  banks  it  flood.  All  thefe  have  been 
long  fince  fwallowed  up  by  the  fea;  either  by  fome  fudden  in¬ 
undation,  as  was  the  cafe  with  what  we  now  call  the  Goodwin 
fands  ;  or  elfe  wafhed  away  gradually  by  length  of  time, 
as  we  daily  fee  the  cliffs  of  Bawdfey,  Felixtow,  and  Harwich, 
to  be  at  prefent. 

Now',  that  there  once  was  in  thofe  pa  its  fuch  a  town  as 
Orwell,  we  may  gather  from  the  following  circumflances 
firft,  Hiftory  informs  us,  that  the  Danes,  in  their  ravaging  of 
our  coafis,  went  out  of  the  river  Thames  into  Xppan  {into  Ar - 
wan),  or,  as  it  is  otherwife  exprefled,  to  Sppan  ( to  Arwan )y 
where  they  burned  and  plundered  all  before  them,  and  com¬ 
mitted  moll  cruel  barbarities  ;  and  having  compaffed  their  de- 
figns,  they  carried  the  fpoils  thus  gotten  into  the  river  Medway 
in  Kent.  Whence  we  conjecture,  that  they  came  into  the  ha¬ 
ven  of  Orwell,  and  plundered  the  town  of  that  name,  feated 
Vol.  X.  Z  z  on 


254  Jlfr.  Myers  on  the 

on  the  neck  of  land  abovementioned  joining  to  EfFex.  Now, 
whichfoever  of  the  above  readings  is  right,  it  will  not  greatly 
affetf:  our  fuppofition,  which  will  allow  of  either  ;  if  the  for¬ 
mer,  it  may  be  underflood  of  the  harbour  into  which  they 
came  ;  if  the  latter,  then  it  may  be  undcrftood  of  the  town 
which  they  took  and  plundered  [a\. 

And,  for  the  further  flrengthening  of  this  conje&ure,  we 
find  that  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  his  queen  Eleanor,  and  his 
fon  Henry,  whom  he  had  caufed  to  be  crowned  king,  plotting 
to  dethrone  him,  and  their  contrivances  being  difcovered,  they 
fled  into  France,  and  from  thence  into  Flanders,  where,  gain¬ 
ing  affiftance  from  the  earl  of  Hainault,  they  landed  with 
their  forces  at  Orwell,  near  Harwich,  in  Suffolk,  A.  D.  1173. 
And  alio  that  Edward  HI.  when  he  went  to  invade  France, 
in  purfuance  of  his  right  to  that  crown,  to  which  he  laid 
claim,  fet  fail  from  Orwell  in  Suffolk,  July  15,  1338,  with  a 
fleet  of  500  fail. 

Now,  from  the  former  inftance  of  queen  Eleanor’s  landing 
with  her  Flemings  at  Orwell,  near  Harwich,  in  Suffolk,  for  fo 
Holinfhed  has  it,  and  feveral  others,  one  is  neceflarily  led  to 
conclude,  that  the  town  of  Orwell  was  then  fubfiffing;  for  if 
then  there  had  been  no  fuch  town,  with  what  propriety  could 
they  have  laid,  that  fhe  landed  at  Orwell  ?  and  yet,  notwith- 
fianding  all  this,  I  cannot  but  think,  that  the  town  of  Orwell 
was  entirely  demolifhed  about  the  time  I  have  laid,  or  fome 
few  years  after  ;  and  that  we  are  to  underhand  it  here  of  the 
harbour,  which,  the  hiftorians  fay,  was  then  in  the  county  of 

[0]  This  happened,  in  all  probability,  about  the  year  852,  when  they 
came  up  the  Thames  with  300  fail,  and  committed  unheard-of  barbarities 
where-ever  they  came. 


Suffolk, 


River  Orwell  in  Suffolk. 


355 

Suffolk,  though  probably  the  neck  ofland  extending  from  Or¬ 
well  to  Effex  was  not  then  quite  wafhed  away  by  the  fea. 

Neither  was  it,  in  all  likelihood,  when  Edward  III,  fet  fail 
from  Orwell  in  Suffolk.  This  feems  likewife  to  relate  to  the 
harbour,  and  not  to  the  town,  and  confirms  its  being  on  the 
Suffolk  fide  ;  i.  e .  the  river  Orwell  run  then  into  the  harbour, 
clofe  by  the  cliffs  in  Walton  on  the  Suffolk  fide,  and  not 
where  it  does  now,  between  Langar  point,  and  the  town  of 
Harwich. 

And  if  the  river  Orwell  ran  by  the  high  lands  of  Walton, 
as  the  cliffs  all  along  the  coaft  demonftrate  it  to  have  done, 
then  the  harbour  of  Harwich  (if  it  then  was  a  harbour)  muff 
needs  have  been  very  narrow,  and  fo  confequently  incapable 
of  containing  fuch  a  fleet  as  king  Edward  had  with  him ; 
and  then  the  harbour  of  Orwell  muff  needs  have  been  without 
Pollefhead,  or  Langar  point;  and  the  cliffs  of  Harwich  extend¬ 
ing  from  the  Naze  land  in  Effex  to  the  cliffs  of  Felixftow, 
above  ten  miles  in  length,  and  near  as  much  in  breadth,  large 
and  fpacious  enough  for  a  fleet  of  500  fail  to  ride  fafely  at  an¬ 
chor  ;  efpecially  when  we  confider  their  fhips  were  not  to  be 
compared  to  thofe  we  build  now. 

Now  it  may  be  afked,  where  we  fuppofe  the  fituation  of 
the  town  of  Orwell  to  have  been,  and  what  further  proof  we 
can  bring  of  its  exiflence  ?  To  which  we  anfwer,  that,  allow¬ 
ing  the  river  to  have  difcharged  itfelf  into  the  fea  where  we 
have  fuppofed  it,  then  it  mud:  have  flood  on  the  fouth  fide  of 
the  harbour,  on  the  neck  ofland  running  out  from  the  coafl  of 
Effex,  as  is  mentioned  above,  and  at  the  place  which  is  now 
called  The  Weft  Rocks,  where  large  ruins  are  now  to  be  per¬ 
ceived  at  low  water.  This  information  I  have  had  from  feve- 

Z  z  2  .  ral 


Mr.  Myers  on  the 

ral  at  Harwich  ;  and  our  fifhermen,  who  go  thither  to  catch 
lobfters,  a  flu  re  me,  they  have  feen  feveral  ruins  of  brick-work, 
fquare  hones,  &c.  like  the  ruins  of  old  buildings  j  the  place, 
they  fay,  is  large,  und  full  of  deep  holes,  and  from  thence  to 
Walton  in  Eflex  the  fand  lies  like  a  ridge,  and  there  is  not 
above  five  or  fix  feet  water,  or  fcarce  fo  much  at  low  water. 
The  captains  of  the  cuftom-houfe  (loops  on  the  Harwich  fta- 
tion  allure  me  they  have  often  feen  broken  tiles  and  bricks 
there  at  low  water.  I  fuppofe  they  took  bits  of  Ro¬ 
man  bricks  for  broken  tiles,  feveral  of  them  being  now  worn 
very  thin  ;  and,  but  the  other  day,  I  examined  a  fifherman  of 
Manningtree,  one  Philip  Long,  who  ufes  the  Weft  rocks,  and 
he  fays,  he  has  often  feen  broken  bricks  there  with  mortar  on 

them. 

Now,  allowing  the  Weft  rocks  for  the  fituation  of  Orwell, 
and  the  land  of  Felixftow  to  have  extended  itlelf  only  three 
or  four  miles  further  into  the  fea  than  it  does  at  prefent,  then 
the  town  of  Orwell  could  not  have  been  above  four  or  five 
miles  from  the  coaft  of  Suffolk.  And  if  fo,  then  the  water 
within  this  ftrait  muft  have  been  what  is  called  Orwell  haven, 
and  without  Harwich  (which  was  then  but  a  fmall  fifhing  tou  n), 
and  Langar  beach  ;  and  not  within,  as  it  is  at  prefent. 

And  that  the  land  of  Felixftow  did  extend  a  great  way  fur¬ 
ther  into  the  fea  than  it  does  at  prefent,  is  not  unreafonable  to 
fuppofe;  for  we  cannot  imagine  that  Conftantine,  or  whoever 
built  that  large  fquare  caftle  at  Felixftow,  which  proved  too 
ftrong  for  queen  Eleanor  abovementioned  and  her  Flemifh 
forces  to  take,  though  joined  there  by  the  earl  of  Leicefter, 
which  Henry  II.  caufed  to  be  demolifhed,  and  is  now  totally 
deftroyed  by  the  fea  :  we  cannot,  I  fay,  fuppofe  that  they 

would 


River  Orwell  In  Suffolk. 


357 


would  ere&  it  fo  near  to  the  ocean,  as  that  they  fhould  ever 
imagine  it  in  danger  to  be  deftroyed  thereby. 

That  there  have  been  great  alterations  in  thofe  parts  by  the 
overflowings  of  the  fea  and  fhifting  of  the  hands,  is  very  evi¬ 
dent  from  feveral  grants  and  charters  belonging  to  the  corpo¬ 
ration  of  Ipfwich,  which  make  mention  of  Polles  head  and 
Langar  ftone  as  the  boundaries  of  the  admiralty  jurifdi&ipn 
and  the  liberties  thereof;  neither  of  which  are  now  in  being; 
or,  if  they  are,  it  is  very  difficult  to  afcertain  where  [ffj. 
Camden  even  in  his  time  makes  mention  of  a  larger  trad  by 
much  than  is  now  to  be  feen ;  for,  fpeaking  of  Langar  ftone, 
or  Langar  point,  he  calls  it  a  vaft  ridge,  which  runs  all  along 
out  to  the  fea  for  above  two  miles,  not  without  great  danger 
and  terror  to  the  mariners  :  and  further  adds,  that  it  was  then 
of  great  ufe  to  the  Harwich  fifhermen  for  the  drying  of  their 
fiffi,  and  a  fence  to  the  lpacious  harbour  of  Orwell.  But  now 
this  vaft  ridge,  as  he  calls  it,  is  moft  of  it  wafhed  away  ;  and 
what  remains  is  covered  by  the  fea  at  every  return  of  the  tide, 
and  confequently  is  now  rendered  quite  ulelefs  to  the  poor  fiffi- 
ermen  [c]. 

From  what  has  been  faid,  I  make  no  queftion  but  that 
Orwell  has  been  a  very  confiderable  trading  fea-port  town, 
and  that  the  inhabitants  of  Suffolk  and  Eflcx  have  (hipped  off 
their  commodities,  as  corn,  butter,  cheefe,  &c.  for  foreign 

[£]  Polles  heady  in  a  record  14  Edw.  III.  is  called  le  Polles ;  and  in  a  patent 
of  Henry  VIII.  who  granted  a  very  extenfive  charter  to  Ipfwich,  it  is  called 
Pollls  head  in  alto  marl. 

[r]  Itfeems  plain  to  me,  that  Camden,  and  thofe  who  wtote  fince,  as  Horfiey, 
See.  knew  very  little  of  our  coaft.  I  am  confident  they  never  were  upon  the 
place,  but  have  taken  their  accounts  from  thofe  who  knew  little  of  the  country. 

markets^. 


^3  Mr,  Myers  on  the 

markets,  in  order  to  fupply  the  Roman  garrifons  upon  the  con- 
tinent,  and  muft  needs  have  been  rich  and  populous  when  it 
was  plundered  and  deftroyed  by  the  Danes. 

Upon  the  misfortunes  that  befel  Orwell  from  the  barbarities 
of  the  Danes,  and’  the  encroachments  of  the  fea,  Harwich, 
from  a  fmall  village  inhabited  chiefly  by  fhhermen,  became 
populous  and  a  town  of  confiderrble  note  ;  yet  the  fea  has 
now  fwept  away  a  great  part  of  the  land  belonging  thereto, 
there  being,  now  Orwell  is  gone,  nothing  to  break  off  the 

violence  thereof  when  the  wind  is  in  the  eaft. 

Now,  whether  the  Orwell  altered  its  courfe  from  running 
into  the’  fea  near  Walton  cliffs  to  where  it  now  does  betwixt 
Harwich  and  Langar  beach,  immediately  upon  the  demolition 
of  Orwell  town,  or  was  a  work  of  time,  is  very  uncertain. 
Though  the  ruin  of  the  town  was  a  principal  caufe  of  the  al¬ 
teration,  yet  we  judge  it  to  have  been  a  work  of  time ;  for  the 
fea  daily  wafning  away  the  coafts  of  Bawdfey  and  Felixftow, 
as  it  continues  to  do  at  prefent,  wafhed  up  the  fhingle  and  foil 
on  the  Walton  point  at  Bull’s  cliff,  in  time  formed  a  beach  of 
near  two  miles  in  length,  and  fo  by  degrees  forced  the  Orwell 
into  the  channel  where  it  runs  at  prefent.  The  river  Orwell 
joining  the  Stour  below  Shotley  point  in  Suffolk  forms  the 
prefent  harbovu*  of  Harwich,  which,  by  reafon  of  its  fmallnefs, 
could  not  poflibly  be  what  was  formerly  meant  by  the  har-( 
hour  of  Orwell  ;  if  fo,  it  would  have  formerly  been  called  the 
harbour  of  Harwich,  which  we  do  not  find  it  ever  was  till  of 
late  ;  as  the  river  has  likewife,  of  late  days,  been  called  the  ri¬ 
ver  of  Ipfwich,  and  has  been  known  by  no  other  name  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Suffolk,  till  the  prefent  lord  Oiwell  thought 
proper  to  call  his  pleafant  feat  and  park  at  Nadon,  Orwell 


I 


River  Orwell  in  Suffolk.  *  ^$9 

park,  by  the  antient  name  of  the  faid  river,  on  whofe  banks 
they  are  fituated. 

I  fhall  add  one  reafon  more,  before  I  conclude  this  article,  to 
prove  that  Orwell  ran  into  the  ocean  at  Bull’s  cliff  abovemen- 
tioned  ;  and  that  is,  that  they  have  known  fome  perfons  who 
remembered  the  time,  when,  with  a  plank  laid  over  two 
horfes’  heads,  they  could  pafs  over  from  Harwich  to  Langar 
beach,  where  they  ufed  to  dry  their  fifh,  and  that  the  river 
then  ran  on  the  north  fide  of  Langar  common.  Now,  though 
traditions  are  not  to  be  regarded  in  refpeft  to  every  particular 
circum fiance,  yet  it  is  generally  confefied  that  they  have  fome 
truth  for  their  foundation. 

Thus,  Sir,  I  have  given  you  my  thoughts  upon  the  river, 
town,  and  harbour,  of  Orwell,  relating  to  which  I  aflert  no¬ 
thing  pofitive  ;  the  mofl  we  can  fay  being  merely  conje£luraly 
arifing  from  fuppofitions.  So  uncertain  at  this  day  is  the  rife 
and  fall  of  feveral  places,  as  well  as  this  of  Orwell,  even  in 

our  own  country,  that  at  prefent  we  fcarce  know  where  they 
flood. 

Walton,  Suffolk ,  Aug .  6,  1762.  W.  MYER  S, 


XXXV. 


[  36°  3 


XXXV.  Obfervations  on  the  Introduction  of  Arabic 
Numerals  into  England,  addrejfed  to  the  Earl  of 
Moreton,  1766.  By  the  Rev *  Mr*  North,  of 
Coddicote,  F.  A .  S*  Communicated  from  fome  MS 
Papers  of  the  late  Dr*  Lort, pur  chafed  by  Mr*  Gough. 


Read  May  19,  1 79 1. 


My  Lord, 

TH  E  inclofed  paper  was  drawn  up  at  a  time  when  the 
fubjeft  engaged  a  more  general  attention  among  the 
learned,  as  long  ago  as  the  year  17489  an^  then  defigned  to 
have  been  prefented  to  your  lordihip’s  predeceffor  at  the  Royal 
Society,  Mr.  Folkes,  to  whom  I  had  the  honour  of  being 
well  known  ;  but,  upon  my  being  leized  with  an  affli&ing  and 
long  illnefs,  which  for  fome  years  difabled  me  for  all  literary 
enquiries,  it  lay  by  forgotten,  till  a  gentleman’s  (hewing  fome 
old  dates  at  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  when  I  was  lad  in 
town,  the  memory  of  it  recurred,  and  my  inclination  was 
awakened  to  fearch  for  it. 

Having  tranfcribed  it  from  the  fir  ft  draught,  I  now  prefume 
to  fubmit  it  to  your  lordftsip^s  candour  and  dilpofal.  As 

nothing 


Mr.  North  on  Arabic  Numerals ,  &c.  361 

nothing  has  been  added  fince  its  firft  drawing  up,  almoft 
twenty  years  ago,  that  circumftance,  it  is  humbly  hoped,  will 
be  an  apology  for  any  particular  which  may  fince  have  been  put 
in  a  clearer  light  ;  efpecially  as  I  have  had  fo  few  opportunities 
of  knowing  what  has  been  offered  011  the  fubjeft  in  that  inter¬ 
val.  The  heft  merit  it  has  to  plead  is,  that  nothing  out  of 
antient  authors  has  been  taken  on  truft,  or  at  fecond-hand. 
With  repeated  thanks  for  the  honour  of  your  lordlhip’s  kind 
regard  and  favours, 

I  am,  my  honoured  Lord, 

With  the  utmoft  refpeft. 

Your  Lordlhip’s  moft  obliged,  humble  fervant, 

GEORGE  NORTH. 


I  H  A  V  E  often  refle&ed  with  great  furprize,  and  equal 
concern,  what  a  lofs  it  is  to  the  curious,  and  what  a  damp  it 
is  to  ambition  and  induftry,  that  the  moft  fuperb  monuments 
have  not  been  able  to  preferve  the  names  of  their  founders, 
and  that  the  inventors  of  the  moft  ufeful  arts  have  been  quite 
forgotten,  or  rather  unknown  to  the  world.  Next  to  that  of 
printing,  there  is  no  invention  of  more  extenfive  ufe  than  that  of 
the  numeral  figures  or  cyphers:  and  yet,  when,  where,  and  by 
whom,  they  were  fir  ft  invented,  are  queftions  never  perhaps  to  be 
clearly  anfwered.  One  would  imagine  fuch  a  difcovery  muft 
moft  agreeably  have  lurprized  and  engaged  the  attention  of  the 
moft  drowfy  age.  That  gratitude,  or  refpeft  for  fo  great  a  benefit, 
Vol.  X.  A  a  a  or 


Mr.  North  on  the 


or  fome  other  motive,  would  have  tranfmitted  down  the  in¬ 
ventor’s  name  with  certainty  and  refpecl  to  pofterity.  Events 
of  infinitely  lefs  confequence  have  in  every  age,  even  in  the 
mod  illiterate,  been  told,  and  re-told,  by  the  feribes  and  an- 
naiitts  in  monaderies  of  royal  foundation,  who  were  let  apart 
and  maintained  on  purpofe  to  tranlfnit  the  news  of  the  times. 
And  among  thefe  monaderies  was  all  the  learning  of  every 
kind  in  thofe  centuries,  to  which  the  different  opinions  of  the 
curious  have  referred  the  invention  or  importation  of  thefe  cy¬ 
phers. 

Since  the  mod  learned  Mr.  Profeffor  Ward  fird  obliged  the 

O 

publick  with  his  fentiments  on  this  fubjeft,  I  have  frequently 
confidered  it  occafionaliy,  as  any  new  particulars  relating  to  it 
renewed  my  attention.  The  whole  of  what  I  have  collected, 
with  my  obfervations  and  reflections,  1  now  beg  your  indub 
gence  to  lay  before  you. 

It  the  characters  of  Boethius,  lib.  i°  de  arithmetics,,  ad Jinem , 
are  to  be  confidered  as  the  firfl  rudiments  of.  our  prefent  cy¬ 
phers  ;  then  we  need  not,  nor  can  we  indeed  go  farther  with 
our  enquiries,  unlefs  we  fay  he  learned  them  from  the  Greeks, 
according  to  the  account  of  his  friend  Caffiodorus  in  his  letter 
to  him  (Variarum,  lib.  i.  n.  45.),  Tranflationibus  enim  tuis 
“  Pythagoricus  Muficus, Ptolem^us  Adronomus,  legunter  Italis : 
44  Nichomacus  Arithmeticus,  Geometricus  Euclides,  audiuntur 
“  Aufoni is— Mechanician  etiam  Archimedem  Latialem  Siculis 
“  reddididi  &  quafcunque  difciplinas  vel  artes  facunda  Gnecsa 
“  per  fingulos  annos  edidit  te  uno  auCtore  patrio  fermone  Ro- 
“  ma  fufcepit.”  According  to  this  account  by  Cafliodorus, 
we  (hould  imagine,  as  well  as  from  the  reafon  of  the  thing, 
that  where  he  learned  his  arithmetic,  from  thence  he  received 

his 


Introduction  of  Arabic  Numerals .  363 

his  characters,  and  would  never  afterward  omit  the  ufe  of 
them  in  his  mathematical  rules  and  calculations.  In  the  library 
of  Ben’et  college,  Cambridge,  is  a  MS.  of  Boethii  Aritbmetica  cum 
prologis  Refibuti  &  Nicomachi ,  “  fcripta  manu  valdeantiqua  &  li- 
teris  Saxonicis,”  fays  Dr.  Stanley,  in  his  catalogue  of  that  libra¬ 
ry  [a],  I  have  lately  examined  it,  and  cannot  conceive  it  to  be  lefs 
than  1000  years  old.  In  this  are  no  fpecimens,  hints,  or  traces, 
of  thofe  characters  as  are  found  in  Dr. Mead’s  MS;  but  Roman  nu¬ 
meral  letters  ufed  throughout  the  whole  book,  which  certainly 
carries  a  flrong  objection  againfl:  Boethius’s  knowledge  or  ufe 
of  fuch  characters  ;  which  is  rendered  thus  ftronger  by  what 
I  have  obferved,  that  no  fuch  characters  appear  in  a  very  old 
MS  of  Boethii  Geometria,  in  the  polfeffion  of  Mr.  Ames. 
And  farther,  if  fuch  characters  were  ufed  by  him  in  the 
fixth  century,  how  can  we  account  for  it  that  the  knowledge 
or  ufe  of  them  fhould  be  forgotten  or  intermitted  for  fo  long 
a  time  as  till  the  latter  end  of  the  io.th  century,  when  Drtt 
Wallis  fuppofes  Gerbertus  revived  them  again  ? 

It  is  not  a  ufual  thing,  or  in  any  degree  probable,  that  men 
would  lofe  the  ufe  of  what  rendered  their  calculations  fo  fhort 
and  facile,  which,  with  the  numeral  letters,  could  not  but  be 
tedious  and  operofe. 

We  muffc  now  pafs  over  a  long  interval  of  near  500  years 
from  Boethius  to  Gerbertus;  but  not  without  obferving,  that 
in  Johannis  Damajceni  TraCtatus  de  Sphtera,  in  the  king’s  li¬ 
brary,  5  C.  IV .  10,  no  fuch  cyphers  or  characters  are  to  be 
found.  He  was  brought  up  by  Cofmas,  a  monk  of  Jerufalem,. 
who  was  taken  by  the  Saracens,  Of  both  thefe  men  John3 
patriarch  of  Jerufalem,  the  author  of  their  lives,  fays,  A va\o~ 
yiug  $£  ApiQfA&JtKug  xroog  e'Prjcr'yivicrciO’iv  euQvcog  dg  IT uQuyogag  nut 

M  2—14. 

A  a  a  2 


<pav]^a 


Mr.  North  on  the 


36  4 

$ccv](&.  Johannes  Damafcenus  died  about  A. D. 750.  And  in  Alpe- 
rici artis  calculator'll  Rudimenta ,  ubi  de  ratione  duarum  Solis  Eclyp - 
fum>  Carolo  Magno  injcripta,  A.  D.  810,  in  Bib.  Reg.  13  A.  XL 
nothing  like  thefe  cyphers  are  to  be  found  ;  which  two  treatifes 
(among  many  others  I  have  viewed  of  the  fame  kind)  feem  to  af¬ 
ford  no  lefs  than  proof  that  no  fuch  figures  were  known  either  in 
the  Eaftern  or  Weftern  empire,  in  the  times  when  thofe  authors 
lived. 

As  ttf  the  Arabians,  how  low  learning  was  among  them  in 
thofe  times  may  be  gathered  from  this  piece  of  hiflory  given 
us  by  Theophanes,  lib.  iv.  11.  26,  and  Cedrenus,  tom.  11.  p.  547. 
In  the  year  859,  when  Bardas  governed  at  Conftantinople  for 
his  nephew  Leo,  there  lived  one  Leo,  who  had  ftudied  philo- 
fophy  and  arithmetic  in  the  ifland  Antros.  At  this  time  the 
Caliph  of  the  Muflulmen  was  Alimanon,  who  was  very  inqui- 
ftive  concerning  the  fciences  of  the  antient  Greeks,  particu¬ 
larly  the  mathematics.  A  young  man  was  brought  to  him  who 
had  been  inftru£led  by  Leo;  the  Caliph  brought  him  before 
the  mathematicians,  to  whom  the  young  man  made  it  appear 
that  they  knew  only  the  definitions  and  axioms,  but  not  their 
demonftrations ;  upon  this  the  Caliph  fent  him  back  with 
great  prefents  to  invite  his  mailer  Leo,  in  the  reign  of  Theo- 
philus,  who  refufed  to  go,  but  anfwered  by  letter  many  of 
his  queftions  in  geometry  and  aftronomy,  and  received  great 
prefents  from  the  Caliph. 

As  to  the  ignorance  of  the  Arabians  in  Arithmetic,  Paulus 
Diaconus,  in  his  HIJlor'ue  Mifcella ,  gives  us  a  very  remarkable 
piece  of  hiflory.  Anno  fecundo  imperii  fujliniani  Ulid — prohibuit 
Jcribi  Greece  publicos  logothefii  Ccefarii  publici  codices  fed  in  Arabia 
cis  fine  computo  raw  1] lytpuv  quortiam  impojjibile  ejl  illorum  lin¬ 

gua  monadeni  vel  dualit at em  aut  tnnitatem  aut  otto  &  dimidium 

aut 


z 


IntroduBlon  of  Arabic  Numerals,  365 

aut  trla fcrlbl ,  propter  quod  ufque  hodie  funt  Notarii  cum  els  Chrlf- 
tiani , 

Which  being  an  imperfect  tranflation  of  the  words  of 
Theophanes,  from  whom  Paulus  took  it,  I  (hall  fubjoin  the 
Greek  of  the  latter,  and  mod  material  part  of  the  fentence, 

E7 TeiOY}  CMVVOL\OV  7%  SXStV&lV  yAUCrvq  (AOVCKdcH  i]  OVCCOM  Y}  TpKXOM  7j  CK[(aj 

rjfAttrv  7;  T^lot  •ypdpecr&ou,  P.  3I4* 

In  another  place  the  latter  author  fays,  “  A publicis  veCtiga- 
4<  liurn  a£lis  conficiendis  ad  breve  temporis  fpatium  Saraceni 
44  invidia  moti  Chridianos  prohibuerunt :  rurfus  autem  necef- 
44  fitate  compulfl  ;  quod  ipfi  numeros  &  fumma  fcribere  non  pof- 
44  fe?it,  eadem  els  repofuerunt  in  manus,”  &c. 

After  this  account  of  the  Arabians,  let  us  defcend  to  Gerber- 
tus  archbi(hop  of  Rheims,  and  afterwards  pope  by  the  name 
of  Silvefter  the  Second,  who,  as  Dr.  Wallis  has  attempted  to  s 
prove,  had  before  the  year  1000  learned  the  art  of  arithmetic 
as  now  praCtifed  with  only  nine  characters,  from  the  Saracens 
in  Spain,  which  he  afterwards  carried  into  France. 

The  particulars  of  this  great  man’s  life  are  but  very  imper¬ 
fectly  delivered  down  to  us,  which  is  the  more  to  be  lamented, 
as  I  am  fatisfied  from  the  few  fragments  of  him  which  remain, 
he  was  a  prodigy  in  every  part  of  learning  in  that  age,  which 
Genebrard.  in  his  Chronographia,  rightly  (tyles  “  Infelix  fe- 
44  culum  exhaudum  hominibus  ingenio  &  doCtrina  Claris  in  quo 
41  nihil  fere  dignum  memoria  poderitatis  geftum  lit.” 

The  fulled  general  account  is  to  be  found  in  our  own  hido- 
rian  William  of  Malmefbury,  who  wrote  within  150  years  of 
his  death.  What  chiefly  relates  to  our  purpofe  is  in  thefe 
words :  44  Abacum  certe  primus  a  Saracenis  rapiens  regulas  de- 
46  dit  quae  a  fudantibus  abacidis  vix  intelliguntur — Conphilofo- 

64  phos- 


Mr.  North  on  the 


$6-6 

<c  phos  &  ftudiorum  focios  habuit  Conftantinum  abbatem  mo- 
4‘  nafterii  Sandi  Maximini,  quod  eft  juxta  Aurelianis,  ad  quem 
44  edidit  regulas  de  Abaco,  &  i^delbodum  Epifcopum,  qui  6c 
<i  ipfe  monumenta  ingenii  dedit  in  Epiftola  quam  fecit  ad  Ger- 
<e  bertum  de  queftione  diametri  fuper  Macrobium  &  in  nonullis 

aliis.”  Malmejb .  lib.  ii.  c .  io.  p.  36.  which  fentence  is  repeated 
almoft  verbatim  by  Vincentius  Beiluacenjis ,  in  his  Speculum  Hijic- 
riale ,  printed  at  Stralburg,  by  Mentelra,  1476;  but  was  fo 
little  underftood  by  him,  that  he  puts  Bacchum  for  Abacumy 
and  Bachiflis  inftead  of  Abaciflis. 

The  whole  fentence  feems  to  convey  no  hint  of  Gerbert’s 
ufing  the  prefent  nine  cyphers  or  figures ;  for  they  muft  (horten 
and  render  very  eafy  any  given  rules,  inftead  of  perplexing 
the  fweating  calculators,  fo  as  not  to  be  underftood  by  them. 
It  rather  conveys  a  notion  of  the  profundity  of  his  rules,  than 
a  difcovery  of  new  means  of  rendering  them  eafy.  And  this 
opinion  is  ftrongly  confirmed  by  Gerbert’s  own  words,  in  the 
prefatory  Epiftle  of  his  Book  of  Numbers,  to  his  friend  C011- 
ftantine,  where  he  fays,  64  habeo  viam  rationis  brevem  quidem 
•“  verhis  fed  prolixam  fententiis.” 

That  Gerbert  was  in  Spain  is  not  to  be  doubted,  but  of 
what  kind  his  ftudies  were  while  there,  or  what  progrefs  he 
made,  we  are  quite  in  the  dark,  as  he  has  left  us  no  account 
in  his  Epiftles.  The  hiftorians  of  the  next  centuries,  fuch  as 
Sigebertus,  Gemblacenfis,  Vincentius  Belluacenfis,  the  author 
of  a  trad  de  Mirabi/ibus  Gerberti ,  a  MS  in  Ben’et  college  [£] 
library,  and  “  Chronicon  Franciae,”  a  MS  wrote  in  our  king 
Henry  the  Firft’s  reign,  in  the  fame  repoftiory,  relate  fuch  ri¬ 
diculous  ftories  of  his  art  magic  and  the  effeds  of  it  as  are  too 
trifling  for  the  attention  of  any  but  children.  If  he  had  the 

H]  F.  v.  15  in  Stanley’s  Catalogue. 


know- 


Introduction  of  Arabic  Numerals.  367 

knowledge  of  our  prefent  figures,  and  it  be  admitted  that  Boe¬ 
thius  really  invented  or  ufed  (to  me,  1  own,  improbable)  what 
profefTor  Ward  has  given  us  from  that  author’s  book  of  Geo¬ 
metry,  it  is  then  not  unlikely  that  Gerbert  had  them  from 
thence  ;  for  it  is  evident  from  his  eighth  epiftle  he  had  that 
work,  where  he  ufes  thefe  words,  to  Adalbero  arcbbifhop  of 
Rheims  *  “  Odto  volumina  Boethii  Aftrologise,  praeclariflima 
“  quoque  figurarum  Geometriae,  aliaque  non  minus  admiranda.” 
In  his  25th  letter  to  the  fon  of  the  Bilhop  of  Gironne,  “  De 
*e  multiplicatione  &  divifione  numerorum  Jofeph  fapiens  Senten- 
tias  quafdam  edidit.  Eas  pater  Adalbero  Remorum  archiepifco- 
“  pus  veftro  ftudio  habere  cupit.”  And  in  his  17th  epiftle  to  Ge¬ 
rald  abbot  of  Orleans,  “  De  multiplicatione  &.  divifione  nume- 
“  rorum  libellum  a  Jofepho  Hifpano  editum  abbas  Garnerius 
“  penes  vos  reliquit  ;  ut  exemplar  in  commune  fit  r  ogam  us, 
<c  fc.  ego  &  Adalbero.”  Had  our  prefent  figures  been  then 
ufed  in  Spain,  either  Gerbert  muft  have  brought  them  with 
him  into  France,  or  afterwards  have  learned  them  by  this  book 
of  Jofeph  :  in  either  cafe  they  could  not  long  continue  a  fiecret. 
Gerbert  himfelf  had  too  many  fcholars  for  fuch  a  defireable  in¬ 
vention  to  be  loft  by  difufe,  particularly  Fulbert  bifhop  of 
Chartres,  “  qui  multis  annis  fchoke  publicae  Carnotenfis  prae- 
“  fidens  plurimos  dodtiflimos  auditores  enutrivit.”  Trithemius 
de  Script.  Ecclef. 

c‘  Gilbertus  docuit  Fulbertum,  hie  etiam  Fulbertus  Beren- 
“  garium,  qui  iterum  Brunonem  Remenfem  &  alios  multos 
haeredes  Philofophiae  reliquit.” 

Under  thefe  circumftances,  and  by  fuch  a  fucceftion  of  men, 
fuch  a  difeovery  could  not  poffibly  be  loft,  nor  could  it  fail  of 
being  loon  widely  propagated. 


William 


;6g  Mr.  North  on  the 

William  of  Malmefbury,  as  above  quoted,  mentions  “  Epif- 
«  tolam  quam  Adelbold  fecit  ad  Gerbertum  de  queftione  dia- 

metri  fuper  Macrobium.”  This  epifUe  I  lately  difcovered  in 
Ben’et  college  library,  together  with  an  epiftle  of  Gerbert  to 
him  at  the  end  of  Macrobii  Opera  [rl.  This  MS.  was  certainly 
wrote  in  or  near  their  own  time.  In  this  epiftle,  if  any  where, 
was  to  be  expeded  a  proof  of  Gerbert’s  knowledge  and  ufe  of 
our  figures  :  whereas  there  is  nothing  like  them  to  be  found 
throughout ;  but  on  the  contrary,  he  conitantly  uies  the  Ro¬ 
man  numeral  letters,  and  Adelbold  does  the  fame,  whole  letter 
was  wrote  when  Gerbert  was  become  pope  Sylvefter;  all  which 
with  me  amounts  to  a  demonftration,  that  neither  of  thefe 
learned  men  had  the  knowledge  ot  them.  It  I.  MalTon,  who 
publilhed  (but  in  a  very  incorre&  manner)  the  Epifties  of  Ger¬ 
bert,  which  are  now  become  fcarce,  had  given  us  the  book 
mentioned  in  his  preface  de  divifione  numerorum  nondum  in  lucem 
editum  cujus  MS  habeo  (which,  with  the  red:  of  Mallon  s  MS, 
is  probably  now  in  the  French  king’s  library),  the  point  now 
in  difpute  would  have  been  afcertained  ;  but  I  Ihould  think 
there  is  no  greater  probability  of  the  figures  or  cyphers  appear¬ 
ing  there,  than  in  the  abovementioned  epifties,  both  which 
were  wrote  alter  his  book  ot  arithmetic. 

I  cannot  take  my  leave  of  Gerbert  without  exprefiing  ftrong 
wilhes  that  his  life  was  compofed  by  fome  perfon  of  induftry, 
and  pofiefted  of  proper  opportunities  to  collea  what  fragments 
we  have  relating  to  him,  and  thereby  do  juftice  to  a  chara&er, 
than  which  none  have  ever  been  more  abufed  and  milreprefented  ; 
nor  was  there,  I  believe,  a  greater  natural  genius,  or  more 
improved  by  extenfive  reading  and  knowledge  of  eveiy  kind 
in  his  own  dark  age,  or  the  fucceeding  ones,  till  the  appear- 

J>]  V.  4.  Stanley’s  Catalogue. 


ances 


Introduction  of  Arabic  Numerals.  369 

ances  of  thofe  comets  of  learning  (if  I  may  be  allowed  the  ex- 
preffion  of  thofe  who  Ihone  lb  bright  and  fo  foon  disap¬ 
peared)  Roger  Bacon  and  his  contemporaries.  By  his  epiftles 
(very  imperfect  and  undigefted  remains  of  him)  it  appears  he 
had  read  moft  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  writers.  Few  books 
efcaped,  which  induftry  and  application  to  his  friends  could 
colled  to  furnifti  his  library  ;  for  which  purpofe  he  tells  us,  in 
his  44th  epiftle,  “  Cum  ftudio  bene  vivendi  Temper  conjunxi 
“  ft  odium  bene  dicendi — cui  rei  praeparandas  bibliothecam  afti- 
“  due  comparo,  &  ficut  Romae  dudum  ac  in  aliis  partibus  Italian, 
<•  in  Germannia  quoque  &  Belgica  fcriptores  authorumque 
“  exemplaria  multitudine  numorum  redemi  adjutus  benevolen- 
4<  tia  amicorum.”  His  knowledge  in  the  mathematics  Onu- 
phrius  Panvinius,  in  his  notes  on  Platina’s  Hiftory  of  the  Popes, 
obferves,  is  evident  by  his  geometrical  works  (till  preferved  in 
the  Farnefe  library  at  Rome.  That  he  had  read  the  works  of 
Pappus  Alexandrinus  we  muft  believe  by  the  organs  he  made 
for  his  church  of  Rheims,  “  arte  hydraulica  ubi  mirum  in 
modum  per  aquae  calefadae  violentiam  implet  ventus  emer- 
“  gens  per  cavitatem  barbati  &  per  multitoratiles  tradus  aerese 
“  fiftulas  modulatos  clamore  emittunt.”  Vincent.  Bellonac.  Hif* 
tor .  Spec .  lib.  xxv.  c.  99.  Of  the  fame  kind,  probably,  were 
the  organs  mentioned  in  his  71  ft  letter  to  be  made  by  him  in 
Italy,  and  which  he  promifed  to  fend  to  Gerard  abbat  of  Or¬ 
leans  ;  which  mulical  inftruments  might  poftibly  be  newly 
revived  in  the  time  of  Pappus,  and  therefore  defigned  to  be 
perpetuated  by  the  type  of  them  on  the  contorniate  medals 
which  were  ftruck  in  that  centuryftn  the  time  of  d  heodohus 
and  Valent inian.  See  Havercamp  de  nununis  contorntaiisy p.  126. 

Vol.  X.  B  b  b  The 


Mr.  North  on  the 


37° 

The  work  of  Achilles  Tatius  de  Sphasra  he  got  from  Remi- 
gius,  a  learned  monk  of  the  abbey  of  Melchod,  in  the  diocefe 
of  Triers  (of  whom  fee  Trithemius  de  viris  illuftribus),  as  we 
may  gather  from  his  134th  epiflle,  where  what  is  printed'  Vo- 
lumen  de  Achilleidos  Jlatu ,  fhould,  doubtlefs,  be  read  Volumen  de 
Spheera  Achilleidis  Tatii ;  and  in  return  for  which  Gerbert  fent  Re- 
migius  a  celeftial  globe,  “  fphaera  torno  jam  expolita  &  artijiciofe 
“  equino  corio  obvoluta,  fed  fi  minima  cura  fatigaris  habendi  fim- 
65  plici  fucoinfterftin&am  circa  Martiascalendas  expe&a,  nifi  forte 
“  cum  orizonte  ac  diverfa  ccelorum  pulchritudine  infignitam  pras- 
“  ftoleris,  annuum  perhorrefcas  laborem.”  Epift.  148. 

His  correfpondence  was  as  extenfve  as  the  number  of  the 
learned  of  that  age  ;  confequently  an  account  of  his  life  would 
be  a  literary  hiftory  of  his  time. 

His  political  abilities,  which  appear  in  many  of  his  letters, 
need  no  better  proof  than  his  fpeedy  advancement  from  a  monk 
of  Fleury  to  the  archbifhoprick  of  Rheims,  thence  to  that  of 
Ravenna,  and  then  to  the  popedom. 

The  next  account  of  figures  to  be  confidered  is  the  Helmdon 
date  fuppofed  by  Dr.  Wallis  [*/]  1133,  by  the  learned  profeflor 
Wrard  1233;  either  of  which  is  abfolutely  unaccountable,  that 
no  inftance  of  this  kind  fhould  appear  in  any  books  many 
years  after  they  were  ufed  for  fo  mean  a  purpofe  as  to  denote 
the  ere&ion  of  the  mantle-tree  of  a  chimney.  Though  I  (hall 
not  venture  to  attempt  an  explanation  of  them,  yet  1  will  ven¬ 
ture  to  foretell,  that  fome  other  and  different  account  will  here¬ 
after  appear,  if  the  original  piece  of  wood  remains  undefaced. 

As  for  the  fuppofed  date  at  Widial  in  this  county,  there 
■  feems  to  a  mind  unprepoflefled  no  fimilitude  of  numeral  figures. 
To  fuppofe,  as  one  gentleman  [f]  exprefiies  himfelf  in  a  letter  read 

[^]  Phil.  Tranf.  N°  154.  p,  399.  Wallis  on  Algebra,  p.  12. 

[*j  Mr,  Cope,  in  Phil.  Tranf.  NJ  439.  p.  z  1 9.  See  Prof.  Ward,  ib.p.  120. 

to 


Introduction  of  Arabic  Numerals.  371 

to  the  Royal  Society,  that  the  houfe  was  built  in  1016,  in  the 
place  of  another  deftroyed  by  the  Danes  the  year  before,  is  a 
notion  directly  contrary  to  the  faith  of  hiftory.  For  neither 
does  the  Saxon  Chronicon,  or  any  other  hiftory,  fpeak  of  the 
Danes  being  in  thefe  parts  in  the  year  1015.  In  the  following 
year  they  ravaged  thefe  parts,  and  two  battles  were  fought  in 
the  neighbourhood.  Of  the  firft  the  only  mention  we  have  is 
in  Somner’s  Saxon’s  Diftionary,  from  a  book  of  the  abbey  ot 
Abingdon.  “  Tunc  ipfe  Edmundus  Rex  vice  tertia  exercitum 
“  congregavit  &  Londinum  adiit  re£ta  ex  Aquilonari  Thamefis 
4C  parte,  &  fie  per  Cleigh  hangre  (i.  e.  Clay  hill)  &  cives  L011- 
“  dinenfes  a  Cnutone  obfeflos  liberavit.”  Cleigh  hangre  I 
imagine  to  be  Clay  hill,  in  the  parifh  of  Watton,  near  which 
are  ftill  the  remains  of  a  camp,  and  a  field  called  Danefield, 
between;  as  king  Edmund  was  able  to  go  to  the  relief  ot  Lon¬ 
don,  the  Danes  muft  have  been  worfied,  and  probably  might 
bury  fome  of  their  commanders  under  the  fix  hills  near  Ste¬ 
venage. 

This  was  after  the  return  from  the  battle  of  Sheorfhn,  on  the 
borders  of  Wiltfhire,  and  that  the  Saxon  Chronicon  fays,  was 
septep  mibbap  pumepa,  after  Midfummer.  At  the  latter  end  of 
the  year  the  Danes  marched  with  defiruaion  from  Kent  through 
Mercia,  and  turning  into  Eflex,  at  Afshenden,  about  twelve 
miles  from  Widial,  was  the  Inft,  and,  to  the  Englifh,  fatal  battle 
fought  between  Edmund  and  Cnut.  From  this  plain  account 
it  is  to  the  higheft  degree  improbable,  that  any  new  buildings 
fhould  beerefted  in  1016,  a  year  lo  memorable  for  ruin  and 

deftru&ion. 

But  fuch  arguments  as  thefe  are  really  needlefs,  for  let  the 
A\  in  the  Widial  charaders  Hand  for  what  you  will,  I  dare 

B  b  b  2  '  aver 


Mr.  North  on  the 


372 

aver  that  the  I.  G.  were  defigned  for  no  other  than  the  initial  of 
John  Gill's  name  ;  to  whom  king  Henry  VIII.  granted  the 
lionfe  and  manor. 

As  to  what  the  gentleman  writes  of  the  plafter  over  thefe 
characters  bearing  the  date  139°?  without  any  impeachment 
of  his  judgement  or  general  knowledge,  we  may  fafely  fuppofe 
it  a  mi  hake  (poflibly  for  1590);  for  nothing  is  more  eafy  than 
for  a  perfon,  not  very  converfant  in  fuch  inquiries,  to  mihake 
one  antient  figure  for  another  :  the  moft  knowing  may  do  this 
without  great  care  and  attention.  I  have  often  feen  the  figure 
5,  in  deeds  of  queen  Elizabeth’s  reign,  fo  like  the  figure  3,  as 
to  make  a  recourfe  to  the  other  part  of  the  deed  necefiary  to 
afcertain  it.  Upon  the  upper  poh  of  a  gateway  near  the  great 
bridge  at  Cambridge  are  thefe  figures,  which  are  generally 
taken  for  1332,  though,  without  any  hefitation,  we  may  ven¬ 
ture  to  pronounce  them  1552  [jf].  A  mihake  of  the  fame  kind 
might  happen  as  to  the  date  on  the  plaiher  work.  The 
moh  antient  inhances  in  any  book  of  our  figures  which  Mr. 
Galley’s  induftry  could  difcoveris  in  Roger  Bacon’s  Calendar  in 
the  king’s  library,  dated  1192,  which  very  book  I  have  pe- 
rufed,  and  find  the  date  was  not  written  then,  but  that  the  ta¬ 
bles  therein  were  then  made  at  Tolofa  in  France;  and  there¬ 
fore  how  many  years  afterwards  the  manufcript  was  written  is 
uncertain.  This  naturally  recalls  an  obfervation  I  have  often 
made  as  to  dates  and  cyphers  in  books  of  that  kind,  that  if  we 
do  not  carefully  perufe  the  book  we  may  be  betrayed  into  great 
errors  by  taking  that  for  the  date  of  the  copy  which  was  really 
the  time  of  the  compofition.  Befides,  nothing  was  more  fre¬ 
quent,  when  our  cyphers  began  to  come  into  ufe,  than  to  exprefs 
rhofe  numbers  by  them,  which  were  in  the  fame  work  origi¬ 
nally  done  by  Roman  numeral  letters. 

[/]  See  Profeffor  Ward  on  it.  Phil.  Tranf.  N°  474.  p.  79* 

A  re- 


I 


Introduction  of  Arabic  Numerals .  373 

A  remarkable  inftance  of  which  I  found  in  the  Harleian  li¬ 
brary,  of  a  manufcriptof  ‘6  Julii  Firmici  Aftronomia,”  in  which 
all  the  numbers  are  in  figures  or  cyphers ;  but  a  man  would  be 
very  rafh  to  imagine  they  were  originally  expreffed  lo. 

In  Ben’et  college  library,  before  a  table  of  eclipfes  from  the 
year  1330  to  1348  [g],  is  prefixed  an  account  of  numbers,  and 
the  methods  of  exprelfiing  them;  which  I  have  here  drawn  out, 
not  only  on  account  of  the  uncommon  method,  or  characters 
in  the  fecond  column,  but  as  a  proof  likewife  that  the  ufe  of 
the  prefent  figures  was  then  but  rarely  known  or  praCtifed,  fo 
as  to  want  explanation. 


I 

Humerus  Artie  ulus 

Humerus  Com 

lolitus 

1 

« 

X 

10 

0- 

XI 

II 

-0- 

11 

2 

•  .  • 

3 

XX 

2 

€Br 

12 

-0: 

III 

• 

•  • 

XXX 

* 

3 

13 

-0:* 

mi 

•  • 

IA 

-0:: 

y 

0 

-00 

VI 

6 

o- 

1  <0 

-00- 

aui 

A 

0: 

'A 

■eo: 

Yin 

8 

o:- 

18 

-ao:* 

!  ix 

9 

0 

- 

'9 

0-0 

[>]  “  Tabula  Eclipf5  fobs  pro  primo  Ciclo,  cujus  principlum  eft  an.  Chrifti 
1 330, '  cujus  autem  finis  eft  1348.”  The  lame  figure  is  put  for  4  in  the  fecond 
date,  as  in  the  annexed  plate. 

Omnis 


t 


Mr.  North  on  the 


3/4 

Omnis  numerus  vel  omnis  figure  in  algorifmo  priino  loco  fe 
ipfam  fignificat  ;  fecundo  loco,  decies  le  lplam  fignificat  ;  ter- 
lio  loco,  ceuties  fie  ;  quarto  loco,  mdefiea  fe  ;  quinto  loco, 
decies  mile  lies  fe ;  lexro  loco,  centjes  milefies  fe  ;  feptimo  loco, 
mille  milefies  fe  ;  odtavo  loco,  decies  mille  middies  te  ;  nono 
loco,  centies  mille  milltfies  fe  ;  decimo  loco,  m  lie  mile  Ties  mi- 
lelies  fe.  Et  lie  multiplicand©  per  decern  centum  &  mille 
ufque  in  infinitum  computando  verfus  finittram. 

N  umerus  eft  multitudo  ex  unitate  compolita.  Et  nota  quod 
triplex  eft  numerus  (c.  numerus  digitus,  numerus  articulus, 
numerus  compofitus.  Numerus  digitus  eft  omnis  numerus 
infra  decern,  ut  unus,  duo,  tres.  Numerus  articulus  eft  decu- 
plus  fui  digiti,  vel  numerus  articulus  eft  omnis  numerus  qui 
poteft  dividi  in  decern  partes  aequales  ita  quod  nich'd  fit  refi- 
duum,  ut  decern,  viginti.  Numerus  compofitus  eft  qui  com- 
ponitur  ex  digito  &  articulo,  ut  undecim,  duodecim,  &c. 

In  the  fame  library  I  lately  difeovered  a  more  antient  date 
than  that  in  Bacon’s  Calendar,  viz,  in  “  Traclatu  de  Sphaera  per 
Robertum  Lincoln  (Grofthed),  feript.  anno  1283.”  That  this 
was  not  the  date  of  compofing  the  tradt,  but  of  the  time  of 
writing  this  copy,  is  plain,  becaufe  the  author  died  30  years 
before,  wz,  1253  ( Matih .  Paris  ad  an.)  ;  and  it  is  written  in  a 
hand  evidently  of  that  time. 

To.  this  great  reftorer  of  learning  Robert  Grofthed,  bifhop 
of  Lincoln  (whole  life,  begun  by  Dr.  Knight,  rauft  have  been 
very  acceptable  had  he  finifhed  it),  we  of  this  nation  princi¬ 
pally  owe,  I  apprehend,  our  knowledge  of  the  cyphers  or  pre- 
fent  figures.  The  authority  I  have  for  this  notion  has,  to  my 
great  furprize,  been  hitherto  overlooked,  though  very  remark- 

*  able,, 


Introduction  of  Arabic  Numerals*  c~  ~ 

nine,  and  equally  clear.  It  is  in  the  continuation  of  Matthew 
Paris1  Hijlona ,  ad  an,  1251,  p.  1112,  edit.  Parkeri,  where  he 
gives  an  account  of  the  death,  of  John  Bafingftoke,  archdeacon 
of  Leicefter.  “  Hie  Magifter  Johannes  figuras  Griecorum  nu- 
“  merales  &  earum  notitiam  &  fignificationes  in  Angliam  por- 
“  tavit  &  familiaribus  fuis  declaravit,  per  quas  figuras  etiam 
“  litere  reprefentantur.  De  quibus  figuris  hoc  maxime  ad  mi* 
44  randum  quod  unica  figura  qu i li bet  numerus  reprefentatur, 
“  quod  non  eft  in  Latino,  vel  in  Aigarifmo.”  Mow  long  his 
return  from  Athens  was  before  his  death  we  ate  not  informed  : 
but  as  to  the  teftament  of  the  twelve  patriarchs,  which  John  firfl 
mentioned  to  bifhop  Grofihed,  Matthew  Paris  tells  us,  p.  800, 
the  bifiiop  tranflated  it  into  Latin  in  the  year  1241;  and  fuppo- 
fing  he  fent  to  Greece  for  them,  as  loon  as  he  received  infor¬ 
mation  of  them,  and,  allowing  two  or  three  years  for  that  bu- 
finefs,  we  may  fuppofe  John  Bafingftoke’s  return  from  Athens 
was  between  1235  and  1240. 

There  have  been  no  fpecimens  produced  of  them  which  are 
undoubted  before  that  time.  Matthew  Paris  himfelf  knew  them 
nor,  if  we  may  credit  the  manufcript  in  his  hand  in  the  king’s 
library,  in  which  the  dates  are  all  in  Roman  letters. 

Johannes  de  Sacro  Bofco,  Prefacius  Judaeus,  whofe  tables, 
wrote  in  1308,  are  in  the  king’s  library,  and  Roger  Bacon, 
who  all  ufed  the  figures,  lived  and  wrote  till  after  the  time 
above  afligned  for  the  introduction  of  them. 

That  Thomas  Rilhanger,  or  whoever  was  the  continuator  of 
Matthew  Paris’s  hiftory,  fhould  call  them  figuras  Grtecorum  is 
no  wonder  ;  for  if  we  will  not  with  Huetius,  or  before  him 
Petrus  Dafypodius,  profefifor  of  mathematics  at  Strafhurg,  fup¬ 
pofe  them  to  be  derived  from  the  lefier  Greek  letters ;  yet,  as 

the 


* 


37 


Mr.  North  on  the 


the  introduction  of  them  to  us  was  from  Greece,  he  might, 
without  impropriety,  call  them  Greecorum  jiguras ,  even  if  we 
muft  fuppofc  them  originally  invented  among  the  Indians, 
vvhofe  country,  arts,  and  lciences  were  fo  little  known  in  this 
part  of  the  world. 

There  feems  not  from  any  fpecimens  to  be  found  in  books 
(and  in  books  they  were  doubtlefs  firft  ufed)  any  reafon  to  ad¬ 
vance  the  introdudtion  of  them  into  England  higher.  Dr. 
Wallis  does  indeed  take  it  for  granted,  that  from  the  time  of 
Gerbert,  who  he  imagines  learned  them  at  Seville,  many  of 
cur  countrymen  learned  them  from  the  fame  fchool,  and  con- 
ftantly  made  ufe  of  them,  as  Daniel  de  Merlac,  and  William 
de  Conchis,  or  Shelley.  I  have  had  opportunities  of  confulting 
two  manufcripts  of  the  works  of  the  latter,  and  find  no  inftance  of 
any  cypher  or  figure.  There  is  the  greateft  probabily  they  were 
not  known  or  made  ufe  of  in  the  fchool  of  Seville,  even  fo  low  as 
the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century,  for  in  the  king’s  library 
is  a  trad,  intituled,  “  Introdu&orius  Hifpalenfis,”  which  includes 
the  elements  of  aftronomy,  as  taught  in  the  fchool  of  Seville, 
wrote  in  that  century  ;  in  which  all  the  tables  are  conflantly 
exprefled  in  Roman  letters,  which  it  is  fcarcely  probable  would 
have  been  uled  had  the  more  eafy  compendious  method  of 
cyphers  been  known  to  them. 

Another  particular  may  be  mentioned  as  not  quite  foreign 
to  the  fubjedt,  that  in  the  Tower  of  London  I  faw,  by  the 
favour  of  my  honoured  friend  George  Holmes,  efq.  two  letters 
from  Alfonfus  king  of  Spain  to  our  Edward  the  Firft,  written 
on  paper  (the  oldeft  fpecimen  cf  paper  now  perhaps  remaining'?, 
in  which  the  dates  are  exprefted  thus  :  OOcclxxn,  OOcclxxviii, 

3  which 


/ 


Introduction  of  Arabic  Numerals .  ,  377 

which  are  corroborating  circumftances  that  the  figures  were  not 
then  in  ufe  in  that  kingdom. 

The  pleafure  of  collecting  and  connecting  them,  with  obfer- 
vations,  and  our  free  thoughts  of  them,  is  fo  amufing  as  often 
leads  us  into  trefpaffing  on  the  patience  ot  thofe  we  addrefs 
them  to.  This,  I  have  reafon  to  fear,  is  my  cafe  at  prefent.  If 
there  is  any  thing  in  thefe  papers  unobferved  before,  or  put  in 
a  new  light,  which  can  atone  for  the  length  of  them,  it  is 
the  utmofl:  that  can  be  hoped  for,  by, 


My  Lord, 


Your  Lordfhip’s  mod  obliged,  humble  fervant, 


GEORGE  NORTH. 


Vol.  X. 


C  c  c 


XXXVI. 


[  373  ] 


\ 


XXXVI.  Roman  remains  In  Sherwood  Fore  ft,  dif- 
covered  by  Hay  man  Rooke,  Efq.  F»A.  S.  and  com¬ 
municated  by  him  m  a  Fetter  to  the  Right  Hon.  Sir 
George  Yonge,  Bart. 

O  O' 


Read  June  2,  1791. 


Dear  Sir,  Mansfield  V/oodhoufe,  Dec.  5,  1790  a 

INCE  I  had  the  honour  of  tranfmitting  to  you  a  descrip¬ 
tion  of  Some  remains  of  Roman  works  on  Sherwood  ForefE 
[rt],  I  have  met  with  a  con  fide  rabie  part  of  a  very  large  camp, 
which  probably  contained  the  main  body  of  the  Roman  army  $ 
it  is,  therefore,  I  think  well  worthy  of  notice. 

On  the  South-eaft  end  of  Sherwood  Forefl,  and  within  two 
miles  North-weft  of  the  village  of  Arnold,  is  Holly  Hill,  fo 
called  from  its  having  had  many  holly  trees  upon  it.  On  this 
elevated  Spot,  which  is  the  higheft  ground  on  the  foreft,  is 
part  of  a  very  extenfive  Roman  camp  ;  fee  the  plan  at  [ A J  in 
PI.  XXXIV.  length  417.  yards  by  240.  Thefe  works  evidently 
appear  to  have  been  continued  beyond  the  hedge  (£),  marked  by 
dotted  lines,  into  a  field  which  has  been  inclofed  fome  years, 
where  there  are  now  hardly  any  traces  of  the  ditch  or  vallum* 
My  informant  an  old  tarmer  at  Arnold  allured  me,  that  he  re¬ 
members  the  camp  complete,  extending  a  long  way  into  the 

[a]  See  ArclioeoL  Vol.  IX.  p.  196. 

adjoining 


t/j///  ut?  oj  ypjvji  oozyb 


■op 


3.1 7/V 


J?P*L?°}0 1) 


?pjvp  /  7fr 


yp./vji  it 


U  X  'bA 


yp  a/ssm  nys^'/s  v? 

./sv/yy  1  *  ?/#y/////'  j  yy/su/<r^j  j/C////  ?? /ss 


ypuvptf) 


Mr.  Rooke  on  Roman  remains  tn  Sherwood  Fore  ft.  379 

adjoining  field,  and  that  he  is  certain  it  was  above  twice  the 
length  of  what  is  now  diftinguifhable.  He  likewife  told  me  he 
has  heard  his  father  fay  that,  when  he  was  a  boy,  this  work 
was  pointed  out  to  him  as  a  large  Roman  camp.  This  is  the 
only  traditional  account  I  could  procure  ;  but  it  is  fufficient  to 
{Lengthen  my  conjecture,  that  it  was  the  principal  camp  of 
the  main  body  of  the  Roman  army  in  thefe  parts.  You  twill 
obferve,  Sir,  that  it  has  had  a  double  ditch  and  vallum  ;  but, 
as. this  hill  was  formerly  inclofed  in  a  break,  the  plough  has 
deftroyed  great  part  of  it.  The  fquare  praetorium  (c),  the  tides 
of  which  are  1?  yards  in  length,  {lands  on  the  higheft  part  of 
the  camp,  on  the  fide  that  looks  towards  Berry  Hill  and  Manfi* 
field,  which  are  not  above  eight  or  nine  miles  diftant  from  this 
{pot.  The  little  exploratory  camps  at  Oxton,  Combs,  and 
Hexgrave  jY],  are  almoft  in  a  line  with  this;  the  latter,  which 
is  the  fartheft  off,  is  plainly  to  be  feen  at  the  diftance  of  eight 
miles. 

The  progrefs  of  a  Roman  army  through  this  part  of  Notting- 
hamfhire  is  ftrongly  marked  by  the  fize  and  fituation  of  this 
camp,  which  is  not  above  five  miles  wreft  from  Nottingham, 
the  Caufdnnis  of  the  Romans,  according  to  DoClor  Gale,  who 
makes  Nottingham  30  miles  from  Brigcafterton,  and  26  from 
Lincoln,  which  agrees  with  the  Vth.  Iter  of  Antoninus,  where 
Caufennis  is  30  miles  from  Durobrivis,  and  26  from  Lindum; 
fo  that  there  is  great  reafon  to  think  that  the  doflor  is  right  in 
fuppofing  Nottingham  to  be  a  Roman  Ration. 

Robert  Lowe,  Efq.  of  Oxton,  to  wrhofe  politenefs  I  am 
much  indebted,  conduced  me  to  another  ancient  work,  in  a 
field  called  Lovely  Grange,  not  far  from  Oxton,  and  about  half 


f b]  Sec  Archaeol.  Vol.  IX.  p.  200. 

C  C  C  2 


a  mile 


380  Mr.  Rooke  on  Roman  remains 

a  mile  Eaft  of  Oldox  ;  fee  the  plan  at  [B]  in  PI.  XXXIV.  The 
ditch  and  vallum  are  plainly  to  be  diftinguifhed  on  the  North  fide 
and  Well:  end  ;  but  very  little  traces  of  them  remain  on  the 
other  fides.  The  length  is  314  yards  by  67.  It  is  fituated  on  the 
fide  of  an  hill,  within  two  hundred  yards  of  the  top,  where 
there  is  an  extenfive  view,  and  was  moft  probably  the  work 
of  the  Romans. 

The  coins  that  have  been  found  in  and  near  thefe  camps 
are  fufficient  proofs  of  their  having  been  in  the  pofiefiion  of  the 
Romans.  Our  worthy  member,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Pegge,  has  a 
coin  of  the  larger  brafs,  but  much  defaced,  found  in  the  camp 
on  the  Combs.  Three  I  havehad  given  me,  two  of  the  middle 
brafs,  the  heads  only  diftinguilhable ;  thefe  were  found  near 
Qxton,  not  far  from  the  camp  at  Oldox  :  the  other,  in  my 
polfefiion,  is  of  the  larger  brafs,  which,  from  the  refemblance 
it  bears  to  that  found  in  Mansfield,  I  fhould  fuppofe  to  be 
Antonnius  Pius  ;  on  the  reverfe  is  a  figure  half  naked,  with  a 
hafta  in  the  right  hand,  and  an  altar  refling  on  the  left  knee, 
with  the  letters  S.  C.  SenatusConfulto  ;  the  legend  totally  defaced. 
This  was  found  near  Arnold,  and  feveral  others  have  been 
picked  up  on  that  part  of  Holly  Hill  that  has  been  inclofed, 
but  I  could  not  find  out  in  whole  pofiefiion  they  now  are, 
notwithftanding  the  obliging  exertions,  of  my  learned  friend 
dodlor  Oakes  to  procure  every  information  relative  to  antiqui¬ 
ties  near  Arnold,  that  could  be  any  ways  ferviceable  to  me  in 
my  relearches  [, c ]. 

[C]  in  PI.  XXXIV.  is  a  brafs  key,  found  on  Sherwood 
Forefi,  in  making  a  new  road  from  Kirkby  to  join  that  which 

[c]  It  may  be  neceffary  to  obferve,  that  thefe  three  camps  are  laid  down  upon 
the  fame  fcale  with  thofe  at  Combs,  Oldox,  &c.  in  order  to  ihew  the  propor¬ 
tion  they  bear  to  each  other. 


goes 


Vol.  X.n.  XXX^ .  p.  381.. 


\ 

l 


in  Sherwood  Foreft.  381 

goes  from  Mansfield  to  Nottingham.  The  lingular  fhape  of 
this  key,  and  the  green  ruft  that  it  has  acquired  from  age, 
make  me  inclined  to  think  it  is  the  work  of  a  Roman  artift. 
In  Montfaucon  there  is  a  key  whofe  wards  exactly  refemblc 
this. 

The  little  inclofure  [D]  in  PI.  XXXIV.  has  a  very  wide  ditch 
and  high  vallum.  It  is  fituated  on  the  foreft,  in  a  marfhy 
valley,  near  a  brook,  and  about  a  mile  and  half  Weft  of 
Oxton.  The  dimenfions  within  the  vallum  are  22  yards  by 
18.  See  the  left  ion  at  [E],  This  I  think  will  appear,  from  the 
delcription  of  the  following  barrows,  to  be  a  work  of  the 
ancient  Britons. 

You  may  recollect,  Sir,  that  in  a  former  Paper  of  mine  on 
the  Roman  roads  and  camps  difeovered  in  this  neighbour¬ 
hood  [*/],  I  mentioned  three  large  tumuli,  or  barrows  ;  the 
fmalleft  was  on  the  Foreft,  about  a  mile  from  Oxton,  and 
meafured  159  feet  in  circumference.  On  the  20th  of  October, 
X 7 8 9 ,  I  opened  this  barrow,  which  was  formed  with  very 
fine  mould,  to  the  depth  of  feven  feet  and  an  half  from  the 
top  to  a  little  below  the  natural  foil.  Here  we  came  to  a  kind 
of  grey  fand  mixed  with  clay,  about  five  inches  think,  fome 
parts  of  which  were  moift;  on  this  lay  an  urn  half  full  of 
afhes,  and  covered  with  a  piece  of  coarfe  baked  earth,  which 
broke  when  taken  up.  See  it  engraved  at  (A)  in  PJ.  XXXV.  On 
examining  this  urn,  to  my  great  furprife,  it  appeared  to  be  iron 
corroded  with  ruft,  and  I  have  fince  had  the  fatisfaefion  of 
being  confirmed  in  my  opinion  that  it  is  made  of  that  metal. 
On  one  fide  and  at  the  bottom  is  a  piece  of  wood,  marked  (0), 
which  flicks  to  the  urn,  and  feyeral  finall  pieces  were  found 

[y]  Archceol.  Vol.  IX.  p.  201. 


near 


^,32  Mr.  Rooke  on  Roman  remains 

near  it,  which,  from  their  fhape,  being  hollowed  on?”,  evi¬ 
dently  appeared  to  have  Ruck  to  the  urn.  1  heie  1  have  pieferved. 
I  think  there  is  great  reafon  to  fuppofe,,  that  this  urn  was  de¬ 
posed  in  the  barrow  in  a  wooden  cafe,  which,  when  it  began 
to  decay  and  get  moift,  would  naturally  adhere,  to  the  iron. 
Near  the  urn  was  a  fword  in  a  wooden  fcabbard,  two  feet  fix 
inches  in  length,  and  four  inches  broad.  See  (B)  PI.  XXXV. 
In  taking  it  up  it  broke  into  feven  pieces,  fome  of  which 
where  the  fcabbard  was  the  leaft  decayed,  were  above  half  an 
inch  thick;  the  wood,  when  preffed,  mouldered  into  dull. 
Near  the  end  of  the  fword  fifteen  glafs  beads  were  picked  up, 
fome  green,  others  clouded  with  yellow,  and  fome  of  a  deep 
yellow  ;  fee  their  fize  in  PI.  XXXV.  i  and  2  tranfparent  greens  ; 
3  and  4  yellow ;  5  and  6  deep  yellow.  It  is  very  probable  that 
thefe  beads  were  depofited  as  amulets;  not  being  perforated, 
they  could  not  be  ufed  as  ornaments,  and  when  fo  found  the 
barrow  is  generally  thought  to  be  the  fepulchre  of  a  woman. 
The  finding  of  beads  and  arms  together  is  very  remarkable, 
and,  1  believe,  this  is  the  only  inftance  where  they  have  been 
difeovered  with  weapons.  A  very  learned  and  ingenious  mem¬ 
ber.  of  our  Society,  the  R.ev.  Mr.  James  Douglas,  is  of  opi¬ 
nion,  that  the  Britons  had  not  acquired  the  art  of  making 
glafs  till  after  the  Roman  invafion,  and  offers  many  reafonable 
conjectures  in  fupport  of  that  opinion.  He  cites  a  paffage  in 
Ifaiah,  which,  he  lays,  “  alludes  to  the  daughter  of  Sion,  to 
“  the  city  in  its  flourilhing  Rate,  before  the  firft  Captivity. 
“  This  was  the  period  of  the  Phoenicians,  when  Tyre  and 
66  Sidon  were  in  their  profperity,  when  all  the  arts  of  mer- 
“  chandize  were  cultivated  to  the  greateff  height  of  perfection. 
“  It  is  to  this  period  then,  ;'6S  years  before  Chriff,  we  are  to 
2  “  look 


in  Sherwood  Foreft. 


3^3 

“  look  for  the  exigence  of  glafs  jV].**'  It  has  been  the  gene¬ 
ral  opinion  of  Antiquaries,  that  the  Britons  carried  on  a  trade 
with  the  Phoenicians  long  before  the  Romans  got  footing  in 
this  ifland.  We  may  therefore  conclude,  that  the  merchants 
would  bring,  over  whatever  would  be  mcft  acceptable  to  the  un¬ 
civilized  Britons,  and  furely  nothing  could  be  more  fo  than 
glafs  beads  :  and  we  find  that  an  eager  defire  to  .po fiefs  thefe 
prevails  among  the  Barbarians  in  every  part  of  the  world.  The 
beautiful  colours  and  tranfparency  of  thefe  beads,  mud  be  very 
ftriking  to  the  fuperftitious  Britons,  who,  when  in  pofleflion 
of  fuch  phoenomena,  and  thinking  they  contained  fome  power¬ 
ful  charm,  would  naturally  pr^ferve  them  as  amulets.  Hence 
there  is  reafon  to  fuppofe,  that  the  relics  in  this  barrow  are  of 
very  remote  antiquity. 

(C)  PI.  XXXV.  is  an  iron  dagger,  which  broke  in 
taking  up.  It  has  been  in  a  wooden  fcabbard,  bits  of  which 
now  adhere  to  the  ruff,  and  are  diftinguifhed  in  the  drawing 
by  the  light  parts.  (D.  E.  F.)  are  pieces  of  iron  much  cor¬ 
roded,  found  near  the  fword,  and  were  probably  part  of  the 
guard.  (G.)  is  a  bit  of  a  brafs  rim,  covered  with  green  ruff. 
(H.)  is  an  iron  inftrument  of  a  lingular  fhape ;  the  fides  are  flat, 
the  point  plainly  appears  to  have  been  broken  off,  and  upon  it 
is  a  thin  coat  of  fmooth  yellow  ruff,  which  probably  may  be 
occafioned  by  fome  acid  quality  in  that  part  of  the  earth  where 
it  lay. 

(I)  feems  to  have  been  an  iron  weapon,  with  a  hole  at  the 
end  for  a  ftaff,  very  much  corroded  with  ruft. 


[<?]  Nenia  Brit.  N°  V.  p.  61. 


Th 


I 


3S4  Mr .  Rooke  <?«  Roman  remains 

The  urn  retains  its  magnetic  quality,  but  not  very  power¬ 
fully  ;  it  is  more  fo  in  the  inftrument  (H).  The  fmall  pieces 
have  totally  loft  their  magnetic  quality.  On  the  foreft,  about 
a  mile  and  half  Weft  of  Oxton,  in  the  marfhy  valley  above 
mentioned,  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  little  work  [Dj,  in 
PI.  XXXIV.  was  a  barrow  123  feet  in  circumference,  furrounded 
with  a  ditch  and  vallum.  This  I  opened  on  the  30th  of  Sep¬ 
tember  1790.  In  the  bottom,  which  was  on  a  level  with  the 
natural  foil,  was  a  circular  body  of  clay  8  feet  diameter  and 
four  inches  thick,  on  every  part  of  which  allies  appeared  ; 
but  no  urn  or  bones,  nor  any  kind  of  weapon,  were  to  be 
found  ;  a  Imall  tooth  was  picked  up,  the  only  relic  in  this 
barrow.  I  therefore  fhould  fuppofe,  from  the  fize  of  the  clay 
floor,  that  feveral  bodies  had  been  burnt  upon  it;  probably  com¬ 
mon  foldiers  killed  in  battle. 

I  think  there  is  no  doubt  of  thefe  barrows  having  beenfepul- 
chres  or  the  antient  Britons  ;  and  I  Ihould  fuppofe  from  its 
vicinity  to  this  barrow  the  little  inclofure  above  mentioned 
was  a  work  of  the  fame  people. 

The  iron  urn  is  certainly  a  very  lingular  and  curious  dif- 
covery,  and  I  ffioXild  think  not  manufactured  in  this  ifland. 
The  Rev.  Mr.  Whitaker  tells  us  [f  ],  44  that  it  was  late  before 
44  any  mines  of  iron  were  opened  in  this  ifland.  They  appear  to 
44  have  been  begun  only  a  few  years  before  the  defeent  of 
44  Caslar,  and  even  then  were  carried  on,  not  by  the  Britons, 
44  but  the  Belgae.  To  that  period,  both  of  them  received 
4'4  from  the  continent  all  the  iron  that  they  had  among  them.” 
In  this  traffic,  arms  and  domeftic  utenlils  were,  molt  probably, 
imported  ;  and,  as  the  Gauls  are  fuppofed  to  have  ufed  urn- 

[/]  Hiftory  of  Manchefter,  Yol.  II.  p.  28. 

burial, 


in  Sherwood  Foreft. 


38S 

burial,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  they  fhould  export  a  few  fe- 
pulchral  urns,  of  that  durable  metal,  to  Britain  ;  by  which, 
it  will  appear  that  the  Britons  ufed  that  mode  of  interment 
before  the  time  of  the  Romans  in  this  ifland.  But  I  fhall  beg 
leave  to  fubmit  the  plaufibility  of  thefe  conjectures  to  you  and 
the  learned  Society. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be, 

Dear  Sir, 

Your  mod  obedient, 


\ 


and  obliged,  humble  fervant, 

H.  ROOKE, 


Vol.  X. 


Ddd 


XXXVII. 


I 


(  3«6  ) 


XXXVII.  ColleSiion  of  a  Subfidy  1382.  By  the 
Prior  of  Barnwell.  By  Mr.  Gough. 


Read  June  23,  1791* 


H  E  martyrdom  of  Thomas  Beeket  is  thus  reprefented 


1  on  a  feal  appendant  to  the  following  deed  of  Barnwell 
priory,  in  my  poffeffion,  being  an  acknowledgement  of  the  re¬ 
ceipt  from  the  redlor  of  Granchefter  of  a  moiety  of  the  tenth 
laid  on  the  clergy,  6  R.  II. 

“  Pateat  univerfis  per  prefentes  quod  nos  prior  &  conventus 
de  Bernewell  unam  medietatem  unius  decime  domino  regi  Ri¬ 
cardo  anno  regni  fui  fexto  a  clero  Anglie  conceffe  per  venerabi- 
lem  patrem  dominum  dominum  Thomam  Dei  gratia  Elienfem 
epifcopum  in  eifdem  civitate  &  diocefe  colle£tores  deputati, 
recepimus  de  restore  de  Grancefletre  viginti  unum  folidos  & 
quatuor  denarios  pro  fecunda  medietate  decime  medietate.  In 
cujus  rei  teftimonium  figillum  quo  utimur  in  hac  colledione 
prefentibus  appofuimus.  Dat.  apud  Bernewell  xn°  die  menfis 
Maii,  anno  d’ni  regis  fupradidlo.” 


The 


Collection  of  a  Subfidy,  1382.  387 


The  occafion  of  this  fubfidy  granted  by  the  clergy  was 
the  fchifm  in  the  church  formed  by  Clement  VII,  againft 
whom  Urban  VI  publifhed  a  crufade  1382,  of  which  Henry 
Spenfer,  bifhop  of  Norwich,  was  declared  general.  The 
granting  of  the  fame  indulgences  as  to  the  crufaders  engaged 
in  war  againft  infidels  induced  fuch  numbers  of  all  ranks  and 
degrees,  both  of  the  laity  and  clergy,  to  engage  in  it,  that  the 
parliament  which  met  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  1383  110c 
only  approved  the  meafure,  but  granted  a  confiderable  lubfidy* 
The  king’s  licence  to  the  faid  bifhop  and  his  adherents,  dated 
Weftminfter,  t>ec.  6,  1382,  may  be  feen  in  Rymer,  VII.  372. 

His  writ  to  Alexander  (Neville)  archbifhop  of  York,  to  levy 
a  fubfidy  on  the  clergy  of  his  province  to  defend  the  kingdom 
againft  invafion,  dated  Weftminfter,  28  Jan.  next  year.  Ib.  p. 


A  writ  of  enquiry  after  certain  perfons  who  aflumed  to  them- 
felves  the  name  of  colleaors  for  the  crufade,  and  defrauded  the 
bifhop  of  confiderable  fums,  dated  Weftminfter,  15  March, 


1583.  Ib.  383. 

An  order  to  the  fheriffs  of  London  to  affift  the  bifhop  and 

his  colleaors,  17  Mar.  1383;  Ib.  385. 

Other  public  muniments  refpeding  the  fame.  Ib.  386,  391, 


£  m 

An  order  to  the  collectors  to  bring  all  the  monies  in  the  hands 
of  their  fub-colle£tors  to  Sandwich  within  ten  days  from  the 
date,  8  Apr.  1383,  to  be  paid  into  the  hands  of  the  bifliop’s 
agents ;  lb.  392  ;  and  another  directed  to  two  ferjeants  at  arms, 
&c.  to  enquire  after  the  collectors  and  fums  collected,  23  Apr. 

Ib.  393. 


D  d  d  2 


The 


3^8  Collection  of  a  Subjidy ,  13S2. 

The  bifhop  appointed  John  Kirton,  of  Sandhurft,  and 
John  Chevve,  of  Wokyngham,  in 'the  diocefes  of  Winchef- 
ter  and  Sarum,  his  chaplains,  his  pro&ors,  and  penitentia¬ 
ries,  for  this  crufade,  and  colle&ors  and  receivers  of  all  monies 
bequeathed,  collected,  or  contributed  for  it.  Ib.  399.  He  be¬ 
gan  his  expedition  with  the  taking  of  Graveling,  into  which 
the  king  put  a  garrifon  of  200  archers.  Ib.  399. 

It  appears  from  another  record  (Ib.  424)  that  large  fums 
were  embezzled  by  the  officers  of  the  crown,  and  of  the  biffiop, 
for  fome  of  which  a  pardon  was  granted  under  the  great  feal 
1384.  Ib.  426.  Rot.  Pari.  III.  152,153. 

The  military  fpirit  of  my  lord  of  Norwich  had  fhewn  itfelf 
before  his  confecration  in  the  fervice  of  pope  Hadrian  V  ;  and 
three  years  after  his  confecration,  by  the  active  part  he  took  in 
the  fuppreffion  of  that  part  of  Tyler  and  Straw’s  levelling  ad¬ 
herents,  who  were  committing  every  outrage  in  his  diocefe. 
His  fuccefs  in  the  crufade  extended  to  the  reduction  of  Dun¬ 
kirk,  Nieuport,  Bourbourg,  Pepering,  and  other  fortified 
towns,  routing  an  army  of  30,000  men,  and  killing  7,000  [0]. 
Notwithstanding  the  before  mentioned  writs  and  orders  in  his 
favour,  Richard  appears  not  to  have  given  his  hearty  concur¬ 
rence.  At  the  opening  of  the  Parliament  1^82,  the  biffiop  of 
London,  Robert  Braybroke,  lord  chancellor,  urged  the 
want  of  fupplies  for  the  general  crufade  granted  to  the  biffiop 
of  Norwich,  “  encontre  l’antipape  &  touz  fes  adherentz, 
complices,  fautours,  &  maintenours  en  quelconq’  parties  il  les 
puna  trouver”  (Rot.  Pari.  III.  134).  The  biffiop  had  offered, 
that  if  the  king  would  give  him  the  fifteenth  lately  granted  to 

[a]  Godwin,  de  Praffi  ed.  Richardfon,  p.  436. 


his 


Collettion  of  a  Subjidy,  1382.  389 

his  majefty  by  the  laity,  he  would  ferve  him  a  year  in  his  wars 
in  France  with  2500  men  at  arms,  and  as  many  archers,  of 
whom  2000  (hould  be  ready  to  go  to  the  relief  of  Ghent  twenty 
days  after  the  firffc  payment  of  the  faid  levy,  he  taking  on  him- 
felf  the  charge  of  (hipping  them.  Being  called  upon  to  fay 
what  officers  he  intended  to  take  with  him,  he  replied,  “  the 
beft  chieftains  in  the  realm,  alter  or  about  the  king  himfelf 
and  princes  of  the  blood  [<£];”  but  that  he  could  not  give  in 
their  names  till  he  was  fure  of  being  allowed  to  undertake 
the  expedition  ;  and  that  out  of  thefe  names  the  king  might 
appoint  whom  he  pleafed  lieutenant,  to  be  obedient  to  the  bi- 
(hop  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  crufade,  as  the  biffiop 
engaged  to  be  to  the  lieutenant  in  all  things  pertaining  to  his 
lieutenancy:  and  if  the  realm  of  France  (hould  fubmit  to 
acknowledge  the  true  pope  Urban,  he  bound  himfelf  to  furl 
and  take  down  [c]  the  banner  of  the  crufade,  and  ferve  the 
king  in  the  faid  war  with  his  own  banner,  at  his  own  coft,  the 
remainder  of  the  year  [</j.  In  the  preceding  Parliament 
the  Commons  agreed  to  raile  the  accuflomed  moiety  of  a  fif¬ 
teenth,  provided  the  colle&ion  was  not  farmed,  but  the  mo¬ 
ney  paid  to  the  refpe&ive  admirals  ferving  in  the  war,  unlefs 
a  peace  or  truce  (hould  intervene  ;  and  provided  alfo  that  the 
clergy  agree  to  a  like  grant,  and  the  money  be  levied  equally 
without  diftin&ion  of  ranks,  and  that  all  the  fervice  due  from 
the  biffiop  of  Norwich,  not  yet  ferved  for  the  agreed  term, 
and  the  money  not  yet  by  them  received  from  the  king’s  ene- 

[£]  Des  meillours  chiefteins  du  roialme  d’Engleterre,  apres  la  perfonne  n’re 
dit  Sr  le  roy  &  les  autres  roialx. 

[c]  Compliquer  &  oufter  labanere  de  la  croiferie. 

[afj  Rot.  Pari.  III.  148. 


mies 


o  Collection  of  a  Subjidy%  1382. 

rnies  be  applied  to  his  advantage,  and  in  relief  of  his  fubje&s. 
In  anfwer  to  their  requeff,  that  enquiry  may  be  made  after  the 
fervice  and  money  due  from  the  bifhop,  he  replied,  that  him¬ 
felf  erafed  the  indenture  for  a  certain  fum  demanded  for  eva¬ 
cuation  of  Flanders  and  Graveling,  and  ordered  the  money 
that  was  brought  to  be  carried  back.  This  defence  was  not 
admitted  ;  and  a  further  charge  was  brought  againft  the  bifhop, 
that  lie  returned  home  before  half  the  year  of  his  fervice  was 
expired,  and  had  not  furnifhed  the  number  of  men  he  engaged 
for,  nor  created  a  temporal  lord  his  lieutenant,  for  want  of 
which  great  mifchief  had  enfued.  The  bifhop  not  giving  a  fa- 
tisfadlory  anfwer  to  thefe  and  other  like  accufations,  his  tem¬ 
poralities  were  feized  into  the  king’s  hands,  during  pleafure, 
and  his  agents  committed  to  prifon  on  a  charge  of  having 
with  him  fold  many  of  the  towns  he  had  taken [*].  The  chan¬ 
cellor  told  the  bifhop  that  the  king  could  clearly  try  him  as 
a  temporal  fubjedl,  becaufe  he  had  behaved  himfelf  as  one 
binding  himfelf  by  indentures  to  be  foldier  to  the  king,  to 
wage  war  on  Chriftian  people  after  the  term  of  his  croifade, 
and  had  his  fword  borne  before  him,  and  did  many  other 
things  contrary  to  the  cuflom  of  the  flate  of  an  Englifh  pre¬ 
late  [y],  Neverthelefs,  in  regard  to  his  rank,  the  king  declined 
feizing  his  perfon,  contenting  himfelf  with  fining  him 
io,coo  gold  franks,  which  had  been  fpent  on  his  operations  [g] 
to  be  paid  into  the  treafury,  and  forbidding  the  fword  to  be 
borne  before  him.  The  temporalities  were  reflored  O&.  24, 

[*]  Rot.  Pari.  III.  151 — 158. 

[/]  “  Sr  evefq’  combie’  q’  le  roi  n’re  sr  vous  eut  purroit  cleremcnt  mefner  h 
juger  conime  perfone  temporale  de  fon  roiaume  a  caufe  q’  vous  vous  avez  h 
portez  come  perfone  temporele,  he.  he.  Rot.  Pari.  III.  156. 

Lf]  Qlquanq’  ad  efte  delpenduz  en  v’re  oeps  des  ditz  franks  d’or,  he. 


Collection  of  a  Subfdy ,  1382.  391 

13$$,  at  the  interceflion  of  the  bifhop  of  Ely  [/>],  after  having 
been  detained  two  whole  years  [/]. 

Thus  ended  this  croifade  or  war  between  two  rival  pontifs, 
after  an  expence  of  no  lefs  than  37,475/.  7 r.  6d.  raifed  for  that 
purpofe,  befides  other  large  gifts  and  aids  expended  on  that  ac¬ 
count ;  for  all  which,  in  1391,  the  bifhop  obtained  a  general 
difcharge  from  the  king,  with  pardon  of  all  offences  [£]. 

I  flatter  myfeif  I  fhall  need  no  apology  for  laying  before 
the  Society  this  little  record,  which  may  ferve  as  a  further 
confirmation  of  the  importance  of  attending  to  every  muni¬ 
ment  that  can  throw  light  on  our  hiftory.  The  publication  of 
the  Rolls  of  Parliament  has  laid  open  in  the  fulleft  detail  the 
charges  againft  this  prelate,  and  his  trial  and  fentence  in  Par¬ 
liament,  and  confirmed  the  accounts  of  our  hifforians. 

The  prior  of  Barnwell  at  this  time  was  Ralph  de  Norton* 
or  Northampton,  eledled  1350,  and  continued  till  1392  [/> 

The  proportion  of  Grantchefter,  on  an  aid  of  one  twentieth, 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  I,  1291,  was  ys.  \d,  or  fourteen  marks, 
annual  value. 

In  the  regilfer  of  Thomas  Arundel,  bifhop  of  Ely,  is  a 
mandate  from  William  (Courtney)  archbifhop  of  Canterbury,, 
by  Robert  (Braybroke)  bifhop  of  London,  diredled  to  the 
bifhop  of  Ely,  “  to  pray  for  Henry  bifhop  of  Norwich  and, 
his  army,  going  on  a  croilade  againfl  the  anti-pope  and  his 
adherents,  for  Urban,’*  dated  by  the  archbifhop  from  Otte- 
ford,  April  10,  1383,  and  by  the  bifhop  of  London  April 

[&]  Thomas  Arundd,  afterwards  archbifhop  of  York.  Pat.  9  R.  II.  m.. 
27.  Rymer,  VII.  479* 

[i]  Walfingh.  p.  332.  348. 

[/£]  Mag.  Rot.  de  anno  12  R.  II-  Blomefield,  Norf.  II.  370. 

[/]  Hiftory  of  Barnwell ;  Bibl,  Brit.  Top.  N°  XXXVIII.  56 — 59. 

2 


3 Q2  Collection  of  a  Subftiy,  13S2. 

16,  1383  ;  from  Wickham  Bi (hop’s,  near  Malclen,  ill  EHetf, 
where  the  bilhops  of  London  had  a  houfe  built  or  improved 
by  bifhop  Kempe.  Bifhop  Courtney  imparked  300  acres  in 
this  manor,  1375  [w]. 

“  Mandatum  dno  directum  ad  orand’  pro  dno  Norwicen*  Scexercitu 
fuo  tranfeunt’  in  crucial  contra  Antipapam,  et  fibi  adherentes. 

"  Rev’  in  Chrido  patri  ac  dno  dno  Thome  Dei  gra  Elien’  epo  Ro- 
btus  permilf’  divina  London’  epus  falutem,  &c.  Mandatum  ven’  in 
Chrido  patris  et  dni  dni  Wilti  Dei  gra  Cant’  archiepi,  See.  nuper  rece- 
pimus  in  hec  verba:  Wilius,  See.  ven’ fratri  noftro  dno  Robto  Dei  gra 
Lond’  epo  falutem,  See. 

“  Rex  pacificus  Chridus  Jftus  de  hoc  mundo  tranfiturus  ad  Patrem, 
difcipulo  luo  Petro  fuifque  luccefioribus  oves  fuos  pafeend’  commifit, 
ac  omnibus  eledis  fuis  pacem  Sc  unitatem  precipue  commendavit,  ut 
per  obfervantiam  pacis  temporal’  in  unitate  fidei  occurrerent  in  virum 
perfedum,  &  ad  pacem  pertingerent  fempiternam.  Quod  utique  fatis 
advertens  humani  generis  hoftis  antiquus,  qui  fua  diflenfione  pacem  Sc 
univerfam  concordiam  nationum  Temper  fatagit  violare,  quad  univerfa 
mundi  regna  fua  verfutia  ad  guerras  &  difeordias  fufeitavir.  Sc  tandem 
nonnullas  ecclie  columpnas  Robtum,  viz.  olim  Bafilice  duodecim  Aptorum 
vulgariter  didtum  Gebennen’,  Joftem  olim  T.  T.  Sandti  Marcelli  vul- 
gariter  didum  Ambianen’,  Geraldum  olim  T.  T.  Sandi  dementis 
vulgo  dictum  Majoris  Monafterii  presbros,  Sc  dampnate  memorie  Petrum 
olim  Sri  Euftachii  diaconum,  cardinales  intra  materna  vifeera  pofitos, 
in  fenfum  reprobum  Sc  tortuofum  laqueum,  ad  feindend’  inconfutilem 
tunicam  dni  &  fande  matris  ecclie  unitatem,  fua  fallaci  calliditate  fub- 
vertit.  In  tantum  quod  pod  multa  enormia  per  didos  Robtum  Sc 
alios  olim  cardinales,  contra  Romanam  eccldiam  Sc  vicarium  Chrifti 
dni  nodrum  Papam  Urbanum  fextum  notorie  perpetrata,  defeendentes  in 
profundum  malorum  predidi  Jobes,  Geraldus,  Sc  Petrus,  olim,  ut  pre- 
mittitur,  cardinales,  prefatum  Robtum  temere  eligendo  Antipapam,  ymo 

[ot]  Morant’s  Eflex,  I.  382. 


verms 


Collediion  of  a  Subfidy ,  1382. 


393 


verius  Antichriftum,  fecerunt,  Sc  ipfum  Papam  nominare  aufu  facrilego 
prefumpferunt,  ipfeque  Robtus  fe  Papam  nominare  aufu  temerario  non 
erubuit  nec  erubefcit.  Et  licet  ctnus  noder  Papa  Urbanus  predidus, 
apud  eos  primo  precibus  &  paternis  monitis,  deinde  gravibus  proceflibus 
fpiritualis  gladii,  tam  contra  eos,  quam  contra  eorum  complices  fad’  in- 
diterit,  pro  ipforum  redudione  Sc  reconciliacoe  falubri,  iidem  tamen, 
Pharaonis  imitantes  duritiam,  obturantes  more  afpidis  aures  fuas,  elata 
obftinacoe  preces  Sc  monita  ac  proceffus  hujufmodi  defpexerunt.  Unde 
idem  <Jnus  nofter  Papa  non  valens  abfque  gravi  offenfa  Chridi,  cujus  vi- 
cem  gerit  in  terris,  tantum  fcifma  tantafque  iniquitates  amplius  tolierare, 
contra  eos  &  eorum  complices  in  exterminium  tam  gravis  fcifmatis  cogitar, 
urgente  eum  confcientia,  materialis  gladii  erigere  potedatem,  ut  belli 
pedis  interimat  quos  delinquentes  ad  reditudinis  viam  ecclefiadica  non 
revocat  difciplina-  Et  quia  bellum  geritur  ut  pax  adquiratur,  didus 
cirrus  nofter  papa  ven’  fratri  nodro  dno  Henr’  Dei  gra’  Norwicen’  epo 
contra  didos  fcifmaticos,  &  eorum  fautores  quandam  cruciatam  commifit, 
per  aptica  fcripta  didride  precipiendo,  quod  idem  ven’  rrater  noder  fidei 
loricam  induens,  Sc  gladium  fpiritus,  quod  eft  verbum  Dei,  affumens, 
contra  dictos  fcifmaticos,  ac  Dei  Sc  ejus  Ste  ecclefie  inimicos  Sc  eis  faventes 
Sc  adherentes  vehementer  infurgat,  gratiofe  concedens,  quod  omnes  Sc  fin- 
guli  Chrifti  fideles,  qui  crucis  afiumpto  caradere,  ad  prefat’  fcifmatico- 
rum  exterminium  fe  accingerent,  Sc  eos  pro  polfe  pfequerentur  in  per- 
fonis  Sc  fumptibus  propriis,  necnon  hii  qui  in  perfonis  propriis,  alienis 
tamen  expends,  pro  viribus  expugnabunr,  per  unam  annum  ecciie 
fequendo  vexillum,  illi  infuper  qui  ad  hoc  juxta  facultates  fuas 
fufiicientia  ftipendia  minidrabunt,  eandem  habeant  indulgentiam, 
que  per  fedem  aplicam  proficifcentibus  in  terre  fande  fubddium 
confuevit  concedi.  Cum  itaque  prefatus  frater  noder,  ut  obedi- 
entie  ulius,  onus  fibi  injundum,  ex  debito  devotionis,  precipue  contra 
Francigenas,  ipforum  fcifmaticorum  principals  fautores,  &  cfni  nodri 
regis  Sc  regni  Angl’  capitales  inimicos,  pro  pace  ecciie  adquirenda, 
necnon  pro  falute  Sc  defenfione  regni,  ex  aftedu  vinculi  naturalis  fuf- 
ceperit  exequend’,  prudenter  advertens  quod  neque  pax  ecciie  fine 
Vol.  X.  E  e  c  regno> 


394  Cotteftion  of  a  Subjidy,  1382. 

regno,  nec  regno  falus  poterit  nifi  per  eccliam  provenire,  quara 
eiiam  meritorium  fit  pugnare  pro  fide,  quamque  decorum  dimicare 
pro  dno,  attenden’  nihilominus,  quod  aftus  etiam  incafium  aggreditur 
humana  prudentia,  nifi  divine  propitiationis  virtus  aftiftat ;  nobis  fup- 
plicavit  liumiliter  &  devote,  ut  apud  Altiffimura,  in  cujus  manu  omnis 
poteftas  eft,  &  quibus  vult  viftoriam  impertitur,  fideles  populos  pro 
ipfius  Si  fuorum  felici  expeditione  jugiter  exorare  facere  curaremus. 
Nos  igitur  ipfius  ven’  fratris  noffri  in  hac  parte  laudabile  propofitum 
&  fincere  diledlionis  afFe&um  in  dno  coiiimendantes,  cupientes  ipfius  Sz 
exercitus  fui  in  tam  arduo  &  necefifario  univerfalis  ecciie  &  regni  ne- 
gotio  progrefifum  felicem,  vi&oriofum  aggreffum,  honorabilemque  re- 
grefifum,  vefire  ven’  fraternitati  injungimus  &  mandamus,  quatenus  om¬ 
nibus  &  fingulis  fratribus  nofiris  &  coepis  noflris  h  ecciie  noftre  Can- 
tuar’  fuffraganeis,  cum  ea  celeritate  qua  poteritis  injungatis,  ut  ipfo- 
rura  fincruli  in  eceliis  fuis,  &  aliis  fuarum  civitatum  &  dioc’  expofit’ 
publiee  ipfius  negotii  meritis  fuos  fubditos  ciicos  &  laicos  efficaciter  mo- 
neant  &  inducant,  monerive  faciant  &  induci,  ut  ipfi  di<ftum  ven’  fratrem 
nofirum  &c  ejus  execcitum,  omnefque  fibi  in  premiffis  adherentes,  vel 
auxilium  exhibentes,  ac  pacem  ecciie  &  regni  in  mififarum  folempniis, 
fermonibus,  &  proceffionibus  publicis,  ea  de  caufa  frequentius,  &  pre- 
cipue  fingulis  quartis  &  lextis  feriis,  fiaitem  in  fingulis  ecciiis,  nifi  ra- 
tionabile  impedimentum  fupervenerit  faciend’  habeant  fpecialiter  com- 
inendat’  humiles  &  alliduas  preces  apud  dmn  pro  ipforum  felici  expedi¬ 
tione  fundentes  :  Vofque  veftros  fubditos  ad  premiffa  faciend’  viis  Sc 
modis  quibus  poteritis  inducatis  &  per  alios  faciatis  induci.  Et  ut 
mentes  fidelium  ad  tante  pietatis  opera  propenfius  excitentur,  omnibus 
fidelibus,  per  nofiram  Cantuar*  provinciam  conftitutis  vere  penitentibus 
Sc  confefiis,  premiffa  devote  facientibus,  vel  aliquod  premifforum,  to- 
tiens  quotiens  quadraginta  dies,  de  injundt’  fibi  penitentiis,  mifericordi- 
ter  in  dno  relaxamus,  Sc  a  vobis  ac  ceteris  confratribus  nofiris  confimiles 
indulgentias  petimus  elargiri.  Dat’  in  manerio  nofiro  de  Otteford  x~die 
menfis  Aprilis,  Anno  Dom.  mccclxxxiii0,  Sc  noftre  tranfi’  anno  fe- 
cundo. 

2  “  Cujus 


Collection  of  a  Subfdy ,  1382.  395 

<c  Cujus  aufloritate  mandati,  vobis,  rev’  pater,  cum  ea  qua  decet  reve- 
rentia  firmiter  injungendo  mandamus  quatenus  omnia  &  fingula  in  man- 
dato  proelibato  contenta,  quatenus  vos,  civitatem,  &  dioc’  veftras,  aut 
perfonas  earundem  concernunt,  juxta  formam  Sc  tenorem  ejufdem  exe- 
cutioni  plenar’  demandetis.  Sc  faciatis  effe&ualiter  demandari.  Dat’ 
in  manerio  noftro  de  Wykeham  die  16  predict*  menf’  Apr’  A.  D» 
fupradi&o,  Sc  noftre  confec*  anno  fecundo. 

({  Regr’  Elien*  Arundell.’* 


Extracted  from  Mr.  Baker’s  Letter  to  Mr.  Hearne,  dated  Cambridge  % 

March  25,  1728. 

R.  G* 


E  e  e  % 


XXXVIII.- 


t  396  ] 

c  r  '  *  v 

XXXVIII.  A  Charter  of  Barnwell  Priory ,  from  the 
Original  in  the  Pofj'effton  of  Richard  Gough,  Efq . 


«c 


Pvead  June  30,  1791. 

IENRICUS  Dei  gra’  Rex  Angl*  d’ns  Hibernie,  dux 
Normannie  to  Aquitanie,  &  comes  Andegavie,  archie- 
pifcopis,  epifcopis,  abbatibus,  prioribus,  ccmitibus,  baronibus, 
jufticiariis,  prepofitis,  miniftris  &  omnibus  ballivis  &  fidelibus 
fuis  falutem.  Sciatis  nos  intuitu  Dei  &  pro  falute  anime  not- 
tri,  &  animarum  anteceflbrum  &  heredum  noftrorum,  conceffiffe, 
&  hac  carta  noftra  confirmade  Deo  &  ecclefie  beati  Egidii  de 
Bernewell  &  priori  &  canonicis  ibidem  Deo  fervientibus  quod 
ip(i  &  fucceffores  eorum  habeant  in  perpetuum  unam  feriam 
apud  Bernewell  fingulis  annis  per  quatuor  dies  duraturam  ; 
videlicet,  in  vigilia  &  in  die  Sancte  Ethelrede  virginis  in  reflate 
So  per  duos  dies  proximo  fequentes,  nifi  feria  ilia  fit  ad  nocu- 
mentum  vicinarum  feriarum.  Quare  volumus  &  firmiter 
precipimus  quod  predidti  prior  &  canonici  &  eorum  fucceflores 
habeant  in  perpetuum  predidtam  feriam  cum  omnibus  perti- 
nentiis  &  libertatibus  &  liberis  confuetudinibus  ad  hujufmodi 
feriam  pertinentibus  ficut  prediclum  eft.  Hiis  teftibus,  J.  Ba- 
thon.  R.  Dunholm.  W.  Carleol.  H.  Roffen.  epif.  H.  de  Bur- 
go  com.  Kane.  Juftic.  Anglie.  Steph’o  de  Sedgrave,  Thoma 
de  Muleton,  Rad.  fil.  Nichol.  Hug.  difpenf.  Rad.  de  Ral.  Galfr. 
difpenf.  Hen.  de  capella,  &  aliis.  Data  per  manum  venerabilis 
pat! is  D.  Ciceftr.  ep’i  cancellarii  noftri  apud  Weftm.  decimo 
odtavo  die  Julii,  anno  regni  noftri  tertio  decimo.” 


The 


Charter  of  Barnwell  Priory .  397 

The  date  of  this  charter,  the  13th  of  Henry  III.  1229,  is 
between  1217,  when  Henry  III.  began  his  reign,  and  1246, 
when  Walter  Mauclere,  bilhop  of  Carlifle,  one  of  the  fub- 
fcribing  bifhops,  died.  y.  Bath .  is  fofceline ,  who  filled  the 
fee  of  Bath  and  Wells  from  1205  to  1241;  R.  Dunholm  is 
Richard  Poore ,  bilhop  of  Durham,  from  1227  to  1241. 
H.  Roff.  Henry  Sanford ,  bilhop  of  Rochefter,  from  1227 
to  1228;  R .  Cicefir .  Ralph  Neville ,  bilhop  of  Chichefter, 
from  1223  to  1245,  and  chancellor  of  England,  from  1226  to 
1238  \a~\.  Hubert  de  Burg  was  jufticiary  of  England  from 
1227  to  1231,  when  Stephen  de  Sedgrave,  another  fubfcriber 
to  this  charter,  was  appointed,  and  died  1241,  25  Hen  III.  [f\. 

Thomas  de  Muleton,  one  of  the  witnelfes,  was  juftice  iti¬ 
nerant  17  and  18  Henry  III.[r]  chief  juftice  of  the  king’s  bench 
1235,  20  Henry  III.  [d] 

The  fair  granted  to  the  prior  and  convent  of  Barnwell  by 
this  charter,  was  different  from  that  famous  one  Rill  held  at 
Sturbridge  adjoining.  The  date  of  the  one  is  on  the  eve  and 
day  of  St,  Ethelreda’s  death ,  which  happened  June  23,  A.  I). 
679  [e]  ;  and  is  diftindt  from  the  day  of  her  tranfation  Odd. 
17,  695  [/].  Accordingly  we  find  the  day  exprefsly  faid  here 
to  be  in  eftate .  It  is  a  fair  called  Midfomer  fair,  and  diftinguilhed 
from  Sturbridge  fair  in  a  compofition  between  the  town  of 
Cambridge  and  the  prior  of  Rernwell.  Bilhop  Tanner  [g]  cites 

[a]  When  the  king  forced  the  feal  from  him,  but  allowed  him  all  the  pro¬ 
fits  and  emoluments  of  the  office.  Matt.  Paris,  p.  474. 

[Jj  Matt.  Paris,  pp.  376.  388.  576.  57S.  Dugd.  Chron.  ferics,  pp.  9,  10. 

[r]  Clauf.  17  Hen.  III.  m.  17.  Pat.  18  Hen.  III.  m.  7.  d. 

[V]  Clauf.  20  Hen.  III.  m.  14.  d.  Dugd.  lb.  p.  11. 

[«?]  Bentham’s  Ely,  p.  58.  if  j  lb.  p.  61. 

[^]  Not.  Mon.  p.  42.  MS.  in  the  library  of  Caius  college,  Cambridge,  C.  ii. 
cited  by  bilhop  Tanner. 


lev  era  l 


i 


398  Charier  of  Barnwell  Priory . 

feveral  records  for  the  eftablifhment  of  this  fair ;  Pat.  13  Hen.  III. 
in.  4.  d.  Cart.  13  Hen.  III.  m.  4 ;  and  it  is  probable  that  thofe 
patents,  Pat.  1  R.  II.  p.  2.  m.  4,  Pat.  5  R.  II.  p.  1.  34.  Cart. 
11,  See.  R.  II.  n.  15.  pro  feria  apud  Bern  well,  were  confirma** 
tions  of  the  prefent  chapter. 

The  feal  remains  in  part  appendant,  but  much  damaged  : 
having  on  one  fide  the  king  fitting  on  his  throne,  with  two 
lions  under  his  feet  ;  and  on  the  other,  he  is  on  horfeback, 
with  his  fword  drawn  in  his  right  hand,  and  on  his  left  arm 
his  Ihield  charged  with  three  lions  paflant. 

This  fair  has  entirely  efcaped  Mr.  Nichols  in  the  Hiftory  of 
Barnwell  abbey,  in  Bibliotheca  Topographica  Britannica,  N* 
XXXVIII.  though  compiled  in  great  meafure  from  the  regifter 
of  the  houfe,  R..G. 

I’of 


ft 


[  399  ] 


XXXIX.  A  Survey  of  the  Manor  of  Wymbledon, 
alias  Wimbleton,  with  the  Rights ,  Members ,  and 
Appurtenances  thereof  \  lying  a?id  being  in  the  Coun¬ 
tie  of  Surrey,  late  Par  cell  of  the  Poffejfons  of  Hen¬ 
rietta  Maria,  the  ReliEl ,  and  late  ^ ueene  of  Charles 
Stuart,  late  King  of  England,  made  and  taken  by 
us  whofe  Karnes  are  hereunto  fubjcribed ,  in  the 
Monet h  of  November ,  1649,  by  virtue  of  a  Com - 
miff  on  grounded  upon  an  AEl  of  the  Commons  af 
fembled  in  P arliament  for  Sale  of  the  Honors ,  Ma¬ 
nors  >  and  Landes ,  heretofore  belonging  to  the  late 
King ,  ^ 'ueene,  or  Prince ,  under  the  Hancles  and 
Seales  of  five  or  more  of  the  'Trufiees  in  the  fayd 
AEl  named  and  appoynted .  Communicated  by  John 
Caley,  Ffq.  F .  A.  S «, 

Read  Nov.  10,  17,  and  24,  1791. 

ALL  that  capitall  mefFuage,  manor,  or  mancion  houfe, 
with  the  appurtenances,  commonly  called  Wimbledon 
hall,  fey tu ate,  lying,  and  being  in  the  towne  and  parifh  of 
Wymbledon,  in  the  county  of  Surrey,  confining  of  one  fpa- 

tious 


4oo  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey, 

tious  kitchen,  feeled  over  head  to  the  roofe,  paved  with  free** 
ftone  well  joynted,  fitted  with  two  large  ranges,  two  dreffers, 
one  fidebord,  one  copper  boyler  leaded  round  the  mouth  there¬ 
of,  one  ftone  morter,  one  large  gridiron  fixed  to  the  wall,  one 
flone  ceftern  and  two  brafs  cocks  for  houlding  and  conveyance 
of  water,  one  paftrie  roome  paved  with  brickes  and  fealed  to 
the  roofe,  fitted  with  a  boulting  mill,  a  kneading  trough,  a 
moulding  board,  a  double  bynne,  and  a  range  with  feverall 
large  ovens  ;  one  drie  larder  paved  with  brickes  and  feeled  over 
head,  fitted  with  a  prefs  of  deale  waynfcot,  three  {landing 
boardes  upon  frames,  and  one  muftard  querne  ;  one  wett  lar¬ 
der  paved  with  bricks,  feeled  over  head,  fitted  with  a  falting 
trough,  a  chopping  block,  a  (land  and  treffes,  a  beame  and 
fcales;  one  fait  roome  fitted  with  a  great  bynne  for  keeping 
of  fait ;  landrie  roome  feeled  over  head,  paved  with  ftone, 
fitted  with  a  very  large  cefterne  of  lead  fett  in  a  frame  of  wood, 
and  a  verie  fayer  range,  wherein  is  a  ftrong  barr  of  iron  *  one 
foulding  roome  paved  with  ftone,  feeled  over  head,  fitted  with 
three  {landing  dreffers,  and  one  table  upon  a  frame;  one  lower 
fweetemeate  roome  paved,  parte  with  pay n ted  tile,  and  parte 
with  ordinary  fquare  tile,  feeled  over  head,  and  fitted  with  one 
waynfcott  prefs  and  two  tables  ;  one  ftill  houfe  floored  with 
brick,  feeled  over  head,  fitted  with  feveral  (helves,  one  table, 
one  brafs  cock  for  conveyance  of  water,  having  in  it  at  prefent 
one  copper  ftill  ;  one  fcullery  roome  paved  with  bricks,  feeled 
over  head,  fitted  with  a  greate  range,  two  dreffer  boardes,  one 
forme,  one  frame  for  a  bed,  and  one  brafs  cock  ;  one  outward 
common  beare  celler  floored  with  brickes,  channelled  with 
ftone,  feeled  over  head,  and  fitted  with  five  {lands,  one  greate 
bynne,  and  one  brafs  cock  j  one  inner  common  beare  celler 

floored 


40i 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

floored  with  {lone  and  channelled,  feeled  over  head,  and  fitted 
with  foure  ftandes ;  one  ftrong  beere  celler  floored  with  ftone 
and  channelled,  fitted  with  five  ftandes  and  one  brafs  cock ;  one 
outward  wine  celler  floored  with  ftone,  feeled  over  head,  and 
fitted  with  one  faire  lead  cefterne  fet  in  a  frame  of  wood,  two 
ftandes,  one  brafs  cock,  and  one  payre  of  flinges ;  one  inner 
wyne  celler  fiored  with  fquare  tyle,  feeled  over  head,  and  fitted 
with  one  ftand ;  one  candle  roome  floored  with  brickes,  feeled 
over  head,  fitted  with  a  candle  cheft  and  one  brafs  cock  ;  one 
roome  called  the  lodging,  next  to  the  candle  roome,  floored 
with  deale,  feeled  over  head;  in  this  roome  are  feverall  weights 
of  lead  ringed  and  marked,  being  4  halfe  hundreds,  one  quar¬ 
ter,  and  one  halfe  quarter,  and  a  halfe  pound,  two  loofe  brafs 
cocks,  and  foure  deale  boxes ;  one  charcole  houfe  floored  with 
bricks,  feeled  over  head,  and  fitted  with  one  ftand,  one  forme, 
and  fome  fhelves  ;  one  other  roome  called  the  porter’s  cham¬ 
ber,  floored  with  deale,  and  feeled  over  head  ;  one  other  roome 
called  the  fteward’s  chamber,  floored  with  deale,  feeled  over 
head,  and  fitted  with  a  greate  prefs  of  oake  waynfcot,  one 
table,  a  portall,  a  clofet,  fome  waynfcot  and  benches. 

One  other  roome  called  the  gardiner’s  chamber  floored  with 
fquare  tyle,  feeled  ^ver  head,  and  fitted  with  one  greate  {land¬ 
ing  fideboard  ;  one  other  roome  called  the  lower  Spanifh  roome 
floored  with  white  paynted  tyle,  waynfcotted  round,  the  moft 
parte  of  which  waynfccte  is  varnifhed  greene,  and  fpotted  with 
ftarrs  of  gould,  feeled  over  head,  and  fitted  for  the  prefent  with 
boxes,  wherein  oringe  and  pomegranat  trees  are  planted  ;  in 
this  roome  are  two  long  tables  of  deale  boardes,  two  other  little 
lodging  roomes  next  adjoyning  to  the  faid  lower  Spanish  roome 
floored  with, tile,  and  feeled  over  head,  and  one  houfe  of  office 
<  Vol.  X.  Fff 


in 


402  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

in  the  paftrie  court ;  one  other  roome  called  the  {lone  gallery 
floored  with  fquared  flone,  one  hundred  and  eight  foote  long, 
feeled  over  head,  pillored  and  arched  with  gray  marble,  lying 
on  the  eafl  end  of  the  faid  manor  houfe,  to  and  levell  with  the 
faid  oringe  garden,  waynfcotted  round  with  oaken  waynfcot, 
varnilhed  with  greene,  and  fpotted  with  Harrs  of  gould,  and 
benched  all  along  the  fides  and  angles  thereof,  the  middle  parte  of 
this  gallery  is  fitted  with  6  wyndowes  or  leaved  doores  of  wayn¬ 
fcot  and  glafs  to  Aiutt  or  take  of  at  pleafure,  having  for  that 
purpofe  two  tables  of  artihciall  flone  fett  in  the  middle  angles ; 
one  other  roome  placed  in  the  midle  of  the  faid  flone  gallery 
called  the  grottoe,  having  three  double  leaved  doores  opening 
thereunto,  floored  with  very  good  paynted  tyle,  and  wrought 
in  the  arch  and  fides  thereof  with  fundry  forts  of  (hells  of 
greate  luftre  and  ornament,  formed  into  the  fhapes  of  men,, 
lyons,  ferpents,  antick  formes,  and  other  rare  devices,  the  bot- 
tomes  of  the  walls  are  fett  round  with  cement  of  glafs,  in  na¬ 
ture  of  little  rockes  ;  in  the  midle  of  this  roome  is  one  ceflerne 
of  lead,  7  foote  fquare  and  twentie  one  inches  deepe,  fided  with 
black  and  whyte  marble,  having  one  pipe  of  lead  in  the  midle 
thereof;  there  is  allfoe  oppofite  to  the  doores  of  this  roome  for- 
tie  fights  of  feeing  glafs  fett  together  in  one  frame,  much  adorn¬ 
ing,  and  fetting  forth  the  fplendor  of  the  rpome. 

Memorand’,  that  all  the  roomes  aforefaid  lie  below  flay  res, 
unto  which,  from  the  hall  and  the  other  roomes  of  the  flrfl: 
floore,  there  is  a  difcent.  of  eighteene  flepps,  and  though  they 
lie  as  it  weare  under  ground,  yet  they  are  exceeding  dry  in  the 
floores  and  bottoms  thereof,  and  molt  of  them  very  light  and 
pleafant,  and  all  generally  in  very  good  repayre,  and  fitt  for  pre- 
fent  ufe,  unto  which  roomes  belong  divers  entries,  paflages, 

and 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey.  403 

and  flayres,  all  very  well  lighted,  floored,  feeled,  and  accom¬ 
modated  for  prefent  ufe. 

That  in  all  the  lights  of  theife  roomes  are  flrong  barrs  of 
iron,  the  jaumes  of  the  lights  being  all  of  well  wrought  free 
flone,  a  thing  of  noe  little  ornament  to  the  whole  houle. 

One  faier  and  large  hall  waynfeotted  round  eight  foote  high, 
the  two  highefl  panes  whereof  round  the  hall  are  fpotted  with 
flarrs  of  gould,  handfomely  feeled  over  head,  large  lightes  and 
waynfeott  covers,  fpotted  with  flarrs  of  gould,  an  arched 
fkreene  of  double  waynfeot  in  the  lower  end  thereof,  on  which 
three  chalices  or  brafs  boles  well  guilt  ftand  for  an  ornament 
to  the  whole  roome,  the  midle  of  the  hall  is  floored  with 
fquare  flone  eight  foote  broad,  and  boarded  on  either  fide 
thereof  with  deale,  the  foote  pace  at  the  higher  end  of  the  hall 
is  of  deale  boardes  twelve  foote  broad,  the  chymney  peece  and 
jawmes  are  black  graved  marble  ;  this  roome  is  fitted  with  one 
table  of  one  intire  peece  of  wood  21  foote  long  and  fix  inches 
thick,  one  fide  table,  one  oaken  foulding  table,  fix  benches, 
three  formes,  and  two  fkreene  cubboards  ;  one  other  faire  and 
fpacious  roome  called  the  marble  parlor  waynfeotted  round 
with  oaken  waynfeot,  colored  with  livor  color  and  varnifhed, 
the  uppermoft  partes  of  the  pillers  of  the  waynfeot,  and  three 
of  the  highefl  panes  round  are  well  guylded,  and  fpotted  with 
flars  of  gould,  above  which  is  a  border  of  fleet  or  parge  worke 
wrought,  having  therein  fet  eleven  pictures  of  very  good  work- 
in  an  fh  ip,  the  feeling  is  of  the  fame  fret  or  parge  worke,  in  the 
very  midle  wherof  is  fixed  one  well  wrought  landlkip,  and 
round  the  fame,  in  convenient  difiances,  feven  other  pictures  in 
frames  are  fixed  for  ornaments  unto  the  whole  roome  ;  the 
floore  of  this  roome  is  of  whyte  and  black  marble,  well 

F  f  f  2  wrought 


404 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey, 

wrought  and  policed,  in  the  midle  whereof  {lands  one  table 
of  black  polifhed  marble  8  foote  and  4  inches  long,  and  4  foote 
broad,  all  of  one  intire  Hone,  Handing  upon  two  whyte  mar¬ 
ble  colums  or  pillers,  foccated  in  two  foote  flepps  of  black 
marble,  well  polilhed ;  this  roome  allfoe  is  adorned  with  one 
other  table  of  whyte  marble  fower  foote  long  and  3  foote  4 
inches  broad,  Handing  upon  a  frame  of  antick  carved  wood, 
one  fide  table,  one  great  laver  and  ure  of  ftone  ;  the  lights  of 
this  roome  render  it  very  pleafant,  having  three  double  leaved 
wyndow  doores  of  waynfcot  and  glafs  opening  to  a  leaded 
walke  rayled  with  turned  ballaflers  of  free  Hone,  lying  over 
the  oringe  garden,  conteyninge  108  foote  in  lenght  and  twelve 
foote  in  breadth,  in  nature  of  a  large  balcony,  with  leaded 
walke,  is  a  fpeciall  ornament,  not  only  to  the  laid  marble  par- 
ler,  but  to  the  oringe  garden  allfoe  ;  one  other  roome  called 
the  organ  roome  waynlcotted  round  with  oake,  varnifned 
whyte,  filletted  with  greene,  floored  with  deale  of  a  cheker 
paynt  black  and  whyte;  this  roome  is  well  lighted,  and  adorned 
with  a  faire  and  riche  pay  re  of  organs  \a\  of  curious  worke, 
the  cafes  of  which  are  waynfcot,  well  guilt  and  wrought  with 
flower  worke  ;  one  other  roome  called  the  greene  chamber, 
part  thereof  waynfcoted  with  oake,  richly  fpotted  with  Harrs 
of  gould,  the  other  parte  of  the  roome  intended  for  hangings 
or  large  pictures  $  the  floore  of  this  roome  is  -deale  paynted 
cheker  worke,  red,  blacke,  and  whyte,  it  is  very  well  feeled 
and  lighted,  and  hath  two  greate  double  leaved  balcony  doores 
that  open  into  the  forefaid  leaden  walke,  at  the  fouth  end  of 
which  marble  parlor  is  one  chappell  well  adorned  with  a  pul- 


[<?]  Mem.  Thefe  organs  were  taken  from  Wymbledon,  by  warrant  of  the 
truftees  for  fale  of  the  king  and  queen’s  goods,  fince  this  was  written. 

4  pitt, 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey.  405 

pitt,  a  reading  place,  and  handfome  feat.es  or  pewes,  with  a 
pavement  of  black  and  white  polifhed  marble,  the  roof  is  a  qua¬ 
drate  arch,  paynted  with  landlkips,  as  allloe  are  the  fide  walls 
above  the  waynfcot,  the  light  of  this  roome  is  a  very  large  one, 
all  of  long  fquare  paynes  of  glafs. 

One  buttery  floored  with  deale,  well  lighted  and  feeled,  fit¬ 
ted  with  a  greate  {landing  prefs,  a  litle  cubbard,  a  table,  and  a 
fideboard,  and  hath  two  doores  opening  into  the  paflage,  fe¬ 
vered  from  the  hall  with  the  fkreene  thereof ;  one  other  roome 
called  the  lower  parler,  this  roome  intended  for.  hangings, 
part  of  the  walls  are  waynfcotted  with  oake,  adorned  with 
flarres  and  crofs  patees  of  gould,  the  feeling  thereof  is  a  qua¬ 
drat  arch,  in  the  middle  whereof  hangs  one  pinacle  perpendicu¬ 
lar,  garnifhed  in  every  angle  with  coates  of  armes,  well  wrought 
and  richly  guilt,  the  floore  is  of  deale  boardes,  a  handfome 
chymny  peece,  in  the  midle  whereof  is  a  well  wrought  coate 
of  armes  ;  there  is  in  the  fouth  fide  of  this  roome,  fixed  in  the 
wall,  a  bafon  of  black  marble  on  marble  pillers,  with  a  cock 
of  brafs  for  conveyance  of  water  into  it ;  one  other  roome 
called  the  balcony  roome  floored  with  deale  boards,  and  very 
well  lighted,  round  which  is  a  fayre  border  of  greene  waynfcot 
oake,  garnifhed  with  flarrs  and  crofs  patees  of  gould  and  other 
guilt  worke,  adorned  with  a  fayre  and  well  wrought  chimnie 
peece  of  black  and  whyte  polifhed  well  graven  marble,  with  a 
foote  pace  of  12  fquare  flones  of  the  fame,  the  feeling  is  a 
quadrat  arch  garnifhed  and  adorned  in  the  angles  with  variety 
of  feverall  kyndes  of  curious  works,  in  the  middle  whereof  is 
one  pinnacle  or  perpendiculer  piramid  of  greate  ornament  to  the 
whole  roome,  the  balcony  doores  of  this  roome  open  into  the 
greate  garden,  leading  over  a  pavement  of  black  and  whyte 

marble,. 


40t)  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

marble,  lying  over  the  midle  of  the  birdcage  ;  one  other 
roome  called  the  lord’s  chamber  floored  with  deale,  well 
lighted  and  feeled,  and  is  a  roome  intended  for  hangings, 
and  for  that  purpofe  fet  round  with  flit  deale,  the 
lights  of  this  roome  open  into  the  forefaid  birdcage ;  one 
other  roome  called  the  queene’s  chamber  floored  with  deales, 
well  lighted  and  feeled,  and  a  roome  intended  for  hangings; 
one  other  faire  chamber  called  the  king’s  chamber  very  well 
floored,  and  lighted,  and  fealed,  and  waynfcotted  round  with 
oake,  well  wrought,  adorned  with  a  chymnie  peece  of  po- 
lilhed  marble;  one  other  roome  called  the  withdrawing  roome 
floored  with  deale,  well  lighted  and  feeled,  and  waynfcotted 
round  two  other  roomes  called  the  bath  roomes,  the  outward 
floored  with  deale,  the  inward  with  paynted  tile,  and  fitted 
with  a  lead  cefterne,  a  brafs  copper,  pipes  of  lead,  and  brafs 
coclees  ;  one  little  roome  called  the  ladies  clofet  floored  with 
deale,  and  accordingly  fitted  for  fuch  a  ufe ;  one  other  roome 
called  the  gentlewoomans  roome  floored  with  deale,  well 
lighted  and  feeled  ;  one  other  roome  called  the-  lynnen  roome 
floored  with  deale,  well  lighted  and  feeled,  waynfcotted  round 
with  deale,  and  fitted  with  a  greate  cheft  of  oake  for  lynnen, 
and  one  table  ;  one  other  roome  called  the  upper  fweetmeate 
roome  floored  with  deale,  waynfcotted  round  with  deale,  well 
lighted  and  feeled,  and  fitted  with  a  great  prefs  of  waynfcot 
deale ;  one  other  roome  called  the  Lord’s  clofett  floored  with 
deale,  well  lighted  and  feeled,  waynfcotted  round  with  oake, 
well  wrought,  varnifhed  and  guilt  with  fiarrs  and  crofs  patees 
of  gould,  the  pofts  and  top  buttons  of  this  is  waynfcot,  is 
richly  guilt,  and  much  adornes  the  roome;  in  this  roome  is  one 
Dutch  ftove  of  good  ufe  and  workemanfhip,  and  two  feverall 

clofetts 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

clofetts  or  counting  houfes,  and  one  ly tie  wyndow  to  looke  into 
the  greate  kitchin. 

One  other  roome  called  the  ftone  gallery,  ten  foote  broad, 
and  twentie  yardes  and  two-  foote  long,  floored  with  fquare 
tile,  hanfomely  lighted,  and  feeled  upon  the  walls,  whereof 
are  writt  many  compendious  fentences  ;  in  the  one  end  where¬ 
of  is  a  clofe  waynfcot  cafe  for  a  bed,  well  wrought  and  gar- 
mfhed  ;  and  at  the  other  end  thereof  is  fixed  a  balcony  looking 
into  the  woodyard,  and  in  or  neare  the  midle  thereof  hands  a 
fayer  and  very  large  Dutch  hove  of  curious  worke  and  excellent 
ufe  ;  one  other  roome  called  the  round  hole  roome  floored  with 
fquare  tyle,  well  lighted  and  feeled,  and  fitted  with  one  table. 

Memorand1,  that  the  hall  and  the  foremencioned  parlers  and 
chambers  lye  all  on  one  floore,  and  are  diftinguifhed,  in  the 
notion  of  the  roomes  of  the  firfi  floore,  and  are  all  in  good  re- 
paire  and  fitt  for  prefent  ufe,  to  which  belong  divers  and  feve- 
rali  paffages  all  well  lighted,  floored,  and  feeled  ;  the  doores- 
of  theife  roomes  are  very  ftrong,  well  hinged,  and  fitted  with 
excellent  locks,  barres,  and  boults,  and  in  all  the  lightes  are 
very  firong  barres  of  iron,  the  ftanchions  or  jaumes  of  the 
wyndowes  being  all  of  free  hone. 

From  this  floore  arife  twofaire  and  very  large  paire  of  fiaires 
the  one  called  the  eaft  ftayres,  and  the  other  the  weft  ftayres* 
the  cafes  of  which  ftaires  are  twentie  foote  fquare,  and  are 
topped  with  turrets  of  a  greate  height,  covered  with  blue  fiate> 
on  the  middle  pinacles  whereof  hand  two  faier  gilded  wether- 
cockes  peripicuous  to  the  countrie  round  about ;  theife  ftaire 
cafes  are  of  greate  ornament  to  the  whole  houfe,  both  within 
and  without.  7  he  weft  ftaires  arife  from  the  north  fide  of  the 
fayd  lower  parler*  and  conteyne  fourfeore  and  two  ftepps  in 

alien  t. 


8  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

afient,  which  fteps  are  6  foote  long,  and  are  adorned  with  13 
foote  paces,  and  are  very  well  lighted  and  ieeled,  and,  ferves 
principally  to  lead  into  the  roomes  upon  the  fecond  floore  or 
ftorie,  and  the  whole  leades  of  the  houfe. 

The  eaft  ftayres  leade  from  the  marble  parlor  to  the  greate 
gallery  and  the  dining  roome,  and  are  richly  adorned  with 
waynlcot  of  oake  round  the  outfides  thereof,  and  with  well 
wrought  rayles  on  the  in  fide  thereof,  all  well  guilt  with 
fillets  and  ftarres  of  goulde  ;  the  ftepps  of  thefe  ftaires  are  in 
number  33,  and  are  6  foote  6  inches  long,  adorned  with  fine 
foote  paces,  all  varniihed  black  and  whyte,  and  cheker  worke, 
the  higheft  of  which  foote  paces  is  a  very  large  one,  and 
benched  with  a  waynfcot  bench,  well  garnilhed  with  gould. 
Thefe  ftaires  are  adorned  with  one  large  pi&ure  of  Henry  the 
Fourth  of  France,  in  armes  on  horfeback,  fet  in  a  large  frame, 
placed  at  the  head  thereof,  and  with  landfkipps  of  battayles, 
anticks,  Heaven,  and  Hell,  and  other  curious  worke  ;  under 
theife  ftaires,  and  eight  ftepps  above  the  laid  marble  parler,  is 
a  little  compleate  roome  called  the  den  of  lyons  floored  with 
paynted  deale  cheker  worke,  wherein  is  one  ovall  marble  table, 
in  a  frame  of  wood  ;  this  roome  is  paynted  round  with  lyons 
and  leopards,  and  is  a  good  ornament  to  the  ftaires  and  marble 
parlor,  fevered  therefrom  with  rayled  doores. 

One  other  roome  called  the  greate  gallery,  one  hundred  nine 
foote  and  eight  inches  long,  .and  twentie  foote  and  one  inch 
broad,  floored  with  cedar  boards,  calling  a  pleafant  fmell, 
feeled  and  bordered  with  fret  work,  well  wrought,  very  well 
lighted  and  waynfcoted  round  with  well  wrought  oake,  13 
foote  6  inches  high,  garnilhed  with  fillets  of  gould  on  the  pil¬ 
lars,  and  ftars  and  crofs  patees  on  the  panes,  in  the  midle 

• '  whereof 


-  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey.  409 

whereof  is  a  very  fayre  and  large  chymnie  piece  of  black  and 
whyte  marble,  ingraved  with  coates  of  armes,  adorned  with 
feverall  curious  and  well  guilded  ftatues  of  alablafter,  with  a 
foote  pace  of  black  and  whyte  marble. 

One  other  roome  at  the  fide  thereof  called  the  fummer 
chamber  floored  with  deal,  well  lighted  and  feeled,  and 
waynfcottcd  round  with  ftarrs  and  crofs  patees  of  gould;  one 
faier  dining  roome,  45  foote  long,  and  twentie  foote  broad, 
floored  with  cedar  boardes,  very  well  lighted,  and  waynfcoted 
with  oake  13  foote  and  6  inches  high,  garnifhed,  and  richly 
guilt  with  fillets  and  flarrs  of  gould,  and  very  well  feeled  with 
fretwork  ;  in  the  midle  whereof  is  fixed  a  pidlure  of  good 
workemanfhip,  in  a  round  frame,  reprefenting  a  flying  angell ; 
in  the  middle  of  this  roome  hands  a  fayer  and  flately  chymnv 
peece  of  polifhed  marble  of  feverall  colors,  richly  adorned ; 
the  foote  pace  of  this  chymnie  peece  is  of  gray  marble. 

One  other  roome  called  the  greate  chamber  floored  with 
deale,  well  feeled  and  lighted,  being  a  roome  intended  for 
hangings,  and  in  parte  waynfcoted  with  oake,  garnifhed  with 
guilt  ftarrs,  and  adorned  with  a  fayer  chymnie  piece  of  po¬ 
lifhed  marble  of  feveral  cullors,  whereunto  is  a  foote  pace  of 
black  and  whyte  marble,  bordered  round  with  whyte  marble, 
and  one  fayre  arid  large  court  cubboard  (a  waynfcot  border  var- 
nifhed  blue  and  whyte  lies  in  this  roome  unfet  up);  one  other 
roome  called  the  queene’s  new  chamber  floored  with  deal,  well 
lighted  and  feeled,  adorned  with  a  chymnie  peece  of  whyte 
marble,  plane  and  well  polifhed,  with  a  foote  pace  of  black 
and  whyte  marble  ;  the  borders  and  other  waynfcot  of  this 
roome  are  garnifhed  with  fillets,  branches,  and  other  variety  of 
guilt  worke  ;  one  other  roome  called  the  dutches’  chamber 
Vol.  X.  G  g  g  floored 


^lo  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey, 

floored  with  deale,  well  lighted  and  feeled,  adorned  with  a 
chymnie  peece  of  vvhyte  polilhed  marble,  with  a  foote  pace  of 
blacke  and  whyte  marble,  waynfcotted  round  with  oake;  one 
other  roome  called  the  mayds  roome  floored  with  deale,  well 
lighted  and  waynfcotted  round  with  deale  ;  one  other  roome 
called  the  countefs  of  Denbigh’s  chamber  floored  with  deale, 
well  lighted  and  fealed,  adorned  with  a  chymnie  peece  of 
whyte  polilhed  marble,  a  foote  pace  of  black  and  whyte  mar¬ 
ble,  and  bordered  round  with  waynfcot ;  one  other  roome 
called  the  pallat  chamber  floored  with  deale,  waynfcotted  round 
with  deal,  well  lighted  and  feeled  ;  one  other  roome  called  the 
Title  lodging  flored  with  deale,  well  lighted  and  feeled,  the 
waynfcot  thereof  of  deale  ;  one  other  roome  called  the  lord 
Willoughbye’s  chamber  flored  with  deale,  vvaynfcoted  with 
oake,  garniftied  with  guilt  worke,  and  adorned  with  a  very 
faire  and  large  chymnie  peece  of  whyte  polifhed  marble,  with 
a  large  foote  pace  of  black  and  whyte  marble,  bordered  about 
with  whyte  marble. 

Memorand’,  that  in  the  two  lad  mentioned  roomes  there 
now  are  twentie-fower  piSures,  moft  of  them  fet  in  frames, 
and  of  excellent  workemanfliip,  which  are  not  valewed  herein, 
in  regard  they  were  placed  there  by  the  truflees  for  the  fale  of 

the  late  king  and  queene’s  goodes. 

One  other  roome  called  the  withdrawing  roome,  with  one 
little  lodging  chamber  neere  unto  it,  floored  with  deele,  well 
lighted  and  feeled,  the  withdrawing  roome  being  waynfcotted 
with  oake  round,  and  fitted  with  one  prefs  of  oake  woode ; 
two  other  roomes  called  the  wardrobes  floored  with  deale,  well 
lighted  and  feeled,  and  one  thereof  waynfcotted  round  with  deale, 
and  fitted  with  a  greate  prefs  of  deale,  and  feven  deale  tables. 

Memorand’. 


Survey  cj  Wimbledon,  Surrey.  ^  r  £ 

Memorand1.  The  greate  gallery,  and  the  other  roomes  laft 
•before  mentioned,  lye  all  on  a  floore,  and  are  diftinguifhed  in 
the  notys  of  the  roomes  of  the  fecond  floore,  and  are  all  in 
good  and  neate  repayre,  and  fitt  for  prefent  ufe. 

One  other  roome  called  Mr.  Cecill’s  chamber  floored  with 
deale,  well  lighted  and  feeled,  and  waynfcotted  round  with 
deale,  fitted  with  one  waynfcot  prefs,  cubbards,  and  a  litle  clo« 
fett ;  one  other  roome  called  the  nurfery  floored  with  deale,  and 
well  lighted  and  feeled,  and  waynfcotted  round  with  deale,  and 
fitted  with  one  court  cubbard ;  one  other  roome  called  madam 
nurfe’s  chamber  floored  with  deale,  and  well  lighted  and  feeled  ; 
one  other  roome  called  the  upper  Spanifh  roome  floored  with 
deale,  being  a  roome  within  the  turret  of  the  weft  ftayres, 
having  a  payre  of  round  Dutch  ftayres,  arifing  into  the  very 
midle  of  it ;  two  other  roomes  in  the  turret  of  the  eaft  ftayres, 
one  over  the  other,  both  floored  with  playfter,  and  waynfcot¬ 
ted  round,  well  lighted  and  feeled. 

One  other  roome  called  the  great  drying  rooms  floored  with 
deale,  and  fitted  with  hanging  poles,  and  a  crane  and  loops 
holes  for  the  craning  up  of  clothes  for  drying. 

Memorand’.  The  laft  mentioned  roomes  are  the  higheft 
roomes  of  the  whole  houfe,  and  lie  on  feverall  floores,  and  are 
all  in  very  good  repayre,  and  fitt  for  ufe. 

There  is  one  ftaire  and  cafe  called  the  clock  {hires,  confid¬ 
ing  of  65  ftepps  in  aflent,  well  lighted  ;  the  top  whereof 
is  a  round  turret  covered  with  blue  flate,  wherein  hangs  a  bell 
of  a  good  proportion  ;  below  which  is  a  clock,  very  ufefull  for 
the  whole  houfe.  In  this  ftair  cafe,  in  the  firft  affent,  is  placed 
one  very  large  cefterne  of  lead  that  ferves  the  whole  houfe  and 

G  g  g  2  gar- 


412  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

gardens  with  Water;  over  which,  in  the  next  affent,  is  a  leaden^ 
balcony  looking  into  the  greate  garden. 

There  is  one  other  ftayre  and  cafe  called  the  wardrobe 
dayres,  confiding  of  85  deps  in  affent,  well  lighted,  ferving 
for  a  back  way  into  mod  of  the  roomes  aforefaid  ;  the  top 
whereof  is  turreted  and  covered  with  blue  date. 

There  is  one  other  daire,  confiding  of  77  deps  in  affent, 
called  the  back  daires,  ferving  for  back  wayes  to  mod  of  the 
roomes  aforefaid  that  lie  inwards. 

The  whole  houfe  is  of  excellent  good  brick,  the  angles, 
corners,  and  wyndow  danchions,  and  jawmes,  all  of  afh- 
lers  of  free  done,  and  all  the  roomes  of  the  houfe  (except  the 
kitchen,  and  fome  few  of  the  roomes  under  daires)  are  all  co¬ 
vered  with  lead  in  the  roofes,  and  battaled  with  tree  done  ,  111 
every  fpire  whereof  is  a  pike  of  iron.  Thefe  leads  and  battle¬ 
ments  are  a  very  greate  ornament  to  tne  whole  houfe ;  the  ead 
leads  lying  over  the  oringe  garden  are  layd  levell  for  a  walke. 
And  allfoe  confiding  of  one  garden  called  the 
oringe  garden,  adjoyning  to  the  ead  end  of  the 
faid  manor  or  mancion  houfe,  fevered  from  the 
phefant  garden  with  a  high  brick  wall  upon  the 
ead  and  north  Tides  thereof,  and  from  the  upper 
or  greate  garden  with  an  open  pale  on  the  louth  Val.per  arm. 
fide  thereof,  conteyning,  upon  admeafurement,  one  .£.  s.  d, 

rood  and  twentie  perches  of  ground,  worth,  per  aim.  1  o  o 

Memorand’,  that  in  the  fayd  oringe  garden 
there  are  foure  knottes  fitted  for  the  groweth  of 
choife  dowers,  bordered  with  box  in  the  poynts, 
angles,  fquares,  and  roundles,  and  handfomely  ,j 

'turfed  in  the  intervalls  or  litle  walkes  thereof; 

which 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey,. 

which  knotts,  and  the  flower  rootes  therein  grow¬ 
ing,  wee  eftimare  to  be  worth 

In  the  midle  parte  of-  which  foure  knotts  is  one 
large  round  paved  with  fmall  peble  fiotie ;  in  the 
midle  whereof  hands  one  handfome  fountaine  of 
whyte  marble,  which,  with  the  pipes  of  lead,  and 
cockes  thereunto  belonging,  we  valew  to  be  worth 
Unto  which  fountain  one  pavement  of  Flan¬ 
ders  brick  lixe  foote,.  .  .  .  foote  broad)  extends 
itfelfe  from  the  eafl  end  of  the  fayd  manor  or 
mancion  houfe,  up  the  midle  of  the  faid  oringe 
garden  (which  wee  valew  to  be  worth) 

The  other  three  allyes,  or  litle  walkes  betwixt 
the  fayd  foure  knotts  are  paved  with  peble  hone, 
worth,  in  both, 

The  midle  of  which  fayd  three  allies  leadeth 
into  a  garden,  or  fhadow  houfe  paved  with  Flan¬ 
ders  brick,  and  hanfotnely  benched,  handing  in 
the  midle  of  the  eafl;  wall  of  the  faid  oringe  gar¬ 
den  ‘  the  materials  of  which  houfe  are  worth 
There  are  foure  large  and  handfome  graveled 
walkes  inclofing  the  fayd  fower  knotts  ;  the  va¬ 
lew  whereof  wee  include  in  the  forefaid  yearly 
valew  of  the  fayd  oringe  garden. 

In  the  north  fide  of  which  fayd  oringe  garden 
there  ftands  one  large  garden  houfe  ;  the  outwalls 
of  brick  fitted  for  the  keepinge  of  oringe  trees, 
neatly  covered  with  blue  flate,  and  ridged  and 
guttered  with  lead  ;  the  materials  of  which  houie, 
with  the  greate  doores  and  the  iron  thereof,  with 


4 13: 

£.  s.  d. 
24  10  o 


20  O  Q 


2  0  0? 


5  10  o 


a  cer- 


414 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

a  certeine  frone  pavement  lying  before  thofe 
doores,  in  nature  of  a  litle  walke,  4  foote  broad, 
and  feventy-nyns  foote  long,  wee  valew  to  bee 
worth 

In  which  fayd  garden  houfe  there  are  now 
{landing,  in  fquared  boxes  fitted  for  that  purpofe, 
fortie-two  oringe  trees  bearing  fayre  and  large 
cringes,  which  trees,  with  the  boxes,  and  the 
earth  and  materials  therein  feeding  the  fame,  wee 
valew  at  tenn  poundes  a  a  tree,  one  tree  with 
another,  in  toto ,  amounting  unto 

I11  the  fayd  garden  houfe  there  now  allfoe  is 
<one  lemon  tree  bearing  greate  and  very  large 
lemmons,  which,  togeather  with  the  box  that  it 
growes  in,  and  the  earth  and  material  Is  therein 
feeding  the  fanle,  wee  valew  at 

In  the  fayd  garden  houfe  there  now  allfoe  is 
one  pomecitron  tree,  which,  togeather  with  the 
box  that  it  growes  in,  and  the  earth  and  materialls 
feeding  the  fame,  we  valew  at 

There  are  allfoe  belonginge  to  the  faid  oringe 
garden  fix  pomegranet  trees  bearing  faire  and 
large  fruites,  which,  togeather  with  the  fquare 
boxes  they  grovve  in,  and  the  earth  and  materialls 
therein  feeding  the  fame,  wee  valew  at  three 
poundes  a  tree,  one  with  another,  in  toto 

There  are  allfoe  belonging  to  the  fayd  oringe 
garden  eighteen  oringe  trees  that  have  not  yet 
*  borne  fruite,  which,  with  their  boxes,  earth,  and 
materialls  therein  feeding  the  lame,  we  valew  at 
6  fyve 


5' 

66  13  4 


420  o 


20  o 


o 


i3  o  o 


% 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

fyve  poundes  a  tree,  one  with,  another,  in  toto , 
amounting  onto  the  fumm  of 

IVlemorand’,  that  the  aforefavd  fix  pomegranet 
trees,  and  the  fayd  eighteene  oringe  trees,  now 
Hand  and  are  placed  with  t  leir  boxes  in  one  litle 
roorae  of  the  favd  manfion  houfe  called  the  lower 
Spanish  roome,  and  opening  to  the  fayd  oringe 
garden. 

In  the  head  of  every  of  the  fayd  fower  knotts 
there  ig  one  cyprefs  tree  growing,  which  4  togea* 
ther  we  valew  at  ' 

There  are  two  apricock  trees  growing  to  the 
wall  on  the  north  fide  of  the  layd  oringe  garden, 
worth 

There  are  allfoe  14  lawrell  trees  planted  in  fe- 
verail  places  of  the  fayd  oringe  garden,  which 
wee  valew  in  the  grole  at 

In  the  fcuth-eafl  corner  of  the  fayd  oringe  gar¬ 
den  there  is  one  faire  bay  tree,  which  wee  valew  at 
Memorand’,  that  the  oringe  garden  extends  noe 
farther  in  breadth  than  the  eaH  end  of  the  fayd 
manor  or  manlion  houfe  doth  extend  itfelfe,  but 
is  exceedingly  graced  with  the  fayd  two  long  gal¬ 
leries  or  walkes  adjoyning  to  the  eafl  end  ot  the 
faid  manor  or  manfion  houfe  ;  the  one  leaded, 
Handing  fower  vardes  above  the  fayd  garden,  and 
the  other,  floored  with  free  Hones,  lying  level! 
with  the  fayd  oringe  garden,  and  extending  to 
the  whole  breadth  thereof;  the  valew  of  the  ma¬ 
terials  of  which  fayd  galleries  are  conteyned  in* 

the 


£■ 

90 


I 


4*5 
s.  d. 

o  o 


o  © 

o  © 

8  o 
o  © 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 


.416 

the  valuacion  of  the  fayd  manor  or  manfion  houfe, 
as  in  the  particulars  thereof  may  appeare. 

And  allfoe  of  one  other  garden  called  the  up¬ 
per  or  greate  garden,  adjoyning  to  the  fouth  fide 
of  the  fayd  manor  or  manfion  houfe,  fevered  from 
the  fayd  oringe  garden,  with  the  fayd  rayled  pale 
on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  fayd  oringe  garden,  and 
lying  betweene  the  fayd  manor  or  manfion  houfe 
and  the  vineyard  garden,  from  which  it  is  fevered 
with  a  long  brick  wall  of  ten  foote  high  on  the 
fouth  fide  thereof,  and  from  Wymbledon  parke 
with  a  brick  wall  of  ten  foote  high  on  the  eaft  fide 
thereof,  and  from  the  church  yard  with  another 
brick  wall  of  term  foote  high  on  the  louth  fide 
thereof,  conteyning,  upon  admeaiurement,  fix 
acres  and  twentie-fix  perches  of  land,  worth,  per 
annum, 

Memorand’,  that  the  fayd  upper  or  greate 
garden  is  divided  into  two  feverall  levells  or  parts 
by  an  afifent  of  ten  fiepps,  the  lower  levell  or 
parte  whereof  adjoynes  to  the  fouth  fide  of  the 
fayd  manor  or  manfion  houfe,  and  lies  levell  with 
the  floore  of  the  hall  of  the  manfion  houfe,  con¬ 
teyning  in  itlelfe  foure  feverall  fquares,  having 
onefaire  and  fpatious  gravelled  walke,  neately  or¬ 
dered,  running  from  eufi:  to  weft,  all  along  the 
favd  fouth  fide  of  the  fayd  manor  or  manfion 
houfe,  being  t  wen  tie-five  foote  broad,  and  one 
hundred  threefcore  and  tenn  yardes  long,  at  either 
find  of  which  lower  levell  is  one  other  gravelled 

walke 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

walke,  running  up  in  a  regular  forme  to  the  up¬ 
per  or  higher  levell ;  thefe  three  walkes  include 
within  them  the  whole  extent  of  the  fayd  lower 
levell,  and  are  comprifed  in  the  yearelie  valew  of 
the  whole  garden. 

The  fayd  lower  levell  is  divided  and  cut  into 
foure  greate  fquares,  the  two  middlemoft  whereof 
conteyne  within  them  eight  feverall  fquare  and 
well  ordered  knottes,  ftored  with  the  rootes  of  very 
many  and  choile  flowers  ;  bordered  with  box,  well 
planted  and  ordered  in  the  poynts,  angles,  fquares, 
and  roundles,  the  fower  innermoft  quarters  there¬ 
of  being  paved  with  Flanders  brickes  in  the  inter- 
vall  {paces  or  litle  walkes  thereof,  which  knots, 
borders,  and  rootes  of  flowers,  and  the  fayd  Flan¬ 
ders  bricks,  wee  eftimate  to  bee  worth 

Upp  the  midle  of  which  eight  knotts  runns  one 
walke  or  alley  of  paved  ftone  from  the  hall 
doore  of  the  fayd  manor  or  manfion  houfe,  to  the 
foote  of  the  aflent  of  the  fayd  higher  or  upper  le¬ 
vell  ;  conteyning  in  breadth  16  foote,  and  in 
length  127  foote,  the  {tones  whereof  wee  valew 

to  be  worth  — 1 

The  fayd  eight  knotts  are  compared  about  on 
three  fides  thereof  with  very  hanfome  rayles,  piked 
with  fpired  poftes,  in  every  corner  and  angle  5  all 
of  wood,  varniflied  with  white,  which  very  much 
adornes  and  fett  forth  the  garden,  all  along  the 
infldes  of  which  rayles  grow  divers  cyprefs  tree 
in  a  very  decent  order,  having  the  outfldes  bor* 
Vol.  X.  Hhh  dere< 


417 

jT»  s .  d. 


60  o  o 


20  o  o 


4-1 8  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey,. 

dered  with  choyfe  and  pleafant  flowers,  in  the  s»  d\. 

two  angles  of  which  rayles  inwards  frand  two 
ftone  ftatues,  of  good  ornament,  which  rayles, 
fpired  pofts,  and  ftatues,  wee  eflimate  to  bee 
worth  —  2.9.  8  1q 

In  the  mi  die  of  the  4  of  the  forefaid  knotts, 
which  lie  on  the  weft  iide  of  the  fayd  pavement, 
there  ftands  one  fountayne  of  white  marble,  hav¬ 
ing  a  ftatue  of  Diana  upon  it,  and  a  fayer  lead 
ceftern  belonging  to  it,  from  whence  runs  a  cha- 
neled  pavement  of  ftone  into  the  birdcage,  being 
fhadowed  round  with  twelve  cherrie  trees,  which  < 
ftand  in  the  poynts  and  angles  of  thofe  fouer 
knotts  ;  which  fountayne,  ftatue,  ceftern,  and 
chanelled  pavement,  wee  eftimate  to  bee  worth  y  o  o 
In  the  middle  of  the  other  four  knotts,  which 
lie  on  the  eaft  iide  of  the  fayd  pavement,  there  is 
one  other  fountayne  of  white  marble,  having  a 
ftatue  of  a  mermayd  upon  it,  and  a  cefterne  of 
lead,  being  allfoe  fhadowed  round  with  twelve 
cherrie  trees,  which  ftand  in  the  poynts  and  an¬ 
gles  of  thofe  4  knotts ;  which  fountayne,  ftatue, 
and  cefterne,  wee  valew  to  bee  worth  10  o  ©> 

The  other  two  greate  fquares  of  the  fayd  lower 
levell,  each  of  them  conteynes  within  its  own. 
fquare  foure  fquare  grafs  plotts,  with  one  hand- 
fome  round  grafs  plott  in  the  midle  thereof,  and 
lie  at  the  eaft  and  weft  ends  of  the  fayd  eight 
knotts,  in  the  midle  of  which  foure  grafs  plotts 
ftands  one  faire  cyprefs  tree ;  the  fower  grafs 

plotts 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

piotts  are  bordered  on  all  Tides  and  angles  with 
neate  and  well  ordered  thorne  hedges,  and  well 
planted  with  many  cherrie  trees :  but  the  valew 
of  the  fayd  two  fquares  is  not  otherwife  valuable 
then  as  comprized  within  the  yearly  eftimate  of 
the  whole  garden. 

At  the  weft  end  of  the  gravelled  alley,  which 
adjoynes  to  the  fouth  fide  of  the  fayd  manor 
houfe,  there  ftandes  one  garden  houfe,  parte 
of  boardes,  parte  of  rayles,  covered  with  blue 
flate,  and  ridged  and  guttered  with  lead,  and 
paved  with  fquare  ftone,  having  one  door  going 
into  the  fayd  gravelled  alley  ;  one  other  doore 
going  into  the  end  alley,  leading  to  the  fayd  up¬ 
per  level,  and  one  other  doore  opening  into  the 
hartichoke  garden  ;  the  materialls  of  which  houfe 

wee  valew  to  bee  worth  - — 

In  the  midle  of  the  eaft  wall  of  the  fayd  lower 
levell  there  ftands  one  garden  fummer  or  fhadowe 
houfe,  covered  with  blue  (late,  handsomely  benched 
and  waynfeotted  in  parte,  and  paved  with  brickes; 
the  materialls  whereof  wee  valew  to  bee  worth 

In  the  north  fide  of  the  fayd  alley  next  adjoyning 
to  the  fayd  manor  houfe,  and  in  the  very  end  of 
the  pale  which  divides  the  fayd  lower  levell  from 
the  oringe  garden,  there  ftands  one  banquettmg 
houfe  covered  with  blue  flate,  and  ridged  and 
guttered  with  lead,  having  one  roome  above 
floored  with  boardes,  the  doore  whereof  opens 
into  the  fayd  alley  ;  and  one  other  roome  belowe 
paved  with  tyle,  the  doore  whereof  opens  into  the 

H  h  h  2  oringe 


419 

•  J" »  0?e 


9  o  q 


5  0  ® 


4^0 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

oringe  garden,  having  allfoe  in  the  fides  thereof  s.  d. 

fcverall  lights  of  glafs;  the  materialls  of  which 
houfe  wee  valew  to  bee  worth  30  o  o 

The  nonh  fide  of  the  fayd  alley,  very  neare  as 
farr  as  the  fayd  manor  houfe  doth  extend  itfelfe  in 
length,  to  wit,  from  the  eaft  end  thereof  to  the  end 
of  the  birdcage  weftward,  is  rayled  with  turned 
ballafters  of  free  ftone,  well  battelled  with  flone, 
and  cemented  with  lead  and  iron  ;  betwixt  which 
rayles,  and  the  fayd  manor  houfe  are  feverall  litle 
grafs  plott  courts,  which  lie  levell  with  the  low- 
eft  roomes  of  the  fayd  manor  houfe,  over  the  mi- 
dle  of  which  courts  lyes  the  fayd  pavement  that 
leades  from  the  fayd  hall  doore  to  the  alien t  of 
the  fayd  upper  levell,  rayled  with  the  fayd 
ftone  rayles  on  each  ftde  thereof  in  a  very  grace- 
full  manner,  in  two  of  which  courts  there  grow 
three  greate  and  fayer  fig  trees,  the  branches 
whereof,  by  the  fpreading  and  dilating  of  them- 
felves  in  a  very  large  proporcion,  but  yet  in  a  moll: 
decent  manner,  cover  a  very  greate  parte  of  the 
walls  of  the  fouth  fide  of  the  fayd  mannor  houfe, 
being  a  very  greate  and  munificent  ornament 
thereunto,  into  which  litle  courts  there  are  feve- 
ralr  difcents  of  16  ftepps  from  the  fayd  alley,  in 
one  of  which  courts  there  is  an  ovall  cefterne  of 
leade  fett  about  with  ftone,  having  a  pipe  of  lead 
in  it ;  the  outward  walls  of  which  litle  courts  are 
planted  with  young  fig  trees,  the  profitts  and 
contents  of  which  litle  courts  are  comprized  in 

the 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey.  421 

tlie  forefay  d  yearely  valevv  and  admeafurement  of  JT .  s .  d% 

the  f  ’i  upper  or  higher  garden  ;  but  wee  valew 
the  ovall  cefterne  at  tvvoe  poundes,  and  the 
fayd  three  greate  fig  trees,  and  other  young  fig 
t/ees,  a*1  twelve  pounds  ten  (hillings,  and  the  fayd 
free  ftone  rayles  at,  in  all,  — -  34  10  0 

One  other  of  the  fayd  licle  courts  is  fitted  with 
a  birdcage,  having  three  open  turret?,  verie  well 
wrought  for  the  fitting  and  perching  of  byrds, 
and  allfoe  having  {landing  in  it  one  very  fayre 
and  haudlome  fountayne  with  three  cifternes  of 
lead  belonging  to  it,  .and  many  feverali  fmall  pipes 
gilded  of  lead,  which,  when  they  flow  and  fall 
into  the  cefternes,  make  a  pleafant  noyfe  ;  the 
turretts,  fountaynes,  and  litle  court  are  all  covered 
with  flrong  iion  wyres,  and  lie  diredtly  under 
the  wyndowes  of  the  two  roomes  of  the  fayd  ma¬ 
nor  houfe  called  the  balcony  roome,  and  the  lord’s 
chamber,  from  which  balcony  roome  one  pave¬ 
ment  of  black  and  whyte  marble,  conteyning 
104  foote,  ray  led  with  rayles  of  wood  on 
each  fide  thereof,  extends  itfelfe  into  the  fayd 
alley  ever  the  midle  of  the  fayd  birdcage 
this  birdcage  is  a  greate  ornament  both  to  the 
houfe  and  garden  ;  the  materialls  whereof,  and 
the  fayd  fountaynes  and  cefterne,  and  the  fayd 
marble  pavement  and  rayles,  wee  valew  to  bee; 
worth,  in  the  whole,  at  '  " '  —  25  4  o 

In  the  height  of  the  fayd  higher  levelL  there  is 
one  fair  green  tarras  or  waike,  very  well  turfed, 

extending 


422 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

extending  itfelf  two  hundred  and  thirtie  yards  jf.  s . 
from  eaft  to  weft,  and  conteyning  twentie-five 
foote  in  the  breadth  thereof,  the  north  fide  whereof 
is  planted  with  lime  trees,  of  very  good  bulkes, 
and  of  a  very  high  growth,  growing,  both  topps, 
bodies,  and  branches,  in  a  mofl  uniform  and  re¬ 
gular  manner  ;  the  height  whereof  being  perfpi- 
cuous  to  the  country  round  about  renders  them  a 
very  fpeciali  ornament  to  the  whole  houfe  ;  the 
fouth  fide  of  the  faid  turfed  tarras  is  planted  with 
elmes,  betwixt  every  one  whereof  grows  a  cyprefs  ih 

tree,  well  planted  and  ordered,  much  adorning 
and  fetting  forth  the  compleatnefs  of  the  tarras  ; 
befides  which  there  are  on  either  fide  of  the  fayd 
tarras,  betwixt  every  tree,  borders  of  box,  very 
well  ordered,  adding  allfoe  a  further  ornament 
,  thereunto  ;  which  tarras  and  borders  wee  valew 
to  bee  worth  —  1726 

At  the  eaft  end  of  the  fayd  turfed  tarras  there 
fiandes  one  fayre  banqueting  houfe,  mod  of  wood  ; 
the  model  thereof  conteyning  a  fayre  round  in 
the  midle  of  foure  angles  covered  with  blue  flate, 
and  ridged  and  guttered  with  lead,  waynfcotted 
.round  from  the  bottome  to  the  roofe,  varnilhed 
with  greene  within  and  without,  benched  in  the 
angles,  having  fixteene  wyndowes  or  covers  of  the 
fame  waynfcot  to  open  or  fhut  at  pleafure,  and 
having  allfoe  fixteene  halfe  rounds  of  glaflc  to  en¬ 
lighten  the  roome  when  thefe  covers  are  fhut  up ; 
the  floore  paved  with  p.aynted  tile  in  the  angles, 

3  and 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

and  with  fquared  {tone  in  the  midle,  in  one  of 
which  angles  -(lands  a  table  of  artificiall  {tone, 
very  well  polilhed,  and  in  every  of  the  fayd  an¬ 
gles,  beefides  the  fayd  benches,  there  {fancies  one 
waynleot  ehaire  ;  there  are  to  the  fayd  banqueting 
houfe  two  double  leaved  doores,  the  one  paire  of 
which  doores  opens  in  the  very  midle  of  the  fayd 
tarras,  the  0'iKfide  thereof  being  guilt  with  feve- 
rall  coats  of  armes,  the  other  of  the  fayd  leaved 
doores  open  into  a  faire  walke  within  the  parke, 
planted  with  elmes  and  lyme  trees,  extending  it- 
felfe  from  the  fayd  banqueting  houfe,  in  a  diredt 
line  eaftward,  to  the  very  parke  pale  ;  the  round 
of  the  fayd  banqueting  houfe  is  handfomely  arched 
within  with  thirteene  heades  or  {fatues  guilded, 
{land  in  a  circular  forme,  adding  very  much  to 
the  beautie  of  the  whole  roome ;  the  materialls  of 
this  houfe,  the  layd  table,  and  chayres,  wee  va- 
lew  to  be  worth  — 

*  At  the  weft  end  of  the  fayd  turfed  tarras  there 
ftandes  one  other  garden  orfummer  houfe,  covered 
with  blue  Hate,  and  ridged  and  guttered  with 
lead,  waynfcotted  and  benched  round,  paved  with 
fquare  tile,  in  which  ftandes  one  table  of  ranee 
(tone  fett  in  a  frame  of  wood  ;  there  are  two 
doores  belonging  to  this  garden  houfe,.  the  one 
opening  into  the  fayd  tarras,  and  the  other  open¬ 
ing  into  the  church  yard,  into  an  alley  or  walke 
therein,  leading  to  the  church  doore,  planted  on 
either  fide  thereof  with  ficamore  trees  ;  the  ma¬ 
terialls 


423: 


‘1 


66  13  4 


424  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

terialls  of  this  houfe,  and  the  fayd  table,  wee  va- 
levv  to  bee  worth  — — 

Betwixt  the  aflent  from  the  fayd  lower  levell,  and 
the  fayd  turfed  tarras,  there  are,  on  each  fide  of  the 
gravelled  alley  that  leades  from  tbeaffcnt  to  the  fayd 
tarras,  three  grafs  plot  walkes,  planted  with  fruite 
trees  of  divers  fortes  and  kynds,  both  pleafant  for 
taft,  and  nrofitable  for  ufe  ;  the  borders  of  which 

*  A 

grafs  plotts  are  coran  trees  ;  the  valew  of  which 
trees  and  borders  doth  herein  and  heereafter  ap- 
peare,  in  the  feverall  particulars  thereof  j  the  va¬ 
lew  of  the  grafs  plotts  being  comprifed  in  the 
forefayd  yearely  valew  of  the  whole  upper  garden. 

On  the  fouth  fide  of  the  fayd  turfed  tarras  there 
are  planted  one  great  maze,  and  one  wildernefs, 
which  being  fevered  with  one  gravelled  alley,  in 
or  neare  the  midle  of  the  fayd  turfed  tarras,  fets 
forth  the  maze  to  lie  towards  the  eaft,  and  the 
wildernels  towards  the  weft ;  the  maze  confifts  of 
young  trees,  wood,  and  fprayes  of  a  good  growth 
and  height,  cutt  out  into  feverall  meanders,  cir¬ 
cles,  femicircles,  wyndings,  and  intricat  turnings, 
the  walkes  or  intervalls  whereof  are  all  grafs 
plotts ;  this  maze,  as  it  is  now  ordered,  adds  very 
much  to  the  worth  of  the  upper  levell ;  the  wil¬ 
dernels  (a  worke  of  a  vaft  expence  to  the  maker 
thereof)  confifts  of  many  young  trees,  woods,  and 
fprayes  of  a  good  growth  and  height,  cut  out 
and  formed  into  teverall  ovalis,  fquares,  and  an¬ 
gles,  very  well  ordered,  in  moft  of  the  anguler 

poynts 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey*  425 

poynts  whereof,  as  allfoe  in  the  center  of  every  £,  s.  d. 
ovall,  {lands  lyme  tree  or  elme ;  all  the  allies  of 
this  wildernefs,  being  in  number  eighteene,  are 
of  gravelled  earth,  very  well  ordered  and  mayn- 
teyned,  the  whole  worke  being  compiled  with 
fuch  order  and  decency,  as  that  it  is  not  one 
of  the  lead  of  the  ornaments  of  the  fayd  manor 
or  man  (ion  houfe  ;  the  forefayd  alley,  dividing  the 
fayd  maze  and  wildernefs,  is  planted  on  each  fide 
thereof  with  lyme  trees  and  elmes,  betwixt  every 
tree  whereof  growes  a  cyprefs  tree  ;  at  the  fouth 
end  of  which  alley,  and  in  the  wall  that  partes 
the  fayd  upper  garden  from  the  vyneyard  garden, 
betwixt  two  fayer  pillers  of  brick,  there  are  fett 
a  faire  and  large  paire  of  rayled  gates,  of  good 
ornament  to  both  the  fayd  gardens ;  on  the  fouth 
fide  of  the  fayd  maize  and  wildernefs  there  is  one 
clofe  or  private  gravelled  walke,  inclofed  on  each 
fide  thertof  with  a  very  high  and  well  growne 
hedge  of  thorne,  extending  itfelfe  from  the  eaft 
wall  to  the  weft  wall  of  the  fayd  upper  garden,  at 
each  end  of  which  clofe  walke  there  (lands  one 
litle  (hadowe  or  fummer  houfe  covered  with  blue 
flate,  and  ridged  with  lead,  and  fitted  for  refting 
places ;  which  maze  and  wildernefs,  over  and  bee- 
fides  the  trees  thereof,  which  are  herein  hereafter 
valewed  amongft  the  other  trees  of  the  fayd  upper 
garden,  and  the  materialls  of  the  fayd  two  fha- 
dowe  or  fummer  houfes,  wee  valew  to  bee  worth 
Vol.  X.  lii  .  There 


90  o  o 


S  •  £t+ 


426  Survey  ^/'Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

There  are  in  the  faid  upper  garden  one  hundred 
thirtie-one  lyme  trees  and  lixtie-eight  elmes,  of 
good  growethes,  worth,  in  the  groffe,  at 

There  are  in  the  fayd  higher  and  lower  levell 
of  the  fayd  upper  garden  one  hundred  twentie- 
three  cyprefs  trees  of  divers  groweths,  which, 
though  they  are  not  of  any  greater  profitt,  yet,  as 
they  are  now  planted,  they  exceedingly  adorne 
and  fett  forth  the  fayd  upper  garden;  which  trees, 
one  with  another,  wee  valew  to  bee  worth,  in  the 
whole  ■  ■- 

There  are  allfoe  in  the  fayd  higher  and  lower 
levell  an  hundred  and  nineteene  cherrie  trees,  well 
planted  and  ordered,  and  of  a  greate  growth  in 
themfelves,  the  fruit  whereof  cannot  but  be  of  a 
greate  yearely  valew ;  which  trees  wee  valew  to 

bee  worth  - 

There  are  allfoe  in  the  fayd  higher  and  lower 
levell  one  hundred  and  fiftie  fruit  trees,  of  divers 
kyndes  of  apples  and  peares,  pleafant  and  profita¬ 
ble  ;  thefe  trees  wee  valew  to  be  worth 

There  are  growing  to  the  walls  of  the  fayd 
upper  garden  fiftie-three  wall  fruit  trees,  of  divers 
forts  of  fruits,  as  apricocks,  May  cherries,  duke 
cherries,  peare  plums,  boone  crityans,  French 
peares,  and  many  other  forts  of  moft  rare  and 
choyce  fruits ;  which  trees,  one  with  another, 
in  the  whole,  wee  valew  at  — 

In  and  about  the  fayd  upper  garden  there  are 
thirteene  mufkadyne  vynes,  well  ordered  and 

planted, 


£• 

44  13  0 


3°  !5  0 


29  1 5  o 


37  10  o 


13  5  o 


I 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

planted,  bearing  very  fweete  grapes,  and  thofe  in  £. 
abundance  at  the  feafon  of  the  yea  re ;  which  wee 

valew  to  bee  worth  - -  3 

There  allfoe  are  in  the  fayd  upper  garden  two 
other  faire  fig  trees,  weil  planted  and  ordered, 
which  wee  valew  to  bee  worth  — ,  o 

The  borders  of  box,  rofemary,  corants,  and 
the  rootes  of  flowers  and  herbes,  belonging  to 
the  fayd  upper  garden,  and  not  herein  before  va- 
lewed,  wee  eftimate  to  bee  worth  27 

There  is  one  parcell  of  land  belonging  to  the 
fayd  upper  garden,  conteyning  fortie-fower  perches 
of  land  called  the  hartichoke  garden,  lying  on  the 
well  end  of  the  fayd  lower  levell,  unto  which 
there  are  12  flepps  of  defcent,  the  ground  where¬ 
of  is  ordered  for  the  groweth  of  hartichokes ;  the 
valew  and  contents  whereof  are  comprifed  in  the 
forefavd  yearely  valew  and  admeafurement  of  the 
fayd  upper  garden  ;  but  the  rootes  and  plants  of 
hartichokes  therein  now  growing  and  planted,  wee 

valew  at  - -  1 

There  are  in  the  fayd  hartichoke  garden  five 

very  handfome  bay  trees,  which  wee  valew  to  bee 

worth  — —  1 

And  allfoe  of  one  parcell  of  ground  adjoyning 

to  the  north  and  eafl:  wall  of  the  oringe  garden, 
commonly  called  the  phefant  garden,  fevered  from 
the  parke  with  a  pale  of  deale  boards  of  10  foote 
high,  within  which  is  one  phefant  houfe,  boarded 
within  and  without,  conteyning  6  roomes  tyled 

I  i  i  2  '  over 


427 

S.  a  e 

5  ° 

IO  o 

1 7  6 


IO  o 

o  o 


428 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

over  head  ;  and  allfoe  one  fhed  tiled,  conteyning 
4  roomes,  wherein  the  phefant  keeper  ufed  to  live 
and  lodge,  one  greate  particion  of  deale  boarded 
ten  foote  high,  and  fiftie  yards  long;  twentie  par¬ 
ty  tions,  fixtie-three  young  ficamore  trees,  two 
oakes,  two  alh  trees,  three  birch  trees,  ten  fruit 
trees,  and  a  difcent  of  twentie -three  ftepps  of 
ftone  ;  all  which  wee  valew  to  bee  worth 

The  phefant  garden  conteynes,  upon  admea- 
furement,  one  acre  and  fyve  perches,  and  is  worth, 

per  ann.  - 

And  allfoe  of  one  other  garden  called  the  vy lie- 
yard,  adjoyning  to  the  forefayd  upper  greate  gar¬ 
den  upon  the  eaft  fide  thereof,  and  fevered  from  it 
with  a  bricke  wall  of  tenn  foote  high,  and  allfoe 
fevered  from  Wymbledon  parke  with  a  bricke 
wall  of  ten  foote  high  upon  the  eaft  fide  thereof, 
and  fevered  from  the  highway  or  lane  leading  from 
Wymbledon  towne  to  the  iron-plate  mills  with  a 
brick  wall  of  nyne  foote  high  upon  the  fouth  fide 
thereof,  and  from  the  kitchin  garden  with  another 
wall  of  brickes  of  tenn  foote  high  on  the  weft 
fide  thereof,  conteyning,  upon  admeafurement, 
tenn  acres,  one  rood,  and  twentie-three  perches, 
worth,  per  ann.  — 

Memorand’,  that  the  fayd  vyneyard  garden  is 
devided  into  twelve  feverall  triangles,  inclofed 
within  foure  faire  walkes  or  allies  twenty-three 
foote  broad,  lying  round  the  fayd  garden,  two 
whereof  are  gravelled  walkes,  and  the  other  two 
2  grafs 


Survey  e/' Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

grafs  plotts,  eight  of  the  forefayd  twelve  triangles 
make  in  themfelve  one  fquare,  in  the  midle  where¬ 
of  is  one  faire  round  or  circle  of  gravelled  earth, 
in  the  center  whereof  (lands  one  lyme  tree,  hav¬ 
ing  eight  feverall  walkes  or  alleys,  twenty-three 
foote  broad,  running  crofs  and  angular  wayes,  an- 
fwerable  to  the  forefayd  eight  triangles;  the  infide 
of  which  eight  walkes  or  allies  are  planted  with 
lyme  trees,  and  other  young  and  well  planted 
trees,  and  borders  of  currant  trees  and  refpafs 
trees;  the  other  four  triangles  having  angular  and 
crofs  walkes  within  them  (though  not  fo  fully 
completed  as  the  ether  eight  triangles),  make  one 
fquare,  and  being  reduced  to  a  regular  forme  with 
the  other  eight  triangles,  make  a  very  compleate 
garden  plott. 

Within  which  fayd  twelve  feverall  triangles 
there  are  growing  fyve  hundred  and  feven  fruite 
trees  of  divers  forts  and  kyndes  of  fruite,  pleafant 
and  profitable,  which  wee  valew,  one  tree  with 
another,  in  the  whole,  at  — 

There  are  allfoe  one  hundred  fortie-foure  lyme 
trees,  very  well  planted  and  ordered,  which  grow¬ 
ing  in  a  regular  forme  in  the  infides  of  the  fayd 
triangles,  are  a  greate  grace  and  lpeciall  ornament 
to  the  whole  garden,  which  lyme  trees  wee  va¬ 
lew,  one  tree  with  another,  in  the  whole 

The  infides  of  three  of  the  outward  walkes  or 
alleys,  are  of  latticed  rayles,  upon  which  lat¬ 
tices  there  are  growing  one  hundred  and  fix  trees 

of 


4 


28  16  a 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

-of  divers  kytids  of  wall  fruite,  which,  one  with 
another,  wee  valew  to  l)ee  worth 

In  the  infide  of  the  fouerth  outwarde  walke  or 
alley  are  fixteene  quihce  trees,  well  planted  and 

ordered,  wrorth  — 

And  allfoe  upon  the  out  borders  there  are  grow¬ 
ing  thirtie-eight  fruite  trees  of  peares  and  cherries, 

worth  ~ - - 

There  are  growing  upon  three  of  the  walls  of 
the  fayd  vvneyard  garden  two  hundred  fiftie  and 
fower  trees  of  divers  fpeciall  fortes  and  kyndes  of 
wall  fruites,  as  apricocks,  peaches,  peare  plumms, 
Mav  cherries,  boone  chritians,  and  divers  other 
kynds  of  fruites,  both  curious  for  tail  and  varie- 
tie,  and  very  profitable  for  ufe,  the  trees  being 
very  well  planted  and  ordered,  wee  eftimate  to 
bee  worth,  one  tree  with  another,  in  the  whole, 

There  are  allfoe  fortie-fix  ficamore  trees  grow¬ 
ing  along  the  fourth  wall  of  the  fayd  vyneyard 
garden,  in  a  regular  forme,  which  wall  {landing 
to  the  highway  or  lane,  the  fayd  trees  are  a  greate 
ornament  to  that  part  of  the  vyneyard  garden, 
which  wee  valew  to  bee  worth  — 

There  allfoe  are  feven  Dutch  elmes  growing 
in  fome  of  the  borders  of  the  fayd  eight  triangles 
in  a  regular  forme,  which  wee  valew  to  bee 

worth  — 

There  are  in  the  fayd  vyneyard  garden  divers 
oeate  and  handfome  borders  of  coran  trees,  ref- 

pafles, 


£-  s>  d . 

lO  12  0 


21 3  ° 


3  16  ° 


84  13  4 


7  *3  -  4 


1  15  o 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

pafles,  ftrawberie  bedds,  rootes,  flowers,  and  £. 
herbes,  all  very  well  ordered,  which  wee  vaiew 
to  bee  worth  —  ^ 

There  are  in  the  fayd  vyneyard  garden  two 
little  garden  fummer  or  fhadowe  houfes,  covered 
with  blewe  llate,  feeled  and  benched,  and  floored 
with  bricke,  the  one  (landing  in  the  wall  at  the 
end  of  the  walke  that  leades  in  a  line  diametri¬ 
cally  oppoflte  to  the  hall  doore  of  the  fayd  manor 
or  manfion  houfe,  and  very  much  graces  that 
walke ;  the  other  (landing  in  the  eaft  wall  of  the 
fayd  vyneyard  garden,  at  the  end  of  the  walke  or 
alley  that  leades  up  the  middle  of  the  vyneyard 
from  wed  to  eaft;  the  materialls  of  which  two 
garden  houfes  wee  vaiew  to  bee  worth  14 

There  are  in  and  belonging  to  the  fayd  vyne¬ 
yard  garden,  two  rollers  of  (lone,  with  very  large 
and  handfome  frames  of  iron,  and  allfoe  there  are 
belonging  to  the  faid  oringe  and  upper  garden  fix 
other  roulers  of  (lone  fitted  as  aforeftyd,  worth, 

in  all  -  16 

And  allfoe  of  one  other  garden  called  the 
kitchen  garden,  lying  and  being  betweene  the 
fayd  vyneyard  garden,  the  highway  or  lane  lead¬ 
ing  from  the  towne  of  Wymbledon  unto  the  iron 
plate  millc,  and  fenced  with  a  pale  on  the  north- 
weft  end,  and  fouth-wefl  fide  thereof,  and  with 
the  fouth- weft  wall  of  the  fayd  vyneyard  garden 
on  the  north-eaft  fide  thereof,  conteyning,  upon 

admea-. 


43  E 
s.  da 

o*  a. 


O  Ok 

o  ex 


4,x  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

admeafurement,  two  roodes  and  twentie-fix  perches 

of  ground,  worth,  per  aim.  - 

Memorand’,  that  in  the  fayd  kitchen  garden 
there  are  fortie  trees  of  very  good  and  pleaiant  wall 
fruites,  well  planted  and  ordered,  which  wee  va- 
lew  (one  tree  with  another)  in  the  whole  at 
There  are  allfoe  ten  lawrell  trees  well  planted 
and  ordered,  which  wee  eftimate  to  bee  well  worth, 

in  the  grofie  ■ 

There  is  allfoe  one  very  fayer  tree  called  the 

Iiifh  arbutis,  handing  in  the  midle  parte  of  the 
fayd  kitchin  garden,  very  lovely  to  looke  upon, 

worth  -  ^ 

There  are  allfoe  thirtie-eight  cherrie  trees,  well 

planted  and  ordered,  in  the  fayd  kitchin  garden, 
which  wee  valew,  one  with  another,  to  bee  worth, 

in  the  whole,  the  fumm  of  _  — 

There  are  allfoe  in  the  fayd  kitchin  garden  very 
greate  and  large  borders  of  rofemary,  rue,  whyte 
lavender,  and  greate  variety  of  excellent  herbes, 
and  fome  choyfe  flowers,  and  in  the  fouth-eait 
end  of  the  fayd  kitchin  garden  there  is  a  mulk- 
milion  ground  trenched,  manured,  and  very  well 
ordered  for  the  groweth  of  mufmiiions,  which 
borders,  herbes,  flowers,  and  mufmilion  ground, 

wee  valew  to  bee  worth  ■“  — — * 

Memorand’,  that  there  is  one  doore  belonging 
to  the  fayd  kitchin  garden  opening  into  the  vyne- 
yard  garden,  and  one  other  doore  which  opens  into 

the 


£‘  d- 
I  IO  o 


I  IO  o 


110  0 


4  *5  ° 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

the  highway  or  lane  that  leades  from  Wymbledon 
tovvneto  Wymbledon  church  yard. 

The  brick  walls  of  all  the  gardens  aforefayd, 
and  of  the  courts  hereafter  mentioned,  doe  con- 
teyne  one  hundred  and  feventie  pole  or  fquare  rods 
of  wall,  at  1 6  foote  and  f  to  the  pole,  which  wee 
valew  at  three  poundes  per  rod,  in  toto 

And  allfoe  of  one  court  called  the  higher  court, 
lying  unto  the  north  fide  of  the  fayd  manor  or 
manfion  houfe,  fevered  from  the  lower  court  with 
a  wall  of  bricks  and  rayles,  and  turned  ballafters 
of  hone  on  the  fouth  fide  thereof,  and  from  the 
phefant  garden  with  a  brick  wall  on  the  weft  end 
thereof,  and  from  the  woodyard  with  a  brick  wall 
on  the  eaft  fide  thereof,  conteyning,  upon  ad- 
meafurement,  fortie-one  perches  of  land,  worth, 
per  ann.  — — — 

And  of  one  other  court  called  the  lower  court, 
lying  on  the  north  fide  of  the  fayd  higher  court, 
and  fevered  from  Wymbledon  parke  with  a  fayer 
brick  wall  on  the  other  three  fides  thereof,  con¬ 
teyning,  upon  admeafurement,  thirtie-foure 
perches  of  land,  worth  per  ann. 

Memo  rand’,  that  the  two  forementioned  courts, 
one  lying  higher  then  the  other  by  an  aftent  of 
twenty-fix  ftepps,  being  parte  of  them  hanfomely 
paved,  and  the  other  partes  thereof  grafs  plotts, 
in  the  higher  whereof,  in  the  middle  of  each  grafs 
plott,  ftandes  one  ftatue  of  carved  ftone,  are  a  fpe- 
ciall  ornament  to  the  whole  houfe,  and  are  worth 
Vol.X.  Kkk  The 


433 
s»  d. 


510  o  o 


010  o 


o  10  o 


400 


424-  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

The  fcite  of  this  manor  houfe  being  placed  on  s,  d, 

the  fide  flipp  of  a  rifing  ground,  renders  it  to 
fhnd  of  that  height,  that  betwixt  the  balls  of  the 
brick  wall  of  the  fayd  lower  court,  and  the  hall 
doore  of  the  fayd  manor  houfe,  there  are  five  fe- 
verall  aflents  eonfifiingof  threefcore  and  ten  fiepps, 
which  -are  diHinguilhed  in  a  very  gracefull  man¬ 
ner,  to  witt,  from  the  parke  to  a  payre  of  rayled 
gates,  let  betwixt  two  large  pillers  of  brick,  in 
the  middle  of  the  wall  Handing  on  the  north  fide 
of  the  fayd  lower  court  is  the  firft  alfent,  confid¬ 
ing  of  eight  fiepps  of  good  free  Hone,  layed  in  a 
long  fquare,  within  which  gates,  levell  with  the 
highefi  of  thole  8  Heps,  is  a  pavement  of  free 
Hone,  leading  to  a  payre  of  iron  gates,  rayled  on 
each  fide  thereof  with  turned  ballafters  of  free 
Hone,  within  which  is  a  litle  paved  court  leading 
to  an  arched  vault  neately  pillowred  with  brick, 
conteyning  on  each  fide  of  the  pillers  a  litle  roome 
well  arched,  ferving  for  celleridge  of  botteled 
wines,  on  each  fide  of  this  vault  are  a  payre  of 
fiaires  of  done  fiepps  twentie-three  fiepps  in  af¬ 
fect,  eight  foote  nine  inches  broad,  meeting  an 
even  landing  place  in  the  height  thereof,  leading 
from  the  forefayd  gates  unto  the  lower  court,  and 
make  the  fecond  afient  from  the  height  of  this 
alfent,  a  pavement  .of  Flanders  brickes,  thirteene 
foote  fix  inches  broad,  leadeth  to  the  third  afient, 
which  Hands  in  the  fouth  fide  of  the  lower  courte, 

*  confiHing  of  a  round  modell,  in  the  mid  lew  hereof 


is 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

is  a  payre  of  iron  gates  rayled  as  aforefayd,  with¬ 
in  which  is  a  fountayne  fitted  with  a  leaded  cef- 
terne  fed  with  a  pipe  of  lead  ;  this  round  con- 
teynes  a  payre  of  hone  flayres  of  twentie-fix 
flepps  in  affent,  ordered  and  adorned  as  the  fe- 
cond  affent  is,  and  leades  into  the  fayd  higher 
courte,  and  foe  makes  the  third  aflent,  from  the 
height  whereof  a  pavement  of  fquare  hone,  nine 
foote  broad  and  eightie-feaven  foote  long,  leades 
up  to  the  fowerth  affent,  which  confifls  of  eleven 
flepps  of  free  flone,  very  well  wrought  and  or¬ 
dered,  leading  into  a  gallery  paved  with  fquare 
flone,  fixtie-two  foote  long  and  eight  foote  broad, 
adjoyning  to  the  body  of  the  fayd  manor  houfe 
towards  the  foutb,  and  rayled  with  turned  ballaf- 
ters  of  flone  towards  the  north  ;  in  the  midle  of 
this  gallery  the  hall  doore  of  the  fayd  manor  houfe, 
the  fabrick  whereof  is  of  colums  of  free  flone, 
very  well  wrought,  doth  fland,  into  which  hall 
from  the  fayd  gallery  is  an  affent  of  two  fleps ; 
the  materialls  whereof  wee  valew  to  be  worth 

From  the  forementioned  firfl  affent  there  is  a 
way  cut  forth  of  the  parke,  planted  on  each  fide 
thereof  with  elmes  and  other  trees  in  a  very  decent 
order,  extending  itfelfe  in  a  dire£l  lyne,  two  hun¬ 
dred  thirty-one  perches,  from  thence  quite  through 
the  parke  northward  unto  Putney  common,  being 
a  very  fpeciall  ornament  to  the  whole  houfe. 

And  of  one  yard  called  the  woodyard,  adjoyning 
to  the  weft  end  of  the  fayd  manor  houfe,  walled 

Kkk  2  round 


\ 


436  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

round  with  brick,  conteyning,  upon  admeafure- 
ment  two  roodes  and  twenty  perches,  worth,  per 
ann.  —  — 

In  the  well:  fide  whereof  (lands  one  dayrie 
houfe,  confiding  of  two  roomes  below  and  two 
roomes  above  ;  there  are  allfoe  in  this  yard  two 
litle  dove  coates,  one  filed  or  woodhoufe,  one  fiiedd, 
wherein  is  ould  chymnie  peeces  and  other  lumber, 
three  fheds  for  pullen  and  other  ufes,  two  apri- 
cock  trees,  one  wallnutt  tree,  and  ten  elmes,  and 
fome  blue  flate  or  fhingles ;  all  which  are  valevved 
together  at  —  — 

One  other  more  lying  on  the  weft  fide  of  the 
fayd  woodyard,  lying  betwixt  it  and  the  parfon- 
adge  orchard,  conteyning,  upon  admeafurement, 
eighteene  perches  of  ground  — 

In  this  yard  is  one  houfe  of  office,  one  fayer 
boone  crityan  peare  tree,  and  one  pipin  tree,  worth 
One  other  yard  called  the  (laughter  houfe  yard, 
adjoyning  untoHarpham’s  farme  herein  heere  after 
mentioned,  conteyning,  by  eftimation,  one  acre 
of  land,  more  or  lefs,  per  ann.  — 

In  this  yard  there  is  one  (laughter  houfe  ;  the 
materialls  whereof  wee  valew  at  — 

Which  fayd  cappitall  meftuage  or  manfioti 
houfe,  and  the  fcite  thereof,  is  bounded  with  the 
lane  that  leades  from  Wymbledon  towne  to  the 
iron  plate  mills  upon  the  fouthe,  with  Wymble¬ 
don  parke  upon  the  eafi:  and  north,  and  with  the  - 
parfonage  houfe  and  church  of  Wymbledon  upon 

the 


£.  s.  d, 
1  o  o 


66  15  o 

050 
2  13  4 

100 

200 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey.  43 7 

the  weft,  and  doe  conteyn,  in  the  whole,  by  efti-  £.  s.  d. 
macion,  fower  fcore  perches  of  land,  more  or 
lefs,  and  all  wayes,  paflages,  lights,  cafements, 
waters,  watercourfes,  pipes,  conduites,  commo¬ 
dities,  advantages,  and  appurtenances  whatfoever, 
to  the  forefayd  mannor  or  manfion  houfe,  and 
the  fcite  thereof,  or  any  parte  or  parcell,  and 
member  thereof,  in  any  wife  belonging  or  apper- 
teyning,  worth,  per  ann.  —  150  o  o 

Memorand’,  wee  have  valewed  the  forefayd 
cappitall  mefluage,  manor  or  manfion  houfe,  at 
one  hundred  and  fiftie  poundes  per  ann.  in  confi- 
deration  that  wee  find  the  fcite  thereof  very  plea- 
fant,  the  roomes  richly  adorned,  very  commo¬ 
dious,  and  fit  for  prefent  ufe,  the  ayre  fweete  and 
open,  the  church  and  market  nere,  and  the  con¬ 
venience  and  nearenefs  of  London,  of  noe  fmall 
advantage,  the  gardens  richly  planted  and  com- 
pleatly  ordered,  being  a  feate  of  a  large  profpeft, 
every  wayes  ufefull  to  the  purchafer. 

The  fayd  capitall  mefluage  or  manfion  houfe 
is  in  very  good  repayre,  and  not  fitt  to  bee  de- 
moliflied  ;  yet  wee  have  taken  a  full  and  perfect 
view’  of  all  the  matenalls  theieof,  both  within 
and  without  the  fame,  and  doe  eftimate  the  fame 
to  bee  worth,  in  tymber,  lead,  tile,  bricks,  blue 
flate,  ftone  glafs,  waynfcot,  iron,  marble  tables, 
marble  chymnie  peeces,  marble  pavements,  pref- 

fes,  and  other  the  before  mentioned  utenfills  upon 

the 


43 8  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey* 


the  place,  befides  the  chardges  of  taking  downe, 

€■ 

s.  d . 

the  fum  of 

2840 

7  11 

And  then  the  fcite  thereof,  conteyning  two 
roodes  of  land  as  aforefavd,  when  the  materialls 

are  cleared  of,  will  be  worth,  per  ann. 

10 

0  0 

All  that  one  clofe  or  parcell  of  meadow  ground, 
with  the  appurtenances,  in  Wymbledon  aforefayd, 
called  the  paddock  or  hill  clofe,  being  inclofed 
with  a  pale  upon  the  north  weft  and  fouth  fides 
thereof,  lying  to  a  parte  of  Wymbledon  parke 
upon  the  eaft,  adjoyning  to  the  forefayd  lane, 
leading  from  Wymbledon  towne  to  the  iron  plate 
mills,  on  the  weft,  and  unto  the  grounds  of  Row¬ 
land  Wilfon,  efq.  on  the  fouth,  and  to  the  fore¬ 
fayd  parke  upon  the  eaft  and  north,  and  conteynes, 
upon  admeafurement,  twentie-three  acres,  three 
roodes,  and  tenn  perches,  worth,  per  ann.  zy  1 6  o 

All  that  one  other  clofe  or  parcell  of  meadowe 
ground,  with  the  appurtenances,  commonly  called 
the  brewer’s  clofe,  paled  round  theee  fides  thereof, 
and  bounded  with  a  lane  leading  from  Wymble¬ 
don  towne  to  Wymbledon  church  upon  the  fouth 
and  ea(t,  the  laid  lane  leading  from  Wymbledon 
to  the  iron  plate  mills  upon  the  weft,  and  a  lane 
leading  from  Wymbledon  towne  to  Wymbledon 
hall  upon  the  north,  conteyning  three  acres  of 
land,  more  or  lefs,  worth,  per  ann. 

In  the  eaft  fide  of  the  brewer’s  clofe,  within  a 
pale,  ftands  one  barne  of  fyve  bayes  tyled,  having 
two  fheds  on  the  weft  fide  thereof,  one  Dutch 
2  barne, 


400 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

barne,  and  one  out  houfe;  the  materialls  whereof, 
above  the  chardges  of  taking  downe  the  fame, 

wee  valew  to  bee  worth  - 

All  that  parcell  of  impaled  ground,  commonly 
called  Wymbledon  parke,  lying  and  being  in  the 
fayd  townfhip  and  parifti  of  Wymbledon,  bounded 
with  the  greate  common  or  heath,  commonly 
called  Putney  common,  upon  the  north  and  weft 
ikies  thereof,  with  certeyne  inclofures,  in  the  pof- 
feffion  of  feverall  of  the  coppiehould  tenants  of 
the  fayd  manor,  and  with  the  parfonage  houfe 
and  glebe  lands  upon  the  fouth-weft  parte  thereoi, 
and  with  the  forefayd  lane  leading  to  the  iron  plate 
mills,  and  with  the  fayd  parcel!  of  meadowe  ground 
called  the  paddock  upon  the  fouth  thereof,  and 
with  certain  coppice  grounds  upon  the  eaft  parte 
or  fide  thereof,  conteyning,  in  the  whole,  upon 
admeafurement,  three  hundred feventy-feven acres, 
twee  roodes,  and  eleven  perches,  worth,  per  aim. 

There  is  handing  in  the  weft  parte  of  the  fayd 
parke  one  little  houfe  or  cottage,  wherein  the 
warrener,  when  there  was  a  coney  warien  in  the 
fayd  parke,  ufed  to  live,  and  in  the  eaft  parte  of 
the  fayd  parke,  and  neare  unto  the  fayd  cappitall 
meftuage  or  mannor  houfe,  there  is  one  Dutch 
barne ;  the  materialls  of  both  which  houfe  and 
barne  wee  valew  to  bee  worth,  over  and  beeiides  the 
chardges  of  taking  downe  the  fame,  the  fum  ot 
And  all  wayes,  paffages,  liberties,  priviledges, 
franchifes,  immunities,  jurifdi&ions,  profitts,  com¬ 
modities, 


4  39 
£.  s .  d* 

57  0  ° 


2GJ  12  & 

•t  (• 

15  O  O 


s.  d. 


4.40  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

modifies,  advantages,  and  appurtenances,  what- 
foever,  in  and  about  the  fayd  parke,  or  therewith 
ufually  occupied  or  injoyed,  as  parte,  parcell,  or 
member  thereof! 

There  are  within  the  fayd  parke  at  prefent  tenn 
deere,  male  and  female,  which  wee  valew  to  bee 
worth  io  o  o 

The  timber  trees,  and  other  trees,  now  (land¬ 
ing  and  growing  within  the  fayd  parke,  the  fore- 
fayd  paddock,  meadowe,  the  (laughter  houfe  yard, 
and  Harpham’s  farme,  being  in  number  fix  thou- 
fand,  three  hundred,  fixtie  and  three,  and  moll 
of  them  tymber  trees,  and  young  taper  trees,  wee 
valew  to  bee  worth,  upon  the  place,  the  fum  of 
fix  (hillings  and  tenn  pence,  one  tree  with  ano¬ 
ther,  which  in  the  totall  amounts  unto  the  fum  of  2174  o  6 
There  are,  in  the  fayd  parke,  certeyne  fpringes 
and  coppices  of  wood,  conteyning,  upon  admea¬ 
surement,  fiftie-three  acres,  one  roode,  and  three 
perches,  the  foyle  whereof  is  valewed  with  the 
fayd  parke,  as  being  comprehended  within  the 
meafure  of  three  hundred  feventy-feven  acres,  &c. 
aforefaid  ;  but  the  veflure  thereof  being  of  feve- 
rall  growethes,  and  none  of  it  felled  for  feven 
yeares  pad,  wee  valew  to  bee  worth,  includeing 
feverall  other  underwoods  therein,  the  fome  of  2020  3  10 

Memorand’,  that  in  the  fayd  parke  there  are 
eight  feverall  fifhponds,  very  well  imbanked,  or¬ 
dered,  and  fitted  for  prefervation  of  fifh  and  foule, 
being  a  very  greate  ornament  to  the  fayd  manor 

houfe, 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

houfe,  and  might  bee  of  very  greare  profitt  to  the 
lord  of  the  fayd  manor  if  they  weare  well  flored. 

All  that  mefluage,  or  tenement,  or  farm 
houfe,  with  the  appurtenances,  commonly  called 
or  knowne  by  the  name  of  Harpham  farme,  lying 
and  being  in  the  fouth-wefl  corner  of  the  parke 
aforefayd  and  within  the  pale  thereof,  confiding 
of  a  hall,  a  buttery,  a  kitchin,  and  two  entries 
below  ftayres,  and  five  roomes  or  loftes  above 
Hay  res,  one  fayer  dove  coate  flored  with  pidgeons, 
one  barne  of  five  bayes  of  building,  one  outhoufe 
of  two  bayes  of  building,  one  (table,  two  cow 
houfes,  and  hay  lofts,  one  garden  lying  on  the 
north  fide  of  the  fayd  farme,  one  yard  before  the 
doore,  and  two  other  yardes,  in  one  whereof 
(lands  the  fayd  dove  coate,  conteyning,  in  the 
whole,  by  eflimation,  one  acre  and  two  roodes  of 
land,  or  thereabouts,  more  or  lefs,  worth,  per  ann. 

All  that  clofe  or  parcell  of  meadow  ground, 
with  the  appurtenances,  in  Wymbledon  aforefayd, 
commonly  called  the  greate  bittens,  bounded  with 
the  forefayd  lane  leading  from  Wymbledon  to 
the  iron  plate  mills  upon  the  north  and  eaft  fides 
thereof,  and  with  the  landes  of  Rowland  Willfon, 
efq.  upon  the  fouth  and  weft  fides  thereof,  and 
now  occupied  with  the  forefayd  farm  houfe,  con¬ 
teyning,  upon  admeafurement,  twenty  acres,  .  .  . 
roods,  ....  perches,  worth,  per  ann. 

Memorand’,  that  the  forefayd  farme  houfe,  barne, 
outhoufes,  garden,  yardes,  and  the  fayd  clofe, 
called  the  great  bittens,  are  now  in  the  houlding 
Yol.  X.  L 1  1  of 


4 2  Survey  of  W i mble don,  Sn rrey. 

of  Richard  Gregory,  of  Wymbledon,  upon  a 
yearely  rent  ;  wee,  therefore,  finding  the  fame 
in  pofieffion,  have  valewed  the  materialls  of  the 
fayd  farme  houfe,  barne,  and  outhoufes,  to  bee 
worth,  above  the  chardges  of  taking  downe  the 

fame,  the  fuin  of  - 

The  dove  coate  laft  mentioned  is  in  the  hould- 
ing  of  the  fayd  Mr.  Chappell  ;  the  materialls 
whereof  wee  valew  at  — — 

All  the  rents,  royalties,  manor  houfe,  parke, 
landes,  tenements,  and  hereditaments,  before  men¬ 
tioned,  are  in  prefent  pofTeffion,  and  doe  amount 
unto,  in  the  totall,  per  ann.  (in  cafe  the  fayd 
manor  houfe  bee  difpofed  of  after  the  annual!  va¬ 
lew  thereof)  - 

The  grolfe  valewes  aforefayd  are,  in  toto 
The  totall  of  acres,  447  a.  or.  34  p* 

But,  in  cafe  the  fayd  manor  houfe  bee  fould 
according  to  the  valew  of  the  materialls,  then 
the  annuall  valew  will  bee  — — 

The  reprifes  are  not  dedu&ed. 

Memorand’,  that  there  is,  belonging  to  the  fayd 
manner  of  Wymbledon,  a  common  or  more 
ground,  lying  in  Wymbledon  aforefayd,  called 
Wymbledon  common,  conteyning,  by  eflima- 
tion,  three  hundred  acres  of  land,  more  or  lefs9 
One  other  common  or  more,  ground,  lying  in 
the  townefhip  of  Putney,  called  Putney  common, 
cont’,  by  eftimation*  foure  hundred  acres  of  land* 
more  or  lefs.. 


-f  •  Si I  Cf9 

✓•o 


70  o  o 

7  °  o 


526  19  8 

945 1  8 


386  19  $ 


One 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

One  other  common  or  more  ground,  lying  in 
Moreclack,  called  Litle  Heath,  cont’,  by  eflima- 
tion,  thirtie  acres  of  land,  more  or  lefs, 

One  other  common  or  more  ground,  lying 
within  the  towneffiip  of  Moreclack  aforefayd, 
called  the  Payne,  cont*  twelve  acres  of  land, 
more  or  lefs. 

The  fower  commons  or  mores  before  mentioned 
cannot  bee  inclofed  by  the  lord  of  the  fayd  manor 
without  the  confent  of  the  copiehoulders  of  the 
fayd  manor,  and  therefore  they  are  of  noe  further 
benefit  to  the  lord  of  the  fayd  manor  then  as  is 
before  mentioned  in  the  particular  of  driving  the 
fame. 

y  ,  , 

There  are  a  greate  number  of  pollard  trees 
landing  and  growing  upon  the  commons  afore¬ 
fayd,  the  crops  whereof,  as  they  grow,  are  ufually 
cut  by  the  copiehoulders  of  the  fayd  manor,  and 
taken  and  converted  by  them  for  fireboote,  ac¬ 
cording  to  the  cuftome  thereof,  but  the  bulkes 
and  bodies  of  thofe  pollards  belonging  to  the  lord 
of  the  fayd  manor ;  wee  have  valewed  the  fame 
trees,  being  fit  for  nothing  but  the  fier,  in  the 
whole,  at  the  fum  of  — 

There  is  due  to  the  Steward  of  the  fayd  manor, 
for  executing  the  office  of  Steward  of  the  fayd 
manor,  a  certayne  yearly  fumm  of  money  forth 
of  the  perquisites  of  the  fayd  court  of  the  fayd 
manor,  but  what  the  fame  is  wee  are  not  cer- 

L  1 1  2  taynely 


s,  d' 


444  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

i 

taynely  informed,  but  it  was  ufually  given  him 
ex  benevolenticiy  and  not  ex  deblto . 

John  Goodwyn,  efq.  a  member  of  parliament, 
is  Reward  of  the  fayd  manor,  but  wee  have  not 
feene  his  commiffion  for  the  fame. 

There  is  due  to  the  reeve  of  the  fayd  manor, 
for  colleccyon  of  the  cuftomary  quit  rents  of  the 
fayd  manor,  according  to  the  cuftome  thereof,  per 
ann.  the  fum  of  — 

There  nowe  is,  and  anciently  hath  beene  ac- 
cuftomed  to  bee,  allowed  for  the  defraying  of  the 
ehardges  of  a  dynner  for  the  fiewarcl  and  land- 
owners,  once  in  every  yeare,  the  fum  of 

The  bayliffe  of  the  fayd  maunor  hath  the  be- 
fitt  of  wayfes  and  flrayes  within  the  faid  mannor, 
as  the  fee  due  to  him  for  executyon  of  his  office 
within  the  faid  mannor,  and  forth  of  thofe  pro¬ 
fits  to  maynteyne  and  uphoulde  the  common  pin- 
foulds  of  the  fayd  mannor,  which  profits  wee  va¬ 
le  w  to  bee  worth,  communibus  annts 

Robert  Redding  is  now  bailiff  of  tile  faid  man- 
nor,  and  hath  continued  in  that  office  for  neare 
30  yeares  paft,  being  thereunto  appoynted  by  the 
Reward  of  the  manor. 

There  are  feverall  other  officers  belonging  to 
the  fayd  mannor  houfe  and  parke,  viz.  one  keeper 
and  two  gardiners,  whoe  having  noe  grants  for 
theire  refpe&ive  places,  and  being  onely  at  plea- 
fure;  wee  forbeare  to  make  any  reprife  for  the 
fame,  though  they  pretend  the  fame  imploymente 

t a 


400 


5  °  o 


1  10  © 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey, 


445 


to  bee  their  chiefe  livelihoods,  which  wee  leave  £,  s .  d . 
to  better  judgements. 

Wee  have  not  made  any  reprife  for  the  fencing 
or  keeping  up  the  pales  of  the  fayd  parke,  in  re¬ 
gard  wee  have  valewed  the  fame  as  it  may  bee 
improved,  and  not  in  relatyon  to  the  prefent  con¬ 
dition  thereof. 

1  here  is  going  forth  of  the  premifes  one  rent 
chardge  of  two  and  twentie  (hillings  per  annum 
payable  to  Walter  St.  John’s  and  Henry  St.  John’s, 
efqrs.  heires  to  the  late  Lord  Grandifon,  for certeyne 
coppices  in  Wymbledon  parke  called  the  Withy 
comb,  cont’  17  acres,  bought  of  the  fayd  Lord 
Grandifon  by  the  late  Vifcount  Wymbledon,  in 
fee,  payable  at  Michaelmas  and  the  Lady  Day, 
per  annum,  or  within  40  dayes  after,  upon  a  no¬ 
mine  pene  of  2 zs.  for  every  fortie  dayes  the  fame 
is  unpayed  —  120 

Memorand’,  that  there  is  a  court  baron  belonging  to  the  fayd 
manor,  kept  at  fome  knowne  place  within  the  fayd  manor,  at 
the  will  of  the  lord  thereof,  and  allfoe  a  court  leete  kept  once 
in  every  yeare. 

The  tenants  of  the  fayd  manor  are  to  performe  theire  fuite 
and  fervice  to  the  lord  of  the  mannor  at  the  courts  aforefayd. 

All  that  comes  to  bee  a  tenant  of  any  the  copiehould  lands 
belonging  to  the  faid  manor  is  finable  for  the  fame,  at  the  will 
of  the  lord,  as  the  firfl  tenant  thereof,  but  never,  after  his  firft 
admittance  to  bee  a  tenant,  payes  any  more  fines,  though  hee 
Should  buy  all  the  copiehould  lands  in  the  manor. 

4 


The 


446  Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 

The  heire  of  a  ccppiehould  tenant  payes  ncc  fine  at  the 
taking  u  of  his  eftate,  but  payes  for  every  15  acres  of  land, 
or  the  gre:  tei  parte  of  15  acres  that  hee  houldes  cf  the  fayd 
manor,  o;  e  black  fheepe,  or  ten  pence  in  mony,  in  name  of  a 
herriott,  1  d  two  lhihings  two  pence  for  reliefe. 

The  tenant  of  the  fayd  manor  pay  quitt  rents  onelie  for  the 
coppiehould  lands  of  the  fayd  manor,  and  not  for  any  ho  thing 
{landing  upon  thofe  lands,  and  noe  heire  payes  ether  herriott 
or  reliefe,  unlefs  he  have  15  acres,  or  the  greater  parte  of  15 
acres  of  copiehould. 

The  aflignee  or  under  tenant  payes  nether  herriott  nor  re¬ 
liefe. 

The  youngeft  fonn  is  heyre  to  the  father. 

Every  cottager  that  is  a  copiehoulder  of  the  fayd  manor  may 
keepe  on  the  commons  within  the  fayd  manor  twentie-fivefheepe, 
two  cowes,  one  mare,  and  a  coult,  and  is  to  have  once  in  every 
yeare  allowed  him  one  cart  load  of  cropp  wood  from  of  the  pol¬ 
lards  of  the  fayd  commons,  and  hee  that  hath  fifteene  acres,  or 
the  greater  parte  of  fifteene  acres  of  copiehould  land,  is  to  have 
the  like  libertie  of  commoning  and  fireboote. 

Memorand*,  that  John  Lynton,  of  Wymbledon,  houlds  cer- 
tayne  lands  in  Wymbledon  of  the  lord  of  the  fayd  manor,  by 
the  rendring  and  deliverie  of  foure  horfefhoes  unto  the  lord  of 
the  fayd  manor  once  in  every  yeare. 

The  manner  of  Wymbledon,  with  the  fayd  mannor  houfe, 
parke,  and  lands  before  mentioned,  were  purchafed  of  the  co- 
heires  of  the  late  Vifcount  Wymbledon  by  and  for  the  fayd 
late  queene,  the  conveyances  of  which  purchafe  wrere  taken  in 
the  names  of  the  late  Earle  of  Holland,  Sir  Richard  Wynne, 

3  deceafed, 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey,  ^ 

deceafed,  and  Sir  John  Wynter,  as  truflees  for  her  j  but  where 
thefe  evidences  certeynely  remayne  wee  cannot  dilcover,  though, 
wee  have  examined  feverall  perfons  upon  oath  touching  the 
fame,  but  are  informed  that  they  are  in  the  cuftody  of  Mr. 
Maurice  Wynne,  executor  to  the  fayd  Sir  Richard  Wynne, 
whoe  hould  the  fayd  manor  houfe  and  parke  untill  his  death 
as  IfuQee  for  the  queene,  but  wee  find  by  the  ancient  court 
rolls  of  this  mannor,  remayning  in  a  chefl  in  ’Wymbledon 
church,  that  this  mannor  was  anciently  crowne  land  till  about 

7°  yeares  agoe,  and  therefore,  as  to  the  tenure  of  it,  wee  leave 
it  to  better  judgments. 


44$ 


Survey  of  Wimbledon,  Surrey. 


An  Abjlratt  of  the  prefent  Rents ,  Valerias 9  and  other  the  Profits 
of  the  Manor  and  Mancion  Houfe  of  Wymbledon. 


The  rents  of  affize  and  royalties  are,  per  ann 
The  demefnes  are,  per  ann. 

The  parke  is,  per  ann. 

The  manor  houfe  and  fcite,  per  ann. 

The  materials  of  the  fayd  manor  houfe  are 
valewed  to  bee  worth  . . 


£- 

86 

440 


j. 


1 1 


The  fruite  trees,  rootes  of  flowers,  trees,  and 
all  other  the  materialls  of  the  houfes  and  walls, 
in  and  about  the  forefayd  gardens,  courts,  and 
yardes,  are  valewed  at  —  2258 

The  woodes,  underwood,  and  tymber  trees, 

are  valewed  to  bee  worth,  in  ready  mony  4694 
The  materialls  of  the  two  duch  barnes,  the 
warrener’s  houfe,  and  the  fayd  barne,  {landing 
in  the  Brewer’s  clofe,  and  the  faid  farme  houfe 
and  outhoufes  thereof,  are  valewed  at  149 

The  deere  in  the  parke  • —  10 

Exam’  per  Will.  Webb,  fupervifor  general, 

1649. 

Hu.  Hindley, 
John  Inwood, 
John  Wale, 
John  Webb. 


d. 


8  6 


2840  7  11 


7  5 


4  4 


o 

o 


o 

o 


XL. 


[  449  1 


XL.  JD efcription  of  the  Great  Pagoda  of  Madura,  the 
Choultry  of  Trimul  Naik,  in  a  Letter  from  Mr. 
Adam  Blackader,  Surgeon ,  to  Sir  Jofeph  Banks, 

Bart.  P .  R -  S .  F.  A.  S. 


Read  July  2,  1789. 


S  I  R, 

DURING  my  refidence  in  India,  I  was  Rationed  for  fe- 
veral  years  at  Madura,  on  the  Coromandel  coaft,  about 
three  hundred  miles  from  Fort  St.  George,  and  about  feventy 
miles  from  the  fea. 

In  this  diftrift  there  are  fituated  fome  of  the  moft  magnificent 
buildings  now  to  be  met  with  in  India,  whether  we  confider 
their  immenfe  fize,  or  the  richnefs  of  the  workmanfhip  ;  and 
thefe  edifices  are  rendered  obje&s  of  great  curiofity  to  the  Eu¬ 
ropean  obferver  by  the  Angularity  of  their  architecture,  which 
is  different  from  any  thing  to  be  feen  in  other  countries.  I  was 
much  Rruck  with  thefe  remarkable  monuments  of  the  Hindoo 
tafie  and  grandeur.  What  added  to  my  afionifhment  was  the 
incredible  labour  which  muft  have  attended  their  erection, 
from  the  ignorance  of  the  natives  in  the  application  of  the 
mechanical  powers ;  fo  that  I  became  particularly  folicitous  to 
have  it  in  my  power  to  convey  fome  idea  of  them  to  thole  who 
make  antiquities  more  particularly  their  Rudy. 

Vol.  X.  M  m  m 


I  em~ 


J 


450  Mr.  Blackader  on  the 

I  employed  my  leifure  hours  for  three  years  in  making 
drawings  of  the  temple  and  large  pagoda,  and  in  forming  the 
pillars  of  the  great  choultree  attached  to  it.  Thefe  were  all 
conflruCted  on  the  exaCt  fcale  of  half  an  inch  to  a  foot.  That 
the  intention  with  which  they  were  executed  might  not  be  de¬ 
feated,  I  had  them  conveyed  to  your  houfe  on  my  arrival  in 
London.  Having  been  fubmitted  to  your  infpeCtion  and  ob- 
fervation,  I  have  now  to  requeft,  that,  fhould  you  think  them 
fufficiently  curious  to  deferve  the  notice  of  the  Society  of  An¬ 
tiquaries,  you  would  do  me  the  honour  to  prefent  them,  to¬ 
gether  with  the  following  obfervations  as  neceffary  to  explain 
the  defign  of  the  buildings  from  which  they  were  taken.  In 
this  account  I  have  confined  myfelf  to  fuch  circumftances  as 
are  well  afcertained,  leaving  to  the  more  verfed  in  the  hiftory 
of  India  the  explanation  of  the  Hindoo  mythology,  which  is 
exceedingly  obfcure,  and  in  general  very  little  underftood. 

The  religion  of  the  Hindoos  conllfts  of  the  worfhip  of  only 
one  deity  ;  but  the  names  by  which  he  is  known  in  different 
diftriCts  are  very  numerous,  as  are  alfo  the  various  forms  under 
which  he  is  reprefented.  In  honour  of  this  deity  an  edifice  or 
temple  is  ereCted ;  in  the  centre  is  placed  his  image,  before 
which  the  religious  ceremonies  of  the  priefls  are  performed. 
The  building  is  in  general  fmall,  and  fituated  in  an  area  or 
open  fpace  enclofed  by  one  or  more  walls  of  a  fufficient  height 
almoft  wholly  to  conceal  it.  Befides  the  temple,  there' is  a  very 
large  and  high  building  which  makes  a  part  of  the  wall,  being 
half  enclofed  by  it,  through  which  is  the  entrance  into  the 
area.  This  may  be  confidered  as  a  fteeple,  not  being  intended 
for  any  other  purpofe  than  that  of  attracting  the  public  atten- 
tention,  having  only  a  fmall  apartment  in  each  Itory,  and  a 
*  ftaircafe 


Great  Pagoda  of  Madura,  4 5 1 

flaircafe  lading  to  the  top.  Thefe  two  buildings  are  fimilar  in 
fhape  externally,  differing  only  in  fize.  The  fmaller  building 
contains  the  apartment  for  the  adoration  of  the  deity,  which 
is  lighted  by  lamps,  there  being  no  openings  to  admit  the 
light ;  and  the  larger  one  at  the  lower  part  forms  a  magnifi¬ 
cent  gateway  or  entrance  quite  through  it,  each  ftory  having  a 
fmall  lateral  window. 

The  infide  of  the  wall  enclofing  the  area  has  fometimes  a 
Angle  or  double  colonade  all  round ;  which  being  covered  over, 
the  top  forms  a  parapet  for  the  purpofes  of  defence  in  time  of 
war. 

As  the  temples  are  by  much  too  fmall  to  contain  the  great 
concourfe  of  people  who  come  to  celebrate  the  public  feftivals 
and  worfhip  the  deity,  there  is  in  general  a  large  building  for 
that  purpofe  attached  to  it,  called  a  choultry ,  which  is  compofed 
of  a  number  of  columns  at  certain  diftances,  and  covered  with 
a  flat  roof ;  thefe  vary  in  number  and  magnificence  according 
to  the  richnefs  of  the  church. 

The  relative  {ituation  which  thefe  buildings  have  to  each 
other  being  explained,  I  fhall  proceed  to  a  more  particular  de- 
feription  of  the  temple  and  choultree  at  Madura  ;  the  drawings 
and  model  of  which  are  now  laid  before  this  learned  Society,  ' 
for  their  infpe&ion. 

The  temple  is  facred  to  the  deity  under  the  name  of  Choca - 
llngam  ;  and  indeed  the  fame  name  (that  of  Lingam J  is  adopted 
all  over  India. 

The  image  or  reprefentation  of  the  deity  is  placed  in  the 
middle  of  the  apartment  facing  the  door.  It  is  a  block  of 
black  granite,  about  four  feet  high,  of  a  conic  fhape,  with  the 

M  m  m  2  outlines 


Mr.  Blackader  on  the 


452 

outlines  of  a  human  face  on  the  top,  and  a  gold  arch  over  it, 
carved  in  open  work,  refembling  the  glory. 

This  figure  is  never  moved  from  its  place  ;  but  the  bramins 
upon  particular  occafions  bring  out  a  reprefentation  of  the  deity 
to  gratify  the  publick,  at  which  time  he  is  fuppofed  to  have  af- 
1  umed  a  human  form,  of  about  three  feet  in  height  with  four 
arms,  made  of  gold,  and  in  a  very  lingular  manner  richly 
ornamented  with  jewels  and  lilks. 

This  image  is  carried  on  men’s  ihoulders  in  this  form  feated 
on  a  throne,  attended  by  the  bramins  as  his  fervants,  and  fel- 
dom  appears  in  public  without  being  accompanied  by  his  wife 
Minachte 

\ 

The  temple  is  four  llories  high,  and  meafures  about  fixty- 
eight  feet*  and  at  the  bafe  forty-three  feet  fquare  is  built  in 
the  form  of  a  pyramid  ;  the  firll  llory  is  of  Hone,  being  much 
the  larged ;  the  others  are  of  brick,  covered  over  with  a  par¬ 
ticular  kind  of  plailler  called  chunam\a\t  becoming  fmaller  as 
they  go  up  ;  the  upper  dory  being  covered  with  copper  very 
richly  gilt.  The  external  fur  face  is  ornamented  every  where 
with  different  reprefentations  of  the  deity  and  fandarams ,  or 
religious  beggars,  interfperfed  with  animals.  The  bafe  of  the. 
figures  is  brick,  and  the  other  part  plailler,  or  chunam ,  which 
takes  a  fine  polifh,  and  is  very  durable.  Molt  of  the  llories  are 
very  obfeure  and  fabulous. 

The  temple  is  fufficiently  large  for  the  performance  of  the 
religious  ceremonies,  which  is  the  bufinefs  of  the  bramins,  and 
confilts  chiefly  in  wafting  the  figure  with  water,  anointing  it 
with  oil,  burning  perfumes,  and  decorating  it  with  flowers. 

[a~\  Mortar  made  of  pounded'  alabafter  or  fhells  beat,  mixed  with  thin  fyrup 
to.  make  it  adhere. 

6  Thefs 


Great  Pagoda  of  Madura.  45 j 

Theie  ceremonies  are  performed  daily,  with  mufic  and 
dancing  C<£]. 

All  thole  who  come  to  pay  their  devotions  do  not  enter  the 
temple;  but  lome  make  their  applications  in  the  area,  being 
fatisfied  if  they  fee  the  figure. 

Heretics  are  never  admitted  into  the  temple,  nor  even  into 
the  area  ;  and,  fhould  it  ever  happen,  the  place  is  defiled,  and 
to  purify  it  the  bramins  perform  certain  ceremonies,  which 
confift  in  rubbing  the  wall,  with  cow  dung,  fprinkling  them 
with  the  urine,  and  making  an  offering. 

The  outer  building  or  fleeple  is  built  in  the  fame  manner, 
and  has  the  fame  ornaments  as  the  temple  ;  it  is  162  feet  high, 
116  broad  at  the  bale,  and  64  in  thicknefs.  There  is  no  par¬ 
ticular  purpofe  to  which  it  is  appropriated  that  f  could  ever 
find  out;  yet  there  is  this  curious  circumfiance  refpc&ing 
it,  that,  in  the  difputes  between  the  church  and  the  govern¬ 
ment,  which  are  of  a  ferious  nature,  fome  enthufiafi  goes  up 
in  great  form  with  mufic  to  the  top  of  it,  and  makes  a  vow,, 
that,  if  the  difpute  is  not  fettled  in  a  certain  time,  he  will  throw 
himfelf  from  the  pinnacle.  The  dread  of  having  this  man’s 
blood  upon  their  heads  generally  brings  about  an  accommo¬ 
dation  ;  and  I  have  only  heard  of  one  infiance  where  he  was 
under  the  necefiity  of  fulfilling  his  vow. 

The  area  which  contaius  the  temple  is  nearly  500  yards 

fquare. 

[£]  Every  temple,  whofe  revenues  can  afford  it,  lias  a  fet  of  dancing  girls* 
and  mufic  men  dependent  on  it,  who  are  flaves  to  the  pagodas,  and  bear  the 
mark  of  the  temple,  which  is  a  trident  burnt  on  their  right  arm.  They  do 
no,t  relide  in  the  temple,  but  muft  attend  whenever  required.  The  number  of 
girls  attached  to  this  temple  at  Madras  is  about  300. 


Mr.  Blackader  on  the 


454 

The  age  and  founder  of  thefe  buildings  is  not  to  be  afcer- 
tained,  as  the  bramins  conceal  the  dates,  from  an  idea  that 
their  great  antiquity  increafes  the  veneration  of  the  people. 

Choultries  are  not  only  annexed  to  temples,  but  built  in 
different  places  for  the  accommodation  of  travellers,  and  are 
frequently  endowed  with  revenues  by  charitable  perfons  for  the 
purpofe  of  diflributing  provifions.  They  are  generally  built  of 
ftone,  with  a  flat  or  terraced  roof  of  the  fame  materials;  they 
have  commonly  three  fides  (hut  out  from  the  weather,  and  the 
one  left  open  is  generally  that  facing  the  fouth  or  north,  but 
more  commonly  the  north,  by  which  means  neither  the  fun, 
nor  the  unwholefome  winds  that  blow  in  March  and  April,  can 
incommode  the  inhabitants. 

The  great  choultry  of  Trimul  Naik,  from  the  befl  informa¬ 
tion  which  I  could  procure,  was  built  to  gratify  his  pride  and 
religious  oftentation.  For  Trimul  Naik,  to  make  himfelf 
famous,  and  to  enfure  his  falvation,  made  an  agreement  with 
the  bramins,  that,  if  they  would  bring  out  the  fwamy,  or  deity, 
from  the  temple  for  ten  days  in  every  year,  and  place  him  ill 
the  choultrie  he  was  about  to  build,  it  fhould  be  the  finefb 
building  in  the  world,  and  he  would  not  only  endow  it  in  a 
very  liberal  manner,  but  would  likewife  appropriate  certain 
lands  to  the  fervice  of  the  temple. 

The  bramins  agreeing  to  thefe  terms,  he  erefled  this  mag¬ 
nificent  edifice  in  which  the  fwamy,  or  idol,  is  placed  for  ten 
days  every  year,  and  a  number  of  religious  ceremonies  are  per¬ 
formed  before  him.  * 

It  was  begun  in  the  fecond  year  of  his  reign,  in  the  year  1623, 
and  was  finifhed  in  twenty-two  years,  and  is  faid  to  have  coft 
above  a  million  flerling ;  but  it  is  to  be  underflood,  that  every 

village 


Great  Pagoda  of  Madura.  455 

village  was  obliged  to  fend  a  certain  number  of  workmen,  ac¬ 
cording  to  the  number  of  inhabitants,  who  were  fubfided,  but 
received  no  wages,  which  confiderably  diminifhed  the  ex¬ 
pence. 

It  is  built  of  an  oblong  fquare  form,  and  confifts  of  124  pil¬ 
lars  of  done  placed  in  four  rows.  The  manner  of  executing  it 
was  as  follows.  They  dug  pits  at  dated  didances  down  to  fand 
for  a  foundation,  in  which  they  placed  their  pillars,  which  are 
compofed  only  of  one  done  roughly  cut  before  they  were  fixed  in 
thefe  pits  ;  and  when  they  were  all  arranged  the  different  figuresr 
were  carved  upon  them.  When  they  did  not  find  fand  or  gravel, 
they  put  in  fand,  and  rammed  it  well  down  before  they  placed 
the  columns. 

The  pillars  are  twenty  feet  high ;  over  thefe  pillars  were 
placed  the  capitals,  that  are  compofed  of  a  number  of  dones 
geometrically  placed,  fo  as  to  leffen  the  breadth  of  roof,  which 
they  do  confiderably. 

The  roof  itlelf  is  compofed  of  long  dones,  reaching  from 
capital  to  capital,  which  being  very  heavy,  and  from  their 
length  liable  to  accidents,  they  were  raifed  to  their  places  in 
the  following  manner.  The  fpace  between  the  pillars,  as  high 
as  the  top  of  the  capital,  was  fo  filled  with  earth,  as  to  form 
an  inclined  plane,  along  which  the  dones  were  rolled  up  to 
their  fituation,  and  the  earth  afterwards  removed.  Thefe  dones 
are  again  covered  with  a  layer  of  bricks  cemented  by  chu- 
nam.  s 

When  the  choultry  was  finifhed,  it  was  confecrated  by  an 
offering  of  milk  (ghu)  or  butter,  rice,  plantains,  cocoa  nuts, 
and  fugar,  and  burning  of  perfumes.  Thefe  ceremonies  were 

performed 


p 


4 56  Mr,  Blackader  on  the 

performed  by  the  bramins  with  great  pomp,  attended  by  all 
the  dancing  girls  they  could  colled!.  The  idols  were  brought 
out  of  the  temple  with  great  ceremony,  and  placed  in  it  for 
ten  days. 

The  whole  number  of  pillars  is  124,  curioufly  carved  with 
different  figures,  reprefenting  (lories  connedled  with  their  reli¬ 
gion,  and  the  family  of  the  founder  of  the  choultry,  with  a 
number  of  devices  of  the  workmen’s  own  invention. 

In  the  models  which  I  have  made,  the  number  of  columns 
is  eighteen;  but  thele  are  not  taken  regularly  from  one  end  of 
the  choultry,  but  different  pillars  are  (eledled  from  the  vvho’e, 
fo  as  to  give  all  the  principal  varieties  which  occurred  in  the 
carving;  for  although  no  two  p’dlars  are  exadlly  alike,  the  fame 
figures  are  frequently  repeated  with  trifling  variations,  which 
make  them,  with  relpedt  to  information,  mere  repetitions. 
There  are,  for  inftance,  ten  pillars  reprefenting  the  hiffory  of 
the  founder  and  nine  rajahs  of  his  family.  The  pillar  of  the 
founder  is  III  the  model,  rhe  nrher.*;  are  left  nur  ;  and  a  fimilar 
fele&ion  is  made  with  refpedt  to  other  pillars. 

I  took  the  trouble  of  procuring  copies  of  the  deferiptions  of 
the  different  columns,  as  regiffered  in  the  accounts  of  the  tem¬ 
ple,  and  of  having  them  literally  tranffated;  and  (hall  annex  a 
description  of  two  or  three  of  the  pillars,  as  affording  a  (pe- 
cimen  of  their  ridiculous  and  abfurd  notions  refpeding  religious 
hiffory. 


Defer  ip  ion 


N 


Great  Pagoda  of  Madura. 


457 


D efcription  of  the  Founder  s  Pillar, 

• 

This  pillar  reprefents  Trlmul  Nalk  with  his  four  wives,  two 
on  each  fide,  in  a  fupplicating  pofture  ;  the  firit  was  daughter 
to  Ergl  Raguah ,  king  of  Tanjour ;  the  fecond  was  daughter 
to  the  king  of  Travancore ;  the  other  two  were  daughters  to 
independent  poll/gars.  The  firft  has  a  mark  on  her  thigh, 
which  was  a  wound  fhe  received  from  her  hufband  by  a  creefe, 
for  faying,  when  he  afked  her  opinion  of  his  palace,  that  it 
was  not  equal  to  her  father’s  neceffary.  There  are  two  other 
figures  behind  of  young  women  betrothed  to  him.  They  are 
all  richly  drelfed,  and  as  large  as  life.  Below  thefe  are  fome 
figures  of  the  women  of  his  haram,  of  which  he  had  360,  with 
attendants. 

Another  pillar  reprefents  the  Rajah  Pundl  when  he  reigned  in 
Madura.  He  went  a  hunting  to  the  wefhvard,  to  a  village  ten 
miles  from  Madura,  in  a  wood  abounding  with  wild  hogs, 
where  lie  met  a  boar  and  a  fow,  wdth  twelve  pigs.  The  boar 
killed  feveral  of  his  attendants,  upon  which  the  rajah  fhot  him 
with  an  arrow,  which  enraged  the  female,  who  wounded  fe¬ 
veral  of  his  people,  and  was  herfelf  likewife  killed  by  the  rajah ; 
the  young  pigs  being  deftitute,  Menachie ,  wife  to  Chocalingam , 
begged  her  hufband  to  fupport  the  pigs,  which  he  agreed  to  do, 
and  gave  them  fuck  under  the  form  of  a  fow.  The  effefl  of 
the  god’s  milk  was  fuch  as  made  them  reafonable  beings,  and 
their  bodies  became  as  men,  but  ftill  retaining  the  heads  of 
pigs.  Chocalingam  afterwards  made  the  rajah  fupport  thefe 
twelve  pigs  as  princes  in  his  palace. 

Vol.  X.  N  n  n 


Another 


Mr.  Black ader  on  the 


45s 

Another  pillar  reprefents  Abiche  Punduxn ,  rajah  of  Madura, 
paying  his  devotions  to  Chocalingam ,  which  pleafed  the  fwamy 
fo  much,  that  he  metamorphofed  himfelf  into  a  pandaram,  who 
came  and  performed  miracles  in  Madura;  making  the  old 
young,  and  the  young  old;  giving  fight  to  the  blind;  and 
moving  large  trees,  &c.  The  rajah,  hearing  of  this,  fent  for 
the  pandaram,  who  refufed  to  come  to  him,  but  met  the  rajah 
in  one  of  the  paffages  coming  from  his  devotions ;  when  the 
rajah  aiked  him  of  the  miracles  he  could  perform,  of  which  he 
had  heard  fo  much  ;  and  begged  him  to  make  the  done  ele¬ 
phant  come  down  and  eat  the  fugar  cane  he  held  in  his  hand, 
which  the  pandaram  immediately  did.  The  rajah,  much  fur- 
prized,  confelfed  the  prefence  of  Chocalingam. 

The  other  pillars  reprefent  (lories  of  a  (imilar  kind,  too  te¬ 
dious  to  be  laid  before  this  learned  Society ;  but  from  all  fome 
moral  may  be  drawn. 

There  are  not  only  in  the  choultries,  but  alfo  on  the  pago¬ 
das,  many  indecent  figures,  which  are  not  connected  with 
religion,  but  carved  purpofely  to  divert  the  attention,  and 
prevent  the  mind  of  the  beholders  from  being  envious,  as  their 
fu perdition  leads  them  to  fuppofe  that  envy  can  hurt  the 
building. 

It  is  a  curious  circumftance,  that,  if  any  perfon,  having 
begun  one  of  tnefe  public  buildings,  fhould  die  before  the 
completion,  nobody  will  afterwards  add  a  (ingle  done,  as 
it  would  not  convey  his  name  to  poderity,  but  that  of  the  ori¬ 
ginal  founder. 

The  founder  of  this  choultry  lived  to  compleat  four  of  the 
larged  buildings  in  India.  This  choultry,  a  pagoda,  a  tank 

2  three 


Great  Pagoda  of  Madura.  459 

three  quarters  of  a  mile  fquare,  twenty  feet  deep,  and  faced 
with  hone,  and  a  grand  palace  ornamented  with  beautiful 
black  granite  pillars,  feme  of  which  are  twenty  feet  high,  cut 
out  of  one  ftone. 


I  have  the  honour  to  be, 


Dear  Sir, 


Your  much  obliged. 


and  very  humble  fervant, 


ADAM  BLACKADER. 

Newman- jlreet , 

June  22,  1789. 


N  1111  2 


APPENDIX. 


A 


APPENDIX. 


/ 


‘ 


t 


.V 


A  T  A 


COUNCIL  OF  THE  SOCIETY 

O  F 

ANTIQUARIES, 

December  15,  17765 

RESOLVED, 

That  fuch  curious  communications  as  the  Council 
(hall  not  think  proper  to  publifh  entire  be  extracted 
from  the  Minutes  of  the  Society,  and  formed  into 
an  Historical  Memoir,  to  be  annexed  to  each  future 
Volume  of  the  Archaeologia. 


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OWEN  SALUSBURYBRERETON,  Efq.  V.P.  exhibited 
to  the  Society,  a  filver  coin  gilt,  of  a  Philip,  king  of  France, 
moft  probably  the  fixth  and  laft  of  that  name.  He  informed  them 
at  the  fame  time  that  he  had  fearched  many  books  of  French 
coins  and  medals  in  the  Mufeum  and  other  libraries,  but  found 
hardly  one  fo  old  as  1350,  when  the  lad:  Philip  died.  In  the 
two  volumes  of  the  Emperor’s  cabinet  there  are  many  impref- 
fions  of  coins ;  and,  among  the  French,  one  with  the  reverfe 
and  letters  exaflly  like  this  ;  but  the  figure  of  a  king  on  the 
other  fide,  in  fie  ad  of  the  angels  as  on  this,  is  faid  to  be  one 
of  Philip  the  Sixth  ;  but  that  is  of  gold  ;  and  not  one  of  filver 
appears  ;  for  which  reafon,  and  beaufe  it  is  thicker  than  any 
coins  of  that  age,  Mr.  Brereton  rather  thinks  it  is  a  trial 
piece. 

Vol.  X.  O  0  o  Extra# 


appendix. 


Extract  from  fame  Letters  written  to  William  Bray,  Efq,  hy 
Mr,  Crefwell,  tf/'Edale,  near  Caftleton,  in  Derby  (hire,  in  1789, 

«  NEAR  the  town  of  Bradfield  in  Yorkffiire,  about  fix  miles 
north-weft  of  Sheffield,  is  a  large  tumulus,  called  Bailey  hill, 
furrounded  with  a  deep  ditch  thirty  feet  wide.  The  bafe  is 
about  one  hundred  feet  diameter,  the  height  of  the  fide  about 
feventy  feet.  The  top  is  lomewhat  like  a  bafon,  about  thirty- 
four  feet  diameter,  having  a  gap  made  in  one  fide  of  it.  Tho 
tumulus  and  ditch  are  other  wife  in  good  repair.  On  the  fides 
grow  many  bufhes,  and  fome  ftrong  trees.  About  forty  feet 
fouth  of  the  tumulus  there  is  a  broad  deep  ditch,  and  a  high 
ftrong  oank,  which  runs  in  a  Ibuth-weft  direction  from  the  tu¬ 
mulus,  and  extends  about  one  hundred  yards  111  length.  It  is 
called  the  Long  Hill,  Tradition  fays  there  was  a  fu'oterraneous 
paflage  from  the  town  to  one  or  both  of  thefe  hills  ;  the  en¬ 
trance  of  it  is  ftill  open  ;  and  feveral  old  people  of  veracity 
have  informed  me,  that  about  forty  years  ago  they  have  gone 
a  confiderable  way  into  it ;  but  it  is  now  choaked  up.  I  re¬ 
member  feeing  a  very  large  tumulus,  exatftly  in  the  ffiape  of 
the  Bailey  hill,  at  the  mouth  of  Grave  creek,  which  falls  into 
the  Ohio  river,  about  one  hundred  miles  below  Fort  Pitt,  in 
America.  It  was  nearly  of  the  fize  of  Bailey  hill,  with  a  ba¬ 
fon  on  the  top,  and  deep  ditch  round  it,  and  feveral  large  trees 
growing  on  it.  There  were  two  other  fmall  tumuli  about  one 
hundred  yards  from  the  large  one,  made  in  the  fame  form.  I 
law  feveral  in  different  parts  of  America;  but  the  large  one  at 
Gxave  creek  was  the  mo  ft  perfe<fta. 


i&'  There: 


APPENDIX. 


467 

“  There  are  many  large  heaps  of  ftones  on  the  moors  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Bradfield,  thrown  up  in  the  form  of  Bailey 
hill,  but  fmaller. 

“  On  a  place  called  Strine’s  moor,  about  three  miles  from 
Bradfield,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  on  the  left  of  the  turnpike  road 
from  Grindleford  bridge  to  Peniftone,  is  a  rocking  (lone  called 
the  Tottering  Jione.  It  is  thirty- two  feet  feven  inches  in  cir¬ 
cumference,  of  an  irregular  fhape,  eleven  feet  nine  inches  in 
the  longeft  part,  about  two  feet  thick  in  general,  but  the  thick - 
nefs  varies.  It  is  put  in  motion  with  very  little  force.  The  vi¬ 
bration  is  about  three  inches,  and  continues  about  half  a  minute. 

“At  Hatherfage, between  Caftleton  in  Derbyfhire  and  Shef¬ 
field  in  Yorkfhire,  is  a  place  called  Camp  Green ,  being  a  high 
and  pretty  large  circular  mound  of  earth  inclofed  by  a  deep 
ditch.  In  the  church  yard  are  two  {tones,  which  mark  the 
ipot  where  they  tell  you  that  Little  John,  the  friend  of  Ro¬ 
bin  Hood,  is  buried.  The  length  of  the  grave,  as  marked  by 
them,  is  thirteen  feet  four  inches  \_a\.  This  grave  has  been 
lately  opened,  and  a  thigh  bone  taken  out  which  meafured 
twenty-nine  inches  and  a  half.  It  is  now  in  the  pofleffion  of 
Captain  James  Shuttleworth.  There  were  feveral  other  bones 
found  in  the  grave,  but  much  decayed.’* 

“  On  the  top  of  Bur-Toe,  near  Great  Hucklow  in  Derbyfhire, 
is  an  oval  camp  furrounded  with  a  double  ditch,  not  very 
broad  or  very  deep.  It  inclofes  about  eight  acres  (as  1  guefsj 

by 


[a]  Tour  in  Derbyfhire,  p,  245. 
O  0  O  2 


46S  APPENDIX. 

by  taking  in  the  top  of  the  Tor.  It  is  longeft  from  north  to 
fouth,  with  a  fmail  tumulus  at  the  fourh  end.  The  entrance 
feems  to  have  been  at  the  north  and  fouth.  On  the  outfide  of 
the  ditch  there  is  a  kind  of  ditch  goes  down  the  Tor  to  the 
hills  below.’* 

Mr.  Crefwell  adds,  u  I  am  forry  it  is  not  in  my  power  to  give 
you  a  more  perfedl  defcription  of  thefe  things.  There  are 
many  others  worthy  of  notice  in  this  part  of  the  country, 
which  I  dare  not  attempt  to  defcribe.  The  fmail  knowledge 
I  have  of  books,  and  the  little  converfation  I  have  with  the 
lovers  of  antiquity,  make  me  fenfible  of  my  inability  to  give 
fo  fatisfadtory  a  defcription  as  I  could  wifh.” 


March 


4  6  9 


APPENDIX. 


March  ii,  1*90. 

Mr.  Caley  communicated  an  account  of  the  (brine  called 
Corpus  Chrifli  (hrine,  in  York. 

An  Inventory  of  the  Juells  therunto  belongyng,  furveyed 
and  exeamyd  by  the  Right  Rev’end  Father  111  God  Ilob’t 
Atxhebifshop  of  Yorke,  and  other  the  Kyng’s  M  i  tie  i  Com’if* 
Ron’s,  the  12th  of  M ay.  Anno  Regni  Henrici  OAavi,  Dei 
Gt’a  Anglie,  Francie,  &  Hib’nie  Reg’s,  Fidci  Defenforis, 
&  in  Terra  Eccl’ie  Anglicane  &  Hib’nie,  (up’mi  Capit’ 
3S0.  That  is  to  fey, 

FirR,  the  faid  fhryne  is  all  gilte,  havyng  6  jT.  s.  d. 
ymags  gylded,  with  an  ymage  of  the  birthe  of 
our  Lord,  of  mother  of  perle,  fylv’  and  gylt,  and 
33  fmall  ymags  ennamyled  Rondyng  aboute  fame, 
and  a  tablett  of  golde  ;  2  golde  ryngs,  one  with 
a  fafure,  and  the  other  with  a  perle,  and  8  other 
litle  ymags,  and  a  great  tablett  of  golde,  havyng 
in  yt  the  ymage  of  our  Lady  of  mother  of  perle, 
which  (liryne  conteyneth  in  lenght  3  quarters  of 
a  yerd  and  a  nayle,  and  in  brede  a  quart’  di’  and 
more,  and  in  height  di’  yerd  ov’,  and  befids  the 
Reple  Rondyng  upon  the  fame,  extemyngthe  fame 
fhryne,  befids  the  faid  Reple,  to  be  worthe  above  120  o  o 
The  faid  Reple  havyng  a  whether  cokke  there- 
uppon,  all  gylte,  and  a  ryall  of  golde  4  olde  no¬ 
bles,  2  gylted  groots  hangyng  upon  the  faid  Re- 
pie,  and  alfo  beyng  within  the  fame  Reple  a  be- 

rall, 


APPENDIX. 


£  •  s •  ^ t 


47° 

rail,  wheryn  the  facrament  is  borne,  havyng  in 
the  laid  berall  2  ymags  or  angells  of  fylv’  and 
gylt,  beryng  up  the  faid  facrament,  the  foote 
and  cov’yng  of  whiche  faide  berall  is  fylv’  and 
gylte,  vveyng  togeder,  with  the  golde  and  berall, 
befids  the  faid  fhryne  181  onz’,  at  4;.  6 d.  the  oz. 
Summa  — - 

A  fylv’  bell  hangyng  in  the  faid  fleple  weyng  3 
cnz.  and  di’,  at  $s.  4 d.  the  oz.  — 

A  peyer  of  beads,  with  14  crucifixes,  weyng 
30  oz.  3  qrs.  ;  a  pep’  box,  weyng  6  oz.  3  qrs.  j  9 
ryngs,  with  counterfeit  hones  in  3  of  them  ;  3 
bukcles,  with  a  cheyne,  a  treangle,  a  harte,  a 
tache,  a  litle  ryng,  a  litle  tablett  of  Seynt  Mi- 
chell,  weyng  togeder  4  oz.  3  qrs.  ;  2  peac’  of 
coral],  weyng  1  oz.  3  qrs.;  2  crihalls,  a  bygger 
and  a  lefle,  beyng  clofed  with  fylv’,  weyng  3  oz. ; 
8  peyer  of  corall  beads,  with  their  gaudies  and  a 
crucifix,  weyng  36  oz. ;  17  fylv’  lpones  of  fev’all 
forts,  weyng  20  oz. ;  75  beads  rounde,  weyng  7 
oz.  ;  6  corfe  gyrdells,  beyng  typped,  havyng  buk¬ 
cles,  weyng  29  oz. ;  8  tabletts  of  fev’all  facions, 
havyng  in  fome  of  them  count’fett  hones,  weyng 
6  oz.  3  qrs.  ;  3  bukcles,  and  2  of  them  havyng 
count’fett  hones  in  them,  weyng  4  oz.  and  a  qr. 
in  all  137  oz.  at  41.  6 d.  the  oz.  Sum* 

A  pomaunder  of  gold,  a  litle  tablett  of  gold, 
and  w’in  the  fame  an  ymage  of  Seynt  Kat’yne,  of 
mother  of  perle  ;  5  ryngs  of  gold,  with  a  litle 
harte,  a  tablett  of  gold,  2  flowers  of  perle,  3  buk- 
.  cles. 


40  14  6 

on  8 


30  16  6 


APPENDIX,  471 

cles,  a  harte  of  gold,  with  a  dyamond  and  a  litle  £.  s.  d. 
crofte,  weyng  all  togeder  5  onz.  3  qrs.  and  di*  oz. 
at  33*.  4 d.  the  oz.  —  1006 

Ten  peyer  of  corall  beads,  with  their  gaudies, 
weyng  20  oz.  a  pep’  box,  weyng  4  oz. ;  in  all 
24  oz.  at  is.  6d.  the  oz.  Sum’  . —  30© 

5  peac*  of  corall,  typped  with  fylv’,  weyng  3 
oz.  a  qr. ;  4  peyer  of  beads  all  fylv’,  with  the 
knoppes  havyng  the  gaudies  gylte,  weyng  16  oz. ; 

10  corall  beads,  with  two  fylv’  gaudies  ;  4  criftall 
ftones  ;  a  pomaunder  enclofyd  in  fylv’ ;  a  cruci¬ 
fix  ;  2  Seynt  James’  fhells  ;  a  criftall  ryng  ;  and 
a  litle  ymage,  weyng  togeder  9  oz.  di* ;  in  all  28 


oz.  3  qrs.  at  4 s.  the  oz.  — 

5 

J5 

0 

Sum’  tot’  of  the  value  belonging  to  the  faid 

fhryne  ...... 

210 

18 

2 

Wherof 

The  fhryne,  by  eftymacion  — > 

120 

0 

o 

The  fteple,  with  the  wed’cock  — 

40 

H 

6 

The  fylv’  bell,  w’in  the  fteple 

0 

1 1 

8 

Juells  of  golde 

10 

0 

6 

Juells  all  gylte 

3° 

16 

6 

Juells  p’cell  gylte  —  — 

3 

0 

0 

Juells  of  fylver  — - 

5 

J5 

0 

June 


APPENDIX. 


June  17,  1790. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Brand,  Sec.  A,  S.  communicated  two  views  of 
a  Rone,  which  has  probably  been  part  of  a  very  ancient  crofs, 
di {'covered  July  1789,  near  the  ruins  of  the  old  church,  com¬ 
monly  called  Woden's  church ,  at  Alemouth ,  in  the  county  of 
Northumberland.  The  Rone  is  now  at  Alnwick  caRie.  See 
it  engraved,  PI.  XXXVI. 

It  has  always  been  underRood,  that  the  mortar  engraved,  PI. 
XXX  v  II.  was  the  hrR  that  was  made  in  England,  and  that  the 
II r R  guns  were  made  at  Buxted  furnace,  about  ten  miles  from 
.Lewis.  1  his  mortar  lies  now  at  Eridge  green,  and  has  ferved 
for  many  years  for  the  amufement  of  the  people  on  a  holiday  or 
tair  day  ;  when  they  colled!  money  to  buy  gunpowder  to  throw 
the  (hell  to.  a  hill  about  a  mile  diRant.  The  weight  of  the 
Ihell  finks  it  fo  deep  in  the  eaith,  that  It  coRs  no  little  pains 
to  dig  it  out  alter  each  difeharge,  which  is  repeated  as  long  as 
the  money  lafts.  The  chamber  of  the  gun  is  caR  iron,  the 
other  part,  as  is  evident,  wrought. 

Pries  pur  l’alme  G.  Glanville. 

Inlcription  round  a  brafs  pot,  engraved  PI.  XXXVIII.  the 
property  of  Mrs.  Motte,  mother  of  Mrs.  Smith,  wife  of  George 
Smith,  efq.  of  Piercefield,  Monmouthfhire,  F.  A.  S. 

Sir  PI.  C.  Englefield  fuggeRed,  with,  great  -probability,  that 
it  was  a  veffel  in  which  holy  water  was  carried  about  and 
fp  rink  led  on  the  audience,  fuch  being  common  in  the  parifh 
churches  abroad.  The  family  of  Glanville  were  of  Suffolk, 
ti  J  f  tnded  lx  worth  priory.  Of  this  county  is  the 
lady  who  at  prefent  owns  this  vafe. 


r 


Further 


.ScA/ieb  belle  del -from,  a  Sketch  by  the  llerl 'M!  Bra/ul. 


Vol.  X.F/.  XXXVII. 


✓ 


Jai Lambert  Ju/ir.  del. 


-cfo d- HIAXXX  ;</x  •  7 °A 


APPENDIX. 


4  73 


Further  Particulars  relative  to  Bijhop  Wainflete  and  his  Family , 
at  Wainflete  in  Lincolnfhire ;  in  addition  to  the  Account  given 
in  the  “  Vetujla  Monument  a,”  VoL  III .  PI.  VI.  In  a  Letter 
from  Mr.  Pickburne,  Mafer  of  the  Grammar  School  there ,  to 
Mr.  Gough,  Nov.  18,  1790. 

S  I  R, 

YOUR  kind  prefent  came  fafe  to  hand,  for  which  I  am  in 
in  gratitude  bound  to  return  my  beffc  thanks. 

Works  of  this  kind,  that  are  calculated  to  hold  out  ufeful 
lights  to  pofterity,  do  honour  to  their  author,  and  to  the  age 
that  produces  them.  But,  in  taking  hafty  clirfory  views  of  a 
great  number  of  objects,  fome  inaccuracies  and  overfights  are 
almofl:  inevitable. 

In  purfuanceof  the  condefcending  hint  in  your  former  letter, 
I  beg  leave  to  take  notice  of  a  few  things  relating  to  our 
church  and  fchool,  which  feem  to  have  efcaped  your  obferva- 
tion. 

The  church  of  Wainflete  All  Saints  is  an  ancient  fabrick, 
built  of  freefone ,  in  the  form  of  a  crofs  ;  the  walls  are  decayed 
in  fome  places,  and  repaired  with  brick .  The  tower,  which 
(lands  in  the  middle  ere&ed  on  arches,  was  formerly  wood  ; 
for  the  foundation  being  laid  on  a  ftratum  of  fand  and  fea  (hells, 
the  architedl  probably  thought  it  incapable  of  bearing  a  ftronger 
ftru&ure.  However,  about  the  year  1718,  the  wooden  tower 
was  taken  down,  and  re-placed  with  brick-work ;  at  which 
time  it  was  furnifhed  with  five  heavy  balls.  To  this  under¬ 
taking,  Mr.  Shaw,  whofe  epitaph  you  have  tranfcribed,  very 
largely  contributed.  But  what  was  meant  as  an  additional  or- 
Vol.'X.  P  p  p  nament, 


474 


APPENDIX. 


nament,  has  eventually  proved  an  irreparable  damage  to  the 
edifice  ;  for,  the  foundation  giving  way,  the  finking  tower 
prefling  hard  againfl  the  nave  of  the  church  has  pufhed  the 
arches  and  columns  from  their  perpendicular  fiation,  and  made 
them  incline  to  the  weft  end  in  fuch  a  manner  as,  if  not  pre¬ 
vented  by  timely  care,  mu  ft  bring  down  the  whole  building. 

The  mafles  for  the  requiem  of  the  bi (hop’s  foul,  and  thofe  of 
I] is  anceftors,  I  am  told,  were  celebrated  at  the  monument  in 
the  fouth  choir  of  this  church. 

I  cannot  learn  that  the  fchooi  was  ever  intended  for  a  chapel ; 
moft  certainly  it  was  not  at  fir  ft  thought  of  as  a  place  of  public 
worth  ip.  The  pulpit  is  a  handing  evidence  of  this;  it  is  fixed 
on  the  tops  of  two  fchoiar-feats,  which  fhews  it  to  be  of  later 
conftruclion.  The  room  is  feventy  feet  long  and  twenty  feet 
broad,  fufficiently  feated  to  accommodate  as  large  a  congrega¬ 
tion  as  ufually  aflembles  in  this  neighbourhood  ;  and,  as  the 
church  is  a  mile  and  a  half  diftant  from  the  town,,  the  pa- 
rifhioners  agreed  to  exempt  the  fchooi  lands  from  parochial 
charges,  in  confideration  of  the  privilege  allowed  them  of  at¬ 
tending  divine  fervice  at  the  fchool-houfe,  which  they  do  every 
other  Sunday  in  the  winter  feafon. 

Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  to  whom  the  fchooi  and  the 
appointment  of  mafter  belong,  repaired  the  building  in  1753, 
and  again  in  1765.  The  fchool-houfe  hands  on  the  foutli  fide 
of  the  town.  The  entrance  is  at  the  north  angle  ;  confequently, 
the  flair-cafe  is  in  the  north  turret,  and  the  bell  in  the  fouth . 

I  do  not  underhand  what  Leland  means  in  laying,  ««  The 
44  fchole  is  endowed  with  x  li.  lande.”  All  the  endowment  I 
know  of,  con  lifts,  of  feventeen  marks  a  year,  and  nineteen  acres 

of 


APPENDIX.  475 

of  land  ill  fmall  pieces,  widely  difperfed  in  two  pari  flies,  moft 
of  it  low,  and  fubjedt  to  inundation ;  the  whole  is  at  this  time 
let  for  8/.  6s.  per  ami.  The  falary  is  for  claftic  learning,  i.  e. 
Greek  and  Latin,  which  at  prefent  is  little  required  in  this  place , 
the  boys  being  chiefly  intended  for  grazing,  farming,  trade, 
or  mechanic  arts.  The  learning  moft  ufeful  to  them  is  reading, 
Englifh  grammar,  writing,  arithmetic,  menfuration,  book¬ 
keeping,  &c.  The  number  of  icholars,  boys  and  girls,  is  on 
an  average  about  forty,  from  fix  or  feven  diffeient  parifhes. 
They  pay  y.  a  quarter  for  reading,  6s,  for  writing  and 
vulgar  arithmetic  ,  fome  pay  nothing.  I  refufe  none  merely 
on  account  of  their  poverty ;  if  their  drefs  and  behaviour  be 
decent,  and  their  parents  unable  to  pay,  I  take  them  gratis. 
Were  there  no  yearly  ftipend,  my  fituation  would  not  be  very 

eligible. 


I  am,  with  the  greatefl  refpect, 
Dear  Sir, 

Your  moft  obliged, 
obedient  fervant, 


Wainflect, 
July  27,  1790. 


JOHN  PICKBURN. 


P  p  p  2 


June 


4/6 


APPENDIX- 
June  9,  1791. 

The  dye  of  black  bafaltes  here  reprefented,  Plate  XXXFX. 
fig.  1.  was  purchafed  at  the  fale  of  the  late  Mr.  Brander’s  curi- 
ofities  by  the  late  Dr.  Lort,  and  at  his  fale,  June  15,  1791, 
by  —  Hodfol,  efq.  In  what  part  of  Dorfetfhire  it  was  found 
is  not  mentioned. 

In  new  paving  the  great  hall  of  the  Middle  Temple,  about 
forty  years  ago,  was  taken  up  a  filver  gilt  enameled  box,  con¬ 
taining  near  an  hundred  pair  of  fmall  ivory  dice,  fcarce  more 
than  two  thirds  of  the  modern  fize. 

Mr.  Dacofta  exhibited  to  this  Society,  1765,  an  ancient  dye 
found  at  Sutton  at  Hone,  near  Dartford  in  Kent,  which  manor 
belonged  to  the  knights  hofpitallers  from  the  reign  of  John, 
who  had  a  commandery  here  till  the  diflolution  by  Henry  VIII.[^] 

This  laft  dye  feemed  a  jafper  uncommonly  large,  two  tenths 
of  an  inch  fquare,  and  is  engraved  in  the  Appendix  to  vol.  VIII. 
of  Archaeologia,  p.  247.  pi.  XXX.  fig.  4.  5.  The  angles  were 
rounded  off,  and  the  notches  filled  up  with  white. 

The  only  preceptory  of  knights  hofpitallers  in  the  county 
of  Dorfet  was  at  Friar  Maine  in  Knighton ,  which  village  feems 
to  have  taken  its  name  from  the  knights  who  were  fettled  here 
about  the  beginning  of  the  14th  century,  and  held  it  till  the 
Reformation  [$]. 

How  it  happened  that  thefe  inftruments  of  gaming  fhould 
all  be  found  in  the  fites  of  the  houfes  of  this  particular  religious 
order,  or  whether  they  ferved  to  the  amufement  of  their  fuc- 
ceflors,  others  mufl  determine.  R.  G. 

[a]. Hafied,  I.  236. 

[£]  Hutchins,  I,  426— 428* 

Juns 


P •  477 


//. C  Englej-fUld  d&l ■ 


APPENDIX.  477 

June  30,  1791. 

Sir  H.  C.  Englefield  communicated  a  drawing,  taken  from  a 
remain  of  antiquity  in  the  church  yard  of  Mildenhall  in  the 
county  of  Suffolk,  which  has  not,  he  believes,  been  hitherto 
noticed.  See  PI.  XXXIX.  fig.  2. 

It  confifts  of  two  folid  mafles  of  flint  wall  {landing  dire&ly 
oppofite  to  each  other,  and  leaving  between  them  a  paffage 
feven  feet  wide.  Up  the  outfide  of  each  of  them  went  a  flight 
of  Heps,  and  on  the  top  is  a  fmall  platform.  The  fhape  of 
the  whole  is  very  much  like  that  of  an  horfing  block.  To 
that  ufe  he  can,  however,  fcarcely  think  they  could  have  been 
originally  deflined  ;  as  they  are  very  inconveniently  placed 
with  refpeft  to  each  other,  for  that  purpofe.  But  he  cannot 
form  to  himfelf  an  idea  of  their  ufe,  as  no  buildings  feem  to 
have  been  ever  erefted  on  them,  nor  is  there  any  ceremony  in 
his  remembrance  to  which  they  feem  in  any  degree  applicable. 
Neither  is  there  in  any  other  church  yard  any  building  at  all 
fimilar  to  this  ;  at  leaft  as  far  as  he  has  learned. 

They  feem  to  be  of  very  high  antiquity  ;  the  cement  being 
as  hard  as  the  flints  themfelves.  He  is  not  fure  that  they  ever 
were  cafed  with  {tone ;  but  rather  thinks  that  the  heps  at  lead 
were  of  that  material ;  though,  if  they  were,  it  has  been  en¬ 
tirely  taken  away.  He  could  not  learn  any  tradition  refpe&ing 
them  in  the  place  ;  but  was  told,  that  the  parifh,  finding  them 
inconvenient,  had  fome  years  ago  endeavoured  to  deftroy  them, 
but  were  baffled  by  the  exceffive  hardnefs  and  folidity  of  the 
materials.  This  accounts  for  the  ruinous  {fate  of  that  mafs 
which  in  the  drawing  is  fartheft  from  the  eye. 

Robert 


/ 


*■ 


47 5  APPENDIX. 


Robert  Riddel,  Efq.  of  Friars  Carfe  near  Dumfries,  F.  A.  S, 
communicated  to  the  Society  May  26,  1791,  various  Pieces  of 
Antiquity  engraved  in  Plate  XL. 


FIGURE  1.  reprefents  two  battle-axes,  each  two  feet  fix 
Miches  long,  found  in  a  mofs  near  Terreagles,  the  feat  of  Mar- 
maduke  Maxwell  Conftable,  Efq.  of  Nethdale.  They  are  much 
corroded  with  ruft,  and  are  the  only  fpecimens  (that  Mr.  Riddel 
has  heard  of)  of  the  old  Galwegian  bill,  or  battle-axe,  found 
in  that  country ;  they  are  above  an  inch  thick  on  the  back, 
gradually  tapering  to  the  edge,  and  feem  to  have  been  fimilar 
to  the  antient  bills. 

The  antient  carved  ftone,  fig.  2,  is  now  to  be  feen  in  the 
wall  of  a  farm-houfe  at  Dardarroch,  in  the  parifh  of  Glen- 
cairn,  and  fhire  of  Dumfries.  It  was  brought  from  an  old 
ruined  fortalice  at  Birkftiaw,  formerly  the  refidence  of  the  fa¬ 
mily  of  the  name  of  Cunningham,  who  were  defcended  from 
the  Earls  of  Glencairn.  In  the  middle  compartment  are  the 
arms  of  Cunningham,  with  a  mullet,  or  fpur-rowel,  the  mark 
of  cadency  of  the  third  fon  of  a  family.  On  each  fide  of  the 
Ihake-fork,  as  it  is  called  by  our  ancient  heralds,  are  two  let¬ 
ters,  though,  by  the  blunder  of  the  Rone-cutter,  the  C  is  in¬ 
verted. 


/ 


6 


This 


APPENDIX. 


479 

This  armorial  bearing  appears  to  have  been  cut  for  y.  Cun - 
ningbam ,  who,  from  the  mark  of  cadency,  mu  ft  have  been 
third  fon  to  an  Earl  of  Glencairn  ;  perhaps  the  fame  who  got 
from  that  family  the  lands  of  Birkftiaw  for  his  patrimony. 

Upon  the  right  are  the  arms  of  the  wife,  who,  from  the  ar¬ 
morial  bearing,  might  have  been  of  the  name  of  Grierfon  (ac¬ 
cording  to  Sir  David  Lindfay  of  the  Mount’s  heraldic  manu- 
fcript),  or  of  the  name  of  Kirkpatrick  ;  both  which  ancient  fa¬ 
milies  had  the  chief  reftdence  in  the  neighbourhood.  At  the 
fame  time,  -however,  it  muft  be  obferved,  that  this  armorial 
bearing  differs  confiderably  from  the  manner  in  which  thefe 
families  blazoned  their  arms,  as  in  fig.  3* 

Fig.  3.  are  the  arms  of  Grierfon  of  Lag;,  as  they  are  blazoned 
by  Sir  David  Lindfay  of  the  Mount,  who  was  Lord  Lion 
in  the  reign  of  James  V.  king  of  Scotland.  His  heraldic 
manufcript  is  in  the  Advocates’  library  at  Edinburgh. 

The  arms  of  Kirkpatrick  of  Clofeburn ,  as  blazoned  in  Nifbet’s 
Heraldry,  are  exhibited,  fig.  4. 

How  far  the  faltire  with  one  cufhion  may  ferve  as  a  mark  of 
cadency  from  either  of  the  above  families,  Mr.  Riddel  does  not 
pretend  to  determine.  In  very  ancient  heraldic  coats  it  was 
cuftomary,  he  believes,  to  give  a  part  of  the  chief’s  arms  to  a 
defcendant;  but  whether  that  is  the  cafe  in  theprefent  inftance 
he  cannot  fay. 

The  figure  in  the  fquare  compartment  upon  the  left,  is  a 
monogram  for  the  three  letters,  I.  H.  S,  i.  e .  Jefus  hominum 
Salvator .  In  ancient  times  this  was  called  the  he  name ,  and 
is  often  found  engraved  upon  ancient  fwords,  durks,  battle- 
axes,  &c.  It  was  confidered  as  a  complete  antidote  againfl 
forcery  and  witchcraft;  and  there  are  feme  other  inftances  ftill 

remaining^ 


480  APPENDIX. 

remaining  in  this  county  of  its  being  carved  upon  the  fame 
flone  with  the  armorial  bearings  of  hufband  and  wife. 

What  the  precife  date  of  this  carved  flone  is,  he  cannot 
exadly  determine  j  but  imagines  it  to  have  been  cut  in  the  fif¬ 
teenth  century. 

Many  of  the  mod  ancient  families  in  Dumfries-fhire  carried 
in  their  armorial  bearings  a  faltire  and  chief  (the  arms  of  An- 
vandale),  diflinguifhed  from  one  another  by  different  tin&ures. 
This,  it  is  fuppofed,  they  did  in  compliment  to  Robert  Bruce, 
Lord  of  Annandale  and  King  of  Scotland.  To  mention 
iuch  as  are  at  prefent  recolleded. 

Torthorwald  of  that  ilk  carried  on  a  fhield,  Or,  a  faltire  and 
chief  Gules,  charged  with  three  bezants.  This  family  has 
been  long  extindl. 

The  family  of  Maxwell  anitently  carried  a  faltire  and  chief, 
fince  changed  to  a  fpread  eagle. 

The  family  of  JohnJlone  carry  a  faltire  and  chief;  as  do  alfo 
the  Jairdens  of  Apple  girth,  and  the  Kirkpatricks  of  Clofeburn. 

The  Grierfons  of  Lag  carried  the  fame,  which  they  have 
fince  changed. 

The  Moffats  of  Moffat  dale ,  the  Kirkhaughs  of  Glenejland, 
and  the  Mc  Maths  of  that  ilk,  families  now  extind,  carried  a 
faltire  and  chief. 

The  Murrays  of  Cockpoole ,  afterwards  Earls  of  Annandale, 
carried  the  fame. 

Fig.  5.  reprefents  a  fpear  head  of  call  brafs,  exadlly  the  fize 
of  the  drawing,  found  in  Glen  Kenns,  of  which  place  fee 
an  account  in  Mr.  Riddel’s  paper  on  vitrified  fortifications. 

Fig.  6.  is  an  iron  Roman  pick-axe  fonnd  at  Claygate ,  four 
miles  from  Langholme,  and  about  eight  miles  from  Long- 
*  town, 


APPENDIX.  4  81 


town,  upon  the  Roman  road  leading  to  an  encampment. 
This  laft  is  drawn  twice,  that  it  may  be  the  better  under  flood; 
the  flat  fide,  and  the  edge  with  the  hole  for  the  fhaft.  It  is 


22  inches  long.  .  .  . 

Fig.  y.  reprefents  a  gold  ring  found  in  the  beginning  of  May 

1791,  near  Mr.  Riddel’s  houfe,  and  by  him  confidered  as  a  very 
great  curiofity.  Its  weight  is  exadlly  one  ounce,  and  the  fione 

is  of  a  pale  blue  colour. 

Fig.  8.  is  a  ring  of  mixed  metal,  gilt,  or  rather  plated  with 
gold.  It  was  found  near  the  friary  of  Tungland  in  Galloway, 
and  was  fent  to  Mr.  Riddel  by  the  Hon.  John  Gordon,  of 
Kenmore. 

Fig.  9.  is  a  brafs  ring  from  Laucalhire ;  where  it  was  known 
by  the  name  of  a  cramp  ring. 

Fig.  10.  is  of  brafs,  and  was  found  feveral  years  ago  near  th© 
fite  of  the  friary  at  Dumfries ;  along  with  it  was  found  a 
number  of  Englifh  coins,  none  of  them  were  later  than  Ed- 

ward  the  Fourth. 


Fig.  1 1.  is  a  flint  axe  found  in  Galloway. 

Fig.  12.  a  piece  of  brafs,  fuppofed  part  of  a  fword  hilt, 
found  amongft  the  ruins  of  the  old  caftle  of  Dalfwinton,  which 
belonged  to  the  old  reguli  of  Galloway,  and  afterwards  to  the 
Baliol  and  Cumin  families.  It  is  thus  illuftrated  by  Dr.  Clap. 

The  armorial  bearing  upon  the  antique  fhield  is  perhaps  a 
rude  attempt  to  reprefent  a  fpread  eagle ;  or  perhaps  it  may 
have  been  intended  for  an  antique  mantling  only. 

The  infcription  upon  one  fide  runs  thus: 

:  evvori  ReAlTeaeM 

EVVON  REAGEDEM. 

Vol.  x.  Q  q  q  T 16 


APPENDIX. 


482 

The  infcripti'on  on  the  other  fide  is, 

:  QieSV  :  SVI  :  O  :  SISSAIAR  : 

DIESV  :  SVI  :  O  :  SISSAIAR. 

The  firft  infcription  feems  to  be  Evvon  Reagedem ,  which  is 
probably  intended  for  John  the  King  ;  viz.  John  Baliol :  and 
on  tiie  other,  Diefu  fui  0  Siff'aiar ;  i.  e.  Give  to  JeJus  his  own , 
and  to  Ccefar  his  own . 

This  motto  was  very  applicable  to  John  Baliol’s  cafe. 

/- 

Fig.  13.  is  a  fandal  found,  1789,  in  Lochar  mofs,  near  Dum¬ 
fries.  Its  fellow  was  found  with  it,  but  cut  in  pieces  by  the 
fpade. 

All  the  above  articles,  except  fig.  1 1  and  12,  are  in  the  pof- 
feflion  of  Mr.  Riddel. 


INDEX. 


I 


X 


N  D  E 


A 

A  CKL AN DS 

59 

Ackleyheads 

59 

Afiarius,  or  Afluarius 

121 

Aflor,  what 

121 

Albury  font 

193 

Aiemowh,  crofs  near 

472 

AUergate 

59 

Alloa  houfe 

163 

Alphin/ton  font 

188 

Amb' efbui y  font 

187 

Amphora 

132 

- - fragment  of 

I4I 

Amulets 

in 

Ancajter  font 

188 

Anchorage 

61 

Anfer 

249 

Antiquities,  Roman,  in 

Derby  fhire  17 — 

in  Cumberland,  137 — 142 


- Britifh  1 13 

A  pottles  on  fonts  188 

Jpril  and  Augujt,  how  reprefented  on  fonts 
and  in  calendars  1S1,  182 

Arabians.  Ete  ftate  of  arithmetic  among 

3^4 

Arithmetic  of  the  Arabians  -  ,364 

ArmWa  1 34 


Arms  on  fonts 

194 

— —  of  Annandaie 

479 

- Bruce 

198 

■  —  Cunningham 

479 

-  Grier fan 

ib. 

- -  'JohnJlarie 

ib. 

-  Kirkhaugh 

ib. 

-  Kirkpatrick 

ib. 

- Mojfat 

ib. 

- Tortheruold 

ib. 

Ai  rington  font 

188 

Arundel ,  archbifliep,  his  arms  in  Maid- 

ftone  church 

208 

AJhley  flone  feats 

290 

AJbovcr  font 

188 

Afpatria  barrow  opened 

1 10 

Astle,  Mr.  on  a  charter  of  Edgar  to 

Ely 

226 

AJlon  Flamvile  font 

189 

- Ingham  flails 

292 

Augujtales 

120 

Auyuftales  ludi 

120 

Aufen,  Mr.  a  charter  of  Edgar  in  his 

poffeflion  examined  232 

Ayloffe,  Sir  Jofeph,  his  remarks  on  Se- 
bert’s  tomb  313 — controverted  316 
Axe,  flint  481 

Q_q  q  2 


Badbys 


484 


INDEX. 


B 


Badby ,  ftone  feats  284 

B'iddingham  font  192 

Bailey  hill  466 

Baldwin ,  Mr.  intends  publ idling  an  ac¬ 
count  of  Roman  antiquities  found  at 

333 

309 
248 
199 
199 
205 
242 
291 
109 
191 

III,  112 

33 

34 

141 


Bath 
Ballium ,  what 
Banquer 

Baptiflery  at  Pifa 

— — -  of  Conftantinc 

— "  -  of  Paris 


Bardorum  focietas 
Banak  done  feats 
Barnakin,  what 
Barnard  cajlls  font 
Barrow  at  Afpatria 
Banows,  Roman,  in  Derbyfhire 
Bath,  Roman,  at  Buxton 
— —  near  Netherhall 
Bath.  Roman  temple  found  at  325 — 333 
Battle-axe.  Britifh  113 

Battle  axes,  Galwegian  478 

Beacofih'll  1 1 2 

Bead,  brafs  134 

Bear  in  Britain  162 

Becket ,  obfervations  on  his  martyrdom 
as  reprefented  in  the  window  at  Brere- 
ton  church  _  >  5°~S2,  334“ 344 
Bclatucader ,  infcription  to  118 

- - 18  others  119 

- - — —  the  fame  with  Mars  1 19 

Bell,  brafs  133 

Benefield  ftone  feats  291 

Bennington  font  193 

* — - ftone  feats  296 

Bere  Regis  font  j  90 

Berkeley  font  189 

Berojus  invented  the  concave  femicircular 
dial  173 

Bexley  ftone  feals  289 

Bigglefwade  flails  294 

Billing,  Little,  an  antient  manflon-houfe 
there  deferibed  67,  68 


Bingham  font 
Bijhopton 
Bit,  Britifh 
Bitton ,  ftone  feats 


192 

63 

H3 

291 


BlackaBer,  Mr.  his  account  of  the 
great  Pagoda  of  Madura  and  Choultry 
ofTrimulNaik  449 

Boar  wild  in  Britain  162 

Boethius ,  not  the  inventor  of  ourprefent 
cyphers  362 

Bortbwick  caflle  103 

Boitejham  ftone  feats  295 

Boulogne,  the  antient Pwtus  Iccius  7,  8,  16 
- —  tower  of  13,  14 


Bowes  font 
Brackley  ftone  feats 
Bradcnham ,  BV.  ft  alls 
Bradfield  font 

Brampton  Abbots,  ftone  feats 
Bramfion  font 
Brandefion  font 
Brafs  figure 

- - fpring,  Roman 

-  ■  «  bead 

-  bell 

-  bull 

vafe  for  holy  water 


189 
288 

293 
199 

291 
199,  200 
199 

333 

138 

134 
J33 
l33 
472 
194 
137 

Mr.  Pegge’s  and  Mr. 


Bredon  font 
Bremetonracum 
B  rereton  churchy 

Denne’s  obfervations  on  the  painted 
window  there  50 — 53,  334 — 344 

Brereton,  Mr.  communicates  a  non- 
defeript  coin  of  Philip  king  of  France 

4^3 

Bridge,  Roman 
Brightbelmfione  font 
Briftol ,  ftone  feats 
Britijb  battle-axe  and  celt 

- -  fpur, 

—  ■  -  antiquities 
- —  —  remains  in  Cumberland 
dogs 


Britons ,  their  hunting 
Broxborn  font 


34 
217 
290 

ll3 
lx3 
ll3 
105 

,  159 
156 — 164 

190 

Brun - 


485 


INDEX. 


Bruntingthorpe  font 

89 

Buckminfiter  flone  feats 

295 

Bulga 

250 

Bull,  brafs 

133 

- - wild  in  Britain 

163 

- - at  Chillingham-caftle, 

ib. 

Bulwick  flone  feats 

291 

Burbach  font 

194 

Burgh  font 

198 

Burghgreen  flone  feats 

295 

Burnham  Depedale  font 

177— 1 83 

Bury,  Richard  de  241, 

258 — 260 

Bull  of  bronze 

136 

Buxted  furnace 

472 

•54 

2l6 

379 

273 

132 

297 


Cade,  Mr.  his  obfervations  on  Cata- 
.raflcnium  54  57 

Cesfiar,  his  Portus  Iccius,  where  1 — 16 

-  at  Boulogne  16 

Caley,  Mr.  communicates  an  account 


of  Corpus  Chrifti  fhrine 
Camoca,  what 
Campden  flails 
Camp  on  Bur  Toe 
Camp  Green 

Camps,  Roman,  in  Derby 
tinghamfhires 
Canford  houfe 
Canterbury  cathedral,  Mr 
fervations  on 

St.  John's 


469 
241 
297 
467 
467 
and  Not- 
378—38° 
68 

Denne’s  ob- 

37—49 
in 


chapel  in  the 
Undercroft  when  eredled  38 

_ remarks  on  the  Undercroft 

40—44 

- -  Mofaic  work 

- St.  Martin’s  font 


*55 

187 

247 

192 

J32 


Car  da  Indica,  what 
Carlifie  cathedral  font 
Cardfile,  Old  .  _ 

Carlijle ,  Mr,  prcferves  Roman  antiqui¬ 
ties  13° 

Carte,  Mr;  S.  his  obfervation  on  fonts 

208 


Carvings  over  Quenington  church  door 

i2q 

Caftle  Gower  14^ 

Cajllefleeds  I°5>  1 10 

Cat  wild  in  Britain  .  167 

CataraF.onium,  further  obfervations  on, 

54—66 

Cava Hini,  Pietro,  his  Mofaic  work 

i53» 

Cave,  Peter,  his  epitaph 
Caufiennis 

Cawjion,  his  MS.  at  Canterbury 
Celt 

Cerney  {lone  feats 
Chalmers,  Mr.  on  the  late  ufe  of  tor¬ 
ture  in  England  143 — *4^ 

Chancel  vaulted  with  flone  at  Compton 
and  Darent  189 

Char  field  font  *99 

Charm  antient 

Charters,  two  of  Edgar  examined 

226—232 

Chatham,  flone  feats  301, 

Cheping  Warden  flone  feats 
Cherbury  church 
Cherney  cajtle ,  a  Danifh  camp 
Cbejier  cathedral 
Chefls  of  flone  fepulchral 
Chkhejier  font 
Chocalingham,  Indian  Deity 
Choultries,  ufe  of 
Chunam,  an  Indian  plaifter 
Church  at  Quenington 
Churches,  Norman,  probably  had  fpires 

1 29 

Circle  of  flones  106 

Cirencefiter,  flone  feats  297 

Clagg  caftle  I07 

Clack  hill  55 

Clarke ,  Mr.  his  opinion  of  flone  flails  in 

chancels  3i5j,31.^ 

Claxton,  John,  on  Dinton  antiqui¬ 
ties  1 7 1 

Clocks  in  England  *73 

Clofeburn  caftle  101 

Clyn- 


210 

286 
223 

U3 

287 
108 

*93 
4i7 

452 

452 
128,  129 


107 


4^6 


I  N  D  E  X. 


N  ot- 
380 

295 

189 

i33 


Clynogvawr  287 

Cobham  font  192 

Coin,  filver,  of  Philip  king  of  France 

465 

Coins,  Roman,  in  Derby  and 
tingham  (hires 
Cold  Overton  flails 
Colejhll  font 
Compares,  Roman 
Confeffionarits  mi  flatten  for  (lone  feats 

284,  291 

— - archbifhop  Reginald’s  and 

Sudbury’s  injunctions  about  them  291 
Coritani  17,  19,  20 

Corpus  Chrifii  (hrine,  account  of  466 
Corflni,  who  241 

Cofler  249 

Cotejbrooke  (lone  feats  296 

Covers  to  fonts  206 

- - -  locked  206 


D 


Dagger,  iron 
- in  a  barrow 


382 
1 12 
295 
189 
64 
140 
10  3 


Courtenhall  (lone  feats  285 

Courtney ,  archbifhop,  his  arms  in  Maid- 
hone  church  268,  269 

- - the  place  of  his  interment  d  f- 

cuffed  271—280 

— — —  his  will  .  277 

- Richard  277 

Grander? ,  John,  prior  of  Ely,  his  works 

15?  — 1 54 

Crefwell,  Mr.  his  account  of  antiquities 
inYorkfhire  466 

Cromlech  149 

Crofs  infcribed  near  Alemouth  4(9 

- -  a  fign  when  to  date  on  charters 

231 


- - of  Gneyth 

CrofFes  a  Saxon  fignature 
Ceoxton  Kyriel  hal  s 
Crow  n  jewels,  inventory  of, 
Culpho  font 


231 

221 

29S 
241— 251 
198 


Cumberland,  Britifh  remains  in  105 
• - Roman  antiquities  in 


Dolby ,  Dttle ,  flails 
Darent  font 
Darlington 
Dees  Matres 
Dean  houfe 
December ,  how  reprefented  on  fonts  and 
in  calendars  183 

Denford  hone  feats  290 

Denne,  Mr.  his  obfervations  on  Can¬ 
terbury  cathedral  37 — 49 — on  the 
painting  in  Brereton  church  windows 
334 — 344 — on  hone  halls  298— on 
Maidflone  and  other  halls  261,  262 
Denton  i ont  188 

— — -  church,  South  door  arch,  veffel 

and  (pear-heads  found  there,  170 

- MS  hiflory  of  17 1 

Deorabv  on  a  coin  19 

Derbeiffcira  Romana  1  7 

Derby ,  its  name  whence  derived  17 — 19 
Derby/hire,  Roman  Antiquities  in  17 
Derehcm  font  196 — 198 

Dials,  Roman  174 

- —  wind  and  water  175 

- -  concave  174 

-  femicircular  173 

Didder  jean  33 

- improvement  made  there  63 

Digfivel.  font  188 

Dogs,  British  139 

Doncafter  font  193 

Dorchefter  font  of  lead  187 

Dui  mington  flails  292 

Dor  for,  048 

Doves  in  Mofaic  132 

- -  on  fonts  223,  224 

Down  cable  102 

Druidical  monuments  in  En^lewood- 


Cunntngham  arms 
Cufome ,  .William 


137 — I42 


foreft 


47  8 
25 1 


Dvffin  callle 


temple 


105 

10,4 

103 

Dun 


I  N  D  E  X. 


487 


Dun  Dornadilla 

100 

Fall  of  man  reprefented  in  Mofaic  at 

Dungeon ,  what 

108 

Ely 

151 

Dunnoly 

208 

Farmingham  font 

192 

Dunnotter  caft'e 

i°3 

Farmington  ftone  feats  in  church 

286 

D unrobin  cable 

103 

Farrington  font 

*93 

Dunftafnage 

102 

Feathers  ufed  to  frighten  beads  in  hunt- 

D unvegan 

ro2 

mg 

JO  t 

Dye  found  in  Dorfet 

4/6 

February,  how  reprefented  on  fonts 

and 

- -  at  Sutton  at  Hone 

ib. 

in  calendars 

181 

Felixftow  font 

I92 

E 

Feltwell  ftalls 

293 

Eagle  on  a  capital 

133 

Fibula  in  a  barrow 

1 12 

Earl's  Barton  ftalls 

290 

-  found  at  Gloucefter 

1.34 

- Sobam  font 

198 

Figure  in  a  chair  found  at  Carlifle 

238 

Eafeby  font 

189 

Fine  ham  font 

190 

Eaftboume  font 

189 

- -  ftalls 

293 

Eaft  Derebam  font 

196 — 198 

Flint  axe 

48 1 

Edenham  font 


193 


Edgar,  his  charters  to  Ely  and  Weftmin- 
fler  fhewn  to  be  forgeries  226 — 240 
Edgecote ,  ftone  feats  in  church  284 
Edgeworth  church,  a  lavatory  in  29 7 
Elenborough ,  antiquities  found  at  142 
Ella  61 

EUanfialker  cable  10 1 

E/vet  60 

Ely ,  a  Mofaic  pavement  there  defcribed 

■— —  a  charter  of  Edgar  to  the  monaflery 
examined  226 

- its  privileges  confirmed  229,  23O 

Englefield,  Sir  C.  H.  on  Bath  anti¬ 
quities  311 — 319 

-  - - — —  on  a  ftone  ftep  at  Mii- 

denhall  477 

Eng/ezvood  foreft  antiquities  105 

Equeftrian  female  figure  on  coins  142 
Eridge  green  mortar  412 

Etbeireda ,  St.  226.  229. 

Etton  -ftalls  292 

Everinoham  font  188 

o 


201,  2C3 — whether 


any  in  Canter¬ 
bury  and  St.  Paul’s  Cathedrals,  201  — 
in  parifh  churches,  202 — in  conven¬ 
tual  churches,  202 — Sherborne  ab¬ 
bey,  203 — St.  Alban’s,  204 — in  pri¬ 
vate  houfes,  205 — lined  with  lead,  205 

obfervations  on 
183 

Mr.  Carte’s  obfervations  on 
ornaments  of  192 


v 

Fonts, 


207 

208 


F 


Fa  he  nh  am  font 


102 


- round,  fquare,  hexagon,  ofragon, 

198,  199 

—  —  with  infcriptions  200 

- round  or  fhaped  like  a  cup  186 

-  fquare  190 

- — —  at  Burnham  Depedale  177 — 183 — 

Eaf  Mean,  183 — 185 - Prejhute , 

186 — Rotberfield  Grey ,  ib. — Beverley 
minfter ,  ib. — IV imp  ole,  ib. — Ambref- 

buty ,  ib. - Kiddington ,  187.- - 

St.  Martins  Canterbury,  187 — Stoke 
Poge'ts ,  Sharnborne ,  Sedgebrook ,  186 

—  Hai  bledon ,  Hemp  fled,  186  —  Ajh- 
over,  Denton,  Stukeley,  Brigbtbclmjlone, 
Bake  well,  St ,  Peter's  Ox  fir  d.  Little 
Maplejied ,  Lewes ,  Digfwell,  Ancafter , 

Nerf- 


* 


index. 


Nerfwick,  Ever'tngham ,  Alphingjlon , 

1 83 — Eojlbourne ,  '  Ajlon  Flamv'de , 

Bruntingthorpe ,  189 — Darent,  Hitcbin, 
Cole/hilly  Eafeby ,  Bowes,  Arrington , 
Stanjled,  Lockington ,  Osdeworth ,  IF h ad¬ 
don,  Kingsbury,  190 — 7/fy,  Broxborne , 
Hendon ,  Roy  don,  Albury ,  Stevenage , 
Sadburn,  Denham ,  Tiekencote,  Fincham , 

3  90  — Lechiot  Maltr avers,  Barnard  caf- 
tle ,  South fleet, ic)\ — Farmingham,Shorne , 
Felixjlow ,  Stratford  on  Tecs ,  CarVJle , 
Findings,  Cobham ,  Sitlingborne,  Wood- 
bridge,  Melton ,  Eaddingbam,  Laxford , 
Grantham,  B inham,  fValJingham,  Chi - 
chejler,  Tickhill,  Doncajler ,  Farrington , 
Leverton,  Wrange,  Bennington , 
lejborne,  Stanford  All  Saints ,  Hacking- 
ton,  193 — Mujlon,  Kegworth ,  Bredon , 
Great  Shepey,  Whitwick,  Burbach, 
Winterborne  Whitchurch,  Eajl  Dereham, 
Vfford,  Thurcajhn,  Brian/Ion,  Bere 
Regis,  Pimpern ,  190 — Market  Bof- 
zuorth,  St.  Ofyth,  Northaw,  Ware , 
Luton,  195 — Erf/?  Dereham,  196 — 

198 - Milan,  189 — Sherborne  abbey , 

202 - At.  Alban's,  215 - Str  ad- 

brook,  Wilby ,  Laxford,  Ubbejlon ,  Heven- 
ingham ,  Earl’s  Soham,  Play  ford,  Grun- 
desborough,  Burgh,  Culpho,  Hajhertin, 
198 — Bradfeld,  Char  sf eld,  Lethering- 
ham,  Brandejlon,  Lantwar dine ,  Wig- 
more,  Harewood,  199 — Winchefter ,  215 
—Peterborough,  219 — Swiff ord,  224 
- — Lincoln,  223 — St.  Martin's  Leicef- 
ter ,  223 — Conjiantine's ,  Newark,  Or- 
ford,  Kirkton,  Brianjlon,  200 — Kirkby 
Belers,  194 

Fonts  of  lead,  at  Dor chejicr,  Wareham , 
Walnesford,  187 

- fir  ft  ufed  for  immerfion  207,  208* 

— —  iucceeded  by  bafons,  219,  220, 
221 — hole  in  centre,  221 — ftiut  up  in 
Lent,  222— water  ufed  in  them  mif- 
applied,  222 — whether  more  than  one 
in  a  church,  223 — covers,  206,  223, 
224. 


Fortification,  antient  modes  of  99 — 104 


— — - vitrified 

ri 

0 
to 
»— ( 

1 

*-« 

vjr 

Gaddi ,  his  Mofaic  work 

153 

Gainford 

04 

Galloway ,  its  antiquities 

deferve  invefti- 

gation 

149 

Garthorbe  flails 

296 

Garton,  Thomas  de  260 

Gate,  Roman  14 1 

Gerbert,  whether  inventor  of  numerals. 


365—369 

Gervii  226 

Gibson,  Mr.  on  the  machine  called  the 


Lewis 

123 

Giotto,  not  the  inventor  of  mofaic  153 

Glanville  family 

472 

Glafs  beads 

382 

— —  veflel  found  at  Dinton 

170 

- urns  at  Lincoln 

346 

Glenbeg,  foits  in 

100 

Glocejler  cathedral  flails 

297 

Gneyth,  crofs  of 

25* 

Goodejion  flails 

292 

Gordon,  Dr.  his  account  of  urns  at 

Lincoln 

347—349 

Gough,  Mr.  on  antient  manfion  houles 

in  Northampton  and 

Dorfetfhires 

67 — 69 

- - —  on  Belatucader 

1 18 — 122 

on  an  antient  pavement  at  Ely 


17  I 

on  a  Roman  horologium  172 
on  fonts  183 — 257 


Grantham  font 

192 

Grundijborough  font 

198 

Guns  fir  ft  in  England 

472 

H 

Hackington  font 

193 

— - flails  and  done  fteps 

296 

Haddon,  ftone-feats  in  church 

286 

Hamer  ton  font 

198 

Hare 

INDEX. 


Marble  down  font  186 

Hardwick  Hone  feats  290,  291 

Hare  not  eaten  nor  hunted  by  the  Bri¬ 
tons  164 

Harewood  font  19° 

Haf tings  font  192 

Hatchet,  iron  133 

Hatherfage  church-yard,  the  grave  of 

Little  John  in  it  467 

Head  carved  in  the  tympanum  of  the 
Roman  temple  at  Bath  317 

Hdmedon  (lone  feats  285 

Helpftone  hone  feats  290,  291 

Hempjled  font  186,  188 

Hendon  font  190 

Heveningham  font  198 

Hindoo  religion  and  temples  450 

Hitchen  font  189 

Hockwold  Halls  292 

Holywater  bafon  203 

Horologium ,  Roman,  found  in  France 

o  7  * 

172 

- - —  cldefl  at  Rome  173 

Houghton ,  Greats  Hone  feats  in  church 

286 

Hungry  gate  ,  61 

Hunting  of  the  Britons  and  Saxons 


156—164 

of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  157 

I 


i.  H.  S.  a  charm  476 

January ,  June ,  July ,  how  reprefented 
on  fonts  and  in  calendars  181,  182 
Jccius  Portus ,  where  I  — 16 

- - — -  at  Boulogne  16 

bt.  Jean  dc  la  rond  church  203 

JJly  font  *'  19° 

linmerfion  in  fonts  187,  207,  208* 

- - recommended  220 

lncent  John  214 

Infcriptions,  Roman,  inDerbyfhire  32 
— — in  Cumberland  139,140 


- on  fonts  at  Newark,  Urford, 

Vol.  X. 


489 


Kirkton,  Brianflon,  200, 
Inlcripfions,  Edrpfwell, 

- - -  Runic 

-  on  a  brafs  pot 

- -  on  a  fword  hilt  48  ! 

Johannes  Damajcenus 
Iron  weapons 


382 


201 
194 
247 
472 
482 
36 *3 
383 


K 


Keep 

101 

Keg  worth  font 

194 

Kenmore  caflle 

150 

Kettle  [tone  font 

Kibworth  flails 

29S 

Kiddington  font 

187 

Ktlehum  caflle 

102 

Kingsbury  font 

189 

Kingjmeacl 

*3* 

Kir  kb y  B  ders  font 

1 95. 

- - - -  Hone  feats 

290,  291 

Kirkton  font 

2CO 

Kiftvaen 

107 

Knives,  Roman,  in  Derby  fh 

34>  35 

L 


392, 

Halls 


Lackington  font  189 

Walter  de  Lacy ,  a  rich  Norman  baron 

130 

Laggan  Hone 
Lamp,  brafs 
Laneham  Halls 
Laxford  font 

Lawrence,  St.  at  Norwich 
Lead  ufed  to  line  fonts 
— —  Roman,  , 

Leaden  font,  or  with  leaden  figures  187 

j Lcchiot  LiJaltr avers  font  191 * * * * 

Lecming  lane  58 

Letheringbam  font  199 

Lever  ton  font  J93 

— — —  and  Leech  Halls  296 

R  r  r  Laves 


149 

133 

289 

a  9  8 

293. 

205 

23 


4  9° 


INDEX. 


Lnves  font  188 

Lewis,  the  machine  fo  called,  fuppofed 
known  to  the  Gothic  archite&s, 
and  not  firft  invented  in  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIV.  to  whom  it  is  aferibed 

123— 127 

Linda  fpdng  and  lane  113 

Lincoln ,  Roman  antiquities  at  345 — 349 
Little  John’s  grave  467 

Loch  Kenn  1 5° 

Lockmaben  caftle  101 

Long  hill  466 

Longueville  family  and  manfion- houfe 

67 

Louth  church  and  fteeple,  extra<ft  from  a 
book  of  accounts  of  the  building  and 
repairs  7° 

Lumps  of  metallic  fpar  found  in  a  ftone 
chert  107 

Julius  Lupus  122 

Luton  ft.  ne  feats  in  church  287 

- font  195 

Lyon,  Mr.  on  Portius  Iccius  364 
Lysons,  Mr.  his  defeription  of  Que- 
nington  church  128,  129 

— - -  account  of  Roman  antiquities, 

found  near  Cirencefter,  &c.  131 


Maiden  Paps 
Maidftone  church 


M 


rta’ls  in 


59 

267 

268 


67  — of  the  Monteacutes 
M  pi  f ted ,  Little,  font 
March  and  May,  how  rej 
fonts  and  in  calendars 
Market  Bo  (worth  font 
Mafoti ,  Mr.  his  account  of 
by  {hire 

Meafure,  brafs 
MtlvilU  houfe 

4 


133 

103 


183 

198 

477 
1 16 
148 
100 


Melfonly ,  whence  derived  56 

Melton  font  1 92 

Meneftoche  hundred  183 

Menjlon  ftone  feats  285 

ALeon,  Eaft ,  font 
Milan ,  font  of  St.  Tecla 
Mildcnhall ,  ftone  at 
Hand-mill,  antient 
Moat  of  the  Mark 
Mollach  hill  fortification 
Monk  IVeremouth ,  a  Roman  ftation  59 
Monogram,  a  fpurious  one  228 

Months  reprefented  on  a  font  180 — 183 
Monument,  uncertain,  in  Maidftone 
church  269 

Mortar,  the  firft  in  England  472 

Mofaic  pavement  at  Ely,  151 — Chrif- 
tian  works,  152,  153  —  Venetian 
artifts,  1 53 — Cavallini’s,i  53  —  at  Can¬ 
terbury  155 

Mufton  font  194 

Myers,  Mr.  on  Orwell  river  35Q 


N 


Narborough  ftone  feats  291 

Nefwick  font  188 

Netherhall,  Cumberland,  antiquities 
found  in  the  fort  there  140,  141 
Newark  font  and  infeription  200 

Newton  Bromfwold  ftone  feats  290 

Niddry  houfe  103 

Norman  churches  probably  had  fpires 

129 

North,  Mr.  on  Arabian  numerals  in 


68 

England 

360 

188 

Nor  thaw  font 

*95 

on 

Northburg ,  Roger 

November ,  how  reprefented  on 

250 
fonts  and 

195 

in  calendars 

182 

9er- 

Nucb,  what 

241 

1 16 

Numintbus  Augg. 

121 

Odlagonal 


INDEX. 


49 1 


O 


(Diagonal  form  of  fonts  199 

Oftober,  how  reprefented  on  fonts  and 
in  calendars  182 

Odeby  flails  495 

Oldwick  caflle  101 

Orford  font  200 

Ornament  of  brafs  134 

Orwell  town  and  river,  obfervations  on 

350 — 359 

St.Ofytb  font  1 15 

Oxford ,  St.  Peter’s,  font  100 

Ozlewortb  font  189 


Pillars  of  a  choultry  loaded  with  reliefs 

456 

Pin,  brafs  134 

Pi  fa  baptiflery  1 99 

Pits  in  Derbyfhire  1 14— *117 

Pitshead  114 

Pocklington  church,  Hone  flail  there 
painted  313 

Port  way ,  or  lane  1 7 1 

Partus  Iccius  of  Csefar,  where  16 

- — —  at  Boulogne  16 

Pownall,  Mr.  his  account  of  Roman 
antiquities  at  Lincoln  345 — 349 
Pyxis,  brafs  133 


P 


Pagoda  of  Madura  and  Trimul 
deferibed 
Pannus  de  Turkie 

-  de  Najfik 

Patera,  brafs 

Pavement,  Mofaic,  at  Ely 
Payments  on  a  font 
Peckham,  archbifhop,  his  burial  275,276 
Pediment  of  a  Roman  temple  at  Bath 

329 

Peele ,  what  10 1 

Pegge,  Mr.  his  Dcrbeiffeira  Romana  17 

• - —  on  the  hunting  of  the  antient 

Britons  and  Saxons  156 

■  ■  ■  on  Burnham  Depedale  font 

177—183 

Penjhurjl  font  1 92 

Petuaria  122 

Pew  for  fonts  207 

Philip  king  of  France,  filver  coin  of  465 
Pick  axe,  Roman  480 

Pickburne,  Mr.  communicates  fome 
particulars  of  bifhop  Wainflete,  and 
the  town  of  that  name  473 — 475 
Pickwell  flails  296 


Nailc 

449 
847 
248 

»33 

*5* 
213 


a 

£kienington  church  deferibed  129,  130 

• .  preceptory  1 3 © 

R 

Ravenworth  63 

Riddel,  Mr.  on  the  antient  modes  of 
fortification  in  Scotland  99 — 104  — 
on  vitrified  fortifications  in  Scotland 
147 — communicates  feveral  pieces  of 


antiquity  479 — 482 

Ridgway  chapel  confecrated  210 

Rine  caflle  101 

Rings  481 

- -  cramp  481 

Ringstead  fione  feats  290 

Roads,  Roman,  in  Derbyfhire  23,  25 

Robinson,  Mr.  Gerard,  on  fione  flails 

320 

Rochefler  flails  305— 310 

Rocking  fione  108,  467 

Rodeley  flails  295 

Rokcjley  flails  289 

R  r  r  3  Roman 


I  N  D 


E  X. 


492 

Roman  antiquities  in  Derbyfhire  22 
- - - in  Cumberland 

137—142 

- - - -  in  Lincoln  345 — 349 


-  remains  in  Sherwood  foreft  378 

-  roads,  23 , 

- ftatfons  25 

—  -  camps  2S,  378 

— —  villas  29 

-  urns  29 

-  tumuli  29 

- -  coins  30 

— —  infcriptions  32 

- -  bath  1  34 

- -  temp’e  «  34 

- - -  barrows  33 

—  - -  bridge  34 

- -  knife  34 

- horologium  172 

—  - -  dials  174  . 

— —  - -  by  wind  and  water  174 

r- — —  pick  axe  280 

— fpear  head  280 

Rooke,  Major,  on  Roman  remains  in 

Sherwood  foreft  378 

- - - -  on  the  Druid  remains  in 

Cumberland,  105 — 113 

. - pits  in  Derbyfhire,  1 14 — 1 1 7 

Room  fepulchral  348 

Rot  her  ey  caftle  tor 

Rot  hers field  Grey  font  187 

Rot hu>e ll  flails  289,  2go 

Round  Towers,  quaere  if  Danifh,  178, 

I79 

Roy  don  font  190 

Runic  infcription  247 

Rythnild  flreet,  mill,,  and  grange  62 


S 


Sadberg  6  2 

Sadburne  font  19.0 


Sadington  flails  296 

Sandal,  antient  •  482 

Saxon  charters  examined  by  Mr.  Abie 

226 — 246 

Saxons ,  their  hunting  156 

Scotland ,  antient  modes  of  fortification 

99 — 104 

Seals  not  affixt  to  Saxon  charters  232 
Sebert,  his  monument  and  paintings  on 

3*3— 315 


Sedgebrook  font  186 

- - — flails  t  291 

Stnhoufe,  colonel,  his  collection  of  an¬ 
tiquities  141,  142 

September ,  how  reprefented  on  fonts  and 
in  calendars  182 

Sepulchral  room  348 

Sepulture,  antient,  found  at  Lincoln 

345>  3+7 

Holy  Sepulchres  296 

Sharnborne  font  186 

Sherwood  foreft,  Roman  remains  there  378 


Shrine,  Corpus  Chrifti,  account  cf 

459—471 


S borne  font  192 

Sigillum ,  meaning  of  the  word  232,  234 
Skiing  borne  font  192 

Skeletons  H2,  349 

Sofas,  his  Mofaic  152 

South  fleet  font  191 

Southwell  Halls  294 

Spear  head,  Roman  480 

Spires,  probably  to  Norman  churches  129 
Spoon,  brals  133 

■ - bone  ib. 

Spur,  antient  113 


Stalls,  Hone,  in  churches,  ufe  of,  261 — 
in  Maidftone  church,  268 — Baciby> 
Edgcote,  Brackley ,  2S4 — Helmedony 

Jldorfton,  Wapenham ,  Tiffleld,  Stoke 

Bruere ,  Courtcnhall ,  285 - Great 

Houghton ,  Watton ,  Yardley  Haftings , 
Raft  Hadden ,  Cotefbrooke,  Cbeping  TFar- 
dmy  Farthinghee,  Wedon  Pinkney >  286 — 

Luton , 


I  N  D 


Luton ,  Chefter »  Chnncgvaur,  287— 
BriJ'tol,  Winborn  minfter ,  Furnefis,  Lin- 
ham ,  288. — Rockefi-y,  Bexley,  Chat¬ 
ham,  L  an  eh  am ,  Roche  ft  er ,  Lilly,  289 
. —  Rcthwell,  Hardwicke,  Earls  Barton, 
Newton  Bromfwold,  Ringstead,  Den- 
ford,  Warkton ,  Ajhley,  Brampton,  Bul- 
wick,  290 — Barnak ,  Benefield,  Etton, 
Helpfton,  Uarhorough,  Brampton  Ab¬ 
bots,  A  ft  on,  Ingham,  Dcrmington,  Lin¬ 
ton,  Upton  Bljhcp,  iVefton  fubtus  Pcny- 
ard ,  Hoc kw old,  291 —Feltwell  St . 
Mary,  Goodefton,  Weft  Bradenham, 
St.  Laurence  Norwich,  292 — Peck- 
lington,  313 — Northfieet,  316  —  iVeji- 
jvinfter  abbey,  323 — Finch  am,  293— 
tVatlington,  Southwell,  Bigghfwaie, 
294 — Bottejham,  Burghgr ten,  Rodeley, 
Qaeby ,  Little  Dalby,  Croxton  Kyriel , 
IGb worth,  Cold  Overtoil,  Wymondharn, 
Staunton  IVyvil ,  Waltham  on  the  Wov.  lds, 
Buckminfier ,  295 — Sadingtcn,  Picn- 

•u^ll.  Gar  thorp,  Sedgtbr  00k,  Lever  ton. , 
Leek,  Bennington,  Sleford ,  Heckington, 
226 — South  Cerney,  Camp  den ,  JVtnch- 
combe,  Gloucef'.cr ,  Bitton,  297* 

_ _ _ —Mr.  Denne,  on  the  ap¬ 


plication  of,  298 

Stamford  font  3  9  3 

Stanjicd  font  > 

Stations,  Roman,  in  Derbyfhire  25 
Statera  *34 

Staunton  Wyvill  halls  295 

Steelyard,  Roman  4*3 

Steps  to  a  font  *9  3 

Stevenage  font  I9° 

Stoke  Bruere  hone  feats  285 

Stoke  Pogeis  font 

Stole  to  a  font  *9^ 

Stone  cheh  107,108 

— - —  rocking  io^>  4^7 

Stone  raife  *  } 10 

Stones,  two,  mark  the  grave  of  Littie 
John  467 


E  X. 

49  3 

Stratford  font 

192 

Stukcley  font 

188 

Style,  Roman 

1.34 

Super  alt  are 

24S 

Swinford  font 

224 

Sword,  antient 

3s  1 

-  in  a  barrow 

1 12 

- —hilt,  brafs 

481 

T 


Tafft,  a  Mofaic  worker 

1 5.3 

Temple,Roman,  found  atBath3ii- 

~3l9 

Temples,  Hindoo 

45° 

‘Thurcaflon  font 

195 

Tickencote  font 

190 

Tickhill  font 

*93 

Tiffin  Id  hone  feats 

285 

Tilbury  halls 

312 

Tilly  halls 

189 

Torture,  how  late  ufed  in  England 

,  „  „  .  ,  a 

142 — 148 


Tottering  hone  4^7 

Towers,  round  178,  179 

Triforium  _  255 

Trimul  Naik,  a  great  builder  452 

Trutina  dihindt  from  Statera  *35 

Twyford  chapel  212 

Tympanum  of  the  temple  atBath  317,3*8 

U 


Venabulum,  or  hunting  pole  s6i 

Veffel  of  glafs  at  Dinton  170 

Lifford  font  _  *94 

Villa*,  Roman,  in  Derbyfhire  29 

Vitrified  fortifications  in  Gallaway 

147—150 

Upton  halls  292 

Urns,  in  Cumberland  1 10 

. _ —  Glouceherfhire  131 

. -  in  a  leaden  cafe  131?  i32; 

Urns 


INDEX. 


494- 

Urns  of  glafs  and  earth  found  at  Lin- 
eoln  .  347 

—  of  iron  381,  384 

i>— —  Roman,  in  Derbyfhire  29 


W 

Wainflete ,  bifhop,  and  family,  and  town 
particulars  of  473 — 475 


Walftngham ,  Alan  de,  fubprior  of  Ely, 

his  works  154 

Waltham ,  Roger  259 

Waltham  on  the  Wold  {lone  flails  295 
Wapenham  ftone  feats  285 

Waljingham  font  192 

Warden  low  •  64 

Ware  font  193 

Warkton  {lone  feats  290 

Water  dial,  Roman  174 

Watlington  {tails  942 

Watton  {lone  feats  286 

Wedon  Pinkney  {lone  feats  286 


Wells ,  Mr.  his  opinion  on  {lone  feats  in 
churches  examined  by  Mr.  Denne  292 

— -  his  opinion  of  the  flails  at  the 

Well  end  of  Edward  the  Confeflor’s 
chapel  controverted  303 


Wefton  fubtus  Penyard  Halls  29? 

Whaddon  font  189 

Whitby  abbey,  defcription  of  123 — 125 
Whit  wick  font  194 

Wigmore  font  igq 

Wilby  font  198 

Wilfanejdun  34 

Willesborne  font  193 

Wimbledon,  furveyof,  by  the  Parliament’s 


commillioners 
Wimpole  font 

Winbourn  minjler  Hone  feats 
Wind  dial,  Roman 
Winchejler  font 
—  - chancellors 


399- 


214, 


•448 

186 

287 

174 

214 

215 

297 

194 

472 


H'inchcombe  llone  Halls 
W mierborne  Whitchurch  font 
Woden  church 
Wolf  in  Britain,  162,  163 — defiroyed 
r  by  Edgar,  163 

Wooabridge  font  192 

Wrange  font  193 

Wymondham  Hone  Halls  295 


Tardley  Hajlings,  Hone  feats  in  the  church 

286 


Prefents 


E  495  3 


Prefents  to  the  Society  lince  the  Publication  of  the 
Ninth  Volume  of  the  Archaeologia. 


Society  for  the  Encourage¬ 
ment  of  Arts,  Manufac¬ 
tures  and  Commerce. 
Royal  Society  of  Gottingen* 

Rev.  Dr.  Kippis. 

Royal  Society. 


Mr.  Profeflor  Thorkelin. 


Hon.  Daines  Barrington. 


Rev.  Dr.  Woide. 


Andrea  Guifeppe  de  Bono- 
mo,  by  Owen  Salufbury 
Brereton,  Efq.  V.  P. 
Robert  Riddel,  Efq. 


The  Seventh  Volume  of  the  Tranfa&ions-  of 
that  Society. 

Commentationes  Societatis  Regice  Scientia- 
rum  Gottingenfis,  vol.  IX. 

Biographia  Britannica,  vol.  IV. 

Philofophical  Tranfaftions  of  the  Royal  So* 
ciety  of  London,  for  the  Year  1789, 

.  Parts  I.  and  II. 

Edwardi  Rowei  Morefi  Commentarius  de  El- 
frico  Dorobernenfi  Archiepifcopo — edidit 
&  praefatus  eft  G.  J.  Thorkelin. 

MS  Account  of  the  Tranfaftions  during  the 
firft  Crufade.  Tranflated  by  Timothy 
Pymm,  and  dedicated  to  Wriothefley  Earl 
of  Southampton. 

Olai  Gerhardi  Tychfen  Explicatio  Cuficse 
Infcriptionis  quae  in  columna  lapidea 
Muftei  Soc.  Antiq  Londinenfis  confpicitur : 
adjefta  eft  marmoris  Mefianenfis  interpre- 
tatio. 

Hen.  Eberh.  Gotti.  Pauli  Commentatio  ex- 
hibens  e  Bibliotheca  Oxonienfi  Bodleiana 
Specimina  Verfionum  Pentateuchi  feptetn 
Arabicarum  nondum  editarum  cum  ob- 
fervationibus. 

Account  of  the  Money  anciently  coined  by 
the  Bilhops  of  Triefte. 

Drawing  by  Capt.  Grofe  of  a  Sandal  found 
in  1789,  in  Lochar  Mofs  near  Dumfries. 

Rev. 


49  6  PRESENTS  TO  THE  SOCIETY. 

Rev.  Samuel  Ayfcough.  Catalogue  of  the  Sloanian  and  other  MSS, 

in  the  Britifh  Mufeum,  2  vols.  4to. 

Francis  Douce,  Efq.  An  Anfwere  to  the  Coppve  of  a  railing  In¬ 

ventive  againfl:  the  Regiment  of  Woemen 
in  general,  MS,  written  unto  Queen  Eli¬ 
zabeth,  by  the  Right  Hon.  Henry  Lord 
Howard,  Earl  of  Northampton. 

Rev.  Dr.  Chandler,  from  Ignatii  M.  Rapponi,  &c.  de  Epigrammate 
the  Author.  Grgeco-Romano  in  Crelimontano  ad  cl.  vi- 

rum  Richardum  Chandler  Anglum. 
Epiftola  Nicolai  Schow  ad  Stephanum 
Borgiam  Cardinalem  Prefbyterum  in  qua 
nummus  Ulpiae  Plautillte  illudratur. 
Roma?.  1789. 

Bifhop  of  Carlifle,  from  Mr.  Drawing  of  Edward  the  Fourth’s  Vaultin 
Emlyn.  St.  George’s  Chapel  at  Windfor,  &c. 

Richard  Gough,  Efq.  Storia  di  Alefa.  Palermo,  1755,410. 

Fontanini  Difcus  Argenteus  votivus.  Rom. 
1727,  qto. 

Corfini  fopra  una  antica  Infcrizzione,  Rom. 
1732,  4to.  4 

Cohlefchi  DifTertazione  fulli  polte  degli  an¬ 
tichi.  Fir.  1746,  4to. 

Cocchi  Lettera  critica  fopra  un  Manofcritto 
in  cera.  Fir.  1748,  qto. 

Brunatius  de  re  nummaria  Patavinorum. 
Ven.  1744. 

Phitius  de  nummis  Ravennatibus.  Ven. 
I75Q*. 

JEgyptii  explicatio  Senatusconfulti  de  Bac- 
chanalibus.  Neap.  1729,  fol. 

Hutton’s  Hiftory  of  Birmingham.  Birin. 
1781,  8vo. 

Eftablilhment  of  the  Land  Forces  of  Portu¬ 
gal.  MS. 

State  Papers  from  1625  to  1628.  MS. 
Hiftory  of  the  Lyttelton  Family,  by  the  late 
Bifhop  Lyttelton.  MS. 

Queen  Elizabeth's  Entertainment  at  Cam¬ 
bridge,  by  N.  Robinfon,  printed  by  Mr. 
Nichols  in  his  3d  vol,  of  ProgrelTes.  MS. 

Mr. 


% 


PRESENTS  TO  THE  SOCIETY.  497 


Mr.  Herbert. 

Rev.  John  Cooke  and  Rev. 
John  Maule. 

John  Sidney  Hawkins,  Efq. 
John  Talbot  Dillon,  Efq. 
Rev.  John  Brand,  Secretary. 


Bequeathed  to  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  by  the  late 
Francis  Hiorne,  Elq. 
F.  A.  S.  prefented  by  the 
Rev.  Mr.  lluding. 

Society  for  the  Encourage¬ 
ment  of  Arts,  Manufac¬ 
tures  and  Commerce. 

Valentine  Green,  Efq. 


George  Fordyce,  M.D. 
Meffrs.  Dyfon  and  Oldfield. 
Executors  of  the  late  Major 
Gen.  Roy,  according  to 
'  the  Will  of  the  Tedator. 
Richard  Gough,  Efq. 
Charles  Lambert,  Eiq. 


Richard  Gough,  Eiq. 

Royal  Society. 

Mr.  Smith. 

John  Zachary,  Efq. 


The  third  and  lad  Volume  of  his  new  Edi¬ 
tion  of  Mr.  Ames’s  Typographical  Anti¬ 
quities  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

Hidorical  Account  of  the  Royal  Hofpital  for 
Seamen  at  Greenwich. 

Three  Drawings  of  Paintings  on  the  Wall  of 
St.  Blafe’s  Chapel,  Weitminder  Abbey. 

Hidorical  and  Critical  Memoirs  of  the  gene¬ 
ral  Revolution  in  France,  in  the  Year  1789. 

Drawing  of  a  Stone  difcovered  in  1789  near 
the  Ruins  of  Woden’s  Church  at  Alemouth 
in  Northumberland. 

Milles’s  Catalogue  of  Civil  Honour,  enriched 
with  the  MS  Notes  of  Sir  William  Dug- 

O 

dale. 


The  Eighth  Volume  of  the  Tranfadions  of 
that  Society. 

Plates  VIII.  and  XII.  of  the  Hidory  of  the 
Queens  of  England,  with  the  Letter  Prefs 
belonging  thereto. 

OO 

Treatife  on  the  Digedion  of  Food. 

Hidory  of  Tottenham. 

Military  Antiquities  of  the  Romans  in  Bri¬ 
tain,  fol.  MS.  with  the  Maps,  Plans,  &c. 
belonging  thereto. 

Drawing  of  a  Mortar  at  Eridge  Green,  Suffex. 

Drawing  of  a  curious  Dagger  in  the  Poflef- 
fion  of  the  Rev.  J.  C.  Buckingham,  of 
Ofwalds  in  Kent. 

Hidoire  de  1’Abbaye  Royale  du  Bee  in  Nor¬ 
mandy.  The  original  MS. 

Philofophical  Tranfadions  of  the  Royal  So¬ 
ciety  of  London  for  the  Year  1790. 

Antiquities  of  London  and  Environs,  N°  1. 

Count  Marfiglfs  Hidory  of  the  Danube, 
6  vols.  fol. 

S  s  s 


Vol.  X. 


batnue! 


49  8  PRESENTS  TO  THE  SOCIETY. 


Samuel  Lyfons,  Efq. 
Meffrs.  Barrowand  Parkyns. 

Owen  Salusbury  Brereton, 
Efq.  from  R.M.T.  Chif- 
well,  Efq. 

Major  Rooke. 


Mr.  James  Wathen,  by 
Richard  Gough,  Efq. 
Samuel  Lyfons,  Efq. 

Edmund  Lodge,  Efq. 


M.  Gourdin,  Honorary 
Member  of  this  Society. 


James  Moore,  Efq. 


Mr.  Forfyth. 


Mr.  Schnebbelie. 

Mr.  James  Roberts,  Portrait 
Painter  to  the  Duke  of 
Clarence. 

Mr.  Lamb,  of  Reading,  by 
Dr.  Schomberg. 

4 


Pointer’s  £<  Britannia  Romana.” 

Pifturefque  Views  of  Churches  and  other 
Buildings,  N°  i. 

Print  of  the  Font  in  Debden  Church,  Eflex. 


Defcription  of  fome  remarkable  Oaks  in 
Welbeck  Park,  Nottinghamlhire,  1791, 
4to. 

Three  Drawings  of  Hampton  Court,  Here- 
fordlhire. 

Views  and  Antiquities  in  Gloucefterftiire, 
Nos.  i,  2,  3,  4. 

Illuftrations  of  Britifh  Bidory,  Biography, 
and  Manners,  in  the  Reigns  of  Henry 
VIII.  Edward  VI.  Mary,  Elizabeth,  and 
James  I.  exhibited  in  a  Series  of  Letters 
felefted  from  the  MSS  of  the  noble  Fa¬ 
milies  of  Howard,  Talbot,  and  Cecil. 
4to,  3  vols. 

Explication  d’une  des  Peintures  decouvertes  a 
Portici. 

Examen  critique  des  diflerentes  Explications 
qui  ont  ete  donnees  des  Mots  fub  afeid 
dedicavit ,  qui  fe  lifent  dans  un  grand  Nom- 
bre  cl’Infcriptions  funeraires. 

Monadic  Remains  and  ancient  Caflles  in 
England  and  Wales,  from  his  own  Draw¬ 
ings,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4. 

Qbfervations  on  the  Difeafes,  Defers,  and 
Injuries,  in  all  kinds  of  Fruit  and  Foreft 
Trees. 

Antiquaries’  Mufeum,  N°  2. 

Print  of  St.  Fridefwide’s  Shrine  in  the  Ca¬ 
thedral  of  Chrift  Church,  Oxford. 

Two  wooden  Images  found  at  Reading, 
Berklhire. 

Major 


PRESENTS  TO  THE  SOCIETY. 


4Q9 


Major  Gen.  Ainilie,  by  the 
Preiident,  the  Earl  of 
Leicefter. 


Sir  John  William  De  la  Pole, 
Bart. 

Society  for  the  Encourage¬ 
ment  of  Arts,  &c. 

Dr.  Ferris. 

Valentine  Green,  Efq. 
Royal  Society. 

Robert  Riddel,  Efq. 

Monf.  Aubin-Louis-Millin. 


George  Anderfon,  Efq. 
Mr.  John  Nichols. 


Lettere  e  dilfertazioni  numifmatiche  fopra 
alcune  medaglie  rare  della  collezione 
Ainlleiana.  Livorno,  1789.  Being  a 
DilTertation  on  the  Colledicn  or  Coins 
made  by  his  Brother  Sir  Robert  Atnilie, 
the  Englilh  Ambaffador  at  the  Port,  4 
vols.  4to. 

Colled  ions  towards  a  Defcription  of  the 
County  of  Devon,  by  Sir  William  Pole, 
of  Colcombe  and  Shute,  Kt.  4 to. 

The  Ninth  Volume  of  the  Tranladions  of 
that  Society. 

A  brafs  Shield  dug  out  of  a  mofs  at  Lugg- 
tonrigge,  near  Giffin  caftle,  Airfhire. 

Plates  V.  and  XI.  of  the  Series  of  the  Ada 
Hiftorica  Reginarum  Anglise. 

The  Philofophical  Tranfadions  of  that  So¬ 
ciety  for  the  '-ear  1791. 

Two  Drawings  of  Antiquities  found  in 
Scotland. 

Engraving  of  the  ancient  Palace  of  Rouen  in 
Normandie,  4to  ;  being  a  Plate  in  the 
Antiquitez  National es,  tom.  II. 

Mineralogie  Homerique,  ou  Effai  fur  les 
Metaux  dont  il  eft  fait  mention  dans  les 
Poemes  d’  Homere.  Par.  1790,  8vo. 

DilTertation  fur  le  Thos,  par  M.  Millin  Le 
Grandmaifon,  de  l’Academie  d’Orleans, 
4to. 

A  Drawing  of  his  Seat  at  Newcaftle  upon 
Tyne. 

The  Antiquaries’  Mufeum,  by  the  late  Mr* 
Jacob  Schnebbelie,  N°  3.  • 


S  s  s  2 


Directions 


C  Pl  ) 


Directions  to  the  Bookbinder* 


Page 


Plate 

I.  Remains  of  the  Longueville  manfion  houfe  at 
Billing  Parva  67 

II.  Sepulchral  chefts  in  a  Druid  temple  111  Englewood 
fore  ft 

III.  Perfpe&ive  view  of  the  fame 

IV.  Antiquities  found  in  a  barrow  at  Afpatna 
V.  The  Lewis 

VI.  S.  E.  view  of  Quenington  church 
VII.  South  door  of  ditto 
VIII.  North  door  of  ditto 
IX.  Urns  found  in  Gloucefterfliire 


S’  Roman  antiquities  found  in  Gloucefterfliire 

X1II.J 

j.  Roman  antiquities  found  in  Cumberland 

XVI.  Pavement  in  a  chapel  at  Ely 
Saxon  arch  at  Dinton  church 
Glafs  vafe,  &c.  found  at  Dinton 


Font  in  the  parifh  church  of  Burnham  Deepdale, 


XVII. 

XVIII. 

XIX. 

Norfolk 

XX.  Font  in  Eaft  Meon  church,  Hampftiire 
XXI-II.  Two  fides  of  the  font  in  Eaft  Meon  church 
XX III.  Font  in  Sharborn  church,  Norfolk 

£XIV.  Fonts 
XXV.  Fonts 


106 
10S 
1 1 2 
1 26 
lz8 

ib. 

1:9 

132 

<33 

133 

134 

135 

140 

167 
1 69 


l77 

>83 

ib. 
186 
'  ib. 
188 
XXVL 


1 


[  502  } 


Plate 

XXVI. 

Fonts 

XXVII. 

Font  in  Finchatn  church,  Norfolk 

xxvm. 

Font  in  Melton  church,  Suffolk 

XXIX. 

Font  in  Granthai.  church,  Lincolnfhire 

XXX.  1 

XXXI.  > 

Antiquities  at  Bath. 

XXXII.J 

XXXIII.  Roman  fepulchral  antiquities  at  Lincoln 

XXXIV.  1  A  . 

XXXV  J  Antiquities  in  Nottinghamfhire 

XXXVI.  Alnmouth  crofs 
XXXVII.  Eridge  mortar 
XXXVIII.  B rafs  pot 
XXXIX.  Dye,  and  fteps  at  Mildenhall 
XL.  Mifcellaneous  antiquities 


/ 


Page 

189 

190 
192 

ib. 
327 

]  329 
1 33l 
345 
/3/S 

I381 

472 

ib. 

ib. 

4  76 
478 


' 


*♦