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ARCHAEOLOGIA:
O R,
MISCELLANEOUS TRACTS
i
RELATING TO
ANTIQUITY.
PUBLISHED BY
THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON.
VOLUME X.
LONDON,
Printed by J. Nichols, Printer to the Society:
Sold at their Apartments in Somerset Place; and by Meffieurs White,
Robson and Clarke, Leigh and Sotheby, Brown, and Egertons.
M DCC LXXXIX.
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T A B L E
O F
C O N T E N T S,
I. SERFATIO NS on the Situation of the cintient
Portus lccius. By the Rev. Mr. Lyon, jF. A. S. in a
Letter to Daniel Minet, Efq. F. R. and A . S. i — 16
II. Derbeiefcira Romana. By the Rev . Mr. Pegge, in a Let -
ter to Richard Gough, Efq. 17 — 3&
III. Qbfervations on Canterbury Cathedral. By the Rev. Mr.
Denne, in a Letter to the Rev. Mr. Norris, Secretary
37~42
IV. Some Obfervations on the Paintings in the fVindow of Brere-
ton Church. By the Rev. Samuel Pegge, in a Letter to
Owen Salufbury Brereton, Efq. V.P. 5° — 53
V. Further Obfervations on Catara&onium, and the Parts adja *
cent. By John Cade, Efq. In a Letter to R icbard Gough, Efq.
Director 54—66
VL
VI
CONTENTS.
YL Defcriptlon of two antient Manfion Houfes in Northampton¬
shire and Dorfet. By Richard Gough 67 — 69
VJL Ext raffs out of an old Book relating to the Building of Louth
Steeple i and repairing the Church , &c. from about the Tear
1500 or 1501 to 1518. Communicated by Sir Jofeph Banks,
Bart. 1 R. S. 70 — 98
VIII. Account of the antient Modes of Fortification in Scotland.
By Robert Riddel, Efq. F. A. S. In a Letter to Richard
Gough, Efq. Director q<p _ IG^
IX. Druidical and other British Remains in Cumberland, defcribed
by Hay man Rooke, Efq. F. A. S. In a Letter to the Rev .
Dr. Lort ioy — 1 13
X. Defcriptlon of certain Pits in Derbylhire, by Hay man Rooke,
Efq. In a Letter to the Hon. Daines Barrington 1 14 — i\y
XI. A Roman Altar infcribed to Belatucader, illujlrated by Mr .
Gough , 1 18 — 122
XII. Obfervations on the Machine called the Lewis. By Francis
Gibfon, Efq. F.A.S. In a Letter to the Right Hon. Lord
Mulgrave, F.A.S. 123 — 127
XIII. Defer iption of the Church of Quenington in the County of
Gloucefter, By Samuel Lyfons, Efq. F. A. S. 128 — 130
XI V. Account of Roman Antiquities dif covered in the County of
Gloucefter. By Samuel Lyfons, Efq. F.A.S. 131 — ! 36
XV. An Account of 'fame Roman Antiquities in Cumberland hi¬
therto unnoticed. By Hay man Rooke, Efq . F. A. S. 137 — 142
XVI. Obfervations on the late Continuance of the Ufe of Torture in
Great Britain. In a Letter from George Chalmers, Efq.
to John Tophaitt, Efq .
XVII.
A
I
CONTENTS. ?ir
XVII. Obfervations on Vitrified Fortifications in Galloway. By
Robert Riddel, Efq. F.A.S. In a Letter to Mr. Gough
147 — 1 50
XVIII. A Moja'ic Pavement in the Prior’s Chapel at Ely; with
a briej Deduction cf the Rife and Progrefs cj Mofaic Work fince
the Introdudiion of Chrijiianity. By Richard Gough, Director
1 5 1 — 1 55
XIX. On the Hunting of the Antient Inhabitants of our If and v
Britons and Saxons. By the Rev. Samuel Pegge, F. A. S.
In a Letter to Richard Gough, Efq. Director 156- — 166
XXI. Defer iption of a Saxon Arch with an Infcription in Din-
ton Church , Buckinghamfhire, and of fund >y Antiquities found
in that Par if j. In a Letter to the Rev. Mr. Brand, Secretary
to the Society of Antiquaries, from John Claxton, Efq. F. A.’S ,
' ' 167—171
XXII. Obfervations on a Roman Horologium, found in Italy..
By Richard Gough, Director 1 7 2 — 76^
XXIII. Obfervations on an antient Font at Burnham Deepdale- in
Norfolk. By the Rev . Samuel Pegge, F. A. S. In a Letter
to the Hon. Daines Barrington 177 — 18 z
XXIV. Defer iption of the old Font in the Church of Eafit Meon,
Hampfhire, 1789; with fome Obfervations on Fonts . By
Richard Gough, Director 183—207
XXV. Three Letters from Mr. Samuel Carte, to Dr. Ducarel,
and one to Sir Thomas Cave, Bart, concerning Fonts 208—224
XXVI. Obfervations on a Charter in Mr. A fi le’s Library , which'
is indorfed , in a Hand co-eval with it, Hcec eft Carta Regis
Eadgari, de Infitutione Abbatie Elienfis, & duplicates.” Ad~
dr e fed to the Earl of Leicefler, P ref dent, Feb. 16, 1791
226 — 2 21
XXVlL
6
V511
CONTENTS.
XXVII. Obfervations on a Charter of King Eadgar. By Tho¬
mas Aflle, Efq. F. A. S. In a Letter to Robert Auflen,
Efq. F.A.S. 232 — 240
XXVIII. Inventory of Crown Jewels, 3 Edvv. III. From a
Record in the Exchequer communicated by Craven Ord, Efq .
F.A.S. Dec. 9, 1790. 241 — 260
XXIX. Remarks on the Stalls near the Communion Fable in Maid-
Rone Church , with an Enquiry into the Place of Burial of
Archbi/hop Courtney. By the Rev. Samuel Denne,' F. A. S.
In a. Letter to Richard Gough, Director 261 — 297
XXX. Further Remarks on Stone Seats in the Chancels of Churches ,
Cathedral , Collegiate , and Parochial. By the Rev. Samuel
Denne, F.A.S. 298 — 324
XXXI. Account of Antiquities difcovered at Bath 1790. By Sir
Henry Charles Englefield, Bart. F. R. and A. S. 325 — >333
XXXII. Conjectures , with Remarks on fame of the Portraits in
the Window in Brereton Church , exhibited in Archaeologia,
V ol. IX. Plate XXIII. By the Rev. Samuel Denne, F. A. S.
334—344
XXXIII. Account of feme fepulchral Antiquities difcovered at Lin¬
coln. By John Pownall, Efq. F.A.S. 345 — 349
XXXIV. An Account of the River Orwell, or Orewell, in the
County oj Suffolk, and of the Fown and Harbour of that
Name. By Mr. Myers. Communicated by Mr. A file, from
the Papers of the late Mr. Moran t 35c — 359
XXXV". Obfervations on the Introduction of Arabic Burner als into
England, addrejfeed to the Earl of Moreton, 1766. By the Rev.
Mr. North, of Coddicote, F. A. S. Communicated from fome
MS Papers of the late Dr. Lort, pur chafed by Mr. Gough
360—37;
4 XXXVI.
IX
CONTENTS.
XX W I. Roman Remains in Sherwood Foreft, d if covered by
Hav man Rooke, Efq. F. A. S. and communicated by him in
a Letter to the Right Hon . Sir George Yonge, Bart. 378 — 385
XXXVII. Colledhon of a Subfdy 13S2 by the Prior ^/"Barnwell,
By Mr. Gough 386— 395
XXXVIII. A Charter of Barnwell Priory , from the Original in
the P of'efjion of Richard Gough, Efq. 396—398
XXXIX. A Survey of the Manor of Wymbledon, alias Wim-
bleton, with the Rights , Members , and Appurtenance thereof
lying and being in the Countie of Surrey, late Par cell of the Pof-
■ fejfions of Henrietta Maria, the Relict, and late Queene of
Charles Stuart, late King of England, made and taken by us
whofe Names are hereunto fubfcribed, in the Moneth of Novem¬
ber, 1649, by virtue cf a Commif ion grounded upon an Adi of
the. Commons ajfembled in Parliament for Sale of the Honors ,
Manors , and Landes , heretofore belonging to the late King ,
dfieene, or Prince , under the Handes and Seales of five or more
of the Trufees in the faid Adi named and appoynted. Commu¬
nicated by John Caley, Efq. F. A.S. 399 — 448
XL. Defcription of the Great Pagoda of Madura, and the Choultry
ofldx imul Naik, in a Letter from Mr. Adam Blackader, Sur¬
geon, to Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart . P . R. S. F. A. S . 449—594
Appendix. 461—482
Vol. X.
b
ARCH.3X
[ * 3
ARCH AEOLOGI A:
O R,
MISCELLANEOUS TRACTS, &c.
I. Obfervations on the Situation of the antient Portus
Iccius. By the Rev . Mr. Lyon, F. A. S. in a
Letter to Daniel Minet, Efq . F. R . S. and F. A, . S.
Read Nov. 5, 1789.
m.
Dear Sir, Dover , Jan.%, 1789.
IF you think the annexed flieets will cafl: any additional light
on a controverted point of Julius Caefar’s account of his ex¬
pedition to Britain, 1 fhall be obliged to you to prefent them to
the Antiquarian Society.
And I am,
Dear Sir,
Your moft obedient humble fervant,
JOHN LYO N.
Vol. X. B THE
t
t
/
2 Mr. Lyon, on the
THE following arguments are offered, to fhew the Portus
Iccius of Julius Caefar could not have been at Calais , as many
have fuppofed j nor to the eafhvard of it ; but that it was to
the weftward, and at Boulogne.
I am inclined to believe, that every one, who examines this
very remote period of our hiftory, without prejudice or partia¬
lity to any opinions previoully formed, will be inclined to
conclude, that feveral perfons have been led into confiderabfe
errors, by taking it for granted the coafts of French Flanders,
and the Eaftern parts of our idand, have continued nearly in
the fame ftate during eighteen or nineteen centuries.
Though it may now be impolfible to determine, with any
great degree of accuracy, how much the fea may have loft
or gained upon each coaft lince the expedition of Julius Caefar
to Britain, yet it is certain, there have been great alterations;
and, if we may judge from the prefent appearance of the
low and flat coaft which is to the eafhvard of the high cliffs
oppofite Dover, the Portus Iccius, could not have been fituated
where many have placed it [a1..
As there are ftill different opinions concerning the fituation
of this port ; it may be prudent to attend, ftrft, to what Julius
Caefar himfelf has laid of it, in the fhort account he has left us
of his embarkations. If we may judge from his own words,
the Portus Iccius [T] was in the province of the Morini, and
this province was the neareft on the continent to our Ifland.
[a] By confulting Chifflet, Somner, Camden, Horfley, and others ; it will
be found, the Portus Ittius mentioned by Julius Caefar has been fixed at every
little dirty flream between Dunkirk and Whitfan.
UJ C. Julii Caefaris de Bello Galileo, lib. iv. § 18.
He
Situation of the ancient Portus Xccius. 3
He does not lay, that he embarked at the neareft point of
land 011 the continent to our ifland ; but that he embarked at
the moft commodious port, in the neareft province, and that
the paflfage from this port was about [cj thirty miles crofs the
channel.
It is far more than probable, the informations refpe&ing the
diftance of the port from our ifland were gained by C. Volu-
fenfus [dj of the merchants, who had frequently palled over
the water to trade with the Britons ; than that the diftance
was meafured by Julius Caefar in his paffage ; for, the Romans
had not then made any conliderable progrefs in the art of navi¬
gation, neither do I believe they had any accurate method to
determine how many knots a veflfel would fail in an hour,
when crofting a ftrong current.
Whether he obtained this knowledge by informations, or by
adlual admeafurement, fignifies but little to my prefent en¬
quiry; as the commodioufnefs of the port, and the diftance of
it from our ifland, are fo clearly recorded by Caefar himfelf;
but this clearnefs has not been thought fufficient to fix the
fituations, becaufe the diftance has not correfponded with the
different accounts in more modern authors [Y] ; and this has
[c] Caefar de Bello Galileo,' lib. v. § 20.
[d] Idem, lib. iv. § 19.
f e] Thofe, who have contended for the Portus Iccius being to the Eaftward
of the high cliffs on the Continent, have been guided by Ptolemy ; who has
placed Gefforiacum in the lame latitude, but Eaftward of the promontory ; and
there they have been fearching for a place to agree with the diftance as men¬
tioned by Pliny, lib. iv. c. 16 ; or Dio Ca/Tius, Hift. Rom. lib. 39 ; where
the.firft makes the diftance 50, and the fecond 56 miles.
B 2
been
4
Mr. Lyon on the
been a fource of controverfy among the litterati for more than
a century. Where there are many different opinions on one and
the fame historical fa£t ; there muft unavoidably be fome errors
introduced to Support them.
Thofe who have contended for Saint Omer’s [y ] being the an¬
cient Portus Ittius have not very rigidly confined themfelves to
the distance as recorded by Julius Cfefar ; and yet they may
perhaps have as much probability in their conjecture as thofe
who have fixed it either at Graveling, Mardike, or Calais ; for,
from the prefent appearance of the coaSt of French Flanders,
the Sites of all thefe places muft be of modern date, when com¬
pared with the tranfaCtions I am considering. If Saint Omer’s
for the ancient Sithiu) had a capacious harbour at the time of
Julius Crefar’s embarkation, or at any more modern period of
our hiftory, it will follow, that the prefent coaSt, from the
high land Weftward of Calais, and to a confiderable distance
EaSlward of it, as well as much of the low and flat country be¬
tween the prefent Shore and the fuppofed harbour, were all
overflowed by the fea, and a large track of fand Still leaves
Striking marks of it ; and, befides, the fea has been for a long
courfe of ages, and ftill is, receding from the maritime towns
of French Flanders.
By admitting, what cannot with any reafon be denied, there
are fufflcient data to conclude, that neither the fltes of Graveling,
[/] D’Anville Notice de PAncienne Gaule, p. 389.
“ L’opinion la plus finguliere eft celle de Malbranq, auteur d’un grosouvrage
fur les Morini, qui fuppofe, que la mer formoit autrefois un golfe aflez profond
pour penetrer jufqu’a Sithiu ou S. Omer, & auquel le nora de Sinus Ittius
conviendroit.?>
Mardike,
Situation of the ancient Portus Iccius. j
Marclike, ©r Calais, were habitable in the days of Julius
Caefar, and, if they were not continually under water, they
were certainly frequently covered with the high tides.
Camden [gj tells us, we are informed by L’Hofpital, the great
and learned Chancellor of France, who was well acquainted
with the antiquities of that kingdom, that Calais was far from
being an ancient town ; neither was it of any note till Philip
earl of Bolougne walled it round only a few years prior to its
being taken by the Englifh.
I believe it will be a difficult talk to find any place near
Calais which has the lead: appearance of ever having been a
commodious natural habour for the Morini, or the Gauliffi
merchants to have failed from, who traded with the Britons ;
and as for their buildings and any part of the prefent har¬
bour, they have no pretenfions to any high antiquity.
If there was no fafe and commodious natural harbour for
the Morini at Calais, there is not any reafon to conclude, from
the account which Caefar [ h J has given us of them, that they
were arrived at fuch a degree of perfection in the mechanic
arts as to be able to fence againlt the feas, and build one ; or
that they underdood the art of embanking, and draining lands
for corn and pafture and, if they did not, all low lands in a
jjj-'J Camden’s Brit, p. 282.
Horfley (Britannia Romana, p. 13, note) knowing that no traces of
the Romans have ever been difcovered at Calais, in order to get clear of a
difficulty, fuppofed the camp of Julius Caefar might be buried by the fea, If
he had known the fea has been receding from it for a courfe of time, he furely
would not have formed fuch a conjedlure to fupport his opinion,
[£] De Bello Gallico, lib. iv. § 20,
date
2
6
Mr. Lyon on the
flute of nature, and where the fea had any inlet, contained
Ragnant and corrupt water.
But admiting there was a natural harbour at Calais, or to the
Ea ft ward of it, as many have fuppofed ; it cannot be granted,
that the Roman Emperor would encamp on the low and
fwampy ground on the coaR, when there was fuch a tra£l of
high land near it ; and efpecially as they had not at that time,
if the place was habitable, any water fit for ufe ; for at prefent,
with all the advantage of embanking and draining, and culti¬
vating the lands, the water is far from being good.
But not only the Romans ; the Morini, and every other
people, as they have arrived at the firft Rage of civilization
to affociate together, and quit a rambling life, have uni¬
formly fought for a fettlement near fome Rream, or fpring of
frefh water, as they found it an article fo effentially neceffary
for their exigence ; and the eafy method of procuring it was
fuch a defirable objeft, that even men in a Rate of nature
could not overlook it. It was avarice, or neceffity, in the more
advanced Rages of civilization than Julius Casfar found the Mo¬
rini in which firft tempted men to fettle in bogs, in marfhy and
unwholefome fixations, to breathe corrupted air, and to drink
putrid water, while they were endeavouring to drain and culti¬
vate the foil for the fake of future profpefts.
As the whole coaR of French Flanders has not the leaR ap¬
pearance favourable to the fuppolition of there having been a
natural harbour, either at Graveling, Mardike, or Calais, it
will be neceffary to look to the weRward of thefe places, and
this will bring us to Whitfan, or Boulogne.
Camden
Situation of the ancient Portus Iccius. y
Camden [/] appears to have founded his opinion of the
Portus Ittius being at Whitfan, on finding it recorded in ancient
chronicles, that feveral perfons of eminence had, in a courfe
of ages, pa fled over the water, between Dover and this place.
If I may be indulged in a conjecture, I think the refort of
many of thofe who came to Whitfan was intirely owing to
Louis the young king of France embarking at it, when he
came on a pilgrimage to Thomas of Canterbury, and pray¬
ing on his paflage that there might not be any perfon fh ip-
wrecked between the two ports. In an age of fuperflition and
ignorance, the prayer of this king might be thought fufficient
to place the paflage under the protection of the Saint, and the
monks might favour the impofition ; but as Julius Caefar was
long prior to the fuppofed or pretended influence of the Saint,
I cannot fee any reafon to conclude his judgement could be fiy
far biafled in favour of Whitfan, to defcribe it as the moft
commodious port in the province of the Morini, when there
was one a little farther to the weflward, and in the valley at
Boulogne, which far exceeded it. At this place, the verv
valley which extends to fome difiance within land, and into
which the fea at that time flowed between two hills, formed
a good natural harbour for fhipping, where they might ride
well flieltered from the power of the winds and waves, and at
the fame time the Romans could have the advantage of a
ft ream of frefh water for their ufe. At fuch a place the mer¬
chants would naturally be induced to fettle, for the conve-
niency of exporting and importing their merchandize, as they
had a fecure port for lading and unlading their veflels, without'
[*] Camden’s Brit. p. 282. Somner’s Portus Ittius, p. 74 and 85.
being.
8
Mr. Lyon on the
being expofed to the dangers which have always been expe¬
rienced on an open fhore.
As the mod: commodious port In the province of the Morini
was at this place ; fo was it well known to the merchants and
the natives who had fettled there, and the name which the
Roman General gave it was fome Gaulish or Britifh word la¬
tinized, expreflive of the place. It might probably be Forth -
Fit ha [£], an ancient Britifh word, fignifying the utmofl:
paffage.
As the valley at Boulogne is the only place in the province
of the Morini, where there are any traces of a good natural
harbour, and where the merchants and natives could fecure
their veffels ; fo is it the only one that will anfwer in every par¬
ticular with the account which Julius Caefar has given us of his
expeditions. He tells us, he had colledted at Portus Ittius [/]
about So (hips, which he thought fufficient for the tranfporting
two legions, and he had alfo i8 fhips of burden, which wer®
wind-bound in a port, or bay, about eight miles off,, and which
could not reach the place of rendezvous.
[£] Rowland’s Mona Antiqua, p. 23. § 5. I place no ftrefs upon Itius, or
Iccius, being derived from Eitha ; but I think is as probable as Chifflet’s deri¬
vation, where he changes Mardike to Mardiccium , and by dropping the four
fir ft letters gets Iccium , and then Iccius.
Itium is alfo obtained by writing Calais, Calitium , and droping the three
firft letters. See Somner’s Portus Ittius, p. 14, 15, & 21. Mardike is clearly
compounded of Mare , and Diick, which, Minfhew fays, is an old Belgic word
for ditch, or a work, call up againft the fea. Such kind of work is ftill called
Dicker work in fome places.
[/] Caefar de Bello Gallico, lib. iv. § 20.
Rather
Situation of the ancient Portus Iccius. 9
Rather than mifs an opportunity for failing, he ordered his
cavalry to march to the eighteen fhips, and to embark from the
other port, while he failed from the Portus Ittius, and ftretched
over towards our ifland. Though he has not particularly men¬
tioned the wind, it muft have been conftderably to the weft-
ward of the fouth, by detaining the eighteen fhips in the bay,
eight miles [in] to the eaftward of him ; and with a fouth-weft
wind, and an ebbing tide, he might ftretch acrofs in a ftraight
courfe from Boulogne to the port or bay between the two
hills, and in the valley at Dover. If he had failed from Calais,
or from any place to the eaftward of it, he could not with his
little fkill and experience in failing a veftel have reached Dover,
and his knowledge in failing in currents, tacking, and turning
to windward, we may eafily guefs at by what he has recorded
of his fecond expedition.
He tells us, he left his port [«] this time with a gentle fouth-
weft wind fteni Africo) ; but about the middle of the night,
by the breeze ceaftng, he could not hold his courfe, but was
driven confiderably to the north-eaft ; neither does it appear he
could have reached our ifland, without a confiderable exertion
with the oars.
From this plain fatt, we may eafily judge, that, if Julius
Caefar had failed from Calais, or from any place to the eaftward
[/«] I believe the advocates for Chifflet’s opinion will be puzzled to point out
a place eight miles to the eaftward either of Calais, Mardike, or Graveling,
where the eighteen fhips could be confined in a port by a fouth-weft wind ;
but in the bay near Combleteufe, they would have been fixed with a fouth-
weft wind.
[«] Caefar de Bello Gallico, lib. v. § 7.
Vol. X. C
of
io Mr. Lyon on the
of it, lie never could, with all his art, have got fo far to the
fouthward as Dover, upon his firft making our ifland ; but
that he did anchor in the valley [o], where the town is now
fituated, is, I believe, too well efiablifhed to be controverted.
The diftance of thirty miles, between Dover and Boulogne* is
a firong proof that the Portus Ittius was at the laft mentioned
place. But, in order to clear the fubjeft of fome farther difficul¬
ties which have been ffarted, it may be neceffary to confider
what Caefar has recorded of his voyage, after he anchored in
the bay at Dover ; for it appears to me, that he has been mif-
taken in more infiances than one.
Caefar [^], after holding a counfel on board his veffels, in
the valley at Dover, judged it necefTary to weigh anchor; and,
about three o’clock in the afternoon, they fieered to the north¬
ward, with the wind and tide in their favour; and, after failing
about eight miles, he fays, he drew up, or fiationed his fleet
near an open and a level fhore.
As the current fets at the rate of three miles in an hour at
leafl, it is very probable Caefar was carried farther than he
efiimated ; but, as Deal nearly anfwers the difiance as mentioned
by Caefar, this*has been fuppofed to have been the place of
his landing, and fome pretended proofs have been offered in
favour of it.
Near the beach between the town of Deal and Walmer
cafile, there are fiill (or lately were) remaining fome faint
«
[o] Lib. iv. § 21. See alfo Phil. Tranf. No. 193, on the time and place of
Casfar’s defcent upon Britain, by Dr. Halley.
[/>] Csefar de Bello Gallic©, lib. iv. § 21.
traces
2
Situation of the ancient Portus Icclus. 1 1
traces of a breaR: work, which was very probably caR up during
fome of the civil broils which have happened in our ifland ;
and this work has been afcribed to Julius Caefar, but upon no
better authority than being between eight and nine miles from
Dover, and this has been frequently produced as a corroborat¬
ing proof of it’s being the landing place of the Romans.
The advocates for Deal [y] being the place where Julius
Caelar firR landed, ihould have taken a little time to conlider
in what Rate the coaft between Walmer and Thanet was at
this very diRant asra of our hiftory.
If there be any credit to be paid to fome of the early hiRo-
riansjy], or if we may judge from the large tradt of fand-hills,
which take up the fpace between the prefent fhore and the re¬
mains of the ruins of Richborough caflle (a frnall parcel of
arable and paRure ground excepted), there cannot be any doubt
but the whole was a part of the fea at the time of Casf.r’s
defeent upon Britain ; and as for the old breaR-work, and the
fite of the prefent town of Deal, they are but of yeilerday,
when compared with the tranfa&ions I am confid.;ring.
[^] There is fuch a long lift of authors, and moft of them well known,
who make Deal the landing place of the Romans, that i fhall omit any reference
to them.
[r] See Bede’s Eccl. Hift. lib. i. c. 25 ; and feveral authors, who mention the .
river Wanfum as navigable long after Ccefar’s landing.
In the Cotton Library, Julius, B. iv. p. 25 is a copy of a Survey made
A. D. 1565, which contains an account of all the towns, &c. from Hithe
to London, with the number of houfes in each place, the veftels, inhabitants,
landing-places, and other particulars; but there is not any mention made of
Deal in it ; from which it is plain, as the water has receded, it has been fol¬
lowed by people in building towns.
C a
When
i2 Air. Lyon on the
When Caefar had difcovered this open and level fhore where he
Rationed his (hips, he was at a lofs to find a proper place to land
at, for it is plain from his own account of the bufinefs (which we
may be allured is as much in his own favour as poffible) that he
met with fuch a vigorous refiftance from the natives, that his men
would not face them ; he therefore prudently recalled them,
and ordered them on board his gallies, and they then rowed
from his fhips till they came to a place where they could flank
the Britons, and it was then they beat them off by the aftiftance
of the fnips, the arrows, and engines of the Romans [j]. This
fkirmifh, which happened upon the fhore, previoufly to Caefar’s
landing his men, muft have been at a place where there was a
depth of w?ater for the veflels of the Romans to pafs beyond the
front line of the Britons, or they could not have flanked them ;
and this place, if we may judge from the prefent appearance of
the country, was near the main mouth of the river Wanfum,
and where the Romans, who followed afterwards, built a caftle,
which was called Rutupia. .
This very nearly correfponds with Casfar's account ; for he
informs us, as I have already remarked, the port he failed from
was thirty miles from our ifland ; that he, after reaching our
coafl, failed eight miles farther, which together make thirty-
eight; and, if we add the diftance he was probably carried
by the current farther than he eflimated, and likewife the ma¬
noeuvring his veflels to gain the advantage of the Britons, we
fhall have the diftance of about 40 miles between Portus Ittius
and Rutupia, as mentioned by Strabo, and the landing-place
round a promontory according to Dion Caflius [/], without
[j] Casfar de Bello Gallico, lib, iv. § 23.
[f] See note e foregoing.
making
Situation of the ancient Portus Iccius. rj
making two different kinds of ftadia, or wiredrawing the Roman
foot, to perplex a clear and plain narrative.
But I have another reafon for placing the Portus Ittius at
Boulogne.
When the Romans came into the province of the Morini
in the reign of Caligula, it is natural to fuppofe he would
follow the route of his predeceffor, as he had his account of his
wars with the Gauls to guide him. The writer of his life [u]
briefly tells us, he came to the feacoaft, drew up his men on the
Ihore, prepared his baliffae, and arranged all his inftruments
of war, as if he was going to attack an enemy and, after this
great preparation, he ordered his men to fill their helmets with
fhells, faying they were the fpoils of the ocean, and worthy of
being offered in the capitol. This a of folly was performed
at the port of the Morini or Boulogne, for he ordered a light-
houfe to be eredled there, to light (hips in the night, which
fiiews it was a port much frequented ; and this monument,
which he built to perpetuate his memory, was of lingular ufe
to the merchants and the mariners who reforted to this place.
The advantage of a light- houfe, in the infancy of navigation,
was of fuch ufe to the Romans in approaching the land in the
dark, that they built another on the hill at Dover, I believe, as
early as the days of Claudius Caefar.
Father Lequien[Y], who was born at Boulogne, preferved a
drawing of the tower built there by the order of Caligula, and,
from his and other perfons memories it appears, to have been odla-
[«] Suetonius, Edit. Delphini, p. 344*
[at] Montfaucon’s Antiq. Suppl. Yol. IV. b. vi. p. 462.
It appears in the painting of the fiege of Boulogne at Cowdry, publilbed by
the Society, and is defcribed by Sir Jofeph Ayloffe, Arch. Yol. III. p. 257.
gonali
14 Mr, Lyon on the
gonal without and fquare within, and that each fide of the o£la-
gon was about twenty-five feet It had twelve entablatures or
cornices, one over another, and in every ftory there was a little
gallery of a foot and a half broad taken out of the thicknefs
of the wall, which leffened the tower in proportion to its
height.
This light houfe was repaired about the year of Chrifi: 810
by the Emperor Charlemagne, who rebuilt the top of it which
had fallen down.
When Boulogne was taken by the Englifh in the year 1545,
they built a fmall fort with towers round this ancient ftru&ure,
which preferved it near another century ; but as every fabrick
raifed by the art of man is doomed fooner or later to decay
under the corroding power of time, fo this building, after
withftanding the force of fo many tempefls, repeated for fo
many years, was at laft fapped by the flow approaches of the
fea. It fell on the twenty-ninth day of July 1644; and the
few remains which are left there continue a heap of rubbifh.
The light-houfe built by the Romans on the hill at Dover
is fimilar to that which they built at Boulogne, for it is an o£ta-
gon without, and a fquare within, and it is very probable they
were both ere&ed within a few years of each other, and with
the fame kind of materials. But, that I might not proceed
entirely upon conjecture, I employed a perfon laft fummer to
examine the remaining rubbifh of the old pharos at Boulogne,
and to bring me over a piece or two, if he could find any of the
materials left, like what I gave him to direCt him in hisfearch.
The piece he brought me, and which I have in my pofieffion,
is what the Foffilifts call Tophus, and it was with this
kind of petrefaftion the Romans built the walls of the light-
houfe
Situation of the ancient Portus Iccius. 1 5
houfe in Dover caftle, which is, perhaps, without exception,
one of the oldeft buildings in the kingdom, but now going very
fad: to decay for want of a little repair, which might preferve
it another century. The ufe of the tophus in building was
well known to the Greeks and Romans ; and they compared it
with the Parian Marble, which they frequently ufed, as did
the Egyptians, in the partitions of their mod elegant buildings,
on account of the lightnefs of it.
The tophus, though rough, and fimilar to the pumice for
its porofity, eafily crumbles when rubbed, but is very durable,
as may be proved by the ages it has remained expofed to the in¬
clemency of the feafons on fuch a high fituation as the cadle
hill at this place. It alfo anfwered their purpofe exceedingly
well in turning arches, for there is an arch in this tower dill
remaining very perfedh
We are informed the tophus is very common in Germany and
Italy [y], that there are vad rocks of it on the Rhine, and that
the Germans ufe it indead of pumice. The Romans knowing
by experience the ufe and durability of the tophus in build¬
ings, indead of fearching an enemy’s country for materials to
eredt a light-houfe, which they wanted immediately to light
their fhips from the continent, they certainly imported the ma¬
terials, and the tophus [s] was not only light for water-carriage,
but
[y] Da Cofta’s Nat. Hift. of Foflils, Series II. Se£D 18. p. 135. See alfo •
Theophraftus’ Hift. of Stones, by Hill, p. 39.
[z] Kirwan’s Mineralogy, p. 25. The Tophus, he fays, is the Duckftein (or,
as Hill calls it, the Toffftein, or Tuftein, of the Germans; and that it differs
from the Stala&ites in being formed by a gradual deposition of earths, chiefly
of the calcareous kind, barely diffufed through water, and within the water,
itfelfo.
FaherV
1 6 Mr. Lyon on the Situation of the ancient Portus Iccius.
but it was more eafily drawn up a hill, at that time of difficult
accefs, than any very folid materials, which they knew not at
that time where to find near the place.
When we confider the Romans had a light-houfe built by
Caligula at Boulogne, and another ere&ed almod oppofite
to it at Dover, of the fame form, and very probably, by the
fpecimen produced, of the fame kind of materials, exactly 30
miles didant from the moft commodious port in the province
of the Morini, which was frequented by the merchants ; is
there any place on the continent fo likely to have been the
Portus Ittius of Julius Caefar, as the Valley at Boulogne ? As
he failed from the very bed port in the province, it would be
a reflexion on thofe who came after him to fuppofe they
failed from a worfe. That they did not, is very certain by
the roads, and the works of the Romans terminating at Boulogne,
in the province of the Morini ; neither have I read of any being
yet difcovered to the eadward of it.
This, added to what I have already faid, amounts at lead: to
a drong prefumptive proof that the Portus Ittius was at Bou¬
logne, and not at Calais.
I am fenfible, where a fubjefl does not admit of a geometrical
or mathematical demondration, there may, and fometimes will
be diverfities of opinions, and each writer will be tenacious of
his own ; and I confefs I (hall require arguments more con-
clufive than any I have yet feen, before I ffiall fubfcribe to the
Portus Ittius of Julius Caefar having been at Calais, or to the
eadward of it.
JOHN LYON.
[z] Faber’s Letters on the Natural Hiflory of the Mountains in Italy, p. 205.
The volcanic productions near Trivali have been in many places covered with
new flrata of calcareous tophus, produced by the calcareous waters of the Apen¬
nines, or the overflowings of the tophaceous Lago de Tatari andLago de Bagiri.
II. Der-
II. Derbeiesseira [a] Romana. By the Rev . Mr,
Pegge, in a Letter to Richard Gough, Efq,
Read Nov. 12, 1789.
Dear Sir,
IT has been obferved on a former occafion [b] that the county
of Derby in the Britifli times conftituted a part of that
large tribe, the Coritani , or Coitanni [V], confequently it had
then no peculiar provincial name.
It apparently deduces its prefent name from that of Derby ,
its principal town, and the queftion then will be, when this
borough currently took its prefent appellation, as it was alfo
fometimes anciently called Northwarthig [</J. The fhire could
not poffibly receive its prefent denomination till after that
asra.
I conceive, notwithftanding the whims and fancies of the
heralds, who have given the town a buck in a park for its arms,
[a] Charta Hen. I. in Chartulario Decani Line. Domefday has Derbyfcire ,
as we write now, c having the power of cb. See Hearne’s Cur. Diic. p. 46.
I b ] Nichols’s Bibl. Top, Brit. N° XXIV. p. 47.
[r] Ibid. p. 46.
d ] Camden, col. 587.
Vol. X. D
as
1 8 Dereeiesseira Rom an a.
as if it had been once a habitation for deer\_e'\ , that the name
is contra&ed, as Mr. Camden thought, from Derwentby [f\
a term expreflive of its fituation on the banks of the river Der¬
went. There was an old Saxon town at this place in the ninth
century, called Northworlhlge , to diftinguifh it probably from
! Tamaweorthige , or Tamworth ; it was at that time of impor¬
tance, and was taken by the Danes , who were then powerful in
thefe parts, and were principally feated at Repton upon Trent ; and,
as this new acquifition lay on another river, the river Derwent ,
not far diffant, they thought proper to change the name of it
to Derwentby , afterwards contracted to Deoraby and Derby .
The words of Fabius Ethelwerd are very exprefs on this point,
“ in locum qui Northworthigie nuncupatur, juxta aulem Danaam
“ linguam Deoraby [g].*’ The town being of confequence, as
abovefaid, and fortified, or at leaft having a caftle [/6], it was re¬
taken by force of arms, A. 918, by the warlike princefs /Ethel-
jleda [/], when it went by the name of Deoraby. And this, I
prefume, may be the firft time it occurs under that denomina¬
tion. On the whole, nothing can be more ridiculous or
abfurd than to fuppofe that the fite of the town, when the
Danes had it in polTeflion was a chace or forefl for deer.
[<?] This opinion is alfo embraced by Bp. Gibfon, Camd. col. 587.
[/] This Etymon I prefer to that from hi, juxta, & dur aqua, offered by
BP. Gibfon, ad Chron. Sax. p. 24. as, in that cafe, it. ought rather to be bidur
than Durbi.
[jr] Ethelwerd, p. 843. H. Huntingdon calls it Derebi, on the fame occafion
P-353-
[A] H. Hunt. 1. c. The Caftle was demolifhed at this time, and, as I think,
never rebuilt. However, if it was, king Edmund retook it. Item, p. 355.
[i] Chron. Sax. A. 918.
7
The
DeRBEIESSEIRA RoMANA, f 9
The name of R)eoraby is found on a coin of King Atheljlan ,
who acceded to the crown A. 925, and died A. 941, where
the legend on the reverfe is, hegenredes mo on deoraby [£],
{hewing, that the town was then of great confideration, was
privileged with a mint, and ufually went by its modern though
contracted name.
England certainly was not diftributed into counties till after
the Saxons were completely fettled in it ; but there is no occa-
fion to inveftigate the exact time when the feveral (hires were
firft formed as it will be fufficient to obferve that this county
could not well pafs by its prefent name, as we apprehend, till
about the year 900.
Our prefent enquiry, however, requires us to go into times
of much higher antiquity than the date here fpecified, though
before we enter on a detail of the Roman antiquities found
within the limits of this little county, it will be highly proper
to premife a word concerning the Rate and condition of the
country at the time that people had concerns with it.
The Romans firft arrived in Britain 55 years before the Birth
of our Saviour; but it was long after that, before they made
any permanent fettlement in it, or had penetrated into the inte¬
rior parts of the province, which probably did not happen till
the reign of the Emperor Claudius A. D. 4r. when, as we have
good reafon for thinking, this region of the Coritani was much
covered with wood [/]. The Romans who firft entered this
[£] Sir And. Fountaine, in Dr. Hickes’s Thefaur. Tom. II. tab. II. The
name alfo occurs there on a coin of king Edgar, tab. V.
[/] Nichols’s Biblioth. Top. Brit. XXIV. p. 47. Arch. VII. p. 174,
D 2 quarter
20
Derbeiesseira Romana.
quarter mixed, we may fuppofe, with the natives, fo that the
body of the people con-fitted of Britons and fome few Romans
intermingled with them.
One can hardly doubt but the Contani , or Indigence , as I
will call them, had difcovered mines of lead (for we do not
hear of any copper mines in Derbyfhire) previous to the arrival
of the Roman ttrangers. Thefe latt would confequently not
only gain intelligence of fuch mines, but all'o of the BritiJJj
manner of working them. And thus it would be extremely na¬
tural for the new-comers, the matters, to encourage. the natives
to proceed in their accuttomed employments ; for thefe to be
the miners or labourers, and they themfelves to be the em-
ployers, the overfeers, and the paymatters [/»]. There feems
to be no other way of accounting for the Roman letters which
we find on that block of lead, fmelted in the reign of the Em¬
peror Claudius [»]. Whence it is moft evident, that this tradh
became known to the Romans very foon after they had gained
any fettlement in the ifland.
The Romans continued in Britain till A. 420; and it is but
reafonable to expedt, that in the compafs of 475 years, reckon¬
ing from their firtt Invafion by Julius Casfar, various evidences,
tokens, and monuments of their refidence here would appear,
and every day more and more ; indeed it would be ttrange if
they did not. What I propofe therefore is, to try to recolledt
and remitter the feveral inttances that have occurred of their
[m] Galgacus, indeed, feems to infinuate, in his fpeech, that the Romans,
did not pay, but compelled , the natives to work at the mines as ilaves ; but
this we may regard as a rhetorical flourifh.
jj n J It will be mentioned below.
/>
O
abods
Derbeiesseira Romana.
21
abode and exertions in thefe parts, which I may venture to
augurate will prove no inconfiderable number.
In doing this, however, I (hall take care not to put down
any thing of doubtful authority; confining myfelf flridly to
thofe remains which are undoubtedly Roman , and by all means
endeavouring not to confound them with Britijh antiquities, or
thofe of other nations, Saxons or Danes, who have frequented
this county and fettled in it. I (hall not therefore regifter that
rich and curious jewel found in a barrow on Winjler moor , and
defcribed by my late friend, Mr. John Mander of Bakewell jY],
Nor, for the fame reafon, (hall I mention the many Celts, that
at various times have been found in the county, fince now,
whatever the opinion may have been formerly, they are decid¬
edly adjudged to the Celtic nations. So the large filver plate,
or di(h, found at Rijley , about 5 miles from Derby, A. 1729,
I omit, though the late Dr. Stukeley, who gave an account of
it to his friend Roger Gale, Efq. 1736; thought it Roman ,
and conjedured it might rife as high in antiquity as the age of
Auguflus ; becaufe it was brought hither, as he imagines, from
France, and therefore, though a curious piece of Roman anti¬
quity, and alfo found here, does not come within the true
meaning and intention of this memoir, as it does not appear
from any one particular dated by the Dodor, that the Romans
had ever been at Rifley, and he accounts for the plates coming
to England in much later times.
Adhering again clofely to the fubjed, I (hall not excur be¬
yond the known limits of the county, and confequently (hail
[e] Arch. Vol. III. p, 274,
not
22 Derbeiesseixa Romana.
not infert Mr.Rooke’s Villa Romana[p]y nor the Roman anti¬
quities we meet with in Dr. Plott’s Nat. Hid:. of StafFordfhire [q\
though both places lie but juji without the borders of our county.
If, after all, a particular of dubious original fhall chance to be
noticed, care fhall be taken to exprefs the fufpicion that attends
it.
Now to chalk out and prefcribe to ourfelves fome rational
method of proceeding, as alfo for the accommodation of the
reader, I fhall difpofe the various Roman antiquities hitherto
difcovered in the county of Derby, at lead: fo far as they have
come to my knowledge, under the following heads :
.1. Lead.
2,4 Roads.
3. Stations.
4. Camps.
.5. Urns,
6. Coins.
7. Infcriptions.
,8. Lows or Barrows.
Roman remains, as will appear from the fubfequent detail,
have been found in almoft every corner af our county ; info-
much that one may predict from this catalogue, without much
prelumption, that many more will be difcovered in time coming,
fmce it is certain that the places which we fhall have occafion
to mention were all, except Little Chejler and Brough , not
f/>] Arch. Vol. VII. p. 363.
Itf] -Dr. .Plott, Nat. Hift. of Staff. p. 404.
known
Derbeiesseira Roman a>.
23
known to have had any connexion with the Romans, in the
time of our illuftrious and celebrated Camden.
i. Roman Lead.
* We begin with that Roman block, or pig of lead, which,
bearing the name of the Emperor Claudius , is the oldeft of
any hitherto difcovered. It is now in the hands of our worthy
member, Richard Molefworth, Efq. and was found upon Matlock
Moor , A. 1787. The Society is pofleffed of a fhort Account of
this piece, printed in Arch. Vol. IX. p. 45, and therefore no
more needs be laid of it here.
The next article of this clafs was alfo found on Matlock Moor ,
A. D. 1783, and is now in the poffeffion of my friend, Mr.
Adam Wolley the younger, of Matlock : it is defcribed in the
Vllth volume of the Archasologia,., to which I beg leave to
refer.. .
The third and lafh fpecimen of Derbyfhire Roman lead was
difcovered upon Cromford Moor , April 1777, and bears the.
name of the Emperor Hadrian . It belongs to Peter Nightingale
of Lee, Efq. and is illuftrated with home neceflary obfervations
in the Vth volume of the Archasologia.
2. Roman Roads,
It mud: have been fome time after their accefs, before the
Romans would think of making military roads in our idands,
as this could not well be done, till they were not only in force,
but in peace and tranquillity, and alfo well acquainted with the
bearings and fituations of places. Thefe roads are found to be
more numerous than one would imagine.
Ike nil d-
24
Derbeiesseira Romana.
' Ike ni Id- facet, one of the four principal Roman roads in
Britain, was traced A. D. 1768, from its entrance into Der-
byfhire to Little Chejler and Chejlerjield ; and, by conjecture, to
Brough , near Rotheram in Yorkjhire [y].
Another (hotter road, paffing from Brough to Buxton , both
in the Peak of Derbyfhire, has alfo been traced [s'].
Dr. Plott imagines a Roman road might go from Edingall,
[ in Staffordfhire to Lullington ; and thence to Repton , in Derby¬
fhire [/].
Thefe were all the roads that were known in 1768; but
(ince then, my late friend, the Rev. John Watfon, ReCtor of
Stockport, difcovered a road, 1772, leading from Brough in
the Peak to Melandra cqjlle there [«"|.
Mr. Watfon alfo was of opinion, that a road went from
Melandra-cajlle to Buxton j\v].
He afferts again, that another road pafled from Buxton to
Stockport [y], and this, which he Rates as coming from Man -
chejler to Buxton , he has actually defcribed [%].
My refpe&able and valued friend, Hayman Rooke, Efq. has
this very year, 1788, given me fome information of a Roman
road, and called fo by the common people, which goes from
Derby (more probably from Little Chejler ) by Hopton , the feat
of Philip Gell, Efq. over Brajmgt on-moor , and, leaving New
[r] Bibl. Top. Brit. N° XXIV. p. 9. & feq.
[j] Ibid. p. 34. & feq.
[/] Dr. Piott, Hift. of Staff, p. 402.
Archaeologia, Vol. Ill, p. 237.
[*] Ibid.
[y] Ibid.
[z] Bibl. Top. Brit. N° XXIV. p. 35.
Haven ,
I \ v
Dereeiesseira Romana.
* V J
Haven, about a mile and a half to the left, takes its courfe to
Buxton . In another letter, dated 31 May 1788, he fays, 44 he
44 traced it down the hill to the inclofures, where it had been
44 deftroyed by the plough.”
Mr, James Pilkington, in his 44 View of the prefent State of
44 Derbyfhire,” juft publifhed [Vj, has thefe words, 44 There is,
44 according to tradition, another Roman road, the extremity of
44 which appears at the diftance of a few miles from Buxton. It
44 begins at Hurdlow Houfe, and extends to Pike Hall. It runs
44 nearly parallel with the turnpike road, which leads to AJh-
44 bourn . It appears highly probable, that this road was once
44 a means of communication between the bath at Buxton , and the
44 ftation or encampment, which I fhall have occafion hereafter
44 to (hew the Romans had at ParwichP
To finifh this bufinefs of the roads, it is fuppofed, and with
abundant reafon, that there went a military way in the later
times of the empire, from Little Chejler to Nottingham \b].
This we may be allured of, that the Romans formed many
more roads than what occur in their famous Itinerary, fuch as
may be termed v'ue vicinales, as going from ftation to ftation
within the country [c].
3. Stations.
The Roman ftations in Derbyfhire, as contradiftinguifhed to
camps and intrenchments, and with reference to the Itinerary
[a] II. p. 8.
[£] Bibl. Top. Brit. N° XXIV. p. 23.
[r] Dr. Plott, Staff, p. 402. Mr. Hutchinfon, Hill, of Durham, II. p. 486.
VoL. X. E of
2 6
Derbeiesseira Romana.
of Antoninus j V], were four on the Ikenild-Rreet, and two on
the Bathom~Gate , or the Iefler Roman road.
Our prime Ration, that of which the remains are the moR
confpicuous, and where Roman coins, &c. have been found
without number [c], and are Rill fometimes found, is noticed
in the XHIth Iter of Richard of CirenceRer by the name of
Derbentio, and is now called Little Chefier\ near Derby. The
town of Derby probably arofe from its vicinity to this Ration,
and in part, perhaps, from its ruins [/].
A fecond Ration on this road put down by Richard is now
totally effaced in the author, both as to its name, and its diRance
from Derbentio [g-].
Another Ration undoubtedly there was, on the road from
Derby to Chejlerfield , either at Higbam or Limbury , though we
cannot with certainty pronounce at which [A].
The fourth and laR Ration on this Iter was unqueRionably
Chejlerfield , at io miles diRance, where coins have been found [/],
and which has been proved by other evidence to have been at
Tapton Hill [Tj.
The two Rations on what I have termed the Lefier Roman
Road were Brough and Buxton ; the RrR at the outfet, the
fecond at the termination of this fliort Iter. As to Brough , I
| \d] Bibl. Top. Brit. N° XXIV. p. 13.
[>] Camden, col. 587. Leland, Itin. VI. p. 1 31 .
[/J Of Derby and the two Derbentio s, fee more in Bibl. Top. Brit, p. 21.
[H Richard, Bibl. Top. Brit. p. 13.
[A] Ibid. p. 28.
[i] Ibid. p. 29.
D] Ibid. p. 30..
have
Derbeiesseira Romana.
27
have nothing to add to what has been Raid in the Bibliotheca
Topographica Britannica [/].
Buxton was indifputably a Roman Ration ; the feveral roads
pointing to it [w] intimate and confirm that. Mr. Watfon afferts,
“ that at Buxton he had difcovered the fite of a Roman Ration,
“ unknown he believed then to any other antiquary but
“ himfelfjyz].” But quaere, whether this may not be the cu¬
rious exploratory camp, which Mr. Rooke mentions in a letter
to me, Sept. 22, 1787, “ as being on Combs Mofs , a moor
about 4 miles from Buxton if fo, the Buxton Ration could
not be there, that place being too far diRant certainly, it muR
not have been nearer to, or at the bath. And therefore let us
enquire how things were there. There was a Roman well here
clofe by St. Anne’s well, where alfo were the ruins of the an¬
cient bath [ 0 ]. But there feem to have been more baths than
one anciently [f\. And as to the Ration here, Mr. Watfon ex-
prefily fays, 44 that on the top of the hill above the hall, in a
“ piece of ground called the Stain (or Stan) cliffs, are the vifible
“ remains of an ancient fettlement, which I doubt not was
“Roman.” In the fummer of 1787, Mr. Rooke obferved an
oblong tumulus, with a ditch and vallum; and on removing
the earth he found 44 a wall fimilar to that of the large room
“ in the Roman Villa at Mansfield IVoodhoufie , with offfets on the
44 outfides. This inclofed the tumulus in an oblong fquare,
[/] N° XXIV. p. 34.
[m] See our 2d head, the Roads.
[«] Archseologia, Vol. III. p. 237*
[5] Bibl. Top. Brit. p. 35.
[7>] Ibid. Fora further account of the old Roman Bath difcovered in 1781,
fee there p. 36.
E 2 “4 6 feet
2$ DERBEIE9SE1RA Romana.
“ 46 feet by 22 feet 6 inches. Within it was a body of clay*
“ which appeared to be rammed in, though fome of the work-
“ men thought it was the natural foil y which ever it was, the
“ wall was certainly built a gain (l it. As the infide was rough
“ and irregular, it might poffibly have been a floor.” This is
Mr. Rooke’s defcription, who then offers his conjedlure concern¬
ing the intention of this tumulus. “He is apt to think, he fays*
“ that this muff have been a temple ; it is fituate on the hill
“ facing the crefcent, and about 100 yards in a direct line from
“ the hot fpring. And he thinks it natural to fuppofe, that
“ the Romans, after finding the falutary effects of thefe waters,
<6 would eredl a temple to the prefiding deity [y].” The Roman
road from Fairfield a man told him came into the prefent
road near this ground j and if fo, it could not be 20 yards from
the temple , and ended there.
To difpatch this head ; the camp of Melandra Caftle in the
parifh of Glojfop , difcovered firffc by the late Mr. Watfon, is,
at this day, according to his account and delineation of it in
the Archaeologia [r], in a very perfect condition, and, con-
fidering the feverai Roman roads that terminate there, as alfo
the ftrudture of its vallum, very juftly intitled to the na mp, the
confequence, and dignity of a Ration.
4. Roman Camps.
The Roman remains of this defcription in Derbyshire, it
muft be acknowledged, are but few. One, however, there is
on Fentrich common [jj.
\_q] Apollo, perhaps, or Minerva .
[r] Archseologia, Vol. III. p. 236.
[5] Bibl. Top. Brit. N° XXIV. p. 26. See Mr. Pilkington, vol. II. p. 317.
Another
I
Derbeiesseira Romana. 29
Another there is on Combe-mofsy as mentioned under the laid
*
head ; and
Thirdly, there is a fquare camp amongft the gardens at
Cajileton , very vifible when you look upon the gardens from the
caftle.
In regard to the camp at Parwich , mentioned p. 9 of his
“ View,** &c. Mr. Pilkington fays, p. 284 of the fame volume,
“ About half a mile north of the village may be feen feme
“ faint veftiges of a Roman encampment or Ration, at a place
“ called Lombards green?' He then defcribes it, and obferves,
that about 20 years ago, a labouring man found a military
weapon, a coniiderable number of coins, and an urn of very
great thicknefs in which the coins had mold probably been de-
pofited ; and that the coins principally confided of Roman De¬
narii the number about eighty ; and then follows a more par¬
ticular detail of them.
The entrenchment on Mam-Tor at Cajileton , is in the opinion
both of Mr. Bray and Mr. Pilkington, moft probably a Roman
work [/].
5. Roman Urns.
Two urns, one within the other, were found by Mr. Rooke,
in a barrow on Stanton-Moor [ u ]; thefe, however, are not
certainly Roman , but may be Briti/h , or Roman-Briti/h.
In opening a tumulus on Mr. Cell’s eftate near Brajjington
Moor , 1788, Mr. Rooke found fragments of an urn of coarfe
[f] See Mr. Bray’s Tour, p. 202. Mr. Pilkington’s View, II»p> 402*
[a] Archasologia, Vol. VIII. p. 58.
clay,
Derbeiesseira Rom an a.
<
3°
clay, with bones, and the blade of an iron knife about 5 inches
long [a: j ; part of the handle, which was of wood, appeared at
the end, and the blade was evidently fixed in the haft 34. inches
deep. This blade was very much corroded, as was another to be
mentioned below.
1 7 7 9 ’ Kooke opened a tumulus upon Cult on , the hill
above Chatfworth park, and found a fmall urn of coarfe clay
full of afhes. It was placed between two flat Hones, and had
another over it. Whether this be Briti/h or Roma?i may be
doubted ; its coarfenefs feems to fpeak it BritiJJj.
6. Roman Coins.
Thefe have been found very frequently in the county of
Derby , and in various places. Many at JJttle Cbejler \ y], one
in the camp at Pentrich [z], two at Chejterfield [<*], a Claudius
Gothicus in Staveley parilh, and feveral at Barleborough, the
eftate of Cornelius Heathcote Rhodes, Efq.
About the year 1740, a pot of Roman Denarii was difco-
vered near a place called Greenhaigh-lane , in the parifli of Al-
freton, in a hedge bottom ; the coins were dilperfed into many
hands.
A poor labouring man, about 1770, found a large number of
denarii, at a place in Pleajley , called Stuffine wood , and fold them
t . t * 0
[a'3 See the plate, p. 35.
[y J See above, Art. 3.
O] BibJ. Top. Brit. N° XXIV. p. 26.
Ibid. p. 29.
to
Derbejesseira Romana. 31
to a per foil at Mansfield for 5/. Mr. Martin, a farmer of
Pleafley, has at this time three Roman coins found at the
fame place [&]. This farm, it feems, is very near Mr. Rooke’s
Villa Romana , fo that the Romans appear to have much fre¬
quented this neighbourhood.
A very fine and perfect brafs coin of the Emperor Commodus
was found in Chatfworth park, and given to me by the late
Alexander Barker, Efq.\ and I fuppole his Grace the Duke of
Devonfhire may have it now, as I put it into his hands.
The late Mr. John Reynolds of Crich had four fmall brafs
Roman coins found fomewhere between Winfter and Bahewell.
The manor of Crich is the place moR eminent for difcoveries
of this kind, as there have been no lefs than four different re-
pofitories de-enterred there :
One, July 26, 1761, on the fummit of the cliff.
Another, 1772, at Fritchley.
A third, in March 1788 in Cull and Park.
And of the fourth the rev. John Mafon, curate of Crich , a
gentleman of good learning and equal curiofity, writes to me
thus: Feb. 9, 1785, “As fome labourers were getting Rone
“ upon Edge-moor , in Crich common, Jan. 9, 1788, they found
44 in digging the furface two or three pieces of Roman coin,
44 which they judged to be filver, and looking round with
“ attention they obferved an earthen pot, the upper fide lying
“ level with the furface of the ground : the pot was broken
* into many pieces, and as fuppofed, by the wheel of a carriage
44 pafling over it many years ago. Its fhape, however, might
64 be afcertained, which they defcribed to me to be wideR
•
[£] Information of Rev. Chaworth Hallowes, Reftor of Pleafley, 1788.
44 in-
Derbeiesseira Romana.
“ in the middle, with a long narrow neck, about an inch in
“diameter; and they thought it might contain about two
“ quarts. They found it full of coins, which mouldered away
“ in their hands, except 9 or to, and thefe by rubbing and
pinching with their fingers they broke, all but 2 or 3. Of
tl thefe laft I have not feen any ; of the others I procured
6t three fragments of two coins. One is of Gordianus III. the
“ head with a radiated diadem. The other is a fragment of
“ Philip the younger. Thefe coins appear to be copper or iron
44 covered with tin.”
About 23 years ago, in the encampment at Parwich , about
80 Roman coins were difcovered, chiefly Denarii, and a parti¬
cular account of them is given by Mr. Pilkington [cj.
j. Roman Infcriptions.
An altar with a Latin infcription was formerly dug up at
Haddon in Derbyfhire, an ancient feat of his Grace the Duke
of Rutland. It was facred to Mars Braciaca , and fome account
of it, with a copy of the infcription, may be feen in the
“ Eflay on the Coins of Cunobelin [*/].”
Mr. Watfon, whom I have often had occafion to men¬
tion, has alfo engraved a Roman infcription of the age, as
he fancied, of the Emperor S events , found near Melandra
Gajllc [e\.
[ c ] See Mr. Pilkington’s View, II. p. 285.
[</] Printed 1766, p. 15.
[<?] Archaeologia, Vol. III. p. 236.
4
thole
Derbeiesseira RoMANAs
35
8. Roman Lows or Barrows.
As the various nations, inhabitants of our ifland, and the
Romans or Romanized- Britons among the reft [/], have all ufed
the low , or barrow, it is difficult, in many cafes, to afeertain
the Roman barrows, and to diftinguifh them with certainty from
thole of other people. The barrows are now chiefly found in
the peak[g], whatever they may have been formerly, and the
late Mr. Maty is egregioufly miftaken, when he talks of lows
about Derby [/6], an error owing to not well knowing the face
of the country, but gaining ideas and notions merely by
haftily travelling in it, as is the cafe with too many of our
tourijls •
The criteria we have for judging and pronouncing a tumulus
to be Roman , feem to be thefe two ; firft, if it be near one of
their military ways; and fecondly, from its contents; if, for
inftance, it affords any antiquities upon opening it, that are
undoubtedly Roman , as coins, implements, urns, &c. Dr. Plott
deemed feveral barrows to be Roman upon this ground [/].
The barrow containing the two urns, one within the other,
mentioned above, p. 29, may perhaps be Roman .
Mr. Gell’s barrow in the fame page, exhibiting an iron knife,
may with more certainty be efteemed fuch.
[ /] Archaeologia, Vol. VII. p. 138.
U] Ibid. p. 1 3 1.
[h~\ Maty’s Review, 1785, p.351.
[z] Plott, Nat. Kilt, of Staff, p. 403. See alfo Mr. Gough’s Sepulchral
Monuments, p. j.
VoLo X« F After
3 4-
Deebeiesseira Romana.
After thus running ever our eight heads, it may be proper to
fpecity a tew fingle articles of Roman extradtion which have
been found in our county.
The Roman bath at Buxton has been already fpeken to.
The rudera of the Roman temple at Buxton have alfo been
noticed.
The Roman bridge at Little Chejler over the river Derwent
is laid to be vifible at low water [£]. This was of wood pro¬
bably, as the Romans, it is thought, eredted no ftone- bridges
in Britain [f] ; but many undoubtedly they had of timber [m\.
A large Roman knife was found on Mr. Gell’s eftate near
BraJJington moor , by fome labourers in making a plantation
among fome rocks, not far from the tumulus mentioned before,
p. 33. It is of iron, 14 inches long, but much corroded with
rulf, as the lefler knife, fig. 1, found with fragments of urns
and bones, in a tumulus near Braffington moor, May 21, 1788,
part of the handle of the latter, which was of wood, appears alfo
as attf, fig. 2. The blades are now the property of Mr. Rooke,
who has been fo obliging as to favour me with a drawing of
them. Some parts of thefe knives, Mr. Rooke obferved, had
totally loft their magnetic power.
p] Bibl. Top. Brit. N° XXIV. p. 19.
[ZJ Mr. Drake, Eboracum, p. 53. Mr, Brand, Hift. of Newcaftle.
[«] Bibl. Top. Brit. N° XXIV. p. 19
7
The
.Prrbeiessexra Rom ana*
35
The refult, upon the whole, feems to be, that the Romans
were concerned, as Dr. Plott obferves, in a multitude of places
in the interior parts of the country, remote from their military
ways ; that more Roman antiquities, variety and number taken
together, have been found in the county of Derby , than in any
other province included in the generical name of Coritani (though
they are not fewer than five) or perhaps than in moft other
counties in England. And, further, that were gentlemen in their
refpedlive counties, and we have members, I prefume, from
moft parts of the kingdom, to enumerate and point out the
feveral places within their diftridts and provinces, where Roman
F 2 remains,
Derbeiesseira Romana#'
remains, Including antiquities of all the different kinds, have
been found, in fome fuch manner as is here done, we fhould
have an excellent Britannia Romana, on a very extenfive plan.
Whence it would appear, that our ifland had indeed been
a favourite province, as Dr. Stukeley [«] terms it, with that great
people, and that they had in fad occupied or vifited almoft
every corner of it [o]%
I am, Sir, with great efteem,
Your moft obedient fervant,
Whittington, Bee. i, 1788, SAMUEL PEGGE.
[»] Itin. II. p. 6r.
Dr. Piott, Staff, p. 403. 405.
III. Ob-
III. Obfervations on Canterbury Cathedral. By the
Rev. Mr. Denne, in a Letter to the Rev. Mr*
Norris, Secretary.
Read Not. 19, 1789-
DEAR Sir,,
» . * t
MR. Ledvvich, in his ingenious, and in many in Ranees fa-
tisfadory obfervations upon antient churches, publifhed
in Archajologia, vol. VIII. No. XIX. p. 176, has remarked,,
that if Ofbern’s authority is of any weight, the undercroft at
Canterbury was founded antecedent to the year 742 ; that writer
having informed us, that archbifhop Cuthbert ere&ed St. John’s
chapel in the eaftern part of the greater church or cathedral.
The chapel here noticed was not, however, any part of the
cathedral fabrick ; and I am inclined to attribute this miftake to
Mr. Ledwich’s having before him an imperfed extrad from the
life of archbifhop Bregwin by Ofbern ; who expreflly fays,
that the chapel was almojl contiguous to the greater church [^].
There
[a] Qui (Cuthbertus) ecclefiam in oriental! parte majoris ecclefiae eiderm
pene contiguam in honore beati Johannis Baptiftae fabricavit ; ut et baptifteria et
examinations judiciorum pro diverlis caufis ad correftionem fcelerum inibi
celebrarentur ; et archiepifcoporum corpora in ea fepelirentur, fublata de medio
antiqua
38 Mr. Denne on Canterbury Cathedral .
There are befides other evidences of its being a detached build¬
ing; and that at the time of its being conftrufted, it was at a
greater diftance from the eaft end of the cathedral, than when
the Monkiffi biographer wrote his hiftory. The primary often-
fible reafons offered by Cuthbert, for erefting this church were,
that it might be ufed for a baptiftery, and a court of judica¬
ture ; but there is ground to fufpedt, that his chief motive was
to make it a place of fepulture for the archbifhops of Canter¬
bury, who had hitherto been buried in St. Auflin’s monaflery.
Cuthbert, it is plain, foon had it configned to this ufe; ob¬
taining, fay the monks of St. Auftin [£], king Eadbert’s leave,
and, fay their brethren of Chrift Church [c], the authority of
the Pope, and the royal permiffion for fuch an appropriation.
Cuthbert, and Bregwin his immediate fucceffor, were here in¬
terred ; but Lambert, the next archbifhop, who had been
abbot of St. Auflin’s, was, by his own direction, buried in
the chapter-houfe of the convent, over which he had prefi ded ;
after whom no primate was interred within its walls.
There are no traces of the chapel’s being applied to the pur-
pofes fir ft fpecified. After the parochial clergy were allowed
to adminifler the office of baptifm in their refpeflive diftridls,
a general baptiflery at the cathedral church could not be want¬
ing ; and it appears from Edmer’s defcription of the church,
antiqua confuetudine qua eatinuS in ecclefia apoftolorum Petri et Pauli corpora
antecefforum fuorum tumulari foleba-nt. Angl. Sac. II. p, 75.
Nomine Baptiftae fundavit et ipfe capellam ;
Ecclefiae muros haec prate fa&a fuit.
Jn qua decrevit praTul fore fe fepeliri,
Ac fucceffores quofque fuos pari ter. Ib. 72,
[b\ X Script. Chron. Thorn, c. 1774.
[<•] Ibid. Gervafe, 1294 — 1641.
before
Mr. Denne on Canterbury Cathedral '.
before the appointment of Lanfranc to the fee of Canterbury,
that low contioverfiers and pleas were determined in the fouth
door of the nave [J].
St. John’s chapel being in a dilapidated ftate, 'it was repaired
by Lanfranc, and made the infirmary chapel. Edwin’s Iketch
of the cathedral and precinds of t he priory, delineated before
the fire in 1174^], ihews the fituation of this chapel with re-
fpt'd to the eafi-end of the church, where was the chapel of
the Holy Trinity. After the fire, this chapel with its under¬
croft being wholly taken down, it was rebuilt upon a more ex-
ten five plan ; and in digging for the foundation of the walls of
the new undercroft, they met with the bones of feveral monks in
the cemetery ; which were colleded, and re- interred in a large
trench in the angle between the chapel of the Trinity and the
infirmary towards the fouth jY].
A part of the fouth wall of the infirmary chapel is remain¬
ing; and it may be the wall of St. John’s chapel, though after
the new appropriation of it, the Virgin Mary being confidered
as a more proper guardian of the fick and infirm monks, it
was dedicated to her. Nor are marks wanting of its being the
wall of the original fabrick. It was, as already noticed, only re¬
paired by Lanfranc ; and the attentive Mr. Goftling obferves [/],
that befules the eaft window of the chapel, which is clofed up,
there are fome arches of older windows ftill to be feen in the wall.
There is alfo in the fouth wall a mutilated figure allowed by
[-4] Ibid. 1291.
[/j An engraving of it, at the expence of this Society, was publilhed in 1755.
“ Coepit Magifter Willielmus caufa fundamenti monachorum cemeterium fo-
dere, unde compulfus eft multorum fan&orum monachorum offa effodere ; quae
diligenter in unam collegia repofita funt in fofla grandi, in angulo illo qui eft
inter capeliam etdomum infirmorum ad meridiem.” X Script. Gervafe, 1299.
[/] Walk in and about Canterbury, p. 138.
Somner
4® Mr. Denne on Canterbury Cathedral.
Somner and Battelyf^] to have been the effigies of John the
Baptift, and there can be little doubt of its being defigned for
him, becaufe in the hand was a label with this inlcription,
Ecce major me,” &c. In Somner’ s time it was partly legi¬
ble, and he dared fay it was in a cbara&er lefs antient than the
fabrick ; had luckily a fac-fimile been taken, the age of the
letters might have been by others nearly afcertained.
Both thefe eminent antiquaries were indeed fully perfuaded
that the walls of this chapel were deftroyed by the fire in 1 174,
if not fooner ; and they feem to have been as confident, that
the outer walls of the choir had the fame fate. In this, how¬
ever, they were certainly miftaken ; and it fhould be remarked
that the tower of St. Andrew, which, from its fituation at the
north- eafl: end of the choir, was neareft to the infirmary, was,
after the fire, in good prefervation [ h j ; why then are we to
conclude that the walls of the infirmary chapel that were much
lefs expofed fhould not have efcaped !
When Gervafe tells us that very many of the ornaments and
goods of the church, the furniture of the choir, the timbers of
the roof, and the fialls, all combuftible materials, were reduced
to afhes [/'], we without hefitation admit the aflertion ; and
we
[g] Antiquities of Canterbury, p. 106, 107. h Cantuar. Sacr. p. 94.
[A] “ Magifter turres praedi&as (Sanifti Anfelmi et San£ti Andreae in utroque
latere ecclefiae antiquitus ad circinum pofitas) diffipare non volens, intcgras
autem transferre non valens.” X Script. 1303.
[/] “ Non enim foluinmodo chorus hoc incendio confuinptus eft, verumetiam
■donnas infirmorum cum capella Sanctae Marise et aliis quibufdam curiae offici-
nis. Ornamenta quoque ecclefiae quamplurima et bona in cinerem redadta funt.’f
Ibid. c. 1290. “ Poll multum vero temporis ecclefiam Cantuarienfem cum offi-
cinis et ecclefiam Sandli Johannis Baptiftae, quae a beato Cuthberto aedificata et
dedicata, vorax flamma confumpfit ; quae poftea Lanfrancus archiepifcopus
1 reparavit :
Mr. DennE on Canterbury Cathedral. 41
we can eafily imagine that the pillars of the choir, inconfequence
of the intenfe heat of the fire from fuch a pile of wood, that
blazed with violence to the height of fifteen cubits from the
floor, might receive irreparable damage. But when thefe
words are applied to the confumption of ftone walls, they
muft be read with a due allowance for the figurative ftyle of
the relator. Though therefore Mr. Ledvvich may from mif-
information have conceived that the eafl: end of the undercroft
of this cathedral is of the date of Cuthbert’s primacy, it is not
by any means improbable but that the chapel of John Baptift,
which was eredled by that archbifhop, may be in part fub-
lifting.
As to the weft part of the undercroft, the time of its con-
ftrudtion cannot be precifely fixed. It may be of a prior date
to St. John’s chapel ; I am at leaf! inclined to fufpedt it to be
of a greater age than Mr. Ledvvich, upon the authority of Mr.
Goftling, imagines it to be. Edmer, who was precentor of
this priory, in his defeription of the church, previous to the
reparations and additions made by Lanfranc, refers to the
paffage in Bede, which mentions Auftin’s dedicating to Chrifl:
the church recovered by the afliftance of King Etheldred, which
Bede had learnt was built by the old believing Romans [£].
Edmer
reparavit : et eccleliam novam in qua fan&orum epifeoporum corpora in aqui-
lonari parte fuper voltum magnum et pulcherrimum impofuit reverenter, et
collocavit decenter, et fub lingulis locellis ordinavit. In ilia etiam conflagra-
tione, quanta dampna locus ipfe perpefTus fit nullus edicere potefl. Scilicet in
auro, in argento, in libris divinis et legibus. Infuper et privilegia Romanorum
pontificum et regum, et principum regni ex integro omnia confumpta funt.”
Vita Bregwini, authore Ofberno, Ang. Sac. vol. II. p. 76.
[i] Recuperavit regio fultus adminiculo ecclcfiam quam ibi, Romanorum
Vol. X. G antiquorum
42 Mr. Denne on Canterbury- Cathedral,
Edmer then adds, that the church in a certain part refembled
the church of St. Peter’s at Rome, wherein the moft facred
reliques of the whole world decently kept, were reverently
worfhiped [/]. By this part mud be underftood the confef-
fionary, or crypt, that are fynonymous terms ; but from the
perplexed mode of expreffion, it is difficult to determine how
far the monk meant to imply that this confeffionary was a
part of the church noticed by Bede. Unfortunately Edmer’s
defcription, which is prefervea by Gervafe, is concife, imper¬
fect, and not without other obfcurities, which a Somner, a
Battely, and a Goftling, have not beeii able to difpell. The
church evidently confided of a prefbytery, a choir, and a nave ;
and from the choir were fome Heps leading up to the prefby¬
tery. There was likewife a high vaulted crypt, under the
prefbytery only, as Battely feems to think ; but as I read the
words, it was continued under the choir. Whether the floor
of the nave was upon a level with the floor of the choir, or
with that of the undercroft, is not clear from the defcription.
If the former were the cafe, there mu ft have been an immenfe
quantity of earth removed, previous to the laying of the foun¬
dations of the nave fuppofed to be built by Lanfranc, and of
antiquorum fidelium opere fa&am fuifTe didicerat, et earn in nomine San£ti
Salvatoris Dei et Domini noftri Jefu Chrifti facravit.” Beda Ecclef. Hift. L. I.
c. xxxiii.
[/] “ Erat enim ipfa ecclef a, quod per excefTum dici patientur quaefo accipiatur,
licut in hiftoriis Bedae teflatur, Romanorum opere fafta, et ex quadam parte ad
imitationem eccleliae beati apoftolorum principis Petri, in qua facratiffima? reli¬
quiae totius orbis veneratione celebrantur decenter compofita. — -Ad hrec altaria
nonnullii gradibus afcendebatur a choro cantorum quam Criptam vel Confeffionem
Romani vocant. Subtus erat ad inltar ccnfeflionis Sanfti Petri fabricata, cujus
fornix eo in a'.tum tendebatur ut fuperiora ejus non nil! per plurts gradus poffent
aduk” Edmerus X Script. Gervaf, c. 1231.
' the
Mr. DeisTne on Canterbury Cathedral. 43
the prefent nave. It is alfo doubtful, whether, according to
Edmer’s defcription, Dunflan w'as buried in the crypt, or ftri£tly
Ipeaking in the nave, feparated by a ftrong {lone wall, without
the crypt [m]. I imagine it to have been without the crypt,
concluding the fteps mentioned by Edmer, not to be the fteps
leading up the prefbytery from the choir, but to the many
fteps he afterwards notices of afcent to the choir from the un¬
dercroft.
Ofbern relates that Dunftan two days before his death pointed
out the place where he wifiied to be buried [»]. Edmer fays,
that he was laid very deep in the ground ; and both agree that
a fublime monument was reared over his grave, which, adds
Edmer, could be feen by the fingers in the choir, and by the
priefts going up the fteps to the altar. This is an expreflion
that feems to imply that the monument muft have been at
fome diftance from the preibytery, and not at its weft end, as
I conceive Battely to have furmifed. The interfe&ion between
the nave and the choir, or rather the eaft extremity of the
nave, and not far from the altar of the crucifix which was
there fituated, appears for many years to have been no un-
[w] “ Sane via una quam curvatura criptae ipfius ad occidentem vergentem
concipiebat, ufque ad locum quietis beati Dunftani tendebatur, qui maceria
forti ab ipfa cripta dirimebatur. Ipfe namque fan&iflimus pater ante ipfos
gradus in magna profunditate terrae jacebat humatus, tumba fuper eum in rno-
dum pyramidis grandi, fublimique ftru&ura, habente ad caput San£ti Altare
inatutinale. Inde ad occidentem chorus pfallentium in aulam eccleliie porrige-
batur.” Ibid. col. 1292.
[«] “ Deferentes illud (Dunftani corpus) in balilicam magni bafilei domini fal-
vatoris ; ibi in loco, quern ante biduumipfe diiftaverat, cum diligentia lepultus,
et poll haec eminentioris operis ftruftura decenter opertus, fiebilem fimul et
amabilem cundlis live in choro plallentibus feu per gradus ad altare afcendenti-
bus fui memoriam reliquit.” De vita Dunftani, Ang. Sac. II. p. 1 1 9.
; - G 2 common
44- Mr. Denne a/j Canterbury Cathedral
common place of interment of bifliops ; and it is obfervable
that Dundan’s head was depofited near an altar where matins
were performed. In “ Cantuaria Sacra” there is what the author
apprehended to be the ichnography of Edmer’s church with
references; but he has not marked the place of Dunftan’s
tomb, poffibly from his having doubts as to its fituation. There
is alfo in the (ketch an omiflion of the ailes mentioned by the
monk, though not fpecified whether there were fide ailes or
crofs ailes [0]. Several antient churches were built in the form
of a crofs [/>" .
Certain however it is that in Canterbury cathedral, as de-
fcribed by Edmer, there was a lofty undercroft; and to this
Ofbern muft have alluded, when he fpeaks of the vaulting large^
and beautiful, above which Lanfranc placed the bodies of the
holy bifhops which he had brought from other parts of the
church. He indeed ufes the epithet new> but it muff not be
dridtly rendered ; a latitude of interpretation being here the
more allowable, becaufe the word repair occurs in the preced¬
ing fentence. As the vaulting of the old church was of done,
it could not have been dedroyed by the dre before the Con-
qued -q]9 and Mr. Godling has judly rejected the notion of
Lanfranc’s having, in feven years, re-edified from the founda¬
tion the whole church, together with the palace and mo-
nadery. More than twenty years were requifite for Gundulph’a
[0] “ Deinde fub medio longitudinis aulte ipfius duae turres erant, prominentes.
ultra ecclefiam alas.” X Script, col. 1292.
[p] Bingham, Ecclef. Antiq. b. VIII. c. iii.
[?] “ Siquidem poll innumeras perfecutiones quas faepiflime pafla eft intus et
foris, occulto noftris fed judicio jufto Dei, incendio confumpta eft, et cum om¬
nibus ornamentis et utenftlibus fail in nichilum pane redutfta.” Edmerus, ut
fupra.
2
rebuilding
Mr. Denne on Canterbury Cathedral. 45
rebuilding Rochefter cathedral, that is upon a much fmaller
fcale. And of the church of St. Paul begun by Bifhop Mau¬
rice, fo expanded was the undercroft, and lo capacious the
upper parts of the fabrick, that though he purfued the work
with affiduify and fpirit for twenty years, he left the comple¬
tion of it to his fucceflors [r].
From the ftyle of the ornaments of the capitals of the pillars
in the undercroft, Mr. Goftling has fuggeftcd, that Grymbald
and his affiftants might be the archite&s ; and he infers that
thofe who built the vault may be fuppofed to have raifed the
walls alfo. But in Ofborn’s life of Odo there is a paflage,
which a little inclines me to believe, that the crypt and the
then fuperftru&ure might be of greater antiquity.
When Odo was advanced to the primacy of Canterbury it
is laid he found the roof of the church perifhed by great age,
every part, half ruined, being ready to fall [j]. Now, as
Odo was promoted in 934, and Grymbald died in 903, is it
very probable that between the time when Grymbald and his
affiftants may be imagined to have built the walls, and placed
the roof upon them, the roof ffiould have become fo totally di¬
lapidated! Mr. Battely is of opinion that Odo only raifed
the walls to a level, they being before uneven ; but, as ap¬
pears to me, he carried all the walls higher than they were
before. The artificers whom he collected were employed three
[r] Dugdale’s Hill, of St. Paul’s, p. 5.
[YJ “ Tedium ejufdem ecclefiae Chrilti nimia vetvjlale dirutum femirutis per
totum partibus pendebat. Quod ille renovare cupiens, murum quoque in por-
redtiorem celfitudinem exaltari defiderans, congregatis artificibus praecepit ut
quod diffolutum defuper eminebat penitus tolli, et quod minus in altitudinc
murus habebat, juffit extolli, in tribus annis quibus ecclefis] muri in altum
porrigebantur.” Ang. Sacr. Yol. II. p. 83. j
years ^
Mr* Denne on Canterbury Cathedral \
years ; and this feems to have been a longer time than was
fufficient for a number of men to have executed fo plain a piece
of work. I am therefore apt to imagine, that fomething more
might be done, in which fecurity and elegance were united.
It is obferved by Mr. Goflling, that the outfide of the fouth
wall of the church is adorned with a range of fmall pillars,
fome witn fantaftic fhafts and capitals, fome with plain ones,
that fupport arches which interfedt each other. And this,
fignificantly termed by him a girdle , he fuppofes to have been
in the walls Lanfranc found at his coming to the fee, and
that the archbifhop made ufe of thefe walls in his grand re¬
pair of the cathedral [7] ; will it then be deemed a {trained fur-
mife, that this girdle was an ornament worked into the walls
by the artificers whom Odo employed !
In the Appendix to the fame volume of Archamlogia, p. 44^
Mr. Barrington has noticed the gloominefs of the undercroft
at Canterbury, and offered an opinion concerning the purpofes
for which this and fimilar apartments were conflrudted in
churches. Somner terms the crypt lightfome, but Erafmus
fays, that the eaflern part being fomewhat obfeure, till lights
were hi ought he could not view to advantage the elegant
chapel of the Virgin Mary, who had there her habitation [*].
And in this pait we aie to trace a caufe of the prefent gloom
in the whole undercroft, which was to have been in fome de¬
gree obviated. For the crypt beneath the choir was defigned
to have a conftant communication with the vaults under the
[/] Walk, he. p. 78.
f>] “ Ia cryPto domicilium liabet virgo mater, fed fubobfeurum, feme! atque
iter mn ferreis cancellis circumfepta ; admotis lucernis vidimus plufquam regale
fptctaculum.” Peregrinat. Relig. ergo j Opera Erafmi, Vol. I. c. 785.
-3 Trinity
Mr, Denne on Canterbury Cathedral, ^
Trinity chapel, erected after the fire in 1174 [*], and which are
now allotted to the houfe of the firft prebendary. Mr. Bar¬
rington might not have an opportunity of feeing them ; but
they are reprefented by Mr. Gofiling, as being fpacious and
beautiful, and what would make a finer parifli church than
any in the city [y]. When the crypt under the old Trinity
chapel was heightened, enlarged, and improved, it was with
the view of erecting a tomb in honour of Becket at the eaft
end, where there is a tower ftill called Becket’s crown. And
had this become the receptacle of his fttrine, there cannot be a
doubt, but that it would have had a number of windows that
would have calf much light over the whole undercroft [2].
But the plan was changed, and the chapel of the Virgin Mary,
for probable reafons fuggefted by Mr. Gofiling, was fecluded
from the fight of the vulgar. The French church is, how¬
ever, lefs lightfome than it was formerly, in confequence of
the ground without it being confiderably raifed. For part
of the windows on the fouth fide are, if I am not miftaken,
fome feet below the furface of the church-yard ; from which
there is a defcent by fix fteps into the fouth weft crofs, that is,
upon a level with the nave. To the crypts under the choirs
of cathedrals fpecified by Mr. Barrington, may be added that
at Rochefter, conftru&ed by Gundulph.
We are informed that the crypt at Canterbury was made in
imitation of the confeftionary of St. Peter’s church at Rome,
and from this we may collect the original ufe of undercrofts,
M “ Introitum de veteri in novam criptam magifter prudenter aperuit.”
X Script, c. 1302.
[ y ] Walk, &c. p. 143.
[z] “ FaFtoque igitur rauri exterioris fundamento flrmiffimo ex lapide et ce-
mento murum etiam criptae ad bafes feneftrarum erexit,” X Script, c. 1299.
and
48 Mr. Denne on Canterbury Cathedral.
and from what circumftance they acquired the appellation of
confeffionaries. When a church was built over the grave of a
martyr, or confeffor, it was after the Greeks termed a mar-
tyry , and after the Latins a confejjionary . Thefe names were
afterwards adopted, when churches were only ere&ed in me¬
mory of perfons of this clafs ; and when it became a prac¬
tice to preferve and venerate their relics, and to dedicate altars
in honour of them, the relics were placed near, under, or
within the altars. Edmer mentions an altar in the crypt at
Canterbury, in which, according to an antient tradition, was
enclofed the head of St. Furfeus, founder of the monafiery of
Burgh caftle, in Suffolk, about the year 630 ; and fome of
the relics of the Holy Apoftles and Martyrs, Auftin is reported
to have brought with him he might depofit in the church
built by the Romans in this city. In thefe crypts there might,
in general, be light fufficient for the celebration of divine rites;
and, in compliance with the fuperftition of the age, there were
lamps burning at the feveral altars.
This appropriation of what was deemed a very facred part
of the church will, in fome meafure, account for none but ca¬
nonized perfons being for a confderable time buried within
the churches. Auflin, though the converter of the Saxons to
Chriltianity, the firfi: archbifhop of Canterbury, and founder of
the religious houfe called after his name, was interred in the
portico of the church of that abbey ; as were his five next
fucceifors. There being a want of room for more bodies,
Theodore, the feventh primate, was, it is fa id., buried in the
church. But church is not always to be flridlly conftrued ; for
it often means fome edifice within the precindt. Archbifhop
Lambert was buried in the chapter houfe of St. Auftin’s, and
the like apartment in Durham cathedral was the general re-
pofitory
Mr. Denne on Canterbury Cathedral ^
pofitory of the early bifhops of that fee. And when Cuthbert
was defirous of changing the burial place of the archbifhops,
he did not prefume to folicit that himfelf and his fucceffors
fhould be laid with the faints in Chrift-church, but in a de-
(ached chapel.
I am, dear Sir,
*
Your obliged and humble fervant,
Wilmington , April 1 5, 1 789. SAMUEL DENNE,
Vol. X.
IX
XV* Some
t s° 3
IV. Some Obfervations on the Paintings in the Window
of Brereton Church. By the Rev. Samuel Pegge,
in a Letter to Owen Salufbury Brereton, Efq.
Vice Prejident.
Read Nov. 26, 1789
S 1 R,
H E beautiful coloured drawing which you were pleafed
A to exhibit at the Society [*], is fo very curious, in re¬
gard to the many fingularities which attend it, at leaft in my
eye, that I requeft your favourable acceptance of a few addi¬
tional obfervations upon it.
There are five figures in what we may call the lower com¬
partment of the window at Brereton church, in the county
of Chefter, and feemingly all knights ; and it is true, that in an
illumination in a fmall vellum MS. of a Latin Manual of
Prayers, which I have, the aflaffins are five ; the piece confin¬
ing of them who are all Handing, of St. Thomas kneeling at an
altar, and of a monk, whom we may fuppcfe to be his chap¬
lain, or crofs-bearer, at his fide. But neverthelefs all hiftory
teftifies that the murderer of Becket were but four in number.
[«] Engraved in Archoeologia, vol. IX. p. 368.
William
Some Obfervations , &c. $ t
William Fitz-Stephen, who was living at the time, was in the
archbifhop’s fervice [£], and no contemptible writer, names
but four [c], and moft later authors, if not all, agree, I think,
in the fame [< d ] ; fo that the middle and moft confpicuous
figure in your drawing muft needs be intended to reprefent the
martyr himfelf, though by a moft wonderful incongruity, re¬
pugnant to all hiftory, he is pourtrayed with his fword drawn,
and clad in armour. We incur no miftake, Sir, in denomi¬
nating this principal figure the martyr himfelf, for his name
is exprefsly written on the label under him thus,
partita ®&onta_|>].
It is further obfervable, in refpeft to the Knights , that the
two on the right of the martyr carry their fwords in their left
hands, which can only be to pleafe the eye of the fpe&ator by
making a contraft with the fwords of the two figures on the
oppofite fide.
The names of the knights on their labels are, Willin' s Traciq .
Reginaldus jilij Ale i [y], nec non Mertilius[g’\ hugo , Ricardus
Bruto [/6] ; which in the infeription underneath ftand thus,
44 Ricardus Bruto nec non Mertelius hugo Willmus traci Reginaldus
44 fdius hici (no doubt for urci, i. e. urji) Martirm 'T’homam jigri
[£] Account of Fitz-Stephen prefixed to his Defcription of London,
A. 1772, p- 8.
[c] Fitz-Stephen, p. 78.
[i] Rog, Hoveden, p. 521. Annal. Duftap. p. 33. Rad. de Diceto et Ger-
vas. inter X Script, col. 515. 1414. 1672. Dugdale, Baron. 1. p. 678. Lord
Lyttelton, Yol. IY. p. 353.
[<?] i. e. Thomam.
[/] This certainly fliould be Urci or Urfi, as all authors call him ; Caxton
alfo naming him Berefon.
[g-] That is, Morvllle.
i. e. Brito.
H 2
u fecere
52 Some Obfervations on the Paintings
sc fecere beatum anno milleno centum feptuageno” of which the ten
latter words, as you truly remark, form two Hexameter verfes ;
but if I be not miftaken, the whole infcription may be thrown
into four verfes of that fpecies, thus,
Ricardus Bruto , necnon Murtelius Hugo,
Willelmus trad, Reginaldus Jilius hid ,
Martirum [z] Tdhomam fieri fecere beatum,
Anno Milleno centenc feptuageno.
The firft of three figures in the upper compartment is evi¬
dently a bifhop, and, as the nimbus denotes, a faint ; whence I
fhould efteem him to be either Bechet himfelf, or St. Chad,
who was conne&ed at this time with the Diocefe of Chefter.
I incline to the latter, becaufe we have the effigies of Bechet in
the other compartment. The middle figure is alfo a prelate
with his mitre and crofier, and in the attitude of conferring his
benedi&ion, and probably was that Bifhop of Lichfield, or
Chefter, who was fitting at the time when the window was
made. The third figure, with a glory and a book, muff,
I think, be the patron faint, to whom the church of Brereton
was dedicated, fome faint, but not a bifhop, as he wants the
csofier. This patron faint, I find, was Ofwald jTj.
The church of Brereton is thought to be one of the oldeft
in the County Palatine of Chefter [yj; but whatever the fabrick
[/] This is particular both as to the quantity of the middle fyllable, and.
she termination ; but the like errors occur often in monkifh verfes.
\ E£ton.
[/] Archteol. vol. IX. p. 368.
3:
\
1
in the Window o/'Brereton Church . 53
of the church may be, perhaps as old as the Norman ConqueftjW),
this window, reprefenting the tragical end of Bechet , cannot
be fuppofed to rife any higher than the canonization of that
faint, A. D. 1172, and probably not near fo high.
I am, Sir, with the greateft regard and efteem,
Your mofl obedient humble fervant,
Whittington, OB. 29, 1789.
SAMUEL PEGGE,
[/«] There is no mention of a church at Bretone , which is placed in Mildeftvic
hundred, by which name Northwicb hundred went at the making of Domef-
day, (Leycefter, p.421.)
V. Further
[ 54 ]
V. Further Obfervations on Catara&onium, and the
Parts adjacent. By John Cade, Efq. In a hotter
to Richard Gough, DireElor.
Read Nov. 26, 1789.
S 1 Gainford, Sept, 22, 1789.
HAVING cafually had occafion to recur to the learned
Mr. Burton’s Commentary on Antoninus’ Itinerary
through Britain, where at page 53, in quotation from Bede,
he tells us, that were we acquainted with the mount called
W Up apes Dun or JVilfares Dun , about ten miles from Catarac-
tonium, we fhould have little caufe to doubt of the true fixa¬
tion of that place ; this circumftance attended with an ardent
defire to refcue from oblivion a few places mentioned in Bede’s
Ecclefiadical Hifiory, and other authors, induced me take a
journey from Greta Bridge to Catterick, and fome other parts
of Yorkfhire and Durham. The refult of my obfervations
may, perhaps, be not altogether unworthy of perufal ; however,
I fhall at all events, confide in your wonted candor and hu¬
manity.
As I have the abidance of our venerable monkifh hidorian,
my primary ebort mud be to point out Wilfares Dun and
Wilfares Down , memorable for the difperfion of king Ofwin’s
army, and the melancholy catadrophe that fucceeded it at
Inge -
s
Obfervations on Catara&onium. 55
Ingethingum or Gathely. The lingular appearance of Wilfares
Dun * had formerly attracted my attention on viewing it from
the hill above Giiling, at a time when I little imagined that
its hiftory would be intereRing. It is now called Didderjlon
or Didderjley-hill , is about nine miles northweR from Catterick
village on the Herman-Rreet road, and oppofite to it is another
mount of a conical form, called the Clack-hill. The adjacent
down is fpacious, and no place could be better fixed upon (in
conformity with the tallies of thofe feudal times) for the ex¬
ertion of military prowefs, or deciding the fate of a kingdom.
The fequel is well known, and Ofwin’s life atoned for his
inaufpicious temerity, by oflenfibly appearing to combat Ofwy’s
army, fo exceedingly fuperior to his own. The unfortunate
prince’s remains were interred at Tin mouth, where a monaftery
was afterwards built and dedicated to him ; but I have never
read of any miracles attributed to him, though his name feems
to have been honoured with a place in the Roman kalendar.
Within the angle where the Herman-ftreet and High-ftreet
feparate, is the feat of Sir Robert Hildyard, Bart, now called
Sedbury , which I am inclined to think was a palace of King
Ofwin’s. Bede pofitively fays, that our Saxon princes ever gave
the preference to a Roman Ration for their refidence, and of
neceffity there muff have been one at this place. The Sedes
Burgi, if I may be at liberty to ufe the expreffion, remains in
the prefent name Sedbury or Sedburg , and its vicinity to Giiling
and Wilfares Dun favors the conjedture. Mr. Burton has
alfo particularly remarked, at the Rations Rutupi and Derventioy
that this cuRom was prevalent through Britain, and at the
latter place he gives Bede’s recital of king Edwin’s efcape from
the machination ofEumerus the affallin.
[<?] So named perhaps from the Mercian King. See Bede’s Chronology.
Having
$6 Obfervations on Catara&onlum.
Having perhaps faid too much concerning Sedbury, my next
employment muft be to fearch for Akeburg , near Cataraflon,
the refidence of James the Deacon, who firft introduced the
Roman Church Song into the Northumberland kingdom, and
fucceeded Paulinus in the government of the cathedral of York,
mentioned likewife in Bede’s Hiftory, page 175. I can find no
place in that neighbourhood called Akeburg ; we have Aldburg
about fix miles diflant, but that I fhall not fix upon. How¬
ever, about a mile or two fouthwards, towards Sedbury and
Catterick, is Melfonby , which fhall not be paffed in a fuperficial
manner, as the church at that place is dedicated to St. James,
and the origin from whence I would derive its prefent name
will coincide with the cufloms of our primitive Saxon Roma¬
nized church, wliofe dignitaries were ever diflinguifhed by
fome lafling memorial. To inflance only a few places in the
Northumbrian territories, which retain 6cclefiaftical appella¬
tions, and are applicable to the fubjea, viz. Ancroft or Aidan-
croft from Aid an ; Etal from Eta ; Fudho , Fuda ; Fine hale,
Finan (afterwards noted for Goodrick’s aufterities) ; Ebchefer ,
Ebb a ; Branfpath , St. Brandon ; as alfo Ac ley from Acca ; to
which faints, the three latter churches are dedicated; hence
there is reafon to conclude, that Melfonby has been the refi¬
dence of James the Deacon. We read of a Mellitus, Juflus,
Honorius, Deufdedit, and the melliflous do&or St. Ambrofe,
and I apprehend Mefonus may not be improperly applied upon
the prefent occafion as a derivative. Perhaps fome perfons may
fay, I am purfuing an exploded fyftem, and that etymologies
are very uncertain, but Rill I can fee no fubflantial reafon,
why they fhould be totally rejeaed and until I can meet
with fatisfadory proof, that my conjeaure is ill grounded,
I fhall not readily give up the point. As for the name Akeburg ,
it
Qbfcrvatio?is on Catara&onium.
k might anciently be fo called from its fituation among Oaks ,
and have derived the prefent one from a church being built at
the place, and dedicated to St. James, which, at this time,
may almoft challenge the honour with Harrow on the Hill
for being a vifible church; if a fpire was added, it w'ould
eclipfe it, and the beft hone quarries in the north are adjacent
to the place.
On reviewing the remains of Catara&onium, I met with no
reafon to deviate from the description given of that place. The
Scattered fragments of fortification to be feen in the circumja¬
cent parts, leave no room to doubt of its former magnitude.
When we confider the vaft concourfe of people that muft oc-
cafionally have refided there, the accommodations necefTary
for the numerous Sojourning cohorts, the Space occupied by
magazines of every kind, with the allotments requifite for mer¬
chants, artifans, and manufactures ; befides its being the fite
of the great northern corporate mint, from whence the legions
were to be Supplied at the praetenturas and Caledonian Rations ;
curforily paffing by its temples, hoftells, baths, and other
public buildings, need we queftion the afTertion of the ancient
Cataradlon having included ‘Thornburg , Burg hall, and Catterick
village, a circuit at the moft not exceeding three Roman miles?
It would be abfurdity in the extreme to be guided by Some
writers, who imagined that it did not comprife above ten or
twenty acres. Here we may in reality meet with a more ap-
pofite Bellojitum than the Oxonian historiographer could pof-
fibly defcry, where the coins preferved befpeak Jupiter Cuftos,
and the teftimony of Succeeding ages has never been wanting
to immortalize its former Splendor and importance. Well
might the philanthropic Mr. Burton, contemplating its pre¬
fent fit u at ion, repeat the words of the Pfalmift, “ Come,
Vol. X. I behold
5 8 Obfervations on Cataraclonium.
behold the works of the Lord, what defolation he hath
“ brought upon the earth.’' I muft acknowledge that I never
viewed the place, that the fate of Ilium, Tyre, and Carthage,
was not brought to my remembrance ; but with this Toothing
reflection, that religion and juftice fvvay the fceptre of this
happy land, whilft contending nations, not fatiated with the
deftruCtion of a town or a city, are for extirpating whole re¬
gions ; as if feveral of the European hates were in need of a
new colonization.
Leeming-lane , I fuppofe, means no more than a common
high way. We find another road in Kent fo denominated.
Dr, Stukeley’s conjecture of its being repaired by Helena, and
having partly retained her name, feems inconclufive.
I was formerly of opinion, that the Fofs way had not ter¬
minated at Lincoln, but was continued acrofs the Humber by
York, Catterick, Stanwick,. Fofiet, and Portgate, to Alcluid or
Dunbarton ; and that the Herman-ftreet had interfered it be¬
tween Carli fie and the Grampian mountains; but I think you
did not coincide with that hypothecs. I imagine the cele¬
brated Arthur’s Oon would with more propriety accord with
Car Oon ; the name of the village and water on which it was
fituate, with the coins flruck at Catterick, reprefenting that
ftruCture, plead much in favor of Caraufms ’ Oon. I think
the Scots alledge that Edward the Firft caufed the name to be
changed.
St amt on in the Street , Stanwick , and Stainthorpe , muft have
all been fo called from Roman milliaries. None of them are in
a ftony fituation. I am perfuaded that the uncertainty and bad-
nefs of the fords over the Tees below Winfton, and the river
Were about Witton, had occafioned the Romans to conftruCb
the new road by Pierfbridge to Binchefter, &c. Near Gainford
this
Obfervations on Catara&onium. 59
this alpine river is frequently making new channels, and the
fords in confequence as frequently changing ; whilR that where
the Roman bridge flood at Pierfbridge, would be good at this
day, if not injured by wears and other temporary obRrudlions.
I have no doubts concerning the four Acklands being all
derived, like Sarron in Greece, from a land of Oaks. This
county was formerly included in the diocefe of HaguRald, and
the old deanery-houfe at St. Andrew’s Ackland was built
within a Roman Ration, The collegiate church there is like-
wife dedicated to St. Andrew, in conformity with that at
Hexham, which looks as if Acca had refided at the place.
The Preflons near Acley and Stockton indicate that fome
religious foundations have been at no great diflance.
Monk Weremouth mufl have been a Roman Ration, though
not diRinguifhed ; the ballaR hills and numerous buildings
now at that place muR make any fearches abortive ; but I am
really of opinion, that the old conventual church of St. Peter
was on the fame fite with the prefent church. On examining
the bafis of its auk ward Reeple, I difcovered part of an arch
that appears to carry every mark of antiquity.
On the oppofite fide of the Were, is a Druidical remain,
called Maiden Paps , a good lea mark. And at Ackley Heads ,
near Durham, has been a large Druidical grove, which our
county hiRorian could not perceive. The original road to the
north was weRward of the prefent from that city along a Rreet
caalled Allergate.
I am pretty certain the river Oufe, on which York is fituated,
had taken that name originally, on the jun&ion of the Swale
and Eure. The two Oufe Bums, or Brooks, can fuggeR no
more than Burns running into the Oufe. Hence we may ob-
ferve, that the river does not change its name, Ifis and Oufe
being fynonymous, and that the Swale was formerly called
I 3 Kis,
6o
Obfervatlons on Catara&onium.
Ills, and deified at Cataraflonium, we need only refer to the
lubterranean leaden pipes difcovered at that place, where in all
probability had been a temple to Proferpine, an infernal deity
of the fame fgnificancy with Ifis : moreover the Wifk, which
runs into the Swale, retains in fubftance its old name likewife.
As the elucidation of Bede’s Hiftory was defignedly my
principal object, it may not be amifs to make fome enquiries
after the prince, who is faid to have occafioned the converfion
of the Englifh nation, by permiting his vaflals to be expofed
for fale in the public markets at Rome. The authenticity of
the ft ory has been queftioned upon rational grounds, and Ella’s
memory, perhaps, loaded with obloquy, for no other reafon than
his being a Pagan prince. Journeys or voyages to and from Rome
were not fo frequent in his reign, as we find them in after-ages,
when the hierarchy of that church was daily fubverting the
fplendor of declining monarchy. The Northumbrian kingdom
being then divided, I apprehend that Ella fixed his refidence at
Elvet , now a fuburb to Durham, the Fetus Burgus,. which
has been mifplaced by fome writers at Old Durham, on the op-
pofite fide of the river Were, where was a Roman ftation,
called Malden Caftle . The raEix and origin of Elvet I will
venture to afcribe to Ella the Elder, the firft king of Deira,
contemporary with Gregory the Great, the promoter of St. Au-
guftine’s million. A note in the Saxon Homily, p. 1 5, fayS,
that Ella fignifies courage , magnanimity , •virtue ; and the learned
Mr. Rollin, fpeaking of the origin of the Greeks, informs us,
that Elis in Peloponnefus, the Elyjian Fields, and the river
IliJJlis or Elifus , are all derived from Ellas or Eliza , fon of
Javan, the great patriarch of the Grecian nations. In that
part of Deira between the rivers Tees and Tine are feveral
places that retain evident marks of their being derived from
Ella, ,
Obfervations on Cataraffonium. 6x
Elba, viz. Elvet, which, I fuppofe, was a regal feat ; Eldon ^
or Dun , near Auk land ; Eljlob , Elwicb, and Elion , all in Stock-
ton Ward. 1 (hall not notice Elcroft near York, as that
place had its name from Ella the Ufurper, near three centu¬
ries afterwards. I am induced to fix upon Elvet for being the
Fetus Burgus , and refidence of the great Ella, from various,
confiderations ; and firft, all authors agree that here has been
a church dedicated to St. Ofwaid,, from the earlieft ages of
Chriftianify in the northern parts ; and near the church-yard
is a plat called the Anchorage , which appears to have been the-
cell of fome anchoret or reclufe, even prior to that foundation*,
and which perhaps originated from the eredlion of fome prime¬
val crofs, fo much celebrated in King Ofwald’s Hiflory. Se¬
condly, we likewife meet with a place there called Rotten ,
or Rotten-row, a name of great antiquity, which the learned"
Mr. Camden deduces from the German freebooters, or hireling
auxiliaries; rotten or rotteren to mufler, fays he, hence rot -
meljler , a corporal, &c. This appellative occurs alfo at Sadberg*
Darlington, York, Nottingham, and many other towns ; at
the three firft mentioned places, we, in like manner meet with
Hungate , the etymon of which has not a little perplexed the
late Dodtor Drake, in his celebrated work the “ Eboracum,”
where at p. 312, he obferves that Hungry gate is but a poor
conjedture, and afterwards remarks, the place was formerly in¬
habited by many eminent merchants. If it would not be
thought pedantry in me to give my opinion, I fhould deci-
fively derive it from the Huns , or Eaflerling merchants, who
had flaples or marts at the mod confiderable towns in the king¬
dom, and perhaps the fuppofed caravanfary at St. Leonard’s*
York has been occupied by them. But 1 am infenfibly wan¬
dering from the borough of Elvet, where oppofite to the
Rotten- row
6 2
Obfervatlons on Catara&onium.
Rotten-row is a place called Hall-gar th-Jireet, near Maiden*
caftle hill, where I fuppofe a palace of Ella was fituated, and
in the vicinage of the church are fome tumuli, which probably
contain his remains with other Saxon princes, before the ar¬
rival of Paulinus in the Northumbrian kingdom. Bifhop Hugh
Pud ley rePored this diPridt to the church of Durham, and
annexed it to the city by a Prong Pone bridge ; and here the
chapter hold their occafional courts for the Borough of Elvet
at this day.
Having mentioned Sadberg in the preceding difcourfe, I (hall
take a furvey of that place, and my journey thither necef-
farily leads me by the old Rycknild-Jlreet way, which I endea¬
voured to trace in a former paper. And here it may not be
improper to remark, that adjoining to the identical road is a
water-mill upon the Skern, called the Rychiild-mill> and fur¬
ther a manfion called the Rycknild grange in the oldep re¬
cords of the parifii where they are fituate.
This county exhibits many remains of the Danifh polity
and ufurpations. Sadberg has been one of their Prong-holds,
and the chapel there is built on the fummit of an old encamp¬
ment. The place commands an extenfive profpe<P over a dis¬
tant country, and particularly the eminent Pation at Mainsforth,
about eight miles to the northward. Sadberg, though now
reduced to a fmall village, has been an Emporium of great
magnitude and opulence. Several of the Preets may Pill be
traced, and its privileges at this time with the honour of the
ancient earldom add no fmall luPre to the epifcopal fee, to
which it is united. In Lambard’s Topographical Di&ionary
we find it Pyled Satbergia (from the Lindisfarn Chronicle) ;
and that it was anciently a county, containing, as he informs
us, a great part of what is now called the county or biPioprick
Qbfervatfons on CataraCtonium. 6]
©•f Du ! Ham, Thefe, with other corroborative circumftances,
induce me to conclude, that it was the metropolis of Suberic,
the Danifh King of the Northumbrians, who probably was
treacheroufly dilpatched by poifon or other barbarous devices
at the place. Holinfhed and Speed give us very contradictory
accounts of this cataftrophe, fo that there is no fpeaking with
precision upon the fubjeCt.
Bijhopton , about two or three miles to the eaftward, and the
tumulus at that place, are prefumptive indications that the former
has been the refidence of a prelate, and that the latter com¬
memorated fome event of importance. We are told that Beatrice,
or Edith, filter of king Afchelltan, was married to this Pagan
prince, A. D. 915, and allowed the free exercife of her religion,
with the afhftance of an ecclefialtical confjftory to. forward the
converfion of her hufband to Chriftianity. Where then can
we fix its refidence with more propriety than at Bifhopton fo
near at hand ? and to what attribute the fabrication of the tu¬
mulus, but for a memorial of fome extraordinary interment at
that place ? whether of this Sitheric, or his queen Beatrice,
will not be eafy to fay : if the Scotifh hiftorians are to be de¬
pended upon, perhaps the latter. In the Vllth Volume of the
ArchaeoJogia is fome account attended with an engraving of the
ftrong camp at Main: forth, alfo conjectures on the fituation of
Brimeibury, where king Athelftan gained a complete victory
over Godfrey and Anlaf, foils of Sitheric. Many accidental cir-
cumftances have occurred to ftrengthen thofe conjectures, and
the large Moofe deer horns found at Mainsforth are not the leaf.
Indeed there remain many evidences of this county being the
great fcene of aCtion during the Danifli Invafions. Ravenf-
worth near Newcaftie and Ravenfworth near Richmond in
Yorkfhire, may perhaps date their origin from the ereClion of a
Danifli
64 Obfervatio'ns on Gatara&onium.
ODanilh llandard as well as Ravenjburg near Hull, where it was
•fird difplajed ; and the celebrated IV ar den- tow was certainly oc¬
cupied by them ; and on this account it is probable St. Cuthbert’s
relics could not have fan&uary at the place. Gainford had
like wife its rife from thofe marauders, their original encamp¬
ment being a little north of the place, and at the entrance from
the ead is a confiderable mount of their conftrudlion, whether
’for the purpofe of religion, judicature, or interment, I am at
a lofs to determine. Thofe lordly people feem to have dis¬
regarded both the Roman and Saxon mode of fortification. Cir¬
cular elevation with fome intrenchments in the dyle of cir-
cumvallation condituted the ufual method of condrudting a
Danilh fortrefs, and often fo remote from water that a
perfon cannot readily afiign any reafon for fo glaring an ab¬
surdity.
It is a doubt with me, whether the fee of Durham ever
ufed the arms of the Kings of Northumberland before the
.earldom of Sadberg was annexed to it, and I attribute the de¬
molition of that place to the devaluations made by the fird
William a little time after the Conqued. This event might
contribute to the rife of the neighbouring town of Darlington,
which was much better accommodated with numerous good
fprings than Sadberg, where water was not over abundant, and
which place Hugh Pudfey had adorned with a fpacious church
and other buildings about eighty years afterwards. But Dar¬
lington may claim higher antiquity. It appears to have been
noticed by Bede with its river the Dar or Der , now called the
Skern , fome centuries antecedent to that aera, and about the
year 860 was given to St Cuthbert, by Seir, fon of Ulphus,
lord of the place. Soon after, it became a refidence of the
Bilhops. I am inclined to think the magnificent bridge over
the
Obfervatlons on CataraCtonium. 6 5
the Tees at Croft was built, the architecture of which corre-
fponds with the church at Darlington in the conflruCtion of the
arches, cornices, and battlements, and has withftood the va¬
rious depredations of this rapid river for fix hundred years.
Hiftory is filent in regard to the erection of this ufeful ftruc-
ture. Perhaps it may have been built by public contribution, as
I have never read ot any prelate that promoted the work, ei¬
ther by indulgences or liberality. Although Darlington is
feated upon a flat near the Skern, which annually overflows
fome hundreds of acres, for want of a proportionate channel to
carry oft its redundant waters, yet it enjoys a temperate whole-
fome air, inftances of longevity being rarely wanting ; nay, at
this time there are a man, his wife, and fitter, inhabitants of
one houfe, whole ages put together amount to near two hun¬
dred and feventy years ; and there lately died two neighbours,
one at ninety-two, and the other at ninety-four years. C011-
fumptive cafes are lefs frequent here than in any of the adjacent
market- towns, and population rapidly increafing, this place
has doubled the number of its inhabitants in half a century.
Of late years, horticulture has been brought to great perfection
at Darlington, and agriculture as much patronifed in the en¬
virons. For ten miles around no wafte or common land is
to be met with ; and the laudable premiums given by a re-
fpeCtable fociety contribute much to accelerate profeffional im¬
provements.
To conclude; the miracles afcribed to our great Patron
St. Cuthbert have raifed the ecclefiaflical hierarchy of Durham
to its prefent grandeur and opulence. His guardian aufpices
have likewife continued to aggrandize the favoured Palatinate
for fome revolving centuries. We contemplate with pleafure
Vol. X. K and
66 Obfervatlons on Cataraftonium.
and experience the effects of our riling commerce, maritime
confequence, and internal wealth. The Tyne, Were, and
Tees, are the great channels of our export and import, and
their benign influence has contributed to give us that national
fuperiority for which the county of Durham has long been dif-
tinguilhed.
JOHN CADE.
VI. IV-
V
t-9 l 7J"X l°A
¥
E 67 ]
VI. Defcription of two antient manfion houfes in Nor-
thamptonfhire cmd Dorfet. By Richard Gough.
Read Dec. 3, 1789.
TH E drawing herewith exhibited, taken by Mr. Schneb-
belie in the courfe of laft fumtner [#], reprefents a frag¬
ment of one of the oldeft manfion houfes in this kingdom.
It was the feat of the family of Longucville from the reign
of Edward II. when John de Longueville levied a fine of the
manor of Little Billing , in the hundred of Spelho, and county
of Northampton, where this houfe is fituate. This John,
who was declared lord of the manor 9 Edw. II. founded the
houfe of Auftin Friars in the town of Northampton, 1 6th of
faid reign, to which feveral of his defendants were benefadlors,
and were there buried, as was probably the founder himfelf.
In this fa mily the manor of Little Billing continued till the
reign of Elizabeth.
Leland [3] thus defcribes this building :
66 The eldeft houfe or manor place of the Langevilles, yet
remaynith at Little Billinge, about a 3 miles eft from Nor¬
thampton.”
[tf] See Plate I.
L] It. tV. 40.
K 2 Mr.
63
J V)efcription of two aniient Manfon-houfes
Mr. Bridges [e] the hiftorian of Northamptonfhire gives this
account of it.
“ Part of the manfion houfe, which was formerly inhabited
by the Longevilles, is Bill left Banding, and hath great marks
of antiquity remaining. The firft ftory is fupported with broad
arches, where is the appearance of a chapel. The door-cafes
of Harlefton freeftone are thick and large. And at the fouth
end is a turret, with a flair-cafe leading up to the leads. A
part of it is embattled. In the yard is the farm-houfe, made
out of the ruins adjoining to the ruinous part.”
Meffrs. Buck engraved a view of thefe ruins 1729 ; but have
called them by miftake a Cijlercian priory. What could have
fuggefted this idea it is not eafy to fay ; for there is nothing in
the parifh to give rife to it. Perhaps they confounded it with
the religious houfe founded by the fame family in Northampton
as before mentioned.
The ruins are much reduced in a courfe of 60 years. The
hexagon turret and all the building to the weft of it is gone.
In the prefent view only the eaft part of the north fide is feen
in which is a large bay window below, and a long cafement
above it, with a large chimney to the eaft.
Mr. Hutchins, in his Hiftory of Dorfet [J], has given a view
not unlike this, with a plan, of a manfion houfe in Great Can-
ford, which belonged to the family of Monteacute, earls of
Salifbury, about the middle of the reign of Edward III. and wa&
the chief place of their refidence. The remains were intirely
taken away 1765 : but before that time confided of a fuite of
[r] I. 409.
fy] 11. 100, 107.
of
/
In Northamptonfhire and Dorfet. 69
• /
of three rooms running from eaft to weft. The mod eaftern
was about 25 feet fquare, and had a ftair cafe tower at the
north-eaft angle. To this room adjoined on the north fide a
fquare tower over a gateway. On the weft fide of the firft room
adjoining another 48 feet long by 25 wide, communicating
with it by a door, and having a fire place in its fouth fide,
and two large oriel windows in its north. The weftermoft
room of this finite was 33 feet by 25, and had two windows in
the north, and two in the weft front, and a fquare tower at the
north weft corner. Behind all thefe, but parallel with their
line, were offices, fuch as kitchen and wafli-houfe, with their
chimnies back to back, and at the end a ftable, and another
room. There was no appearance of a quadrangular or other
court. The houfe fronted to the river Stour, which was at no
great diftance from it.
Thefe two manfions may be confidered as a kind of ftnufture
between the caftles, calculated for military defence, and the
manor houfes or palaces of ths nobility in the reigns of Eli¬
zabeth and the two Henrys preceding her.
Spofford caftle in Yorkffiire comes the neareft to thefe two
in point of time and plan ; built, as Mr. King [<?] obferves,
about the time of Edward III. in imitation of the ftyle of archi¬
tecture then introduced; when the idea of the clofe compaCt
well fecured keep was nearly laid afide; when that even of the
cajlle began to be confidered as of importance in name, rather
than in reality, and when the idea of the convenient hofpitable
palace was adopted and brought into ufe.
[<?] Archseologia, Vol. VI. 342.
C 7° ]
VII. ExtraBs out of an old Book relating to the Building
of Louth Steeple , and repairing the Churchy &c.
from about the year 1500 or 1501 to 1518.
Cotnmunicated by Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart. Pr. R. S.
Pvead Jan. 14, 1790.
Robert English,
Thomas Alderton,
William Keel and
Thomas Fox
1
Kirkwardens in 1501.
Thomos Taylor, Draper,
William Johnson, Draper,
Robert Bousley, Mercer,
Thomas Angram, Draper.
Kirkwardens in 1501.
Page 2. Paid for ftone and expences at the quarrel to
the broach.
Item, paid to John Chapman, merchant,
William Johnfon riding to the quarrel by
four days, and other two men charing ftone,
and to William Nettleton in his expences, o 6
Item, paid to William Johnfon for his labour
i2d. and his horfture 13d. 02
Item, paid to the quarry n for ftone at that
time, . - .
Item, paid William Nettleton, charing ftone
at the laid quarrel to the broach,
o 40
o 1
d.
%
1
o
4
Sum, o 50 1
Paae
\
Extracts out of an old Bosk , &c.
7*
£ • s. d.
Page II. Paid for carrying of (tone.
Item, paid to Thomas - — - for two load
Hone carrying to Louth — — 0 3 5
Item, paid William Kelfy two loads 31. 4 d.
Robert Kelfy one load zod. and William
OfFrey one load 20 d. — 068
Item, paid to John Moaks and his fellows
from Confby to Louth, for five load car¬
rying - 11 ■ . . . 084
Page 13. Item, paid to William Johnfton for his own
coft and his horfhire, riding to the quarrel
for Rone to the broach by four days, 024
Item, to John Offiey for ten load from the
quarrel to Dog Dike by land and water,
price a load, 20 d. Sum, 016 8
Item, to Richard Spencer’s wife, ofKeelby,
for two load, from the quarrel to Apple-
tree nuts, - - — ■ 020
Item, paid John Lebel for the fame two
load from Appletree nuts to Dog Dyke, 014
Item, paid to the faid John for 7 load, from
the quarrel to Dog Dyke, by land and
water, ■ - - on 8
Pa^e 1 Item, paid the fir ft Sunday of Lent to Wil¬
liam Bennet, quarryer of Keelby for ftone
at the quarrell, - ■ - * o 36 8
Page ij. Memorandum, There is coming home ftone
to the broach 10 fcore foot and 5, and to
the gallery within the fteeple, 40 foot
grofts and 10 orbs,
3
Page
ExtraMs out of an old Book
*7 O
7 2
Page 26. Item, paid to William Nettleton, riding to
the quarrell for to buy ftone to the broach,
and for to get a matter mafon, for to take
charge of the faid broach, by four days, 2 s.
and to John Miller for his horfehire and
his own coft, 20 d. Sum,
N. B. John Cole, matter mafon from 1501
to 1505-6.
A looch or loch is a place to lay ftone in.
Item, paid to John Cole, matter mafon of
the broach for making molds to it by four
days, .... ... ~ -
Item, paid to William Thomas to fetch him
diverfe things, . ,
Item, paid for packthread, glue, and nails.
Item, paid to William Thomas one day, 4 d,
to John Archer one day, 4 d. and Thomas
Garbard one day, 4 d. bearing timber forth
of the loch, — - - -
Item, paid to John Cole, matter mafon, and
to William Johnfon, riding to the quarrell
for to buy ttone to the broach,
Item, paid by the hands of John Chapman,
merchant, and William Johnfon, at two
times for ttone to the broach, and to the
gallery within the tteeple to William
Benneit and John Loveley, quarriers,
Item, that William Johnfon paid John Levely
and William Bennett at the quarrel for
ttone, —
o
o
80
8
o 10
3 4
o
40 o
Item,
relating to the Building of Louth Steeple.
4
Item, that John Cole, matter mafon, and
William Johnfon paid to the faid John
and William at the quarrel, -
Item, that Robert Beverley and his fellows
paid of St. Ann-day at Louth to the faid
quarries, . . . .
Item, that the faid John and William has
received the day afore of the faid Robert
and his fellows, — _ _
Item, that William Bonnett has received of
Sunday afore Michaelmas-day at Louth of
Thomas Taylor and his fellows, — •
Item, that John Lively and William Bonnett
has received at Gunfby of John Cole,
matter mafon, and William Johnfon, an
owing reckoning of St. Katharines-day
this year, — - - - _
And that day lay there at Cunfby 31 load
ftone paid for.
Item, that the faid John Cole, matter mafon,
and William Johnfon paid the fame day
to William Bonnett and John Lively,
quarriers, for ftone that lies at the quarrell,
Page 27. Memorandum, that matter mafon and Wil¬
liam Johnfon bought ftone at the quarrell
of Roger Hanking and Edmund Shepherd,
100 foot, price a foot 2 and fo they
gave them in 31. 4 d., and to William Cam-
worth 100 foot, price 2 \d. a foot, and
they gave him 31. and 4 d., alfo John
Glover for eight load great ftone from
o 20
0 57
o 27
o 90
0 7
O I
L
73
d.
o
if
6
o
6
o
*
Vol. X.
Wigfurth
74
Extracts out of an old Book
« iff d%
Wigfurth to Appletree nuts, 3*. 4 d.9 and
alfo to the faid Matter and William for
their cofts, 3/. 4^., alfo paid to Matter
Mafon another time for to bear to the
quarries the 4th Sunday of Advent, 20 /.
Sum, 20 19 &
For to make a Loch to lay Stone in.
Paid to Robert Beverley for 6 bunch fewing
rope, - ■ '■■■ 1 o
Alfo paid to Thomas Taylor for latts 200
and 4., 1 2 ~d.y nails 6d.9 ttraw 2 s 4 d. 1 * lb.
of wax 10 ~d.. rofin 14 lb. I’d. Sum, o
Alfo paid to William Thomas and William
Palmer, levying the ground for to fett the
broach upon, and removing ftone by three
days, 2J., alfo for four load fand gather¬
ing, 8 <7. - - o
Page 28. Paid for Carriage of Stone from Dog Dyke to Louth.
Item, paid to William Newfome for three
quarters of a load 14 d.9 paid to a man of
Coniby for 2 load, 3^ 4 d. - 046
Memorandum, that there is at Dog Dyke
31 load ttone paid for, except thefe four
load.
Item, paid to John Glover for one load 20 d.9
John Howfon one load 20 d.9 and William
Kilfey one load 20 d.9 at Mid Lent, o 5 &
Item, paid diverfe times in expences to the
carriers and matter mafon, — 024
Item,
0 5
4 4F
2 8
relating to the Building of Louth Steeple.
Item, paid for i load carriage from Dog Dyke
to Louth, _ _ '
And fo there is remaining at Tatterfhall
21 load.
Item, paid to the bailiff of Confby for toll
for ftone carriage in great for the broach by,
Item, paid to William Johnfon by three days
riding to the quarrell, _ _
Page 31. Item, alfo that Thomas Taylor paid to Ro¬
bert Pen i Ron for lyme, - -
Item, winding up ftone to the broach.
Item, paid to William Plumer by three days
rolling up lead, - — . _ _
Item, paid Good-Fryday to Maifter Mafon’s
man making mortar by 9 days, . _ _
Paid for the making,
Memorandum, that the Abbot of Louth Park
gave one yew-tree to it.
75
£.s. d.
O O 20
0 5 O
0 2 0
0 12 O
060
0 12 0
0 3 8
Item, paid to the faid Abbot for one tree, 0
Item,, paid for felling of them 4 d., and to 6 4
William Johnfon one load 6d., and Robert
Englifh gave t’other load.
Item, paid to Giles Kingerby for one day
and half charing and cutting of the faid
timber, yd., and for carting in, meat and
drink, 3d. _ c
Item, paid to John Penifton, for carrying
timber from St. John’s chapel, 3d., to
John Fafth for iron-work, 2d., carriage
of two afh-trees from Thorp-hall, 3d.,
L 2
John
76
Exirafls cut of an old Book
s • d*
John Harrifon, fmith, for one pully fhife
of brafs, 1 6d. for Span ifh iron, 2 s.
Page 38. Memorandum, that the faid accomptants has
borrowed to the building of the broach
of the alderman and brethren of our lady
Gy Id, and the com’onty * (hall pay to
the faid Gyld again, as it appears in the
accompt book of our Lady Gyld, 613 4
Alfo that the faid accomptants has borrowed
of the faid alderman and brethren to the
building of the faid broach, the which the
Com’onty fhall pay again as it appears in
our Lady accompt book, - 6 10 Q
Alfo that the faid accomptants has received of
William Johnfon and Richard Brough
Deans of our Lady Gyld, by the alfent of
the alderman and brethren of the faid
Gyld, for to buy Rone to the broach, as
it appears in their accompt, fum 40^.,
the which fum was borrowed of our Lady
Hock for to buy wax.
Memorandum, that the faid accomptants has
borrowed to the faid building of the al¬
derman and brethren of St. Peter Gyld,
fum, 6/. js. o d.
And the faid accomptants by theaflentof the
com’onty has laid to pledge to the faid al¬
derman and brethren the beft chalice be¬
longing to the high altar, the which cha¬
lice lays in Trinity Hutch.
\ . . V '
* The townfmen or parifhioners.
3 Me-
relating to the Building of Louth Steeple .
77
£• s. d.
Memorandum, that the faid alderman and
brethren of our Lady Gyld has lent of
St. Hugh day to the building of the faid
broach to the faid accompts, the which
the com’onty {ball pay again, 61. 8/. 4 d.
Owing to our Lady Gyld this year, fum, 21 16 8
Owing to St. Peter Gyld, fum, 6 12 o
Sum, 28 8 8
Page 50. Paid for ftone at the quarrell and for carriage to
Dog Dike.
Item, paid for ftone borrowed of the abbot of
Revelby, the which he had for his, o I r 4
Item, paid to the faid quarries for carriage
20 load from the quarrell to Dog Dyke, o 33 4
Page 5 1 . Paid to fervers of the matter mafon by fix
days, — . . — ■ o 18 c
Page 53. Paid for carriage of ftone.
Memorandum, that the abbot of Revelby has
lent ftone 15 kenns containing 15 yards,
and Thomas Ay by carried one load 20 d.9
&c. to Belchforth, and Thomas Wright
carried that load to Louth, 1 yd.
Item, in expences, %d.
Item, paid in expences for wains at Horn-
caftle 2 3<f., at Confby for horfe meat, 14^.,
at the water fide horfe meat, 6d.y in meat
and drink, 6d., at Confby and Horncaftle
at dinner, gs. id. to John Pikeforth for
horfehire, gd. — - Sum, 073
Memo-
7 8 Extracts out of an old Book.
Mem or an d u m , t h at Wi 1 1 i a m Joh n fo n , w ea ve r,
has agreed with the bailiff of Tumby, in
great as long for ftone to the broach to
Thifby, . . - ■ « c
Alfo paid to William Johnfon for riding to
Stainton in expence, c
Page 57. Memorandum, that the faid com’onty has
borrowed of the alderman and brethren of
St. Peter Gyld, — -■ . , . 6
And the faid com’onty has laid in to the
faid alderman and brethren their bed:
chalice, which chalice lies in their hutch
belonging to the faid alderman and bre¬
thren called Trinity hutch within the round
loft.
Borrowed of our Lady Gyld and Trinity
Gyld, and St. Peter Gyld, to the building
of the broach the year afore, and this
year, fum total, - - - 44
Page 64. That the faid accomptants has borrowed of
the alderman and brethren of our Lady
Gyld * this year to the building of the
broach, -
£• s .
Which fum was paid of the arrears of Wil¬
liam Watfon, Dean of the brotherhood,
as it appears in our Lady books, An. Dom.
1503, and paid by the hands of John
Chapman, merchant, -
4 4
12
4 4
4 4
14
*
1503-
As
relating to the Building of Louth Steeple .
10
As it was left in his hands as it appears from the laid Book.
Page 70. Item, paid of Paffion Sunday to Robert Weft
and his man making fcaffolds about the
broach by eight days, - c
Page 71. Item, paid of Eafter day to Thomas Meften-'
ger for half a quarter of lime and buftiell, c
Item, for charcoal of Eafter eve, _ c
Page 74. Memorandum, that the com’onty of this
town oweth to mafter alderman George
Fitzwilliams, Efq. . and brother of this
Gy Id, as it appears the year afore to the
building of the broach, the which belongs
to our lady Gyld, — fum, 36
The which the faid com’onty has laid to pledge
to the faid mafter alderman and brethren
two filver croftes, one of their bell chalices
and their diver pax.
Alfo the faid com’onty borrowed this year
of the arrears of William Watfon, as it
appears afore, ■ .■ . .
Memorandum, that the faid com’onty bor¬
rowed of the alderman and brethren of
Trinity Gyld, to the faid building, as it
appears the year afore, - 21
Of Peter Gyld, — _ 7
Page 85, Alfo paid to John Liffel and William B011-
nett for done at the quarrel and carriage,
In the firft for 17 load Iquare pieces of
Hazlebrough ftone, - — o
£-
s.
o
o
4 4
8
7
d.
9
1
8 8
38 o
Alfo
8o
Extracts out of an old Book
£• s*
Alfo for io load of Willsforth fquare pieces, o 20 o
Alfo for 54 foot crokytts, price 1 foot, 2 d, o 38 4
Alfo paid to Nicholas Brancell for 100 foot
achlere *, and fquinches of 18 inches high
and 15 at the lead:, price the foot 2 i.d. o 25 o
Page 96. Memorandum, that the kirkwardens of this
kirk, and com’onty, has borrowed of John
Chapman, alderman of Trinity Gyld, and
brethren of the fame Gyld, to the build¬
ing of the broach as appears in their ac-
compt of the lifelod, oa 1 %
Alfo that the kirkwardens and com’onty bor¬
rowed this year of the faid Mr. alderman
and brethren of money received of Eli¬
zabeth Lindfey, 8di alfo of the arrears of
John Fifher Barker, Dean of the faid
Gyld, 1 of. 3J., as it appears alfo of Thomas
Alderton, for diverfe brethren their names
unknown, 6f. 4 d.
Of mafter alderman George Fitzwilliams,
Efq. and brethren of our Lady Gyld, 40* 12 9
Of the arrears of Richard Brough, 0 48 84
Of Simon Lincoln, merchant, and alderman
of St. Peter Gyld to the building of the
faid broach, - - - — * 6120
Lawrence and William and Chriftopher
Scune, mafter mafons from 1 50 5-6 to 1 5 1 5.
Page 187 — 1510 paid to Lawrence and William maf¬
ter mafon, Chriftopher Scune his prentice.
Afhlcr.
Therefore
relating to the Building of Louth Steeple .
Therefore lying in Trinity-hutch a chalice in pled
Page 109. In 1506 paid to Chriftopher Scune, matter
mafonthewhichfumhepaid to John Lefell
and William Bonnett, quarriers, forttone, o
Alfo to the faid William thirteen great pieces
containing four tonn and half of ftone,
price one foot, gd. - o
Page no. Paid for carriage of ftone, four load, from
Dog Dyke to Louth, o
Page in. Paid to Chriftopher Scune, maftermafon,
making molds to the broach, by two days,
the Sunday after Eafter, o
Page 1 1 3. Paid to diverfe men winding ftone, and other
labours, &c. &c.
Page 1 19. Memorandum, the kirk wardens and com’nty
of this town ovveth to alderman and bre¬
thren of Trinity Gyld, as appears by
parcels, &c. - Sum, o
To alderman and brethren of our Lady
Gyld, 43
To St. Peter Gyld,
Memorandum, that mafter George Fitz-
william borrowed of the faid accomptants
belonging to the kirk, 100 wt. of web
lead, 1 qu. J. and 6 lb. ; alfo borrowed
another time 100 wt. old lead and 4. and
7 lb. of the fame kirk of Louth.
Page 124. Gifts given when the firft ftone was fet of
the broach by diverfe men.
Item, received of the gift of George Fitz-
william, Gent.
Vox.. IX. M
81
ge.
<f.
20 O
8 2
6 8
o 16
3s 3
*
o 18
7 o
o 20
Item,
82
Extracts out of an old Book
Item, received of John Chapman, mer¬
chant, an old noble, the which was re¬
ceived for of Robert Beverley of Good
Friday, - - - — —
Item, received of John Girdyke for the
fame work, - - - -
Item, received of diverfe men for the fame
work, . . . >■■■■
Diverfe timber fold.
Item, received of John White, pried:, for
old timber taken off the higheft floor
within the fteeple, — — »
Item, received of Richard Moore, for chips,
when the Gyld-hall was . — .
Page 127. Paid — going to Horn-caftle a meflage
for done to the broach, -
Page 128. Paid firft Sunday after Eafter to Chriflopher
Scune, mafter mafon, for half a year,
being fee the year afore, -
Alfo paid to the faid mafter in a reward for
Page 160. Paid fawing ftone.
Item, Hugh Smith three days, iid., &c.
Item, paid fawing done by eleven tonn,
Page 178. Item, paid for great cable to wind up ftone
23,4 fathom bought at Lynn, - .
Carriage by water to Ingoldmells, —
relating to the Building of Louth Steeple.
And for a man wages and coft, 2 s., and ^ ^
carrying to Louth, 16 d., bell firing, ud.
a tub, 4 d., a fpade, 4 d, (hovel, id.
Page 179, Paid for nether fcaffolds of the broach and middle
fcaffolds.
Item, for eight pieces, %d., and for middle
fcaffolds two pieces going through, i6d,
eight fmaller liggers, 4 d.t weighing wood,
4 d»9 four trees, i2d., nine pieces ligging,
...... aboon trees, 4 d., four fparrs, 2 s., two
, P*eces over fcaffold, 1 yd., four iparrs,
12 d, railing tree and beam, 10 d.
Page 203. Memorandum, Thomas Alderton paid Mr.
Riggs, Bailiff of Confby for toll as long
as the broach is in hand, and to it be
ended, as appears by a bill of his own
hand, which bill is lying in the com’on
hutch, _ _ _ _ _
Alfo faid Thomas paid for a houfe where
is hewn at quarrel, . _ .
Page 233* Paid bellman covering one grave, -
Thomas Carfare making little bin, _
Alfo for riding to Dog Dyke for ftone,
Latts, 2 d., Dodington ftone kirk ftyle,
Five flrike lyme, yd., ftrike charcoal, \ d.9
key for the weft kirk door, 4 d.
Page 1 87. Paid to Lawrence and William, mafter
mafon, Chriftopher Scune his prentice,
frft payment of a more fum,
M 2
10 0
o 20
o 2
o 6
012
o 2
o
6 8
Page
Extracts out of an old Book
*4
£- s • &
Page 214. Paid to a man at Confby carrying 25 load
from Waterhoufe to Louth, . o 50 o
Page 234. Paid quarriers for 30 tonn of ftone, 0 55 0
Carriage by land and water, — o 50 o
Alfo paid for twenty-one waines, wanting
of their payment, 2d., every wain, 036
Alfo that they hired wains to carrying home
the faid ftone from Confby, belides their
boon wains, - - - ' 0 10 o
Page 235. Paid Lawrence for hewing ftone in great 18
ftones, - - - — 040
Page 236. Memorandum, Thomas Bradley, merchant,
and the kirk wardens feoft to faw 32 tonn
of hone with John Coke, glover, and
Thomas Garbard, labourer, for 8 d. the
tonn, except the faid John and Thomas
fhall give two tonn fawing of their good
will.
Page 263. The weathercock was fet upon the broach
of Holy-rood-eve, and hallowed with
many priefts there prefent, and all the
ringing, and alfo much people there, and
all to the pleafure of God. Amen.
Page 264. Paid Lawrence Mafon for riding to his
mafter in north country for to fpure him .
whether he would make end of the
broach, and he faid he would deal no
more with it, but he fhewed his councel,
Sum, 068
William Walker and Lawrence Mafon rid¬
ing to Bofton to fpeak with mafter Mafon
to make end of broach, — - 020
t
relating to the Building of Louth Steeple . 85
^ • s % ct #
Page 300. Memorandum, that the faid broach was 1 5
years fetting up, which coft as appears
afore.
Memorandum, that Thomas Taylor, Dra¬
per, bought the fait of filver that matter
Richard Birmingham . gave for 3*. 3 d \
ounce, weighing 1 24. oz. fum, o 40 74
Page 266. Memorandum, the 15th Sunday after Holy-
Trinity of this year (1515) the weather¬
cock was fet upon the broach of Holy-
Rood Eve after, there being William
Ayleby, parifh prieft, with many of his
brethren prietts there prefent, hallowing
the faid weathercock, and the ttone that
it ftands upon, and fo conveyed upon the
faid broach ; and then the faid prietts
fnging Te Deum Laudamus with organs,
and then the kirkwardens garred ring
all the bells, and caufed all the people
there being to have bread and ale, and
all the loving of God, our Lady, and all
laints. And the faid Thomas Bradley
lived after by five years.
Memorandum, that Thomas Bradley, mer¬
cer, faid that he might mean well, and
faw the firft ttone fet upon the faid tteeple,
and alfo the laft ttone fet upon the faid
broach. And alfo Agnes, the wife of
Robert Englifh Barker, faid the fame
with many more.
Me*
86
Extradls out of an old Book
/C* d »
Memorandum, that the fleeple is in length,
from the ground to the highefl ftone of
the broach by the King’s yard 18 fcore
feet, and great meafure fhewed by mailer
mafon and his brethren.
Memorandum, that Thomas Taylor, draper,
gave the weathercock, which was bought
in York of a great baron, and made at
Lincoln ; and the King of the Scotts
brought the fame baron into England
with him.
Good Money and evil Money.
Page 268. Memorandum, coll and charges of the
broach by 15 years, 14 fcore and 84
and 31., - — . 288
And alfo this year ending and paid diverfe
men, - - — 17
Sum, 15 fcore pounds and 5 feven Shillings
and four pence, ■ ■■■■ ■■ ■ . . .
3 0
4 5
3°S 7 5
Page 147. Trinity bell clapper weighs 3 qrs. cwt.
and 3 lib.
5th new bell clapper weighs, 701b.
James bell clapper weighs, 121 lb.
Memorandum, that John Quark, ofBofton,
fmith, warrants the two bell clappers of
his coils and charges, at any time, if need
be, during feven years after.
1
Kirk-
relating to the Building of Louth Steeple.
87
Kirkwardens of St. James
of Louth 1515.
John Kitchin Fletcher,
William Walker, 1
Richard Bonker, and
■William Brown Milner.
Page 177.
Paid for Bells.
jC*
To Oliver Whitaker, fen. to the Bell-foun¬
der, Nottingham, -
Item, paid to the faid Oliver, in full payment
and payments in any condition which 'be¬
longs to his faid matter, as appears by a
indenture and obligation which he broke
and cancelled, . - . _
Alfo paid Palmer taking diverfe fuits at
London, of bell founder of Nottingham,
for becaufe he would not deliver three
new bells. — _
Page 187. Paid Robert Johnfon of Botton, fmith, for
mending Trinity bell clapper beds, with
other charges to them, - Sum,
Alfo in expences to him and carriage of
faid clappers from Botton to Louth,
Alfo paid the faid Robert for iron, and
making the 5th bell clapper, -
Memorandum, that every lb. of iron and
workmanfhip cott $d. a lb. which is ac-
compted for, and the faid clapper weighs
3 fcore lb. and 6 lb.
3 o
o 19
o 9
0 3
o 17
o
20
o
4
4
o
Page
38 Extracts out of an old Book
* t ^
Page 1 8 1. Memorandum, the weight of three Bells in Louth,
Item, the i ft the leafl bell called John cwt. qr.
Weyner, «— « — — l3 1
cwt. lb.
Item, the middle bell 1 5 cwt. 4 except plb. 15 47
Item, the great bell called Stella Mariae,
weigheth 18 cwt. except i2lb. - 17 44
The heft bell clapper weigheth a quarter of
cwt. and 1 2I b. — - — o 4°
The middle bell clapper a quarter of cwt.
* and 1 61b. - - — — o 44
The great bell clapper \ cwt. and 61b. o 62
f, s, d.
Memorandum, that the three new bells
weighed heavier than the three old bells
in metal which bell-getter had in money,
7/. 8*. which was borrowed of Trinity
hutch as appears by accompts there.
Page9l. Paid for making three new bells to Notting¬
ham bell-getter.
Paid for three indentures making betwixt
this town and the faid bell-getter, 040
Paid William Fofter riding to the faid bell-
getter to Nottingham to fee the bells
calling, his expences, ■ ■ - 040
Paid Thomas Wright and Robert Burnet,
carrying two of the faid bills to Brace-
bridge befide Lincoln, - 068
Item, carrying the firft bell to Bracebridge, 008
Riding
relating to the Building of Louth Steeple .
Riding to Nottingham for the faid bells by
fix days, - -
Item, carrying faid three bells from Brace-
bridge to Louth, two load, . — .
Making three bell clappers, —
Paid to - Hardy, for carrying the rope
from Saltfleet Haven to Louth, _
Page 162. Paid in expences to them that carried two
new bells from Nottingham to Louth,
Item, paid to John Spencer for an obligation
making, - - - ,
Page 2S6. Paid to the bellfounder of Nottingham part
of a more fum for calling Trinity bell,
Paid Robert Goldfmith riding to Notting¬
ham for Trinity bell, -
Page 308. Paid Chriftopher Capper for evil money,
bringing away in his market, —
Item, paid to a Webfter doing forth candles
in plague time of Sundays and holidays.
Page 33. Paid to William Palmer for flicing bell-
ftrings, making bell colars, pyking the
bells, — — ■ ■- — _
Page 2. Paid for one clofet to ling high mafs in.
Page Received of Parfon ofKetfby for 14 Rone
web lead in halfpennys, - .
£• de
0 4 4
O94
o 14 o
006
008
004
068
O O 23
O O 20
i
O 2 Q
O90
Page 3. Payment of Salaries for fervices in the Church.
Vol.
Paid William Folfer by the whole year.
Paid John Caywood by the whole year,
Paid for blowing of the organ, -
X.
N
o 20 o
084'
03 4
Paid
Extracts out oj an old Book
St
Paid to Thomas Wayt and Richard Mafon,
keeping the clock and winding up the
chime plumb, «— - — - - — 068
Paid him for keeping the chimes, « — 034
Paid to John Bradfull cleaning the kirk
above and beneath by the whole year, 034
Paid to JannettPatterington wafhing cloaths
to the high altar by the whole year, o 2 o
Page 20. Memorandum, that Simon Lincoln, mer¬
chant, oweth for Romans belonging to
this faid kirk, — 062
And received of the faid Simon for them, 050
Page 1 57. Received wafle of torches.
Of Mr. John ToplifFe for the child, 006
Page 303. Houfe lying again Louth hone.
(Query, if this is not the blue Rone ?)
Page 307. The week afore holy water Sunday.
Item, to a poor man hurt in bell firings,
St. George Altar, and St. Thomas Quire.
Paid to John Caywood, making and writ¬
ing this account, — — o 3 4.
Memorandum, that they afk allowance of
money that Simon Lincoln had with him
this year when he went to Calais in
Romans, - — — — o 6 8
Page 17. Memorandum, that William Chapman,
clockmaker of Kirby by Baine, has
' taken this clock this year, of his own
cofl and charges j and that the faid Wil¬
liam fhall have the two year after this
5 year
relating to the Building of Louth Steeple . 9 1
s* eft
year, and every year after of the kirk
graves, 2 s. a year, he to take all manner
charges of this fame clock, during as long
as he may ride and go, except that the
kirkgraves (hall pay for wire and timber
work.
Page 21. Received of Burials within the Church.
For Thomas Wycombe, Butcher, — . 0 6
Item, received of old debt for the burial of
William Robinfon’s wife, — . 03
Page 33* Item, Paid for hallowing of St. Mary kirk,
Gaith to the Suffragan, — 0 oQ
8
4
©
Legacies and Gifts.
Page 22. Received of matter John Chapman, mer¬
chant, paid by his own fon to the build¬
ing of the broach above the fteeple in
gold, - - - fum, 20 o o
Page 35. Memorandum, that George Smith, mer¬
chant, bought one pair organs beyond
the fea, and the faid George fold them
the com’onty of this town of Louth, for
13/. 6s. 8 d. In the firtt they paid him, 10/.
the which, matter Thomas Barrow gave
to the faid com’onty and parfon of the
faid town being then dead, &c. &c. &c-.
N 2 Page
9*
ExtraBs out of an old Book
Page 37.
Legacies and Gifts.
^9
Received of the Webfters and Walkers of
their light that they gave to the building
of the broach, - — - — o 30 o
Item, received of John Tathwell of Tath-
well, Jentylman, . — o o 13
Page 79. Memorandum, the 21ft day of May, that
John Glover gave, for becaufe he was fo
courteoufly dealt with, five clipped groats,
Richard Swaby, parfon of weft kirk of
Saltfleetby 1 505L6.
Page 98. Memorandum, that the executors of Mr.
Thomas Sudbury, fometime vicar of
Louth, John Chapman, merchant, Simon
Lincoln, merchant, and Richard Beverly,
mercer of the fame town, difpofed and
gave of his goods to the Laid kirk and to
other places, &c. &c.
Page 155. Mr. John Skipwith knight,, of Grimfby, 020
Page 281. Received of John White, prieft, part of the
wages of John Baly, prieft, in recom-
pencing that he ftole from the hutch, oil 10
Memorandum, that John White, prieft,
gave to the buying of Trinity bell in
gold, 6s. 8A and alfo the faid John gave
three filver fpoons to the faid bell, fold
to Richard Lofte, — ■ - - 086
Alfo received of diverfe men of their good¬
will to the faid Trinity bell, — o 54 5
3 Gold
relating to the Building of Louth Steeple .
Gold found in the kirk delivered by Wil¬
liam Ayleby prieft to kirkwardens,
Page 42. Received for diverfe things fold of John
White, prieft, for feven planks, which
was fpended at the Gyld-hall, —
Item, of John Linfey, prieft, of Maltby for
ftone to a crofs, - — 1
Page 62. Received for ringing the great bell,
Alfo received for wafte of torches, and can¬
dles of wax.
Alfo the faid accompt charges them with
a cake of wax bought at Hull, with evil
money, - -
Page 63. Item, received of John White, prieft, for
timber, laying at St. Mary kirk, which
was fpended for a paile making by our
Lady Bedehoufe, » . -
Alfo for one plank which lay at St. Mary
kirk, - -
Alfo received for one pair of beeds that
were, &c. - —
Page 163. Paid making a coder for prickfong books by
the door fide in our Lady Quire ; mak¬
ing a crofs for candle of timber ewyns ;
and for fetting up the Flemifh organ in
the rood lofc by four days, • —
Paid John Aunull for two chymols, a lock
and two keys to the coffer, —
William Robinfon, fcrivener, turning a
proceffioner, - — - -
93
ft S» da
o 012
048
0 3 4
008
028
o o 20
o 016
006
O O 20
0 0 6
0 2 4
Page
04
Extracts out of an old Book
t
s*
Page 288. Remaining Sr. id. with ill ttlver, §d.
2$d. thereof paid Thomas Wayte, for going
with parifh prieft playke [plague] time.
Page 316. Paid Nicholas Upton, mafon, part of a
more fum for crofs in market head, 068
Page 317. Et lie debet 4 6s. 3 ~d. much ill money.
Page 322. Received for two ounces galy halfpennys
fold this year by their knowledge, 064
Page 1 35. Memorandum, that the ift day of 0£t.
1507, Richard Beverley of Louth, mer¬
cer, executor of the teftament and laft
will of matter Thomas Sudbery, late
vicar of Louth aforefaid, delivered in the
prefence of matter Richard Birmingham,
vicar of the fame parifh, John Topliffe,
efq. Thomas Bradley, mercer, T homas
Taylor, draper, P.obert Beverly, mercer,
and Richard Gyrdyke, mercer, and alfo
of many other of the moft honett and
fubttantial of the fame town, a crofs of
fiver andgilded,the ttaff thereofgarnifhed
•with fiver and gylded pommells, and a
foot belonging to the lame, all gylded,
weighing in all together 2 37 ounces,
which crofs, with the foot and ttaff, was
bought and made with the goods of the
aforefaid matter Thomas Sudbery, and
given and delivered by the faid Richard
perpetually to remain in the parifh church
of
relating to the Building of Louth Steeple. g -
of Louth for ever, there to be and occu¬
pied in the honour of God, his blefied
mother, St. James, and all faints, at every
, ' principal feaft, and alfo at the burial of
every brother and lifter of the lamp light,
and yearly as long as the faid mailer
Thomas Sudbery lhall have an obit kept
in the aforefaid parilh church of Louth,
it likewife to be occupied at the faid obit,
and the faid crofs with the foot to be fet
upon his heers [hearfe], to the intent the
devotion of good people lhall the rather
be Itirred to pray for the foul of the faid
mailer Thomas Sudbury, which God
pardon. And the faid crofs, nor no thing
thereto belonging, to be occupied at none
other time nor feafon, except only that
if it be the minds, alfents, and confents of
the vicar of the fame church, the aider-
man of the Gyld of the Holy Trinity,
and the alderman of the Gyld of our
blelfed Lady, founded and eflablilhed in
the fame church, and the kirkwardens of
the fame parilh for the time being, to
whofe wifdoms and diferetions the ufe
and occupations of the aforefaid crofs,
Half and foot, is allway committed for
ever. Amen.
Page 293. Item, received of Thomas Bradley, mer¬
chant, in expences at Lincoln, for John
Baly, prieft, — — * - - o 40 o
Page
96
Extracts out of an old Book
Page 294. In expences for John Baly, prieft, leading
him to Lincoln caftle, for breaking hutch
with others, about 1518.
Item, paid Robert Moos for his horfe fetch¬
ing him to Louth.
Item, paid John Layremond, Thomas Ri-
chardfon, with the firft day riding for
him, . — -
Allb to the faid Thomas Richardfon, John
Layremond, and Thomas Gregory, con-
ftables, for their expences with more,
Item, four men keeping him in the moot
Rail day and night, -
Item, paid for meat and drink to the faid
prieft, - - — —
Item, paid for tallow candle burning nights,
Item, paid John Layremond for his horfe
to faid prieft that he rode upon to Lincoln,
Item, paid Robert Tregold, for mafter
Hennage breakfaft, when he came to
Louth, * — — - -
S. . s •
O O 12
062
0 3 2
o o IO
o o 24
O 0 12
OOI9
In expences at Lincoln at Affizes for faid prieft.
Paid Thomas Wayte, parifh clerk,
- - John Taylor, parfth clerk,
•— — Richard Johnfon, glover,
- Furbifcher, fon, . .
* - to his father, - - -
* *
• - Robert Gadelarc, ——
•— John Gony, — — —
03 2
026
026
026
008
026
026
Paid
relating to the Building of Louth Steeple .
£■
Paid to Sir Robert Turwhite, fherifF, o
. . — for bills of indictment, — o
* - William Walker for his bufinefs at
Lincoln for faid prieft, — o
- - Robert Moos, kirk warden, — o
- Thomas Carface for fame, — - o
- - to William Weft for fame, — * o
Memorandum, that the half allowance that
vve paid to Thomas Bradley, merchant,
part of his 40*. appears before, o
Item, in a gold noble, fold to William
Goldfmith, which faid prieft ftealed out
of the faid hutch, — ~ ■ — — o
Page 298. Helping Latin cenfures, - — o
Helping cenfures to fetch fire, — »■ ■■ -- o
Robert Bofton for the Holy Ghoft appear¬
ing in the kirk roof, - ■ ■■ o
For one tree brought at Brackenbury, o
Robert Bofton for Holy Ghoft, o
Richard Bofton for faid Holy Ghoft, as ap¬
pears afore, ■ o
Page 329.
The exchange of evil money.
Item, in money loft in the exchange of four
marks of the warft money, fent unto
London by Robert Baily of Louth this
year, 1521, — —
PaSe 337* Will Wo r (ley, goldfmith, mending filver
crofs that faid Will, parifti prieft, broke.
Alfo for two indidments for the faid prieft,
Voi~ x. * o
o
97
s • d «
7 0
o 16
3 0
2 o
2 o
2 O
15 4
O 12
O 2
O 4
2 O
6 O
2 O
O 20
I I 4
o 7
Page
o
9S
Ext rafts out of an old Book , &Ci
Page 342. Memorandum, that Robert Baly fold corn’ll
bull to John Spencer, -
Alio faid Robert bought Will Bernard a
com’n bull, - — — —
Page 342. Memorandum, that Malde, the wife of
Chriftopher Sunlay, capp of all holyday
gave to the honourement of the ferture of
1 crucifix of fiiver and gylt weighing.
o 12
o B
0 3
d,
0
8
Q
VIII. Ac-
I 99 1
VIII. Account of the ancient Modes of Fortification in
Scotland. By Robert Riddel, Efq. F . A '. S. In
a letter to Richard Gough, Efq. Director.
Read Feb. 4, 1790.
Friars carfe , near Dumfries , Dec. 5, 1789.
Dear Sir,
I HEREWITH fend you a fhort account of the different
modes of fortification which appear to have been in ufe
in Scotland from the moft early period to the acceffion of
James VI. to the crown of England. If you think this worthy
the acceptance of the Society of Antiquaries of London, pleafe
to prefent it to them with my beft refpe&s. I am,
/
Dear Sir,
Your moft obedient fervant,
ROBERT RIDDEL.
THERE is not, perhaps, in the hiftory of man a more certain
criterion for afcertaining his different gradations, from his
primaeval ftate of rudenefs and ferocity to the high polifh of
O 2 his
ico Mr. Riddel on the ancient mode
his modern refinement,, than a minute attention to the dif¬
ferent modes of fortification made ufe of by him, from his
age of primitive rudenefs to that period when he attains ele¬
gance in his manners, and a tafte for the fine arts.
In Scotland, the moft ancient remains of fortifications now
to be traced confifl of an area, furrounded by a ftrong ram¬
part formed of earth and flones, and generally fituated upon
the top of a mountain, where the barbarous inhabitants fhel-
tered their cattle ; and in huts or wigwams lodged themfelves
andy their corn, perhaps in a fimilar manner as the wretched
inhabitants of New Holland do at prefent. At this period,
their arms feemed to have coniifled of fpears and arrows,
headed with barbed flints and ftcne battle axes, feveral of
which have been found in fepulchral tumuli or cairns.
Upon the Mollach hill, on the eftate of Daljivlnton , the re¬
mains of a fortrefs, anfwering this defcription, flill exift.
I fhall fay nothing of Mr. Williams’s vitrified forts, having
great doubts whether they are not the effects of volcanoes, but
fhall pafs on to what I conceive to have been the firfft improve¬
ment upon the mode of fortification already defcribed, which
are thefe conical towers, accurately defcribed, firft by Mr.
Gordon, and afterwards by Mr. Pennant. They muft have
required more art, and afforded a more comfortable fhelter,
than the tops of hills fimply enclofed with a flrong ram¬
part.
In Glenbeg are frill to be feen feveral of thefe venerable
ruins: as alfo in Skye; but the largeff, and by far the moft
perfedl is fituated in Lord Rae’s country, and is called Dun
Dornadllla. This building is near fifty yards in circumference,
and its inner area twenty Teven feet diameter. On the outfide
die wall tapers like a line, but the inner wall is perfectly perpen-
l dicuiar ;
of Fortification in Scotland. ror
•
d’icular ; in the heart of which, are three diflimft tires of apart¬
ments, communicating with each other by rude flights of Heps.
Thefe apartments are lighted by apertures, which, look into
the circular court. The door or entrance from without is
placed about fix feet above the bafe of the building. What
had been the heighth of this tower when entire it is impoffible
now to fay, but its prefect remains are about thirty- feet high,
and built of flones entirely without mortar, which are regularly
formed into what mafons call courfe and gage. Tradition
afcribes the building of this tower to Dornaddla, king of
Scotland, who, according to Lefiy, was a great hunter, fil'd:
efhablifhed the laws of the chace, reigned twenty- eight years,
and died in peace with all his neighbours, two hundred and
thirty-three years before the Chriftian aera.
I am much in doubt whether the ufe oi iron was known
in Scotland before the arrival of the Romans. .The mtioduc-
tion of this moft ufeful of all metals mud have made a very
great change in the buildings, aims, and oth^r implement:*
of the Scots; audit is highly probable, that fquare towers,,
built with cement, fucceeded the conical ones. The moft
ancient of thefe are generally to be met with on projecting
cliffs overhanging the fea, perhaps intended to repel the inva-
fions, firft of the Romans, and afterwards of the favage and
barbarous inhabitants of Denmark and Norway.
Oldwick caftle upon the coaft of Cathnefs is perhaps one of
the oldeft fquare towers in Scotland. It feems to be out a
fmall improvement upon the conical ones before mentioned ;
and is built of done and lime. The walls, which are enor-
moufly thick, contain fmall chambers, with narrow flairs of
communication between the lower and upper apartments, wnich
are lighted, by windows looking into the fquare area, or middle
loz Mr. Riddel on the ancient mode
of the tower. Some fmall apertures are to be feen high up,
upon the outfide wall, probably intended to watch the motions
o t an enemy.
An improvement in the conftrudting of fquare towers next
took place, which was covering in the inner area with a ftrong
roof of ftone vaulted : and this kind of building was called in
Scotland a feel , and in England, a keep or dungeon. Many
ancient towers of this kind Rill remain in Scotland, fuch as,
Dunjlafnage in Argyle, Dunnoly in Lorn, Rothfay in Bute,
Clagg in Hla, Dunvcgan in Skye, and many others too tedious
to mention. Several of thefe very ancient towers were built
upon an ifland in a deep lough, fuch as Elanftalker in Lochlinne,
Kllchurn in Lochaw, the caftleof Rive in Galloway, Lochmahen
in Annandale, Clofeburn in Nithifdale, and many others.
It is highly probable the Caledonians learned from the Ro¬
mans the art of conftructing vaulted chambers ; which improve¬
ment mu ft have made a wonderful change in the comfort as
well as ftability of their ftrengths and fortreftes. And it is
probable the caftle of Dunftafnage was the firft that underwent
this material -alteration of having a tower built, the middle area
cf which was covered with arches of ftone. This place is fup-
pofed to have been the refidence of the Scottifh Kings, from
the period that Dun Dornadilla was deferted by them, until the
capture of Scone from the Pi&s, which then became their fa¬
vourite refidence.
As the improvements in the art of war, from time to time,
called for additional modes of defence, we find the original
tower or peel was aided by ftrong walls, flanked with mafly
towers, the gates of which were fecured by the portcullis.
The barnakin or outer balhum was alfo added, which was fur-
rounded by .a ftrong rampart and wet ditch. Of this kind were
6 the
of Fortification in Scotland. io'j1.
tfie caftlesof Down, Forthwith, Hume , and many others. And
this was all that was necellary before the general ufe of heavy
battering artillery.
Before James VI. fiicceeded to the crown of England, the
fituation of -Scotland was fuch, as rendered it 'necellary, for every
baron there to have his residence more or lefs fortified, accord¬
ing to his power and confequence in the country, or according
as his caftle was lituated. If it flood near Edenburgh or Stir¬
ling, where the inhabitants were more poliOied in their man¬
ners and overawed by the neighbouring feat of government,
all that was neceflary in fuch a fituation was a fortalice
capable of refilling the curfory attacks of robbers and thieves,
who, fo near the royal authority, never dared flop to make a
regular invefiment, but only pillaged by furprife, and if re-
pulfed, inflantly fled. The houfes of Dean , Niddry , Melville ,
Allva , and many others fell under this defcription. But when
the feat of a baron was more remote from the royal protection,
as in the (hires of Perth, Rofs, or Cathnefs, then it was necef-
fary in addition to the ancient peel, to call in the aids of
outer walls, turrets with a rampart and wet ditch, to enable
the owner to refill the formidable attack of a powerful adver~
fiary.
The hiflory of Scotland, fo late as the reigns of James VL
affords a number of melancholy inflances of inveterate feuds
that raged with unrelenting fury among the great lords and lefler
barons of that period ; and every mode of fortification then in
ufe proved often of little avail in defending the caftle againfl the
florm or blockade of the enraged and relentlefs foe. Of this
kind were the caftles of Du fits in Moray, Dunrobm in Suther--
land, Dunotter in the Mearns, and a great many others.
But"
cc>4 Mr. Riddel on the ancient Mode of Fortification , &c.
But the happy period is now arrived, when internal fortifica**
tion againft the domeftic foe is of no ufe. The nobles and
barons of the land have deferted their flrong and gloomy caftles
for the more refined modern houfes of the eighteenth century,
and the ancient and venerable remains of the great infecurity
of former times are now fall falling to decay, and fhortly
fcarce a trace will be left, but in hiftory, of their former
exigence.
IX. Druidical
fr
E I0s 3
IX. Druidical and other Britifh remains in Cumber¬
land, defcribed by Hayman Rooke, Efq. F. A. S .
in a Letter to the Rev. Dr. Lort.
Read Feb. 4, 1790.
Dear Sir, Mansjield-Woodhoufe , Dec. 17, 1789.
WHEN I had the pleafure of feeing you at Rofe Cattle, I
mentioned my having difcovered fome lingular fepul-
chres of the ancient Britons ; and if you think the following
account of them is worthy of being laid before the Society, I
{hall take the liberty of troubling you to prefent it. I am,
Dear Sir,
Your obedient and obliged humble fervant,
H, ROOK E..
IN my account of thofe ancient inclofed works in Englewood
Forett in Cumberland, which I had the honor to lay before the
Society laft year |V], it appeared doubtful whether they were of
Britifh or Roman origin. The following narrative cf a difco-
very I made laft September on the fame foreft, and not above
a mile from one of thofe works called CaJlle-Jleads , plainly
evinces, that they were originally thrown up by the ancient
Britons.
[a] Archaeol. vol. IX. p. 223.
P
Vol. X.
At
i c 6 Mr. RoOke on Druidical remains in Cumberland.
At the S. W. end of Broad Field , on Englewood foreft, and
near High-head Cajlle , is a field, which has been inclofed about
fix ty years, and is the property of his Grace the Duke of
Portland. Towards the middle, the earth has been thrown up
in a circular form, with a doping bank of 12 feet. The dia¬
meter of the top, which has a flat and level furface, is 63 feet.
H ere there appeared to have been a circle of erefl flones. The
holes from whence they have been taken are very diflingui (li¬
able, and feveral people in the neighbourhood affined me that
many large Rones have, from time to time, been blafted and
carried from this place. See the plan at A, PL II.
Towards the centre, and a little out of the circular line,
were fix large fiones placed two and two, N° 1 was 5 feet
broad and 4 feet high ; N° 2, 4 feet in breadth and 3 feet high ;
N° 3, 4 feet and - in breadth and 3 feet high. They evi¬
dently appeared from their fhape to have been much higher,
and the prelent tenant told me that he remembers having feen
large pieces broken from their tops. Being of opinion, that
tb is elevated circle had been a Druid temple, I could not help
thinking that thofe fiones, placed two and two, were put there
for fome myfierious purpofe, either as rock idols, or fepulchral
monuments of the Druids. With this idea, I ordered two men
to clear away the ground under N? 1 and the fione adjoining.
PI ere I perceived that great pains had been taken to fix thefe
fiones firm in the ground, by placing large fiones clofe round
their bafes to the depth of 3 feet and 4. This, I think, favors
the fuppofition of their having been a confiderable height above
the ground, which would naturally require their being firmly
fecured in the earth. The fmallefi of them, at p relent* cannot
be lefs than five or fix tun weight.
7
In
Vol. X. FI. TL.jp. 106.
/
)
.
r
i
\
' *
V
Mr. P.oo ICE on 'Druidic at remains in Cumberland. 107
In removing the earth and hones in front of N° 1, I ob-
ferved, that, as the workmen advanced towards the centre of
the circle, the foil varied to a lighter kind of earth, and free
from hones. They followed this ftratum, and frequently turned
up afhes. At length I difcovered a fmall hone cheh. See the
perfpeflive view and plan at ( a ) in P3. II. the hones of which
had been fhaped and drelfed, and fitted clofe at the fides without
cement. This was filed with light fandy earth, and at the
bottom were pieces of a fcull and Imali bits of bones, which
mouldered away on being touched ; under the fcull, was found
a lump (about as big as a man’s fih) of concreted metallic par¬
ticles refembling gold, but whether it is a compofition of art
or nature, feems to me doubtful. I have therefore fent up a
a piece for the infpe&ion of the Society.
The hone of which the cheh was made is a kind of free¬
fone, common in that part of Cumberland.
In digging under the hones marked (2) in the plan, they
appeared to have been as firmly fixed in the ground as thofe
above mentioned. At about fix feet from thefe towards the
centre, I difcovered another cheh a little bigger than the former,
the ends equally diverging. See the perfpe&ive view and plan
at (<£). In the bottom was part of a fcull with the upper jaw,
the teeth remarkably even, and the bones lay as defcribed in
the plan. They were much decayed and mouldered away 011
being prehed. Near the head was found a piece of a fcull,
which I at firh thought had been part of another head, but as
no bones lay near it, I am inclined to think it was part of the
other fcull. A piece of the fame compofition, as the above
mentioned, only larger, was found under the head. This cheft
was covered with a fiat Hone, and two large cobble fiones were
P 2 placed
/
io8 Mt\ Rooke on Druidical remains in Cumberland.
placed on the top, for the purpofe, I fhould fuppofe, of keeping
it clofe down.
The fides of this cheft were a dark-coloured kind of (late,
lhaped and drefted, and what is very remarkable, none of the
fort is to be found nearer than Grifdale fell, between eighteen
and nineteen miles from this fpot, and from whence, it is ima¬
gined, thefe ftones were brought. Proceeding in like manner,
from the Rones marked (5) in the plan, I found a third cheft,
filled with light earth, the fides of which were of the common
free-ftone and dreffed. See the perfjpeClive view and plan at (y).
Pieces of a fculJ, a few teeth, and fome bones which were very
brittle, lay at the bottom. See their pofition in the plan. There
were likevvife fome fmall bits of the above mentioned compofi-
tion. This cheft was alfo covered with a flat ftone, and two
large cobble ftones were upon it.
The fituation of thefe chefts will be beft. explained by the
perfpedtive view and plan marked A and B in PI. III. where they
are reprefented as they were found, fix feet under ground,
ftanding nearly N. and S. the heads lay at the S. end. N° 1,
2, 3, are the monumental ftones.
At about 165 yards S. from this Druid Temple, is a large
.ftone 23 feet 9 inches in circumference, and fuppofed to be
near ten tun weight. On examining the bottom, I perceived
it had been doped off to a point, from which I imagined it had
formerly been a rocking ftone, nor was I deceived in my con¬
jecture, for on clearing away only part of the ftones and rubbifh
from under it, one man fet it in motion with the iron crow he
was working with, and it eafily moved on its centre. This
appeared more extraordinary, as I had been informed by the
tenant that he had, not many years ago, blafted off a great
piece from the top, which it was natural to fuppofe, might have
deftroyed
Vol. X. FI. m. p. 10 8
\
, I
l
. > ■ /
' >
Mr. Rooke on Druldl cal remains in Cumberland. 109
deftroyed the equilibrium. See the (hape of the Pone at B
in PI. II.
Several large Pones had been placed on each fide of the
rocking ftone. Parts of four now remain, and I was told that
others have been taken up for the conveniency of ploughing ;
from whence, I think, it is probable, that there has b.een an
avenue of ereft (tones leading to this facred rock. See the plan
of the remaining (tones at C, PI. II. where N° 1 is the
rocking (lone.
The placing thefe fmall chefs fix feet under ground, and
in the middle of a Druid temple, is very fingular. It is evi¬
dent that the bodies could not be inhumed within fo fmall a
fpace ; it is therefore probable, that they were firf burnt,
which was a cufom among the ancients, of very remote an¬
tiquity, and the bones afterwards depofited in the chefs.
I muf here obferve, that thefe tombs differ from the f one
chefs called Rifwaen , found in large barrows, which were
made with two large unhewn Pones on each fide, and one at
each end, forming vaults near feven feet long, and where the
bodies were laid at full length, with their weapons by their
(ides.
As neither arms nor any kind of ornaments were found in
thefe little chefs, I think it is not improbable, but that they
were the fepulchres of the principal Druids of that diflrift,
who alone would be indulged in having their bones depofted
within the facred circle.
Amulets, as prefervatives againf difeafes, withcraft, and
other unforefeen accidents, were highly efeemed by the an¬
cient Britons ; and after death, were depofited in their fepul¬
chres, or placed upon their afhes in urns as guardians of the
manes.
no Mr. Rooke on Druidical remains in Cumberland.'
manes. One thus placed I found in a barrow among the Drui-
dical remains in Stanton- moor \a\. Hence, I think, we may-
venture to conclude that the abovementioned lumps of metallic
particles were deposited in the cheds as amulets.
From the vicinity of thefe Druidical remains to thofe
three works in Broad Field near Stock lewarth, which I men¬
tioned in a former paper [/>], 1 think there is reafon to fuppofe
that they likewife were the works of the ancient Britons. No
Roman coins nor urns have, as far as I could learn, ever been
found in them.
In September lad I digged below the foundation of two urns
in the work called Stone-raife [c]. In one was part of a handmill,
in the other a clever with feveral pieces of iron much cor¬
roded with rud and which had lod their magnetic power.
See a drawing of the clever at D in PL II. Afhes were fcattered
about, but no burnt bones or urns were to be found.
I again examined the little inclofures in what is called Cajlle -
Jleads [r/], and found them to be rude foundations of walls,
formed of und refled dones without cement, the Ample con-
drudlion of an ancient Briton’s houfe, which probably might
once have been the refidence of a Britidi chief. In the pro-
grefs the Britons made in building, this feems to be the mode
they would naturally adopt, after quitting their caves and fub-
terraneous dwellings.
The many Roman dations and camps that have been dis¬
covered in Cumberland, and the number of altars and infcrip-
[ a ] Archaeologia, vol. VIII. p. 62.
J >] Vol. IX. p.223.
[c] Ibid.
Id] Ibid.
tions
Mr. Rooke on Druidical remains in Cumberland. 1 1 *
tions that have been found in them, induce us to conclude that
every work we find with a ditch and vallum is a Roman camp,
not confidering that the Brirons were very numerous in that
county, before the Romans got po fief lion of it.
Cumberland firfl took its name from the inhabitants, who
were the true and genuine Britons, and called themfelves
Kimbri or Kumbri . Many places retain their ancient Britifii
names, fuch as Caer-lueU-Car-dronoe , Penrith , and Pen-redu.
The learned Mr. Whitaker fays, “ Very well inhabited
“ we are a flu red by Casfar and Diodorus, was the whole
4f compafs of the ifland ; and proportionably fo mull every
44 kingdom of it have been, and the counties of Durham,
44 York, Cumberland, Weftmoreland, and Lane after, are ex-
44 prefly declared to have been uncommonly populous, even
44 before the fettlement of the Romans within them [e]P
Hence I think there is great reafon to fuppofe, that thofe
works inclofed with a ditch and vallum, where no Roman
coins nor inferiptions have been found, were thrown up by
the ancient Britons ; not always as places of defence, but for
holding courts ofjuftice and other public meetings.
I fhall now beg leave to lay before the Society, an account
of the contents of a barrow opened in June laft by Mr. Bigg
at Afpatria, which is about twenty miles from Carlifle in the
road to Cockermouth.
Afpatria , or Afpatrick , was fo firft named from Gafpa*
tric, Earl of Dunbar, father of Waldeive, firft Lord of Aller-
dale [/]. It is a long {haggling village about half a mile in
[<?] Whitaker’s Hi ft. of Manchefter, vol. I. p. 371.
[/] Nicolfon and Burn, ifntiq. of Cumberland, vol. II, p. 153,
lengthy
\
1 12 Mr. Rooke on Druidical remains In Cumberland.
length, and Rands upon the ridge of a hill pointing E. and W.
the foil a dry land.
Mr. P»igg, who is the proprietor of the land where the
barrow Rood, was fo obliging as to give me leave to take
drawings of the antiquities he found there, and to fatisfy all
my inquiries relative to the difcovery, at the fame time he
allured me that no other perfon had, or fhould take drawings
of them.
About two hundred yards N. of the village, and juR behind
his houfe, is a rifing ground called Beacon-hill, on the fummit
of which the barrow was placed, commanding an extenfive
view every way, and of courfe a very proper fituation for a
beacon, which was probably eredled on the barrow. In levelling
this, (the bafe of which I found to have been 90 feet in cir¬
cumference) they removed fix feet of earth to the natural foil,
and about three feet below, they found a vault or kiftvaen,
formed with two large cobble Rones on each fide, and one at each
fide. In it was a fkeleton of a man, which meafured feven feet
from the head to the ancle bone ; the feet were decayed and
rotted off. The bones at firfi appeared perfedf, but when ex-
pofed to the air became very brittle.
On the left fide near the fiioulder was a broad fword near
five feet in length ; the guard was eleganly ornamented with
inlaid filver flowers. See the figure of the faid fword at A in
PL IV. On the right fide lay a dirk or dagger, one foot fix
inches and a quarter in length, the handle appeared to have
been fludded with filver. See the figure at B. Near the dagger
was found part of a gold fibula or buckle, and an ornament
for the end of a belt, a piece of which adhered to it when
firR taken up. This Mr. Rigg proved to be gold by trying it
with aquafortis ; fee figures C and D, the fize of the ori-
1 ginals.
VblX.fS.1V. j,.nn
Mr. Rooke on Druidic a? remains in Cumberland. 113
ginals. Several pieces of a fhield were picked up, but I did
not fee parts fufficient to make out the fhape. There were
alfo part of a battle axe as at E, length fix inches, width four
inches, a bit F fhaped like a modern fnaffle, length of the fide
from (a) to ( b ) four inches and half, part of a fpur G, length
from ( a ) to (d) four inches. Thefe were very much corroded
with ruft. H and I are the two large cobble ftones, which
inclofed the Weft fide of the kiftvaen. H is two feet
eight inches in length. I is three feet in length, and one foot
eight inches high. On thefe flones are various emblematical
figures in rude fculpture, though fome of the circles are exactly
formed, and the rims and crofies within them are cut in re¬
lief. On the ftone I at ( a ) are marks which refemble an
M and a D, but whether they were intended for thofe letters
is very doubtful.
The ancients we know were fond of emblematical figures,
and they frequently typified eternity by a circle. As fuch, it was
natural for the friends of the deceafed to cut thofe fignificant
marks on the unhewn Rones of his fepulchre, to which they
might add the crofs on the dawning of Chriftianity, that is,
foon after Auguftine the monk arrived in Britain, which
was A. D. 596. About that time, probably, this perfon was
interred; and from the gold ornaments depofited with him
there is reafon to fuppofe he was a man of confiderable rank.
The mod ancient kind of fpur was undoubtedly that with
a fingle point ; and the firft bits ufed by the Britons were
made of the bones of large marine animals and finely polilhed ;
but when they came to work in iron, which was manufactured
early in the reign of Tiberius, they would naturally make their
bits of that metal, and upon the mod fimple conftruCtiori.
Such the bit here reprefented appears to be, and its lhape has
been handed down to the prefent time.
Vol. X. Q
X. Be*
[ ”4 1
X. Defcription of certain Pits in Derby (hire, by Hay man
Rooke, Efq. In a Letter to the Hon. Daines
Barrington.
«
Read March io, 1790.
1 * '■
Dear Sir,' Waodhoufe , Oft. 27, 1789.
Q BEING your very curious account of thofe remarkable
^ pits in Berkshire, which you favored the Society with,
I could not help thinking, that the like kind of excavations
might be found in the Peak of Derbyshire, where there are a
number of caves, and other remains of the ancient Britons.
I was not deceived in my conjecture; for the Rev. Mr. Mafon
of Winder in the Peak, who has a fade for antiquities, in¬
formed me that he knew of fome pits in a wood joining to an
edate of his, which greatly refembled thofe mentioned by you
in the Seventh volume of the Archaeologia, p. 236, that went
by the name of Piifleads , in a wood called Linda Springs
lying at Linda lane , about a mile from Brakenfield near Crick.
Upon this information, I made an appointment with Mr.
Mafon, who was fo obliging as to meet me at Crich in June
lad, and we went together to examine the pits. Upon entering
the wood, we f$ut\d them ib furrounded with brambles and
underwood, that it was dulicult fo pafs from one to the other.
However,
Description of certain Pits in Derby (hi re,
However, I faw about fifteen out of the fifty which were faid
to be there. Several of thefe I meafured. The largift was 22
feet by 20, and 10 feet deep; the others, one with another,
were 16 feet by 15, and 6 feet deep. Their pofition will be
bed: explained by the annexed plan.
Not being quite certain as to the exact number and fituation,
I wrote to Mr. Mafon to defire he would get fome men to count
the number of pits, and examine their pofitions. He very ob~
ligingly complied with my requeft, and his anfvver is fo fatif*
fadlory that I fhall here fend you a copy of it.
“ Dear Sir, * Winfer , July 23, 1789.
“ THE continued heavy rains have prevented me, until
lately, from vifiting the Pit heads in Linda fpring. However,
I now fit down, with pleafure, to give you the refult of my
inveftigation of them.
“ I took two men with me to the fite of thefe antiquities,
directing one to go down the fouth row of pits, and the other
down the north, and to count the number in each row, while
I walked betwixt them.
46 The man on the fouth counted 28 pits in his row, and he
on the north counted 25 in his. The numbers in each were
taken with the greateft exadlnefs that the crowded brambles
and underwood loaded with a luxuriant foliage would admit.
The pits of each line are, in general, oppofite to each otner, but
not in every inftance, as you will obferve the number in one
line is unequal to the number in the other.
“ The length of each line is 250 yards. We meafured the dis¬
tance between two pits, at the extremity of the weft end of
thefe lines, and found the neared points in their refpedtive
circumferences to be four yards afunder. We meafured the
0^2 diflance
1 1 6 Defcription of certain Pits in Derbyshire.
diftance between two others about the middle of the lines,
and found it five yards. At the eaft end we meafured the fpace
between two, and found it nine yards ; fo that the lines are
not parallel, but fomewhat diverging as they advance eaftward.
Perhaps this bufinefs might have been performed more accu¬
rately in winter, after the fall of the leaf.
“ My tenant thanks you for your kind offer, but defires no
other gratification, than the pleafure he has already received,
in being fomewhat inffrumental to elucidate this curious remain*
“ I am, with fincere refpeCt,
“ Your moff obedient fervant,
“ J. MAS O N ”
There is, Sir, I think, great reafon to fuppofe that this ftreet
of pits was a British town, and allowing only three peifons to
a pit, they would contain 1 59 fouls ; a considerable number,
considering the early period in which the uncivilized Britons
had fubterraneous dwellings. They could not have fixed upon
a better Situation for a town : that part of the wood is remark¬
ably dry, and notwithstanding there had been feveral days
rain previous to my being there, there was no water to be feen
in any of the pits.
The other part of the wood, which is about 10 or 12 acres,
is very fwampy and full of Springs, from whence it is called
Linda Spring. They had here plenty of good water at hand :
a clear brook runs at the bottom of the wood through Some
very rich and well-Sheltered meadows.
The regular manner in which thefe pits are placed, forming
a kind of ftreet, obviates a fuppofition that they were hiding-
places of people purfued by a victorious army. In Such a dif-
treSfing Situation they would naturally Secure themfelves by
digging
Defcription of certain Pits in Derbyfhire. 117
digging boles in the firft place of fafety that offered, without
any attention to a regular ftreet, as this evidently appears to
be, allowing for the rude manners of the age in which it was
made.
I muffc beg leave to obferve, that no coal, ore, ffone, 01
clay, is to be found in thefe pits, the loil being a dry kind of
XL A
XI. A Roman Altar infcribed to Beiatucader, illujlrated
by Mr . Gough.
Read March 25, 1790.
THE inclofed infcription which has juft been communi¬
cated to me by a gentleman who brought it from Cum¬
berland in the courfe of the laft fummer, was exhibited to the
Society by Major Rooke, and engraved in the Archaeologia,
Vol. IX. PI. XVII. a.
DEO
MARTI
BELATVCAI
RO ET NVMI
NIB. AVGC
IVL1VS AV
GVSTALIS
ACTORIVS LV
PI PREF
It is on an altar in the mod perfect prefervation found laft
year at Plump ton-wall, upon the remains of the fort Petriana ,
now called Cajlle-fteeds and Cambeck-fort ; of which fee the new
edition of Camden’s Rritannih, Vol. III. p. 172—190.
No fewer than nine infcription in honor of Beiatucader have
been found in Britain. One at Elenborough now loft [a],
[ a ] Horfley, p. 283. Pref. ad Leland. Itin. VIII. p. xviii. Camden, vol. III.
171 — 185.
3
another
V
Mr. Gough on a Roman Altar, &c.
another at Wardal [3], a third at Burgh on fands [c], a fourth
at Plumpton where the prefent was difcovered [V], a 5th [ e ]
and 6th [/] at Netherby, a feventh at Kirby Thor in Weft-
morland [g], an eighth in the river Irthing at Irthing at Scaleby
caftle L&], and the prefent makes the ninth.
Profeffor Ward [/], Bifhop Lyttelton [TJ, and other Anti¬
quaries [/], were of opinion that Belatucader was a local deity
of the Brigantes and other northern people correfponding to
the Apollo of the Greeks and Romans. Mr. Baxter [m], Dr.
Gale [#], and Mr. Horfley [0], and Mr. Pegge \p\, thought
him equivalent with Mars. Mr. Pegge in a Memoir commu¬
nicated to this Society 1771, and published in their Archaeolo-
gia, Vol. III. toi — 104, has clearly eftablifhed the conformity
between Belatucader and Mars. I (hall not repeat his argu¬
ments, but content myfelf with obferving that the infcription
now under confideration is a decifive confirmation that the true
reading of the infcription at Netherby loft fince Mr. Camden’s
time is
Deo Marti Belatucadro .
[£] Horflev, Cumb. IX. p. 278. Camd. Ib. 172.
[r] Archaeologia, vol. I. 308. Camd. Ib. 187.
[d] Ib. vol. III. 101. Camd, Id. 190.
[e] Pennant’s Tour 1772, p. 197.
[/] Horfley, 271. Camden, lb. 197.
jjr] Horfley, Weflm. IIS. 298. Camd. Ib. 148. 158.
[/;] Horfley, Cumb. XXXI. p. 260. Camd. Ib. 201 PI. XIII. 5.
[7] in Horfley, p- 261.
[v§ j Archseologia, vol. I. 101.
[/J Somner, Selden, Montfaucon, and the authors of the Univerfal Hiflory.
[;«] GIcfTar. Ant. Brit, in voce.
[k] Anton, p. 34. I11 the preceding page he is inclined to fnppofe it the
name of a river near Belaw.
£*]P. 271.
[Pi Archseol. vol. III. p. 102.
without
Agreeable to this is the etymology of the name in the Britifh
language ; Bel y duw cadarn , Bel, the god of frength , or of
cajlles or war, whence Dr. Stukeley, in one of his MS. notes
makes it fynonymous with the feripture phrafe, the Lord of
Hofts. Mr. Baxter explains it Be/ at u cadr , q. d. Be/us ad arcem
mentis .
With him are here joined the Numina Auguforum, as with
Jupiter Optimus Maximus & Dolichenus, (Horfley, Northumb.
VII. p. 36, 37. 39.), and with the topical deity of the
Brigantes (Yorkfh. XVIII.) if we admit with Mr. Pegge [q]
that Juppiter and Mars Pater , of the Romans were adopted by
the Romanized Britons, we fhall fee the propriety of the com¬
pliment paid to their Emperors, by coupling them with thefe
divinities.
Two of the former inferiptions to Belatucader are by a
perfon of the name of Julius ; for fo I underhand lolus. Whe¬
ther in the prefent Auguftalis be the name of the dedicator or
his office is next to be difeuff.
The ludi Augujlales,. or games in honor of Auguftus, were ce¬
lebrated by the Confuls and Tribunes of the people on the anni-
verfary of his birth, as thofe on the feftival of Mars ; the con¬
fuls gave out prizes, and the tribunes obferved a facred folem-
nityjVj. Auguftalis as a title of office occurs frequently in
Gruter. Augufales in coloniis & municipiis facrorum cur am age -
bant , fays Reinefius [/]. They were a college of priefls for
the Julian family inhituted at Rome by Tiberius [/]. In the
[?] Arch. III. p. 102.
[r] Dio Caffius, LVI. 46.
[i] P. 29. Infc. XU.
[J] Tacitus, An. I. 54. Kift. II. 95.
1
colonies
infcrtbed to Belatucader. I2f
colonies they were lefs numerous. They were alfo civil officer?,
either for the adminiftration of juftice, repair of roads, and other
public offices ; and even women held places under this title [*].
The fame antiquary explains Actor by the Greek S7 repair gS 0,kmv,
a houfe Reward, and Spon, Mifcell. Antiq. p. 209, calls fervus
ctttor, a major domo : and in Reinefius’ Infcriptions, 65 Clafs
XI. ASior is a land Reward. May we then fuppofe that Ati-
gujialis ASior in our Plumpton infcription means fome trea-
furer of the houfehold, or of the army, or of the college of re¬
ligious named Augujtaks appointed to celebrate the worth ip or
memory of the Emperors ? Mr. Horfiey gives ASiarius for Ac -
twar 'ms on an infcription Northumb. LXXVI. which Mr. Ward
explains a commiffary for fupplying the troops with corn fx].
So alfo Gruter [y], and Muratori [»], have Afar Augujlalis a
frumento. But as Afar on infcriptions ufually precedes Aucuf-
talis , perhaps the latter is rathe, the agnomen of the dedicator
of this altar, who held the office of ASior under the prated
Julius Lupus.
Mr. Horfiey is for referring Numlnibus Augg. on the infcrip¬
tion Northumb. LXXXVIII. to the Emperors Severus and Cara-
calla, and Augujli nojlri , Northumb. IX* 2 & York. XIII. to An¬
toninus Pius and Verus [a]. The two fir ft it is mod natural
to conclude are intended here, as the fort is on the wall of
Severus. T'he date of this infcription will then fall between
A. D. 207, when Severus began and A. D. 208, when he finifhed
the wall [b] when Virius Lupus was propraetor, as he was
throughout that reign, and occurs on two infcriptions, one on
\u~\ Reinefius, loc. cit.
[*] Horfiey, p. 233.
[y] CCLX. 1.
OJ P. 994.
[a] See alfo Archajologia, vol. III, 12.Q,
[b~\ Horfiey, 61, 62.
VOL. X. R
a. very
122
Mr. Gough on a Roman Altar , &c.
a very fine altar now at Trinity College, Cambridge [c] ; the
other at Ilkley, feen by Mr. Camden, but fince loft [dj.
Julius Lupus, under whom Julius Auguftalis ferved, may
have been a relation of the propraetor : fo may Venuftinus
Lupus, who dedicated an altar Deo Sanc(toi) Marti [<?], firffc
publifhed by Mr. Gordon [/]. Another proof that the two
deities were the fame under different names.
Petuaria was a Ration of fo much confequence as to give
name to an Alat of which the cohors II Gallorum equitum , men¬
tioned on an infcription found at Plumpton [g], and another
from old Penrith [/->], was part. I fhould afcribe the Augg. to
the two Philips as on the laft — were not the name of they>r^-
fetlus equitum very different.
To whatever reign w7e afcribe this infcription we obtain a
new name of a praefedl. v
Here then 1 leave thefe obfervations to the candor of fome
abler inveftigator into the Roman antiquities of this ifland.
Dec. 21, 1 789. RICHARD G OUG H.
[c] Horfley, York, I. 504, Camden, III. 15 93.
[d ] Horfley, Camd. Ib. 7. 49.
[<?] Horfley, Cumb. XXXV.
f /' Itin. Sept. p. 81.
L] MS. Letter of Mr. Patten to Mr. Horfley, p. 275. 107. 112.
[A] Cumb. LII«. Horfley, pref. p. xx.
XII. Oh -
[ l23 3
XIL Olfervations on the Machine called the Lewis*
By Francis Gibfon, Efq. F. A . S. In a 'Letter to
the Right Hon . Lord Mulgrave, F. A. S.
Read March 25, 1790.
My Lord,
Whitby , Feb . 19, 1990,
S I flatter myfelf that every attempt, however feeble,
to illuftrate the venerable remains of antiquity, will meet
in fome degree with your iordfhip’s approbation, I have been
induced to hazard my opinion on the hate of mechanics of the
thirteenth or fourteenth centuries, and fhall be happy if your
lordfhip judges it worthy the attention of the Society of
Antiquaries.
If 1 have been too prolix in defcribing the remains of Whitby
abbey, I truft it will be thought in fome meafure excufeable ;
firft, that though it is one of the mod perfect monuments of
Gothic archite&ure in the ifland, it has hitherto been very im~
perfectly defcribed, and fecondly, that an account of the prefent
frate of the building was rendered neceffary to introduce the
fubfequent obfervations.
I have the honour to be your Lordfhip’s mo ft obedient
and mo ft humble fervant,
FRANCIS GIBSON.
R 2 The
124 Mr, Gibson on a Machine called the Lewis.
The church of Whitby abbey, or as it was called before the
Conqueft, the monaftery of Streanfliall, though it hath fuffered
greatly from the ravages of time and wilful dilapidations, yet
ftill exhibits in its venerable remains complete fpecimens of the
varied ftyles of architecture which prevailed at the different
period when its nave and choir were built.
The edifice was originally founded A. C. 658 by Ofwy,
king of Northumberland, whofe kinfwoman Hilda fuper-
intended its ereCtion, and was the firft abbefs.
The Danes under Hubba landing in Dunfley Bay [a], near
Mulgrave caftle, two miles from Streanfhall, took and lacked
the town, plundered the monaftery, and after maffacreing the
defencelefs inhabitants fet fire to the building.
It lay in a ruinous ftate until the reign of William Rufus,
when a church in form of a crofs was erected on the ancient
fite by William de Percy, a powerful Norman baron, who
endowed it with confiderable grants of land, which, with many
civil and religious privileges, were afterwards confirmed by
Henry I. and Pope Honorius II.
The remains of this once celebrated pile are, the choir with
its north aile, the great center tower, and north tranfept,
with certain fragments at the weft end ; the three firft men¬
tioned parts, excepting their roofs, are nearly entire.
In the year 1762, the body or nave of the church, refting
on 16 well-proportioned pillars, unable to refift the violence of
a ftorm blowing full upon it from the north, fell to the ground ;
yet fuch hath been the excellence of the cement, that the
pillars and arches (hardly disjointed) remain proftrate in nearly
their priftine forms.
[a} The Dunns Sinus of Ptolomy.
On
Mr. Gibson on a Machine called the Lewis, 125
On a clofe infpeftiotv into the fragments of the outward wall,
and weft- end of the church, which, with its noble window
over the principal entrance, is yet handing, it plainly appears,
that the nave built in the reign of Rufus had been taken down,
and an edifice raifed upon its foundations, which by the light-*
nefs and elegance of the ftyle, I am of opinion hath been
eredled near that time when Gothic or Britifti architecture was
rapidly advancing to its perfection of beauty and regularity under
Edward III,
That the weft end of this church hath been built long after
the choir, ftrongly appears at the junction of the two parts
where the (tones are unequal and of different colours.
The choir in a view taken on the fpot, and which I had the
honor to prefent to the Society, exhibits a range of bi-formed
windows immediately over the lower arches, and above thofe a
correfponding row, equal in number, but of fmaller dimen-
fions, fimilar to thofe feen in the fouth tranfept, which is the
moft ancient part, of the cathedral of York : whereas in the
nave of Whitby abbey, from the points of the lower arches
a fingle line of large and elegant windows continued to the
upper cornice, I mean that fupporting the roof. Each win¬
dow was divided into three parts, and finifhed with beautiful
ramifications in the manner of thole in the nave of York min Ire r,
which (excepting the choir) is the moft modern part of that
fabric.
The key ftone3 of thofe upper arches are of large dimenfions,
meafuring near a ton and an half each. On examination as they
lay on the ground, I was furprized to fee in the crown of each
a cavity in many refpects fimilar to thofe cut into large blocks
of ftone for the purpofe of railing them by a machine com¬
monly called a Lewis ,
This
ix6 Mr. Gibson on a Machine called the Lewis*
This machine, of which I have given a drawing [£], is fuppofed
by feveral intelligent engineers to have been the invention of
an ingenious French mechanic employed in the magnificent
public works of Louis XIV. and had its name given in com¬
pliment to that monarch.
At the piers of this port this machine is highly ufeful in
railing ftones of 6 and even io tons weight. That the holes in
the key-ftones of Whitby abbey were cut for fimilar purpofes
hardly admits a doubt ; but the machine muft have been of a
fomewhat different form, and perhaps lefs powerful than that »
ufed at prefent, yet it might have been capable of railing a
block of 4 tons, larger than any ftones we fee ufed in our an¬
cient buildings.
To prevent a redundance of words, I have annexed to thole
obfervations drawings of the form of the prefent Lewis ;
fedlions of the cavity cut in ftone for its reception ; a fedlion of
the fame in the key ftones of the abbey, with the conjeflural
form of the machine formerly ufed.
The principal view of the writer of the foregoing remarks is
to induce an abler hand to a clofer inveftigation, tending to
prove that this highly ufeful machine, called a Lewis , is not
a modern French invention, but rather an improvement of an
ancient one, and that our anceftors were not fo ignorant in
mechanics as is generally imagined.
FRANCIS GIBSON.
[£] See Plate V,
EXPLA'
Vol. X. Pl.V.p . 126.
127
Mr. Gibson on a Machine called the Lewis.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
A. Longitudinal fe&ion of part of a (lone of 6 tons weight,
with that of the hole for the infertion of the Lewis.
1. Form of the hole at top.
2. — — — — - - at bottom.
B. Key-done in Whitby abbey, with a perforation in the
crown fuppofed to have been cut for a fimilar purpofe.
1. Size of the hole at top.
2. - at bottom.
C. aa. Two diftindt parts of the Lewis perforated at their heads
to receive the bolted. Thefe are dipt in by hand :
between them the part b is iuferted, which pufties their
points out to the fides of the done, and fills the cavity.
e the ring of the Lewis on which the tackle is hooked :
each end of this is likewife perforated to receive the
bolt which enters at f and forelocks at g.
D. End view of the part b fhewing the fize of the hole for
the reception of the bolt.
N. B. This Lewis has railed a done weighing io tons.
E. Suppofed form of the Machine ufed at the erection of
Whitby abbey.
In forming this cavity the part a has been left feemingly
defigned as a guide to point the two principal mem¬
bers of the Machine to their dedined places, where
they were fecured by the intervention of a third part
b perforated at the head to receive in conjunction
with c d e f the forelock bolt.
F. End view of b .
I
XIII.
I 3
/
XIII. Defcriptlon of the Church of Quenington in the
County ^Gloucefter. By Samuel Ly fons, Efq, F. A, S •
Read May 13, 1790.
PLATE VI. reprefents the fouth-eaft view of the parifh
church of Quenington, or Queenington, in the county of
Gloucefter, which is fituated about two miles north of the
market town of Fairford in the fame county.
This building bears evident marks of antiquity, although it
appears to have undergone confiderable alterations within the
laft two centuries. The original round headed windows may
ftill be traced, though they are now either walled up, or
changed into (harp pointed or fquare ones. At the weftern ex¬
tremity of the north and fouth walls are two door ways lead¬
ing into the nave, which exhibit very rich fpecimens of that
kind of architecture ufually termed Saxon. From the (ituation
of thefe doorways it feems probable that the nave of the church
formerly extended further weftward than it does at prefent, and
perhaps terminated in a tower. Sir Robert Atkyns in his Hif-
tory of Gloucefterfhire [a] fays that this church formerly had a
fpire in the middle ; if fo it was probably a modern addition.
The fouth door-way (fee PI. VII.) is five feet eleven inches
in height, and nine feet eleven inches wide; the arch of
4
M L 322. 2d Edit.
it
.v- - ' ■ • • .
'
^ . .
• y "ft v
’
'
..
>
w
^ •
V
j Defcription of the Church of Quenington in Gloucefterfhire. 129
it is femicircular, and ornamented with a variety of mouldings
and other decorations, wherein plainly appears a corruption
of the Roman ftyle. The interior part of the arch is orna*.
mented with the zig-zag moulding, fo conftantly to be feen
in works of this kind. Within this and immediately over the
door, are feveralfigures rudely carved in has relief; amongft which
may be diftinguifhed the Deity [£] crowning theVirginMary who
holds a dove ; and* the angel, eagle, winged bull and lion (the fym-
bols of the Evangelifts), the four laft of which are accom¬
panied with fcrolls. On one fide is the figure of a church, in
which it may be remarked that all the arches are circular, that it
has a low fpire covered with fhingles, and a fmall tower on each
fide, terminating in a pinnacle, probably a reprefentation of
the original weft front of this church. From the ftyle of the or¬
naments in theft door-ways I think one may venture to con¬
clude that this building was ere&ed foon after the Conqueft,
when the Normans introduced a more fumptuous and orna¬
mental kind of church-architedhire than was in ufe amongft
their Saxon predecelTors ; and if fo, the figure above alluded to,
feems in fome meafure to contradict the opinion [c] that
fpires were not ufed in the churches built here by the Normans.
The north door-way, PI. VIII. is ten feet and eight inches
in width, and thirteen feet in height; it has a great variety
of ornaments, amongft which the zig-zag and lozenge mould¬
ings are the moft confpicuous.
Over the door is the figure of our Saviour carved in has relief
trampling on the devil bound hand and foot, and thrufting
the crofs into his mouth. There are alfo three figures in
praying attitudes, one of whom appears juft efcaping from the
jaws of a large ferpent; over them is a figure of the fun.
[£] The crown rcferables thofe on the coins of William the Conqueror and
William Rufus.
[c] Bentham’s Ely, p. 40.
Vol. X.
s
Above
i qo Defcription of the Church of Quenington in Gloucefterfhire.
Above the door-way is the figure of a ram’s head much
mutilated. Both thefe door-ways are better preferved than
many others of the fame kind, having luckily efcaped the
obliterating hand of the white-wafher.
The manor of Quenington was granted by William the
Conqueror to Walter de Lacy, one of his Norman followers,
from whom it defcended to his fon Roger, who is Laid to have
been in fo great favour with the Conqueror that he beftowed
on him one hundred and fixteen manors, whereof twenty were
in Gloucefterfhire.
It is not improbable that this church was eredled at the ex¬
pence either of the father or fon.
The knights hofpitallers of St. John of Jerufalem had a
preceptory at this place (V], founded by one of the fame
family and two other perfons. Some of the buildings belong¬
ing to it are ftill remaining, converted into a farm houfe nearly
adjoining to the church.
[</] Dugdale, Monad, vol. II. p. 510. 548. Tanner, Not. Mon. p. 148.
XIV.
S. £y JQru F.A.S, dzt.
[ 13l 3
XIV. Account of Roman Antiquities dif covered in the
County o/'Gloucefter. ^Samuel Lyfons, Efq. F,A*S*
Read May 20, 1 790.
PLATE IX. Fig. 1 . A burial urn of glafs, found about twenty-
five years fince, in a field called Kingfmead , about half a
mile diftant from Cirencefter ; it was wrapped in lead, and de¬
posited in a Rone hollowed out to receive it ; it is of a greenifti
colour, not very tranfparent, but well-moulded, having feveral
raifed circles on its bottom, quite fmooth, without any appear¬
ance of having ever been faftened to a blowing iron as all mo¬
dem glafs veffels are in the making, which have therefore a
rough mark at the bottom, unlefs they have been afterwards
ground fmooth. Its diameter at the top is five inches and three
eighths, height ten inches and one eighth, and width at the
bottom five inches and five eighths. It is in the pofleffion of
C. H. Parry, M. D. of Bath.
Fig. 2. An urn of brown earthen ware found in the year
1786, in a field adjoining to the town of Cirencefter, called the
Querns, lying a little without the fite of the Roman wall. It
was inclofed in a cafe of lead, between two large ftones, in
which a round hole was cut to contain it, and was nearly
half full of burnt bones. It is in height feven inches and
S 2 a half,
I32
Mr. Lysons on Antiquities in Glouceflerfhire.
a half, and its diameter at the top three inches and a half,
Leland defcribes a fimilar one as having been found in the
fame place in his time [VJ.
Fig. 3. An urn of brown earthen ware found in the year
1789, in a gravel pit at Kingfholm near Gloucefier, at which
place a great number of burial urns, leaden and hone coffins,
and human fkeletons [t>] and a considerable variety of Roman
coins and utenfils, many of which are hereafter Specified, have
been at different times difcovered. This urn is in height five
inches and a half, and in diameter at the top five inches.
Fig. 4. A fmail urn of coarfe ware, found at Kingfholm
in 17895 its diameter at the top is two inches and fix tenths ;
it is very thick, and has the appearance of having never been
baked,
PI. X. Fig. 1. A fragment of an Amphora, confining of
the neck and handles, found at Kingfholm. Its diameter at
the top is fix inches, at the lower part ten inches and a quarter,
and length fifteen inches and a half. In the pofifeffion of the
Rev. Peter Hawker, of Woodchefter.
Fig. 2. One of the brafs inftruments called Celts, extremely
well preferved, found at South Cerney near Cirencefter.
* - K r T • # • • ^ • . * • ‘ '
fa] “ In the fowth-fowth-Kveft fide of the waul be lykelyhod hath bene a
caftel, or fum other great building, the hil'es and ditches yet remay ne. The
place is now a waren for conys, and therein hath be fownd mennes bones,
injolitcs magnitudinis , alfo to fepulchres, ex fefio lapide. In one was a round
yeflel of leade covered, and in itafhes and pieces- of bones.” Itin. vol. V. fob 65,
By the place where thefe remains were found Leland undoubtedly meant the
Vpuerns, which is covered with fmail hills, having the appearance of fo many
tumuli , rnoft probably the remains of ftone quarries dug by the Romans for
building the city and making roads, and afterwards ufed as a burying ground.
Vo l . X . 'Pl. X. A 132.
<s-
■011*1 F.A.S. oLtL
Vol.x. pi.xi.f*. /a a
VolXPLX II. A 13S.
%•
J. jCya-imrf F.A. S. del-
JiaJirt Sc.
/
Mr, Lysons on Antiquities in Glouceflerfhire. i 33
Fig. 3. A fmall figure of brafs, found feveral years ago at
Cirencefter. This and the preceding article are of the fame
fize with the drawing ; and are both in the poffefiion of the
Rev. John Collinfon, F. A. S. *
Fig. 4. A hatchet of iron found at Kingfholm.in 1789, five
inches and five eighths in length.
Fig. 5. A fmall lamp of brafs found at the fame place in
1790. it is well preferved, but has loft the chains' by which it
was fufpended. This and the two following articles are of the
fame fize with the drawings.
PI. XI. Fig. 1. A fmall fpoon of brafs found in Mr.
BathurfFs park at Lidney.
Fig. 2.. A fpoon of bone found in the Querns at Cirencefler
in 1786. The fharp end was probably intended for a Jiyle. it
is in the poffeffion of Mr. Collinfon.
Fig. 3. A patera of brafs found at Kingfholm in 1789.
The handle, which is the only part of it not corroded, is in
length five inches.
Fig. 4. is probably a bulla of brafs. This and the three fol¬
lowing articles were found at Kingfholm in 1789, and are of
the fame fize with the drawings.
Fig. 5. A fpnall ornamental bell of brafs.
Fig, 6. A fmall pyxisj or perhaps meafure of brafs.
Fig. 7. A pair of brafs compares, one of the legs of which
is broken off ; that which remains has a flit at the end of it.
The figure of one nearly refembling this is engraved in the
fifth volume of Count Cayius’s Antiquities, tab. LXXXV.fig. 5.
PI. XII. fig. 1. A Jiyle , one end of which is flat for the
purpofe of obliteration, found in the, Querns at Cirencefler in
1786, with many other Roman remains, on making an aquedubl
for the fupply of the Thames and Severn canal.
134 Afr. Lysons on Antiquities In Gloucefterfhire.
Fig. 2. A Jlyle which has no flat end, found with the
former.
Fig. 3. A brafs pin.
Fig- 4> 5, 6, 7, 8. Fibula of brafs found at Cirencefler.
Thefe and the three preceding articles are in the pofleflion of
Mr. Collinfon.
Fig. 9. A fibula found in the Leaufes at Cirencefler, which,
from the holes in it, appears to have been fevved to the garment
which it fattened.
Fig. 10. A large fibula of brafs found at Cirencefler, nowin
the pofleflion of Dr. Parry.
Fig. 1 1. A fibula found at Lidney park, in the pofleflion of
Thomas Bathurtt, Efq.
Fig. 12. Part of another, found at Kingfholm.
Fig. 13. Two armillce of brafs. The one which is entire
was found with four others, on the arm of a fkeleton, in the
Querns at Cirencefler in 1789.
Fig. 14. Exhibits both fldes of a circular ornament of brafs,
having a mafk well executed in alto relievo on the centre, ex¬
tremely well preferved. From the rivets on the back, it appears
to have been fattened on leather, probably a belt. It was
found at Kingfholm in 1789.
Fig. 15. Ahead of brafs found with many others of the
fame kind at Kingfholm ; there were alfo found at the fame
place more than flxty blue ones, of the kind commonly called
Druids beads.
•PI. XIII. Fig. 1. A fiatera or Roman Jleel-yard of brafs, found at
Kingfholm in 1788. It is, I believe, the fir A which has been dis¬
covered in this kingdom, and is very well preferved, no part of
it being loft except the hock, or chain, by which the weight
was fufpended.
1
One
Voix.Pi.xm.fi.i34.
l.r
'fJCy<y(mj F.A.S. dti.
Mr. Lysons on Antiquities In Gloucefferfhire. 135
One fide of the beam is divided into fix parts, each of which
is fubdivided into twelve ; the only number marked on this
fide is V. the other fide has tiie numbers V. X. XV. XX. in-
fcribed on it.
As the Roman pound confided of twelve ounces, each of
which contained fix fextula, and twelve dimidia fextula , I had
little doubt that the fix parts in the firft graduation were ounces ,
each of which was fubdivided into twelve dimidia fextula , and
that the fecond graduation began at five ounces, and proceeded
on to twenty-four, or two pounds. An experiment 1 afterwards
made with the Roman weights at the Britifh Mufeum con¬
firmed me in this opinion ; for they tallied as nearly as could
be expe&ed, when the lofs which th zjlatera might be fuppofed
to have fuflained in weight was 'confidered. All the Roman
feel-yards which I have had an opportunity of examining are
graduated in the fame manner, making the higheft number on
one fide, the lowed on the other, and proceeding upwards by
Jives either of pounds or ounces. The fine fpecimen preferved in
the Britifh Mufeum, which was found at Herculaneum, is gra¬
duated on one fide of the beam for five pounds, and on the
other proceeds from five to twenty-five.
Montfaucon confounds the Jlatera with the trutlna or fcales,
and makes them fynonymous [cl, but afterwards defcribes the
former under the name of campana. It fliould ieem from the
following paflage in Cicero de Oratore jV], “ Ad ea probanda
qua non aurificis fatera fed quadam popular I trutina examinant urj
that the former was chiefly ufed by the goldfmiths for weigh¬
ing jewels and things of value, and that the latter was em~
[c] L’Antiq. expliq. Tom. III. Liv. iv. p. 169.
W II. 38.
ployed
I
136 Mr, Lysons on Antiquities in Gloucefterfhire.
ployed for the common purpofes of life ; though it is rather
furprifing that this fhould have been the cafe, as the Jleel-yard is
extremely liable to error, and far lefs to be depended on than
the (cales .
Mod; of the ancient Jiaterce have a fcale or bafon, fufpended
by chains at the end of the beam : this fpecimen has only a
double hook.
Fig. 2, 3, exhibit two fides of the beam of the Jlatera above
mentioned.
Fig. 4. The bud: of a young man in bronze, found feveral years
fince in a garden fituated in the Leaufes or Lewfes at Cirencefter,
in which place the bronze figure, defcribed and engraved in
the Appendix to the Seventh Volume of the Archaeologia, was
found. It has probably been the weight of a Jlatera , there
being a hole at the top of the head in which a hook may have
been fattened. It is in the poffefiion of Mrs. Mary Helliar of
Cirencefter.
Fig. 5. Another buft found at the fame place in 1789, which
feems alfo to have been ufed as a weight; the back of it is
filled with lead, and there is a hole through one of the curls on
the forehead, by which it was probably fufpended. The eyes
appear to be of filver. The Roman Stater te had commonly
bufts of their Deities for weights ; but of none more frequently
than Minerva, Apollo , Hercules , and Bacchus. From the effe¬
minacy of this head it was probably defigned for the laft, and
is not unlike a buft of him figured in Montfaucon, tom. I.
pl.cxLVUT. fig. 2. It is in the poffefiion of Mr. Mafter’s
tenant, who rents the garden.- This and the two preceding
fpecimens are of the fize of the drawings.
The feveral articles above enumerated, of which the owners
are not fpecified, are in my poffefiion.
SAMUEL LYSONS.
XV.
[ *37 3
XV. Account of fome Roman Antiquities in Cum¬
berland hitherto unnoticed. By Hay man Rooke, Efqi
F. S. A.
Read June 3, 179©,
TH E county of Cumberland abounds with Roman anti¬
quities, and many curious altars and inferiptions have
been found in it ; which have been accurately deferibed by
Horfley, Stukeley, and others. Thefe antiquities have been
difeovered by chance, either in ploughing up ground for cul¬
tivation, or in digging up Rones for the repair of houfes and
walls; and what is very furprifing, I do not find that a re¬
gular fearch has ever been made in any of the noted Rations.
At old Carlifle, the Qlenacum of the Romans, the walls of
many houfes are now plainly to be diftinguifhed, yet no fearch
has ever been made : whereas by clearing away the earth to
their foundations, all the dwellings and Rreets of this remark¬
able Ration would appear., and moR probably many valuable
remains would be found.
At Bremetenracum (old Penreth) the remains of a conlider-
able number of buildings and Rreets are to be feen, and I was
told that they have never been examined below the furface.
Vo l. X. T It
138 Mr, Rooke on Roman Antiquities in Cumberland.
It is therefore to be wifhed that fome able antiquaries would
"unite in invefligating the principal Roman flations in this
county.
The following antiquities which I have now the honor
to prefent to the Society, have never been taken notice of;
nor have any drawings but thefe been made from them, as
I am allured by the gentleman in whofe pofleffion they now
are.
Fig. 1. and 2. in PI. IV. were found in the year 1787, in
making a drain in Scotch ftreet, Carlille, lying near the two
altars mentioned in a former paper fV): The figure in a chair
appears to be a woman holding fomething in her lap and as
there is a greater fpace on the right hand of the chair than on
the left, I fhould fuppofe, when the Rone was perfect, there
niufl have been more figures, probably three..
Fig. 2. teems to be a fragment of a pillar, which, from tho
fhape of its top, might have been one of the fupporters of an
arch. The fculpture is evidently intended to repnsfent the
head of an eagle.
Fig. 3..1S a very lingular piece of antiquity. The little loop ( a )
is a fpring which opens at the end (U) ; and, what is very fur-
priling, it Rill retains its elafticity ; from its being covered with
green ruR, I fhould fuppofe it was made of brafs. The drawing
is exadlly the fize of the original. I fhall not venture to form
a conjecture on its ufe, but leave it to the better judgment of
the Society. The abovementioned are in the pofleffion of the
Rev. Mr. Carlifle, who is earnefl in his endeavours to procure*,
and careful in preferving, Roman antiquities.
[<?] Archseologia, Yol. IX. p. 220.
The
Vol. 7LFI. XLVr. p. ,38
Mr. Rooke on Roman Antiquities in Cumberland. 13$
The little portable altar, Fig. 4. is only remarkable for being
the ttnalleft yet difcovered ; the fize is exa&ly reprefented by
the drawing. There is no appearance of an infcription, though
poffibly there might have been one on the other fide, which
is now much mutilated. It was found in making thofe ele*-
gant improvements which furround the houfe at Netherby, and
is in the pofleffion of Sir James Graham.
Fig. 5. reprefents two very fingular dwarf figures with whif*
kers, and wrapped in hoods and mantle's , which refemble the
gowns worn by the Roman augurs ; with which they covered
their heads when they obferved the flight of birds. Dwarfs
were much etteemed by the Romans, and means were ufed to
prevent the growth of boys and girls ; therefore it is not im¬
probable, that fome of thefe might have been dignified with
the high office of augur, and reprefented here as fuch. This
Rone was found in digging a foundation for a. pigtty in the
Cattle-yard at Carlifle, and is in the pofleffion of Col. Sen-
houfe at Nether hall, as are all the following antiquities.
Fig. 6. is a ftone with the figure of a Roman foldier on horfe-
back, who feems to be directing his Ipear towards a man under
the horfe’s feet. The infcription is almott obliterated, it may
be read,
Milites Manipulates Legionis vialricis (pofuerunt).
But lam more inclined to think it is the name of a perfon who
had dittinguifhed himfelf in atttion, for whom this fepulchral
monument was eretted. The figure is greatly defaced, and
the fculpture in many parts appears to be very indifferent, the
fhape of the man under the horfe’s feet is quite out of proportion.
This monument was found in the wall of the pariffi church
atStanwix, and fent to Col. Senhoufe in the year 1787.
T 2
Fig.
140 Mr . Rooke on Roman Antiquities in Cumberland.
Fig. 1. in PI. V. is a flone with three difproportioned
female figures in rude fculpture, probably intended for the
De<e Maires . The number three was a favourite number
among the Romans, their deities were frequently grouped in.
threes, and the gods were fuppofed to have a particular pleafure
in that number.
This Rone was found in the cqflrum , or fort, near Nether-
hall, which according to Camden’s conje£ture was called Vo -
Lint him 7 but by Hoifley Vi rojidum and Elen font*
The hone, Fig. 8, was found in the above fort in the year
1779, and is the only infcription difcovered in this Ration
that mentions the Legions ; it appears plainly to be
V exillarii Legionis fecund <v Auguftee et Vicefmre Valentis Vic —
tricis fecerunt.
It was probably placed in fome building ere&ed by the Vexil-
larii of thofe legions. The cohorts only are mentioned in
infcriptions found here, and thofe are Cobors prima Hifpa-
norum , Cobors prima Dalmatarum , and Cobors prima Baeta —
forum.
Fig. 3, is the top part oh an Amphora [3] of yellow pottery
faid to be the only fragment of owe ever found in Britain.
Col. Senhoufe told me that* a friend of his allured him that
this top was exaTly the fame fize, fhape, and colour, as thofe
he had feen in Italy, which were found in an ancient villa near
Pompeii,.
[£] The Amphora as a liquid meafure held forty eight Sextarii* i. e. aboufci
fevcn gallons and one pint ; as a dry meafure it contained three bufhels.
Pig-
Vol. 7L.JPI. XV . p.iuo.
Mr. Rooke on Roman Antiquities in Cumberland. 141
Fig. to. is a perfpeftive view of the remains of the Roman
gateway at the north entrance of the fort, difcovered in 1787.
From what remains of this building, which was probably the
guard-room, it muft have been a very elegant Rru&ure. The
Rones* which are {haped and drefled, fit clofe to each other
without cement. In the little hole marked ( a ), at the end of
the corner Rone, was an iron Ranchion, on which it is fup-
pofed the gate was hung, and from whence, at the bottom,,
the Rone threlhold {F) was carried acrofs to the length of near
ten feet. On the top are two hollows, which people imagine
were worn by wheels, but (as they are near eight feet afunder)
no carriage could have been of that width; and they evidently
appear to have been fcooped out with a tool.
Not long after this difcovery, in digging in the front of
the gateway, they found the arch entire which had covered
the gate; but Col. Senhoufe being unfortunately from home at
that time, the arch was defiroyed, and the Rones carried away
for the repair of walls* From this gate a Roman road goesr
in almoR a Rraight line, to Carlifle. See a plan of the remains
of the gate way at (<r).
Fig. 1 1. is a perfpe&ive view of the remains of an elegant
Roman bath,, difcovered within the fort in the year 1788*
There appears to have been a paved walk, two feet widey,
as at ( a), carried round, from whence fome of the Reps
that went into the bath remain. The height of the upper
wall (b) is two feet ten inches, the length of the bath fixteen
feet.
Walls of feveral buildings have been laid open to a confr*
derable length ; and, if one may judge from their thicknefs,
they muR have inclofed fpacious apartments. Col* Senhoufe
keep©
Mr. Rooke on Roman Antiquities in Cumberland.
keeps a man daily at work in fearching, and clearing the walls
within the fortj and he will doubtlefs be well rewarded for
his pains, by the acquifition of many curious Roman monu¬
ments. Thefe, fortunately for the lovers of antiquities, are
fure to be well preferved, for which this gentleman is no lefs
commendable than for his politenefs and hofpitality to thofe
whofe curiofity lead them to Nether hall.
Fig. 7. PI. XVir. was found in the year 1785, by fome of
Col. Senhoufe’s labourers in digging near the Praetorium in the
fort at Eknborough. From its lingular lhape, and the fquare
hole on the top, I ftiould fuppofe it had been the bafe of a fmall
obelilk, probably ufed as a gnomon to point out the hours on a
horizontal ground dial.
I do not recolledt ever feeing, among the many fpecimens of
Roman fculpture that have been publilhed, a woman on a horfe
without a bridle. It may poffiblv be emblematical ; and I have
fome idea of having feen a woman in this pofition on a Roman
coin [c] ; but as I have no feries of coins to examine, I will
not hazard another conjecture upon it.
[c] The only two inflances on coins it is believed arc on thofe of Heliopolis
under Commodus. Patin, Imp. p. 21 1, which he fuppofes to reprefent Minerva
Equeftris, mentioned by Paufanias, Attic. B. I. A coin of Pbera in Dr.
Hunter’s Colledlicn, PI. XLIII. 14. p. 234, has a woman fitting afide on a
galloping horfe, and holding in both hands a blazing torch. R.-G*
XVI.
1 43 3
r
L
XV I. Obfervations on the late continuance of the ufe of
'Torture in Great Britain, In a Letter from George
Chalmers, Efq* F . R . and A . SS . to John Topham, Efq ,
Read March 3, 1791.
Office for Trade, Whitehall , March 1791*
Dear Sir,
I prefumed to think, that whatever had a tendency to trace
the modes of our government, or to mark the improvement
of our freedom, would not be deemed by you altogether un¬
worthy of your learned curiofity. And I was thus induced to
communicate to you a copy of a warrant of the privy council,
as late as 1620, for ujing torture on a perfon, who was fufpe&ed
oftreafon; which, as a link conne&ing former pradtice with
fubfequent diffuetude, may be regarded as an inftru&ive docu¬
ment.
The following is an authentic copy from the Record :
44 To the Lieutenant of the Tower of London.
“ Whereas Samuel Peacock was heretofore committed prifoner
44 to the Marfhalfea, and that now it is thought fit upon vehe-
44 ment fufpicion of high treafon againft his majefty’s facred per-
66 fon to remove him thence, and to commit him to the Tower;
44 thefe {hall be therefore to will and require you to repair to
44 the prifon of the Marfhalfea, and there to receive from the
44 keeper of that houfe the perfon of the faid Samuel Peacock,
44 and him fafely to convey under your cuftody unto the Tower
Vol. X. T 4 44 of
f?
344 Mr, Chalmers on Torture in Great Britain.
46 of London, where you are to keep him clofe prifoner until
44 further order. And whereas we have thought meet to no-
44 minate and appoint Sir Henry Montagu, Knt. Lord Chief
44 Juftice of the King’s Bench, Sir Thomas Coventry, Knt.
“ his majefty’s Solicitor General, and yourlelf, to examine the
44 faid Peacock, for the better difcovery of the truth of this
44 treafon ; this (hall be likewife to authorize you, or any two
64 of you, whereof yourfelf to be one, to examine the faid
u Peacock from time to time, and to put him, as there (hall
44 be caufe, for the better manifeftation of the truth, to the
44 torture, either of the manacles, or the rack ; for which this
44 (hall be your warrant. And fo, &c. The 19th of February,
44 1619.”
Allow me to fubjoin a few obfervations. The Lieutenant of
the Tower, who was thus entrufted, was Sir Allan Apfley.
The Privy Counfellors, who directed that meafure, and figned
that warrant, were the Lord Chancellor Bacon, the Earl of
W orcefter, who was then Lord Privy Seal, the Earl of Arundell,
the Lord Carew, Lord Digby, Mr. Secretary Naunton, and
Sir Edward Coke, who, after he had ceafed to be Chief Juftice,
as a Privy Counfellor fometimes fan&ioned practices, which
he lived to condemn as a writer.
But the filence of the Record does not allow us to fuppofe,
that the king was either prefent, or knew of this tranfa&ion.
When Sir Edward Coke publKhed his fecond Inftitute, he
gave it as his opinion [a], that torture was prohibited by the
following words of the great Charter : 44 Nullus liber homo aliquo
46 mo do dejlruatur niji per legale judicium parium fuorum , aut per
44 legem terrae .” Neverthelefs I fear, that if our criminal pro¬
ceedings, from that great epoch to the acceffion of the Tudor
family, were fearched with malicious diligence, many injftances
[a\ Page 48.
1
of
Mr, Chalmers on Torture in Great Britain. x 45
of torture would be found, though Magna Charta was, mean¬
while, confirmed by feveral datutes. During the reigns of the
Tudors, torture was often ufed upon flight occasions. Lord
Bacon relates of Queen Elizabeth, that when (he could not be
perfuaded that a book was really written by the perfon whofe
name it bore, (lie faid with great indignation., that (lie would
have him racked, to produce his author. I replied, “ Nay,
Mad am, he is a Doctor, never rack his perfon, rack his fly le ;
let him have pen, ink, and paper, and help of books, and be
enjoined to continue his dory, and I will undertake by collating
the dyles, to judge whether he were the author \b\T The rack
was (hewn to Guy Fawkes on his examination, as King James
himfelf relates [c], Torture was ufed on Peacock in 1620, as
the warrant beforementioned evinces. When Felton afiaffi-
nated Buckingham in 1628, and the queftion was propofed for
difcovering his accomplices, the judges declared, that con¬
fident with law torture could not be ufed, as Ru(hworth has
recorded [Jj.
Such was the former practice ; and fuch the happy difufe of
torture in England ! Yet, in Scotland, the rack continued to
terrify and debafe the people for ages afterwards. Sir George
Mackenzie has a whole chapter Of Torture ; (hewing that the
privy council, or the fupreme judges, could only ufe the rack;
how thofe were punilhed who inflidled torture unjudly ; and
who were the perfons that the law exempted • and he infids,
that all lawyers were of opinion, that even after fentence
criminals might be tortured, for knowing their accomplices [*].
Yet, he (hews incidentally, that though the pradice of torture
[£] Cabala, p. 80.
[c] Works, p. 231.
jV] Collections, Vol. I. p. 638, 639.
[<?] Criminal Law, p. 543.
Vol. X. U
continued
146 Air. Chalmers on 'Torture in Great Britain.
continued in Scotland till the Revolution, yet the privy council
refufed, in 1666, to order the Covenanters to be racked after
condemnation ; aligning as a reafon : “ Nam pojl condemnation
“ nem, judices f unfit funt officio The learned Lord Stair con¬
firms what Sir George Mackenzie had thus) laid down before
him [/].
It is very remarkable, that when the parliament of Scotland
framed their claim of right, in April 1689, they only declared,
that the ufing torture, without evidence, or in ordinary crimes,
is contrary to law [g], It requires no elaborate commentary to
prove, that when there was evidence of extraordinary crimes,
torture might hill be lawfully ufed in Scotland fubfequent to the
Revolution. It was the Union, and the lalutary fpirit which
that happy meafure brought with it, that freed Scotland from
the danger and reproach of ufing torture in any cafe. And it
was the aft of the Britilh parliament which was palled, in 1708,
for improving the union of the two kingdoms , that put an end to
torture, by enafting, among other favourable regulations, that
no perfon accufed of any crime in Scotland fhall be liable to
torture [£].
Such are the obfervations which haftily occurred to me
on perufing the before recited warrant. If you Ihould think
that document and thole obfervations would be acceptable to
fche Society of Antiquaries, you will be io good as to prefent them,
in the manner molt refpeftful to the members, and moll agree¬
able to yourfelf. Allow me only to add, that I ever am, with
fincere kindnefs,
Your moll: faithful
and obedient fervant,
r _ .. GEO. CHALMERS.
[/] Inltitutes, p. 699.
{/] Aft 1689, ch. xiii.
f] 7 Anne, ch. xxi.
XVII.
E *47 ]
XVII. Obfervations on Vitrified Fortifications in Gal¬
loway. By Robert Riddell, Efq. F . A . S . In a
Letter to Mr . Gough.
Read Nov. n, 1790.
Sir, Friars Carfe , Off. 23, 1 790.
THE ingenious Mr. Williams mineral engineer having
difcovered in the Highlands of Scotland fome lingular re¬
mains which he called vitrified forts9 and having defcribed in a
Series of Letters [ a ] thofe at the hill of Knochfarrel , at the hill of
Craig Phadrick , at the hill of Dun-Evan , at Cajile Finlay and
at the Caftle hill of Fin-avon , this publication very much en¬
gaged the attention of the curious in refearch. Along with it,
was publilhed a Defcription of Craig-Phadrick, by Mr. Wate,
Engineer at Birmingham, and a Letter from Dr. Black, Pro-
felfor of Chrymiftry, to Mr. Williams.
Many fenfible enquirers were much puzzled, whether to
conlider thefe appearances as the work of man alone, or as
volcanic remains, which a rude ferocious people had taken
the advantage of to form a flrong and permanent place of
refuge from an equally barbarous foe. While many judicious
antiquaries remained fceptical upon this curious fubjefl, the
D] 1777, 8vo.
U 2
learned
148 Mr. Riddell on Vitrified Fortifications in Galloway.
learned Alexander Frazer Tytler, Efq. publifhed in the fecond
volume of the Edinborough Philofophical Tranfaftions, amoft
fatisfadtory and elaborate paper on Pome extraordinary ftru&ures
upon the tops of hills in the Highlands, with remarks on the
progrefs of the arts amongft the antient inhabitants of that
country. And in this account, he accurately defcribed Craig-
Phadrick, which he feems to have Purveyed in a very minute
manner.
Having now no doubt of the exigence of thefe curious re¬
mains, and that the probability was greatly in favor of their
being the work of man, without the aid of volcanic craters, I
began to make many enquiries, whether any fuch remains
exifted in Galloway: and I very foon obtained information of
two ; The Moat of the Mark in the Barony of Barcley, in the
parifh or Colvend ; and Cajlle Gower in the adjacent parifh of
Baittle.
At my requeft two different gentlemen went and examined
them, from whofe reports I found them to be very fimilar to
thofe defcribed in the Highlands. I then requeued a neigh¬
bouring clergyman to go to the one on Colvend and tranfmit
me the beft account of it he poflibly could. In confequence of
which he went, and Pent me the following account, along
with Peveral fpecimens of the vitrified matter.
, 1
“Sir,
“ With this you will receive Pome fpecimens of the vi-
“ trifled fort. It is impoffible, at prefent, for me to give you
“ any particular account of it. It is full of rubbifh, and fur-
“ rounded with Banding corn. It would take a man one day
u at lead: to clear it, and this cannot be done till after harveft.
“ It
✓
Mr. Riddell on Vitrified Fortifications in Galloway. 149
4C It refembles in form a child’s craddle, and would be worth
“ the trouble of clearing out when the crop is taken off the
“ ground.1*
A gentleman in the neighbourhood has alfo fent me fome
fpecimens of the coloured vitrified fort, and informed me that
the area was of an oblong form, and that in it was difcovered a
pile or heap of ftones of the form and fize of a goo fe egg each
(one of which was fent me) and I apprehend they had been
gathered upon the fhore, which is contiguous, and piled up
here for the purpofe of flinging or throwing with a balifla, at
an approaching enemy. I very much wifhed that Capt. Grofe
fhould have feen thefe forts when he was in Scotland laft fum-
mer; but the difficulty of approaching them in a wheel-carriage
prevented it. I could wifh much that a ground plan, fedtion,
and perfpective view were taken of each. Galloway would
amply repay a judicious antiquary who was a draftfman, for
the trouble of inveftigating the antiquities of this, almofl as yet
undefcript country. Capt. Grofe, in his very elegant work
now carrying on, has given views of many of its monaffic
ruins, as well as fome of its baronial feats, and he has caufed
to be engraved that very lingular curiofity in the Glen kenns,
called the Laggan ffone ; which certainly was a druidical rock
idol. This huge rock is fituated in the wildeft fpot almofl: to
be feen ; many miles from an houfe, and the road almofl inac-
ceflible. It reffs on two points, and the light fhines through:
it, and though a child may make it move, it would require
gunpowder to raife it from its feat. I have heard of many more
Druidical remains in Galloway, which only want a Borlafe to
explore them. Mr. Gordon, the ffewart depute of Galloway,
wrote me concerning a fine cromlech, fomething like that in
Kent'
*5° Mr. Riddell on Vitrified Fortifications in Galloway,
Rent mentioned by Dr. Borlafe. The fine rides and pifturefque
fcenery to be met with, along the margin of Loch Kenn (a
frefh water lake, 18 Scots miles in length) would much gratify
any perfon of tafte vifiting the Lakes in Cumberland and Weft-
moreland, and would afford full compenfation for the additional
trouble of continuing their journey fo far.
Kenmore Caftle, formerly the refidence of the Galwegian
Reguii, and afterwards of John Baliol, fometime King of
Scotland, hands at the head of Loch Kenn, commanding a
moft extenfive and romantic profpedl : two views of it are
engraved in Captain Grofe’s Antiquities of Scotland now pub-
lifhing.
If you think this long Letter worthy of the attention of the
Society of Antiquaries of London, pleafe to prefent it to them
from me. I ever am,
Sir, -
Your moft obedient Servant,
ROBERT RIDDELL.
XVIIL
( *5* )
XVIII. A Mofaic Pavement in the Prior s Chapel at
Ely; with a brief Deduction of the Rife and Progrefs
of Mof aic IVork fence the Introduction of Chrife
tianity . By Richard Gough 3 Director .
Read Dec. 2, 1790.
n^HE drawing fubmittad to the examination of the Society T
JL and engraved Plate XVI. reprefents a mofaic pavement
before the altar of the chapel in the prior’s lodgings at ELY,
. built offtone by John Crawden, orCrouden, prior from 1321 to
now a dwelling houfe, making part of the Deanery, and
lately in the occupation of the Reverend Mr. Lewis Jones, fon of
the late prebendary of that name. The pavement is4feet 10 inches
long, and 3 feet 1 inch wide and reprefents the fall of man ;
Adam and Eve at the forbidden tree, whole fruit the ferpent with
a human face, which fome perfons believed he aflumed [Y],
fee ms to be recommending to the latter.
The art of inlaying pieces of various coloured marbles, or
baked and glazed bricks, was known to the Greeks of Alia
Minor. Pliny fpeaks Fc] highly of two fpecimens of an artift
of the name of Sofus at Pergamus ; one of them, the doves
drinking and dr effing themfelves on the edge of a velfel, is fup-
pofed to have been brought to Rome, and made an ornament
[a] Bentham’s Ely, p< 220.
[£] Lyranus in Calmet’s Dictionary, art. Adam .
[f] Hilt. Nat. XXXVI. 25.
of
152 Mr. Gough on a Mofalc Pavement at Ely.
of Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli, where it was found in 1737, and
brought again to Rome and engraved by Furietti in his learned
work on Mofaics, p. 27 — 30. PI. 1. [*/].
The teflelated pavement of the Temple of Fortune at Pra>
nefte is referred to the diftatorlhip of Sy 11a, and by the language
of the infcriptions in it may be afcribed to Greek artifts.
But not to enter into the antiquity of thefe wrorks, the pur-
pofe of the prefent Memoir is to deduce them from profane to
Chriftian antiquity.
The fubje&s of the latter kind will determine their dates. It
is natural to conclude that Conftantine the Great, on his conver¬
sion, would transfer the application of the art from Pagan
temples to Chriftian churches. That he did this without
changing the fubje&s, appears from the Mofaics with which the
dome of the church of St. Conftantia in the Via Nomentana at
Rome was decorated by him [*?], which were probably removed
from fome Pagan temple.
From the reign of this firft Chriftian Emperor Ciampini pafles
to leveral churches ere&ed in Rome and Ravenna in the middle
of the fixth century, and adorned with mofaic work [/], and to
others in Italy in fucceeding centuries down to the ninth, with
which his fecond part concludes [g].
It is obferved by Furietti [A], that though the arts were
much on the decline in Italy in the eighteenth century, we are
by no means to look upon them as entirely loft, notwithftanding
we read that in the eleventh century Defiderius, abbot of Cafino,
[d] I have feen a very beautiful copy of this in modem Mofaic at the earl
of Bute’s at Luton.
[ e ] Ciampini Vetera jEdificia, Part II. p. 1— • 5. Rom. 1699.
[/] Ib* c- 7-
[£] See alfo Furietti de Mufivis, c. v. p. 65 — 68.
[6] Ib. p. 87.
fent
Mr. Gough on a Mofaic 'Pavement at Ely, i$j
fent for workers in mofaic from Conftantinople. motive
was rather to get the heft artifts than to revive the art [/], many
fine fpecimens of which were applied to his abbey church. The
Venetian artifts in this line were employed on the church of
Treviio in 1239. William II. or the Good, king of bicily,
adorned the church of Monte Reggio with mofaics, and
Ciampini [f] has given us feveral fet up by the Greek Emperors
in the Holy Land. Pope Innocent III, in the beginning
of the 13th century, repaired and added to the Mofaics at
St. Peter’s altar in the Vatican. His fucceftor, Honorius III.
repaired thofe in the dome of St. Paul’s church, and the por¬
traits of both thefe pontifs were added in the fame work. John
XXII. about 1328 laid with it the pavements of many churches
at Pavia and Ticino [/].
It would be as endlefs as unneceflary to recite the many fpe¬
cimens of this art in Italy, from whence, as from a fountain of
fcience as well from a fcene of conftant refort to the Papal court,
it foon found its way over the Continent and into our illand.
Giotto has been accounted the inventor of the art. His birth
is dated 1276, and his death 1 336. But how truly this merit
has been afcribed to him may be judged from what has been al¬
ready faidf All that can be allowed him muft be that of ex¬
ecuting elegant figures in it.
Andrea 1 affi, and Gaddo Gaddi, both of Florence, are not
lefs celebrated in the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th
century. Pietro Cavallini, who worked in this art at Rome, and
died and was buried there 1364, at the age of 85, is generally
believed to have made the (brine of Edward the Confeftor at
[i] lb. p. 88. Muratori, Antiq. med. asvi. tom. II. dilT. 24. p. 364.
[B C. 24. p. 150, &c. 58. p. 182. in parerg. de fac. asdific. Furietti, p. 92.
. [/] Anonymus de Laudibus Papice, c 2. ap. Muratori Rer. Italic, it. p. 19*
Furietti, p. 96. ,
Vol. XV X Weft-
154 Mr. Gough on a Mofalc Pavement at Ely.
Weftminher, the pavement before the high altar there, and not
improbably the monument of Henry III. pm], the lateft fpeci-
men of Mofaic work in that church, and indeed of any hze in
any other among us.
The prior who eredled this chapel at Ely was contemporary
with the fub-prior Alan de Walfingham, who laid the firh hone
of the beautiful Lady Chapel on the North fide of the choir there,
and was appointed facrift 1321, the fame year that Crouden
was ele&ed prior : “ He was a man every way qualified for
that hation, efpecially as among his other accompliffiments he
was eminently (killed in archite&ure and other mechanical
arts. He had not been quite two months in his office before
he had a favourable opportunity of exhibiting a fpecimen of his
talents and abilities that way [«]” by rebuilding the centre
tower which had fallen down and demoliffied the choir under it.
He rebuilt it in the cdagon form, with the dome and lanthern
over it. By this form he in a great meafure guarded againft
future accidents of the fame kind. He alfo embellifhed the
choir with a moh elegant fet of halls, now effectually re¬
paired and placed in the new choir [0]. Biffiop Hotham took
upon himfelf to complete the preffiytery, or old work, eahward
from the dome [pi. The prior kept pace with his brethren, and
built a very handfome chapel of hone, covered with lead, and
a new hall and hudy adjoining to his lodgings. The Convent,
with the biffiop, and his fucceffor, and the prior, feemed to have
vied with each other in (kill and liberality. Crouden was a
great encourager of learning, and may be confidered as the firh
founder of Trinity-hall at Cambridge, which was built a few
Ini' Sepulchral Monuments, 1. p. 4, 5. Henry III. died 1272.
[«] Bentliam, ubi fup. p, 156.
[0] lb. p. 283.
[p] lb. 220.
5
years
Mr. Gough on a Mofaic Pavement at Ely. 15^
years after on the fite of an houfe which he had purchafed for
the refidence of fome of his monks, in order to their better im¬
provement in Univerfity learning [^]. He was unanimou fly
elected by the monks of his convent to fucceed Bifhop Hotham,
1337; but the Pope’s recommendation prevailed -in favour of
Montacute, who was tranflated from Worcefter [rj. Our prior
died Sept. 25, 1341, and was buried in the prefbytery, at the
feet of Bifhop Hotham, but the brafs on his monument has
been long fince gone. Walfingham the facrift fucceeded him in
his office of Prior [i j.
Among other fpecimens of Mofaic work in England which de~
ferve to be noticed is the pavement in Trinity chapel in Canter¬
bury cathedral, which “ has many circular hones in it, with
figures very rudely dehgned and executed, ot the figns of the Zo¬
diac and other fancies of the Workman, and befides thofe a cu¬
rious and beautiful Mofaic, which has buffered much by the
fuperffition of fome and the deffrudtive curiofity of others, but
has very lately been in part repaired. It fhews evident marks of
the fhrine of Becket having been vifited by multitudes of people.”
Whether this pavement was coeval with the building of this
chapel, prefently after the great fire of 1 1 74, we are not told*
Mr. Carter has an accurate drawing of it.
[j] Bentham, p. 159.
[r] lb. 220, 221.
[j] Goflling’s Walk, 2d Ed. p. 261* , '* ‘ .
X 2
XIX.
/
E *56 1
XIX. On the Hunting of the Ancient Inhabitants of
our If and, Britons and Saxons. By the Rev . Sa¬
muel Pegge, F. A » S» In a Letter to Richard Gough,
Efq. Director .
Read Dec. 2, 1790.
Dear Sir,
» - . . .
IN regard to your queftion concerning the hunting of the
ancient inhabitants of the Ifland of Great Britain, the Bri¬
tons and Saxons , the genuine and authentic notices which have
come down to us relative to the cuftoms and manners of thofe
two nations, are indeed but very few, fo that much cannot
reafonably be expected to have reached us on the fubjedt pro-
pofed. However, for the amufement of yourfelf and friend,
I fhall endeavour to bring together fuch paifages as have
occurred to me in authors concerning this matter, with fome
neceffary remarks and obfervations, premifing and noting here,
once for all, that the writers alluded to deal fo much in gene¬
rals, that they afford us not many particulars , refpe&ing the
modes of proceeding of our anceflors in thofe early times in
the great and important bujinefs , as I may call it, of the chafe.
The predominant paflion of the Northern nations was war,
as they wifhed for no greater pleafure than to drink and ca-
roufe
Mr. Pegge on the Hunting , &c.
roufe out of the fkulls of their enemies, as appears both from
the poems of OJian, if I may be allowed to cite that au¬
thor, and from Monfieur Mallet [a], Now the very beft fchool
for war in thofe remote ages, when difcipline was but little
underftood, was hunting , as we learn from Xenophon [£], and
has been repeated by many authors fince his time ; yet was it
more peculiarly fo, in regard to thofe people we are here fpeak-
ing of. The Greeks ufed hunting as a paftime or diverfion,
and had arrived at great perfection in the fport, as we find by
the author laft mentioned ; the Romans did the fame, as ap¬
pears from their minor poets [c]. But Monfieur Mallet will
tell you that hunting in the North was the conftant and daily
exercife of the men , while the women had the care of every
thing elfe. It will appear too hereafter, when we come to men¬
tion the fpecies of beafts which they commonly purfued,
creatures wild and ferocious, that that employment required,
in its veAy nature, the utmofh aClivity and dexterity, courage
and conduCI, qualifications all extremely rcquifite for the ad¬
vantageous meeting of their enemies in the field of battle. Xe¬
nophon has accordingly made his hero, the young Cyrus, a great
hunter [Jj.
But apart from the confideration of hunting as an ufeful
preparative for the labours of war, our progenitors had a kind
of necefiity for it. They lived much, Caefar tells us, upon
[rt] Northern Anttq. tranflated by the Bifliop of Dromore.
O] Xenophon Cyrop. p. 13, 567, ed. Hutchinfon, etde Venatione, p. 160.
Jg\. Edit. Wells. See alio Cadar de B. G. VI. c. 21, where hunting and Jludiutn
rei militaris are joined as relatives.
M Poetas Latini Minores. Edit. Burman, 2 vol. 4to«
[n] Xenophon, Cyropsdia, p, 157. Ed» Hutch.
flefh
158 Mr. Pegge on the Hunting
flefh [<f]. And thus, the boar, tlie wild bull, the hart and
hind, and the goat, all which will be mentioned hereafter,
came to the table ; and as to the venifon, Mr. Macpherfon has
given us their manner of baking, or cooking it, with hot
dones [y']. The wild beads again, the bear, the wolf, and
the fox, they would be delirous of dedroying, for the fake of
preferving their ufeful cattle, or domedic animals from their
ravages and devaluations.
The Northern parts of this ifle are often fo faft bound and
hardened by frod, or fo deeply covered with fnow, for feveral
months together, that one cannot fuppofe the natives could at
fuch times either hunt the ferocious or the timid animal,
whence one is compelled to imagine, that they, as in other
countries, had fome method of preferving the flefh of their
eatable game caught at other times by drying, halting, or
otherwife, again d the hard and inclement feafon.
I obferve next, that the country throughout was then ex¬
tremely woody, in comparifon of what it is now, when fo
much of it is adarted, tilled, or fed. What an immenfe tra&
of wood was the Salt us Caledonius of the Coritani , and the two
others of the fame denomination, to name no ethers [g] l
This is a circumdance fo very unfavourable to men’s hunt¬
ing on horfeback, that one is in a manner forced to conclude,,
that, in thofe times, the greated men purfued their game,
whatever it was, on foot. And this it feems was the manner
of hunting the fox by our kings in the 13th century, where one
horfe only is employed for the purpofe, not of riding but to
[<?] Caefar de B. G. Lib. V. c. 14.
\f Macpherfon orv Oflian. I. p. 22. Edit. 1765.
f^] Diflert. on the Coritani, annexed to Effay on Coins of Cunobelin,
p. 123.
carry
of the ancient Britons and Saxons. i $9
carry the toil [/>]. It is my firm opinion, that the heroes of
Antiquity proceeded no otherwife in the field fports, and that
from thence fwiftnefs of foot became a quality of excellence and
admiration. All will remember the I loSug dzig of
Homer. It feems, however, to have been otherwife in the
great and magnificent huntings of the old Perfians [/].
To go now on the fport itfelf ; the Britons , I am of
opinion made ufe both of dogs and nets. Strabo informs us,
that the Britifi dogs were excellent for hunting and war, and
were exported for thofe purpofes into other countries [£].
And amongft the coins of Cmobelin there appears a dog flrong
and tall enough to carry a lady upon him [/]. Mr. Thorefby
alfo, in his Mufeum, regiflers a Britifi coin exhibiting a dog
under a man on horfeback [m\ whence I fufpeft, that Strabo’s
Britifh dogs, which were an article of commerce, and purchafed
by the Celt# as well to be ufed in war as for the chafe, were
of this bold and robufl kind ; fuch as would aflault a flag
when at bay, or attack a bear, a boar, or a bull, upon oc-
cafion ; though I do not obferve that Dr. Caius has mentioned
this of fierce and valorous dogs, in his treatife de Canibus Bri-
tannicis , and yet they were bought .up by the Romans , as Mr.
Camden fhews, for the fports of the amphitheatre [«]. So far
in regard to the interpretation of the pafiage in Strabo. It ap¬
pears, however, from the exprefs teflimony of Nemefianus,
\f] Gent, Mag. 1790, p. 789.
[i] Xenophon, Cyrop. p, 567. Ed. Hutch.
[£] Strabo, IV. p. 192. Ed, Almeloveen.
[/] Effay on Coins of Cunob. Clafs IV. N° 5. Seep. 75. there.
[m] Thorefby, p. 338.
[«] Camden, Brit. col. 139.
that
^ i r r ...
160 Mr. Pegge on the Hunting
• • r •* jJJ
that our Britons were anciently famous for dogs of the fwiiC
and fleet kind, as well as for the pugnacious and warlike fort
for the combat 5 the words are,
Sed non Spartanos tanium , tantumvs MoloJfoS
Pafcendum catulos : divija Britannia mittit
Velcces? nojlrique orbis [<?] venatibus apt os.
Nemefian. Cyneget. 123.
And indeed I have formely feen a Arcing, and yet fwift, kind of
grey-hound, which they termed a wolf-dog , or lycifcus. There
was one at Lambeth palace, and another at Wentworth houfe %
and if the breed be not now quite worn out, perhaps it may be
found in Ireland [p] or Scotland.
I return now, Sir, to what I conceive to have been the com¬
mon mode of hunting among the ancient Britons. When the
chafe was roufed from his lair or den, which was done, I
prefume, more by beating than queuing, it WaS'perfued into
the foil, and the hunters came up with their cry of dogs and
arms, with their venabula , or hunting fpears, and their bows
and arrows, A method of proceeding not much unlike, to
compare fmall things with great, the grand fcenes of ancient [^]
and modern huntings amongft the oriental monarchs, attended
by little armies in the field of fport. The whole is finely ex-
prefled by Virgil, in that appofite fimile of the 1 2th Book,
where ZEneas prefies upon Turnus when hemm’d in, as it were,
on all fides.
t- T- , , • • . • ' , r .
[0] Meaning Italy, or the Continent, Britain being fometimes termed
.Alter Orbis.
[/>] See Camden, III. 470. 484. Pennant’s Brit. Z00L I. 54> 4t0»
[/>] Xenophon, Cyrop. II. p. 157, 158. Ed. Hutch.
/*-
of the ancient Britons and Saxons. 16 1
Inclufunt veluti fquando in famine nadlus
Cervum, aut punicece feptum for mi dine pennae,
Venator curfu canis9 et latratibus infat .
A£n. XII. 34 9.
The river here and the red feathers correfpond to the toil. I
have no evidence or authority, ’tis true, for the Britons ufing
toils, and therefore only introduce them from analogy, all
nations, as I obferve, ufing them anciently in hunting, of wild
beafts efpecially, and Xenophon minutely defcribing them even
in hare-hunting ; and that they were ufually applied here in
fox-hunting, we have feen above from the Wardrobe account of
the 13th century.
The arms of the hunters, which I mentioned, were abso¬
lutely neceflary ; for the favage beafts, fierce enough by na¬
ture, when once exafperated, and fighting in their own de¬
fence, and for their lives, were often very furious and dange¬
rous to the aflailants. Adonis is reported by moft authors to
have been fiain by a wild boar. I need not take any further
notice of the venabulum , or fpear ; but as to the bows and ar¬
rows, the huntrefs Diana has her bow, and Virgil in theIVth
^Eneid beautifully compares the love-fick queen to a hind
ftricken with an arrow ; and what is more to our prefent pur-
pofe, King William Rufus, of Northern extraction, was killed
by an arrow in hunting, very foon after the Conqueft.
As one may be allowed, I prefume, to argue from the cuf-
toms and practices of the Germans to thofe of the old Northern
inhabitants of our ifiand, I beg leave to obferve, that the Ger¬
mans had a method, as appears from Cagfar, of taking the larger
wild animals by the fovea , or pit-fall [r], an artifice, probably,
£r] Caefar, de B. G. VI. c. 28.
Vol. X. Y not
162
Mr. Pegge on the Hunting of the
not unknown here, and dill ufed abroad in regard to thofe un*
weildy beads the elephant and the rhinoceros.
The objects of the Britijh fportfmen were either the favage
and noxious animals, the bear, the boar, the wolf, the fox,
and the bull ; or thofe of a more timid and harmlefs nature,
the hart and hind, the roe-buck, and the goat.
The Bear ,
For what relates to this animal, as exiding once in Britain, I
fhall refer you, Sir, to Camden [Y], and the Didertation on the
Coritani [t] ; only thereto you may add Archbifhop U flier’s An¬
tiquities [a], Dugdale’s Warwickfliire [*], and Mr. Pennant’s
Zoology [y].
The Boar,
See the Eflay on the Coins of Cunohelin [%].
The Wolf.
I have nothing to add to what Dr. Caius [a], and Mr. Pen¬
nant [b~\, have laid on this noxious bead, but that after the
[5] Camden, Brit. col. 1227. Diflertatjon annexed to the Eflay on the
Coins ofCunobelin, p. 126.
CO P- 349-
[“] P- 23- 53* 91*
[*] P. 298.
[>] Vol. I. p. 63.
(z] Plate II. Clafs IV. p. 98.
[VJ De Canibus Brit. p. 499. Ed. Burman.
w Zoology, Vol. I. p. 61.
2
general
ancient Britons and Saxons.
163
general (laughter of him in the reign of King Edgar, there re¬
main fome traces of his continuance here, and that the Saxons
called January the wolf month , from their great fiercenefs at
that feafon | V],
The Fox .
This animal is an inmate of all the cold Northern climates,
and was every where an object of the chafe ; but as he is now
lb well known, nothing needs be faid of him here in parti¬
cular.
The mid Bull. -
For this creature, fee the Coins of Cunobelin, Clafs III. N° 5,
and Clafs V. N° 1. Mr. Pennant in the Zoology, Vol. I. p. 18,
feems to think this animal to be extinct ; but the late Marma-
duke Cuthbert Tunftall of WyclifFe, Efq. whole death I moll: fin-
cerely lament, lent me a print, not long lince, of the wild bull
of the ancient Caledonian breed, now ranging in the park at
Chillingham caftle, in Northumberland. Mr. Tunftall was no
contemptible judge of thefe matters, but, perhaps, not fo
perfect or accurate a connoilfeur as Mr. Pennant. See, how¬
ever, this laft gentleman’s Second Tour to Scotland, p. 109,
to whom I (hall only add, that Fitz-Stephen reports, that in
his time, the 12th century, the immenfe foreft of Middlefex
afforded the wild bull j [d] ; and of his horns we may well fup-
pofe the curious ancient drinking-horns were compofed, for
which fee Csfar [<?] and your Archasologia [yj.
[r] Verftegan, p. 89.
[d~\ Fitz-Stephen, Defcription of London, p. 26. Ed. 1772, 4*.
[f] B. G. Lib. YI. c. *8.
[/] Vol. III. p. 7. feq.
Y 2
You
Mr. Pegge on the Hunting of tht
You will wonder, Sir, perhaps, that the wild cat is not re¬
corded here amongft the favage hearts, as an obje<ft of the
Britons chafe, as it is undoubtedly true that, two or three
centuries ago, we were wont to hunt it [g]. But Mr. Pen¬
nant having given us fome valid reafons for thinking it is not
an indigenous animal here [/6], one knows not how to affign
it a Britijh antiquity in the ifland. One does not hear of any
Cat-hunting now, except in America.
The hart and hind [/*], the roebuck, and goat, were the
harmlefs and inoffenfive objects of the Britijh chafe ; but the
cafe here is fo plain, that it is fufficicnt to name them. But
then you will fay, why do you not mention the hare ? Was
not that creature to afford them diverfion ? I anfwer; we are
told by Caefar, that the Britons did not eat this animal [/£], and
therefore as it was harmlefs and innocent, they had no induce¬
ment to take any pains to dertroy it. Let us now vifit
The Saxons.
Imagining then, that this people had the fame motives for
deftroying the noxious animals as their predeceffors the Britons
had, as alfo the fame objects of amufement and diversion, only
adding to them the hare; we fhall have little more to do here
on our fubjefi, than to (hew good and fufficknt authority,
that this Northern nation was fond of hunting after they were
once well fettled in the ifland..
[g] I remember feeing above 60 years ago three or four very large piftures.
of cat-hunting hanging in the hall of the Oaks, a feat of the Gills in the parith
of Norton, co. Derby.
[£] Ibid. p. 46.
[/] We had then no fallow-deer Pennant, Zool. I. p. 37.
fi] B. G. Lib. V. c. I*.
In.
ancient Britons and Saxons. 165
In the reign of Wulfere, King of Mercia, about A.D. 66o,
Wulfade and Rufine, the King’s fons, are laid to be chafing a
hart when they firfl: approached the ceil of St. Chad, had con-
verfe with him, and were converted by him to the Chriftian
faith [/?. This probably, and what follows of Wulfer’s flaying
both his fons with his own hand, are no better than legendary
dories ; but neverthelefs, they may go fo far as to fliew what
kind of diverfions young princes in thofe times were accuf-
tomed to.
Afl'er Menevends reprefents hunting as a laudable and princely
art, when he mentions it as one of the accomplilhments of
the young Alfred. In omni venatoria arte induftrius Venator
** incefiabiliter laborat [f. laborabatj non in vanum : nam in-
“ comparabilis omnibus peritia et felicitate in ilia arte, ficut et
Ci in ceteris omnibus Oei dotiis fuit [m ].”
That lafcivious prince. King Edgar, who acceded to the
throne A.D. 957, wanting to detect the fraud and treachery of
Earl Ethelwold, his favorite and confident, in an affair of love,
projected a match of hunting in thofe parts where the lady re¬
dded, as if fuch rendezvous were not uncommon, and took
that opportunity to flay him [«]. Edgar, moreover, ordered a
general hunting, or maffacre of the wolves in his kingdom,
as related above.
And by a law of King Cnut every man might hunt in his
own wood and grounds,, but not to interfere with the royal
demefnes [o\
In a MS. Saxon Calendar in the Cotton Library, Tiber. B. V„.
the month of September is chara&erifed by a wild boar hunting.
See Mr. Strutt’s Hopba An^el-cynnan, Vo). I. p. 44, PI. XL
[/] Gunton, Hift. of Peterborough, p. 2.
[wz] After. Menev. de rebus iElfredi, p. 1 6, Ed. Wife
pz] Gul. Malmefb. p. 59.
[0] Wilkins, Legg. Sax. p.146.
1
The
'I
166 Mr. Pegge on the Hunting , &c.
The above, Sir, are all the particulars I can at prefent recoiled
concerning the matter in hand, and I fear will prove little fa-
tisfaCtory. One obfervation, however, I will fubjoin for a
conclufion, that I find nothing either of the park or forejl
in this period. The word pajic indeed occurs among the
Saxons as an inclofure, but not as particularly appropriated to
deer, though that be the fenfe of it now, and England is famous
for the great number of them [ p ] ; but as to the other, the
forejl , 1 find it not in the dictionary, and in faCt, I believe
both the word, and the forejl law , and all the terms and expref-
frons relative to thofe privileged diftriCts, were entirely the in¬
troduction of the Normans . Confequently, if the monkifh
hiftorians, writing pofterior to the Conqueft, Ihould at any
time be found to drop an expreflion allufive to the foreft, or
the peculiar terms thereof, when fpeaking of the Britons or
Saxons, it muft be by a Prolepfis , and not to be underftood
ilriCtly, but with latitude and according to analogy ; juft as
Mr. Macpherfon ufes the word foref in Fingal [^].
I am, Sir,
Your mod obedient humble fervant,
Whittington , Nov. 18, 1790. SAMUEL PEGGE.
[/>] Pennant’s Zoology, Vol. I. p. 37*
] Offian, p. 24.
XXI.
[ i67 }
XXI. Defcription of a Saxon Arch, with an Infcription
in Dinton Church , Buckinghamftiire, and of f undry
Antiquities found in that Parijh. In a Letter to
the Rev. Mr. Brand, Secretary to the Society of An¬
tiquaries , from John Claxton, Efq. F. A. S.
Read March 10, 1785* *
S X R,
BEING onavifitin Buckinghamfhire, near Aylefbury,
at the latter end of laft year, I was informed that there
was a remarkable antient arch at Dinton church in that neigh¬
bourhood. I took the firfl opportunity of going to fee it ; and
finding it to correfpon'd with the report I had heard, I employed
an artift at Aylefbury to take a drawing of the arch, which
I now take the liberty of requeuing you to lay before the
Society.
Dinton church is fituated four miles from Aylefbury, a
little to the left of the turnpike road leading from thence to
Thame in Oxfordfhire. It confifts of a nave and fouth aifle
leaded and embattled, and a chancel tiled, with a fquare bell
tower at the Weft end.
The door-way reprefented in the drawing, N° 1. [#], opens
into the South aide, and is the ufual entrance into the church*.
O] pi. XVII
/
Under
i68 Mr. Claxton on an ancient Arch
Under the arch are carved two fea monflers tearing a tree be¬
tween them, and under the infeription is a winged dragon with
a fifties tail opening its mouth at an angel.
The height from the top or center of the arch to the bale
or floor is 11 feet 6 inches, breadth from out to out 15 feet,
height of the door-way 6 feet 1 inch, and width 4 feet one inch.
The columns from the top of the capitals to the bafe or floor
are; in heigh 7 feet 2 inches.
The circular arch, the capitals of the pillars, accompanied
with billet and zig-zag ornaments, plainly point out the archi¬
tecture to be Saxon, or what is ufually called fo ; both the
Saxons and Normans having copied the Roman manner of
building. The door-way at the Weft end is a pointed arch
with receding mouldings ; the windows are alfo pointed ; cir-
cumftances that fhew the church not to be of very high anti¬
quity, as the pointed or Gothic arch is generally thought not
to have been introduced before the end of the reign of Henry
the Firft, or the beginning of that of Henry the Second. There
ure two Latin lines over the door, which I read as follows :
Premia pro meritis Ji quis dejperet habenda
Audiat hie precepta Jibi que funt retinenda.
The laft line is not vifible, except the fpeCtator be raifed
about three feet from the ground, being engraved on a flone
that (lands farther back than thofe above and below it, by the
projection of which it is hid.
The letters are in relief ; the under line inclined from the
eye upon the projection of the door-cafe, fo as to be nearly con¬
cealed from obfervation.
Though the T in Defpet is rather removed from the former
letters, it feems merely accidental, as the diftance barely exceeds
that between any other two letters ; nor is any mark of ab¬
breviation
I
Voi. x fi.y&m.p. i6S.
Odce/t Ji l.
&/' //'/
R
i
|
*
X
§
X-
,\
I
l (N
V
X*
V
<x
ft
&
ft*
ft
X
ft\
Xr
rs
N
c8a/ts'e/c.
,V '/’///'’ "?sys //././/;* // ^<7/1/-// /’// s/j, f/o. fZ/y l/y///yn///?f' Z/41 /Z/- /^/ Z •/ /////?/,
/ J
and other Antiquities at Dinton in Buckinghamfhire. 169
breviation inferted. The errors in frcpta, fit, and retinenda are
faithful copies of the original, which is every where remarkably
perfeCl, except the final A and the top of the crofs.
At Pedmore church in Worcefterfhire and at Hales Owen in
Shropfhire are arches in a fimilar ftyle5 as may be feen in
Bifhop Lyttelton’s colle&ion of drawings of Saxon Architecture
in the Society’s Library, whence they were engraved by Dr.
Nafh in his Hiftory of Worcefterfhire, Vol. I. p. 598. The door¬
way at Barfrefton church in Kent is of the fame kind, but
richer in fculpture, and of more elegant workmanship. Mr.
Grofe has publifhed a good engraving of it in his valuable work,
the Antiquities of England. See the preface, p. 66.
The Dinton arch is built of ftone of the grit kind, and is
in fine prefervation. It {lands within a porch, which no doubt
has contributed to defend it from the injuries of the weather.
The fculpture was formerly obfcured by a thick white- walh,
which was very carefully and fkilfully fcraped off about three
years ago, by dire&ion of Sir John Vanhattem, the Lord of the
Manor, who refides in the manor houfe, fituate near the church,
formerly the feat of Mayne the Regicide. The Maynes were
poflefted of the manor of Dinton many years. The family of
the Tugoldfby’s alfo refided in this parilh ; and feveral of them,
as well as the Maynes, lie buried in the church.
In the church-yard on the South-fide are the remains of a
fmall crofs.
The glafs vefiel and the fpear-heads, reprefented in the other
drawing [£}, were dug up in an arable field, in finking a
trench for the foundation of a building in the caftle fly le,
which Sir John Vanhattem ereCled in the year 1769. It is now
furrounded with a fmall plantation inclofed with pales, and
Vol. X.
j>] PI. XVIII.
z
adjoins
170 Mr. Claxton on an ancient Arch
adjoins the turnpike road leading from Dinton to Thame. At
the fame time were found many human bones; one of the
fkulls was coated with clay, which on taking up the Ikull parted
from it. The bones were collected together, and afterwards
depofited in a coffin in the earth near the place where they were
originally interred. The glafs vefiel and the fpear heads are
now in the poffeffion of Sir John Vanhattem of Dinton Hall,
who is very ftudious to preferve fuch remains of antiquity as
fall in his way. He very liberally made me a prefent of the
drawing, in which they are accurately delineated by the fame
artift (Mr. Brett of Aylefbury) who made the drawing of the
arch.
The vefiel found at Dinton is of thin green glafs, and, from
its make and the fmall lines in relief with which it is orna¬
mented, is by no means contemptible as a work of art. To
what nation it is to be attributed, 1 (hall not prefume to deter¬
mine; but muff obferve, that it appears very improbable to me,
that the manufacture of glafs fhould have exilted amongft a
rude and barbarous people. Veffels of glafs, though much
rarer than thofe of earth, are fometimes found, as I am in¬
formed, in graves near Roman ftations, with pieces of armour,
ornaments, and coins of the Lower Empire. Fragments of wea¬
pons, variety of glafs beads and glafs veffels, the latter very
rarely, have been met with in barrows in various parts of the
kingdom. I have been favoured with a fight of two fuch glafs
veflels in perfeCt prefervation, by Mr. Douglas, who is podeffed
of a very curious and ample collection of fepulchral antiquities.
Mr. Douglas’s glades differ totally in fhape from the Dinton
glafs, being broad and (hallow ; the latter feems adapted for
drinking, and in its form exaftly refembles the drinking-cups
now in ufe in many parts of Germany. It feems likely that,
as feme of the molt antient cups were made of the horns of
animals.
and other Antiquities at Dinton in Buckinghamfhire. 1 7 1
animals, the conical figure, in veflels deftined to that ufe, might
remain long after other materials had been fubftituted in the
Read of horn.
I will trefpafs no further on the patience of the Society,
than juft to mention that at the diftance of about two miles
from Aylelbury (going towards Thame) there is a lane called
'Port- lane, one end of which points towards Aylefbury, the
other towards Dinton fouthward, where it is terminated by a
very broad elevated road lying between the village of Stone
(about a mile from Dinton) and the hamlet of Bifhopftone. At
the entrance of this lane, the turnpike road fuddenly bends to
the right round Sir William Lee’s pales. The words port way
or lane are ufually applied to roads leading to Roman towns,
Rations, or camps ; but 1 have not heard of any Roman coins
being found in that neighbourhood j nor does the elevated road
mentioned above appear to have been paved.
I am, Sir,
Your moft obedient humble fervant,
JOHN CLAXTON.
Shirley , March 9, 1 78 5.
P. S. There is a manufcript in the Bodleian Library at
Oxford containing an account of Dinton parifh by Browne
Willis. Sir John Vanhattem has a tranfcript of it copied into
a folio volume, which he has embellished with many paintings
in water colours, chiefly relative to natural hiftory, and has
alfo added fome particulars refpedting the general hiftory of
that parifh.
*** Sir John Vanhatten died Dec. 4, 1789.
Z 2
XXII.
C ]
XXII. Obfervations on a Roman Horologium, found m
Italy. By Richard Gough, Director.
Read Dec. 1 6, 1790.
IT cannot but be in the recolleftion of this learned So-
ciety, that an account of a Roman Horologium , the only
one then fuppofed to be exifting, was given in a Letter
from the late Beaupre Bell, Efq. to the late Roger Gale,
Efq. and publifhed in the Archajologia, Vol. VI. p. 133.
It appears to have been a folar dial h^ed at fome Ration
2
near
Mr. Gough on a Roman Horologium. iyg
near Taloire or Annecy, protected by a building, and that
building guarded by a fence or palifade, and attended by an
officer, or fervant, to give notice of the hours [<2]. Mr. Gale has
collected, and this infcription furniffies, many curious particu¬
lars refpe&ing this inftrument for meafuring time ; compared
to which the fimpleft and rudeft modern clock, or even the fir ft
contrived clock, would be a wonderful machine.
This Horologium was ufed in one of the provinces of the
Roman empire. The oldeft at Rome were in fome of their
Temples [£]. The firft in the forum was that let up by M.
Valerius, who brought it, A. U. 491, from Sicily ; but, as
it was calculated for the meridian of that illand, L. Phi-
lippus when Cenfor, placed another near it adapted to that'
of Rome [c]. Scipio Nafica contrived and placed the firft hour
glafs A. U. 595. whereby the hours both of day and night
were equally divided. T an: din Populo Romano indifcreta lux fun ;
fays Pliny [r/j.
Thefe meafures of time may be fuppofed to anfwer to the
public clocks among us at the Royal Exchange, St. Paul’s Ca¬
thedral, and the Horfeguards ; or, inftead of the laft, we may
fuppofe one on the Weft front of Weftminfter-hall, near which,
on a tower it feems there actually was a clock or dial from the
reign of Edward III. to that of Elizabeth [*].
[a] Compare Athenaeus, IX. c. 17. Plin. N. H. VII. 53. Martial VII.
67. Juvenal, Sat. X. 216. Seneca de Brevit. Vit. c. 12. Sueton. Eomit. c. 16.
Sid. Apollin. II. Epifh 9. The fervant who announced the hour among the
Greeks was called naptfyia. Hefychius in voce.
[£] Cenforinus, c. 23.
W lb.
[</] Nat. Hift. VII. c. 60.
[e] Archaeol. V. 417.
Cicero »
»
174 Mr. Gough on a Roman Horologium.
Cicero \f j Ipeaks of a tired inattentive judge, lending a perfon
•to know what was the hour, in order to tell the time when
fome advocate was pleading.
Varro [g] defcribes a dial, within which two ftars, the morn*
ing and evening, defcribed the hours of the day and night;
by moving round a hemifphere or half circle, in and round
the centre of which was a circle or border of the eight
O
winds as on the Temple of the Winds at Athens built by
Cyrrheftes, and hill remaining with the lines of a fun-dial on
its feveral fronts [/&].
This machine of Varro’s may be confidered as the firft
wind-dial at Rome, as perhaps the Temple of the Winds was
in Greece.
We learn from Capitolinus, in his life of Pertinax [/'],
that in that emperor’s time they had attained to the conhruc-
tion of more complicated machinery for meafuring the fun’s
courfe, and pointing out the winds. The palfage is fo ob-
fcure, I (hall give it in the original without attempting a tran-
flation :
64 VchicuZa arte fabrics nova perplexis diverjifque rot arum or bibus
4,i exquijitis fedilibusy nunc ad Jolem declinandum , nunc ad fpirilus
“ opportunitatem per vertiginemy & alia iter metientia , horajque
tl monjlrantia
The laft of thefe defcriptions would feem to indicate a mo¬
dern vvay-wifer or meafuring wheel.
[f] Mittent'm ad boras. De Claris Oratoribus § 200. Ed. Delpli.
[g-j De Re Ruflica. III. c. 5.
[/->] Stuart’s Antiq. of Athens, L
['] C. 8.
Lucian
Mr. Gough on a Roman Horologium. 175
Lucian [i] fpeaks of a water clock that ftruck the hours :
npuv Se ttjv pcsv $1' vdcijog kcci MYKHMATOX, ttjv
<$1 yjXiov e7ri$u}tv/jievovi
The hours were announced in the temples, as we learn from
Martial [/J, Apuleius [w], and Seneca [«]; the latter fays it
was by found of trumpet, which is confirmed by Propertius [0].
Berofus the Chaldaean [/>] is faid to have invented the con¬
cave femicircular dial. “ Hemicyclium excavatum ex quadrato ad
“ enclimaque fuccifum Berofus Chaldee us dicitur invent ffe [q]”
One fomewhat of this fort in the Valle Palace at Rome is
exhibited in Simeoni’s Illuftrazione degli Epitaffi, p. 46,
and another at Ravenna (lb.) ; a third may be feen in an an-
tient MS. of the third century in the Imperial Library at
Vienna [r] ; a fourth was dug up 1741, in the ruins of a
villa on the Tufculan Mount, about a mile from Frafcati,
and about as far from the antient Tufculum. This was illus¬
trated by a Differtation by Giovanne Luca Zuzzeri, a learned
Jefuit, printed at Venice 1746, 4to, from whence the drawing
which accompanies this Memoir is copied.
Twelve divifions are marked on this Rone, exprefling the
hours of the day, the divifion of which Cenforinus inclines
to think was not made at Rome till after the invention of
Dials [j].
jY] Hippias in fine.
[/] X. Ep. 48.
\ni] Metam. XI.
[«] Fragm. in Lipfii Eleft. XXII. 18. Controv. III. Theyeftes, I. 798.
| >] IV. 4- 1- 63.
[p\ Suppofed to have been contemporary with Alexander the Great.
M Vitruvius, IX. c. 9.
[r] Lambecius, Commentar. III. p. 10.
[j] De Die Nat. c. 10.
I (hall
*i^6 Mr, Gough tn a Roman Horologium.
I fhall not enter into the mathematical difcuffions of the
learned Jefuit on occafion of this difcovery. Suffice it, that it
confirms the opinion of Mr. Gale on the infcription referring to
a Roman Dial found about five years before it in a different
part of the Roman empire, and at the fame time illuftrates
the various paffages of antient writers referring to the fame
i
XXIII.
[ *77 3
XXIII. Obfervations on an antwtt Font at Burnham
Deepdale, /^Norfolk. By the Rev, Samuel Pegge,
F. A . S . In a Letter to the Hon . Dairies Barrington.
Read Nov. 18, 1790.
Sir. Whittington , Sept, 15, 1790.
AS the Society of Antiquaries formerly thought proper to
prefent to the public a print of the very elegant marble
font in St. James’s church, Weftminfter [a], and another of
the famous Bridekirk font [3], to which many more of the
like kind have been added by various authors [c] •, I beg leave
to bring forward for your infpe&ion and amufement, a draw¬
ing *, which 1 believe to be very accurately made, by a young
gentleman, of a mod: curious and lingular antient laver, ap-
\a ] Vetufta Monum. I. No. III.
[b] Ardneologia, II. p. 131. This has beenilluftrated by Bifhop Lyttelton ;
and before by Bifhop Nicolfon in Lowthorp’s Abridgement of Philof. Tranf.
III. p. 435. See alfo Mr. Gough’s noble Edition of Camden’s Britannia,
III. p. 183. *
[c] Goftling, Walk about Canterbury, p. 204, 2d. Edit. Carter, Antiq.
I. p. 30. Gent. Mag. 1786, p. 650; 1787, p. 565, Sec. No. LII. of Mr.
Nichols’s Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica.
*• PI. XIX.
Vol. X. A a
pearing
r^8 Mr. Pegge. on the Font
pearing now in the pariffi church of Burnhain-Deepdale in
Norfolk.
The embellifhments on three fides of this font, (the fourth
fide being placed againft a pillar never had any decoration,
but only a foliage relembling that on the other fide) were till
lately totally incrufted by frequent whitewadiings, and confe-
quently obliterated [*/], but fortunately a fmall portion of the
coat or incruflation breaking of by fome means, the prefent
worthy and fagacious Redlor of Burnham, the Rev. Henry
Crowe inftantly perceived that certain effigies in relief were
carved on its fides, and being a gentleman of an inquifitive dif~
polition, very laudably gave himfelf the trouble of denuding
and excoriating the whole ; fo that it is entirely owing to his-
attention and care,, that this truly venerable monument, for
fuch I conceive you will undoubtedly efleem it, has now re¬
gained its priftine flate and appearance.
The fculpture of the figures is fo mean and rude as un-
queftionably to befpeak a very remote antiquity ; but whether
the performance can be thought to rife higher than the Norman
aera may, perhaps, bejuftly doubted ; for though the fteepleof
this church be round , and' built, as Mr. Crowe informs me, in
a very rude manner, fo as to be evidently older than the prefent
fabric of the church or chancel, which feems to imply that
there was once a church here as old as the fleeple, and pro¬
bably of the fame ftyle of building, to which confequently the
font in queftion may have originally belonged : and though
thefe round (leeples are but rare, feldom, I think, found out of
Norfolk and Suffolk [<?], and that the late Sir James Burrough
[d~] See fome inftances of the like fort in Mr. Gough’s fplendid work, Sepul¬
chral Monuments , p. xcviii.
b] See Sir John Cullurn, in Antiquarian Repertory, Vo!. II. p. 137.
5
was.
at Burnham Deepdale. 179
was of opinion they were Danijh [ f J, and the Danes, we know*
much and long flourifhed in thofe eaftern counties, yet certain
reafons occur which induce me to aftign, both to this church
and its font, a later date, and to bring them down to the pojl-
Normanic times. Fir 0:, it weighs much with me, that there
was no church at Burnham when Domefday Book was made ;
and then, that though a round tower might be a Danifh mode
of building originally, yet it is very obvious to imagine, that
in thofe parts, the fame form of ftrudture might be followed
and continued after the Conqueft by the architects of the day,
juft as we are fure that many femircircular arches were made
here after the introduction of the mitred Norman one. The
inference then feems to be, that our font was coeval with the
firft and oldeft church ere&ed at this place, but that neither
this, nor its fteeple, were prior to the Conqueft; though pro¬
bably conftru&ed foon after; an opinion which appears not to
be a little confirmed by the font’s being adapted to the place
it flood in, as having its fourth fide blank, becaufe adjoining
to a pillar ; pillars being unknown, as I judge, here, in parifii
churches, either in the Saxon or Danifh times. The whole,
however, of this reafoning I willingly fubmit, Sir, to your
better judgement, and fo ftiall proceed in the laft place to con-
fider the argument or fubjedt matter of thefe antique pour-
trait u res.
The compartments you will perceive at firft fight to be
all agricultural , and that, probably, as they are twelve in
number, they were intended to reprefent the feveral works or
employments correfpondent to the months of the year. You,
Sir, are fo converfant with old books and MSS. that I can
r /"] Sir Tames Burrougli, cited by Sir John Cull urn, ubi fup.
A a 2 venture
i So Mr. Pegge on the Font
venture to afiert, you muft have feen many an old Kalendar
embellifhed and ornamented in the margin with verfes concern¬
ing the feftivals and faints of the month, by abbreviating their
names [g], or with metrical obfervations and rules about diet
and medicine [//] ; or laftly, with directions for the manual
works of hufbandry peculiar to each month, juft as is emble¬
matically done here in this font, and as we now meet with
them at this day in fome publications refpe&ing horticulture.
But to enable you the better to decide on this point, you will
here, not only have the drawing before you, but alfo the con¬
jectures of Mr. Crowe, with fome additions of mine of fmall
confequence included within crochets.
i. January. A figure feated, with a drinking horn in his hand.
[The chair is old and rude, and the man’s carouf-
ing in "January correfponds with the lines under
that month in the Kalendar prefixed to “ Hore
“ Chrijiofere Virginis Marie fecundum ufum Roma -
“ num by Simon Voftre f /].
[o] In a P falter of mine printed A. D. 1500 on vellum, in January we have
thefe lines, which I give here to explain my meaning, and to (hew the nature
of thefe abbreviations j
C'lji ge. Janus. Epi libi. gull, come hil. fa. mau. mar. art.
Prifca .fab. ag. virt. eme. paul conver* ag. julian.
which mean Circumcifio. Epiphania. Guillermus. Commemoratio Epifcopo-
rum et Abbatum Ordinis. Hilarius. Felix. Maurus. Marcellus. Antonius.
In the Pentameter, Prifca. Fabianus. Agnes. Vincentius. Emerentiana. Pauli
Converfio. Agnes fecundo. Julianus. Thofe in Italics are in red ink. We
muft not expeft quantity in Monkilh verfes.
[b] See what is faid under January below.
[/] He was abookfeller at Paris A. D. 1508, atleaft his Almanack for 21 years
begins then. There is no Colophon, but he is mentioned in Ames, p. 485.
In
Crouse /a n
at Burnham Deepdale.
1 B i
3, March.
4. April.
5. May.
In Jano darts caUdifique ctbis potiarist
Atque decens pot us pojl fercula fit tihi notus ,
Ledit erdm medo [j&] tunc potatus bene credo ,
Balnea tutius intres , et vetiam Jindere cures [/].
2. February. A figure in a quiefcent pofture, reprefenting the
inactivity of this month. [The chair here is
more rude and uncouth than the former.]
An hufbandman digging. [Implying that the bu-
finefs of the field begins.]
An hufbandman having a pruning hook by
his fide for in his hand) ; in his left hand a
leaf of a tree. [A hedging bill appears to be
in his right hand, and behind him a branch of
a tree.]
A female figure with long hair, having a banner
in her hand. Before her a tree in full foliage,
an emblem of this month. May it not allude
to the perambulation ? [I much think it does,
as the Rogation Days generally, if not always,
fall in this month.]
Very uncouth. The implement on which his
hands refts mod: refembles a plough. [If it be
a plough it mud denote the dirring of a fallow,
as they had no field turneps then. But it is
difficult, on this fuppofition, to account for
what feems to be a (lump or branch between
the hilts of the plough. Quaere, therefore, if
not intended to fignify weeding corn, and that
which I called a dump or branch above, be not
[£] Medo, nif. mead. Spelm. Gloflf.
[/] The fame four lines occur in my Pfalter of 1500, cited in note [,§■].
a t hi file.
6. June.
Jl 8 2 Mr. Pegge on the Font at Burnham Deepdale.
a thiflle, or other weed. The weeding* hook,
indeed is lingular, and yet I think I have feen
fome like it.J
7. July. A hufbandman mowing. [Moft afluredly.]
8. Auguft. A hufbandman binding up a fheaf of corn. [Moil
probably, as he is apparently {looping.]
9. Sept. A hufbandman thraihing. [Certainly.]
jo. 061. A Vintner putting wine into a calk, holding a
bladder or {kin containing the liquor in his
right hand ; in his left, a funnel. (This is
well explained, only one would rather call hitn
a Vintager (which fee in Johnfon’s Dictionary)
to avoid ambiguity. Does not this (hew that at
this time they made wine in England, in Nor¬
folk at leaft r]
11. Nov. A man carrying a log of wood; another con-
jedfure is, that it bears fome refemblance to a
pig carrying to the {laughter. [One can hardly
doubt but this was intended to reprefent the
{licking of a pig].
12. Dec. A merry-making at Chriftmas. On the table are
feveral utenlils, only two legs belonging to all
the company. [The legs, I am of opinion,
■belong to the table, and not to the company.]
My remarks, you obferve, Sir, concur very much with thofe
of Mr. Crowe, and I {hall be happy if jointly they may meet
with your fandlion.
I am, Sir,
Your truly affedlionate,
and molt obedient fervant,
SAMUEL PEGGE.
XXIV. Be-
1 .
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.
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‘
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( tS3 )
XXIV. Defcription of the old Font in the Church of
Baft Meon, Hamplhire, 1789 : with fome Obferva--
tions on Fonts . By Richard Gough, Dire&cr.
Read Dec, 23, 1790.
. V
rip HE two drawings which accompany this paperrepre^
Pent the general view and four Tides of a lingular and
very antient font in the church of Eaft Meon in Hamplhire *.
The two villages of the name of Meon now diftinguhhed by
EltJI and Weft, were in the ConfelTor and Conqueror’s time,,
known by the general name of Mene or Menes , and gave their
name to this hundred [a].
They are entered in that antient record Domefday as the
property of< the bilhop of Winchefter.
In Mene Hnndredo .
Ip feEpi [copus tenet in Mene 6 hidas & unam virgatam cum aecclefia.
Terra eft 4 carucatte . In dcminio eft una carucata dim . et 1 1
villani & 8 bordarii cum 3 carucatis. Ibi 2 fervi & unus molinus
de 30 denarii s & 4 acrce prat i. T. R, E. et poftea valebal 4 libras *
modo 100 ftolidos .
* See Plates XX. XXI.
0] In Mene hundred. Domefday puts only Mene (Meon) and Siocbes,
( ) In Mcnejhche hundred Menes (perhaps Weft Meon)
and Menejloche (Meonftoke). Drocheneforde (Droxford) is in a hundred of its
own name with Benevde .
\
Whatever
**£>4 Afr. Gough’s Obfervatlons
Whatever conftru&ion may he put upon the ftlence of this
record concerning churches in many places where there is fuffi-
•cient evidence to prove their adtual exigence at the time it was
compiled [£], it leaves no room to doubt that a church actually
exifted at Mene or Meon\c\, and from the ftyle of architecture
^nd other circumftances there is no reafon to doubt that Eajl
Meon is the place here intended.
Among thefe circumftances the Font here reprefented is of
no little weight in this argument. Its refemblance to that in
Winchefter Cathedral, engraved in PI. XXXIX. and XL. of the
fecond volume of Vetufta Monumenta of this Society, and in
the defcription accompanying thefe Plates referred to the time
ofBirinus, firft biftiop of Winchefter, about the beginning of
the feventh century, would induce no little probability of con¬
jecture that they are both of an age ; both monuments of
the fame event, the introduction of Chriftianity into this pro¬
vince ; and perhaps both the work of the fame artift and the
gift of the fame biftiop.
The font is of black marble [</], or touch, a fquare block
excavated into a bafon, placed on a circular fhaft of three large
ftngle ftones, with four circular pillars at the corners without
bafes, and having capitals of plain upright leaves. The bafon
is fur rounded with a wreath of foliage, and at two of the angles
are birds, perhaps doves, putting their beaks into a veflel, like
a ftone bottle, furmounted by a crofs : at the other two corners
are foliage thefe four corners are ornamented exaCtly as the
Winchefter font.
V
[b] See Mr. Denne’s Paper, Archaeol. Vllf. 218—220, Sc feq.
[r] As alio at Aienejloche or Meonftoke.
Pfj So is the upper part of the font at Iflip, Oxfordfliire.
2
On
Vol. X. FI. XXI. p. i85 .
m antient Touts,
l8S
On two of the tides of the tquare are carved in the rudelt
ftyle of relief, on one the hiftory of the creation of Man, the
formation of Eve from Adam’s fide, and the eating of the forbid¬
den fruit by them both ; and on the other, the expulfion of Adam
and Eve from Paradife is reprefented by the angel with a drawn
fword driving them from a magnificent gate or portal ; and
then with a fpade in his hands feeming to inftrudt Adam in the
employment he was henceforth doomed to follow, while Eve,
who, as well as her hufband, is here reprefented as decently ap¬
parelled, is c-xercifing her diftafF.
The other two fides are ornamented with arches fupported by
fingle and double columns, and the frieze over them charged
with dragons, beafts, and birds.
The general conformation of this font, as well as the material
and dimenfion of it, agrees with that at Winchefter ; but the an¬
gular columns of the latter have bafes, and fome are ftriated or
wreathed, and all hand, as the workmen term it, battering , or
Hoping inward. Three of its fides have hiftotical reliefs, and
only one is charged with birds. But thefe varieties do not
afFedt the correfpondence between the two fonts, or with the
third at Lincoln ; or the ftrong probability there is that as the
font at Winchefter commemorated the converfion of the Weft
'Saxons, and the eftablilhment of the fee, fo that at Lincoln
had a relation to the foundation of that fee, which rofe out
of that of Dorchefter ; and it is not at all extraordinary, that
a church like this at Eaft Meon, which was a peculiar of the
fee of Winchefter from the earliell: period, fliould be honoured
with a font refembling the other two.
Since this Paper was written, their learned and worthy mem¬
ber Mr. Pegge has communicated to this Society a drawing
and illuftration of the font at Burnham Deepdale in Norfolk [ej,
which, if not of the fame high antiquity with the three here
touched on, is a fpecimen of a very early date [7 ], and only pa¬
ralleled by one at Fincham in the fame county, which Mr.
Schnebbelie met with and drew the laft fummerJVj. I am fpeak-
[r] See the preceding Memoir.
[ / ] All that is faid of it in Blomefield’s Norfolk, III. 729, is (i that it is an
tld font Handing on five pilafters.5’ [g-] See PI. XXVII.
Vol. X. B b ing
1 86
Mr* Gough’s Obfervdtions
ing now of fuch antient fonts as have hiftorical has reliefs on
them : for the font at Sharnborne in Norfolk [A] and many more
are fculptured in a flyle of rude antiquity, though the orna¬
ments are only grotefque and fanciful. Perhaps fuch fonts
as that at Prefhute near Marlborough in Wiltlhire, a plain bafon
of dark grey marble, or as Mr. Camden [/] calls it Lapis Obfidia -
nus, or Touchftone, two feet and an half diameter at top, ending
in an inverted cone, in which the inhabitants pretended to
Camden fome princes had been baptifed [k], or that in Beverley,
minfter, a large bafon of agate hone [/j on pilafters, or that in
the church of Rotherfield Grays, Oxfordfhire, an oblong veflel
with pilafters at the corners and hollowed in a round bafon [ ml,
and a fourth at Wimpole in Cambridgefhire [»], are of the ear-
lied: antiquity. The font at Ambrefbury is a large veffelwitha
lip pannelled, and fet on a ftiaft with niches. That at Stoke
Pogeis is not unlike it, but plain and without a lip. That at
Tlarbledon is a kind of cup on (1 think) four pillars, like that
at Hempded in Gloucederddre [0]. That at Sedgbrook, Lin-
[&] See PI. XXIII. [/'] Britannia, I. 93.
}T] The pillars of Prefhute church have Saxon capitals- lb. p. 119.
[/] lb. III. 73, from Bifhop Gibfon.
[w] See PI. XXIV.
On this font Sir H. C. Englefield obferves, that “ it is different in its form from
any which he had ever feen ; and appears to be of very high antiquity ; its whole
appearance is very much that of a farcophagus ; and it probably was taken from
fome vate of that kind. We find that when baptifm ceafed to be adminiflered by
immeriion, and of courfe the baptifteria, built with great magnificence about the
time of Conftantine and his immediate fuccefTors, became ufelefs, cinerary vafes
were frequently converted into fonts in Italy ; and many fuch now remain applied
to this day to the fame ufe. Probably therefore, when the converted Saxons fent
(as we know they did) for plans and workmen to Italy, they would often take
their ideas of fonts from the vafes they had feen applied to that ufe. The fonts
of Winchefter and Lincoln feem evidently to bear a fort of refemblance to fuch
models ; and the font here drawn has, in my opinion, a very ftriking refem¬
blance to vafes of that defcription. This however is merely given as conjecture.
This molt antient and venerable feat now belongs to the family of Stapylton,
to whom the title of Le Defpencer devolved on the deceafe of Lord Francis ;
but was the chief manfion of the great and opulent family of Knollys, who had
vaft pofTefllons in the neighbourhood. The church contains feveral molt coftly
monuments' to their memory.”
j>] See PI. XXIV. [*] See PI. XXV.
3
[0] See PI. XXV.
colnfhire,
)
Vol X PI. XXIII. M
del - tfia/lre ji.
a
T071&.
-on antlent Fonts.
187
colnfhire, another on a round fhaft. Veffels of this fhape and
fize may be feen in Ciampini’s Vetera Monumenta, Part II.
c. iv. PI. II. III. IV.
Fonts made of lead, of which we have four inftances ; at
Brooklandin Kent, Dorchefter [£] in Oxfordfhire, Wareham [^]
in Dorfetfhire, and Walmsford in Northamptonfhire, are fup-
pofed to be of high antiquity. This may be true as far as
rarity is a proof of antiquity, and the fir ft of thefe inftances
may have relation to the time of Birinus himfelf. To what
circumftance the others are to be referred, or from wrhat older
church brought, does not appear.
The font at Kiddington removed from the chapel at Iflip
where Edward the Confeflbr was baptifed is juftly doubted by
Mr. Warton [r] as to its being of that antiquity. Dr. Plott’s
engraving of it [j] is not corred, but reprefents it charged with
the Twelve Apoftles, the common ornaments of fuch veflels.
The form as well as ornaments of the font in St. Martin’s
church at Canterbury, pleads ftrongly in favour of its antiquity.
It refembles a tub, as if intended for Immerfion, which
Lyndwood fays is required in a font [/]. Mr. Bigland [&] fays,
the old font at Barnwood, Gloucefterfhire, which is preserved,
was lined with lead, and is of confiderable dimenlions. Some
efcocheons and rude fcuipture remain, but the arms are de-
ftroyed. In proof of the great antiquity of thefe fonts it has
[/>] The leaden font is finall, and fet on a large fhaft of hone.
The figures of the Apoftles on the ftone font at Afhover in Derbyfhire are
of lead. Topog. II. 60.
[q] Hutchins, I 34.
[r] Hift. of Kiddington.
[r] Oxfordfh. p. 364, c. x. § 124. PI.
[t] “ Quod baptizandus poffit in eo mergi Gibfon’s Codex, I. 435. See
Blomefield, I. 472. The miflal of 1528 diredls three immerfions. Gent. Mag.
LV. 161, 162.
[«] Colledlions for Gloucefterfhire, p. 130.
B b 2
been
1 83 Mr. Gough’s Obfervations
been ©bferved, that fonts of the earlieft date were capacious
enough to admit of total immerfion, according to the canon of
the church. There is a fimilar one at Denton, Suffex, en¬
graved in the Appendix to Mr. Grofe’s views. Another in
Stukely church, Bucks [ x ], of the age of Henry I. And a third in
Hempftead church, Gloucefteifhire. This laft is fomewhat
fimilar in fhape to that at Brighthelmfton, which is ornamented
with the figures of Chrifl and the Twelve Apoltles at the infti-
tution of the Eucharift, which figures have been new carved
and white-wafhed [y] : That at Afhover with the Apoftles [z].
Another at Bakewell is alfo adorned with Apoftles and Saints [tf].
The font at St. Peter’s in Oxford, now removed into the church¬
yard, had the Twelve Apoltles, and Hearne [6] fuppofed it coae-
val with that at Winchefter. That at Little Maplefted, Effex,
the church of which is round, and belonged to the Knights
Templars, isftill fimpler jV]. One in the upper church at Lewes
is fhaped like a barrel, the body adorned with fretwork, and
an upper and lower band or fafcia of rounds and quatrefoils,
and fet againfl a pillar. One at Digfwell in Hertfordfhire
is rudely ornamented with fcroll work. One at Ancafter
with interlaced arches on long pillarets, like another at Nef-
wick in Yorkfhire [*/]. At Everingham in the Eaft Riding of
Yorkfhire is a very old font ornamented with Saxon carving and
lately turned out of the church [<?]. At Alphinfton in Devon-
[*] See PI. XXV.
[y] Camden5' s Brit. I. 200. Antiquarian Rep. III. 56.
[z] Topographer, I. 61.
[a] Engraved by Mr. Carter, No. VI.
\b~\ Pref. to Leiand’s Collett, p. xxxix
[c] Hift. of Effex, II. 80, 8vo. where it is engraved. Mr. Morant takes
no notice of it, I. 282.
[</] See PI. XXIV.
[*J Camden, Brit. III. 71.
I
(hire
Vol. X. PL XXV P 188.
(Ari/i /y
./ y s<? ns del.
. //// /v ^ /// /v j .
• ?frr-
, //c ///. y// / /y ///or/* //r ^//// ?s^ '.
Vol. X.F7. XXVI. jj 189.
V
on antient Fonts .
(hire is another in dance, charged with interlaced arches and a
fafcia of birds, beads, and hunters, in grotefque [y], Another at
Eaftbourne, Suflex, more rude and lingular [g], That at Da-
rent in Kent has the fame rude arches and reliefs \h], and is
of large capacity ; and the chancel there, as at Compton in
Surrv, is vaulted with done. The font at Hirchin is round,
adorned with figures in nicnes. That at* Colefhill in Warwick -
fhire is alfo round on a round {haft, and adorned with a relief
of the Crucifixion. That at Eafeby in Yorklhire is circular, on
a diaft of arches. That at Bowes is round on three pillars.
Thole at Standed, Eflex, and at Arrington, Cambridgefhire, are
fhaped like the frudum of a pillar on a bale. That at Lockington
in Leicederfhire is round, with a fafcia of interlaced arches, on
a round fnaft and doping bale. A circular one with all the
five pillars may be feen in Dr. Nath’s plate of Saxon architec¬
ture [/J, and at Ozleworth in Gloucederlhire [£] ; another on
two pillars in Whaddon church, Bucks [/j. In Kingfbury church,
Middlefex, was 1751 a very antient font like a rock on a pe-
dedai [ ni\.
Except the indances before mentioned, adorned with gro¬
tefque work and interlaced arches, and of a circular fhape,
reding oil the bafe or pavement, what I apprehend to be the
olded fonts are iquare, placed on a fingle round (haft in the
centre, with round pillars at each angle, like thofe at Win-
cheder, Lincoln, Ead Meon, Berkeley [n] in Gloucederdiire,
J lb. II. 8. It is engraved in the Antiquarian Repertory.
[g] Antiq. Rep. IV. 162.
\h] Thorpe’s Antiquities in Kent, p. 94. PI. XI. The font at Hardres in.
Kent is fquare and plain. Ducarel, MS.
[z] I. 598.
[k\ PI. XXV.
[/J PI. XXIV.
[w] Ducarel, MS.
[»] PI. XXVI.
idy
*
u go Mr. Gough’s Observations
Ifiy in Oxfordflfire [0], and the three in Norfolk." Such are the
fonts at Broxborne in Hertfordshire, Hendon in Middlefex
Roydon in Effex, Albury and Stevenage in Hertfordshire, Sad-
burn in -Suffolk ; only on four pillars. Some inftances occur
■with only the angular pillars, as at Denham by Uxbridge.
That at Tickencote is fquare, adorned with interlaced arches*
on a, plain fquare bafe : and many others might be added.
The font at Fincham in Norfolk is thus defcribed by Mr.
iBlomefield [yj: :
“ At the Weft end of the nave ftands a large ftone font ;
with a four-fquare bafon about a yard fquare. On the South
fide or fquare are the figures of three men under three arches
of ftone in a very rude and antique drefs. On the Weft fide
fomething refembling a crib or manger and a child therein :
over that two heads (like oxen) but broke ; alfo above them
fomething like a ftar, to fet forth the birth of our Saviour,
.and the wife men with their offerings. On this fquare are alfo
two figures, one much broken, the other like an antient Druid,
probably to reprefent John the Baptift. On the North fide is
the figure of a bifhop in his robes, and with a mitre and crofier
ftaff, and is likely to reprefent St. Auguftine, the Apoftle of the
Englifh.: the fecond figure is like that of a prieft in a pulpit or
deik, and the third figure is obfcure. On the Eaft: fide is
Adam and Eve* and another figure not to be feen, the font
here joining to a pillar. This Gothic font with its rude arches,
figures, &c. in baftb relievo, is undoubtedly a piece of great
antiquity [r].”
Thus. Mr. Blomefield. But this defcription is erroneous. The
'figures on the South fide may not be eafily explained, unlefs
[>] PI. XXV.
[/>] Gent, Mag. LVI. 193. LVII. 565, in which lafl it is engraved.
[?] IV. 105.
[r] Sec it engraved, PI. XXVII.
2
we
#
(3}a/cre Jb.
Vw
on ani'ient Fonts .
1911-
we fuppofe the middle one on the Weft reprefents Chrift’ s refur-
re&ion, and then thefe three figures will be the foldiers guard¬
ing the fepulchre. What Mr. Blomefield takes for the manger
and oxens head and ftar is now too indiftimft ; but it is not im¬
probable that the hiftory of our Saviour’s birth, baptifm, and re-
furredtion [j], might be introduced on this font, in contraft
with the Fall exhibited on the Eaft fide, where the blank
fpace may have contained the tree and ferpent. The North
face clearly exhibits the baptifm of Chrift, and the defcent of
the dove over him. The bifhop at one fide may be St. Nicholas, -
the patron of children [/], and the figure on the other fide St.
John the Baptift. This font has evidently been raifed on a more
modern pedeftal.
The next variation I take to be the hexanguiar or o&angular
form on a (haft of the like fhape, the upper part divided into
compartments adorned with quatrefoils filled with coats of
arms, initials, rofes, emblems of the Trinity, inftruments of
the Paftion, merchants’ marks, bufts of Angels, fymbols of the
Evangelifts or other devices : and the lower part or fhaft with
Apoftles or Saints in niches.
The font at Lechiot Maltravers in Dorfet bears the devices
of the Maltravers family, lords of the manor from the reign of
Henry III. [«].■
The font at Barnard Caftle has in the upper part merchants*
marks and thefe initials, A. E. M. T. [be]. Thofe at Southfleet,
[j] Part of the ceremonial of baptifm; putting on white garments, had re¬
ference to the refurre&ion, of which that of Chrift was an earneft. Durand
Rituale, p. exxvi.
[t] See Gent. Mag. XLVII 131. 157. 208. See alfo the Seal found at
Glaflenbury, lb. XXII. 410, explained 459, without attending to the legend
of St. Nicholas, to whom it doubtiefs refers.
[«] Butchins II. 116.
[*] Hutchinfon’s Excuifion to the Lakes, 366, 367. Camden’s Brit. Til. in.
Farmingham,
192 Mr. Gough’s Obfcrvatlons
farmingham, and Shorne, all in Kent, have in the upper
compartments the Seven Sacraments, or fingly that of Eaptifm,
the Refurre&ion of Chrift, the initials of the name of Jefus,
St. Michael weighing fouls, St. Peter, the Agnus Dei, the
chalice and wafer, and a bifhop, probably St. Nicholas. The
(hafts of thefe laft fonts have only empty niches, and the bafe
is charged with rofes in quatrefoils.
That at Felixflow has the inftruments of the Paffion [ jy].
On the hexagon font at Stratford on the South fide of the Tees
are the initials R.B.E. That in Carlifle cathedral, hexagon, has
a crofs on a fhield (the arms of the fee) and a rude face. That
in St. Clement’s at Haftings odlagon, adorned with the inftru-
ments of the pafiion on fhields in quatrefoils [z]. That at Pen-
fhurft is odlagon, with a crowned M. xpe and ihs (each twice) a
crofs, the archbifhop’s pall, and the inftruments of the Pafiion.
That at Cobham in Kent is odlagon, on four round painted
pillars, and an odlagon (haft. That at Sittingborn is odlagon,
charged with two rofes, a duller of acorns, Canterbury im¬
paling in a border ingrailed a lion rampant quartering cheque, in-
(truments of the Pafiion, a crofs flory, and a modern infeription.
The Seven Sacraments are the common ornament of the upper
part of the fonts in the churches in the Eaftern part of Suffolk ;
the defigns vary, and the execution is good : particularly
at Woodbridge, Melton [V], Baddingham, Laxford ; the fame
defigns are fculptured on the font at Grantham [£].
The font at Binham abbey, Norfolk, is odlagon adorned with
Saints and the Seven SacramentsvThat at Walfingham is adorned
with the Seven Sacraments and the Crucifixion, and the (haft
[>] Grofe.
O] Gent. Mag. LVI. 650, and plate.
| >] See PI. XXVII.
P] See PI. XXIX.
with
Johnson del.
HBa/cre/c.
Vo i x. pi. xxvm. p. 19 1.
J*on 1 1/1 J/f /fr'/i C// arc/i, < \\///o//' .
,'///r ( <‘r//y/// >////<■ ///</ 0^\ %d/r/, //i /'////sr//, -
on cmtienl Fonts. 193
with Apoftles defaced in the civil war. It Hands on a high
octangular bafe, and the cover is a cupola with four pillars.
That at Kettleftone is adorned with the arms of France and
England quarterly, and others. That at Fakenham with the
emblems of the Trinity, Paflion, and Evangelifts, and in the
lower compartments an N ducally crowned. That in Chi-
chefter cathedral is oftagon againft a pillar. 1 hat at Tick-
hill, Yorkfhire, hexagon, with the initials pf Mary, Jefus, a
third, and a crofs. That at Doncafter fquare, on four round pillars
under each fide.
The font at Farringdon, Berks, is hexagon, with two rows
of arches on a hexagon bafe.
That at Leverton in Lin coin (hire is octagon, the Tides
adorned with niches and a border of quatrefoils in rounds, and
the fhaft has niches.
That at W range in the fame county is o&agon, with plain
fquare compartments on a fluted (haft, and the three fteps with
the raifed one at the Weft fide as at Eaft Dereham.
That at Bennington in the fame county is alfo oflagon,
adorned with the figure of the Deity holding the crucifix be¬
tween his knees and fouls in his hands, two Angels cenfing him;
and the Twelve Apoflles on each fide of him ; the fhaft alfo
edlagon has eight Apoftles.
The font at Wellefborne is alfo o&agon, with rofes in qua¬
trefoils, on a fhaft of quatrefoils.
The fhaft at All Saints, Stamford, is odagon, and has in it a
plinth to raife the bafon. The font has eight fhields in quatrc-
'foils.
That at Hackington Hands on three fteps, is o&agon, with
arches very deeply cut at bottom, which feem to have been
painted, and have flowered pediments, capitals, and fafcia.
Vol.X. Cc Among
Mr. Gough’s Qbfirvatibns -
Among the fonts in Leiceflerfhire, that at Muffon is fquare>,
with rofes in the Tides and under the angles, and Hands on a
round bafe.
That at Kegworth hexagon, on a bracket bafe richly moulded,.
On Bredon font, which is alfo hexagon, are thefe arms t.
i. A chevron between three garbs ; 2. A, chevron between three
fpread eagles; 3. and 5. Seven mafcles conjoined, 3. 3. 1.;;
6. a bend \ c].
Burbach font is oflagon ; on three Tides are the arms of Haf~
tings, Stafford, andChawell ; on the others, Gothic tracery [d~\.
That at Great Shepey is alfo odagon,. and contained fimilar
fhields. It has been removed out of the church in a late repair,,
and is now perifhing in the church-yard.
On “ the font Hone” at Whitwick, Burton mentions thefe-
three efcutcheons : “ 1. three garbs; 2. three chevrons ^
3. feme de crofs crofslets, three fleurs de lis [<?].”
The font at Ufford in Suffolk has the arms of the family of
that name, fmgle and quarterly, and rofes [/].
That at Elmefwell in the fame county is leptagon, having on
it the word £)6DE6 deeply engraven in large letters, and three
Hiells in an efcucheon [g].
The font at Winterborne Whitchurch, Dorfet,. is of a very
fingular form, ffanding on a carved (baft with four pillars at
the corners adorned with purffed finials, and with ffiields-
charged with arms and infcriptions alternately [A]*
[<:] Nichols’s Leiceflerfhire Colleftions, p. 1318-
[<af] Engraved in the fame Cohesions, p. 261. PI. V.
[r] Defcription of Leiceflerfhire, p. 306.
[/] Camden, II. p, 86. Staveley, Hill, of Churches, p. 220.
[g] Bibl. Top. Brit. N° LII. p. 17.
[£] Hutchins’s Dorfet, I. 68.
7
The
On antient Fonts • ’595
The font at which the venerable Latimer officiated atThur-
cafton is circular and (hallow on a hexagon bafe with niches.
That at Kirkby Belers is hexagon, on a (haft and two pillars*
the other fide fupported by a block.
That at Market Bofworth engraved in Mr. Nichols' Leicefter*
(hire Collections [/] is of a very lingular conflrudtion : an hexa¬
gon vafe adorned with ffiields of arms under purged canopies,
and fupported on eight ffiort round pillars with capitals and
bafes.
That at St. Ofyth, EfTex, is o&agon, having two plain ffiields,
four with roles, one with a plain crofs, and one with a crofs
fleurs ; the (haft has four little buttrelfes.
That at Northaw, Herts, is odlagon, with ffiields of arms, &ce
That at Ware is oftagon, charged with whole length figures
of the Salutation, St. John the Baptift, St. James the Lefs,
St. Catharine, St. George, St. Chriftopher, St. Margaret and the
dragon ; and between the compartments bulls of angels hold th®
inftruments of the pa'ffion and of mu fie.
The font at Luton is ottagonal on Heps, having over it an
o&agonal Hone canopy, fupported by eight pillars, about 25
feet high, and making a final! freellone chapel round the font
capable of containing leven or eight people with great eafe. It
may very properly be called a Baptiltery, and is the only one
of the kind perhaps in England [£]. In the centre of the roof
is a lion O. and a griffin V. rampant. Mr. Blomefield calls this
* vine, a dragon, and the holy lamb, which laft defends the
vine from the injury of the dragon, fignifying that baptifm
[/] PI. LXI. p. 1184.
t [*] Ducarel’s MS. penes me. It was engraved at Ills expence by J. Bavley
„68. given to Gent. Mag. .778, XLVill. and to Hift. of Luton, Bibl. Top.
Brit. No. VIII. p. 651.
C c 2
defends
196 Mr. Gough’s Objervations
defends us from the devil, and that, by the a Alliance of the
Lamb of God, the evil one fhould have no power to hurt the
church, of which the vine is ail emblem. On the top of all is
a large bafon, where the confecrated water ufed to be kept,
which was let down out of it by a pipe at the prieiVs pleafure
into the font [/].
The font at Eaft Dereham in Norfolk has on its eight faces
the Seven Sacraments and the Crucifixion : on the fhaft eight
of the Apoftles at full length, and at the eight corners between
them the other eight fitting, and the fymbols of the four
Evangelifts between them. The afcent to the font is by a double
odagon fiep, the upper odagon curioufly worked in the Gothic
tafte. This font was ereded 1468, and by the following ex-
trad from the church accounts appears to have coft £.1 2 13J. yd.
Cojls of the new Funte .
“ Imprimis, payd to the mafon quan he toke
the faid funte in arneft, . — —
i( Item, payd for makyng of an oblegaceon in
the which he was bound for the feyd work,
“ Item, payd for lying of the freflone, that
was for the feyd funte atte Lynne,
“ Item, payd for carryng of the feyd done,
6i Item, payd for carrying iiii lods of the feyd
fre ftone fro Lynne to Eft Derham per i lod
carying in. vi d. — - — - fumma,
“ Item, payd to Thomas Platfote for carrying
of iii lodes of freftotie be feyd fpace takyng
for a lode, iiu. — - — fumma.
. da
• • • •
1111
• • • •
1111
xxii
• • * • •
11 VIII
x
i x
[/] Blomefield’s Colled, Cantab. Part II. p.21. Ibft. of Luton, ubi fup. p. 40.
2 “ Item,
on antient Fonts .
4 Item, payd for di. chalder of lyme xxd. and
cc tyle bowt at Norwich xv\d, fumma,
4 Item, payd to Robert Crane, for carrying of
the feyd lyme and tyle, — —
4 Item, payd to Ric. Wefthave, for iron work
to the feyd funte, - - -
4 Item, in expens upon help quail the funte
was in the reeping, - — —
4 Item, payd to the mafon for workmanfliip
of the feyd funte, - - - — X
4 Item, to his reward, - -
4 Item, payd to Will. Plomer for ledyng of the
new funte, - - -
4 Item, payd Will. Pylche for makyng of the
dole to the funte and keveryingof the fame,
4 Item, payd for making of aquetance betwixt
our mafon and us, - -
19.7
s»
111
XX
xi
• •
11;
XX
• •
11 V
XX
it
xiv ii
Of this money 50J. and led. was raifed by a voluntary fub-
fcription of the inhabitants and rent of the church lands (at
that time very fmall) and Sunday gatherings, and the legacies
or quejlword of the deceafed fupplied the reft, and were the
funds from which the church was repaired and ornamented.
To this ftone font in the year 1678 was added a Gothic top
ornamented in the tafte of the time, and fupported by four fluted
pillars [*»].
[ m ] Blomefield, V. 1186-7. The font was drawn and engraved by Mr. Caiter
in his XV'th Number with a defcription by Sir John Fenn, who thinks the
tilts ill the account were glazed*ones for the pavement.
The
Mr. Gough’s Obfervations
The fiole charged in the lad article but one is the higher dep
to the principal front of this veflel, on which face the Cruci¬
fixion is reprefented, for the pried; to hand en during the admi-
liidration of the rite of baptifm.
Among the fonts at Suffolk, that at Stradbrook is o&agon,
adorned with angels holding fhields whited over; lions fquatted
and wild men (landing on the (haft*
Wilby has the four Evangel ids fitting, and reding on their
refpe&ive fymbols before their knees.
Laxford deferves a particular defcription and drawing, and
(lands on two fteps with four intervals.
Ubbedon is odtagon, adorned with rofes in quatrefoils di¬
vided by pairs of niches, and the (haft is divided into niches.
Heveningham has angels and fymbols ot the Evangelids,
and on the (haft pillars and lions.
That at Earls Soham is fimilar, except that the angels hold
fhields.
Playford is hexagon on a fhaft hollowed into niches : Cul-
pho has the fame form with rofes in the compartments.
Grundifborough is o£lagon, with lions fitting, and .angels
holding fhields alternately, and on the lhaft lions fitting alter¬
nately at the angles: a border of rofes and lilies between.
Burgh is remarkably low, otfagon, charged with fymbols of
the Evangel-ids, an angel, another with a fcroll, a third with a
crown, a figure fitting at a dcfk.
Halkerton octagon, has four angels holding on fhields a lion
double tailed rampant between ten crofs croflets, the arms of
Bruce, two (ingle, arid one impaling Payton , a crofs ingrailed
and one plain and four rofes, and a lion rampant, and a chev¬
ron between three crofs croflets htche. it has been taken off
the pededal, and lowered.
Brad field
199
on antlent Fonts .
Brar! field fquare, on a round pillar.
Dadlington hexagon.
Chars field has had animals fquatting on the (haft, and on the
vafe (vrnbols of the Evangelifts and angels alternately.
Letheringham has the fame on it, and on the (haft a dog,,
wolf, and lions fupporting it. See PI. XXV.
Brandefton is hexagon in four (lories, and on its wooden*
dome cover the arms of Revett with quartering& 1711.
That at Lantwardine in Hertfordfhire is very rude.
That at Wigmore in the fame county odlagon, and placed ii>
the middle of the nave.
At Harewood,. Yorkfhire, a cup on a rude bafe.
The offaeonal form is thus recommended in thefe lines of
St. Ambrofe at Milan over the font of St. Tecla, before it was-
adorned by more modern magnificence :
Oftachorum fandlos templum furrexit in ufus„
Odlagonus fons eft, munere dignus eo.
Hoc numero decuit facri baptifmatis aulam
Surgere, quo populis vera falus rediit
Luce refurgentis- Chrifti, qui clauftra refolvit
Mortis, & a tumulis fufcitet examines.
Gruter, p. 1166,. Ciampini, P. II. p. 2%*
The laft lines explain the appearance of Chrijl's refurredlion on
fonts. Ciampini, lb. PI. VIII.
The baptiftery at Pifa is o&agon ; and that of Conftantine-
at Rome.
In fiances of this form and the hexagon are mod numerous.
Other varieties will prefent themfelves to an attentive ob=»
ferver....
The
200
Mr, Gough's Obfervations
The font at Newark has a circular upper part, and on the {haft
'the Twelve Apoftles, and on the bafethe infcription incorre&ly
engraved in the new edition of the Britannia, II. PI. I. p. 29 r,
which fhould be read,
Came in nati fiunt hac ...... fonte renati.
That at Orford in Suffolk has an infcription cut in and
blacked, to John and Katherine Cockerell who caufed it to be
made [»].
►P Orate fro animabus Johannis Coker el & Katerine uxoris ejus
qui ifiam fontem in honor e Dei fieri fecerunt .
At the fides are the fymbols of the Evangelifts, the Deity and
Chrift, the Virgin and dead Chrift, angels holding inftruments
of the paffion and emblems of the Trinity. On the (haft are al¬
ternately woodmen and beafts fitting.
On the pedeftal of the font in the beautiful church at Kirkton,
an Lincolnfhire is this infcription-:
Orate fro a' 'a Alani Burton qui fiontem ifiam fieri fee , A. D.
MCCCCV. [0],
Mr. Hutchins gives an infiance of a font ferving for a fu¬
neral monument. On the pedeftal of that at Brianfton is this
infcription :
Hie jacet cor Radulfhi d , . . . ham ,
• 0*] Camden, lb 87. Account and print of it in Antiquarian Repertory,
,1 181.
[oj Camden, II. 242.
Which
201
on antient Fonts .
Which he fupplies fcopham , one of the antient lords of the
manor [/>].
THE term Font is of antient ufe among the early fathers of
the church, originally applied to the fountain or pool wherein
perfons were immerfed or baptifed Afterwards to the
vefiel capable of admitting adults, and at lad: to the veffel of
the prefent form to contain only the water. Infant baptifm ob¬
tained in the twofirft centuries [r], W’hetherit was adopted in the
converfion of this kingdom to Chriftianity, or gradually intro¬
duced, the Baptiftery at Canterbury Cathedral and the font in
St. Martin’s church in that city would equally anfwer the purpofe
of baptizing infants or adulis. If it be true that there was no
font in this cathedral before Bilhop Warner gave one 1636 [j],
Mr. Goftling’s [/] conjecture concerning the ufe of the baptiftery
there will ftand uncontroverted, however fingular this building be
in this country, this perhaps being the only inftance of the kind,
though common in foreign cathedrals [«]. Mr. Denne has fug-
gefted a conjecture, that as no font is mentioned in Dugdaje’s
Defcription of St. Paul’s cathedral, there might poffibly be
none [x]. The fame learned Antiquary conceives “ there were
few cathedrals ornamented with fixed fonts at a much earlier
period than that of Canterbury, unlefs they had likewife paro¬
chial altars for the ufe of the lay people of fome contiguous
[ p ] Hutchins, I. 88. Mr. Hutchins, I. 47. 101. fays, the fonts at Bere
Regis and Pimpern are very ancient but does not defcribe them.
[^] Bingham, B. VIII. c. vii. Vol. III. 217.
[V] lb. B. XI. c. iv.
0] So Mr. Sonmer conjeftured ; at which Mr. Goftling exprefles furprize.
[/] Walk, p. 185. He feems, however, to give it up in his Appendix,
p. 398. Mr. Denne thinks it a Lavatory.
[a] Du Frefne in voce. Gent. Mag. XL VI. 58.
[a] Gent. Mag. Ib.
Vol. X. D d
diftricts
202,
Mr. Gough’s Obfrvations
did rifts* [jy].” But can we account for the fonts in Wincheder
and Lincoln cathedrals on this principle; to mention no more?
Some learned men have fuppofed that antiently there was but
one baptidery in a city, and that at the bifhop’s church. In
after ages baptideries, by which we are to underftand fonts ,
were fet up in country parifhes ; for the council of Auxerre
fpeaks of baptifing at Eader in villages by allowance. Edmund
archbidaop of Canterbury, in his Conditutions publifhed about
1236, direfts that a done font (baptifterium lapldeum) be pro¬
vided in every baptifmal church, which Lyndwood interprets a
church having the people, i. e. the laity, connected with it (in
quahbet ecclefa baptifmali , tali, adds Lyndwood, quce habet populum 9
fiv : cathfdrali five conventualij [2d. Agreeable to this idea, Du-
frefne f] condders £i ecckfia baptifnalis & parochialis f as fyno-
nymous. He even finds baptifterium ufed by Sidonius and others
for a baptifmal or parochial church .
Perhaps the dronged proof of the exidence of a font in a
conventual church is to be found in the monadery of Sherborn
in Dorfet. By an ordination made between the abbot and
convent and the parifhioners it appears that the monks com¬
plained that though there had been in the body of the church
of the monadery, from its foundation, a baptifmal font, in.
which the infants of Sherborn paridi were commonly bap-
tifed ; yet certain of the inhabitants erected another new
[ y] Gent. Mag. ibid.
[z] lb. XUV. 508.
Voc. jRcftijlaium. The paiifhioners of what was afterwards St. Nicholas*'
church in Rochelier reforted to the cathedral before their parifh church was
built. There was alfo a parochial altar in Salifbury cathedral. Gent. Mag.
XLVI. 59.
The prefent font in the latter church is o&agon, having on four fides quatre-
foils and fhields, and {landing on an o&agon draft and bafe.
font
on antient Fonts. 203
font in the lower part of the church, where the inhabi¬
tants ufed to hear divine fervice, on pretence of the bells
ringing to mattins, and the flraitnefs of the entrance of the
door in the wall between the place of the parifhioners and the
body of the church. At the procefiion to the font at Eafier
and Whitfuntide a contention arofe between the abbot and
-monks and the townfmen. The monks defiring that the font
might be removed to the antient place, no one oppofed it; and
proclamation being made for that purpofe, the biihop ordered
the bell to be rung to mattins after the 6th hour according to
the abbey clock, the font to be replaced in the antient place, and
the door and entrance for the procefiion of the parifhioners to
the font to be enlarged, a partition to be made to the nave near
the choir, that there might be a diftinft reparation between the
monks and the parifhioners. Dated 1436, Jan. 8, 14 H. VI. [/?’.
Leland [c] confirms this account, and adds, that upon the de¬
facing the font wherein the townfmen took the privilege to
ufe the Sacrament of baptifm in the chapel of Allhallows,
fuch a variance and fedition arofe, that a pried: of Allhallows
ihot a fliaft with fire into the top or roof of that part of St.
Mary’s church that divided the Eaft part that the monks ufed
from that the townfmen ufed; and this partition chancing at that
time to be thatched, the roof was fet on fire, and the whole
church defaced. The abbot obliged the town’s people to con¬
tribute towards the rebuilding of it. But after this time Allhal¬
lows church, and not St. Mary’s, was ufed as the parifh church \ d],
I know
[b\ Reg. Nevil epi Sarum. f. 108.
[<r] Itin. III. 93.
\d] Hutchins’s Dorfet II. 379. 380.
“ The body of the abbay church dedicated to our Lady fervid ontill a hun-
-drith ye res fyns or more for the chiefe paroche church of the town. This was
D d 2 the
204 Mr. Gough’s Observations
I know not whether it may not be deemed too bold a con¬
jecture, if I fhould fugged: that the part of the nave in St.
Alban’s abbey church feparated towards the Eaft by a hand*
fome fcreen of niches for an altar, and inclofing the font, may
not have been partitioned off for a fimilar reafon as at Sherborne.
The conjecture is, I acknowledge, not fupported by any re¬
cord, and muft ftand or fall on its own merits. This abbey
was of the BenediCtine order, and the objection made to the
baptiflery at Canterbury might apply here.
Mr. Staveley \e~\ (on what authority does not appear) obferves
that the firft fonts were fet up in private houfes, and then after
Chriftians recovered from perfection in fafe and peaceful
times then drew nearer, and placed their fonts a little diftance
from the church or oratory. Afterwards they were placed in
the church porch [/], and lafily in the church itfelf as they now
(land, but near the entrance, becaufe this is the facrament of
initiation, or admittance into the church, and hath ever fmce
retained the name o $ font or fountain, from the primitive ufe
of bnptifing in rivers and fountains. And antiently there was
but one font in a city, and that in or near the principal church,
which ufe is ftill continued at Pifa, Florence, Bologna, Parma,
and other cities in Italy, as Durandus tells ns. Thefe fonts
the caufe of the abolition of the paroch chirch there.. The monkes and the
townfmen fell at variance, becaufe the towfmen took privilege, &c. AllhaL-
lows chapel or church were one and the fame building ; a paroch church pulled
down a late and the paroch church made in our lady church at the abbey.''’
Leland, Itin. 111. 90.
[e] H iff. of Chuiches, c. xiii. p. 217. 2d Edit.
[/] Gregory Turonenf. VI. c. ii.
They were probably fucceeded there by holy water bafons to be feen in
every porch, or at the arch of the door within or without. See alfo Le Boeuf,
1. 21.
alfo
on antient Fonts,
20 5
alfo were antiently adorned with the pi&ures or images of
Saints and Holy Men, to the end that fuch as were baptifed
might afterwards have before their eyes, the representations of
thole perfons eminent for holinefs and virtue, whole a£hons
they were to imitate [g-].
The church of St, Jean le Rond at Paris, taken down 1748,
was the baptiftery of the cathedral of that city. The original
or primitive baptiftery of Paris, near the houle oi St. Genevieve
was known by the name of the Chapel of St. John Bap-
till: in 881. The church of St. John le Rond took its name
from the round form of the oratory in which was the veffel or
bafon for the adminiftration of baptilm jAJ.
By the conftitutions of archbifhop F.dmund, before cited, the
font was to be of ftone, or of fome competent materia) (lapi-
deum *vel aliud competens ) [/]. And to thele re^er the conllitu¬
tions made by the bifhop of London, prelident in the room of
the archbilhop of Canterbury 1603, 1 Ja. I. [£]•
The rage for whitewalhing every thing in our churches
lias concealed many a handfome Hone wrought into a ront.
One in Suffolk is ftill of grey marble, that at Bafing of pur-
beck.
Though there was an exprefs canon againfl making patens
of tin there was none againft the ule of lead in any eccleliaftical
velfel. We lee therefore all the fonts before the Reformation
lined with that metal[/J : 1 fuppofe to prevent the porofity of the
[g] Camden Brit. Cumberland, III. 170. ex Paulini Epift. 12.
[1] Le Boeuf, Hill, de la ville & diocefe de Paris, I. 20. 437.
["/'] Wilkins, Concilia, I. 636.
p] lb. IV. 394* . c .
[/* 1 So in the account of Eaft Dereham font there is a charge Ci 2f. 5«. by
William the plumber for ledyng the new lont. See before p. 197.
Hone
206
Mr. Gough’s Obfervations
Rone from abforbing the water. For before that period there
was provided in all a hole or channel at the bottom of the upper
part through the fhaft to convey away the water that was left
after the adminillration of the rite £//;!. This hole, while the
water was in, was fecured by a Ropple, as the holy water
bafons at the lides of altars [«].
A cover was provided for the generality of fonts ; but
more coilly in fome parifh churches than in others. Very
few are now retained, becaufe the water is brought in a
imall bafon in proportion as the occafion requires. InRanccs
of coflly and laboured covers, finifhed in a rich Gothic Ryle
of wood-work may be found at Luton in Bedfordfhire [o],
Ufrord, Worlingworth, and St. Gregory’s at Sudbury in Suf-
folk [p] ; the latter fuppofed of the time of Richard II. and
of oak Gothic work, reaching to the top of the church, and
lufpended by a pulley. Mr. Vertue, in a letter to Dr. Ducarel,
in my poffeffion, mentions having feen feveral Rone fonts with
very high pinnacle wooden fpires, richly adorned and carved in
Norfolk ; but none with feats as at Luton. I have feen fome
plainer fonts with proportionably plainer covers.
The cover was required to be kept fad with a lock for fear
of forcery ; “ Fontes baptifmales fub /era claufi teneantur,
[w] BlomefielcTs Norfolk, I. 472.
[n] 1 he coniecrated baptifmal water ufed to be kept in the font. Archbifhop
iidmund 1236, ordained that it Ihould not remain there more than feven days
aitei the baptiim ol an infant. 2 E. VI. it was to be changed every month at
leaft. Cullum's Hawfted, p. 46.
0] Antiquities of Luton, Bibl. Top. Brit. No. VIII.
[/>] See the print of the Jail by Vertue. It is adorned with four rams for fa-
crifice or Agni Dei, over them the fymbols of the Evangeliils, and between
them angels with coats of arms. I hat at Ufford is fuperior, being elaborately
executed and diminifliing pyramidically to the very roof. Britannia, II. 86.
3 “ propter
on antient Fonts •
207
<< propter fortilegia .” Archbifhop Edmund’s Conftitutions before
cited. “ The forcery here guarded againft,” fays Lyndwood,
“ was fome vulgar fuperftition better underftood than ex-
“ plained:” The remains of the iron faftenings for locking the
cover of the font at Hawfted are ftill to be feen [^], A cover
was bought for Brockdifh font fo late as 1553 [rj.
The laft circumftance to be noticed is the pew or inclofure in
which fome fonts are placed ; as at Luton.
The refult of all thefe different obfervations is a proof that
when the baptifm of infants became an eftablifhed cuftom,
which Mr. Robinfon, of Cambridge, in his elaborate and
learned Hiflory of Baptifm juft publifhed, (hews was not till
the 14th century [f], it was unneceffary for the adminiftrators to
go into the water, and they contrived ciflerns which they called
fonts , in which they dipped the children. In the fir ft baptift-
eries, both adminiftrators and candidates went down fteps into
the bath. In after ages the adminiftrators went up fteps to a
platform on which ftood a fmall bath called a font . In mo¬
dern practice the font remains ; but a bafon of water fet into
the font ferves the purpofe, becaufe it is not fuppofed necef-
fary either that the adminiftrator fhould go into the water, or
that the candidate fhould be immerfed. This in England was
cuftom, not law; for, in the time of Queen Elizabeth, the
governors of the Epifcopal church in effedt exprefsly prohibited
fprinkling, forbidding the ufe of bafons in public baptifm.
[j] Cullum’s Hawfted, p. 46.
[r] Blomefield, III. 228.
[j] Bafnage, Theft Mon. Eccleft & Hift. Canifii kaiones antiq. digeft.
I. c. 5. de ritibus de immerfione quae per 13 fecula perfeveravit diaum.
Voh. X. D d 4 “ Laft
*2o8
Mr. Gough’s Obfervations
i
a Laft of all (the churchwardens) fliall fee, that in every
a church there be a holy founte, not a bafon , wherein baptifm
t* may be miniftered, and it be kept comely and clean [/].”
it Item, that the font be not removed, nor that the curate
“ do baptife in parifld churches in any bafons , not in any other
a form than is already preferibed [«].” Sprinkling therefore
was not allowed, except as in the church of Rome, in cafes of
neceffity at home. . Damafus, afterwards pope, conftru&ed a
baptifmal font in the old Vatican church at Rome [x]. The font
at Notre Dame, in which Clovis was baptifed, flood without
the church. Richard earl of Warwick, 1381, is reprefented
as baptifed by immerfion in an hexagon font fupported on fix
pillars round a central fhaft ; king Richard II. his godfather
holding his hand on his head [y].
Immerfion is enjoined by the canons [z] ; and it was thrice
repeated, in reference to the Trinity and the three days during
which our Saviour remained in the grave. Mr. Robinfon [a]
fuggefts that the bath near one end of the church of Eafl
Dereham in Norfolk was a baptiftery ; and if the biffiop of Co¬
ventry granted to Haghmon abbey an officer whofe province it
was to baptife Jews as well as infants, it is natural to infer
that there were at that time Jews refident in Shropffiire, and
one baptiflery at or near the abbey for the baptifing men and
[/] Book of certaine canons. Sc c. printed by Day, 1571, p. 19.
[a] Advertifement for due Order in the Public Adminiftration of Common
Prayer, See. 1584.
[#] Ciampini de facr. edific. Vaticani, c. iv. § 4.
[>] Strutt’s View of Manners, &c. II. PI. VIII. 121. from Rofs’ MS.
Lives of the Earls of Warwick.
[z] See Lyndwood, lib. iii. tit. 24. de Baplifmo. 25. Jmmerjio,
0] P. 130.
women.
cn antlent Fonts . 209*
women [£]. The compartment on the font at Brighthelmftone
reprefenting baptifm exhibits the parties under arches, perhaps
of the baptiftery. Mr. Robinfon offers other ingenious conjec¬
tures on the reliefs on fonts, which I forbear to enlarge on
here, thinking it is time to conclude this paper, after obferving
how little attention has been paid to the fubjeft by the beft and
moil inquifitive defcribers of our churches.
[£] Gent. Mag. XLIV. p. 500 ; and XLV. p. 13.
D d 5
XXV.
[ 208 ]
XXV. Three Letters from Mr . Samuel Carte to Dr .
Ducarel, and one to Sir Thomas Cave, Bart, con -
*■
cerning Fonts .
Read Jan. 20, 1791.
1.
*
SIR,
IS E N D herewith an abftraCt of what I take to be the mod
material paflages in my collections heretofore concerning
fonts. Indeed I am almoft afhamed to lay them before you ;
but either the fubjeCt is very barren, or 1 have been very unfor¬
tunate in my fearches, particularly I have not met with any au¬
thentic account of the pedeftal or foundation of the font, and
very little concerning the cover or fuperftru&ure. Mr. New-
court, in his account of Allhallows, Barking, (I. 249.) men¬
tions a crofs over the font, and fome images or pictures over
the canopy thereof, a petition to the bifhop, and hearing con¬
cerning them before his chancellor Dr. Duck, and an order for
taking them down, and fetting up other ornaments in their
Read. Perhaps the records in this proceeding may afford you
greater light than the tedious narrative in the inclofed. 1 fhall
be glad to hear the refult of your maturer thoughts on this
fubjeCl ; fhall hope to fee you in a fhort time. In the mean
while, I continue.
Sir, your mod humble fervant,
SAMUEL CARTE.
Southampton Court , July 30, 1753.
Perhaps
Mr. Carte’s Obfervatiom on antlent Fonts . 209
Perhaps this might be the controverfy mentioned by Mr.
Vertue ; at lead I never heard of any other about fonts, I mean
in an authoritative court or affembly. There was a Puritan
pamphlet, intituled, “ A Dialogue between a Poor Man and his
W ite,” which [ once faw, and I remember this expreffion on
mentioning the parifh pried laying the Common Prayer Book
over the font, viz. “ laying one idol over another.” I had it not
in my hand above a quarter of an hour, and cannot recoiled
the name of any author, or give any further information con¬
cerning it.
If I remember aright, there was in my time a crofs pattee
Jitchee over the cover of a font in Leiceder : it was (in no long
time) altered, and a carved dove fixed at the top of the cover
indead of the crofs.
II.
Juty 30, 1753.
IN refped to Fonts, the fubjed of your lafh letter to me, I
have little to offer that can be thought worthy your notice.
Perhaps I may be able to fugged a hint or two for your confi-
deration, and in that way “fungi vice cotis” At lead from your
candour I fhall hope to avoid any cenfure on account of my
attempt for your information, and fhall therefore obferve to
you : that the mod early indance of fonts, within my obfervation,
is delivered by Du Pin in his Ecclefiadical Hidory of the 4th
century, in his Account of the Life and Writings of St.
Athanafius ; in which, viz. in the Englifh Trandation thereof,
I find thefe two following fhort hints concerning fonts;
Ci As to what concerns difcipline in his time, one may ob-
ferve in his works that there were fonts in churches, and
6C that oil and wine and bread for offerings were kept for the
^ font.” Indeed the hidorian has not pointed out any parti-
Vol. X, E e cular
2io Mr . Carte’s Obfervations
cular paflages for the fupport of his averments thus quoted
from him. Perhaps you may, by inquiry, be able to difcover
them, and if fo, it may not be difficult to diftinguiffi at leaft
whether they relate to the exedra, or edifice in which the
baptifm was adually adminiftcred ; or to the refervoir or ca¬
vity, wherein the water, intended for ufe in that folemnity,
was contained or holden ; a diftin&ion which muft be nicely
adverted to in all your obfervations concerning this fubjefr.
This will appear in fome degree neceflary from what I am going
to obferve from the fame hiftorian in refpeft to the writings of
St. Cyril of Jerufalem, “ that the Cathecumens were un-
« cloathed and afterwards, “ condufted to the laver and
when 41 they had made profeffion of their faith plunged three
« times into the water, and that they returned out' of it
“ three different times.” (Du Pin, IV. p. 113.) From this
latter quotation it appears that the laver is expreffly diffin-
guiffied from the water, and the place where the catechu¬
mens were uncloathed and condufted from thence to the laver
muft be confidered as the baptiftery, and a regard to this dif-
tinaion feems to have been one oceafion for introducing the
word fins or fontes into our canons and rubricks, inftances of
which may be feen in two of the canons of archbiffiop Ed¬
mund, A. D. 1223; and yet, if I may be allowed to judge,
the word baptiferium is, in the firft of thofe canons, ufed pro-
mifcuoufly, to fignify the place or ftation for performing
or folemnizing the baptifm, and alfo the refervoir for holding
or containing the water. Which of the two figniflcations is the
moft proper I (hall leave to your confideration. But I cannot
avoid obferving, that, in the formula of confecrating the
chapel on Ridgway Heath near Southampton (as delivered at
the end of Sparrow’s Canons), the word is expreffly applied
and .
on antient Fonts .
21 r
and limited to the font [<2] ; and in the prayer for confecrating
it, the font is fignifically Ryled the Laver of Regeneration [^].
Give me leave to add, that the hiflorian Socrates mentions,
KcXvfjL&yQpoi tv Ba,7rjis‘vi(3iv, See Orig. Ecclef. L. VIII. cap. vii.
fe£h iv. vol. III. p. 21 7.
I do not find any one canon during the firfi fix centuries
which fo much as mentions a font, unlefs it be the Council
of Lerida, as delivered in the Decretum , Part III. De Confecr 9
Di/iindf. IV. C. 106. Ornnls Prejbyter. According to which, the
font ought to be of Rone, “ lapideus And what will more
particularly deferve your regard in refpedt to the fubjedl of your
enquiry, is, that the canon fuppofed not only a fons, but in
fome infiances at leafi a veflel, vas, and that the vas was ca¬
pable of being removed from or carried out of the church,
extra ecclejiam deportari', which circumfiance, I fuppofe, was
not applicable to the font. Fonts are mentioned alfo in the
Council of Toledo, A. D. 694. The fecond canon of our
Council required the Bilhop to fiiut up the font in the beginning
of Lent, and^feal it with his ring till Maundy Thurfday.
Whether the pool, or K was lined or faced with
Rone does not appear, unlefs you can infer it from a quotation
by Du Frefne, voh II. col. 479 [<r], which quotation feems to
me to be the only paflage in all my reading that leads to explain
the configuration of a font. 1 flaall for that reafon exhibit it
at large : 44 Ifdem Prceful cl fundamentis ipfurn Baptijlerium in
44 rGtundum a nip la largitate conjlruens in meliorem Jlaium, atque
4i facrumfontem in meaio largiori f patio fun davit P The words
are guoted from Pope Leo III. who according to Du Pin was
[a] Font, Sparrow, p. 383»Ep’us Baptiflerium aclit, atque impolita manu ait.
[£] “ Baptifed in this laver of the new birth.”
jY) Voc. Fons.
E e 2
elected
21 2
Mr. Carte’s Obfervations
defied Pope 28 Jan. A. D. 795, and died May 23, A.D. 816.
I have not as yet feen any account of the Temple of SanCta
Sophia at Conflantinople, other than the extracts concerning it
by Du Frefne and Mr. Bingham, neither of which afford any
light to the purpofe inquired after. As to fonts in England, I
do not remember to have ol^ferved the word. In Bede’s Hiftory,
L. II. c. xiv. it is dated indeed that king Edwin received La¬
ri acrum San ft a R°generatloms. In another place Major Exercitus
rccens de Lavacro ; and afterwards L. V. c. vii. A. D. 689 it
is narrated of king Cadwalla, Venit Romani ut ad limina beato -
rum apojlolorum fonte baptifmali ablueretur. 1 have above referred
to the canon of archbifhcp Edmund. It cannot be improper to
obferve fpecifically that the word cdoperialur is in that canon
applied to the font. Bifhop Ridiey’s Vifitation Articles (n. 23,
as I compute) inquire whether any ufeth to hallow the font
011 Eafter Even. See Sparrow, p. 37. The fame author men¬
tions them in his Rationalia, p. 260 — 365, and refers to Cyril
and Anadafius A. D. 1564. Some directions were publifhed by
authority, the 9th of which, viz. of thofe under the fecond
head or title, provides, “ That the font be not removed, and
forbids to baptize (in the church) in bafons ; and the fame di¬
rection appears in the canons of 1 571, under the title or head
of JEditui , p. 235.
How far thefe directions were confident with the ufage at
Twyford chapel in Middlefex I know not. From the ac¬
count of that chapel, as the oldeft in the record quoted by
Newcourt, I incline to believe that there was not any font
there. Pleafe to enquire how the cafe is tjiere at the prefent.
Mr. Somner in his Antiquities of Canterbury mentions that the
Metropolitan Church there was, at the time of his writing,
44 newly graced with what before it never had, though much
4 46 wanted.
on antient Fonts .. 2 1 3
wanted, a fixed font.” See Survey, p. 99. In Newcourt’s
Effex, on mentioning Bacon’s Portion, it is faid that- a penfion
of 4/. yearly is made by the Redlor of Denge to the portio¬
nary ; the payment to be made on the font hone. In New¬
court’s account of the church of St. Katherine Cree, it appears-
that, upon the vifitation of the conventual church of the priory
of Chrift Church by Bifhop Clifford, A. D. 1414, an order
was made, that the font for the baptifm of children fliould be
again ereffed for their own parifh church or chapel. Whether
any alteration was made concerning it at the time of the confe-
cration by archbifhop Laud does not appear. Give me leave
to obferve, that antiently at leaf!: the font was large enough-
to admit of an adult perfon being dipped or immerfed therein.-
Montgomery was originally a chapel of eafe to Chirbury, in.
the diocefe of Plereford, and afterwards advanced to the dig¬
nity of a church. SeeFormulars N.S. L. ii. on which occafion it
was ordered, quod ipfa ecckjia fontes haberet , viz. in the plural
number. Whether two fonts, one for adults, the other
for infants ? Or, one for publick, the other for private bap¬
tifm ? If I remember right, the font for Lincoln Cathedral is
on the outfide iquare, but the inlide or cavity is round. Q„
Which of thefe is the lubjefl of your enquiry ? But it is time
to put an end to this fcroll, the contents of which are fub—
mitted abfolutely to your correflion by,
Sir, your moil humble fervant,
SAMUEL CARTE.
III.
Mr, Carte’s Obfervations
III.
21 4
S 1 R,
HEREWITH I return your Antiquities of Winchefter,
with my hearty thanks for the loan thereof. The account of
the font may be confldered as without a fimilar or parallel in-
ftance : it might be wifhed to have been more particular in the
dimenfions and contents, which may yet be fupplied ; but I fear
it will hardly be practicable to decypher the carving, without
fome account of which there can be fmall hopes of determining
with any certainty the age of railing it, or the nature of the
church for which it was originally prepared : indeed, I can
hardly think it intended for (what Mr. Gale calls) the old mo-
nailery. The monks do not feem to have been interefted in
baptifm of any fort, but in burials chiefly, to which the font
has no relation. Give me leave on this occafion to obferve to
yon, that, among other things in the book, I have confldered
Mr. Gale’s lift of the Chancellors and Vicars General and can
(from the Fafti Oxonienfes at the end of the firft volume of
Wood’s Ath. Oxon.) add one at leaft, E. 9. That author in
col. 21, fays that “ in July and Nov. 1513, 5 Hen. III. John
“ Infent, alias Innocent, lupplicated for his degree,” and then
adds, that, “ in a writing dated the fame year, he is written
“ thus, 'John Infent) L. L. Bac. Epifcopi Winton Cam’rius
“ et ejufdem confijlorii epifcopalis Prrejidens after which Mr.
Wood exprefsly owns, that “ he was Vicar General to Bilhop
Fox.” I the rather choofe to lay this before you, as you did
fome time ago declare an intention to draw up a Hiftory of Doc¬
tors Commons, and a Lift of Chancellors and Vicars General
throughout England may not be an ufelefs or unacceptable
appendage to it. I am next to obferve, that Wood, in col.
51, mentions one Dr. Robert Reynold, Commiflary under Dr.
Edmund
on antient Fonts.
21 5
Edmund Steward, Chancellor under Bifhop Gardiner, and fays
that Reynold fufpended Thomas Hancock, “ a celebratione divi-
“ norum" for preaching a fermon, &c. and for proof refers to
the Memorials of Archbifhop Crammer, Lib. ii. ch. vii. p. 173,
174, and both thele perfons, Reynolds and Steward, appear in
Mr. Gale’s Lift ; and although I think Mr. Wood’s account
of their two characters, or yours, may be confident together,
yet quaere. Give me leave to add, that your brethren at the
Commons may probably not only afcertain the truth of the
faCts in thefe two inftances, but alfo furnifh lifts of their prede-
ceflors in the other jurifdi&ion which they are now inveded
with, and by your obtaining from them fuch lifts you might
furnifh great light to fome of our local antiquities. I fome time
ago attempted fuch lifts, fo far as Mr. Wood’s book would
enable me to proceed in it, all which I am ready to furnifh if
defired • but of this more when we meet, which I hope will
be in no very long time, and the rather fo, as I propofe to vifit
Leiceder about the end of this month. In the mean time, I
continue,
Sir,
Your mod humble fervant,
Southampton Courts Aug.. 8, 17 53. SAMUEL CARTE.
A. D. 1295. P. de Barthon, Official. Winton.
A. D. 1322. Joh. Langhorne Henrici Wint. Epi’ commidar.
et fequedrator generalis.
t
IV.
Mr. Carte’s Obfervatio?is
2 1 6
IV.
Extraft of a Letter from Mr. S. Carte, to the late Sir Thomas
Cave, Bart.
© C&nfft pet# Cato fig ^tferatrfi;
€t fuccttrtc tuae to poetttg Hargett £)e|toe
at ftitt tile pate? Cljomae Cato* fym fua mater*
jfunto pieces uonuno pro nobtg temper fit alto*
Sir Thomas,
ABOVE is a tranfcript of (what I take to be) the true
reading of the infcription upon the brafs plate which you fent
to me. It favours of the fuperftition of the age in which it ,
was formed, or engraved ; indeed there are no figures or marks
for pointing out the time of the infcription, nor do I find any
perfon in the hiftory of your family (as publifhed in the Baro¬
netage) to whom the infcription is applicable, unlefs I may
be allowed to fuppofe the genealogift miftaken in the Chriftian
name of the lady, defcribed in the pedigree as the wife of Peter,
the fame who is diftinguifhed by the number, or figures 513".
The genealogift ftates her name to be Mary, and reprefents her
as the daughter of Burdett of Rothwell, co. Northampton.
An error of this fort is very frequent, and may feem to have
been occafioned by the great affinity between the Saxon charac¬
ters ofg. and y. Thus the town of Bentley, where King Charles
11. was concealed after the Battle of YVorcefter, is in feveral
Latin charters written Bentlega. I could mention many other
fimilar cafes in refpect to towns, but I rather choofe to take no¬
tice upon a different fubjedt, and what may be of ufe to you in
your ftudy of antiquities, viz. in refpecl to Berry and Berg
alias
on antient Fonts, 2jy
alias Burg; both which words, though feemingly of very dif¬
ferent figtiificadons or meanings, will, I believe, appear upon
examination to be the fame or identic word. Perhaps this may,
at the firft fight, feem ftrange to you ; but I flatter myfelf with
the expectation of your attending to my fentiments, if you
will pleafe to obferve their conftru&ion and ufe as opportunity
ferves, in perufing the antient memorials relating to the county
now under your confederation, or indeed to any other county.
Whether the character of the letters of the infcription upon the
plate of Thomas Cave on his monument may not ferve to
confirm my fentiments in refpeft to the Father and Son, de¬
ferred in the plate now before me, I mult fubmit to your
obiervation, otherwife I am not able at the prefent to give any
further account of it ; I fhall therefore difmifs this fubjeCt with
this notification, that I am ready to return your plate in fuch
way and manner as you fhall direCt.
My next will be relative to Fonts ; and I take this oppor¬
tunity to exprefs my fatisfaCtion at obferving the notice which
you take of them, and particularly at your deferibing their
models and ornaments as proper fubjeCts of learning ; and the
rather fo, as you give me hopes of feeing a draught of the font
at Brighthelmftone in SufTex. Give me leave to requefl the
favour of you at the fame to enquire into the hiflory and age of
ereCting it, the name of the workman, the artificer, the expence,
the materials of which it is compofed, and the feveral dimen¬
sions of it, and of the cover thereto. As you feem now to relifh
the fubjeCt, you may, from thefe heads of enquiry, be enabled
to illuftrate fome expreffions in a narrative of the ceremonials
as obferved in England, or elfewhere, in relation to the admi-
niftration of that facrament ; and indeed an attempt of this fort
Vol. X. F f feems
2 1 8 Mr. Carte’s Obfervatiom •
feems to be the rather neceffary, as the ufe of fonts has been
decreafing ever (nice the Reformation, and confequently the
* do&rine concerning them has been dwindling in proportion.
My fentiments may feem to be in fome degree confirmed by
the articles of vifitation quoted in one of my letters heretofore,
in refped to the dimenfions of fonts, and their capacity to hold
or receive the body of an infant, and they are further con¬
firmed by the following words of a Canon made A. D.
“ JEditul curabunt ut in Jtngulis ecclejiis Jit facer fans (a confe-
crated font) non pelvis in quo baptifmus minijiretur. See Spar¬
row, p. 235. Perhaps it may leem Rrange that this difufe of
fonts fhould prevail fo much immediately after the Reforma¬
tion, but it may be eafy to account for it from the offence
taken at the very great multitude of ceremonies ufed in the
Church of Rome, particularly in relation to fonts, two of
which are hinted in Sparrow, p. 37, (N° 28 as I compute)
in thefe words : “ Whether any ufeth to hallow the font
“ on EaRer Even and 44 Whether the water in the font be
“ changed every month.” And to thefe evidences, from the
publick ads of the church, I fhall take the liberty to fubjoin
one other from an old pamphlet, which I remember to have
feen heretofore in my father’s Rudy, entituled, “ A Dialogue
“ between a Poor Man and his Wife,” a bitter puritanical libel
upon the Church of England, one paffage of which I Rill re¬
member to be delivered, concerning the parifh miniRers laying
the Common Prayer Rook on the font at the time and upon
the occafion of adminiRering baptifm, which the Pamphleteer
Ryles the laying one idol upon another. A further reafon to believe
the increafe of the difufe of fonts in general may be deduced
from the delay in providing one for the cathedral of Peterburgh,
which cathedral, before the Reformation, was no more than
• a mere
on antient Fonts .
*19
a mere abbey church, without any right to the ufage of the
publick fervice of the church therein : their devotions were,
many of them, proper only for monks under a vow or pro-
feflion ; as may appear from fome of thofe prepared for, and efta-
bl iflaed by Archbifliop Lanfranc for the ule of the monks of
Chrift Church, Canterbury, and flill preferved in the Con¬
cilia, Vol. I. Indeed the monks were forbidden to permit
any of the laity to be prefent at thefe fervices, and accordingly
we find early mention of a parifh church in the town of Feter-
burgh, which to this day is diftinCl from and independent upon
the Cathedral, otherwife than as the reft of the parifh churches
of the diocefe are confidered to be fubordinate to the Cathedral,
It is now many years fmce I faw Patrick’s edition of Mr.
Gunton’s Hiftory of Peterburgh. But that book doth, as I
believe, exhibit a pretty full and particular account of the occa-
fion and manner of introducing and fetting up the font therein,
and befides] this, I do not remember any hiftory of fuch an
affair, other than as mentioned curforiiy in the late forms of
confecrating churches, one of which may be feen at the end of
Bifhop Sparrow’s Collections of Canons. Mr. Somner does not
fo much as once mention the font in Canterbury Cathedral.
And though Mr. Battely delivers an account of the prefent
font ereCted by, and at the coft of Dr. Warner, late Bifhop of
Rochefter, and calls it, as indeed it is, a curious and beautiful
piece of work , yet he delivers no cut or reprefentation of it, nor
does he mention any account of the form or ornaments thereof.
Indeed I have been informed that there is in Luton church a
noble and antique ftruCture for this purpofe, but of this I cannot
give any particular account.
A further inftance and evidence that the ufage of fonts in
churches is ftill declining may be deduced from the fafhion of
F f 2 our
220 Mr. Carte’s Obfervations
our modern ntenfils or furniture for that purpofe, which, fo
far as I have obferved, are dill all of them in the form of meet
bafons, fet in a Hand of wood, and are generally of marble. I
would not be thought averfe to a decent or coftly ornament for
the ufe of divine fervice. But then it ought to be proportioned,
or fitted for the ufe to which it is defigned, and not fo curtailed
or abridged as to render it impracticable to comply with the
pofitive or exprefs direction of the church. In refpeCt to the
manner of adminidering this facrament, let it be large and ca¬
pacious enough to allow of an immerfion of the infant, and
I fhall think the benefactor in earneft to ferve his God, and
honour him with his fubftance, otherwife he cannot be con-
fidered as a chearfull giver. Perhaps the coldnefs of our climate
may have been one reafon for promoting the decline of this ufe
of fonts, and introducing of bafons in their dead. The tender
mother may be afraid that the infant fhould fuffer in its health
by immerfion; but Sir John Floyer, late of Lichfield, will teach
her the benefit of immerfion, in refpeCt to the bodily health of
the infant. A further particular obfervable in refpeCt to fonts
is that upon the abolidiing the ufe of the Liturgy by the
ordinance of the Houfes of Parliament, and the fetting up the
Directory, all fonts were ordered to be removed out of churches,
and bafons to be ufed in their places. The fonts were in
many places fold, and turned to horfe troughs, and (what is
matter of wonder) when, upon or after the Redoration, they
were purchafed again, and fet up in the churches to which
they formerly had been belonging, they were immediately
put to their former ufe, without any folemnity or dedication,
although the reconciliation, as the Canonids term it, of
churches after blood fhed therein or other defilement, is ex-
prefsly required to be made with folemn form of Prayer, and
althoughi
2,2 f
on anticnt Fonts .
although the Hiftory of the Maccabees exhibits a very different
practice in refpeCt to the Temple at Jerufalem alter its defile¬
ment under Antiochus, and even that was not thought fufhcient
of life If* but was attended with a fucceflive yearly thankfgiving
in memorial of the new dedication ; at one of which anniver-
faries, although no more than a human inftitution, our Blefled
Saviour attended in perfon. I the rather choofe to mention this
practice of removing fonts out of our churches at the time
abovementioned as in my papers concerning Leicefter I have
fome memorial of the fale of the font in the church of St.
Martin, and alfo of the purchafe of it again for the ufe of the
o-
Another particular obfervable in fonts, is the making a foramen
or hole in the center or middle of the hollow part or receptacle
of the water, and the flicking a wooden peg therein ; which
feems, in my opinion, to have been intended purpofely to pre¬
vent and render it impracticable to immerge a child in the font,
but at the prefent ferves only for an opening to receive the
water out of the font, and pafs it through a canal, and let it
fink into the ground under the font.
But to return now to the occafions of the difufe of fonts fince
the Reformation, and herein I ought not to forget the affectation
of having the folemnity performed in a private houfe. This, as Dr.
Nichols has obferved, is, in fome degree, inconfiflent with the de¬
claration of the minifter during the folemnity, “ Ye have brought
“ this child hither to be baptifed.” Perhaps the original of this
ufage might begin in extraparochial places ; but the frequency
of it at the prefent is now too juft a ground for complaint.
A family in the Newark at Leicefter, I am loth to fay out of
©dentation, ufed to have the water put into a filver bafon,
which occafioned a remark by a worthy clergyman fince
'dead*.
222
Mr . Carte’s Obfervations
dead, that the Canons prohibited the ufing it afterwards to a com¬
mon or profane purpofe. The cenfers of Dathan and Abiram
and their adherents being hallowed, they were converted into
a covering for the altar. It was fuggefled that the filver bafon
ought to have been appropriated for the ufe of private baptifm,
or turned into a falver for holding the bread at the time of ad-
miniftering the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper ; but I know
not how the advice was received. A due reinforcement of thefe
Canons might be one method for retraining or preventing
many of thefe irregularities.
Another ufage in refpedt to the font was that of locking it up
during the whole feafon of Lent, I fpeak here from my me¬
mory, till Holy Thurfday and Maundy Thurfday, on which
day it was ufually opened, preparatory to the folemnity of
Eater, which was one of the feafons for a general baptifm,
which ufage or practice of general baptifm, and a tated
time, the late Dr. Nathanael Marfhall was defirous to have
retored it in the Church of England. See his Penitential
Difcipline of the Primitive Church. But, ' befides the gene¬
ral reafon for locking up the font, there feems to have been
one other or further reafon for this ufage, but of a very different
nature, viz. the preventing the growth of a fuperftitious ufage
of taking the water in which a child or other perfon had been
immerfed, and carrying it to the houfe of a difeafed perfon,
and either drinking it, or waffling a fore therewith, in order to
cure or heal the diftemperor fores. I cannot at the prefent recoiled!:
any particular authority to this purpofe ; but ftill I remember
a narrative of the Emperor Conflantine being cured of a leprofy
by fuch an ablution. The (lory indeed is fabulous like the
fusion in Pfeudo Damatus, concerning the baptiftery and the
magnificent font of porphyry within it, both of them pretended
to have been given by the fame Emperor to, the church in
which
m antlent Fonts* 223
which he was baptifed. The mention of which leads me to
obferve, that in the cathedral of Lincoln there is now a very
noble and large font of porphyry, ftanding on the fide of one
of the pillars in the row between the middle and fouth ailes,
but by whom provided, or why placed in fuch a manner I
have not yet been informed ; perhaps Mr. Gabriel Newton of
Leicefter may enquire out thefe and other particulars from
Mr. archdeacon Trimnell, or his official Dr. Grey.
Another head for our confideration as to fonts may be de¬
duced in refpeft to their number, “ Whether more than
one in a church.” Indeed I know not fo much as one in-
ftance of a plurality in one church, but quaere. The For-
mular,, N° lii. exhibits a compofition between the prior of
Cherbury, and the parfon of a fourth part of the church of that
place, in which compofition there is a claufe in the following
words : viz. <c Ip/a Ecclejia fontes babeat et fepulturam Whe¬
ther this claufe is intended only for a liberty to provide a fe-
cond font in the room of the firft, in cafe it fhould happen to
be deftroyed or broken, I cannot pretend to fay. I fhall only
obferve, that the general fenfe of antiquity runs for one biffiop
and one altar, and yet, by means of the ufage of the Church
of Rome, a multiplicity of altars in one church was grown
fo frequent, that I hardly remember any one mother church
in which there are not apparent marks or tokens of more than
one.
As to the ornaments of fonts, I have but little to fay. Indeed
in the church of Sr. Martin in Leicefter there is an o&agonal
cover of oak of different ledges, raifed one above the other*
and riling gradually in height, decreafing in their dimen-
fions towards the center, and terminating in or upon a pyramid
of wood, at the top of which was ere&ed or fet a cofs pattee
2 fitch ee
/
32 4 il/r. Carte’s Obfervations
fitchee gilt., but this was afterwards taken away, and inftead
thereof a carved pigeon placed and painted white, by whofe
order or advice I know not, but I incline to believe that
my father was not acquainted with it ; and indeed I well re¬
member that Dr. Scott difcourfing concerning the defcent of
the Holy Ghoft upon our Saviour immediately after his baptifm,
declares exprefsly, that the Evangelift’s description is to be ap¬
plied, not to the figure or form in which he manifefied himfelf,
but to the manner of the defcent or hovering over the body of
our Saviour. I (hall only add, that a carved figure may, in
procefs of time, give occafion if not to a fort of idolatry, yet
at lead: to a jeft of a ludicrous, or perhaps if a worfe nature,
of which fort I have heard one inftance, by a gentleman of
Leiceflerfhire, now deceafed ; but I am ready to acquaint you
with his name, if you defire it. In the mean time I obferve to
you, that it appeared to me to have been affeCtedly borrowed
from fome of our Free Thinkers, during the national madnefs
in relation to the South Sea fcheme, A. D. 1720, and was
indeed retailed in that year. Befides thefe particulars I do not
remember any ornament to any of our fonts in Leicefterfhire
other than two or three cinquefoils in bafifo relievo upon the
font in St. Martin’s. Indeed as the town of Swinford did here¬
tofore belong to the Knights Hofpitallers, I was in fome ex¬
pectation that the font there would have exhibited fome extra¬
ordinary ornaments, either of device or fculpture. Even their
dwelling houfes ufed either to be diftinguilhed by a crofs
ereCted upon the ridge, or fome other place of the roof. See
Fleta, Lib. V. c. 35, p. 22. But I did not obferve any ; which
I own to be matter of fome furprize to me, as that order had
St. John the Baptift for their patron ; but then it ought to be
obferved, that Swinford was not a commandery or praeceptory :
*7 whether
on antlent Fonts .
225
whether the cafe was otherwife at Dalby or Heather I know
not, but perhaps this may not be an improper fubjeCt for youf
confideration when you come to enquire or write concerning
thefe places.
I have now gone through my collections in relation to
fonts ; being willing to offer all that I had to fay on this
fubjeCt at once, and the rather fo as the fubjeCt, however
general or extenfive in itfelf, yet will poflibly not afford a
great number of diftinguifhing objects, or materials for con¬
sideration. Perhaps many of thefe heads may not be impro¬
per fubjeCts for your intended work; and I apprehend that
none of them will be cenfured as altogether ufelefs or trivial.
But i forget the nature of my bufinefs or undertaking; I am
only to furnifh materials to the architect, or mafter-builder ;
you are the contriver and modellifl. As fuch, I fubmit the
whole to you, to pick, chufe, or rejeCt, as you fhall think fit,
being. Sir,
Your moft obedient, humble fervant,
Jan. 21, 17 55, SAMUEL CARTE.
Vol. X.
XXVI.
t J
t ‘
XXVI. QhfervaUons on a Charier in Mr . A (He’s Lz-
hr ary y which is indorfedy in a hand co-evcil with ti j
■6i Hac eft Carta Regis Eadgari, de inftitutione
Ahbatie Elienfisy et duplicatus Addrejfed to the
Earl of Leicefter, Preftdent , Feb . 16, 1791.
Read Feb. 17, 1791*
BEFORE I enter Upon an inquiry into the authenticity
of this Charter, it may be proper to premife, that Saint
Etheldreda, one of the daughters cf king Anna, and wife,
fir ft to Tonbert, prince of the fouthern Gervii [a]y and after¬
wards to Egfrid, king of Northumberland, is reported to have
founded at Ely, about the year 673, a religious fociety both
for monks and nuns, who lived together under the govern¬
ment of an abbefs. In this ftate the fociety continued till
the year 870, when it was deftroyed by the Danes. Some few
years afterwards eight of the religious men that had efcaped the
mafia ere repaired part of the buildings; formed themfelves
into a fociety, and lived there as fecular priefts, with their
wives and children, under the government of provofts or
archpriefts ; which fociety continued till 970, when king
[a] The people inhabiting the South of Lincolnlhire, Rutland, Northamp¬
ton, and Huntingdonfhire, were antiently called Gervii. Thefe had princes
of their own, dependant neYcrthelefs on the Mercian kings.
Edgar
Mr, Astle’s Ohfervatiotis on a Charter in his fojfejjion. 227
Edgar reftored the monks, under the diredion of Ethelwold,
bifhop of Winchefter. Mr. Bentham in his Hiftory of Ely,
p. 72, informs us, that two foreigners of diftindion, having
applied to the king for a grant of the principality of Ely, then
parcel of the royal demefnes, Wolften, a privy counfellor
and fherifF of Cambridgefnire, who had the cuftody of the
ifland under the king, diffuaded him from making fuch a
grant ; whereupon the king fent for Ethelwold, bifhop of
Winchefter, and told him, that he intended to endow and
reftore the monaftery, and left it to him to condud the whole
as he fhouid think proper. The bifhop readily undertook the
management of the bufinefs, and having provided a number of
monks, gave orders for repairing the church, and for ereding
feveral new offices for their accommodation : upon his return,
he agreed with the king for the furrender of the whole diftrid
of the I fie of Ely, for the ufe of the intended monaftery
who gave him this Royal Charter, by which it appears, that
the king, in confideration of 60 hides of land, £, 100 in money
paid down, and one crucifix of gold given to him, and of the
bifhop’ s having undertaken to provide a number of monks to
fupply the antient monaftery of St. Etheldreda, did furrender
the whole diftrid of the Hie of Ely, 20 hides of land within
the fame, at that time parcel of the Royal Eftate, and fub-
jed to his treasury, with all the appurtenances thereto belong¬
ing, with the dignity and foke of the two Hundreds within
the Ifle, and five Hundreds in W icklaWy in the county ot ouf-
folk, at this day called St. Etheldreda’s Liberties, and now
known by the names of Plomefgate, Wilforo, Tkiredling,
Carleford, Colneis, andLoes, in the Province of the Eaft Angles,
with the power and authority ot trying all caules ; a:fo the fines
and forfeitures for tranfgreftion of the laws in all iecular caufes5
G g 2 within
228 Mr, Astle’s Observations on a Charter In his pojjejjion,
within all the lands and manors that did then, or that fhould
thereafter, belong to the monaftery, either by purchafe, gift, or
other lawful acquifition. Alfo the fourth part of the profits of the
county ofGrantaceafler (Cambridgefhire), and alfo the villages
of Meldeburn, Earmingaford, and Northwo.ld, and 10,000
eels, part of the royal revenues due from the village of Wyllan v
for the endowment of the monaftery at Ely, for the mainte¬
nance and fupport of the monks, and for fupplying them with
neceflary food and cloathing. The above is the fubftance of
this charter of king Edgar ; which now is, and ever fince that
time hath been, the ground of that temporal power for fo
many ages enjoyed by the church of Ely, fome remains of
which are at this day veiled in the bifhop. This Charter is
dated at the Royal Village of Wlfamere, A. D. 970, not pri¬
vately and in a corner, but in the mod public manner, and
under the canopy of Heaven (as the Charter exprefies it), in
the prefence of the King, the Queen, and all the Bilhops and
great men of the kingdom, then and there afiembled ; and, for
the greater evidence and notoriety, the Charter is both in Latin
and in Saxon, that it might be read and underflood by all.
There is no fa<ft in our early hiflory better attefted than that
of king Edgar’s refounding the monaflery of Ely, and of his
refloring its antient privileges ; which were confirmed, aug¬
mented, and more particularly defined, by the Charter of king
Edward the Confeffor : wherein this Charter is recited. But
many circumflances render its authenticity fufpicious. The
monogram QftO in red ink, which is fignificant of alpha and
omega, is not to be found in genuine Saxon charters. The ftyle
and titles of the king are remarkable : “ Ego Eadgarus Bafi~
hits diiette infule Albionis fubditis nobis fceptris Scot or um Cumbro -
“ rumqite ac Britt onum , et omnium circumcirca regionum quiet e
“ pace perfruens
Mr . Astle’s Obfervations on a Charter in his pojfejjion^ 229
The Charter afterwards mentions fome of St. Etheldreda’s
miracles, and that her body then remained incorruptible in a
white marble tomb ; which is lingular, as fhe had been dead
near three centuries. The Charter alfo ftyles her a virgin, al¬
though (lie had been twice married, as has been already ob-
ferved. Her firft marriage with Tonbert prince of the Eaft
Angles took place in the year 652, with whom ffie lived about
three years, and after his death, having remained five years a
widow, fhe was married about the 30th year of her age to
Egfrid, fon of Ofwy, king of Northumberland, at whofe
court fhe refided near twelve years, but in a ftate of virginity,
as is reported in the legend of her life, which attempts to
' account for her remaining in that ftate by a miraculous
interference not necefTary to be related.
The king is made to fay, that he granted this Charter
44 pro animabus patrurn meorum regum antiquorum ” I never
found fuch an expreflion in a genuine Saxon charter, and, after
an attentive confederation, I believe it to be fpurious. It is
difficult to form an opinion on the motives of the monks for
forging this Charter after the reign of Edward the Confefi'or,
becaufe they acquired additional pofteffions and privileges by the
ConfefTor’s charter, and therefore they would not have been
gainers by the forgery.
The privileges granted by this Charter were allowed before
Odo, Biffiop of Bayeux, Juftice of England, in a great court
held at Kentford, April 2, 1080, where King William the
Conqueror by his charter, reftored to the abbot and monks of
Ely the fame powers and privileges they were in pofTeffion of
at the death of Edward the Confeflor. This inftrument is in-
rolled in the Charter Roll of the 12th of king Edward II. n.
42, and the franehifes thereby granted were feveral times al¬
lowed
23© Mr. Astle’s Obfervations on a Charter in his poffejfion.
Jowed before the Juftices in Eyre at Cambridge, viz. 22 Ed. £,
8 Ed. II. 15, 18 Ed. III. and the privileges were confirmed by
Richard II. in the firft year of his reign [7>j, and the fame
was exhibited before Cardinal Wolfey in his legatine vi-
fitation, April 18, 1529, as appears by an indorfement on the
Charter: “ Exhibit a in vijitatione legatina Reverendi Pair is Domini'
“ Rhoma Cardinalis Eboracenfis apoftolice Jedis eledii a latere legatiin
« prior atu retro-feripta xvm die Aprilis, Anno D* ni 1 529, ac-
“ tualiter , per venerabilem virum magijlrum Rolandum Lee decreto -
“ rum do or em archid'm archidiaconatus Cor nubia: in ecclefia ca -
** thedrali Exonienjis didti reverend ffimi pair is ad vijitationis legati-
nas comirdjjarium generalem celebrat' in prejentia mei Many of
thefe privileges granted by this Charter were taken away by
Statute of Henry VIII. which took from the lords of all franchifes'
the power of pardon, and alfo the power of making jullices in
Eyre, of Affize, of Peace, and of Gaol delivery, veiling the
fame in the crown.
It has already been obferved, that this Charter is both in
Latin and in Saxon ; the Saxon charadters are fimilar to thofe of
the time of king Edward the Confeflor. There is an anachro-
nifm in the date, which invalidates its authenticity. It is dated
in the year 9^0, in the 13th year of king Eadgar’s reign.
This king began to reign in 959, and the 13th year of his
reign mult have been A.D. 972, and not 970. We mull there¬
fore either conclude, that this Charter is fpurious, or that the
king and his officers were ignorant of the year of his reign.
The fabricator of this inflrument did not add the names of the
fees to thofe of the bifhops, which makes it difficult to afeer-
tain whether they were really po fie fled of biffiopricks at the
time this charter was made. It is obfervable that erodes are
[£] Pat. I. Pic. II. p. 5. m. 34.
not
Mr, Astle’s Qbfervations on a Charter in his pojfejjion , 231
not prefixed to the names of the witnefles, as is ufual in Saxon
charters, though Mr. Bentham has placed crofies after them in
the Appendix to his Hiftory of Ely, whe're it is printed.
Upon the whole, I conceive that this Charter is not fo old as the
reign of king Eadgar ; but, from the purity of the Saxon charac¬
ters, lam of opinion, that it is either an antient copy, or that it
was forged by the monks in the reign of king Edward the Con«
fefior, at the time when he granted them a more beneficial
charter, or in that of king William the Conqueror, for the
purpofe of eftablifhing their claims to their pofTeffions, before
the king’s commiffioners, in the great court held at Kentford
in 1080, as above is mentioned.
XXVII.
< 232 )
XXVII. Obfervatiom on a Charter of King Eadgar ;
by Thomas Aftle, Efq. F. A. S. in a Letter to
Robert Auften, Efq. F, A. S.
Read Feb. 3, 1791.
Dear Sir, Batterfea Rife , Feb . 1, 1791.
PURSUANT to your requeft, I give you my opinion on
the authenticity of your Charter of king Edgar, which
you fuppofed to have had a feal.
The word fgillum in the times of the Saxons did not fignify
a feal of wax appendant, as afterwards amongft the Normans.
The Saxons themfelves in their charters and inftruments ex¬
plained that word to fignify the fign of the crofs ; and their own
interpretation muft be decifive. I fhall quote feveral original
Saxon charters in my library, which will demonftrate that the
words fgillum zw&fignum were fynonymous, and that the former
word figuified only the fign of the crofs.
N° 6, The Charter of Coenulf, King of Mercia, to the
Church of Canterbury, dated at the royal village of Tam-
worth, A. D. 799, concludes in the words following : “ Et
<( banc dona t lone m meant fub illufrium tefimonio virorumy ut it a
44 permanent Sandie Cruets Sigillo confirmo
“ + Ego Coenulf Re a tefes donabo et fubferibo .
d
All
Mr. Astle on an antient Charier .
2 33
All the witnefTes ufe the feal or fign of the crofs.
N° 23. The Charter of king Eadmund whereby he granted
lands to his fervant iElfftan for his long and faithful fervices
concludes :
ct 4- Ego Eadmundus Rex Anghrum prefat am donationem cum
4S Sigillo fee crucis confirmavi. ”
6i 4- Ego Oda Dorobernenfs eccVe archiepifcopus ejufdem regh do -
« nationem cum Sigillo fee crucis fubarravif dated A. D. 943.
N° 24. Is another Charter of the fame king, whereby he
granted to the faid iElfftan two manfie at Ealdingtune (now
Aldington in Kent) which the men of Kent called twelve ful-
ings, dated A. D. 944.
“ 4- Ego Eadmundus Rex Anghrum prefat am dc?iationem cum
Sigillo fee crucis confirmavi.
) * '
N°25. The Charter of king Eadreds dated A. D. 948,
whereby he granted to a devout lady named iElfwynne fix
manfae at Wickham.
The King gave her alfo two pounds of the moft pure gold.
“ 4- Ego Eadredus Rex Anglorum prefat am donationem fub .
66 Sigillo fee crueis indeclinabiliter concejifi atque robsravi.”
4- Ego Eadgifu ejufdem Regis mater cum Sigillo fee crucis
* 6 confirmavi A
“ 4- Ego Oda Dorobernenfs eccl'e archie fs ejufdem regis princi-
*6 patam et benevolentiam fub Sigillo fee crucis conclufi.
“ 4- Ego Wulfftams archons divine fervitutis officio mancipatus
i6 Eborace civitatis ar chief s Sigillum fee crucis imprefii.
Hh
Vol. X.
N° 29.
2 ? 4 Mr. Astle on an ant lent Charter*.
Na29* The Charter of king ^Ethelred, dated A. D, 1005*.
whereby he granted lands near Canterbury to his faithful Thane
/Erhelred.
64 -f Ego JEthelred Rex Xnglornm hanc me am donationem cum
“ Vexillo fee cruch X'pi rohoravi et fubfripfiC
N° 34. The Charter of king Cnut, dated 1035, whereby he
granted lands at Berewic in the parifh of Limne in Eaft Kent
to hi (hop Eadhiii
<< 4_ Ego Cnut Rex Anglarum prefat am donationem cum Sig.il lo<
“ fee cruch confirmaviC
The Saxons when they fubferibed Charters, frequently ufed
the words Signum S'cce Q'ucis and V txlllum , but thele words
were fynonymous with Sigillum. No banners were painted or
feals annexed ; the fign of the crofs alone being invariably ufed.
So in the Charter of king Eadred above mentioned (N° 25.)
where Wul/ftan archbifhop of York makes ufe of the words
Sigillum Santtijfwue Cruch imfreffi , he doth not mean an im-
preffion in wax, but an impreffion of the fymbol of the crofs
in ink, on the parchment, as it appears on the face of the
charter.
Thefe proofs Efficiently demonftrate that the word Sigillum
amongft the Saxons iignified nothing more than the fign of
the crofs, and in procefs of time the explanatory words Saner
tiflim# Cruch became fuperfluous, the word Sigillum alone being
fufficient to convey the fenfe wherein it was ufed by the
Saxons ; fo that the words Sigillum nojlrum in your Charter are
to be interpreted our feal of the mofl holy crofs , as in all the in-
ftances above quoted y therefore the above words do not imply
that
Mr. Astle on an ant tent Charter* 2^5
that a feal of wax was appendant to the inftrument, Some
of our antiquaries have been milled, by not undemanding the
meaning which the Saxons themfelves annexed to the word
Sigillum, and have fuppofed that our Saxon anceflors ufed feals
of wax appendant to their deeds, which was not the cafe, as
Dr. Hickes and others have clearly proved, and as the Saxon
charters in public libraries and in private repofitories manifeft.
If a feal appendant to a genuine Saxon charter, before the reign
of Edward the Coufeflor, could be produced, fuch an inftru¬
ment, would prpve more than all the fuppofitions which have
been made on the fubjeCt.
At the bottom of your Charter is the word SjDNV. . . .
then fome of the parchment is cut off for feveral inches, and
afterwards appears part of the word Crucis. Thefe words, in my
opinion, do not imply that a feal of wax was placed there, but
^ hat the ftgn of the crofs was put at the end of the inftru¬
ment.
But if a feal of wax had been aaually appendant to your
Charter, this circumftance alone would render its authenticity
fufpicious.
The learned Dr. Hicks [a] with great erudition proves a charter
of King Eadgar, preferved in the Harleian Library to befpunous,
and that it was written long after the reign or that king, and it
is plainly an Anglo-Norman writing. Your Charter is written in
the characters ufed by the Anglo -Normans, and the croffes are not
made in the Anglo-Saxon manner, but in the Anglo-Norman,
which are very different. The Saxon croffes being plain, and
drawn with black ink only, either rectangular, or very near
that form, thus -p*. The Normans made their crofles in red
ink thus and foretimes they were gilt as are in your
[ a ] Differtatio Epiftolaris, p. 06.
Hh 2
Charter
Mr, Astle on an antlent Charter .
Charter thofe of the royal family and of the ecclefiaftics, though
the gilding is now nearly defaced by time ; but I never faw a
Saxon charter, and I have feen many both in public libraries and
private collections, with red or gilt erodes, the authenticity of
which I did not fufpeft; and I agree in opinion with Dr.
Hickes and others, that all the charters which have gilt erodes
and painted figures were fpurious, and forged by Anglo-Nor¬
mans after the Conqueft [b].
It is an eftablifhed fad, that king Eadgar was a benefa&or
to Weftminfter Abbey ; and it is well known, that he was
Simulated to make many grants to religious focieties by arch-
bifhop Dunftan, as this Charter manifefts, who, in confidera*
tion of his bounty to the church connived at his debaucheries ;
but the avarice of the monks might induce them to forge a
Charter more beneficial to themfelves than that before granted
by king Eadgar.
There are many particulars in your Charter which render
its authenticity fufpicious.
The letters at the beginning of the Charter, which
have alfo been gilt, render it fufpicious at firft fight.
The ftyle and addrefs of the King is not in the Saxon but in
the Norman manner: 46 Ego Eadgarus, Dei gratia Anglorum Rex,
u omnibus epijeopis , a bbatibus, comitibus , nojiris prejentibus , vice -
« comitibus , centenariis, ceterifque agentibus nojiris prejentibusfcilicet
« et futuris faint em” This exordium differs greatly from that
ufed by king Ea'dgar in his charters which are authentic.
The ftyle ufed by this king in his genuine charters is,.
a Ego Eadgar tothis Britt annire Bafikus , .and fometimes 4 4 Ego
“ Eadgar Rex Anglorum” only j but without any addrefs to the
bilhops, abbots, earls, fheriffs, or others.
[&] Wotton, p. 4.i*
4
Your
Mr. Astle on an antlent Charter . 237
Your Charter then flates, that the king granted it at the in-
flance of archbilhop Dunflan, and of iEthelwold biihop of
Wmchefler; and that he had determined to rebuild all the
monafteries in England, and flates it to be his intention that all
their poffiffions fhould be reflored ; that he was infpired to
begin with the Church of St. Peter fituated “ in loco tcrribili ”
commonly called Thorney, to the weflward of the City of
London. Then follows a marvellous relation, which informs
us, that the church was built by St. Peter himfelf, and dedi¬
cated to his own honour. The words are, “ non ah alio , fed
<e ah ipfo Banff 0 Petro Apojlolorum principe , in fuum ip pus pro -
“ prium honor em deaicata .” I fhall make no commentary on
this part of the Charter, but fhall content myfelf with ob-
ferving, that this tale feems to have been invented after Bede’s
time, who doth not mention it.
The king then creates a fandtuary, and afterwards confirms all
former charters to the monaflery. The Charter then recites,
that Dunflan, with the confent of the king and his nobles,
had purchafed feveral eflates, “ quas eiiam , coram legitimis tef •
« tibusy Sigillo fuo, et annulo epifcopali, in ufum fratrum pre-
“ fat# ecclefire in perpetuam rejlrinxit poffejjionem This is a
remarkable paffage, calculated to prove that archbifhop Dun-
flan had not only affixed his feal to his grants to the mo¬
naflery, but alfo his epifcopal annulet or ring. As for the
firft, the fign of the crofs might have been put as in other
cafes; and as for the latter, it only induces me to believe the
inflrument to be a forgery, perhaps in the time of William the
Conqueror, when feals were ufed.
The monks are then exempted from the trinoda necejjitas
to which the generality of eflates among the Saxons were
liable ; and they are difcharged from all taxes royal or national.
It then concludes, “ Et ah omnibus optimatibus nojiris , judicibus
“ pub-, .
• V * v
Mr, Astle on an ant tent Charter .
44 public l s & privates me litis ac certins credatur tnanus no fire fub-
“ fcriptionibus fubter earn decrevimus roborare & de Sigillo nofir o
“ jujjimus ji'gillare fignum ^ Eadgari incliti & ferenijjimi Anglo -
41 rum regis fignum ^ Edw-ardi ejujdem regiis fihi fignum
44 df JE t heir edi fra tris ejus,
44 In Chrijli Nomine ego D unjlan ac ft peccator Dorobornenfis
44 ecclefe ar chief us hanc libertatem fancier crucis agalmate config-
44 navi ac deinde fecundum apofolici Jo Id is precept um obfervatores
44 hujus libertatis aucloritate qua perfruor a peccatis fuis abfolvi, in-
44 frail ores vero perpeti , maledixi , nifi refipijeant , & ter tribus
44 annis a liminibus fee, ec defer fequejlrati penitentiam agant,
44 +p Ego Ofwoldus Ebora°enfs Archiepifcopus Impofui.
►p Ego E Iff a mis Luddinenfs Ecclie Epus
►p Ego Athelwoldus IVintonienfis Ecc/e Epus
►p Ego JElfJlanus Rofenfs Eccle Epus
44 >p Ego Mfcwycus Dorecenfs Eccle Epus
44 >p Ego JElfeagus Licedfeldenfis Eccle Epus
44 >p Ego Mthelfinus Scir eburnenfis Eccle Epus Commodum duxi.
a Eg0 H7 ulgarus Wiltunienfs Eccle Epus Confirmavi,
44 >p Ego Athufus Herefordenfs Eccle Epus Ovanter divulgavi .
44 >p Ego /Ethulgarus Cijfenienfis Eccle Epus Adnotavi.
44 >p Ego Sigarus Willenfis Eccle Epus Gaudenter conclufi.
44 >p Ego Ml uric us Cridenfis Eccle Epus Amen Dixi,
44 >p Ego Sigarus Mlamhamenfis Ecclie Epus Confgillavi ,
44 Atq\ cum preferiptis archiepifcopis & epifeopis , abbatibus , lumU
44 accenfis violator es hujus munificenticr , dignitatis immo apof~
44 /c//c£ tranfgreffores hujus decreti in perpetuum excom . nifi parti -
44 tulatam penitentiam refpifendo per agant
a
a
a
Adquievi .
Corroboravi.
Suppofui,
lmprefji,
Confolidavi,
Then
2 3-9
Mr. Astle on an aniient Charter .
Then follow 10 Abbots;
«< >j< Ego JEldred Abbas confevfi, & regis Ju'fq ; precipientibus
il hanc libertatis fingrapham fcripfi, Anno Dominice Incarnationis
“ dcccc1110 lxviiii"0. Indict. xnma. Idus Maj , Anno xmma.
“ Regni Regis EaagariA
Then follow 9 Dukes and 9 Priefts.
The proofs of the forgery are confirmed beyond all poffibi-
lity of doubt by the names of the witnefles. The anachro-
lhfms in the lift of the Bifhops are great in the extreme. Se¬
veral bifhops are mentioned as witnefles to your Charter in
969, that were not bifhops till long afterwards ; and others
are not to be found in any of the catalogues of our bifhops : for
example, in your Charter,
Ofwald ftiles himfelf Archbifhop of York in 969, who did
not arrive at that dignity till 971 or 97 2, as Bifhop Godwin,
Mr. Le Neve, and others agree.
yElfftan was not bifhop of Rochefter till the year 980.
AElfeagus did not attain the fee of Lichfield till 992, fays
Godwin, de Prsefulibus Angliae, Edit. Cantab, p. 31 1.
AEthelfinus was not bifhop of Sherborn till 986.
Wulgarus was not bifhop of Wilton till 981.
Athulphus was not made bifhop of Hereford before 997.
JEthulgarus did not obtain the bifhoprick of Cifa or Selfey
till 980.
Sigarus was not confecrated bifhop of Wells before 9^5*
iEluricus is here faid to be bifhop of Crediton or Kirton in
Devonfhire, which fee was afterwards removed to Exeter ; but I
do not find that any fuch perfon was ever bifhop of that fee.
Sigarus is called bifhop of Elmham, which fee was after-
n wards
240 Mr. Astle on an antlent Charter .
wards removed to Norwich ; but his name does not appear in
any of the catalogues of bilhops of Elmham or Norwich.
^Eldred, the abbot, is faid to have written the Charter in
969 in the 12th year of the indidtion and in the 13th year
of the reign of king Eadgar ; but the author of the forgery
did not recoiled that king Eadgar began to reign in 959, and
that the 13th year of his reign muft have been A. D. 972.
Thus I have given you my fentiments concerning your
Charter, which is a curious monument of the ignorance, as
well as of the art and knavery, of thofe who were the fabrica¬
tors. Thefe remarks may alfo caution Antiquaries againfl
having too much veneration for charters, or other documents
which appear to be ancient, without inquiring into their au¬
thenticity. I remain,
Dear Sir,
Your molt faithful and
1 ~ „. ■ * .
Moft obedient Servant,
THOMAS ASTLE.
<1
XXVIII,
[ 24* ]
XXVIII. Inventory of Crown Jewels , 3 Edw. III.
From a Record in the Exchequer , communicated by
Craven Ord, Efq . F* A . a?. Dec. 9, 1790.
INDENTUR A fa&a inter D’um Ric’m de Bury nup’ cuftodem
Garderobe D’ni Regis E. Tercij poft Conqueftum & Magr’m
Thomam de Garton fuccedentem eiderri in eodem officio, de
jocalibus, veflellamentis auri & argenti, & alijs, remanentibus in
eadem Garderoba, & lib’ eidem Mag’ro Thome p* d’m D’um
Ric’m apud Glouceftr’ 24 die Septembr’ anno regin ejufdem
D’ni n’ri regis tercio, quo die idem Mag’r Thom’ fufcepit dictum
officium, videl’t,
De jocalibus receptis de D’no Roberto de Wodehous nup*
cuftode ejufdem Garderobe p’ Indenturam, videlicet,
£• s- «
■»t 1 .r "1 • , u _ . _ 1*_
59 10
pardo, J
3 Coclear’ arg’ plan’ fine figno, precij,
[a] An ouclie, a gold ftud or felting for jewels. In the Inventory of Hemy
V’s jewels, plate, &c. Rot. Pari. IV. 210. is a gold nouche in form of a rofe
fet with fapphires.
[£] Emeralds.
Vol. X.
Ii
Aquar*
242
Inventory of Crown Jewels, 3 Edw. III.
£- s'
55 3
IG2
4 1 7 1
Aquar are deaur & ay me ,,
^ & , . Jr , L. J / pond 2 marc 7
partes extra aym in iundo mrra ,
y ' r n • r U11C dl PreciJ>
& camoc [# J infra, * J
Ciphus argenti de eadem fe&a, | Ponc^ 4 ^arc ^
j unc o ct % prcc •
Ciphus argenti de eadem feda, l^^^prec*^
Due pelves arg’ deaur’ & ingravat’
in fundo de ymag’ fc’i falvator’
dat’ D’no Regi p* decanum [<?] > pond’ utriufque 5 majc di*
eccl’ie fandi Petri Ebor’ ibidem 1
28 die Maij, - - - J
Una pelvis arg’ deaur’ p* totum &
ayrn’ in fundo de arm’ regis,
cum tuello dat’ d’no regi p’ ep’m
, Line* [/].
Una pelvis conf’ [ g ] cum tuello 1 d
dat’ regi p eundem ep’m, j
Ciphus arg’ deaur’ dupplic’ tali' [h] )
Sc aym’ extra in lofeng’ de arm’/
Angl* &Francie & infra in fundo V pond'
& cooperculo, dat’ regi p’ merca-
tores de focietate Bardorum [/],
►pond’
4 12 Si
4 9
7 16 3
Olla
[c] Enamelled. [ d ] Camoca , a fort of iilk or velvet. Da Cange.
[e] Robert Pickering, 1312 — 1332.
[/] Henry Burgherlh, 1320 — 1343.
fol Confimilis. [If]. double intaglia.
[/] The Corfini : a fet of Italian merchants, infamous for ufurious contrails
particularly in France, whence our kings drove them out by repeated laws and
flatutes. Of thofe iffued by the king of France the moll famous is an edi£t of
St. Louis 1268, permitting them to a£t as merchants, provided they did not prac¬
tice ufury, and another of Philip le Hardi 1346. Mathew Paris fpeaks of them
as
Inventory of Crown Jewels , 3 Edvv. III.
► pond*]
Qlla arg’ de fe£ta ejufdem ciphi ] ,
dat’ regi p’ eofdem mercatores, j
Una tuba arg’ cum duabus boc’ [k]
arg* deaur’ & fign’ de diverfis
arm’ videlt’ j de arm’ regis Angl*
com’ Lane’ & Warrenn* fe’e
Etheldr’ Elien & . • . Epi Elien’
& alia de arm’ Rob’ti de Wa-
tevill & aliorum magnatum fi-
mul cum cafula de corio ferro
ligat’ & ferur’ dat’ regi p’ ep’m
Elien* [/JapudLinc’ ibdieSept’.
anno primo,
Ciphus arg’ deaur’ chifell’ extra*1
& aym’ in fundo &c in fummo
cooperculi, -
Ciphus arg’ alb’ cum pede &')
cooperculo aym’ in pomello de >pond'
6 leopardis,
Ciphus arg’ plat’ alb’ fign’ de
uno leopardo parvo extra in Ipond’
fundo, - -
£•
24 3
s, d.
50 9
66
pond’ 43. prec* 460
I
4 5
o 17 11
as a public nuifance in England in the middle of the 13th century. Henry II.
expelled them, but by the interference of the Pope re-admitted them, and foon
after in 1251 drove them away again. They were one divifion of the Lorn-
lards , by which general name the Italian merchants, who lent money were
diftinguilhed all over Europe, but divided into focieties or companies called
from the head of the firm or houfe, Amanati , Accaioiuli , Bardi, Corjtni , G'aor-
cini, Caurjini , or Gavoarfini. Du Cange voc. Gaorcini. Rymer, IV. 463, has
preferved a recommendation from Edward III. 1331, to David king of Scot¬
land, to repay on his account to certain merchants of the fociety of Bardi at
Florence 1000 out of 1300 marks due to him from David’s father Robert.
[£] Q. boaUy mouth pieces. [/] John Hotham, 1316 — 1 337-
Duo
I i 2
244
Inventory of Crown Jewels, 3 Edw. III.
*
£■
S,
d ;
Duo ciphi conf’
pond cujullibet,
0
l8
1
4 Ciphi arg’ conf*
pond’ cujullibet,
0
*7
9
7 Ciphi argenti conf*
pond’ cujullibet,
0
18
0
Unus ciphus arg’ conf*
pond’
0
*7
8
Duo ciphi arg plat fign extra in') . n..
r f >pond cujullibet,
fundo de uno leopardo, j J
0
14
1
Ciphus arg’ conf’
pond’
0
J3
10
Duo ciphi arg’ conf*
pond’ cujullibet.
0
14
3-
Duo ciphi arg’ plat’ fign’ extra in'
1
fundo de uno fcuch’ de
arm*
^pond’ cujullibet,
0
12
4
Angl’ -
Ciphus arg’ plat’ conf’
1
pond*
0
1 2
1 1
Ciphus arg’ plat’ conf*
pond’
0
1 2
10
Ciphus arg’ plat’ conf*
pond’
0
*3
1 1
Ciphus arg’ conf*
pond’
0
14
1
Ciphus arg’ conf’
pond*
0
H
5
Duo ciphi arg' conf’
pond’ cujullibet,
0
14
4
Duo ciphi arg’ conf*
pond’ cujullibet,
0
*3
Ciphus arg’ conf*
pond*
0
14
3
Olla arg’ magna de una lag*,
vetus''
& fradla fign’ in cooperculo
de
>pond’
7
6
1 1
arm* Angl*
-
J
■
Olla arg’ conf’
O
-
pond* N
7
8
5
Olla arg’ cum cooperculo
de
■\
3
quarter’ p’ eftimaco’em cum uno
>pond*
I 12
0
leopardo in tenone [*»],
-
J
Olla arg’ conf’
-
pond*
1 18
4
[m] In the Inventory of Henry V’s Wardrobe are “ Pottes jaloners (gallon
pots) d’ argentz covertz fignez ovec libarcl cn lei handelles
2 Pelvis
245
Inventory of Crown Jewels, 3 Edw. III.
Pelvis arg’ cum 1 fetich* de arm*
Angl* in fundo,
Pelvis argenti conf*
Pelvis argenti conf*
Pelvis argenti coni*
Aquar’ arg’ cum tuello de arm*
Angl’ in cooperculo.
Aquar* argenti conf’
Aquar’ argenti conf’
Pelvis arg’ pro capella deaur’ in
fundo & bordur*
Pelvis argenti conf*
30 difei arg’ fign’ cum leopardo
extra in fundo,
6 difei argenti conf’
29 difei argenti conf*
57 difei argenti conf ’
3 difei argenti conf’
7 difei argenti conf’
2 difei argenti conf’
Unus difeus arg’ conf*
11 disf iargenti conf*
Unus difeus arg’ conf’
8 difei argenti conf’
Unus difeus arg’ conf’
Unus difeus arg’ conf’
Unus difeus arg’ conf’
Unus difeus arg’ conf’
3 difei argenti conf’
4 difci argenti conf’
■ pond’ cujuflibet,
pond’ cujuflibet,
pond’ cujuflibet,
pond’ cujuflibet,
pond’ cujuflibet,
pond’ cujuflibet,.
pond’ cujuflibet,
pond.’
pond* cujuflibet,
pond’
pond* cujuflibet,
pond’
pond’
pond’
pond*
pond’ cujuflibet,
pond’ cujuflibet,
483
4 7 10
476
481
° 59 5
o 5$ 10
o 59 8
o 38 7
o 40 I
o 28 4
O 27 2
O 28 2
O 28 O
o 27 O
O27 9
o 28 8
o 26 11
o 27 8
026 8
o 27 11
o 28 7
O 26 2
o 25 IO
O 26 IO
0 2 7 7
O27 l
Difeus
246 Inventory of Crown fewe/s, 3 Edw. III.
£>•
5,
d.
Difcus arg’ magnus pro interfercul’
fign* extra in fun do de uno leo-
>pond* 0
54
1 1
pardo cum labell*
Difcus arg* magnus conf’
pond’ 0
55
6
Duo difei arg’ magni pro interfer-]
r pond’ utriufque, . 0
35
2
cults non lign J
Duo difei arg’ magni Coni ’
pond’ utriufque, 0
35
9
Unus difcus arg’ magnus coni’
pond’ 0
35
3
Unus difcus arg’ magnus conf’
pond’ 0
35
5
13 falfar’ arg’ fign* cum uno’ leo-1
.pond’ cujuflibet, 0
8
4
pardo extra in fund
58 filfar’ arg’ conf
pond’ cujuflibet, 0
8
3
21 falfar’ arg’ conf*
pond* cujuflibet, 0
8
1
25 falfar’ arg’ coni ’
pond’ cujuflibet, 0
8
0
1 3 falfar’ arg’ conf *
pond’ cujuflibet, 0
7
9
13 falfar’ arg’ conf’
pond* cujuflibet, 0
7
1 r
7 falfar’ arg’ conf*
pond’ cujuflibet, 0
7
7
Unum falfar’ arg’ conf ’
pond* 0
8
8
6 falfar’ arg’ conf’
pond’ cujuflibet, 0
7
6
Unum falfar arg’ conf’
pond’ 0
8
5
Unum falfar’ arg’ conf *
pond* 0
8
9
Una navis arg’ cum 4 rot’ & i ca-h
pite dracon’ deaur’ ad utrumque ?-pond’ jz
7
4
finem ejufdem navis, j
Olla arg’ magna coifata \ti\ pro"
elem’ [0] cum capite regis ex una
>pond’ 15
l3
4
parte & capite epi’ ex altera, J
13 difei arg’ iign* extra in bordur’"
pond’ 14
l9
0
de arm’ de Harcla.
‘prec’ 16
0
0
[7/] Q_ ribbed , though not in tins fenfe in the Gloflaries.
[<?] Q_ for the confecrated elements as in the Inventory of Henry V. Rot*
Pad. IV. 222. “ 1 boifte pur le facrament depefehe.”
2 plat’
Inventory of Crown Jewels , 3 Edvv. III.
247
£
X.
d.
2 plat’ arg* pro fpe’bus aymell’ [p]'
pond’ utriufque, 31
8
0
in fundo de arm* regis Anglie.
prec’ utriufque, 36
8
0
2 pelvis arg’ deaur’ aym’.in fundo^
de arm’ Angl’ & Franc’ quarum
.pond’ 61. is. prec* 6
1 1
0
una cum tuello.
6 difei novi non fign at i,
pond’ 7/. 1 ox. prec’ 8
0
0
Salare arg’ aymell’ per totum de di—
pond* 0
46
8
verfis babevvynis & oifelettis [q],.
Plat’arg’pro fpe’bus [r] cum bordur*'
prec* 7 marc,
pond’ 0
5°
10
ingravat’& deaur’ de chaceisfx],
prec’ 0
64
*4
1 5 coclear’ arg’ lign’ de uno leo-1
pardo extra,
■ pond’ 0
23
9
Calix arg’ deaur’ & ingravat’
pond’ 0
28
4
Calix arg’ deaur’,
pond* 0
46
8
2 cruetti arg’ deaur* cum lapidibus]
& albis perils.
- pond’ 0
1 3
1
3 portifor’ de ulu Sarum.
2 miffalia notata de eodem ufu.
Unum gradale notatum de eodem ufu.
Una c alula de panno de ferico rub* cum tunic* dalmatic*, 2 cap
choral*, 3 alb’, 3 amit*. 2 floP, 3 phanon’ [t\ de fed a [u1.
2 frontal’ de panno viridi de Turkie j*] lineat’ de cardia India [y],
[p] “ Efmailles en les founces ove armes.” Rot. Pari. IV. 222.
[q] Baboons and little birds.
[r] Spice difhes. Inventory of H. V. Ib. 227. [x] Hunting matches.
[/] A kind of altar cloth or napkin. Du Cange, v. Fanon. [ u ] Of a fuit.
M P annus Turquinus iff Drop Turquois are found in Charpentier, who ex¬
plains it blue cloth.
[y. Car da Inda , Carda Indlci color is, iff cardc croceo iff lndico , occur in inventories
of church furniture in Du Cange, but without explanation. Charpentier
adds, it feems a fort of cloth. Its ufe here is for lining. In the Inventory of
the Wardrobe of Henry V. (Rot. Pari. IV. 231.) we have “ ii Materaez de
“ Cardc."
Una
.24 8 Inventory of Crown. “Jewels , 3 Edw. TIT.
Una cafula cum tunic’ dalmatic* de panno albo de ferico lineat’
de cindone viridi.
Unum pulvinar’ de panno de ferico radiato.
Una cafs’ pro corporali de famite broudato cum corporali in
•eadem.
Una cafs* pro corporali de panno de ferico antiquo cum cor¬
porali in eadem.
Unu* tuell’ pro altari cum j parur’ de famite indio broudat’ de
diverfis capit’.
2 tuall’ pro altari fine parur’*
6 fuperpellicia de tela.
2 tuall* curt’ procapella.
Unum fuperaltare [2] lapideum.
.2 cap. chori de una fedla de quodam panno de Naflik [a] poudr’
de griffon’ & pavon*.
3 fuperpellicia de tela.
Unum pfalterium bonum coopertum de panno de ferico, alumpn’
[£j de auro & azura.
Olla argent i pro buttillar* pond* 113/.
Olla argenti conf* pond’ 112/.
Olla argenti. pond’ 66s. $d.
9 ciphi arg’ de curfu [V], pond’ cnjuflibet, 13^. 7*/.
3 cophin’ de corio ferro ligat’ pro oliis predict is.
Unus cophinus de corio pro quodam tripode j ciphi.
Unus cophinus de corio pro ciphis arg’ predifris.
2 pann’a [d’] nigra, ferro ligat’ pro officio buttillarie.
[z] Du Cange explains fuperaltare either by cibotium , or a portable altar. In
this inftance the epithet lapideum mull mean “ made of precious Hones.”
[a] Neither Du Cange nor Charpentier have this term.
\b ] Charpentier gives a Uumenare for illuminat e in the fenfe of lighting candies ;
here it is ufed in the fenfe of ornamenting by painting.
[c] Of courfe, qu. in common ufe or ordinary.
[4] P armaria i bafkets.
Pelvis
;els, 3 Edw. III.
249
• St
ipond’
76^ 8 d.
pond’
1
0 60 9
Ipond’
0 67 10
camera d’ni regis,
Unum lavater* argenti,
Pelvis are:’ alb’ & inprav;
j dorfor’[/], 2 cotter’ [g], j banquer’ [h] pro’ aula de arm*
d’nor E. & I. [/] fil* Rs.
j faccusde corio pro eifdem intruttand*.
j dorforium, 2 coder’ j banquer’ pro aula maftulat’ [k] de arm*
com’ Lane’ Heref* & Pembr’.
j faccus de corio pro’ eifdem intrulTand’.
Unu’ morter* eneu’ cum j pilo ferr’ pro officio f’pear’
Unum pondus eneum de 16 marcis in preeijs pro minutis rebus
ponder’.
Unum par balancium.
j anfer [/] pro groffis ponderibus.
[<?] With the arms of Edward the Black Prince.
[_/] CL hangings for the back of a bed or chair, or of walls in general. Char-
pentier in voce. In the Inventory of Henry V’s Wardrobe (Rot. Pari. IV. 232.)
occur “ 1 Dofer d’ Arras' d’or veilf’ with hiftorics, p. 234, “ 1 dofer over ii
“ coders de worded rouge pur le fale,” p. 217, <e 1 dofer de baudekyn d’or,”
p. 241, “ i dofer pur un fale.”
fgj A kind of hanging for beds or walls. Du Cange from an inventory of
the king’s chapel at Wedminder. Mon. Ang. III. iii. 81 h Madox, For-
mul. Ang. 432. In the Inventory of Henry V’s Wardrobe (Rot. Pari. II. 230.)
we have “ 1 banker d’ Arras overe de divers ymages, qui commence en Fef-
“ criptur’ Jeo vous ayme localment.” Others, p. 232, “ launz or,” others of
Arras, p. 233.
[/?] Q. Hangings or coverings for benches or feats joined with iapetes in
Fleta, II. ir, Du Cange in voce. In the Inventory of Henry V.’s Wardrobe
(Rotul. Pari. IV. 231.) we find “ 1 coder de worded vermaille,” others with
feripture and emblematic hidories, lb. p. 232. They leem from the fubjeds to
have been appropriated to chapels.
' [/] The arms of the Black Prince and his brother John of Gaunt.
U] Q^maculat' q. d. fpotted. [/] Not in the Glodaries.
Vol. X. Kk ' ■ jeoffr’
250 Inventory of Crown Jewels , 3 Edw. Ill*
JT. s . <£
j coffr’ ftand’ pro offic’ candelar’.
6 patelle eris.
2 magne olle eris.
j parva olla eris vetus & fradta,
j patella ferri pro friatura [#»].
4 broch* ferri magni
j craticula vetus & fra&a quad nullius valorise
2'turnar* ferri.
j fecuris pro bufca fecanda.
2 magne bulgee [0] pro difcis arg’ intruflandis.
2 befar* [/>] de corio pro difcis arg’ intrufiandis*
j bulgea de corio cum crochett*.
Unum calefadlorium eris pro offic* aquar’.
j pax deofculator’ arg’ aym* cum uno crucifixo, pond*
2 barell’ f^] arg’ deaur* cum zonisl
argenti minutis.
Plat’ de jafpide pro fpe’bus cum
pede argent’ & circumfer’ d’ce
plat’ cum lapid’ & perlis,
Una puchea [r'J de canabo’ fign’ figillo epi’ Exon’ [j] Thef*
que intitulatur fic ; 44 Clavis interioris camere juxta aulam
nigram in Turri London’ ubi jocalia Thefauri regis privata
reponuntur.”
o 28
j pond’ in toto
4
o 40 o
>pond* in toto, o 60 o
[ot] In Henry Y’s Inventory, p. 222, we have “ 1 frying panne, 1 fklife
“ ( flice ) and 1 ladeil d’argent.”
[«] Spits, gridirons, and other kitchen furniture, are not omitted in the in¬
ventory of Henry V. Rot. Pari. IV. 241.
[0] Bulga , a Gaulifh word for a leather bag. Feftus & Du Cange in v..
■ [p] Sic orig. Cb for befac' befaccia, a wallet. Du Cange in v.
[?] A barrell, lb. Barillus. Wardrobe account of Ed. I.
[r] A pouch. Du Cange, v. Pouchea. Puche> Invent, of Henry V. Rot.
Pari. IV. 238.
[jJ Walter Stapledon, 1307 — 1326.
Una
Inventory of Crown Jewels, 3 Edw. III. 251
Una parva burfa linea fign* figillis d’norum Rogeri de Nortli-
burgh [/] & Rogeri de Waltham |T^] cui appenditur una cedula
que lie inferibitur.” In ifta puchea continentur claves de cruce
Gneyth [,v] exiftent’ in capella infra Turrim London’ ubi me.
moralia regis que funt in cuftodia thef ’ & camerar’ de fcaccario
fub clavibus eorumdem exiftunt.’
De Jocalibus & VelTellamentis argenti & alijs receptis de
D’110 Will’mo Cufance [y],
Coquilla cum pede & cooperculo arg’ deaur’ & aymell’ de
dono Walteri Reynaud archiepi’ Cantuar’ [a],
Coquilla cum pede & cooperculo arg’ deaur’ & aymell* de
dono D’ni Johi’s de Haftinges.
Lavator arg’ deaur’ & aym’ adi
modum Cirene [a] de dono Johis’ Ipond* 0 59 2
de V anne, J
[/] Clerk, Rymer, III. 406. keeper of the great feal, and taken by the
Scots 1313, keeper of the wardrobe to Edward II. 1316. Ib. 347. archdeacon of
Richmond, 1318. Ib. 698. recommended by the king to the pope the fame
year, (Ib. 733, 762.) for the prebend of Willow in the church of York, 1319,
(Ib. 776, 1320, 846.) when he was fecretary to the king, who wifhed to get
him a cardinal’s hat, (Ib. 8.49. 887.) and made bilhop of Lichfield, (Ib. 920.
921.) in which laft fuit he fucceeded, 1322, Ib. 333. 948. Godwin fpcaks
unfavourably of his ambition. He filled the fee 38 years, and died 1359.
[«] Keeper of the forfeited lands in Stafford (hire, 1322, 13 Edw. II. Rymer,
III. 963, and of the wardrobe from 15 to 17 Edw. II. his account of which
in 300 pages, is in the hands of Mr. Aftle.
[*] Of this crofs fee the GlofTary to the Wardrobe account of Edward I. t®
which add that Edward I. granted to the ten perfons who brought back to him
at Conway that piece of the wood of the crofs which the Wefh called Crojfe-
neybt, and which Lcwellin late prince of Wales and his predeceffors princes
of Wales had, exemption from following his army in any expedition out
of the four Cantreds. (Rymer III. 247.)
•[■>] ^ him fee Rymer, IV. 119. 549. 624. He was a canon of Ripon, Ib.
698. 620. He was employed to negotiate a loan for Edward III. 1240, Ib. V.
172, and to borrow wool for him 1347. (Ib. 583,) He is called keeper of
the wardrobe 134J, (Ib. 256. 276.) Treafurer 1342 and 1343, (Ib. 342. 381.)
[*] 1 3 1 3^ — j32 7 Lord Chancellor and Treafurer. [a] Sircnes, a Siren.
K k 2 Enfis
*■ X
\
252 Inventory of Crown fewels , 3 Edw. III.
Enfis garnit’ de velvetto nigro cum zona ftipata argenti
deaur* & aymell*.
De VefTellametitis argenti dat* d’110 regis per diverfos mag¬
nates tarn in partibus fcifmarinis quam tranfmarinis per vices
anno tercio videlicet,
jT. s. d.
Ciphus arg’ deaur’ camoc’ & ay m’
in fund’ infra & extra & circum-
fer’ de diverfis bed’ [b\ cum tri-
pode triangulat’, aym’ cum
ymag’ trium regum Angl’ Franc* ^ pond’
& Ifpan’ dat’ d’no regi per re-
ginam [c] Ifpan’ apud Turrim
London’ 10 die Februar’ anno
tercio.
Aquar’ arg’ deaur’ triang* & aym’
de ymag’ trium regum Dan-
march’ Alena’ & Aragon’ de dono
ejuldem regine ibidem eodem \
die, J
Ciphus arg’ conf* deaur’ & aymell*'
extra per totum & infra in fundo
de avibus minutis cum pede
& cooperculo dat’ dono regi per y pond’
Abbatem de C'lunv, apud Am-
bian’ [r/] 8 die Jun’ anno pre«
fente tercio,
6 6 8
o 68 o
o 104 10
\b~\ Beftiis.
[c] Jean eld eft daughter of Edward III. efpoufed by proxy to Alphonfo III.
king of Arragon, who died 1291 before folemnization.
[^] Amiens.
Aquar’
Inventory of Crown Jewels , 3 Ed w. III. 253
£• s* d.
Aquar’ arg’ de eadem fedta dat’ ei-^
dem d’no rcgi per didtum abba- >pond’
59 4
pond’
5 1 »
tem ibidem eodem die,
Ciphus auri cum pede & cooper-
culo cum 4 Icuch’ de arm’,
j leonelli in fundo pomell’ &
fummo cooperculi dat’ d’no regi
per com’ March’ apud Wygge-
more 6 die Sept’
Aquar’ arg’ deaur’ & aym’ per^
partes conftrudt* ad mod’ J. ha- /
nonenf’jY] cum cap’ lanid’ equi- I
tant’ balewyno dat’ d’no regi f Pon(^
per eundem com. ibidem eodem l
die, 9
Aquar’ auri dat’ d’no regi perl
d’nam reginamifpan’a. udWyn- [pond’
def’ 3 die Febr. anno tercio,
De Jocalibu?, Viffellamentis auri & argenti, & alijs receptis
de venerabili patre d’no Thom’ Hereforden* Epo’ Thef* &
Camerar’ de fcaccario per j indenturam cujus dat’ eft apud
Weftm’ 22 die Jan’ a0. 3d0. vid’z.
Unus ciphus auri ponder’ p* pond’ fterlingi, o 64
O 59 J
o 31
10
Aquar’ arg’ planus deaur’ & aymell*
in cooperculo,
Tres* difci arg’ fign* cum uno'
parvo leopardo extra in bordur’
pond’ 2 marc’ 2 unc*
prec’ o 50
pond* cujuflibet, o 28
v
[«] Thomas Charleton 1327 — 1340.
7
10
8
3
3 Difci
J254 inventory of Crown Jewels, 3 Edw. III.
3 Difci arg’ conf’
7 Difci arg’ conf’
4 Difci arg’ conf’
2 Difci arg’ conf’
2 1 Difci arg’ conf’
19 Difci arg’ conf5
-15 Difci arg* conf*
44 Difci arg’ conf*
1 7 Difci arg’ conf*
22 Difci arg’ conf*
28 Difci arg’ conf*
27 Difci arg’ conf*
Difci arg* conf*
20 Difci arg’ conf*
7 Difci arg* conf *
1 1 Difci arg’ conf*
4 Difci arg’ conf*
6 Difci arg’ conf*
j Difcus arg’ conf’
4 Difci arg’ conf ’
j Difcus arg’ conf*
j Difcus arg’ conf*
3 Salfar’ arg’ cum uno parvo
pardo extra in bordur*
2 Salfar’ arg’ eonf’
3 Salfar’ arg’ conf’
8 Salfar* arg* conf*
io Salfar* arg’ conf ’
19 Salfar* arg’ conf’
40 Salfar’ arg’ conf*
5
pond’ cujuflibet,
£•
O
s,
28
dc
1
pond* cujuflibet,
O
28
6
pond’ cujuflibet,
O
28
5
pond* cujuflibet.
O
28
4
pond’ cujuflibet.
O
28
3
pond’ cujuflibet.
O
28
2
pond’ cujuflibet,
O
28
1
pond’ cujuflibet,
O
28
0
pond’ cujuflibet,
O
27
1 1
pond’ cujuflibet,
0
2 7
10
pond’ cujuflibet,
O
27
9
pond* cujuflibet,
O
2 7
8
pond’ cujuflibet,
O
2 7
7
pond* cujuflibet,
O
27
6
pond* cujuflibet,
O
27
5
pond’ cujuflibet,
O
27
4
pond* cujuflibet,
O
27
3
pond* cujuflibet,
O
27
2
pond’
O
2 7
1
pond’ cujuflibet,
O
26
10
pond’
O
26
7
pond
O
.26
6
leo-j
-pond’ cujuflibet,
O
8
8
_/ J
pond’ utriufque,
O
8
7
pond’ cujuflibet,
O
8
6
pond’ cujuflibet,
O
8
5
pond’ cujuflibet,
0
8
4
pond’ cujuflibet,
0
8
3
pond’ cujuflibet,
0
8
2
67 Salfar*
Inventory of Crown Jewels , 3 Echv. III.
67 Salfar* arg* conf9
57 Salfar’ arg’ conf’
31 Salfar’ arg’ conf*
18 Salfar’ arg’ conf’
7 Salfar’ arg’ conf*
2 Salfar’ arg’ conf’
2 Salfar’ arg’ conf’
j Salfar’ arg’ conf’
pond* cujuflibet,
pond’ cujuflibet,
pond’ cujuflibet,
pond’ cujuflibet,
pond’ cujuflibet,
pond’ utriufque,
pond’ utriufque,
pond’
255
f. s, d .
o 8 r
080
o 7 1 1
o 7 10
0 7 9
078
o 7 7
076
De Jocalibus & Veflellamentis auri & argenti receptis de
venerabili patre D’no Thoma Epo’ Heref ’ Thef’ & Camerar’
de fcaccario per unam indenturam cujus dat’ eft apud Weftm’’
20 die Maij anno tercio, videl’t.
Ciphus arg’ cum triper* [f] deaurM pond’ 5 marc* 30 d,
& aym’ in lofeng’ J prec’ 119^. 6d,
Ciphus argenti conf’ cum trifer’[/]| pond’ 5 marc’ iod0.
fratlo, Jprec’ 6/. is. %d.
Plat’ arg’ pro fpe’bus cum[Y]coo-q ^ , . »
5 r (pond 10 marc 2 unc
perculo ay’m infra & extra cumj K , .
• I pi cC 21m
coclear’ arg’ deaur’ &aym’ infra, J
Aquar’ arg’ deaur’ vinetar’ & fe-’lpond’ 5 marc’ nd.
minatus de aymell’ jprec’ 7/. os. yd.
Aquar’ arg’ deaur’ camoc’ & ay- 'l pond’ 2 marc’ 2 unc’ 18 d»
mell’ in pomell’ J prec’ 62s. 4 d.
Aquar’ arg’ de eadem fe£ta, pond’ 24>r. prec’ 47 s.
Aquar’ arg’ planus deaur’ & aym’
in cooperculo,
pond’ 2 marc’ 4 unc’
prec’ 64J.
[f J Triforium , a border. Du Cange.
[£] Efpice plate. Invent, of Henry V. Rot. Pari. IV. 214*.
Aquar5"
Inventory of Crown Jewels , 3 Edw. Ill,
pond* 2 marc* 5 unc* 4 d.
256
Aquar’ arg’ de eadem feda,
}
prec* 6 ys. 1 id.
Ipond’ 2 marc* 5 unc* 2 d. ob.
prec* 52 s. 2 d.
1 pond* j marc’ j unc’ & di*
Aquar’ argenti de eadem feda, j prec’ 26j, 6^.
Olla argenti deaur’ & feminat’ despond’ 5 marc’ 2 unc’ lod.
aymeli*
Ciphu<s arg’ deaur’ camoc’ & ay
mell* in fundo & pomell’
Ciphus argenti de eadem fed a,
Ciphus arg’ de eadem feda,
Ciphus argenti de eadem feda,
J prec’ yl. os. 8 d.
-] pond’ 4 marc’ 4 unc’ 3d.
prec’ iooj. yd.
pond’ 64/. 2 d.
prec’ 61. 8i. 4 d.
*] pond’ 465*
’prec’ 4/. 1 2s.
pond’ j marc’ 2 yd. ob.
prec’ 1 1 5s.
■) pond’ 5 marc’ 6 unc’ & di’
Ciphus argenti de eadem feda, 'prec» 7/. 13s.
Ciphus arg’ deaur* planus extra & pond’ 3 marc’ 4 unc yd.
ponfon’ infra &aymell’ in fundo, ^ prec’ 4/. os. 3d.
Ciphus argenti de eadem feda,
pond* 2 marc’ 7 unc’ 10 d.
prec’ 6^s. 4 d.
1 pond’ 2 marc’ 7 unc’
Ciphus argenti de eadem feda, jprec’
Ciphus argenti deaur’ planus extral pond’ 3 marc’ 2 unc’ 3d.
<y camocatus infra, J prec’ 4/. ys. 6d.
Ciphus arg’ deaur’ caftell’ & ca’l pond’ 2 marc’ 6 unc’ 13^.
m’oc infra & extra, Jprec’ 13s.
Ciphus argenti deaur’ & chifellatus
de granis,
pond’ 4 marc’ 2 unc’ 1 3d.
prec’ 102 s. 3d.
Ciphus
Inventory of Crown Jewels , 3 Edw. lit.
Ciphus argenti deaur’ camoc* &
tali’ de babevvyn*
pond’ 3 marc* 3^.
prec’ 6 marc’ 6^.
Ciphus argenti de eadem fe£ta, V °tK] 3 ‘nau I0^*
J prec 7 marc 20 d*
Ciphus arg’ deaur’ cum 6 cotter’ 1 p0nd’ 3 marc’ 4^.
& pomelP de fementar’ J prec’ 7 u. 2r/.
Due pelves arg* cum bordur’ deaur’l
, . I pond 7/. ur. 4^.
& aym in fund© infra utrumque f , ,
, . . . .. prec 10/. 4 s. 8tf.
de j leone in medio, J
Due pel ves arnenti deaur’ quarum^! „ _ ,
, • r j j • „ l pond’ 8/. 5/.
i aym in rundo de j venatore & f , ,
& altera de j lagittar J
Due pelves arg* deaur’ in bordur’
aym’ in fundo de arm’ Angl
quarum una cum gutt’a,
Due pelves arg’ cum tuell’ deaur’ &'| pond’ 8 marc’
aymell’in fundodediverlis bettijs, J prec’ 8/. 4/.
Due pelves arg’ deaur’ in bordur’-'
& aym’ in fundo utraque cum ?
j leopardo & dracone, j
Due pelves arg’ deaur’ in bordur’ |
& aym’ in fundo de arm’ Angl
quarum una cum gutta’
j nuch’ auri cum 3 faphir* de
oriente z rub’ garnit’ de rubeis, prec* 20 marc’
admirald* & perils,
Firmaculum auri cum rub’ & ad-| prec’ 4.0s
mirald* ^
, ) pond’ 14 marc* 6 unc
J prec’ 17/. 131. 2 d.
pond’ 8/. i6r.
| prec’ 12/. 2S. 8^/.
pond’ 1 4 marc’ 6 unc*
prec’ 1 7/. 13*. 2 d.
Vol. X.
LI
25 8 Inventory of Crown Jewels , 3 Edw. Ill,
j Ciphus auj-i cum pede & cooper-
culo coftellatus garnitus de ay-
mell’ clari coloris de treaumes [6]
& deguttatus [/],
Ciphus auri cum pede & cooper-
culo aym’ clari coloris cum j ba-
lafio in fummitate cooperculi.
Ipond’ 651. 8 d*
per 10L le marc’
prec’ in toto, 49/. 5/,
'j pond’ 4/. 1 6s, 11 d,
J prec’ 71 /. 1 is, 9 d.
5 Coclear’ auri.
' pond’ ior. lod.
’prec’ 9/. 12 s, 6 d.
One of the firft lifts of our crown jewels is contained in the
letter of Margaret queen of France to her brother Henry III.
of England, dated 1261, when they were lodged in the
church of the knights templars at Paris (T], which the laid king
gave his queen Eleanor power to difpofe of, 1264(7].
There is a lift of thofe belonging to Edward I. in his ward¬
robe account publifhed by this Society.
The next in order of time are thofe of Edward II. which
with other effedls came into the hands of Thomas earl of
Lancafter at Newcaftle, and w'ere taken back by commifiioners
appointed 6 Edward II. 1313 [w].
Mr. A file has in the account of Roger de Waltham keeper of
the great wardrobe between 15 and 17 of this reign a lift of
the jewels and plate as well remaining in the king’s wardrobe
in the cuftody of divers officers of the king’s houfhold.
A long inventory of jewels and plate delivered by the exe¬
cutors of Henry V. to John Stafford, High Treafurer of Eng-
[*]
[*'] Spotted with drops.
\_k ] Rymer, I. 370.
[7] lb. 780. 878.
[ot] lb. III. 387. 388,
Jandf
Inventory of Crown Jewels , 3 Edw. III.
Jane], afterwards archbiffiop of Canterbury, is printed in the
Rolls of Parliament of the reign of Henry VI. IV. 215.
Richard de Bury was a native of Bury St. Edmund’s,
educated at Oxfoid, at the charge ol his uncle Willoughby,
and for his eminent qualifications appointed preceptor to Ed¬
ward III. while prince, treafurer to Edward II. in Gafcoine,
hi wmch character he fupphed his queen Ifabel with money
againft her hulband. Her fon on bis accefifion appointed him
his cofferer, keeper of his wardrobe and of the privy leal,
which laft office he held five years, and was one of thofe
prefent in the garden of Newenham priory near Bedford 1328,
when Edward III. re-delivered the great feal to the biffiop of
Lincoln (Henry Burgherft) who had juft before furrendered
it into the king’s wardrobe [«]. The king, 1330, folicited
the pope to beftow on him the prebends held by Gilbert de
Middleton, aichdeacon of Northampton, in the churches of
Hereford, London, and Chichefter |yj, but thefe preferments
feem to have been previoufly engaged"; for Bury was collated
to the archdeaconry of Northampton on Middleton’s death 1330,
but feems to have been put by for Peter de St. Stephen, a Roman
Cardinal [ft] ; was prebendary of Lincoln 1330, which benefice
he exchanged for a prebend of Exeter [q], and held one at
Lichfield in the fame year [r], In the above recommendation
the king calls him his “ beloved clerk and fecretary, whom he
knew to be a man, in corflus providutn , converfaticnis vitce
munditia decorum , literarum feientia praditum , & in agendis qui-
[«] Rymer, IV. 374.
[0] lb. 462.
{./>] Willis Line. 1 10.
[ q ] lb. 148.
[rj -lb. 436.
L 1 2
bujlibet
2 6o Inventory of Crown Jewels, 3 E'dw. III.
bufllbet clrcumfpedium .” He was fent on a commiffion to the pope
l33l M anc^ l333 » being then fecretary to the king, was re*
commended to the pope’s nephews jV], He was promoted tO‘
the fee of Durham 1333, being at the time of his promotion to
it dean of Wells, and after it Chancellor of England 1334, and
Treafurer 1335, and dying 1345, was buried in his church
at Durham where he fat 1 1 years. How well he deferved
his character for literature will be feen by his liberal endow¬
ment of a library at Durham college at Oxford, after he
became bifhop of Durham, to which by his will he left
his books, which were more than all the other bifhops in
England pofleffed, and had been collected by him at no
fmall expence [u\. Petrarch, who met him at the pope’s
court of Avignon, calls him vir ardentis ingenii , and held a
correfpondence with him about his library and collections. See
his Philobiblon, fin i fined 1344, publifhed by Dr. James at
Oxford 1399, and WartOn’s Second DiOertation in his Hiftory
of English Poetry. His charity to the poor and liberality to
his church may be feen in Godwin, p. 749.
Thomas de Garton, who fucceeded in the office of keeper
of the wardrobe, was one of the perfons appointed to affift the
bifhops in removing the religious and receiving their property
when the alien priories were feized into the king’s hands 1324,
18 Ed. II. and affifted the bifhop of Lincoln in Huntingdon-
fhire [x],
ft] P ymer, lb. $02.
[f] lb. 548.
[a] Hilt, and Ant5q. of Oxford, II. 48.
[.*] Rymer, IV. 96, 97.
XXIX.
[ 261 1
,1 iH )
XXIX. Remarks on the Stalls near the Communion
! Table in Maid ft one Churchy with an Enquiry into
the Place of Burial of Archbifhop Courtney. By
the Rev. Samuel Denne, F. A, S . In a Letter to
Richard Gough, DireBcr.
' i 1 4 1 1. ;■>! , I k;J .*>'•! - * - *■ 1 -
Read May 8, 1788.
. . ' • . v . 1 J - . * ' .
• • ; 1 , . . ' . .
#
Dear Sir,
' - • j i ’* v; . * . \ . L i J ! L' 1 * . • i
"J"’ A M much obliged to you for having exhibited to our
JL Society the drawing made by Mr. Fifher of certain
flails noto remaining on the fouth fide of the chancel of Maid-
floue church. Rut previous to my Rating the fuppofed time of
their conhrudlion, with fuch an illuflration of them as may
be thought requifite, I will offer fome general obfervations re¬
lative to fimilar, feats that are flill to be feen in parochial as
Well as cathedral and collegiate churches.
Several writers have given thefe halls the appellation of con-
feffionaries ; but this was an ufe to which they do not by any
means feem to have been adapted, whether we confider the
material of which they are conftrudted, their form, their num¬
ber, or their fituation in the church. Confehional chairs are
now, and probably always were, of wood. Their being made
of hone would have rendered them very uncomfortable, and
even hazardous to the health of the priefts who were to fit in
them
262
Mr. Denne on the
them for many hours together [<*]. The number of thefe feats
not only contiguous to one another, but in many places without
any other partition than a fmall pillar in front, would alfo have
been highly improper for the confidential bufinefs of fecret
confeffions, and their being ere&ed in the chancel would have
been contrary to the avowed purport of divers ecclefiaftical con-
hitutions. By an injunction of archbifhop Raynold, A. 1322,
the p r i e ft was to chufe a place where he could be feen in com¬
mon, and not any fecret place, particularly when women con-
feffed to him. And it was ordered by archbifhop Sudbury,
A. 1378, that the confeffions of a woman fhould be made
without the vail, and in an open place, fo that fhe might be
ieen, though not heard, by the people. But the vail always
hung before the chancel in Lent, which was the ufual time of
confeffions [/»]. In Picart’s Religious Ceremonies we alfo meet
with the following diredion from Alet’s ritual. “ The confeffor
“ muff hear confeffion in the church, at the part of it which
“ is farthefi from the high altar, i. e. at the bottom of the
64 nave, which is moft expofed to the view of the people [c].”
Another idea is, that they were conftru&ed for the pneft,
deacon and fubdeacon to fit in at certain intervals in the cele¬
bration of mals ; and fome pertinent paflages are cited from
Roman miffids in fupport of this opinion | V]. But though
where there were fuch halls, this would probably be an ufe
made of them ; yet, as I imagine, had they been ereCled prin¬
cipally with this view, we fhould conflantly have found three
O] Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. LVr. p. 752.
\i] Johnfon’s Colledion of Ecclefiaftical Laws.
LJ voi. 11. P. 78.
Gent. Mag. Vo1. LVII. p. 663.
halls ;
Stalls in Maidftone Church , 2 6~>
Halls; whereas we often fee only one feat, in fome churches
two, in others three, four, and even five Halls [Vj.
That they were defigned to accommodate bifhops, and other
ecelefiaftics wliofe office it was to vifit the churches, is another
conje&ure. But it is contended this could not be the ufe of
them in country parifh churches, becaufe formerly, as well as
at prefent, vifitations were held only in parifhes of the moH con¬
fluence in each dihri&f/]. This objection, I apprehend,
may be in a great meafure obviated. Synods, in which bifhops
prelided, were, it is admitted, ufually affembled in the cathe*
dral, or in fome commodious church in the city which gave
name to the fee ; and the ordinary vifitations, or chapters of
the clergy, held in places from which the refpeCfive deanries
were denominated. Parochial vifitations were, however, for¬
merly very frequent. Upon thefe was founded the claim to
procurations, which originally were only due to a local vifitor.
It is evident from divers ecclefiahical injunctions in the
thirteenth century, that procurations were become extremely
burdenfome to the parochial clergy ; and the nineteenth lega-
tine conHitution of Othobon exprefily charges the bifhops -and
other inferior vifitors not to aggrieve their fubje&s with a fu-
perfluous retinue, but to follow the moderation which the fourth
council of Lateran had publickly dire&ed. By this moderate
regulation an archbifhop was reHrained from vifiting with more
than fifty horfes or men ; a bifhop with above twenty, or
thirty ; an archdeacon with more than five or feven, and a rural i
dean with more than two[^]. Thefe procurations of viCtuala -
p] Gent. Mag. Vol. LVI. p. 752.
[/] Ibid. Vol. LVII. p. 663.
[>] Johnfon’s Ecclef. Confift. A. MCCXXII. LaogtonV Conft. 22, 23, .
A. M. CCXXXVII. Legat. Conil. of Otto. 20. A. MCCLXVIII. Legate
Cenft. Othobon. 18.
2
and 1
264 Mr. Denne on the A\ . \
and provender were gradually reduced to a compofifion in
money, whether the bifhop or archdeacon virtted locally, or
not; and I imagine the general rule to have been at fix pence
in the pound for each benefice, according to the rate or valua¬
tion \h\ In confequence of this charge, vifitations of parifhes
became much lefs frequent, as the fbpulated compenfation in
lieu of provifions was inadequate to the expence [/]. At times
they were however neceflary ; and befides, in former days both
bifhops and archdeacons held their courts in the churches of
thole parifhes from which there were prefentments of any great
irregularities or defects [k]. There was alfo a clerical officer in
each diftrid called the rural dean. He was nominated yearly,
the bifhop appointing one out of three incumbents returned to
him at the ordinary vifitation. His province was to take care
that the afts of court, and the injunctions of the bifhop and
archdeacon were carried into execution. By virtue of his own
authority he was to inquire perfonally into the rtate of the
churches, and he was inverted in the office by the delivery of
a feal to him. It being an employment of trouble, and what
would often fubjeCt the perfon who exercifed it to obloquy, the
[-6] Memorials of Rochefler cathedral, inferted in Mr. Thorpe’s Antiquities
of the Diocefe of Rochefler, p. 212. Reg. T. Lowe Epi Roffen. fol. 203. a.
A. 1457* June 21, Apud Roffam fada fuit convocatio cleri civitat’ et diocef*
Roffen’ et expofit’ clero per mag. Tho. Candour commiffar’ D’ni de vifita-
tione epa’li hoc anno et de procurationibus folvendis ratione vifitationis con-
ceffere vid. de lib. folvend’ D’no pro efculentis et poculentis et procurationibus
ratione vifitationis folvend’ die vifltat’ fecundu’ taxationes beneficior laxat’ et
non taxat’ fecundu’ commun’ valore’ eorund’. Et qd’ licebit D’no per
omnes cenfuras ecclefiaflicas non folventes compellere. Ad. Cur. Confifl.
fol. 323. b.
[/] Stilli ngfleet’s Poflhumous Trads, p. 256.
H] Ad. Cur. Confifl. Roffen. et Ad. Cur. Archid. Roffen.
3
clergy
Stalls in Maid ftone Church . 265
clergy endeavoured to avoid being burdened with it [/] ; and
there may not now be more than two or three diocefes in
England where there are any veftiges of it remaining in prac¬
tice.
To thefe vifitors of different ranks the feats in chancels
might be appropriated ; but though mod probably they made
ufe of them, I am apt to believe they were conflru&ed to
anfwer an occafion when the prefence of the bifhop was abfo-
lutely neceffary ; and that was at the confecration of the church
or chancel. For a lord of a manor, or other perfons, at whofe
charge the building was ereCted, would be difpofed to think it
a decent mark of refpeCt due to the diocefan, that he fhould
have a feat of dignity and elegance prepared for him. Thefe
flails are almoft all of them recedes in the fouth wall, and,
in appearance, coeval with it. When therefore there is only
a fugle flail, I am for aligning it to the bifhop, and if more
than one, the reft for the accommodation of his chief officers
and attendants.
Confidering the flails in this view, it is to be regretted that
they have not been attentively examined, becaufe an infcrip-
tion, a coat of arms, initial letters, a device, or the ftyle of
architecture, might lead to a difcovery of the age of a church ;
and there are, comparatively fpeaking, but few parifh churches
the times of whole building can be fixed with precifion. In
fome county hi (lories the flails in chancels are mentioned, but
generally in fo brief and fuperficial a manner, that no adequate
idea can be formed of them. This is the cafe in Brydges’s
Northamptonfhire, who has noticed both flails and a confef-
fionary in the fame chancel, without (peciryiug the marks by
[/] Ibid.
Vol. X. M m which
266 Mr. Denne on the
which he diftinguifhed one from the other. To fave you the
trouble of turning to the pages alluded to, I have fubjoined ex¬
tracts, and have added a few fimilar minutes from other books;
but rauft further obferve, that engravings of fuch curious ob¬
jects of antiquity would be a more fuitable appendage to a
county hiftory, than many of the plates which are to be feen
in fome late publications.
There feems to be lefs uncertainty in appropriating one of
the halls, when they are found in cathedrals, to the bifhop j
becaufe the officiating prieft could not well comply with the
directions in the miffal concerning the reverences to be paid to
the bifhop at the time of the celebration of mafs, unlefs he
were ftationed near the altar ; and the rubric cited in a note
appears to me to imply that he fhould be placed on the fouth
fide [m\. In Exeter cathedral there are three feats, with pillars
of brafs, near the altar, faid to have been ereCted in memory
of king Edward the GonfefTor, Edith his queen, and Leofric,
the fir ft bifhop of that fee ; the middlemoft of them being the
feat of the bifhop, fitting in his pontificals between the king
and the queen [«]. Bifhop Godwin mentions a tradition that
[w'J Mifiale Romamim ex decreto facrofanft. Concil. Tridentini reftitu-
tum ; de principio milfae, et confelfione facienda. Si facerdos celebraturus lit
coram fummo pontifice, liftit fe ante infimum gradum altaris a cornu Evangelii
ante ipfum pontificem, ubi genu flexus expe&at. Accepta benedi&ione, erigit
fe, et ftans aliquantum verfus ad altare, incipit milfam. Si autem lit coram
cavdinale, legato fedis apoftolicae, aut patriarcha, archiepifcopo, et epifcopo, in
eorum refidentiis, vel loco jurifdi&ionis, flans ante infimum gradum a cornu
Evangelii, ut fupra expe&at. Dato figno, facit profundam reverentiam prae-
Jato, et verfus ad altare incipit milfam. Si autem folemniter celebrat coram
fummo pontifice, aut alio ex praedidtis praelatis in ecclelia eorum jurifdiftionis,
■ftans a finiftra praelati facit cum eo confelfionem, et alia fervat, ut in caeremo-
niali ordinatur.
[»] Ifaack’s Memorials of Exeter, p. 43.
they
Stalls in Maidftone Church . 267
they attended Leofric when he was enthroned, and that the
king taking him by the right and the queen by the left led him
•to the throne prepared for him, and placed him thereon [o\ ;
this is not, however, material : the prelate being exhibited as
placed in one of the ftalls, affords a Ifrong prefumption, that
one of them was defigned for him. There are alio three flails
on the fouth 'fide of the prefbytery of Rochefter cathedral, dif-
tinguifhed by three fhields of arms, and as one of them is em-
blafoned with the arms of the fee of Rochefter it is a fufficient
indication of the perfon who ufed it [7)]. TIrefe flails are
engraved in PI. V. of Vol. 111. of the Vetufta Monumenta.
A flail would be as requifite in a collegiate church, efpecially
if fituated in a town where the bifhop might occafionally refide.
And that was the cafe at Maidftone, where the archbifhops of
Canterbury had a material houfe to which feveral of them fre¬
quently reflored ; and where Courtney founded a college of
fecular priefts. Mr. Newton, author of the Hiftory and Anti¬
quities of Maidftone, diftented from the general opinion that
the whole of this church was built by Courtney, declaring it
to be much more probable that the body is part of the old
parifh church [y]. But, from a want of attention, there is, I
think, an inconfiftency in his account. His reafon for fup-
pofing it not probable that the nave could be erefled by the
archbifhop is, that it is not likely he fhould have time for fo "
great a work after his obtaining the royal licence to found his
college, which being in 1396, could not be of an earlier date
than the 25th of March. And yet he conceived, that between
the date of the grant and the death of the archbifhop, which
happened on the 31ft of July in the fame year, he had time to
[2 Godwin de Prseful. edit. Richardfon, p. 400.
[/>] Memorials of Rochefter Cathedral, p. 202.
HI P- 44.
Mm2
build
Mr . Denne on the
268
build the choir or chancel, and to fit the whole for the ufe of
his college. But the chancel is a fpacious and lofty ftru&ure,
and could not poffibly have been reared in four months. Ac¬
cording to the infcription on the archbifhop’s tomb ftone, he
raifed from the foundation the prefen t place where he willed
to be buried ( qui legaverat hie tumnlandum in preefenti loco quern
jam fundarat ab imo) ; and it would, I apprehend, be too narrow
a conftrudtion to reftrain thefe words to the chancel where
the tomb ftone lies; efpecially fince the archbifhcp in the co¬
dicil of his will directed the refidue of his effects to be ex¬
pended at the diferetion of his executors about the building
of his collegiate church f circa conjlruffionem collegiate? ecclefiee dc
Maydejlon J. The cafe more probably was, that, before the
archbifhop began to build this parifh church, which is upon a
very large fcale [r], he had refolved to make it collegiate, and
that he deferred foliciting a charter of foundation, till the
building, though not compleated, was in fuch forwardnefs
as to be fit to accommodate the members of his eftablifhment.
The arms of both Courtney and Arundel impaled with
the archiepifcopal pall are on the roof of the nave ; from
which it may be inferred that the nave was finifhed by Arundel,
who was often refident at Maid hone. At the weft end and
on each fide of the chancel there are twenty-eight flails of
wood, for the ufe of the mailer, brethren, and other perfons
belonging to the college. The feats of thefe flails when
turned up difplay a variety of carved ornaments. Many have
human heads, fome grotelque figures, and other devices. One
[r] Newton mentions its being perhaps the large# parifh church in the
county; and that, upon an admealurement, the nave appears to be, in length
163 feet and half, breadth 91 feet, the length of the choir or great chancel 63
feet and half, breadth 30 feet, and the ailes on each lide the great chancel 17
feet each in breadth, p. 54.
feat
Stalls in Maidftone Church . 269
feat has three fhields, and on each fhield a chevron ingrailed
between three palm leaves ; and feveral of the ftalls have the
arms of Courtney, but not one of them thofe of Arundel. We
however meet with the arms of thefe two primates on the ftone
{falls drawn by Mr. Fifher, with an accuracy and neatnefs that
does credit to fo young a delineator. This induces me to believe
that the {falls might be conftru&ed on a plan approved by
Courtney, though not compleated till after his death. The
arms of Arundel were probably fir ft placed in the centre of the
fecond pinnacle, reckoning from the eaff, but removed on the
putting up of a mural monument. Under the two adjoining
pinnacles are the arms of Courtney, one ftueld with the pall;
the bearing on the dexter fide of the other {hield is imperfetf: ;
and the armorial bearings of the fhield under the fifth pinnacle
are party per pale barry of eight, as it is imagined, but this
is likewife imperfeft. Of thefe pinnacles the three central are
confiderably higher than the firff and fifth ; and the fifth differs
from all the reft, as to the material of which it is ioimed,
being of wood.
It is aftonifhing that this curious piece of fculpture ftiould
not be mentioned in a defcnption of the church written by a
native of Maidftone, and long an inhabitant of the town ;
who vet acknowledges his having from his early days an in¬
clination to this fort of ftudies, and being ufed to take notice
of antient buildings [A This omiffion is the mote ftrange,
becaufe Mr. Newton has referred his readers to a table monu¬
ment of inferior workmanfhip placed 111 the fouth aile of the
chancel behind the {falls. As it is diftinguifhed by Courtney s
arms, he imagined it to be a memorial of the founder [/], ra-
[f] Pref. p. xvi.
[/] Page 77.
their
Mr. Denne on the
ther than a funeral monument in memory of fome perfon of the
archbifhop’s family, which was the opinion of Dr. Harris [«].
The arms are on a canopy arch raifed over the monument,
and both monument and canopy have been painted. But
‘there are likewife on the canopy the other coats of arms which
are above the halls ; viz. thofe of Arundel, the fhield with
harry of eight [Yj, and, as I apprehend, the arms of the priory
of Chrift-church Canterbury. The bearings, however, upon
this fhield are not diflindt. Upon the flab of the monument
there was formerly an effigies in brafs, doubtlefs of the de-
ceafed perfon to whofe honour it was eredled, and who might
be interred within the tomb ; but the brafs armorial ffiields
with which it was decorated being torn off, the family name
cannot be afcertained. This monument muft have been con-
flru&ed before the flails, for the inlaid brafs ornaments of the
inner or north border of the flab are covered by the wall which
partly fupports the pinnacles.
The iinjuftifiable and needlefs defacing of the flails, by
placing within them three mural monuments fjy], has prevented
a delineation of the front ; but it may be prelumed that it was
nearly of the fame fly le of architedfure with the weftern flail
which is in better prefervation. There is reafon to think that
there never was any feat in the Eaflern recefs, and probably it
[ u ] Hiflory of Kent, p. 190.
[*] This coat feems to have a relation to archbifhop Arundel, or one of his
family ; for in the arms of John Fitz Alan, earl of SufTex and Arundel, as em¬
blazoned in the map of SufTex inferted in Speed’s Theatre of the Britifh empire,
are barry of eight Or and Gules, impaling Sable, a lion rampant, Or.
[y] The eaflern and weftern monument were erected in 1653, and the
middle monument is a memorial of John Aflley, the youngeflfon of Sir Jacob
Aflley. He died in 1618.
contained
Stalls in Maidftone Church.
2 ** I
>
contained the ftoup for holy water. The ftall contiguous muff
have been appropriated to the archbifhop; another hall to the
warden of the college ; and it may be prefumed that the two
remaining ftalls were for ecclefiuftics of high rank, or for the
archbifhop’s principal officers.
Befides this primary ufe of the ftalls, I had thought they
might alfo be intended as a monument or cenotaph of the
founder of the church and college, efpecially on obferving that
the fuperftrudlure of the monument of archbifhop Kemp in
Canterbury cathedral a little refembled the three capital pinna¬
cles. In one of the ftalls in Exeter cathedral already noticed
there is a portrait of Leofric [%] ; in one of thofe in Rochefter
cathedral there was likewife a portrait of biffiop John de Shepey,
who was interred near the foot of them ; and for that realon I
imagined that they might be conftru&ed by him, or ere&ed
in honour of him [a\. As the ftalls in Maidftone chancel are
marked with the arms of Arundell as well as of Courtney, it
will not be allowed to coincide fo well with the idea of this
being his monument. You will, however, bepleafed to recol¬
lect that I term it a cenotaph, becaufe if Courtney was buried
at Maidftone, to which notion 1 incline, he certainly lies under
a graveftone in the middle of the chancel.
Whether Courtney was buried here, or in his cathedral, is a
controverted queftion; and as it may fairly be deemed a colla-
[z] In your Sepulchral Monuments, p. 60, you feem to make thefe ftalls the
monument of Leofric ; though in p. 8 you deferibe a monument erected to him
in the South tranfept in 1568, which was tne true place of his interment, being
at the time of his deceafe, before the church was enlarged, the cemetery be¬
longing to it. Godwin, loc. cit.
[ a ] Memorials of Rochefter Cathedral, p. 203%
2
teral
Mr, Denne on the
feral iubjecft, I will beg leave to trouble the Society with a
fuller examination of it than it feems to have hitherto had.
Archbishop Courtney, in the firft claufe of his will, directed
his body to be interred in the nave of Exeter cathedral near the
high crofs, in a place where three deans lay in a row, whofe
remains were, at his charge, to be depofited in Some other ho¬
nourable part of the church. Copious extracts from the will
are inferted in the Supplement to Cantuaria Sacra, p. 32, but
its date is not fpecihed ; it mud, however, have been after, or
in 1391, becaufe Thomas Chillenden an executor, is called prior
of Chrift-church, an office he did not acquire till that year.
In a codicil made July 28, 1396, which was only three
days before the teftator’s death, Courtney, being then at Maid-
ftone, and, as it is expreffed, languishing and near his end,
willed and ordered, that as he did not think himfelf worthy of
being buried in his metropolitan or other collegiate church, he
Should be interred in the cemetery of the collegiate church of
MaidSIone, in a fpot, not, as Somner has rendered the words,
defigned for , but according to your correct translation, pointed
out to his Efquire John Bottler jT]. But it is the commonly
received opinion that the archbishop’s corpfe was carried to
Canterbury cathedral, and buried within a monument fixed near
the feet of Edward the Black Prince. To this, as the trueft
account, Somner acceded 5 44 finding, as he fays, in a Leiger
“ Book of Chrift-church that the king happening to be at Can-
“ terbury when the archbifhop was to be buried : (upon the
44 monks’ fuit it is like) over-ruled the matter, and ordered the
44 body to be there interred [c].”
Somner having from memory cited a Leiger Book, I was
willing to procure a tranfcript of the paSTage to which he had
[£] Sepulchral Monuments, p. 154.
0] Antiquities of Canterbury, p. 135.
I
referred.
Stalls in Maidflone Church, 27 3
referred, and defired Mr. Hafted’s aflillance. Dr. Lynch, the vice
dean, to whom he applied, very obligingly accompanied him
to the audit room ; but their repeated fearches were fruitlefs,
for no leiger book was to be found among the archives of the'
church of Canterbury. It at length occurred to Mr. Hailed,
that fome light might be got from the catalogue of the MSS.
under lock in the library ; and in the catalogue he met with
this article, Extracts from the obituary of the monks of Chrijl •
church by W, S. (William Somner). The vice dean favoured
him with the perufal of this book, and, to his great furprize,
he difcovered in it the MS. he wanted, though fo much mil-
named both by Somner and the catalogue. It is a thin quarto
In vellum, very fairly written, and intituled within the cover,
Mdchu vivorii ei defunSlorii ecclie xi. Cant, ab anno Job' is regis
octavo ufque ad annum , after which words there are three lines
obliterated. On the cover is itidorfed, Dom'nus Thomas
Cawfion Moc'hus hup, eccl'ie fieri fecit ifiu quaternu , Anno D'ni
M°CCCC° LXXXVT. The MS. confifts of three parts, and to
the third part is prefixed Nomina. Monachoru ’ Ecclie * x'ti Cant,
Jicut obierunt. Mr. Hafied, found, however, in the courfe of
it, minutes of the deaths of archbifhop Peckham, King Edward
the Firft, archbifhop Wynchelfey, and of others who were not
monks ; and the firft entry in the 6th page is as follows :
“ Anno D’ni M°CCC^LXXXXV1° ultimo die menfis Julii
fer’ ija obiit recolende memorie D’ns Will’ms Cortenay, ar-
«« chiep’s Cant, in man’io fuo de Maydyflon circa hora’ nona’
<< diei’ cuj’ corpus fer’ va fequent’ delata ell Cant’ et in pe’tia
Ricardi regis incliti fec’di et mult’ru’ magnat’ pl’atoru’ comitu’
“ et baronu’ ad pedes D’ni Edwardi principis Wallie patris
Vol. X. N n “ p’fati
274 Mr. Denne on the
“ p’fati D’ni Regis Ric. juxta feretru’ Sti Thome [d] ex parte
“ auftrali honorifice traditu fepulture.” .
This entry, fuppofing it to be authentic, would at once ter¬
minate the difpute ; but it is open to feveral objections. In the
hrft place, the truth of it is rendered fomewhat fufpicious, be-
caufe no entry of a funeral, marked with fuch a peculiar cir-
cumftance of honour as to be attended by the king and a nu¬
merous fuite of nobles, occurs in “ Dies Obituales” of the arch-
bifhops of Canterbury inferred in Anglia Sacra, V. I. p. 61.
from the obituary of Chrift-ehurch, or in any regifler which
the learned compiler of thofe volumes had examined, whofe
opinion it was that the archbifhop was really buried at Maid-
Itonel*.; and of the correCtnefs of Mr. Warton in this in-
ftance there is no ;eafon to doubt.
Cawfton, by the title of the third part of his MS. denotes
it to be only an obituary of the monks of his priory ; and
though Mr. Haded found in it the names of fome of Courtney’s
predeceffors, it is obfervable, that not one fucceffor is men¬
tioned ; and yet between 1396 and 1488, the date of the
MS. there were five archbifhops, who were buried at Canter-
bury [/].
[</] By the injun&ion of king Henry VITT. A. 1539, the name of St. Tho¬
mas f Becket) was to be expunged fi om all books ; Cantuar. Sacra, p.117. In the
Cawfton MS. Mr. Hafted obferved many deaths and other incidents entered as
having occurred on davs dedicated to that imaginary faint ; and he noticed the
title of Saint being rated in every article, except that which mentions the burial
©f archbilhop Courtney.
[e] Cantuariae fepultum Godvvinus feribit. Verius Maydenftonae tumulatum
efte patet ex codicillo, qui teftamento fuo annexus extat inter archiva ecclsfiae
Chrifti Cant. Ang. Sacr. I. p. 121.
[/ ] Arundel, Chiclieley, Stafford, Kemp, and Bourchier.
The
Stalls in Maidftone Church . 275
The conclusion of the article Courtnev in “ Dies Obituales.”
p. 62, Ihews it to have been written not long after his death;
but the Cawfton minute is clearly not a contemporary record.
At the heft, it can be only a tranfcript from a more antient re-
gifter, and copied at the diftance of almoft a century fubfequent
to the fadt it attefts. It is allb a private a£I, an evidence ex
parte, and that in a caufe in which the monks of Chrift-
church thought their dignity was moft materially concerned ;
they claiming it as a privilege inherent to their priory, that
the archbifhops Ihould be buried in their cathedral.
From an apprehenfion, as it is likely, that Peckham had a
defign to be interred in a different place, Henry de Eftry the
prior, and his chapter, wrote a ferious and moft prefling letter
to the archbifhop about three months before his death, in which
it was averred, that ever^archbifhop, who had died in England,
had from time immemorial refted in peace in the holy mother
church of Canterbury, a church more holy than all other
churches, and thought to be more illuftrious by all the faithful.
They reminded him, that when he laft honoured them with a
vifrt, he promifed, as an increafe of paternal confolation, he
would let the bofom of his mother church be the place of reft:
for his body ; and they expreffed their hopes and fervent withes,
that, his fentiments continuing unmoveable, he would follow
the fteps of his predeceffors. But, if otherwife, which they
trufted would not happen, they bewailed the example that fuch
an unaccuftomed error would be to his fucceflors, and the re¬
proach it would caft on the memory- of the venerable fathers
who had gone before him. An offence fo intolerable, that
it was decent and expedient to guard againft it with all cir-
cumfpe&ion [g]. Whatever might have been Feckham’s in-
IT) Wilkins’s Concil. II. p. 184. He refers to Regift. Hear, Prioris Cantuar.
N n 2 tendon,
Mr. Denne on the
276
tention, he did not mortify the monks by a denial of their re-
queft, for his body was carried to Canterbury : but, as Weever
relates, upon the authority of a MS. in the Cotton Collection,
his heart was depoiited behind the altar of Chrift-church priory
in London [/6j. This, if true, creates a fufpicion that he had
propofed being buried there, and that the Canterbury monks
might be apprized of it.
As prior Thomas Chillenden was the firft executor named
in Courtney’s will, had he been aware of its being the defign
of the teftator to be removed to Exeter, he certainly, after the
example of his predeceffor Henry of Eftry, would have ex-
poftulated with him on the impropriety of his intention. And,
on the death of the archbifhop, when it was known that Can¬
terbury was not named for the place of his fepulture, there can
be little doubt ; but that he wrould, if it were in his power,
prevent the introducing of a precedent fo injurious to the right
of the convent over which he prefided. The king, we are
told, ordered Courtney to be buried in his cathedral ; it is
likely, continues Somner, upon the fuit of the monks. But as
no fuch fuit, or order, is mentioned in the book to which
Somner is fuppofed to refer, 'they mull; be confidered as mere
conjectures of his own. And had the king given fuch an
order in compliance with the petition of the monks, is it not
as fair a furmife that they would have taken effectual care to
preferve it among the muniments of their church ? It may be
reafonably fuppofed that the warden and brethren of Maidftone
college would not involuntarily forego their claim to have the
body of their founder interred with them ; and it may be alfo
prefumed that they would expeCl to have the king’s pleafure
[b] Funeral Monuments, p.211.
2 fignified
Stalls in Maidfton q Church. 2/y
fignified to them by an exprefs warrant from his Majefty pro¬
perly authenticated. But no fuch warrant has been found in
our public records, and no copy of it is known to be extant
in any Regifier of Chrift Church. Courtney’s will is entered
in one of the regifters of that priory ; and in what book could it
have been more properly declared that the obnoxious claufe of the
codicil refpe&ing the burial of Courtney in another place was
not fulfilled ?
To Richard Courtney, his fon [/] and pupil, in cafe of his
entering into orders, the Archbifhop bequeathed for his life fix
books ; and after his death he granted the reverfion of them to
the monks of Chrift Church. Richard gave a bond of three
hundred pounds to the convent, that his executors fhould after
his death deliver up the books. The bond was fafely kept in
their chancery, and in their regifler there is an acquittance to
Richard, who had become Bifhop of Norwich, for the re¬
ceipt of the volumes. But, partial as the monks might be to
the valuable writings of Nicholas de Lyra, and St. Auguftin’s
Mille-loquium, I am inclined to infer from the epiftle of the
Prior and the Chapter to Archbifhop Peckham, that they would
have been as folicitous to maintain their claim to Courtney’s*
corpfe, and as careful to fhew by unequivocal proofs that they
had it in their poffeffion.
When proofs of an early date have been wanting to eftablifh
any right, it would be no difficult talk to point out many in—
Ranees of the monks having afterwards devifed what they
trufled would anfwer their purpofe. The minute in the Caw-
fton MS. carries, I think, a queftionable appearance ; and as-
being ex parte evidence, would be deemed rather incompatible
[/] Q. Godfon, or Pupil, I fuppofe. Batteley, Cantuar. Sacr.p. 74.
zjt Mr, Denne on the
in any court literary or judicial, unlefs fubftantiated by other
highly probable, if not unexceptionable, proofs. In no other
antient writing that I have read is the burial of Archbifhop
Courtney mentioned, except in the Chronicle of Thorne, the-
monk of St. Augufline, or more properly in a Supplement to
his Chronicle, which is allowed not to have been brought
lower than 1375 [^’]. By whom, or at what time, thefe addi¬
tions were made we are not informed, but the inaccuracies in
\
the paragraph alluded to [/] difcover its not having been
penned by a contemporary. The interment of the archbifhop
is, according to the margin, related under the year 1395; and
admitting this to be a miftake of the tranfcriber, or of the prefs,
the original mud: be erroneous, where it places the confecration
of Arundel in the year fubfequent to Courtney’s death. For
the Pope’s Bull of Tranflation was dated 7 cal. of OClober, the
temporalities were reftored January nth, and Arundel was en¬
throned in February 1396 [ml.
Somner lays, that the king happened to be at Canterbury
when Courtney died ; and fuppofmg his being buried there by
the king’s order to have been a tale invented by the monks.,
they would .crtainly guard againft any Inch glaring midakes in
the king’s movements, as might be eafily dete&ed. It ac¬
cordingly appears from Rymer’s MS Collections [»], that the
king was really at Canterbury on the fourth of Augufl, which
was the day next to that mentioned by Cawfton for the inter-
IT] Tanner, Bibl. Britan, p. 712.
[/] Decern Script, c. 2197, 2192.
\m] Godwin de Praeful. Edit. Richardfon, p. 123.
[«] Ciauf. 20. R. II. PI. 1. m, 28. De perfonis opiniones contra fidem te-
nentibus areftandis.
Tefce rfge apud Cantuar. quarto die Augufli, Rymer MS. 4595. f. 121.
ment
Stalls in Maid Hone Church .
2 79
ment of the archbifhop. Where he was at the time of Court¬
ney’s death I have not difcovered. But if the king was at
Canterbury when the archbifhop died, it will not from that cir-
cumftance unqueflionably follow that he interfered in tha
manner related; and the fhortuefs of the time between the
death of Courtney, which was on the laid day of July, and that
fixed for his funeral, which was on the third of Aupuff, is far
from countenancing luch a fugpeffion. On receiving the royal
precept to change the place of fepulture, the members of his
college would certainly be difappointed ; and if may be well
fuppofed that they would difpatch a deputation of their body
to try to obtain a reverlal of the command, by humbly offering
reafons why the will of the teftator fhould be fulfilled. It is
alfo obvious, that the removal of the body thirty miles, when it
was originally intended that it fhould be interred where it was,
would occafion fuch an additional preparation as could hardly
be compleated iff one day, or in two days at the utmoft.
Btfides that was not, like the prelent, a flying age for convey¬
ance ; and if we may judge of the road between Maidffone and
Canterbury towards the end of the fourteenth century from the
incommodioufnefs of it for quick travelling even within me¬
mory, this would unavoidably produce a material delay.
If credit is to be given to the Cawfton MS., a multitude of
prelates and of nobles of all degrees wer.e with the king at this
fuppoled funeral of Courtney. The king was going to Calais^
to meet the Duke of Burgundy, and to enter into an alliance
with the Court of France, which was to be cemented by a.
marriage with I label, daughter of the French king. He was
accompanied, a- Holinfhed relates, by his uncles the Dukes of
York and Gloucefler, and a great many lords and ladies*. The
7 king
Mr. Denne on the
280
king foon returned to England (leaving the ladies ffcill at Calais)
to open the covenant of marriage with his fubjedls ; and this
being fettled to his mind, he went again to Calais, and with
him his two uncles of Lancafler and Gloucefter, and diverfe
prelates and lords of the realm. And while he was in France,
previoudy to his marriage, which was celebrated with great
iplendour, and much profufion of money, there was a formal
and pompous interview at Guignes between the two fove-
•reigns [0]. The hiftorian being filent as to there being any
prelates with the king in his firft journey, and exprefsly faying
that he was in his fecond accompanied by divers prelates, it
may, I apprehend, be juftly concluded there were but few, if
■any, bifhops at Canterbury on the former occafion. It was
indeed cuftomary to invite bifhops, as well as the neighbouring
abbats and priors, to attend the obfequies of ecclefiaftics of high
rank; but there was not time to affemble them purpofely at
Canterbury, between the days of the death and burial of
Courtney.
Such is the evidence in fupport of the notion that this arch-
bifhop was buried in his cathedral ; the evidence of his lying at
Maidftone is of a different kind, and, if not judged to be decifive,
it may, upon enquiry, be found liable to fewer exceptions.
Though Courtney three days before his death had fpecified
a fpot in the cemitery for the place of his fepulture, it is not dif¬
ficult to account why a preference fhould afterwards be given to
[0] Holinfhed’s Chronicle, v. II. p. 1088, &c. Much greater preparations
feem to have been made for the king’s fecond voyage, than for his firft. In
Rymer Feed. VII. 839, 840, are minutes of the following writs for prefling and
vi&ualling of fhips. 20 R. II. De navibus areflandis pro paffagio regis.
Teit. Reg. apud Weftm. xxx die Augufti. De viflualibus pro viagio regis.
Teft. Reg apud Roffen, vicefimo tertio die Septembris.
a grave
Stalls In Maid (lone Church .
grave within the church. When he made his will, which
was done with much deliberation, he could have no objection
to being buried in a church, nor had he the lead fcruple about
didurbing the remains of three deans of Exeter to make room
for his own boner. The fenfe he exprefied of his unvvorthi-
nefs to be interred in any cathedral or collegiate church would
confequently be attributed to an extreme depredion of fpirits,
the effedt of the languifhing date of his body fo near its dido-
lution. It was befides very unufual, if not in that age almoft
without a precedent in England, to bury a prelate in a church¬
yard ; and it would be deemed the more unfuitable in the cafe
of Courtnev, who had erected the church at Maiddone, and
had founded in it a college of prieds with a liberal endowment.
May it not therefore be reafonably inferred, that his relations,
who were high in rank, and the members of his new inftitu-
tion, whofe warden was one of his executors, would concur in
opinion, that it would be diewing a mark of difrepedl to the
remains of the departed primate, not to deviate a little from his
injunction, by depofiting them in the chancel! Tradition fays
he was there buried, and an infeription on a mural marble
monument at the fouth-wed angle of the great chancel, con-
drudled in 164.2, begins thus: “ Next unto the tombe of the
“ fownder of this church on the fouth fide thereof lye the
<l bodies of Humphry Tufton, Efq. Chridian Tufton and
Cicelie Tufton his fitters.” This tomb is a marble dab of
the larged fize, that had upon it not only the effigies of the
archbifhop infculped in brafs, but likewife an epitaph about
the verge inlaid with the fame metal, copied in 1630 by
Weever when he furveyed the monuments in Maiddone church*
The three fird lines of the epitaph are as follow ;
Vol. X. O o
Nomine
2%Z
Mr. Denne on the
Nomine Willelmus en Courtnaaeus reverend usr
Qui fe pod obitum legaverat hie tnmulandum,
In praefenti loco quern jam fundarat ab imo.
En rather feems to yon to allude to the archbishop’s inten¬
tion of being buried at Maidftone, without implying that his
intention was fulfilled. From which interpretation I muff take
the liberty of expreffing my diflent ; for to me the words enr
hie , and in preejenti loco , appear to be fully equivalent to an hie
jacet. And en I conceive to be an addrefs to the reader, not
merely to furvey the brafen effigies, but to advert to the form,,
the qualities, the preferments of the great man reprefented by
it, and in purfuance of his own directions here depofited, with
the addition of a Synonymous phrafe in order to eftablifh a
claim to that honour. And if fuch be the proper confirmation
of the lines, they will in the fcale of evidence outweigh the
fecret entry in the Cawfton obituary, becaufe inferiptions on
tomb flones, partly on account of their publicity, have, in
courts of law, been admitted as evidence in matters of much
more importance than the prefent queftion.
One of my objections to the monk’s minute is, that it can
be only considered as a tranfeript from an antient regifter co¬
pied upwards of ninety years after the death of Courtney ; but
there are no grounds for imagining that -the tomb-ftone at
Maidftone was not coeval with that event. As the monument
at Canterbury is not known to have had an infeription, there
is in this point no room for a companion ; we may, however
contraft the two monuments. That in Canterbury cathedral
differs not at all from many cenotaphs, whereas this in Maid¬
ftone chancel is prima facie a very grave ftone, without bearing
any
Stalls in Maidftone Church . 283
any refemblance to a cenotaph. It is a flat flone raifed but
little above the pavement, and, as far as can be traced, was not
ever more elevated. ,
Had the executors intended a cenotaph in honour of the
archbiihop, is it not highly probable that they would have
raifed an embellifhed altar monument, if not one more lofty
and fuperb ? And its being not uncommon to eredt in the fame
church where a perfon is interred a monument remote from the
flone that covers the grave, this was a reafon for my inclining
to an opinion that the flails in Maidftone chancel might have
been of the fepulchral clafs. A memorial of the archbifhop
they certainly are ; and as a piece of architecture, both with
refpedt to ftyle and execution, they are fuperior to the monu¬
ment in Canterbury cathedral, which, on the authority of a
monk of Chrift- church, has acquired the appellation of the
primate’s tomb ; but, after what I have written, may I venture
to term it Courtney’s cenotaph?
I am,
Dear Sir,
Your faithful and obliged fervant,
Wilmington , April 19,1788. SAMUEL DENNE.
O o 2
Minutes
2
Mr. Denne on the
Mrnutes of Stalk in the Chancels of fever al Churches referred to at
page 26 (0 of the foregoing Letter*
Extracts from Brydges’s Hiflory of Northamptonfhire, Vol, L
N° 2. Page 21. Badby. On the fouth fide of the chancel are
two done feats, and above them a recep¬
tacle for holy water.
J. 1 19. Eclgcote. On the north fide of the chancel is ■&>
confejjionary leaded, and in the chancel a.
place for the penitent with a lattice be¬
fore it.
Note, As what is here called a confeffionary
was placed on the north fide of the chan¬
cel, it could not be defigned for the offi¬
ciating pried. It is not unlikely to have
been a veftiary, or perhaps a private ora»
tory, for the ufe of the Lord of the
Manor. The lattice feat, it is apprehended,,
might be for the fame perfon. Would a
penitent have been admitted within the
chancel during the celebration of mafs ?
3 52. Brackley . On the fouth fide of this chapel near
the high altar was a confeffionary of five.
arches.
Note. This chapel belonged to an hofpital
dedicated to St. James and St. John
founded by Robert Boflu earl of Leiceder.
It confided of a mafter and fellows wha
were a kind of fecular chaplains, and the
Ralls were doubtlefs for their accommoda¬
tion,.
Stalls in Maid (lone Church. 2 *>5
173. Helmedon . On the fouth fide of the chance],
which is large and fpacious, is a confejjionary .
1S2. Merjion St. Laurence. On the fouth tide of the
chancel is a' confejftonary with a receptacle
for holy water.
2.12 .Waptnham. Behind the altar are two feats
of itone like halls.
Note. The fituaticn of thefe halls is hrik-
ing. It appears from Bingham’s plan of
the very antient Ghriftian churches,- that
the throne of the bilhop, with the lecond
thrones of the Prefoyters, were placed in
a femicircle above the altar (Ecclef.Anticp,.
B. VIII. c. 3.) And the hone feat in
which the archbifliops of Canterbury have
from time immemorial been enthroned is
fixed above the altar. May not this be a
reafon why there are no traces of halls on
the fouth fide of the prefbytery in that ca¬
thedral ?■
271. 'Tffield . On the fouth fide of the chancel are
two Rone feats -and a receptacle for holy
water.
325. Stoke Enter e. On the fouth hdeof the chancel
are five halls near the fcreen, after the
manner of a cathedral, and at the upper
end on the fame fide are. a confejfmary ,
and a receptacle for holy water,
353. Court enhall. On the fouth fide of the
chancel are three hone feats , and a bafoa
for holy water,,
7 ' i-
286
1ST 3. Page
Mr. Denne cn the
37 2. Houghton Magna. On the fouth Tide of the
chancel three arches for confeflion.
392. V/otton . On the fouth fide of the chancel two
arches for confcffion.
397. Tardley Haftings . On the fouth fide of the
chancel are three old arches and feats in the
wall.
N° 3. Page 505. Eajl Haddon . On the fouth fide the chancel
are three feats , and a place for holy water.
554. Cotefbrooke. In the fouth wall of the chancel
are three feats.
Confeffionaries are alfo mentioned by Mr. Brydges in the fouth
alles of the following churches.
Page 1 15. Chepmg f Pardon. At the upper end of the fouth aile
is a confefjionary.
1 17. Farninghoo. Part of the fouth aile is enclofed, and
through it you pafs to a chapel, called the chapel
of our lady ; in the fouth wall within the inclo-
fure, there is an ancient arch, where probably
, was a monument, perhaps the founder’s of this
chantry, to which this inclofure feems to be¬
long ; in the north part of the inclofure is a con -
feffionary .
Might not what is here called a confellionary
be a feat for the founder of the chantry ? It is
noticed as being on the north part of the inclo¬
fure.
257. Wedon Pinkeney . At the upper end of the fouth
aile is a chantry chapel. In the upper end of
the fouth aile is a confeffionary , and an antique
arch in the fouth wall of the chauntry chapel.
Query as before Farninghoo ?
4
Extra#
Stalls in Maid (lone Church ,
287
Extra# from Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, N° VIII.
N° 4. Page 13, Luton in Bed ford Oh re. On the fouth wall
of the chancel, under the window ar t four
niches arched , over the arched work are
eight coats carved in the hone. (Mr. Ed¬
ward Steel’s notes.)
33 ■ A11 thefe arms are carved in hone, over the
holy water hope ; and grand feats for the
bifhop, prieh, and deacon. (Account by
Mr. Francis BlomeOeld).
44. On the fouth Ode of the altar are four ele¬
gant flat arches , in the fpandrils of which
are the arms of, &c. (Mr. Gough’s Notes.)
From Mr. Pennant’s Tour in Wales.
N° 4. Page 190. Chejler cathedral. In the chancel are four
hone falls for the officiating priehs, with
carved Gothic work above, a recefs or two
for the preferving either the relics, or the.
facred utenflls.
Tour to Snowdon.
208. Clynnog church in North Wales, near the
altar are three neat falls divided by pillars
fupporting gothic arches, the feats of the
officiating priehs.
Mr. Willis in his Appendix to the Hihory of
Bangor, p. 203, fays of this church, that in
the chancel are three niches in the fouth wall,
where,,
208 Mr. Denne on the
where, as fome would have it, flood heretofore
a monument, but, I rather think it the confef-
From Mr. Hutchinses Hiflory of Dor fet (hi re, V ol. L
P. 512. Brtftol cathedral. The tomb of Sir John
Young is near the confefwnary in the choir.
Vol. II,
4. Page £ r, Wlnbourn Minder. There is a noble afcent
into the chancel from the choir by j 2 fteps
in three divifions. On the fouth fide of
the altar are four large niches or falls hand-
lome purfled, of which the three weftern
ones are gradually lower than the fitft, the
eafternmoft has a holy water bafon.
From Mr. Weft’s Antiquities of Furnefs abbey.
4. Below the altar in the fouth wall there ar z four falls or
feats richly ornamented in the gothic ftyle, in which
the officiating priefl with his aftiftants fat at intervals,
in time of celebrating the mafs,
ExtraT from Mr. Hafted’s Hiftory of Kent, Vol. II.
N° 3, Page 452. henham. At the weft end of the chancel are
fixteen flails, eight on each fide, though
of a different fize, for the ufe of the monks
of St. Auftin’s, when they vifited th eir
eftate in this parifh ; and at a frnall diftance
from them on the fouth fide a [tone con -
fejfonal chair .
1 73,
Stalls in Maiddone Church . 289
From Mr. Thorpe’s Antiquities in Kent.
Nd 2. Page 246. Rokejley church (now a barn) in the chancel
part yet remain two confefional falls with
mitred arches and feats in them ; and nearer
to the eaft end, on the fame fide, is the
receptacle for holy water.
3. Page 76. Bexley. On the fouth fide of the chancel is the
confefionary , confining of three divifions of
arches wTith pointed mouldings, the center
one being now for the mod part filled up
with Mr. Huntington’s monument ; and
clofe by the upper one is a fmall recefs
for holy water.
3. Chatham. In the chancel, on the fouth fide, were three
falls concealed for many years by a narrow brick wall,
which had alfo damaged the front of them. The
back part was however well preferved, and the orna¬
ments of the eaftern feat were richly carved. On
taking down the chancel a few weeks ago, in order
to enlarge the church, a gentleman in the neighbour¬
hood made a correct and beautiful drawing of this cu¬
rious relick of antiquity.
Tliefe flails, with the others at Rochefler before-
mentioned, and at Tiltey abbey church in Efiex, are
engraved in the Vetuda Mcnumenta, III. PI. V. VI.
ILaneham. O11 the fouth fide of the chancel, is one very
fine done feat, with an arched canopy.
Voi. X.
FP
From
290 Mr. Denne on the
From Bridges’s Hiftory of Northamptonshire, Vol. II.
N° 4. Page 62. Rothwell. Within the fouth wall of tho
chancel are four large hone feats under old
arches, and towards the eaft a place ad¬
joining with large balons for holy water.
100. Hardwick. On the fouth fide of the chancel
from the fouth aile of the church appears
to have been a confejfonary , over which
were the heps afcending to the rood loft.
6 « 138. Earl's Barton. On the north fide of the
chancel are five fmall niches fupported by
pillars, and fix on the fouth fide ; above
thefe are three others and a bafon for
holy water.
5* 183. Newton Bromfwold. On the fouth fide of the
chancel is a confejjionary of five arches.
3. 189. Ringfcad. In the chancel are three confejjio -
nary feats.
5. 232. Denford. On the north fide of the chancel
are four confejjional feats , and two like
feats over againft them, and within the
altar rails two others.
4. 264. Warkton . Near the altar in the fouth wall
of the chancel are four ftone feats.
2 73* Hjhley * On the fouth fide of the chancel a
confejjionary .
283. Brampton . On the fouth fide of the chancel
a confejjional .
3. 289. Bulwick. On the fouth fide of the chancel
is a holy water bafon, and under old
arches three ftone feats one above another.
X N° 3,
Stalls in Maiditone Church . 29 1
N* 3. Page 398. Benefield. On the fouth fide of the chancel is
a confiejjionary .
493. Bamak . In the chancel a confiejjionary.
510. Etton. In the fouth wall of the chancel are
three ftone arches, and an old arch nearer
the church.
515. Helpfion. In the chancel under old arches
are fix ftone feats, three on each fide of
the altar, and on the fouth fide a bafon
for holy water.
2. 529. Norhorough . On the fouth fide of Cleypoles
aile are two hone feats, one lower than the
other, and within the wall beyond them
are two old arches ending in an angle.
I have received information of thefe ftone feats in the follow*
ing churches in Herefordfhire.
N° 2. AJion Ingham .
Brampton Abbots , which church belonged to the abbey
of Gloucefter.
Dormington.
Linton .
Upton Bfihop , and two pifcinae or holy water bafons.
JFefion Jubtus Penyard.
“ At the upper end of the fouth wall of the chancel at
Hock wold, in Grimdhoe hundred, in Norfiolk , are three neat
arches of ftone worked in the wall, making three leats or flails
for the bifhop, pried, and deacon ; and at the head of thefe
feats is another arch for holy water ; on the fummit of thefe
arches are feveral fhields now daubed over with whiting [*].’*
[«] Blomefield, I. 493.
P p 2 i( In
292
Mr. Denne on the
“ In the church of Feltwel! St. Mary, in the fame hundred
againft the fouth wall, are three Hone feats for the bifhop,
pi left, and deacon, and at the head of them an arch for the
holy water ; and 111 tne north wall is a cupboard, once a re-*
pofitory for relicks [3].”
m the chancel ox Goodefton church in Greenhoe hundred 111
the fame county, ai e fix flails at the weft end, three on a fide, where
the reftoi, vicar, their capellani or chaplains, and the chantry
priefrs had their feats, they being obliged to join in the choir
at the canonical hours, and to be obedient to the redor or
vicar, fwearing obedience at their admiffion ; and againft the
fouth wall near the end have been three feats of Hone one higher
than the other [c].
<e Againft the fouth wall of the chancel of W. Bradenham
in the fame hundred near the eafl end are three arches with
feats for the bifhop, prieft, and deacon, one feat riling higher
than the other, and at the head of the uppermoft is an arch for
holy water [Wj.
Nicholas Hews, parfon of Walfoken, which he refigned
1502, bequeathed to the prefbytery of St. Lawrence’s church,
Noiwich, where he was buried, his heft carpet, with three
cufhions, to be occupied at principal feafls at the high altar in
the faid prefbytery; which Mr. Blomefield [e] explains to be for
the three feats by the high altar for the bifhop, prieft, and
deacon.
[Z>] Blomcfield, I. 5C4,’
[r] lb. III. 403, 404,
[d] I'd. 4 eg.
[<j lb. II. 678.
u Againft
Stalls in Maid ft one Church,
293
{£ Againft the north wall of the chancel at Fincham St. MU
chaely in Clackclofe hundred, is an enarched monument of
ftone : in this arch is a raifed tomb about two feet from the
ground : on each fide of this arch, in the fummit, is a niche
carved for fome flatue. There is no infcription or arms about
it ; and probably it was for the Sepulcbrum 'Domini , or the fe-
pulchre of our Lord. Oppofite to this, on the fouth fide of
the chancel, are three ftone feats or flails raifed within the
wall, having three arches, one over each feat, which feats are
about two feet in depth, and above three in height ; on the
fummit of each arch was a pyramid of ftone, carved, and
pointing to the cornice, which jutts out from the wall about
three inches. Such feats and flails are ffill to be feen in many
old churches, and were for the bifhop, priefl, and deacon, or
the reftor, curate, or chantry priefts. The flails here differ
from others in this, that of the bifhop or redtor is about two
inches higher than that of the priefl, and the flail of the priefl
is the fame in refped of the deacon. Over the flail of the
bifhop are thefe two fhields : quarterly, France and England;
and quarterly, i. and 4. A. 2. and 3. G. a frett O. over all a
bend S. in a bordure of the laffc eight mitres of the fecond.
Spencer , bifhop of Norwich in the reign of Edward II. and Ri¬
chard II. when I conceive this church was built. Over the arch of
the fecond flail, quarterly, 1. and 4/ cheque O. and Az. Warren
and Surrey ; 2. and 3. G. a lion rampant O. Fit% Alan earl of
Arundel ; Az. three cinquefoils O. lord Bardolf. Over the arch
of the loweft feat, O. a fefs between two chevronels G. lord
Fitts Walter. G . 3. 2. 1. efcallops A. lord Scales. Thefe arms
were all wafhed over with whiting, but, no doubt, were for¬
merly painted in their proper colours, ~The lords abovemen-
*7 tioned
Mr. Denne on the
294
tioned held lands in caplte in this town, except lord Scales, and
he had a lordfhip in the adjoining town of Barton, which ex¬
tended here [/']•”
IV aldington , in the fame hundred. Three hone arches, where
have been three halls or feats in the wall, and a fourth for holy
water ; now all worked up, and plaihered [g],
'Nottingham/hire.
Southwell. In the fouth wall of the chancel are five halls on
a level, beautifully adorned with flowers and foliage-work,
and in the fpandrils rich hihorical reliefs of leripture : a
winged figure holding a globe, another holding a label,
a figure reclining before a rock, another fitting leaning on
a crutch, a reclining figure holding a babe delivered to it
by another, and the flight into Egypt. Eah of thefe a rich
holy water bafon : oppofite to this a recefs of two win¬
dows, with a fafeia and cornice of open-work, and wheels
Sec. carved under them, as if part of other work, would
tempt one to fuppofe them part of a holy fepulchre, re¬
moved to make way for archbifhop Sandy s’ tomb, or per¬
haps before.
In the fouth wall of the chapel of the fouth aile are
three plainer flails, refting on noble fhort round columns,
and eaft above them a bold projecting piicina parted from
them by a locker. The dean of Lincoln has beautiful
drawings of all thefe flails, &c. by Mr. Grimm.
Bedford/hire.
Bigglefwade. In the fouth wall of the chancel three orna¬
mented pointed flails of unequal height, from five feet to
[/] Blomefield, IV. 108. 109.
f lb. 202.
four
Stalls in Maidftone Church . 29$
lour and a half and three feet ten inches, and above
them to the eaft a pifcina.
Catnbridg ejhire .
Bottejham . In the fouth wall of the chancel are three plain
pointed flails of unequal height, the two firft five feet fix
inches, the eafternmoft three feet eleven inches, and above
them a double pifcina.
In the fouth wall of a chapel at the eaft end of the
fouth aile ol this church, a fingle ftall, and a cont’guous
pifcina in the fame frame.
Burgh Green . In the fouth wall of the chancel are three
pointed level flails, and beyond them a double pifcina
higher than them.
Leicejlerfhire.
Rodeley. Two low pointed ftalls on the fouth fide of the
altar, and a double pifcina, or holy water bafon.
Oadby . On the fouth fide of the altar are two or
three luch ftalls ; and alfo in the fouth aile.
Little Dalby. Three of different heights, and a pifcina
eaft of them.
Croxton Kyriel. Two on a level, and a third higher, and
a pifcina above.
Kibworth .
Cold Overton } ^lree on a ^eve^ anc* a pifcina.
Wymondham . Three on a level.
Staunton JVyveL Two of different heights, and a pifcina.
Waltham on the Woulds . Three on a level, with fhields in
the fpandrils.
Buckminfter . Three of different heights, filled up and
plaiftered over ; eaft of them a double pifcina, or
lockers.
Sading-
20 6
Mr. Denne on the
Sadington . One, and a pifcina above.
Pickwetl. Three of different heights.
Garthorp. A window terminating in a flail.
Mr. Nichols informs me that in other parts of this
county they are particularly frequent. As they will be
noticed in the courfe of his Hiftory, 1 forbear enlarging
the lift already given.
JJncoln/hire.
Sedgebrook. Six ftone flails on the fouth fide of the altar,
and a pifcina in form of a rofe.
Leverton. In the fouth wall of the chancel three flowered
flails, and fn the eafternmoft a fquare pillar opening into
the veftry, and a pifcina.
Leek. In the fouth wall of the chancel are three flails,
under a pointed pediment, with demi quatrefoil arches
and fmall pillars. In the window over them lies a
ftone figure of a knight in mail, bare-headed, refting
on a helmet furrounded with a corolla. In the oppo-
lite wall is a fquare hole.
Benington. In the chancel are three flails, each three feet
and a half high, fix inches from the floor, and a pifcina
eaft of them.
Sleaford. Three flails under flowered arches, with pin¬
nacles between, and a pifcina under a flowered arch
like the reft.
PLeckington. In the fouth wall of the chancel are three
rich flowered flails, with reliefs of faints, angels, the
Virgin Mary, &c. and a double pifcina ; and oppofite
to it, in the north wall, a complete holy fepulchre ;
and in the fouth tranfept are three more flails and a
pifcina.
Gloum.
Stalls hi Maidflone Church .
*9 7
Gloucejlerfhire.
South Cerney . Two very plain ones, almofl: covered with,
wainfcot. That which, in Mr. Bigland’s Colle&ions,
I. 2'x9, is called a very curious lavatory with a canopy
of Gothic foliage exquifitely carved for that rude aera
(the Norman time), is a richly ornamented niche for
holy water, in a corner of the chancel, which is alto¬
gether a very curious building. In the chancel at Chel -
tenham , lb. p. 31 1, is faid to be “ a very curious lava¬
tory refembling an external pinnacle, and from which
may be collected the flyle of archite&ure in that of the
middle ages but this, like the other, is only a recep¬
tacle for holy water, of a very lingular form, having an
embattled top [h],
«« In a north aile of Baton church, formerly a chantry,
on the left are two fmall figures of ecclefiaftics cumbent,
about four feet long, evidently intended for fome of
the officiating priefls of this chantry. On the other
fide are four fubfellia of four compartments under pedi¬
ments and quatrefoils.” Ib. p. 220. Bhefe aie thtee
{lone Halls, with arches of very rich Gothic workman-
ffiip, and a niche for holy water on the fide of them.
In the chancel are an equal number, with pointed
arches very plain, and a niche for holy water.
At Campden are the fame number of Halls, and the niche
of very elegant architecture.
At Winch combe the fame.
In Trinity chapel in Cirencejler church. hree very ele¬
gant ones, almoH hid by the Hairs leading to the gal¬
lery in the north aile.
In the Lady chapel of Gloucejler cathedral are fome of the
1110H beautiful workmanffiip Mr. Lyfons had ever feem
[&] At Edgeworth , p. 553,
on the left fide of the altar.”
Vol. X.
“ a lavatory and curious fubfellium or flone bench
XXX,
t 298 ]
XXX. Further Remarks on Stone Seats in the Chancels
of Churches , Cathedral^ Collegiate , and Parochial*
By the Rev . Samuel Denne, F. A , &
Read Dec. 9,. 1 790,
SOME obfervations by the late Mr. Wells on the flails ex¬
hibited in Vetufla Monumental], not coinciding with
the remarks that accompanied the drawing of the flails in
Maidflone church prefented by me to the Society [^] ; I have
judged it expedient to revife my letter to Mr. Gough, with
the view of retracing my furmifes, had I found them entirely
groundlefs : but after deliberately examining the two papers^
and I trufl without a bias of prejudice to my own, I mufl
confefs I do not fee reafon to alter my fentiments. Before I con-
fider the obfervations of this ingenious gentleman, I cannot
forbear expreffing a regret that our body fhould be deprived of a
member, not long enrolled in our lift, whole zealous ardour
for refearches into fubje&s of antiquity, afliduoufly purfued
from an early part of life, fo properly qualified him to anfwer
the purpofes of our inftitution.
[«] Vol. III. PI. IV. V. PP. 4, 5, 6.
[£] See the preceding paper.
We.:-
Mr. D£nne on the Stone Seats, &c. zyy
We concur in opinion, that thefe flails, of which kind
there are many in good prefervation, have been improperly
termed confeffionaries or confeffionals. Mr. Wells has in
general referred to canons and ecclefiaftical conftitutions, as
prohibiting the placing of chairs of confeffion in chancels, or
in retired corners of the church ; and I will fpecify one con-
ftitution of archbilhop Reynolds, and another of archbiffiop
Sudbury, as well becaufe being the injunctions of primates of
England they are particularly applicable to the flails in this
country, as that thofe in Rochefter cathedral and in Chatham
church were, as I apprehend, conftruded in nearly the fame
age when thefe canons were made ; and thinking it therefore
improbable that a bi(hop of Rochefter fhould have given a
fandion to fuch a mifufe of them, as the prevailing opinion has
fuppofed. By the conftitution of archbifhop Reynolds, 1322 [c],
“ the prieft was to chufe a place where he could be feen in
“ common, and particularly to avoid a fecret place when wo-
“ men confefied to him and by Sudbury it was enjoined,
“ that the confeffions of a woman fhould be taken without the
“ vail, and in an open place, fo that though not heard (he
“ might be feen by the people.” But the vail was always
dropt at the entrance into the chancel in Lent, which was the
ufual time of confeffing. There is likewife in Picart’s Religious
Ceremonies a rule mentioned which feems to be decifive in this
matter [V] ; for by this rule it is direded, that “ the Con*
“ feflor muft hear the confeffion in the church, at that part
“ of it which is furt heft from the high altar , i. e. at the bottom
of the nave which is moft expofed to the view of the people.”
[c] See Johnfon’s Colleftion of Ecclefiaftical Laws under the rclpeftive
years.
l<n Voi.ii. p. 78.
0 <] 2 The
\
300 Mr. Denne on the Stone Seats
The main point in which I differ from Mr. Wells is, as to
the original defign of erecting thefe flails, which he conceived
to have been for the ufe of priefl, deacon, and fubdeacon, the
three perfons principally employed in the celebration of mafs.
Had this, however, been the cafe, would not flails thus fituated
have been generally, if not conflantly provided ? Whereas there
is not any appearance of them in far the greater number of
our own churches, and Mr. Wells admits they are not fo often
to be feen abroad as in England. And would not a triple feat
have been the regular plan ? But in fome churches there is only
one feat ; in others there are two, three, and four, and in a fewr
five flails. Indeed, where there are four or five, they might, agree¬
ably to his idea, be made for the attendant officers, Port-Mitre, or
Port-Crofier, or for both. And where there was only a fingle
flail, it might be intended the priefl ffiould fit in it, and that the
deacon and fubdeacon fhould be placed at his feet, on each fide,
upon two flools. But where there are no more than two
flails jYJ, one of the three officiating miniflers would be def-
titute of a feat.
It is not, however, merely from the number of the flails,
that I am led to controvert Mr. Wells’s appropriation of them ;
their relative fituation and embelliffiments operate againfl his
notion. In modern chapels of the Roman Catholicks, the
priefl;, at the proper intervals of the fervice, is feated in an arm¬
chair; and in Picart’s Ceremonies, in the celebration of high,
mafs in the pope’s chapel there is a luperb chair for the priefl,.
and beneath it on each fide two low flools for the inferior
clergymen, between whom, as the rubrick dire&s, the prieib
(/] In the churches of Badby, Tiffield, and Wotton* in Northamptonfhire,,
there are two Halls (Bridges, Hill. I. pp. 21. 271. 393.) as there are- in the'
churches ol lbokefley, Stroud, and Milton by Sittingbourne, in Kent.
ffiali
in the Chancels of Churches . 30 £
fhall be featedf/]. This rule could not have been followed
with the leaR degree of confiflency in any of the triple feats
engraved in the Vetufta Monumenta. In each fet all are ranged
in a line in front, and in the Rochefier Rails the feats are upon a
level. If then the middle Rail were defigned for the prieft,
the deacon, by being placed to the Eaft on his right hand,
would have had the Ration of pre-eminence : and as in the
churches of Chatham and Tiltey, the feats rife one above
another, the higheR in office would not have had the upper-
moR feat.
Befides, in the Chatham triple feat, the fculpture of the
firR, or Eaflern Rail, was far more elegant than the nearly
limilar embelliffiments of the fecond and third Ralls, and
could therefore hardly be defigned for the perfon of infe¬
rior rank. From thefe circumRances I collett, that had the
accommodation of prieR, deacon, and fubdeacon, been the
primary view in confiru<Ring thefe Ralls,, this manifeR impro¬
priety would have been guarded againR. It is obferved by Mr.
Wells, that in the churches abroad, moveable feats are to this
day employed with more convenience ; and likewife, as I am
apt to fufpeft, becaufe more conformable to both the letter and
fpirit of the Roman ritual. The fiibfequent accidental ufe of
thefe feats feems to be a very different queflion.
Pofl'efi’ed with the idea of his having adopted the original
purpofe for which thefe Ralls were ertdled, and not finding
any fituated on the fouth fide of the altar of the lhrine of
Edward the Confeflor in WeRminRer Abbey, Mr. Wells was
[/] “In miiTa item folemni celebrans msdius inter diaconum et fubdiaconum
federe potell a cornu epiftolae juxta altare, cum cantetur kyrie eleefon , et
gloria in excr/Jis Miflale Romanum ex decreto Concil. Trident.
I prompted'.
C02
Mr. Eenne on the Stone Seats
prompted to fugged, that what he conceived to have been five
it 11 s at the weft end ot the chapel were for the ufe of the offi¬
ciating minifters. But is not this notion open to as ftrong an
objtcli mi as any already advanced ? It is expretsly enjoined,
that, in every article, and under all circumftances, barring
every pretence and ©ppofite ulage, which is declared to be an
abufe- the rubric of the Roman miflal fhali be obferved :g] ;
and of the general rubrics one is, that, when during the cere¬
mony the celebrant is allowed to reft himielf, he fhali be feated
a cornu epijiola juxta altare ; i. e. near the altar, and at the fouth
horn of it. When there could not have been the leafl occa-
fion to have deviated from this rubric, would then the prieft:
and his aftiftants have been warranted in moving to the Weft:
and lower end of the chapel, and to have intermixed with the
laity ?
In the reafon afligned for there being no flails on the fouth
fide of this chapel, Mr. Wells, from inadvertency, has flipt into
an anachronifm ; for he fays, “ it could not be contrived in
that quarter on account of the regal monuments there
“ eredted.” But two of the three monuments on the fouth
fide a^e memorial* of king Edward the Third and his Queen;
and the third is a tomb into which the body of king Richard
the Second was removed from Langley by king Henry the
Fifth. The firft monument railed in this chapel was in ho¬
nour of kino; Henry the Third, who, as the re-edifier of this
church, was buried on the north fide.
[,§-] “ Demum renovando decreta alias fadta, mandat facra congrcgatio in
omnibus et per omnia fervari rubricas miffalis Romani, non obftante quocunquc
prsetextu, et contraria confuetudine quam abufum effe declarat.” Ibid. PraTat.
The
in the Chancels of Churches . 303
The conje&ure I entertain is, that neither the architect of
the chapel, nor the perlons who employed him, ever thought
of preparing a fixed feat for the prieft, concluding that a
moveable chair would be more convenient and fuitable ; and
a few years after the building of the chapel, it was furnifhed
with a chair of high dignity ; for the new chair, in which
was the flone of Scotland, was placed near the altar before the
fhrine of St. Edward ; and this was given by king Edward the
Firff, purpofely to ferve as a chair for the celebrating prieft at
Weftminfter [h]. And notwithftanding the order of Edward
the Third to reftore it to the Scots, and the many changes,
devaluations and pillages this facred edifice has undergone,
the chair has probably ever fince retained its ftation. At what
time it might become the coronation chair of the Kings of
England is foreign to the prefent enquiry. It cannot, however,
be deemed an extravagant conceit, that the abbot of Weftmin-
fber and other priefts might be elated with having an unquef-
tionable right to be frequently feated in a chair in which fo-
vereigns were enthroned.
The fi ve richly fculptured canopies over the Hone feat at
the weft end of the Confeffor’s chapel might difpofe Mr. Wells
to imagine, that there might be under them the fame number
\h] The only item that occurs relative to the arts is a payment to Walter
the painter, for a flep to the new chair in which the /tone of Scotland was placed
near the altar, before the fhrine of St. Edward, in Weflminfter Abbey ; and to
the carpenters and painters painting the faid flep, and for gold and colours to
paint it with, and making a cafe to cover the laid chair it. 9 s. 7 d. This fa--
rnous hone was brought out of Scotland but three years before (1296) ; and
Walfingham tells us, the ufe Edward put it to, was to ferve as a chair for the
celebrating pnefts at Weflminfler. Mr. Topham’s Obfervations on the Ward¬
robe Account of 28 Edw. I. p. xli.
6 of
304 Mr. Denne on the Stone Seats
of didinct flails ; but, as far as can be traced, there were never
any columns of reparation. To me it deems more likely that
this Hone, bench was originally fixed to accommodate king
Henry the Third and the illudrious perfonages, who afiifted
him in bearing the ched with the relicks of the Confeffor, on
the tranflation of them into the new fhrine. And it is obferv-
able that the centre canopy, which projects beyond the colla¬
terals, is furmounted with a buff that has upon the head a regal
crown.
Having taken the liberty to offer my reafons for diffenting
from Mr. Wells’s opinion, I will venture to fuggefl a ufe to
which, I think, thefe flails might have been applied in churches
cathedral, collegiate, and parochial, with a furmife as to what
may have been the immediate purpofe of condrufting them in
churches of the lafl denomination.
In cathedrals, the feat of the bifhop, or, as it is more com¬
monly flyled, his throne, being often ereCted at a very confi-
derable diftance from the high altar, another feat more conve¬
niently fituated mull: have been fometimes more delirable, and
particularly when the facramental elements were to be deli-
livered to him. Two of the rubrical directions which the
pried was to obferve when the bifhop was prefent, plainly
fhew that he mud be confidered as placed within the limits of
the prefbytery [/] ; and, as it is truly remarked by Mr. Wells,
feats
[/] a Si celebraturus fit coram fummo pontifice, fi'ftit fe ante infimum gra-
dum altaris a cornu EvangeJii ante ipfum pontificem, ubi genuflexus expedlat :
accepta benedi&ione erigit fe, et ftans aliquantum verfus ad altare incipit
miffam. Si autem fit coram cardinale, legato fedis apoflolica?, aut patriarcha,
archiepifcopo, et epifeopo, in eorum refidentiis, vel loco jurifdidtionis, flans
ante infimum gradum a cornu evangelii, ut fupra expedlat : dato figno, facit
profundara
in the Chancels oj Churches* 305
feats on the fouth fide were conftantly allotted to ecclcfiaftics.
One therefore could hardly hefitate in affignitig the firft ftall in
Rochefter cathedral to the bifhop, had it even not been diftin-
guifhed by the armorial bearings of that fee* Befides, thefe
flails could not be near the horn of the altar ; and Mr. Charles
Clarke (now of the Ordnance Office atGravefend, an intelligent
correfpondent in the Gentleman's Magazine, under the figna-
tures of Indagator, and Indagator Roffenfis) whofe idea concern¬
ing their antient ufe correlponds with Mr. Wells’s notion,
being aware of this obje&ion, has attempted to remove it, by
an intimation that the altar might not adjoin to the Eaft
wall [/£]. Now though it is probable, that a fpace might be left
for a proceffion of the monks behind the altar, yet, as appears
to me, the firft ftep of afeent to the altar, and to the prefent
communion table muft have been nearly in the fame pofition ;
for had it been brought forward, it muft have concealed the
grave ftone of a biffiop that was heretofore fully inlaid with
brafs plates. Above the middle ftall are the arms of Chrift-
church, Canterbury ; and who more likely to have been feated
in this ftall than the archdeacon of Canterbury, whofe office
it was to inthrone all the biffiops of the province ! The arms
profundam reverentiam prariato, et verfufi ad altare incipit miflam. — Si autem
folemniter celebrat coram fummo pontifice, aut alio ex praelatis praedi&is in
ecclefia eorum jutifdi&ionis, {tans a finiflris praelati, facitcumeo confeflionem,
ct alia fervat, ut in casremoniali ordinatur miflae,” Miffale Romanum. Dc
Principio Confeffione facienda, Ilk *, 3. There is no veftige of a ftall in the pref-
bytery of Canterbury cathedral ; perhaps it might not be found neceflary, becaufe
what is called the archbilhop’s patriarchal or metropolitical chair was placed a
few fteps above the altar on the north fide. Gofling’s Walk, 261, 272, 279.
In the church of Wapenham in Noithamptonfhire, behind the altar are two
feats of {tone like {tails. Bridges Hift. I. p. 212.
[i] Gent. Mag. Vol. LVI. 751. Vol. LVII, 663.
Vo l. X. R r
of
^o6 Mr. Denne on the Stone Seats
m/
of the third flail are, Argent, a crofs quarter pierced of the fame-.
To whom it belonged is uncertain; nor is it known what
were the arms of the priory of Rochefler. Dr. Denne imagined
they might be emblafoned upon this fhield. Suppofing this
conjecture, which is plaufible, to be well founded, this would
indicate the flail to have been for the ufe of the prior : and it
is certain that at the time of the celebration of high mafs, he
would be placed near the bifhop. In Durham cathedral pro*
vifion feems to have been made for a greater number of the
chief members of the monaflery, and of other perfons of rank,
there being, according to Mr. Hutchinfon, four feats on each fide
of the altar [/■*].
Stalls of this kind would be as requifite in a collegiate church,
efpecially if in a town that was the refidence of the bifhop.
And that was the cafe at Maidflone, where the archbifhops of
Canterbury had a manerial houfe, to which they frequently re-
forted, and where Courtney founded a college of fecular canons,
and rebuilt what was before a parochial church. There was
not in the chancel any feat fuitable to a perfon of his prer
eminent rank, except one of the five flails on the foutli fide of
the altar ; and his Ration demanded that he fliould be placed
in the upper or eaflern flail, upon which is a fhield with his
coat of arms. The four other flails it may be fairly con¬
cluded were for his attendants and officers.
When bifliops, archdeacons, vicars general, officials, and
rural deans, vifited parifh churches, they would doubtlefs be
feated in the chancel during the time of divine fervice ; and for
them thefe flails would be a proper accommodation. But, it
is contended by Mr. Clarke (who has examined with care and
[/] Hiflory and Antiquities of Durham, Vol. II, 244.
judgment
in the Chancels of Churches . 307
judgment the various fubjedts of antiquity remaining in thefe
facred edifices), that this could not have been the ufe of them
in country churches, becaufe, formerly, as well as now, vi-
fitations were held only in pari flies of the moft confequence in
each diftridt ; which objection, as I apprehend, may be in great
ineafure removed.
.Synods, in which the bifhop prefided, were, it is admitted,
ufually aflembled in the cathedral, or in fome commodious
church in the city which gave name to the lee ; and the ordi¬
nary vifitations, or chapters, were held in places after which
the refpedtive deanries were denominated [w]. Parochial vibra¬
tions, however, were formerly very frequent. Upon them the
right to procurations was founded, and originally they were
only due to a local vifitor. From divers ecclefiaftical injunctions
of the thirteenth century it is evident, that procurations were
extremely burdenfome to the parochial clergy ; and the nine¬
teenth legatine conftitution of Othobon exprefsly charges bifliops
and inferior vifitors not to aggrieve their fubjedts with a fuper-
fluous retinue, but to follow the moderation which the fourth
council of Lateran had publickly diredted. By this moderate
regulation an archbifhop was retrained from viliting with more
than five or feven ; a rural dean with more than two[Yj.
[/w] This was not, however, an invariable rule. For archbifhop Sudbury
did not hold his vifitations in the principal parillies of the decanal diftri&s, in
the following inflances. The clergy of Lyminge deanry were cited to Smeethe;
thofe of Sandwich to Northburne ; thofe of Bridge to Wye ; thofe of Weflbeere
to Chiflet. Wilkins’ Concil. HI. p. in.
O] Johnfon’s Ecclef. Conftitut. A.MCC.XXII. Langton’s Conflitut. 22,
23. A.D.M.CC.XXVIII. Legat. Conflit. of Otto. 20.— A.D.MCCLXVIil.
Legat. Conflit. Othobon. 18.
Thefe
R r 2
/
Mr, Denne on the Stone Seats
Thefe procurations in vi&uals and provender were gradually
reduced to a compofition in money, payable whether the biffiop
or archdeacon vifited locally or not ; and I conceive it to have
- been often colle&ed at the rate of fix-pence in the pound for
each benefice, according to the valor of pope Nicholas [o]. In
confequence of this change vifitations of pariffies were much
lefs frequent, becaufe the ffipulated compenfation for provifions
became inadequate to the expence.
At times, however, they were neceffiary; and befides, in
former days, the courts of both biffiops and archdeacons were
held in the churches of thofe pariffies,. from which there were
prefentments of any great irregularities or defers. There was
alfo in each fmaller diftrift an annual officer, called a rural
dean ; the biffiop appointing one of three incumbents nomi¬
nated by the clergy at the general vifitation, and he was in-
vefted in the office by the delivery of a feal to him. His pro¬
vince was to take care that thea&s of court and the injunctions
of biffiop and archdeacon were enforced ; and by virtue of his
own authority he was to enquire perfonally into the Rate of
the churches, and to examine the houfes and other buildings-
of the clergy [/>]. It being an employment of trouble, and:
what often fubjeCted the perfon exercifing it to diftreffing alter¬
cations, the clergy endeavoured to avoid the being burdened
[o] A. 145.7* Jun. 21. Apud Roffam fafta fuit convocatio cleri civitat’ et
diocef ’ Reffen’ et expofit’ clero per mag. Tho. Candour commiffar’ d’ni de
vifitatione epa’li hoc anno et de procurationibus folvendis ratione vifitationis,
concefiere vi d. de lib lblvend’ die vifitat’ faftae fecundum taxationes benefieior*
taxat’ fecundu’ comraun’ valore’ eorund’ ; et q’d licebit d’no non folventes per
omnes cenfuras eccleliafticas compellare. Aft. Cur. Conlift. Roifen,
[p] Aft. Cur. Confift. et Archidiacon, Roffen. paffim.
6- With,
in the Chancels of Churches, ^ -9,
with it ; and there may nof now be more than two or three
diocefes in England, in which there is even a fhadow of this
jurifdidtion.
To thefe vifitors of different ranks the flails under review
might be appropriated ; but though mod probably they made
ufe of them, I am rather apt to imagine they were conftru&ed;
to anfwer an occafion, when the prefence of the bifhop was
abfolutely neceflary, and that was at the confecration of a
church or chancel. For the Lord of the Manor, or other
perfons, at whofe charge the fabric was raifed, would be dif-
pofed to think it a decent mark of refped to their diocefan,
that he fhould have a feat of dignity and elegance prepared for
him. Moft of the flails are receffes within the wall, and in
appearance coeval with it. When therefore we fee only a fingle
flail, I am for aligning it to the bifhop ; and the reft, if thefe
are a greater number, for the accommodation of his vicar ge¬
neral, his chaplain, or others of his fuite. Mr. Wells fays,
that in foreign churches where there are five feats, the port
mitre and port crofier occupy two. And does not the enfign
carried by the former imply him to be an officer in attendance
upon the bifhop ?
Confidering the flails in this light, it is to be regretted,
that they have not been more generally and accurately fur-
veyed ; becaufe the ftyle of archite&ure, an infcription, a fhield
of arms, initial letters, or a cypher might lead to a difcovery
of the age of the edifice itfelf ; and,, comparatively fpeaking,,
there are but few parifh churches, the times of whofe building
can be fixed with precifion. In many of our county hiftories
fome feats in chancels are indeed mentioned, but generally in
ib brief and fuperficial a. manner* that no adequate idea cam
be"
Mr. Denne on the Slone Seats
be formed of them. This is the cafe in Brydges’s North amp*
tonfhire who has noticed there being both halls, and a confef-
Jionary in the fame chancel, without Specifying the marks by
which he diftinguilhed one from the other. And here I cannot:
avoid obferving, that engravings of fuch curious fubjecfs of
antiquity would be a more fuitable appendage to a county hif-
tory than many of the plates to be feen in fome late publica¬
tions.
The falls in Rochefer cathedral and Chatham church were,
1 imagine, eredled about the fame time. In the three com¬
partments of the former were the pictures of three biffiops,
which, though much damaged, were not defaced before the
painting of the choir in 1743. As Weever relates [7], one
was the portraiture of biffiop John de Shepey over the place of
his burial ; and the grave f one which covered his remains was
at the foot of the falls [r]. This will countenance a furmife
concerning the date of them, and that they might be raifed as
monument to him. The monks might conhder him as delerv-
ing this compliment, the prelate having by his will, made
September 21, 1360, a month before his death, bequeathed one
hundred marks toward the reparation of his cathedral, and the
fame fum to the celerar’s office to find provisions for the con*
vent. He alfo allowed as much to defray the expences of his
funeral [j].
On better evidence may the age of the falls in Chatham
church be very nearly afeertained. They could not have been
[^] Funeral Monuments, p. 314.
[r] Memorials of the Cathedral church of Rcchefter, printed with Cuftumale
J&ofFenfe, p. 202.
[s'] Ibid.
confru£led
hi the Chancels cf Churches-. ' i x
condruCted before 1352, and probably were fo not long after;
dnce in that year Pope Clement Vi. iffued a letter of relaxation
of penances for a year and forty days, to all perfons who ihould
contribute to the pious work of re-building the church of
Chatham, dated to have been recently burnt down [/]. But the
fire did not deflroy the whole building; for, on the late repa¬
ration and enlargement of the church, the old part of the fabric
was clearly to be didinguithed from the work added after the
accident. For this information l am obliged to Mr. Clarke,,
who difcovered and took drawings of fome unequivocal re¬
mains, at the Weft end, that were in the ftyle of architecture
ufed by the early Normans ; and he was on that account much
difpofed to conclude they might be parts of the church built
by a Crevequer, to which family the fird William gave the
Manor of Chatham. There is not, however, the lead reafon.
to doubt of the chancels being ereCted about the middle of the
fourteenth century, and the triple feat was indifputably con-
druCled with the fouth wall.
The greater elevation, and the fuperior embelli/hments of
the eafiernmod dall have been already noticed, and an opinion
fhall be offered why it might be more richly ornamented.
Robert de Crevequer (the defcendant of Hay mo de Crevequer,
whole lervices his royal rnafter had rewarded with the manor of
Leedes, as well as that of Chatham) founded at Leedes a priory
of Autim canons, and granted to them for the welfare of his own
loul, and of the foul of his uncle Hamo Dapifer, the church of
Chatham with fix other churches appertaining to his edate. Be¬
fore the year 1 136, the monks of this religious houfe obtained the
fulled a-ppropriaticn of all the tithes and dues of the parifh of
Chatham. For they were not under the redriClion of endowing
[/] Reg* Epif. J. de Shepey, fol. 257. b. Regiftrum Roffenfe, p. 209.
a vicar?>
Mr, Denne oft Stone Seats
a vicar, but the cure of the church was to be fupplied by one
•of the canons, to be appointed by the prior, and removable at
his pleafure [«]. That the prior would occafionally vifit a church
thus dependent upon him is raofl probable ; and is it not a
plaufible prefumption that, when prefent at mafs he would be
placed in the uppermofl feat ; and that being the governor of
one of the principal monafteries in the county, care would be
taken that he fhould have a flail becoming his high rank ?
In Tiltey in Elfex aCiflercian abbey was founded about 1152,
to which the church of that parifh was as ftri&ly appropriated.
Mr. Schnebbelie thinks it was the conventual church ; Weever
-exprefsly thus terms it, and noticed in it an epitaph to the me¬
mory of abbot Thomas de Thaxted [#]. This building has an
appearance of antiquity, but concerning its age there is no
written evidence. The triple feat in the chancel, as Mr.
Schnebbelie has obferved, is in a plainer flyle than the other
flails delineated by him, either from a want of archite&ural
tafle in the ruling members of the abbey, or that their revenues
from mifmanagement [jy] would not admit of the charge of more
elegant and coftly ornaments. But the firfl feat is raifed higher
than the fecond and third, and this I conceive to have been de-
figned for the abbot’s flail [2].
This paper (hall be concluded with a few obfervations, not
irrelative to the fubjedl of it, occalioned by a perufal of Sir Jo-
feph Ayloffe*s defcription of the monuments in Weflminfler
abbey [j].
[a] Ibid. p. 310, &C.
[*] Funeral Monuments, p. 600.
[y] There were only fix monks in it at the difiolution, though valued by
Dugdale at £.167. 2. 6. and by Speed at £.177. 9. 4.
[z] In the fouth wail of the chancel of St. Mary’s church at Oxford are three
beautiful ftalls on the famt level as at Rochefter and elfewhere, about three feet
from the floor in a fquare frame with a fafeia of oak. leaves and a flowered
'cornice. R. G.
[a] Monumcnta Vetufta, Vol. III. PI. XXXIV.
Vol. X. PL XXX
P- SA3-
in ihe Chancels of Churches . 3 1 j
Many of the done feats were, it is likely, ornamented with
portraits. A reference has been already made to thole in Ro-
cheder cathedral ; and there were pidtures in the {fails of the
parifh church of Pocklington in Somerfetdiire \ F\ and of
Exeter cathedral. In the lowed feat at Pocklington there is a
coarfe daubing of Elias, infcribed unum elite ; and as, mod pro¬
bably, the portraits of Chrid and Mofes were in the other
dalls, this will account for their being vulgarly called Taber¬
nacles. In the dalls in Exeter cathedral, dyled by Mr. Gough
the monument of Leofric, the fird bifhop of that fee, is the
pidlure of Leofric fitting in his pontificals, between Edward the
Confeflbr and his Queen [< c ] : and there were alfo portraits in
the four recedes of the North front of the tomb of king Sebert
in Wedminder abbey. I have, after Sir Jofeph Ay Ioffe, ufed
the word recedes, though not a little inclined to fufpedt, that
they were dalls condrudled for the fame purpofe as thofe which
remain on the South fide of other prefbyterics. The height
and width of the pannels are mentioned by Sir Jofeph, but
unluckily he did not minute the depth of thefe recedes.
Judging, however, from the perfpedtive of N° IV, I appre¬
hend there is room for feats;* and I am informed by Mr.
Gatlin, one of the officers of the abbey, that, to the bed of
his recolledlion, there are feats nearly as wide as the done
bench under the canopies at the Wed end of the Confedor’s
chapel.
Sir Jofeph remarks (what, as he believes, is not obfervable
in any other monuments in the abbey) that the fronts of Se-
[6] Gentleman^ Magazine, LVIT. 755.
fV) Sepulchral Monument?, v. 60,
s'Vol. X, ' ‘ -S s
bert’i
4 Mr. Denne on the Stone Seats
bert’s monument are in the form;?, mode of conftru&ion, and
ornaments widely different ; and the front before the area of the
altar, called by him the principal front, is, he fays, a much
more elegant defign : and in the print one may perceive fome
refemblance between thefe recedes and the triple feat in Ro-
chefter cathedral.
In the opinion of Sir Jofeph, the monuments on each fide of
prefbytery were not hid by any linings hung before them, till
the year 1625, when king Charles the Firft might prefent to
the dean and prebendaries the tapeftry that had been put up
as a proper furniture and ornament for his majefty’s coronation.
Rut the conclufion he has drawn from the filence of Camden
and Stow concerning any fuch concealment of thefe beautiful
relicks of antiquity, however plaufible, is not fatisfadlory. And
had he attended to the whole of what Weever has written, and
which he has in part cited, he would have difcovered that the
cloth of arras which then adorned the quire muft have been of
ancient date, at lead: earlier than the Reformation ; for no artifi:
of the reign of the firfi: Charles was likely to have interwoven
in it the tw7o rhyming monkifh hexameters copied by Weever;
and much lefs would he have been buffered by any Protefiant
employer to have addrefied the pope as father ;
Hanc regum fedem fibi Petrus confecrat edem,
$uam tu, Papa, regis, infignit et undfio regis \cT\.
Uncertain as it is who might have been the perfons repre-
fented in thefe pannels, Sir Jofeph flattered himfelf his conjec¬
tures might be venial ; and as what I have to propofe may
{yj Funeral Monuments, p. 451.
likewife
Vol. X. PI. XXXI /■>. 315.
^ i, V & &ng le/ield del.
Xda/irejc.
str.t»cr* r
/« the Chancels oj Churches, -j -
like wife tend to an elucidation, I truft I may be favoured with
the fame indulgence. His grounds for imagining that the firfl
figure in PI. IV. V. was defigned for king Sebert appear to be
well fupported; but that the figure in the next compartment
fhould have been -archbifhop Becket’s I fee no room to con¬
ceive ; apprehending that the monks of Wefrminfler, who had
fo popular, fo marvellous a faint of their own, would not have
r-
. condefcended to have placed St. Thomas of Canterbury fo near
the high altar in preference to him. I had thought it might
be the Confeffor’s picture ; but am now much more ready to
adopt Sir Jofeph’s idea, that the regal and laititlike portrait
on the South front of the tomb might be defigned for him,
and for this additional reafon, that, in this confpicuous fixa¬
tion, it could not fail of drawing the attention of his votaries
who were paffing along that ambulatory to his fhrine.
The picture that w^as in the lecond pannel being fo entirely
defaced, hardly admits of a doubt of its having born the refem»
blance of a faint; and of whom more likely than of St. Peter to
whom the church was dedicated ? Weever[Yj corroborates this
furmife ; for he w’rites that “ the image of Sr. Peter is depicted,
fpeaking to king Sebert in the following verfes,” wrhich declare
Sebert’s having founded the church to Peter, and Peter’s ac¬
knowledging himfelf to be its tutelary faint.
Hie, Rex Seberte, paufas, mihi condita per te
Haec loca luftravi, demum luftrando dicavi.
The king is liftening [y'] to the figure in the fecond pannel,
with the hand uplifted pointing towards heaven. From
[t] Ibid. p. 452.
[/] According to Sir Jofeph, di£la\ing\ but Weever’s account is, that Peter
is /peaking to Sebert; and the lips are clofed.
S S 2
Weever’s
Mr. Denne on the Stone Seats
316
Weever’s relation it may be inferred that this picture wa»
then viilble, if he did not himfelf fee it; and confequently,
whether defigned for St. Edward, St. Thomas, or St. Peter,
it muft have been deftroyed with the axes and hammers of
Cromwell’s foldiers, the extravagantly zealous regulators of that
age; to whom the portraits of a queftionable faint and of an
apoftle were equally obnoxious.
Wilmington. , Dec, 3, 1790. SAMUEL. DENN E.,
P. S. Indagator Roffenfis (Mr. Charles Clarke [g]) having ad¬
vanced in the Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. L1X. p. 804. that
plate XXXIV. N°V. vol. II. of Vetufta Monumenta, intituled,,
“ 1'he North front of King Sebert’s tomb,” was no other
than a reprefentation of leats, or ftalls, on the north fide of the
altar in Weftminfler abbey, I was delirous of learning upon
what grounds this opinion was formed ; and received the fol¬
lowing anfwer to my letter of enquiry. Sir Jofeph Ay Ioffe’s
defcription and notions feem to be judicioufly corrected, though.
In other refpedts Mr. Clarke may not be free from errors.
“ Sir Jofeph Ayloffe, after defcribing the fronts of the mo¬
nument, fays, they differ widely from each other, and in pro¬
ceeding points out the monument of Sebert, which, as I
take it, muft appear to any one to be nothing but the back of
a feat ; for, if a monument, why not left open as thofe of Ed¬
ward III. Richard II. Sec. in the Confeffor’s chapel ; and thofe
of Edmund Crouchback, and the earl of Pembroke, and De
Valence, in the choir, before the prefent fereen was ere&ed,
{/] See before, p. 305,
which.
otta/ire /£.
■-& 6. &na/e/ie/d de/ .
Vol. X. 7Y JfXXH p. ,3 77,
^ yyy/
o /////',
at t/tay t/t///////.
y / At _A.Afat////y// / grAtanyt/ty aA?
(AASaA/itA.
in the Chancels of Churches. 3 i j
which were finifiied equally rich oft the other fide. It being;
©pen would not operate againft its being an altar, if fuch a
thing could be in that place: for open altars, not placed againft
walls, occur frequently in the churches I have feen in Flan¬
ders. And, if I am not miftaken, Gervafe deferibes fuch an
one in his account of the antient cathedral of Canterbury.
j
“ Sir jofeph, after describing the fide in the choir, fays,
6 here under the canopy, and on a flone plinth of eight inches,
is placed a chef: of oak 12 feet 6 inches in length, 3 feet 4
inches in height, and 2 feet ii inches in width, evidently
intended to rep re fen t the farcophagus of Stbert, as well as to
ferve for an altar on the day of his anniverfary, and at fuch;
other times as mafs was to be there faid for the repofe of his
foul. This cheft is of very plain and rude workman fhip; how¬
ever, a greater degree of elegance feems not to be needful 1 it
being evident from the feveral large broad headed nails which
have boen drove into it, and are now remaining, as alfo from
fome filaments of gold adhering to them, that this chell: was
either covered with carpeting of cloth of gold, or other like
rich fluff.” A monument and farcophagus of the fame perfon
in one church is rather-fingular, nor could the idea of a fared-
phagus of Sebert be annexed to that of an altar, fince none but
the bodies of faints were ever permitted to be enclofed in fo
facred a repofitory [Aj. Nothing can be more unlike the de-
feription of an altar, than is this of the cheft. Both Altar ia^
and Arte were exp refs ly obliged to be made of ftone. Durant de
\h] Sir Jofeph terms it Sebert’s fhrine ; but as it is apprehended, not witlv
accuracy ; fhrine's being for the reliques of faints, to which honour king Se-
bert never attained. Old Mailer Weever more properly ftyles it a tomb.
ritibus.,,
Mr. Denne on the Stone Seats
S'S
ritihus , fays, that from the fir ft eftablifhment of Chriftianity
under Conftantine, they were never made of wood [/] ; and
mafs was forbidden to be faid but upon (tone, though but fuf-
ficiently large for the foot of the chalice to reft upon; fo parti¬
cular were they, that a fmall confecrated ftone, or fuper-altare ,
was carried (to ufe the words of Fox) by popifh priefts, when
they went mailing to gentlemen’s houfes. At the fame time
this altar muft be open at the ends, not encumbered, as are
thofe of this cheft, or feat, and be covered with three linen
cloths (one of which is to be fufficiently long to nearly touch
the ground on each fide), and not with nails and carpeting, far
more adapted for making cufhions for the purpofe of fitting
upon. Every rubrick and writer I have read on this fubjedt
fay fo much, nor is it neceflary to load this account with cita¬
tions, as you muft be in poffefiion of at leaft as many books
for the purpofe as myfelf.
“ Befides, confidering the impropriety of the fituation qf
the thing itfelf near the high altar, no other ever being placed
in the choir, and its far greater fimilitude to feats for a pried:,
deacon, fubdeacon, and one ceretncniarhis (mailer of the cere¬
monies), whofe office in long fer vices was not much unlike
that of a prompter : from what 1 have faid, and Sir Jofeph’s
whole defcription, as well as from a view of the thing itfelf,
1 muft fay it ever ft ruck me, as the officiant’s feat, almoft ever
larger, and fitted for more perfons, in churches extra- parochial.
[*'] And yet, according to Erafmus’s defcription, what was commonly called
the altar of the martyrdom of St. Thomas in Canterbury cathedral “ was
•built of wood” and was fmall and remarkable on no other refpedt, but as it
was a monument of antiquity upbraiding the luxury of the times,.
Somner’s Antiquities, p. 92.
Nor
2
in the Chancels of Churches. ' ^rg
Nor can I help concluding it to be nothing elfe. The tomb of Se-
bert is immediately under it [i], and behind the verger’s bench,
ferving them as a fhelf for their books and papers. It is of
Jlone in a different take, and likely of a fomevvhat earlier erec¬
tion, probably built at the fame time, in the reign of Henry IIL
as the wall in which it is fituated -3 while the feat above it
appears to have been the work of Richard de Ware, who
erefled the Confeffor’s fhrine, the fine pavement to the altar,
and the monument of that king, each in mofaic, and executed
by the fame Italian artift. I am not in pofifeflion of any one ac¬
count of this divine church, or poffibly by comparing dates, &c.
it would be no difficult matter to ffiew that the monument be¬
low, affigned to Sebert, and the feat above were eredted at different
periods ; they face different ways, the lower one to the fouth,
the feat to the north, and open to the choir, adjoining to the
altar, and in the very place of the triple feats of other churches ;
nor can it be doubted that this fo amply endowed, and the
darling of fo many of our pious kings, ffiould be wanting in
any thing conducing to the increafe of folemnity.
“ One thing remains againft me; this is the height of the
feat from the pavement ; but I fancy it will be as eafily got
over, as the prieft and his affieffors could mount one or two
Reps of wood placed before it for that purpofe ; and this height
added to the extreme richnefs of the canopies, habits, and de¬
corations, muft have greatly encreafed the fublimity of the
whole appearance.
H] If the tomb of Sebert is beneath the fuppofed feats, there is no ground
for my fuggeftion that the hand of the figure, probably deligned for that king,
is pointing towards the repofitory of his bones.
“ Mr.
^20 Mr, Denne on the Stone Seats
a Mr. Wells’s objection, inferted in the Gentleman’s Magazine,
was the feats having been ereded for the life of vifitors ; but I
ever underftood you it was your opinion they were for the ac¬
commodation of the confecrating bifhop : and when I afked
you cnee your reafon ; 1 recoiled you defired me to wait for
the publication of the number in which they were to appear.
“ In the church at Northfleet are the remains of the lower
part of what, from the marks on the fouth wall of the great
chancel, was a very elegant triple feat ; while in the lame
church, at the eaft end pf the fouth aile, is another feat of this
kind, quite perfed, and which- appears to have belonged to a
richly endowed chantry, the lead hint of which has hitherto
efcaped my mod diligent learch. Neither vifiting nor confe-
cration[/] could require two fuch feats in the fame church;
while high mafs was fung at feveral altars ; and, I prefume,
t-hefe feats were wholly for the celebrants in that church, and
in fome manner conclude their intentions were the fame in
every other. Coinciding with this idea, and (hewing the ufes
of from one to five feats, are the contents of a letter I received
from the Rev. Gerard Robinfon, a clergyman of the other
church, to whom I applied on this occafion ; a copy of which
I take the liberty of inclofing.
a If I thought it would not be impertinent, and, indeed, if
I had leifure from fome troublefome private concerns, which
have greatly kept back this ; I could deferibe a beautiful feat of
five compartments, which 1 faw behind the very fine high al-
[/] The rite of confecration muft have been performed before mafs could
have been faid by a piieft at the altar of a chantry chapel. And in general the
ftipendiary allowance for chantries was to the prieft alone.
7 tar
in the Chancels of Churches .
tar of the abbey church of St. Bertin at St. OmeV’s, removed,
as I apprehend, when the Gothic work for about eight feet
long by three high of gold was furrounded by the prefent em-
bellifhments, in the grotefque tafte which feems to prevail every
where in thofe parts, and was the manner, when the Cal-
viniftic troubles ceafed in Flanders, and gave men time to look
about them. Three chairs are introduced in the room of this
feat ; as in mod; churches I faw. Alfo a large Gothic crucifix,
larger than life in the rood-loft in the fame church, which,
with the fhrine of St. Bertin, expofed in the odtave, the fan&ity
of whofe countenance I, cannot forget, {truck me as the
greatefl curiofities I had ever feen.
“ I am, Sir,
4i Your mod: obliged humble fervant,
“ CHARLES CLARKE.
“ Gravefend , Dec. 10, 1790.”
T t Copy
Vol. X.
322
Mr, Denne on the Stone Seats
Copy of the Rev, Gerard Robinfon’s Letter, mentioned hy
" Mr, Clarke,
“ Dear Sir,
« I WAS in the country when your letter was left at my
houfe ; otherwife you fhould have had an anfwer by the return
of the poft.
The many unavoidable avocations I have conftantly on
my hands, befides a tremor in my hand, which often dis¬
qualifies me even from writing my own name, I fear muft
render my anfwer much Ihorter, and more unfatisfaClory, than
you or I could wi(h. Your explanation of the three feats near
where the high altar was formerly placed, I believe to be per¬
fectly true. The objection of your learned friend, that in
other • churches there are found fometimes two, fometimes
four feats, does not invalidate your opinion. The practice at
this very time in France, Spain, and other countries, profef-
fng the former religion of this ifland, fufficiently proves what
I fay. In fome chapels, in confequence of the flender founda¬
tion, the prieft at high mafs performed the part of celebrant
and deacon. The choir fupplied the part of fubdeacon. It
is therefore natural that in fuch a church there fhould only be
one feat ; in other churches better endowed, befides the cele¬
brant,
in the Chancels of Churches, 323
brant, one performed the part of deacon and fubdeacon. In
fuch churches there were two feats. Befides, though com¬
monly at high mafs there are three, viz. celebrant, deacon,
and fubdeacon, in fome churches, efpecially on fome very fo-
lemn days, there are alfo one or two mailers of ceremonies
almoft in the fame drefs and ornaments with the celebrant,
and with their white wands dire&ing the officiating pried and
his minifters. Thefe were alfo fixed 011 temporary feats for
them. What I here relate, I have feen performed in France,
Spain, and elfewhere.
46 The biffiops always had a private chapel, where they per¬
formed their private devotions. But when they adled as bi¬
ffiops, either in faying pontifical mafs, or in performing any
pontifical duty, the above feats were for them and their af-
fiflants.
“ Exedra has different fignifications. Formerly the biffiops
preached (landing on the (leps of the altar ; they were there¬
fore called exedra. Sometimes exedra means the reading de(k,
or pulpit.
“ Zozimus and Socrates (the hiflorians) inform us, that St.
Chryfoflom preached from the ambo, for the greater conve-
niency of the people ; St. Auftin alfo tells us, that for the
fame reafon he preached from the exedra , or abfs , of the
church. Exedra alfo meant a place out of the church ; I be¬
lieve the .portico, where the marriage ceremonies were per¬
formed (for before the eleventh or twelfth century they were
performed in the church) ; and where alfo the penitents per¬
formed the firfl (lage of their canonical penance.
T t 2
“ The
324 Mr, Denne on the Stone Seats , &c.
“ The authors I recommend to }7ou on the Liturgies are
Monf. le Brun, 4 vols. 4?o, and Monf. Renodaut, 2 vols* 4to.
“ I am, &c.
“ 8 id, Juniiy 1788.”*
“ G. R.
XX XL
( 32 5 )
XXXI. Account of Antiquities difcovered at Bath 1790*
By Sir Henry Charles Englefield, Bart . F> R . A . 5.
Read March 3, 1791*
HAVING vifited the remains of Roman antiquity lately
difcovered at Bath, I beg leave to prefent to the Society
the following account of them.
The remains in queftion were brought to light by digging the
foundation of a new pump room and baths between the prefent
pump room and Stall-flreet. The ground opened, confifted
almoft entirely of the fragments of ruined buildings, and
amongfl: thefe were the ornamented Rones now preferved for
the infpeftion of the curious. They are in number between
50 and 60, and confill of parts of an ornamented cornice ; a
Corinthian capital ; feveral pieces of the (haft of a column or
columns of a diameter anfwering to the capital ; a bafe of the
fame order ; pieces of pilafters probably belonging to the fame
building with the columns ; the greater part of the ftones
which formed the tympanum of the pediment, and which were
adorned with fculpture ; parts of an infeription which probably
ran along the front wall of the building on a frieze,
ENMAVETVSTA .
in very {harp well formed letters, much better than thofe
which appear in inferiptions commonly found in Britain, im¬
porting that it had been decayed by age : and pieces of bas re¬
liefs which feem to have ornamented the walls of it. Betides-
thefe, are two bafes with parts of the {hafts of fmaller co¬
lumns.
2 26 Account of Antiquities
lumns, and a part of the tympanum of a pediment, fmaller
than that before mentioned. An altar with the following in-
fcription :
DEAE SVLLEVAE
PRO SALVTE ET
1NCOLVMITATE
MARC . AVFIDII
MAXIMI . LEG
Vi VIC .
v AVFIDIVS
TVC . V.S.L.P.
V . S - L. M .
and feveral fragments of fculls of different animals, with parts
of horns, and earth which feemed mixed with afhes.
At about twelve feet below the level of the prefent ftreet,
the workmen difcovered a pavement of large ftones, with fteps
fronting the Eaft. Of this pavement, enough was not laid open
to difcover the form or lize of the building to which it be¬
longed. It appeared to extend under Stall-flreet. On it the
foundation of the prefent new buildings is laid ; and it will of
courfe be for a long time covered from future inveffigation.
The remains however ft ill acceflible, and of which the cor¬
poration of the city of Bath take a laudable care, may lead
to a probable guefs at the deflination, fize, and proportion of
the building, to which they belonged. This probably was a
temple of the Corinthian order, dedicated to the deities who
prelided over the fprings of Bath ; and which an altar formerly
dug up here, tells us were Apollo and Minerva. The orna¬
ments in the pediment of the temple feem to refer to the latter
divinity ; while the fine bronze head formerly dug up near this
5 fpoB
difcovercd at Bath, 327
fpot, and now preferved in the town- hall feems evidently to
have belonged to a ffatue of the former.
The ffyle of the different parts of this building, the high
pitch of its pediment, and the irregular ordonnance of the cor¬
nice, feem to refer the aera of its erection to a period when ar-
chite&me had very conliderably funk from the elegance of the
befl Roman times ; and the inaccurate execution of the orna¬
ments, particularly of the fragments of human figures ; indicate
that the (kill of the workmen was ffill inferior to that of the
architect.
The remains now brought to light, though they enable us
to determine with tolerable precifion the extent of the front of
the temple, and to guels pretty nearly at its height, yet afford
110 light as to the ordonnance of the front, or extent of the
temple in length. In defcribing the drawings which accom¬
pany this account, t (hall therefore ffate minutely the author
rities extant for each part; and the parts which I have fupplied
from analogy to the general known proportions of architecture.
PI. XXX. is an elevation of the fuppofed front of the temple
to a fcale of five feet to an inch. The extent of the front
was determined by meafuring the angle of elevation of the
pediment, one ftone of the cornice of which at its rife from the
horizontal line yet remains. This angle is further ascertained
by the vertical angle of the pediment given by the upper ffone
of the tympanum, which correfponds as nearly with the other,
as meafures taken on worn Rones can be fuppofed to do. The
height of the tympanum is given by three ffones on which the
great patera in the centre is cut, and below which there does
not appear to have been another courfe of ffones. The height
being thus ascertained, the horizontal line is of courfe deter¬
mined. The altitude of the tympanum was meafured 8 feet
4 inches. .
328 Account of Antiquities
4 inches. Hence the extent of the tympanum is 24 feet 2 in¬
ches. Suppofmg therefore, that beneath the prefent remains
of the cornice another moulding exifted, in order to bring the
whole fomething near the ulual proportion of the Corinthian
cornice; and giving to the columns their diminution, as found
by the remains extant, the extent of the front of the temple
above the bafes of the columns, was 26 feet 5 inches.
As of the frize and architrave not one morfel has been
found, the whole of that part is fupplied from the ufual rules
of the order. The capital, which as far as can be judged from
its remains, was better wrought and defigned than any other
part of the building, appears to have been about 34 inches high,
and 26 inches and half in diameter at its jun&ion with the lhaft.
This therefore is taken as the upper diameter of the column.
Its diameter juft above the bafe, as near as I could meafure it
is 35 inches. This diminution is confiderably greater than is
ufual in this order. For the height of the (haft no authority
remains ; 1 have therefore taken it at ten diameters as is ulual in
this order.
The whole height of the building, on this fuppolition, is
43 feet, 7 inches, to the point of the pediment. It is, how¬
ever, obvious that this meafure is fubjedt to greater uncertainty
than that of the extent.
For the intercolumniation no authority whatever remains.
I therefore have adopted that which feemed moft graceful;
lomething like what is called by Vitruvius Euftyle, though
with the intercolumniations lefs wide ; leaving as much fpace
for the central opening as pofhble. As only one capital and
one bafe has yet been difeovered, it £1 ill remains uncertain
whether or not the temple was as I have drawn it Tetraftyle,
or
dif covered at Bath. J29
or with two columns and Antae, as Vitruvius recommends for
thofe temples whofe front is fmall. Nothing, however, yet
difcovered countenances the latter fuppofition, as the portions
of pilafters found were evidently belonging to a continued
wall.
The columns were fluted; but how many flutes they con¬
tained it is not eafy to afcertain ; it feems however that there
were twenty-feven or twenty-eight, which exceeds the ufual
number of the order, twenty-four. The flutes were cabled to
a certain height; but how high cannot be ascertained.
On one fide of the lower part of the (haft of the column is
cut a broad and deep groove. This feems to have been for the
infertion of a (lone partition, either folid, fuch as Vitruvius
defcribes, or open, fuch as appears in many bas-reliefs of
Temples. The ufe of this might be either to keep the crowd
out of the portico, or to prevent its being defiled by unclean
animals.
The moft fingular part of this building is the extreme ele¬
vation of the pediment ; and this is fo well afcertained, as to
leave no doubt about it. No antient building, as yet difcovered,
has a pediment of fo acute a pitch as this ; though in fmaller
works, and on medals, fuch are not uncommon. Whether
this deviation from the antient rule arofe from ignorance of the
architect, or an attention to the climate, which demands a
fharp roof to refcue buildings from fnow ; the effect is extreme¬
ly ungraceful and auk ward.
PI. XXXI. contains fome of the ornaments on a larger fcale,
a tenth of the real fize. The firil figure is an elevation
of the cornice, which is not of an ungraceful profile. It dif¬
fers moft eflentially from the cornice of the Corinthian Order
by its want of modillions, inftead of which the corona is hoi-
Vol. X. U u lowed
2 op Account of Antiquities
lowed and enriched in its foffir, as is exprefled in Fig. 2. The
omiffion of the modillions extremely reduces the height of the
cornice. It is evident that the lower moulding of the cornice
is wanting, and probably the lower part of the dentils alfo ; as
otherwife they mud have been of a very bad form. They
however are fo carelefsly executed, the intervals between them!
being only chamfered down (as the fhade in the drawing ex-
prefles), and fo ill defigned, being much lefs than the fpaces-
between them, which is equally ugly and contrary to rule ;
that it is hard to fay whether they were originally deeper or
not. The Ovolo above them is alfo very ill defigned, being
broad and flat. The ornaments of the Soffit and thofe of the
Cima Re£fa are rather better, but of coarfe work. The orna¬
ments of the Soffit are very irregular. Two of the patterns are
given in Fig. 2, feparated by the fuppofed break in the ftone.
Fig. 3, is a perfpe&ive view of the cornice, to fliew fomething
of its effect when viewed from below, which is rather pleafing
than otherwife.
Fig. 4. Is a fpecimen of the fluting of the column, with the
concave termination of the cabling ; to the fame lcale as the
former.
Fig. 5. Is the capital of one of the pilaflers, with the conti¬
nuation of the ftone ; on which the infeription was cut. This
feems to determine the pilaflers to have been inferred in a wall ;
probably the front wall of the temple : the infeription ran in
two lines clofe under the architrave fupported by thefe pilaf-
ters ; an unufual pofition for inferiptions of this kind. The
letters are of molt beautiful form, and cut with great elegance.
The narrownefs pf the pilaflers, though contrary to our pre-
fent practice, is ufual in the antique in the befl times. It is
however poflible that thefe pilaflers may have ferved to orna¬
ment
d if covered at Bath, 33 1 '
•tnent the door-cafe; but this is mere conjecture. 1 mud add,
that the diameter and flutes of the pilaflers were meafured ; but
the length of the cabling and proportion of the Cima Inver fa
were forgot, and fupplied by memory. They are, however,
Very near the truth.
The capital, I have (aid before, though of good flyle, had
nothing different from the ufual form ; I mud here add, that
the bafe is Attick ; but of fo very bad a defign, that it was quite
difgufling to put it on paper ; it was alfo fo much damaged as
to make accurate meafures very difficult, had the fubject been
deferving of them.
To the front wall of the temple, I fhould fuppofe, mud have
belonged fome fragments of boys in alt relief, which feem to
have fupported garlands. Thefe I had not time, perhaps not
ability, to draw. They appeared to have been of a dyle of
workmanfhip very fuperior to that of the other parts of the
building.
PI. XXXII. exhibits, on a fcale of three quarters of an inch
to a foot, the central ornament of the tympanum of the
temple, every part of which was meafured on the Ipot, and all
the ornaments faithfully drawn there, except the head in the
centre, into the eyes of which, I fear, I have put a degree of
expreffion which the original wants. The difpofition of the
beard, which is the mod curious part of the head, I can how¬
ever anfwer for. It has been carved on four dones, whofe
joints are faintly marked in the drawing. The top done (from
which the vertical angle of the pediment was taken) is not
quite fo entire as here reprefented. The centre done has the
outward circle broken off it on the left hand of the drawing, and
the bottom done to the right is wanting. I thought it however
U u 2 better
352 Account of Antiquities
*
better to givre the general effed of the whole than mutilate the
drawing; in which nothing appears without authority. The
ornament itfelf admits of many conjedures. Some have
thought it the .fiEgis of Minerva, but the Gorgon’s head in that
ftiield is I believe invariably female. A gentleman whole
knowledge in antiquity is unrivalled, called it a patera with the
head of the Sun in the centre; and informed me, that on many
medals of temples a large patera of this fort fills the tympanum, .
The head of the Sun, or rather of the great creating and de-
ftroying power, is often found with the ferpents and wings, -
and the beard.
This patera was fupported on the right hand by a female
figure, whofe left hand fUU appears on the rim, and the right
arm, with a bracelet on the wrift, remains above. The head
and body of this figure is quite loft ; but the legs remain on
another ftone, and drew that the figure was in a flying pofture,
with one foot touching a celeftial fphere. Near this there re-
mains a very (mail part of a Triton, or figure ending in a fifb.
The patera being defaced on the left fide, it is not certain that
a flying figure fupported it on that fide; but betides the proba¬
bility from fvmmetry, a- part of a female figure remains, which
evidently was in the fame pofition as the other, and looks
towards it.
The helmet on the low’er ftone never has had any thing near
it, but appears as a lingle ornament rather oddly placed, as does
the owl on the right hand. The little ftar above the patera
appears very commonly among the folar emblems.. The
wreaths of foliage round the patera feem both of them to be
oak, as the acorns are in both very dtfiincfly marked. The
form of the leaves, however, in the outer circle approaches
much nearer to the olive, being long, narrow, and fhghtly
indented*
dlfcovsrcd at Bath. 333
indented. The execution of the whole is very indifferent ; but
the head is as bad as poflible, flat, hard, and without tafte or
expreffion.
The bafes and part of the (hafts of fome fmaller columns
were alfo difcovered. The diameter of thefe was fifteen inches,
and they were not fluted. A done alfo was dug up, which
feemed to have formed the vertical angle of a fmaller pediment,
and which was of a pitch rather lower than that of the temple;
but not much: on it was carved, in very high relief, an head
ornamented with the hair brought forward from behind, and
tied in a very large knot on the top of the head. This head
and (boulders iflue cut of a crefcent. On the fame (lone is a 1
fragment of fculpture, which appears like a whip with a long
hhh of thong. How far this may be fuppofed to relate to *
Diana, 1 will not pretend to determine. It is equally import!- -
ble to fay whether thefe columns might have formed part of
the interior decoration of the temple, or might have been a
facellum adjoining to, and dependent on, the principal edifice.
Such chapels appear in the court of the temple of Ifis at
Pompeii.
The foregoing observations are fiich as occurred to me during
a .(lav of three days which I made at Bath; and would have
been before now prefen ted to the Society, had I not been in ;-
hopes of receiving fome farther particulars from Mr. Baldwin, .
the architect to the city of Bath ; who having been on the fpot
mu ft have feen more than any flranger could fee. 1 have iince
been informed, that he means to publifti an exadl account of
thefe difcoveries, and what farther intended excavations may
bring to light. This imperfect account will not, I hope, be
confidered as an encroachment on his plan ; but rather as an
announce to the Society how well worthy their attention Mr.
Baldwin’s full and accurate defcription will certainly prove.
. XXXII.
[ 334 ]
%
XXXII. Conjectures , with Remarks on fame of the
Portraits tn the Window in Brereton Church , ex¬
hibited in Archcsolcgia, VoL IX. Plate XXIII,
By the Rev . Samuel Denne, F, A. S,
Read March io, 1791.
IT has been obferved concerning this curious window, that
there was home difficulty in afcertaining which of the figures
might be intended for Becket. But as the central portrait in
the upper compartment is alone ornamented with a mitre, it is,
I think, juftly remarked at p. 368, of the IXth Volume of
Archreologia, that it was probably defigned for the primate.
The wrords under the lower middle figure might occafion a
O O
doubt, it being drawn in a military habiliment, and not differ¬
ing in the leaf!: from the figures in the fide pannels declared to
be thofe of the murderers of the archbifhop. However, as I
imagine, Martim Thonue fignifies, in general, that the martyr¬
dom of Thomas is the fubjedl of this relick of antiquity,
which obvioufly exhibits perfons rather than things. For not a
fingle trait of the murderous a£t is difplayed ; and without the
infcriptions it might long have remained uncertain to what
hiftorical occurrence this coloured glafs alluded jyz j.
The
[a] In a window in the library of Trinity College in Oxford, is a figure
with a mitre and crofier, and the point of a fword flicking in bis forehead, ; from
which
Mr, Denne on the Portraits , &c, 335
The names of the four aflaffins are annexed to four of the
figures [<£]. The central portrait, which is anonymous, I am
for attributing to king Henry the Second. And to the fuperior
judgment of my brethren of the Society I fubmit the ground
upon which I formed this notion, as well as a reafon why the
artift might not conceive it requifite to be more explicit.
Becket, as Fitzftephen relates, ufed an expreffion which
implied a confident afiurance that the knights had an order from
the king to take away his life ; the word command in the pa fi¬
fing e referred to being hardly capable of any other conflruc-
tion [c]. The king of France, and the archbilhop of Sens,
Backet’s firm friend, in their letters to the Pope, prompted him
with earneftnefis to avenge the blood of the afi'aflinated primate
upon Henry, termed by the archbifhop another Plerod, who
fient his executioners to pepetrate the crime [*/]. And though
which circumftance Mr. Huddesford fuppofed it to reprefent Becket. Collec¬
tion of the Wills of Kings and Queens of England, See. p. 70, note a. The
circumftance does not, however, feem to correfpond with the relation of the
murder of Becket. It was only the crown of his head that was ftruck and fe¬
vered, and Briton’s fword was broken by the blow upon the pavement. Corona
capitis tota ei amputata eji, Hift. Ang. Script, a Sparke, vita S. I ho. Cantuar. a
W. Stephan, p. 87. -
[Z>] The lines comprizing the names of the four knights are tranfpofed in
Brompton’s Chronicle, but are there morecorre£My fpelt. Willelmus Traci, Re-
ginaldus films urfi, Kicardus Brito, necnon Morvilius Hugo. X Script, col. 136c.
[r] Aliqui dicentes ; captus es ; venies nobifcum ; injedlis manibus, cum
ab ecclefia extrahere volebant ; ille refpondens ; nunquam ibo ; hie facietis,
quod facere vultis, et quod vsbis prccceptum eft, Stephan, p. 87.
\_d ] Alter quidem Hcrodes, feme n Canaan, et non Juda, progenies vipera-
rum, mifiis a fuo latere licloribus, lignum dominicae paffionis, quod defuper in
vertice gerebat, nequaquarn exhorruit profundis exarare vulneribus. Wilkins
Concil, 1. 467, Per archidiaconum nobis fignificavit, quod caufam mortis ejus
dederat, ct quod eum occiderat. Ibid. p. 468.
Pope
Mr. Denne on the Portraits
336
Pope Alexander might be at length convinced of the king’s
being clear from all intentional guilt ; yet, before abfolutioti
could be obtained from the legates, Henry was obliged to con-
fefs his fuipicious and his fears, that from the paffion and per¬
turbation they had feen in him, the malefadtors took occa-
fion to murder BecketJV]. And the king, considering his
exalted ftation, iuffered a more levere and humiliating penance
than is laid to have been inflidbed upon the murderers themfelves.
Might not, therefore, an art-ift conclude he was fully war¬
ranted in placing the king’s portrait in the fame groupe with
them, though he might doubt the prudence of exhibiting him
without fome caution and ambiguity ? Henry was of the order
of knighthood, and the five figures are delineated as knights
completely armed, with their fvvords drawn and upheld; nor,
.as already obferved, is there any difference in their habits.
The relative pofitions of the figures merit alfo fome atten¬
tion. The portrait in queftion muft have been defigned for a
perfon of fuperior rank to the other figures ; a whole panne),
the nich of pre-eminence, being afligned to him, and he being
fupported, as it were, by two knights in each of the collateral
compartments. And (ball I be chargeable with an excels of re¬
finement, when I fuggeff, that the fcroll pendent from the
.coat of mail of the' central figure might be meant to imply that
he was the principal promoter in beatifying St. Thomas by
his martyrdom ?
At the time this picture was drawn, emblems more circum-
flantial and plain might be judged fuperfluous. So powerful
for centuries was the afl'oeiation of ideas 'nor is yet quite dif-
Tolved) that on the ftory of the martyrdom of Becket being
[*] Lor J Lyttelton's Hill. Y. p. 127, 8vo. edit.
either
in the Window in Brereton Church . 037
either related or difplayed, Henry the Second would imme¬
diately occur to the imagination. And though not a fymbol
of royalty is attached to this portrait, it would to a fpe&ator
have been as evident, that the king was reprefented, as it is
to every reader of a pafiage in Giraldus Cambrenfis, that the
hiftorian was defcribing the king, when, after expatiating on
the fudden and infamous end, as it were by divine vengeance,
of the four moft cruel fatellites of the devil, who martyred St.
Thomas, he adds, but without fpecifying name or title, that
he who was believed to be the author and devifer of the whole vil-
lanous deed foon ignominioufy yielded up his inferable fpirit [/'j.
In the- page of Archaeologia already referred to, it is inad¬
vertently faid that Becket was (lain at the high altar. Lord
Lyttelton has fallen into the fame miftake; for in his particular
detail of the tranfaftion he mentions, “ that the knights, find¬
ing no obftacle, rufhed into the choir, that Becket came down
the fteps of the altar to meet them, on their exclaiming loudly
where is the archbifhop? and that as they were endeavouring
to drag him out of the church, he clung fa ft to one of the
pillars of the choir, where they murdered him [g].” From
what writer the noble hiftorian colledled thefe circumftances I
am not aware. The authorities he cites are the Quadrilogus,
and Edward Grime’s Life of Becket. But the account of
[/] Item, hoc quoque pro miraculo habendum eft magno ; quod quatuor
illi Sathanae fatellitse cruentiffimi, cum toto fequela fua ad facinus hoc perpe-
trandum, ficut et omnes fere martyris perfecutores morte in brevi funt con-
furnpti ; et plerique eorum turpi, et tanquam ultione divina fubita paflione per-
culft. llle vero qul totius fucinoris audor fuijfe creditur et machinator non longo pojl tem¬
pore miferum cum dedecore fpiritum exhalavit. Giraldus Cambrenfis de vitis fex
cpifcoporum coaetaneorum. Ang. Sac. II. p. 423.
jj-'J Hift. of Henry II. Yol. IV. p. 360.
Vol.X. ' Xx
Fitzftephen,
I
Mr. Denne on the Portraits
Fitzftephen, who is one of the four writers in the former com¬
pilation, is widely different, as mu ft be, as I fuppofe, Grimes’s
memorials, becaule they were both prefent at the fanguinary
fcene. And, according to Fitzftephen, the archbifhop had
afcended only four of the fteps from the north-weft crofs aile,
towards the choir, being going not ftri&ly into the choir, but
to an altar in an adjoining aile, where he was wont to hear pri¬
vate m a lies and the hours [£]. There is, however^ room to
fufpedt that fome of the monkifh hiftorians might rather wifh
to have it underftood, that the archbifhop fuffered martyrdom
whiift he was at his devotions at the high altar, in order to ag¬
gravate the guilt of the aflaffins ; it being related .by them,
that after Becket had received the fatal wound he dropped at
the altar [/], and when altar is ufed without an epithet of dif-
tin&ion it moft commonly denotes the high altar. But Becket
was flain near an altar dedicated to St. Benedict [£]. If fuch
were their view, the monks could not avail themfelves of this
deception, when they fhewed to pilgrims the chapel of the
martyrdom; though the altar of St. Benedict feems to have
been re-confecrated in honour of the Virgin Mary, that
they might have an opportunity of affuring the votaries of St.
Thomas, that it was at her altar he recommended to her pro-
V , , •
j'/jJ 1 turns Ed svarn fupenus ubi lniflas famihares et lioras folebat audire*
jam quatuor gradus afcenderat. Stephan, p. 85.
[ j] Immolatus itaque coram alturi letale vulnus accepit. Diceto, X. Sript*
col; 555*
Quismoritur? Praeful. Cur? Pro grege. Qualiter ? Enfe.
Quando? Natali. Quis locus ? Ara Dei. Bromton, lb. col. 1064.
In faciem concidit fecus aram, quae ibi erat, Sanfti Benedifti. V*
Stephan, p. 87.
tedion
in the Window in B re re ton Church. 339
te&ion his departing foul. Nor is it unlikely that the original
altar might be prelerved, it being defcribed by Erafmus to be
built of wood, fmall and remarkable in no other refpeft, but
as a monument of antiquity, and reproaching the luxury of
his times [/].
Notwithstanding the collateral figures in the upper compart¬
ment of the window are not appropriated b/ any labels ; Fitz-
ftephen, in my opinion, affords matter for a very plaufiblc
furmife of the ptfrfons exhibited. In Archaeologia they are
termed priefts. As it appears to me, they are in the habit of
monks ; and as the figure on the right of the epifcopal portrait
holds a crofier in the right hand, this marks him to be defigned
for an abbat [*#]. But Fitzftephen relates, that the aboat of
Boxley, and the prior of Dover, for whom Becket had fent
that he might confult with them about the appointment of a
new prior of Chriftchurch, attended the obfequies of Becket,
and gave directions about preparing his body for interment [«].
Who might be the abbat of Boxley I have not learned [0]; but
the then prior of Dover was Richard, the fucceffor of Becket
[/] Illic oflenditur altare ligneum, divse virgini facrum, et pufillum, nec
ulla re vifendum nifi monuraento vetuftatis luxum hi fee temporibus expro-
brante. Illic vir pius dicitur extremum vale dixiffc virgini, cum mors immi-
neret. Peregrinat. Religionis ergo. Erafm. Op. fob v. col. 783.
£/tz] Bilhops carried their crofiers in their left hands ; but abbots carried
them in their right hands. Tanner, Notit. Monaft. Edit. Nafmith. Piei. p. xvi.
note 99. There was a crofier in the right hand of the corple ol the abbot not
long fince difeovered in Gloucefler cathedral. Arcliaeolog. Vo!. IX. PI. II.
[«] Affuit illi obfequiis abbas Boxlea et prior de Doura, vocati prius ab ai-
chiepifcopo, quia eorum confilio priorem, qui in Cantuarienfi non eiatecclefia,
ununi ex monachis voluit facere. Decreverunt ipfum non eife lavandum,
aliter quam locus erat in fanguine fuo. Stephan, p. 8g.
[<?] Thomas was prior 1152, and received the benedidhon from archoilhop
Theobald, as did John from abp. Richard 1 173. MS Coll. E. R. Mores. R. G.
X x 2 in
Mr. Denne on the Portraits
34°
in the fee of Canterbury. Both figures bear on the left arms
what have the appearance of calkets; and fuppofing them to be
defigned for calkets, will it be deemed an over-fanciful conjec¬
ture, that the artift might mean to imply the enclofing the
blood and brains of the martyred primate, which, writes Fitz-
ftephen, Arnald a monk, who was a goldfmirh, and others ‘
with him, fcraped#from the floor of the church, and, when
cleanfed, put into a bafin [p\
Left fuch a fource of wealth to the priory of Chriftchurch
fhould be foon exhaufted, the blood was mixed with water, and
being fent into all parts of the world [<y], operated cures as mar¬
vellous as the miracles recited to Becket by a Ciftercian abbat, as
having been wrought by the founder of his order. Becket heard
the narrative with contempt and difpleafure ; and as it was perti¬
nently remarked by a late very ingenious writer, thus ftrikmgly
fhewed in a flhort compafs, what were the prelate’s private
ideas concerning the prevailing fuperftitious bigotries and ab-
lurdities [r].
But what muft have been the fentiments of a man of emi¬
nent abilities, of one lo thoroughly acquainted with the impo-
fitions and credulity of the age, could he have conceived, that
becaufe he was to lofe his life as the champion of the unlimited
prerogatives ufurped by the Roman pontif, he fhould at once
become a wonder-working faint ; and that the like legendary
tales, but far more numerous, of the effects of his relicks, and
[/>] Poll modicum quidem monachus ecclefiae Arnaldus aurifaber, et aliqui
cum co ad locum martyrii ejus redeunt. Sanguinem ejus et cerebrum per aream
ecclefue effufum, mundiffime in pelvim recolligunt ; et ne conculcaretur locus
ille pedibus tranfeuntium, fcamna portabilia tranfponunt. Stephan, p. 89.
[q] Gervafe, X. Script, col. 141 7, 1418.
[r j Warton’s Hift. of Englilli Poetry, vol. II. p. 431, 432.
no
in the Window in Brereton Church.
no relicks, fhould be vouched for, and believed, becaufe he
(lied his blood to exempt the clergy in general from all civil
jurifdiction, however heinous might be their crimes ! what
likewile muft have been his feelings, could he have forefeen
that no inquifition for his blood fhould be made in a temporal
court, and that not even by the panegyrics of his life and mar¬
tyrdom any reflexion fhould be pointed at the king’s charac¬
ter for not bringing his murderers to juftice?
It has been well obferved, that there is no forming a compe¬
tent judgement of the controverfy between Henry and Becker,
and of its iffue, without tranfporting ourfelves back to the
time ; and the difficulty of reconciling things that appear to
us very ftrange, may in a great degree, be obviated by weigh¬
ing the opinions, maxims, and habits, of the twelfth century.
If an archbifbop of Canterbury, learned as Becket was, from
a mifconception of laws human and divine, could indeed fatisfy
his own mind, that a temporary confinement in a cloyfler, a
ffiort exile, or degradation, was an adequate punifhment for
murder, when the delinquent was an ecclefiaftic ; can it be
matter of furprize, that excommunication, and after aofolution,
a pilgrimage to Jerufalem was thought by illiterate laymen a
penalty fufficiently fevere for the knights, though they had
killed the archbifhop within the walls of his own cathedral !
Churches being an afylum for murderers contributed likewife
to diminifh the horror of homicide in the minds of the people.
And as, when murder was committed in a church, the cogni¬
zance and the punifhment of it mud: have originated in the
fpiritual court ; upon Becket’s avowed principles, no other
fentence ought to have been palled upon his afiaffins: for when
prelled by feveral bifhops to confent that a clergyman, convicted
5 and
342 Mr. Demne on the Portraits
and degraded, fhould be rendered fubjetft to corporal pains and
penalties, he maintained it’s being abfolutely unjuft, againft the
canon, and againft God, for a perfon to be twice tried and con¬
demned for the fame offence [jl.
That the murderers of Becket were not fummoned before
any civil tribunal is univerfally admitted ; what was really the
penalty enjoined them by the court of Rome [/] is fomewhat
dubious.
£.j] Dominus vero Cantuarienfis facris canonibus confentiens, in contra rium
allegabat ; afferens omnino injuflum fore, et contra canones, et contra Deum,
fi ob unius punitionem delifti, duo quis fubeat judicia. Si damnatur reus, turn
exaudloratur, non debet alium judicium inchoari, ad ejufdem condemnationem
peccati. Stephan, p. 29.
[tj The variety, uncertainty, and, in one inflance the falfity, of the {lories
told concerning the fubfequent fate of the knights countenances a fufpicion of
their being founded partly on vague reports, partly on imagination, if not on a
wilful mifreprefentation. In the paffage already quoted from Giraldus Cam-
brenfis, who wrote at the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th century,
they are faid to have died in a Jhort time of natural dileafes. He is lilent about
their fuppofed pilgrimage to the Holy Land; nor, by what lean colled from
Lord Lyttelton’s references to the Quadrilogus is this circum fiance mentioned
in that hiftorical mifcellany ; he only faying that “ all the knights perifhed
“ within lefs than three years after they committed the murder, and that their
<c premature end was confidered as an extraordinary judgment of God and a
“ divine atteflation of the fan&ity of Becket, by fome of the writers of his
“ life.” (Hifl. Vol V. p. 132.) Indeed William of Newburgh advances in ex-
prefs terms, that the homicides being flung with remorfe, willingly went to
Rome, and were fent from thence by the Pope to Jerufalem, where after they
had for fome years performed, not remiffly, the penance enjoined them, they all
ended their lives, Hoveden’s relation is, that after much time (poll multum
temporis) they went to Rome, and were enjoined by the Pope to perform their
penance upon the black mountain in Judaea, where they died, and were buried
before the gate of the temple, with an infeription over the place of burial, de¬
noting that they were the wretched men, who had martyrized the blefled St.
Thomas, Archbifhop of Canterbury. But Lord Lyttelton has clearly proved
that Hugh de Morville was living in the beginning of King John’s reign, and
3 has
in the Window in Brereton Church .
343
dubious. But it is evident that care was taken to tranfmit to
diftant ages their perfons in effigy, with their names fubfcribed,
lias likewife fhewed it to be highly probable, that William de Tracy did not
die much earlier. There is good reafon to fuppofe he furvived Becket fifty- 4'e-
ven years, and died about, or after, 1223. Sepulchral Monuments of Great
Britain, p. 40. The rumour therefore of the fpeedy demife of all the knights
was groundlefs ; and with regard to their interment at Jerufalcm, the imme¬
diately preceding paffage in Hoveden’s annals has fo ftrong a taint of tne bigotry
and collufion of a monkilh hiftorian, as to corrupt the authenticity of his
whole narration ; it being ferioufly averred, that when the fragments of the
vi&uals from the aflaffins* tables were thrown to the dogs, they no fooner tailed
than they refufed to eat them : and he urges it as a manifeft and deferved lign
of the vengeance of God, that thofe who had contemned the anointed of the
Lord were contemned by dogs. “ Soli ergo manducabant et fob bibebant, et
fragmenta cibariorum fuorum projiciebantur canibus, et cum hide guftalfent
nolebant inde quicquam comedere. Ecce manifefta et digna Dei vindidla ! Ut illi
qui contempferunt Chriftu'm Domini, a canibus etiam eondemnebanturT
Erafmus has preferved another legendary tale, which he learnt from the myf-
tagogue of Chrilt-church, who attended him when he vifited that cathedral.
It was, that the knights after the perpetration of the deed were fcized with
madnefs, but rellored to found minds, by the interpofition of St. Thomas,
whofe favour had been implored.
From forgetfulnefs or inattention, Erafmus repeatedly mentions only three
knights. He intimates that their names were fubferibed to the figures, left for
glory’s fake they fliould be ufurped by any perfons ; but he has fo mifcalled
the knights, that to decypher their names would require no little lagacity.
“ In veftibulo templi, quod eft ad auftrum, ftant faxo fculpti tres armati, qui
manibus impiis fandtiffimum trucidarunt : addita funt gentis cognomina,
Tufci, Fufci, Berri. Me. Cur tantum honoris habetur impiis ? Og. Videlicet,
idem honoris habetur iis, quod habetur Judas, Pilato, Caiphae, cohorti militum
iceleratorum, quos operofe fculptos vides in auratis altaribus. Adduntur cog¬
nomina, ne quis pofthac ufurpet gloriae caufa. Ingeruntur oculis ne quis au-
iicus pofthac injiciat manus in epifcopos, vel in pofleftiones ecclefiae. Nam
tres illi fatellites, peradlo facinore, verfi funt in rabiem, nec reddita mens eft,
nifi implorato Thomae Sandtiftimi favore. Me. O perpetuam martyrum clc-
mentiam ! Erafru. Op. I. c. 683.
as
" 344 Mr, Denne on the Portraits , &c.
as the bloody inftruments of the martyrdom of St. Thomas.
Over the porch of the mod frequented entrance into Canter¬
bury cathedral were placed the figures of thefe four knights in
ft one ; not, obferves Erafmus, as honourable memorials of men
io impious, but from the fame motives that Judas, Pilate, and
Caiphas, were carved in a wormanlike manner upon altars of
gold. And unqueftionably their portraits were difplayed in the
window of Brereton church, as a mark of infamy and detec¬
tion.
Wilmington, Feb. 16, 1791. S A M U E L D E N N E.
XXXIII.
lumicy del.
' /r/z/z/r// /ys/ ? ' fzz/zz/zzz/z/j zz/_ /z zzz'z>//z.
dBa/ire/c.
Vol. X. PZ. XXXIII. 3/f5
5 in.
5 in.
V
t 345 ]
XXXIII. Account of forne fepulchral Antiquities dif-
covered at Lincoln. By John Pownall, Efq . F.A.S.
Read March io, 1791.
H E drawings which accompany this [<2] exhibit an an-
JL tient fepulture difcovered and dug up about three or
four feet below the furface of an open field half a mile due
eaft of the eaft gate of the antient Lindum,
That field having been broken up from time to time in fe-
veral parts of it to dig for (tone, a variety of ftone coffins of
various fhapes have at different times been difcovered in the
loofer ground that covers the folid rock.
From this circumflance there is reafon to believe that it was
the common burying ground, not only of the Romans belong¬
ing to that great municipium, but of fucceeding generations
for many ages after, and until the eftablifhed forms of Chriftian
burial introduced different modes.
The lingular fepulture here defcribed, is undoubtedly Roman
and probably of fome perfon above the rank of the lower order
Vol. X.
[a] See Fig. 1 and 2, PI. XXXIII.
y y
of
346 Mr. Pownall on fepuJchral Antiquities
of the people; but as the urn inclofed in the farcophagus (if I
may fo call it) contained nothing but fand or alhes and burned
bones, without any coin or other memorandum of date, the
aera of interment cannot be afcertained.
This fepulture is now with many other rare fragments of
antiquity in the pofleflion of the Rev. Dr. Gordon praecentor
of Lincoln.
When I infpeCted that curious relick, it appeared to me that
both the Rone and its cover had originally been fquare, although
the ravage of time had fo worn the angles, as to give it
that appearance of rotundity, which the annexed drawings
N° i and 2 exhibit ; and I am confirmed in this conjecture by
another Rone of the fame kind found near it, which Rill re¬
tains its quadrangular fliape, but without urn or lid.
I have endeavoured to difcover whether there is amongR
the relicks of antiquity any precedent or example of a fimi-
lar mode of fepulture, but can find none, that only excepted,
which is defcribed by Mr. James Anderfon, in his Letter to
George Wilfon, efq. of Lincoln’s inn [£], or if fuch conjecture
is admifiible, the learned antiquary will find a perfeCt example
in the excavated Rones, containing urns with bones, now de-
pofited in the Palace of Aix en Provence, and which were
found to make a part of that noble fepulchral tower in the city
of Aix, demolifhed in the year 1785, or about that time, as
Rated in Governor Pownall’s Notices and descriptions of the
Provincia Romana of Gaul, pp. 51, 52.
To thele drawings I beg leave to add others of feveral
urns dug up in the fame cemetery at Lincoln fince I was
there, and communicated to me by Dr. Gordon, uhofe po-
[£] See Archaeologia, vol. V. p. 243. line 22 — 27.
lit©
difcovered at Lincoln, 347
iite attention to the wifhes and objeds of the Society cannot
be fpoken of with too much praife, and whofe accurate de-
fcription of thefe curious remains of antiquity, and particu¬
larly of a very extraordinary room or chamber recently dis¬
covered in the .fame cemetery, cannot fail of exciting the
curiofity of every learned Antiquary; and therefore I have
thought fit to annex an extract of fo much of Dr. Gordon’s
letter as relates to this fubjed, with fome fhort notes of my
own reading on the fads and conjedure it refers to.
J. P O W N A L L.
Extract of a Letter to Mr. Pownall from the Rev . Dr, Gordon,
dated Lincoln, March 2, 1791.
I FELT myfelf much honoured by your obliging letter of
the 14th of laft month, in which you acquainted me that you
had communicated to the Society of Antiquaries at one of their
laft meetings a fhort memorial defcriptive of the fpecimen of
antient urn-burial in my. pofteflion, as difcovered laft autumn,
at the top of a quarry in the Eaft Field, which I had an oppor¬
tunity of fhewing you, when I waited on you at Lincoln.
You was pleafed to add, that the members of the Society
prefetit at the meeting confidered this relick of antiquity as an
objed of curiofity, and exprefled a wifh to be poftefled of a more
accurate drawing and more exad dimenfions of it, than thofe,
you fay, you was able to furnifti them with from your memory
only ; for which purpofe they had delired you to requeft that
l would communicate to the Society thole further notices.
Y y 2 When
348 Mr. Pownall on feputchral Antiquities
When Mr. Lumbey was employed about the drawings
you wiftied for [c], I could not help taking the opportunity of
getting him to (ketch out a few other urns, which the quarry
man whom I introduced to you at the pit had brought
me from the fame cemetery fince you was here, and I beg to
fubmit them entirely to your judgement, whether you think
them worth {hewing to the Society or not.
The glafs urn, marked 3. in* Plate XXX1I1. whofe {hape
indeed might rather entitle it to the name of jarr, I thought
might be deemed rather fingular, as a vehicle of burnt bones
which were found in it, at lead: in a burying ground, as well as
from the circumftance of its being entirely perfedt. It is very
thick. The rim at the top is better than half an inch : the
other parts about a quarter, the opening at the neck about 2|
inches ; the colour a blueifh green rather opake, perhaps ren¬
dered more fo by time; the handle is reprefented at 4, and
the bottom at 5 with the meafures.
The forms of fome of the other urns appeared to me alfo
fomewhat uncommon, as alfo their ornaments, elpecially that
marked 6, with the (hells or fcales on the prominent part.
7 and 8 are other earthen urns, the latter contained remains
of bones, and 9 a fmaller one (food by it.
10 is one of the common fort empty.
I will only break in upon your time further juft to acquaint
you, as you take an intereft in the fubjeft, that the other day,
a room of a confiderable fize, about 20 feet by 16, was difco-
vered in another quarry, about ico yards weft of that you went
to fee near the entrance into the fame field from the town. The
height cannot be afcertained ; the bottom is about 12 feet from
the prefent furface, funk down through the rubble and loofer
[ c ] See Plate XXXLIL
done
difccvered at Lincoln,
flone to the firm part of the rock. The floor w as covered
with black afhes, and the walls carry the evident marks of fire.
There were two fkeletons found lying on the floor, and a large
jlone trough [*/], capable of holding a mao, not deep enough
indeed for a coffin, but railed at the edges like a ftone for a
fink. For want of having read any thing about the manner
of preparing corpfes for urn burial, or how the bufinefs of
Libitina [<?] was conduced in this refpedt 1 would not venture
at a conje&ure that fuch a room might be ufed for fome purpofe
of this kind ; but I fhould think it probable that the corpfes
might not be prepared or burnt at private houfes or in the open
air.
[^] At circa AlTon Troadis lapis nafcitur, quo confumuntur omnia corpora.
Sarcophagus vocatur. Pliny, N. H. L b. II.
[i] Dea, in cujus templo affervabantur fandapila et reliqua quae ad
ritum ceremoniafque efferendi funeris pertinebant.
Lazius, Commentarior. Reipub. Roman.
Peftilentia in agris, forifque et conciliabulis, et in urbe tanta erat, ut Libitina
vix nunc fufficeret. Livy, Lib. IY. Ainfworth explains Libitina here of
of a bier to carry the dead on.
Accelferunt tantis ex principe malis, probifq. quaedam fortuita : peftilentia
unius autumni, qua triginta funerum millia Libitina venerunt. Sueton. in Neron.
Ainfworth explains Libitina here the weekly bill, a book in which was fet down
the money paid into the treafury at the death of any perfon, a cutfom as old
as Servius Tullus.
Non omnis moriar magnaque pars irreivitabit Libitinam. Hor. Od. III. 30. 7.
where and in Juvenal XII. 122, Libitina is put for death.
Erat porro Romae porta Libitina , per quam cadavera ad Libitinam effere-
bantur. Lazius ubi lupra.
Supereft ut etiam confuetudinem ejus populi (Romani) quam in cremando
condendoque cinerem adhibebant oftendamus. Erat autem hujufmodi, quod
cadaver in pyra et pice cremabatur, atque cinis exinde in Oilas colligebatur at¬
que Phialas, atque libamento in vitro vel phiaia ex vino et iafle adjeflo, Ac. he.
Idem, ibid.
XXXiV*.
[ 35° 1
\
\ *
XXXIV. An Account of the River of Orwell, or Ore-
well, in the County a/' Suffolk, and of the Town and
Harbour of that Name , by Mr. Myers. Commu¬
nicated by Mr. A file, from the Papers of the late
Mr. Morant.
Read May 19, 1791.
ORWELL is a river in Suffolk, arifing a little to the
weft of Rattlefdon. It takes in the Gipping a little below
Stow, runs by Needham Market and Ipfwich, and joining the
Stour, that feparates Suffolk from Effex at Harwich, forms
what is now called Harwich harbour ; then pafling by Languard
fort, and the fand called the Andrews, it diicharges itfelf into
the ocean; at the mouth whereof we have ftrong reafons to
fuppofe there formerly was a very confiderable town that took
its name from the river, in all probability, and gave its name
to Orwell harbour.
Now, as it is a very difficult thing to account for the origi¬
nal names of moft rivers, fo we fhall find it to account for
this of Orwell. At the bed we can give but bare conje&ures,
to which we cannot reafonably challenge a pofitive affent. In
order hereto, we muft fir ft premife, that all, or moft of the
noted rivers in the world have had their original name from
fome
%
Mr. Myers on the River Orwell, in Suffolk. 351
fome word, which, in the proper dialect of the country, figni-
fied water, or fome diftindt property or quality belonging
thereto ; or from the colour of their fand or gravel ; or the
nature of their currents : or elfe, from fome remarkable trees
or plants growing on their banks, or in them ; or, as it is in
feveral parts of England, from their being boundaries, either
betwixt one county or another, one parifh or another, or be¬
twixt feveral men’s lands.
Again ; we often find, that when a country has been con¬
quered by an enemy, that the new comers have taken the ap¬
pellatives of the old inhabitants for their proper names. Hence
it is, that our anceffors, at their firft coming, whenever that
was, called fo many rivers in England by the names of afc, efc ,
ifc , ofc9 ufc , which the Englifh afterwards partly retained, and
partly varied into ax, as Axley , Axholm ; ex , whence Exmouth ,
Exeter ; ox , whence Oxford , or Qufkford ; and ux, as in Ux¬
bridge, &c. This proceeded from their ignorance of the
language of their ancient predeceffors the Britons, among (l
whom the word fignified nothing more than water, as it doth
in the highlands of Scotland, and in Ireland. In the fame-
manner have the Englifh miftook the word Avon ; which,,
though it fignified only river in general, yet it now ferves for
the proper name of feveral of our confiderable rivers. And
thus probably it may have happened to the river of Orwell,
now under our prefent confideration.
For as mor, in the Britifh language, fignifies fea ; or in the
names of fome rivers only water , as ogmor , or eogmor , falmon ~
water , in Glamorganfhire and Carnarvonfhire, and nanmor and
mor da in Carmarthenfhire; fo the Saxons might give it the
name of Morville , or Mor well, and afterwards that of Orwell T
5
352 Mr. Myers on the
by cutting off the initial letter m , as was ufual with them
to do.
Again ; or, or mor, fignifies great ; as mordav , a great brook
or 'water in Shropfhire. So this being a large and fpacious har¬
bour, might thence be called Mordav , or Morav\ and afterwards
by the Saxous Morewe , or Morwell, and thence Orwell , as
above.
Then by the Saxons it is very probable, that the firft fyllable
Or, might be changed into Ar , which was very common with
them, and vice verfa ; as witnefs Florence of Worcefter, and
Hoveden, fpeaking of the river Arrow in Warwickffiire, by
them called Artwe , and which, in all probability, was the
name of our river of Orwell. Not as the river Tigris in Me-
fopotamia, which, in the Perfian language, fignifies an arrow,
from its fwiftnefs; but from its flow courie, which is very ob-
fervable in our river of Orwell : for fo the word Ara imports
amongft the antient Gauls and Britons. Hence the river Are
in Yorkfhire, Ware in Effex,- Yare in Norfolk, called by the
Celtic Britons T ar , and Ara, now Saojne in France, &c. took
their names from the flownefs of their currents. And this we
have further confirmed from the name of a fmall village feated
near this river, called Arwarton . And fo alfo Harwich might
have formerly been called 'Kp. )>ic f Arwic ), and not Pepepic
( Herewlc J, as Camden imagines, who very often lets down
Saxon names without the authority of original records. Tints
alfo we may account for the original name of the river Ore ,
which rifes near Framlingham in the county of Suffolk, and
runs by Orford, and has but a very flow courfe, as well as our
river of Orwell.
Now
River Orwell in Suffolk.
351
Now from the great quantity of fhingle or beach flones in
Walton marfhes on the Suffolk fide, the courfes of the feveral
creeks, the regular Hoping of the cliffs, &c. it feerns likely
that the Orwell had its outlet into the fea below Bull’s cliff in
the parifh of Walton, and there formed the fpacious harbour of
Orwell (which is at prefent a very large bay), fecured from the
eaft and north-eaft winds by a large tract of land, now wafhed
away by the fea, as appears from our records, where lately
were to be feen the ruins of a very ffrong caftle, built by the
Romans, and after the Conquefi; belonging to the Bigods. And
it was bounded on the fouth and fouth-wefi: by a long narrow
traCl of land extending from the Nefs in Efiex, about fix or
feven miles, or fomewhat more, at or near the extremity of
which was feated the town of Orwell, fo called from the river
or harbour on whofe banks it flood. All thefe have been
long fince fwallowed up by the fea; either by fome fudden in¬
undation, as was the cafe with what we now call the Goodwin
fands ; or elfe wafhed away gradually by length of time,
as we daily fee the cliffs of Bawdfey, Felixtow, and Harwich,
to be at prefent.
Now', that there once was in thofe pa its fuch a town as
Orwell, we may gather from the following circumflances
firft, Hiftory informs us, that the Danes, in their ravaging of
our coafis, went out of the river Thames into Xppan {into Ar -
wan), or, as it is otherwife exprefled, to Sppan ( to Arwan )y
where they burned and plundered all before them, and com¬
mitted moll cruel barbarities ; and having compaffed their de-
figns, they carried the fpoils thus gotten into the river Medway
in Kent. Whence we conjecture, that they came into the ha¬
ven of Orwell, and plundered the town of that name, feated
Vol. X. Z z on
254 Jlfr. Myers on the
on the neck of land abovementioned joining to EfFex. Now,
whichfoever of the above readings is right, it will not greatly
affetf: our fuppofition, which will allow of either ; if the for¬
mer, it may be underflood of the harbour into which they
came ; if the latter, then it may be undcrftood of the town
which they took and plundered [a\.
And, for the further flrengthening of this conje&ure, we
find that in the reign of Henry II. his queen Eleanor, and his
fon Henry, whom he had caufed to be crowned king, plotting
to dethrone him, and their contrivances being difcovered, they
fled into France, and from thence into Flanders, where, gain¬
ing affiftance from the earl of Hainault, they landed with
their forces at Orwell, near Harwich, in Suffolk, A. D. 1173.
And alio that Edward HI. when he went to invade France,
in purfuance of his right to that crown, to which he laid
claim, fet fail from Orwell in Suffolk, July 15, 1338, with a
fleet of 500 fail.
Now, from the former inftance of queen Eleanor’s landing
with her Flemings at Orwell, near Harwich, in Suffolk, for fo
Holinfhed has it, and feveral others, one is neceflarily led to
conclude, that the town of Orwell was then fubfiffing; for if
then there had been no fuch town, with what propriety could
they have laid, that fhe landed at Orwell ? and yet, notwith-
fianding all this, I cannot but think, that the town of Orwell
was entirely demolifhed about the time I have laid, or fome
few years after ; and that we are to underhand it here of the
harbour, which, the hiftorians fay, was then in the county of
[0] This happened, in all probability, about the year 852, when they
came up the Thames with 300 fail, and committed unheard-of barbarities
where-ever they came.
Suffolk,
River Orwell in Suffolk.
355
Suffolk, though probably the neck ofland extending from Or¬
well to Effex was not then quite wafhed away by the fea.
Neither was it, in all likelihood, when Edward III, fet fail
from Orwell in Suffolk. This feems likewife to relate to the
harbour, and not to the town, and confirms its being on the
Suffolk fide ; i. e . the river Orwell run then into the harbour,
clofe by the cliffs in Walton on the Suffolk fide, and not
where it does now, between Langar point, and the town of
Harwich.
And if the river Orwell ran by the high lands of Walton,
as the cliffs all along the coaft demonftrate it to have done,
then the harbour of Harwich (if it then was a harbour) muff
needs have been very narrow, and fo confequently incapable
of containing fuch a fleet as king Edward had with him ;
and then the harbour of Orwell muff needs have been without
Pollefhead, or Langar point; and the cliffs of Harwich extend¬
ing from the Naze land in Effex to the cliffs of Felixftow,
above ten miles in length, and near as much in breadth, large
and fpacious enough for a fleet of 500 fail to ride fafely at an¬
chor ; efpecially when we confider their fhips were not to be
compared to thofe we build now.
Now it may be afked, where we fuppofe the fituation of
the town of Orwell to have been, and what further proof we
can bring of its exiflence ? To which we anfwer, that, allow¬
ing the river to have difcharged itfelf into the fea where we
have fuppofed it, then it mud: have flood on the fouth fide of
the harbour, on the neck ofland running out from the coafl of
Effex, as is mentioned above, and at the place which is now
called The Weft Rocks, where large ruins are now to be per¬
ceived at low water. This information I have had from feve-
Z z 2 . ral
Mr. Myers on the
ral at Harwich ; and our fifhermen, who go thither to catch
lobfters, a flu re me, they have feen feveral ruins of brick-work,
fquare hones, &c. like the ruins of old buildings j the place,
they fay, is large, und full of deep holes, and from thence to
Walton in Eflex the fand lies like a ridge, and there is not
above five or fix feet water, or fcarce fo much at low water.
The captains of the cuftom-houfe (loops on the Harwich fta-
tion allure me they have often feen broken tiles and bricks
there at low water. I fuppofe they took bits of Ro¬
man bricks for broken tiles, feveral of them being now worn
very thin ; and, but the other day, I examined a fifherman of
Manningtree, one Philip Long, who ufes the Weft rocks, and
he fays, he has often feen broken bricks there with mortar on
them.
Now, allowing the Weft rocks for the fituation of Orwell,
and the land of Felixftow to have extended itlelf only three
or four miles further into the fea than it does at prefent, then
the town of Orwell could not have been above four or five
miles from the coaft of Suffolk. And if fo, then the water
within this ftrait muft have been what is called Orwell haven,
and without Harwich (which was then but a fmall fifhing tou n),
and Langar beach ; and not within, as it is at prefent.
And that the land of Felixftow did extend a great way fur¬
ther into the fea than it does at prefent, is not unreafonable to
fuppofe; for we cannot imagine that Conftantine, or whoever
built that large fquare caftle at Felixftow, which proved too
ftrong for queen Eleanor abovementioned and her Flemifh
forces to take, though joined there by the earl of Leicefter,
which Henry II. caufed to be demolifhed, and is now totally
deftroyed by the fea : we cannot, I fay, fuppofe that they
would
River Orwell In Suffolk.
357
would ere& it fo near to the ocean, as that they fhould ever
imagine it in danger to be deftroyed thereby.
That there have been great alterations in thofe parts by the
overflowings of the fea and fhifting of the hands, is very evi¬
dent from feveral grants and charters belonging to the corpo¬
ration of Ipfwich, which make mention of Polles head and
Langar ftone as the boundaries of the admiralty jurifdi&ipn
and the liberties thereof; neither of which are now in being;
or, if they are, it is very difficult to afcertain where [ffj.
Camden even in his time makes mention of a larger trad by
much than is now to be feen ; for, fpeaking of Langar ftone,
or Langar point, he calls it a vaft ridge, which runs all along
out to the fea for above two miles, not without great danger
and terror to the mariners : and further adds, that it was then
of great ufe to the Harwich fifhermen for the drying of their
fiffi, and a fence to the lpacious harbour of Orwell. But now
this vaft ridge, as he calls it, is moft of it wafhed away ; and
what remains is covered by the fea at every return of the tide,
and confequently is now rendered quite ulelefs to the poor fiffi-
ermen [c].
From what has been faid, I make no queftion but that
Orwell has been a very confiderable trading fea-port town,
and that the inhabitants of Suffolk and Eflcx have (hipped off
their commodities, as corn, butter, cheefe, &c. for foreign
[£] Polles heady in a record 14 Edw. III. is called le Polles ; and in a patent
of Henry VIII. who granted a very extenfive charter to Ipfwich, it is called
Pollls head in alto marl.
[r] Itfeems plain to me, that Camden, and thofe who wtote fince, as Horfiey,
See. knew very little of our coaft. I am confident they never were upon the
place, but have taken their accounts from thofe who knew little of the country.
markets^.
^3 Mr, Myers on the
markets, in order to fupply the Roman garrifons upon the con-
tinent, and muft needs have been rich and populous when it
was plundered and deftroyed by the Danes.
Upon the misfortunes that befel Orwell from the barbarities
of the Danes, and’ the encroachments of the fea, Harwich,
from a fmall village inhabited chiefly by fhhermen, became
populous and a town of confiderrble note ; yet the fea has
now fwept away a great part of the land belonging thereto,
there being, now Orwell is gone, nothing to break off the
violence thereof when the wind is in the eaft.
Now, whether the Orwell altered its courfe from running
into the’ fea near Walton cliffs to where it now does betwixt
Harwich and Langar beach, immediately upon the demolition
of Orwell town, or was a work of time, is very uncertain.
Though the ruin of the town was a principal caufe of the al¬
teration, yet we judge it to have been a work of time ; for the
fea daily wafning away the coafts of Bawdfey and Felixftow,
as it continues to do at prefent, wafhed up the fhingle and foil
on the Walton point at Bull’s cliff, in time formed a beach of
near two miles in length, and fo by degrees forced the Orwell
into the channel where it runs at prefent. The river Orwell
joining the Stour below Shotley point in Suffolk forms the
prefent harbovu* of Harwich, which, by reafon of its fmallnefs,
could not poflibly be what was formerly meant by the har-(
hour of Orwell ; if fo, it would have formerly been called the
harbour of Harwich, which we do not find it ever was till of
late ; as the river has likewife, of late days, been called the ri¬
ver of Ipfwich, and has been known by no other name by the
inhabitants of Suffolk, till the prefent lord Oiwell thought
proper to call his pleafant feat and park at Nadon, Orwell
I
River Orwell in Suffolk. * ^$9
park, by the antient name of the faid river, on whofe banks
they are fituated.
I fhall add one reafon more, before I conclude this article, to
prove that Orwell ran into the ocean at Bull’s cliff abovemen-
tioned ; and that is, that they have known fome perfons who
remembered the time, when, with a plank laid over two
horfes’ heads, they could pafs over from Harwich to Langar
beach, where they ufed to dry their fifh, and that the river
then ran on the north fide of Langar common. Now, though
traditions are not to be regarded in refpeft to every particular
circum fiance, yet it is generally confefied that they have fome
truth for their foundation.
Thus, Sir, I have given you my thoughts upon the river,
town, and harbour, of Orwell, relating to which I aflert no¬
thing pofitive ; the mofl we can fay being merely conje£luraly
arifing from fuppofitions. So uncertain at this day is the rife
and fall of feveral places, as well as this of Orwell, even in
our own country, that at prefent we fcarce know where they
flood.
Walton, Suffolk , Aug . 6, 1762. W. MYER S,
XXXV.
[ 36° 3
XXXV. Obfervations on the Introduction of Arabic
Numerals into England, addrejfed to the Earl of
Moreton, 1766. By the Rev * Mr* North, of
Coddicote, F. A . S* Communicated from fome MS
Papers of the late Dr* Lort, pur chafed by Mr* Gough.
Read May 19, 1 79 1.
My Lord,
TH E inclofed paper was drawn up at a time when the
fubjeft engaged a more general attention among the
learned, as long ago as the year 17489 an^ then defigned to
have been prefented to your lordihip’s predeceffor at the Royal
Society, Mr. Folkes, to whom I had the honour of being
well known ; but, upon my being leized with an affli&ing and
long illnefs, which for fome years difabled me for all literary
enquiries, it lay by forgotten, till a gentleman’s (hewing fome
old dates at the Society of Antiquaries, when I was lad in
town, the memory of it recurred, and my inclination was
awakened to fearch for it.
Having tranfcribed it from the fir ft draught, I now prefume
to fubmit it to your lordftsip^s candour and dilpofal. As
nothing
Mr. North on Arabic Numerals , &c. 361
nothing has been added fince its firft drawing up, almoft
twenty years ago, that circumftance, it is humbly hoped, will
be an apology for any particular which may fince have been put
in a clearer light ; efpecially as I have had fo few opportunities
of knowing what has been offered 011 the fubjeft in that inter¬
val. The heft merit it has to plead is, that nothing out of
antient authors has been taken on truft, or at fecond-hand.
With repeated thanks for the honour of your lordlhip’s kind
regard and favours,
I am, my honoured Lord,
With the utmoft refpeft.
Your Lordlhip’s moft obliged, humble fervant,
GEORGE NORTH.
I H A V E often refle&ed with great furprize, and equal
concern, what a lofs it is to the curious, and what a damp it
is to ambition and induftry, that the moft fuperb monuments
have not been able to preferve the names of their founders,
and that the inventors of the moft ufeful arts have been quite
forgotten, or rather unknown to the world. Next to that of
printing, there is no invention of more extenfive ufe than that of
the numeral figures or cyphers: and yet, when, where, and by
whom, they were fir ft invented, are queftions never perhaps to be
clearly anfwered. One would imagine fuch a difcovery muft
moft agreeably have lurprized and engaged the attention of the
moft drowfy age. That gratitude, or refpeft for fo great a benefit,
Vol. X. A a a or
Mr. North on the
or fome other motive, would have tranfmitted down the in¬
ventor’s name with certainty and refpecl to pofterity. Events
of infinitely lefs confequence have in every age, even in the
mod illiterate, been told, and re-told, by the feribes and an-
naiitts in monaderies of royal foundation, who were let apart
and maintained on purpofe to tranlfnit the news of the times.
And among thefe monaderies was all the learning of every
kind in thofe centuries, to which the different opinions of the
curious have referred the invention or importation of thefe cy¬
phers.
Since the mod learned Mr. Profeffor Ward fird obliged the
O
publick with his fentiments on this fubjeft, I have frequently
confidered it occafionaliy, as any new particulars relating to it
renewed my attention. The whole of what I have collected,
with my obfervations and reflections, 1 now beg your indub
gence to lay before you.
It the characters of Boethius, lib. i° de arithmetics,, ad Jinem ,
are to be confidered as the firfl rudiments of. our prefent cy¬
phers ; then we need not, nor can we indeed go farther with
our enquiries, unlefs we fay he learned them from the Greeks,
according to the account of his friend Caffiodorus in his letter
to him (Variarum, lib. i. n. 45.), Tranflationibus enim tuis
“ Pythagoricus Muficus, Ptolem^us Adronomus, legunter Italis :
44 Nichomacus Arithmeticus, Geometricus Euclides, audiuntur
“ Aufoni is— Mechanician etiam Archimedem Latialem Siculis
“ reddididi & quafcunque difciplinas vel artes facunda Gnecsa
“ per fingulos annos edidit te uno auCtore patrio fermone Ro-
“ ma fufcepit.” According to this account by Cafliodorus,
we (hould imagine, as well as from the reafon of the thing,
that where he learned his arithmetic, from thence he received
his
Introduction of Arabic Numerals . 363
his characters, and would never afterward omit the ufe of
them in his mathematical rules and calculations. In the library
of Ben’et college, Cambridge, is a MS. of Boethii Aritbmetica cum
prologis Refibuti & Nicomachi , “ fcripta manu valdeantiqua & li-
teris Saxonicis,” fays Dr. Stanley, in his catalogue of that libra¬
ry [a], I have lately examined it, and cannot conceive it to be lefs
than 1000 years old. In this are no fpecimens, hints, or traces,
of thofe characters as are found in Dr. Mead’s MS; but Roman nu¬
meral letters ufed throughout the whole book, which certainly
carries a flrong objection againfl: Boethius’s knowledge or ufe
of fuch characters ; which is rendered thus ftronger by what
I have obferved, that no fuch characters appear in a very old
MS of Boethii Geometria, in the polfeffion of Mr. Ames.
And farther, if fuch characters were ufed by him in the
fixth century, how can we account for it that the knowledge
or ufe of them fhould be forgotten or intermitted for fo long
a time as till the latter end of the io.th century, when Drtt
Wallis fuppofes Gerbertus revived them again ?
It is not a ufual thing, or in any degree probable, that men
would lofe the ufe of what rendered their calculations fo fhort
and facile, which, with the numeral letters, could not but be
tedious and operofe.
We muffc now pafs over a long interval of near 500 years
from Boethius to Gerbertus; but not without obferving, that
in Johannis Damajceni TraCtatus de Sphtera, in the king’s li¬
brary, 5 C. IV . 10, no fuch cyphers or characters are to be
found. He was brought up by Cofmas, a monk of Jerufalem,.
who was taken by the Saracens, Of both thefe men John3
patriarch of Jerufalem, the author of their lives, fays, A va\o~
yiug $£ ApiQfA&JtKug xroog e'Prjcr'yivicrciO’iv euQvcog dg IT uQuyogag nut
M 2—14.
A a a 2
<pav]^a
Mr. North on the
36 4
$ccv](&. Johannes Damafcenus died about A. D. 750. And in Alpe-
rici artis calculator'll Rudimenta , ubi de ratione duarum Solis Eclyp -
fum> Carolo Magno injcripta, A. D. 810, in Bib. Reg. 13 A. XL
nothing like thefe cyphers are to be found ; which two treatifes
(among many others I have viewed of the fame kind) feem to af¬
ford no lefs than proof that no fuch figures were known either in
the Eaftern or Weftern empire, in the times when thofe authors
lived.
As ttf the Arabians, how low learning was among them in
thofe times may be gathered from this piece of hiflory given
us by Theophanes, lib. iv. 11. 26, and Cedrenus, tom. 11. p. 547.
In the year 859, when Bardas governed at Conftantinople for
his nephew Leo, there lived one Leo, who had ftudied philo-
fophy and arithmetic in the ifland Antros. At this time the
Caliph of the Muflulmen was Alimanon, who was very inqui-
ftive concerning the fciences of the antient Greeks, particu¬
larly the mathematics. A young man was brought to him who
had been inftru£led by Leo; the Caliph brought him before
the mathematicians, to whom the young man made it appear
that they knew only the definitions and axioms, but not their
demonftrations ; upon this the Caliph fent him back with
great prefents to invite his mailer Leo, in the reign of Theo-
philus, who refufed to go, but anfwered by letter many of
his queftions in geometry and aftronomy, and received great
prefents from the Caliph.
As to the ignorance of the Arabians in Arithmetic, Paulus
Diaconus, in his HIJlor'ue Mifcella , gives us a very remarkable
piece of hiflory. Anno fecundo imperii fujliniani Ulid — prohibuit
Jcribi Greece publicos logothefii Ccefarii publici codices fed in Arabia
cis fine computo raw 1] lytpuv quortiam impojjibile ejl illorum lin¬
gua monadeni vel dualit at em aut tnnitatem aut otto & dimidium
aut
z
IntroduBlon of Arabic Numerals, 365
aut trla fcrlbl , propter quod ufque hodie funt Notarii cum els Chrlf-
tiani ,
Which being an imperfect tranflation of the words of
Theophanes, from whom Paulus took it, I (hall fubjoin the
Greek of the latter, and mod material part of the fentence,
E7 TeiOY} CMVVOL\OV 7% SXStV&lV yAUCrvq (AOVCKdcH i] OVCCOM Y} TpKXOM 7j CK[(aj
rjfAttrv 7; T^lot •ypdpecr&ou, P. 3I4*
In another place the latter author fays, “ A publicis veCtiga-
4< liurn a£lis conficiendis ad breve temporis fpatium Saraceni
44 invidia moti Chridianos prohibuerunt : rurfus autem necef-
44 fitate compulfl ; quod ipfi numeros & fumma fcribere non pof-
44 fe?it, eadem els repofuerunt in manus,” &c.
After this account of the Arabians, let us defcend to Gerber-
tus archbi(hop of Rheims, and afterwards pope by the name
of Silvefter the Second, who, as Dr. Wallis has attempted to s
prove, had before the year 1000 learned the art of arithmetic
as now praCtifed with only nine characters, from the Saracens
in Spain, which he afterwards carried into France.
The particulars of this great man’s life are but very imper¬
fectly delivered down to us, which is the more to be lamented,
as I am fatisfied from the few fragments of him which remain,
he was a prodigy in every part of learning in that age, which
Genebrard. in his Chronographia, rightly (tyles “ Infelix fe-
44 culum exhaudum hominibus ingenio & doCtrina Claris in quo
41 nihil fere dignum memoria poderitatis geftum lit.”
The fulled general account is to be found in our own hido-
rian William of Malmefbury, who wrote within 150 years of
his death. What chiefly relates to our purpofe is in thefe
words : 44 Abacum certe primus a Saracenis rapiens regulas de-
46 dit quae a fudantibus abacidis vix intelliguntur — Conphilofo-
64 phos-
Mr. North on the
$6-6
<c phos & ftudiorum focios habuit Conftantinum abbatem mo-
4‘ nafterii Sandi Maximini, quod eft juxta Aurelianis, ad quem
44 edidit regulas de Abaco, & i^delbodum Epifcopum, qui 6c
<i ipfe monumenta ingenii dedit in Epiftola quam fecit ad Ger-
<e bertum de queftione diametri fuper Macrobium & in nonullis
aliis.” Malmejb . lib. ii. c . io. p. 36. which fentence is repeated
almoft verbatim by Vincentius Beiluacenjis , in his Speculum Hijic-
riale , printed at Stralburg, by Mentelra, 1476; but was fo
little underftood by him, that he puts Bacchum for Abacumy
and Bachiflis inftead of Abaciflis.
The whole fentence feems to convey no hint of Gerbert’s
ufing the prefent nine cyphers or figures ; for they muft (horten
and render very eafy any given rules, inftead of perplexing
the fweating calculators, fo as not to be underftood by them.
It rather conveys a notion of the profundity of his rules, than
a difcovery of new means of rendering them eafy. And this
opinion is ftrongly confirmed by Gerbert’s own words, in the
prefatory Epiftle of his Book of Numbers, to his friend C011-
ftantine, where he fays, 64 habeo viam rationis brevem quidem
•“ verhis fed prolixam fententiis.”
That Gerbert was in Spain is not to be doubted, but of
what kind his ftudies were while there, or what progrefs he
made, we are quite in the dark, as he has left us no account
in his Epiftles. The hiftorians of the next centuries, fuch as
Sigebertus, Gemblacenfis, Vincentius Belluacenfis, the author
of a trad de Mirabi/ibus Gerberti , a MS in Ben’et college [£]
library, and “ Chronicon Franciae,” a MS wrote in our king
Henry the Firft’s reign, in the fame repoftiory, relate fuch ri¬
diculous ftories of his art magic and the effeds of it as are too
trifling for the attention of any but children. If he had the
H] F. v. 15 in Stanley’s Catalogue.
know-
Introduction of Arabic Numerals. 367
knowledge of our prefent figures, and it be admitted that Boe¬
thius really invented or ufed (to me, 1 own, improbable) what
profefTor Ward has given us from that author’s book of Geo¬
metry, it is then not unlikely that Gerbert had them from
thence ; for it is evident from his eighth epiftle he had that
work, where he ufes thefe words, to Adalbero arcbbifhop of
Rheims * “ Odto volumina Boethii Aftrologise, praeclariflima
“ quoque figurarum Geometriae, aliaque non minus admiranda.”
In his 25th letter to the fon of the Bilhop of Gironne, “ De
*e multiplicatione & divifione numerorum Jofeph fapiens Senten-
tias quafdam edidit. Eas pater Adalbero Remorum archiepifco-
“ pus veftro ftudio habere cupit.” And in his 17th epiftle to Ge¬
rald abbot of Orleans, “ De multiplicatione &. divifione nume-
“ rorum libellum a Jofepho Hifpano editum abbas Garnerius
“ penes vos reliquit ; ut exemplar in commune fit r ogam us,
<c fc. ego & Adalbero.” Had our prefent figures been then
ufed in Spain, either Gerbert muft have brought them with
him into France, or afterwards have learned them by this book
of Jofeph : in either cafe they could not long continue a fiecret.
Gerbert himfelf had too many fcholars for fuch a defireable in¬
vention to be loft by difufe, particularly Fulbert bifhop of
Chartres, “ qui multis annis fchoke publicae Carnotenfis prae-
“ fidens plurimos dodtiflimos auditores enutrivit.” Trithemius
de Script. Ecclef.
c‘ Gilbertus docuit Fulbertum, hie etiam Fulbertus Beren-
“ garium, qui iterum Brunonem Remenfem & alios multos
haeredes Philofophiae reliquit.”
Under thefe circumftances, and by fuch a fucceftion of men,
fuch a difeovery could not poffibly be loft, nor could it fail of
being loon widely propagated.
William
;6g Mr. North on the
William of Malmefbury, as above quoted, mentions “ Epif-
« tolam quam Adelbold fecit ad Gerbertum de queftione dia-
metri fuper Macrobium.” This epifUe I lately difcovered in
Ben’et college library, together with an epiftle of Gerbert to
him at the end of Macrobii Opera [rl. This MS. was certainly
wrote in or near their own time. In this epiftle, if any where,
was to be expeded a proof of Gerbert’s knowledge and ufe of
our figures : whereas there is nothing like them to be found
throughout ; but on the contrary, he conitantly uies the Ro¬
man numeral letters, and Adelbold does the fame, whole letter
was wrote when Gerbert was become pope Sylvefter; all which
with me amounts to a demonftration, that neither of thefe
learned men had the knowledge ot them. It I. MalTon, who
publilhed (but in a very incorre& manner) the Epifties of Ger¬
bert, which are now become fcarce, had given us the book
mentioned in his preface de divifione numerorum nondum in lucem
editum cujus MS habeo (which, with the red: of Mallon s MS,
is probably now in the French king’s library), the point now
in difpute would have been afcertained ; but I Ihould think
there is no greater probability of the figures or cyphers appear¬
ing there, than in the abovementioned epifties, both which
were wrote alter his book ot arithmetic.
I cannot take my leave of Gerbert without exprefiing ftrong
wilhes that his life was compofed by fome perfon of induftry,
and pofiefted of proper opportunities to collea what fragments
we have relating to him, and thereby do juftice to a chara&er,
than which none have ever been more abufed and milreprefented ;
nor was there, I believe, a greater natural genius, or more
improved by extenfive reading and knowledge of eveiy kind
in his own dark age, or the fucceeding ones, till the appear-
J>] V. 4. Stanley’s Catalogue.
ances
Introduction of Arabic Numerals. 369
ances of thofe comets of learning (if I may be allowed the ex-
preffion of thofe who Ihone lb bright and fo foon disap¬
peared) Roger Bacon and his contemporaries. By his epiftles
(very imperfect and undigefted remains of him) it appears he
had read moft of the Greek and Latin writers. Few books
efcaped, which induftry and application to his friends could
colled to furnifti his library ; for which purpofe he tells us, in
his 44th epiftle, “ Cum ftudio bene vivendi Temper conjunxi
“ ft odium bene dicendi — cui rei praeparandas bibliothecam afti-
“ due comparo, & ficut Romae dudum ac in aliis partibus Italian,
<• in Germannia quoque & Belgica fcriptores authorumque
“ exemplaria multitudine numorum redemi adjutus benevolen-
4< tia amicorum.” His knowledge in the mathematics Onu-
phrius Panvinius, in his notes on Platina’s Hiftory of the Popes,
obferves, is evident by his geometrical works (till preferved in
the Farnefe library at Rome. That he had read the works of
Pappus Alexandrinus we muft believe by the organs he made
for his church of Rheims, “ arte hydraulica ubi mirum in
modum per aquae calefadae violentiam implet ventus emer-
“ gens per cavitatem barbati & per multitoratiles tradus aerese
“ fiftulas modulatos clamore emittunt.” Vincent. Bellonac. Hif*
tor . Spec . lib. xxv. c. 99. Of the fame kind, probably, were
the organs mentioned in his 71 ft letter to be made by him in
Italy, and which he promifed to fend to Gerard abbat of Or¬
leans ; which mulical inftruments might poftibly be newly
revived in the time of Pappus, and therefore defigned to be
perpetuated by the type of them on the contorniate medals
which were ftruck in that centuryftn the time of d heodohus
and Valent inian. See Havercamp de nununis contorntaiisy p. 126.
Vol. X. B b b The
Mr. North on the
37°
The work of Achilles Tatius de Sphasra he got from Remi-
gius, a learned monk of the abbey of Melchod, in the diocefe
of Triers (of whom fee Trithemius de viris illuftribus), as we
may gather from his 134th epiflle, where what is printed' Vo-
lumen de Achilleidos Jlatu , fhould, doubtlefs, be read Volumen de
Spheera Achilleidis Tatii ; and in return for which Gerbert fent Re-
migius a celeftial globe, “ fphaera torno jam expolita & artijiciofe
“ equino corio obvoluta, fed fi minima cura fatigaris habendi fim-
65 plici fucoinfterftin&am circa Martiascalendas expe&a, nifi forte
“ cum orizonte ac diverfa ccelorum pulchritudine infignitam pras-
“ ftoleris, annuum perhorrefcas laborem.” Epift. 148.
His correfpondence was as extenfve as the number of the
learned of that age ; confequently an account of his life would
be a literary hiftory of his time.
His political abilities, which appear in many of his letters,
need no better proof than his fpeedy advancement from a monk
of Fleury to the archbifhoprick of Rheims, thence to that of
Ravenna, and then to the popedom.
The next account of figures to be confidered is the Helmdon
date fuppofed by Dr. Wallis [*/] 1133, by the learned profeflor
Wrard 1233; either of which is abfolutely unaccountable, that
no inftance of this kind fhould appear in any books many
years after they were ufed for fo mean a purpofe as to denote
the ere&ion of the mantle-tree of a chimney. Though I (hall
not venture to attempt an explanation of them, yet 1 will ven¬
ture to foretell, that fome other and different account will here¬
after appear, if the original piece of wood remains undefaced.
As for the fuppofed date at Widial in this county, there
■ feems to a mind unprepoflefled no fimilitude of numeral figures.
To fuppofe, as one gentleman [f] exprefiies himfelf in a letter read
[^] Phil. Tranf. N° 154. p, 399. Wallis on Algebra, p. 12.
[*j Mr, Cope, in Phil. Tranf. NJ 439. p. z 1 9. See Prof. Ward, ib.p. 120.
to
Introduction of Arabic Numerals. 371
to the Royal Society, that the houfe was built in 1016, in the
place of another deftroyed by the Danes the year before, is a
notion directly contrary to the faith of hiftory. For neither
does the Saxon Chronicon, or any other hiftory, fpeak of the
Danes being in thefe parts in the year 1015. In the following
year they ravaged thefe parts, and two battles were fought in
the neighbourhood. Of the firft the only mention we have is
in Somner’s Saxon’s Diftionary, from a book of the abbey ot
Abingdon. “ Tunc ipfe Edmundus Rex vice tertia exercitum
“ congregavit & Londinum adiit re£ta ex Aquilonari Thamefis
4C parte, & fie per Cleigh hangre (i. e. Clay hill) & cives L011-
“ dinenfes a Cnutone obfeflos liberavit.” Cleigh hangre I
imagine to be Clay hill, in the parifh of Watton, near which
are ftill the remains of a camp, and a field called Danefield,
between; as king Edmund was able to go to the relief ot Lon¬
don, the Danes muft have been worfied, and probably might
bury fome of their commanders under the fix hills near Ste¬
venage.
This was after the return from the battle of Sheorfhn, on the
borders of Wiltfhire, and that the Saxon Chronicon fays, was
septep mibbap pumepa, after Midfummer. At the latter end of
the year the Danes marched with defiruaion from Kent through
Mercia, and turning into Eflex, at Afshenden, about twelve
miles from Widial, was the Inft, and, to the Englifh, fatal battle
fought between Edmund and Cnut. From this plain account
it is to the higheft degree improbable, that any new buildings
fhould beerefted in 1016, a year lo memorable for ruin and
deftru&ion.
But fuch arguments as thefe are really needlefs, for let the
A\ in the Widial charaders Hand for what you will, I dare
B b b 2 ' aver
Mr. North on the
372
aver that the I. G. were defigned for no other than the initial of
John Gill's name ; to whom king Henry VIII. granted the
lionfe and manor.
As to what the gentleman writes of the plafter over thefe
characters bearing the date 139°? without any impeachment
of his judgement or general knowledge, we may fafely fuppofe
it a mi hake (poflibly for 1590); for nothing is more eafy than
for a perfon, not very converfant in fuch inquiries, to mihake
one antient figure for another : the moft knowing may do this
without great care and attention. I have often feen the figure
5, in deeds of queen Elizabeth’s reign, fo like the figure 3, as
to make a recourfe to the other part of the deed necefiary to
afcertain it. Upon the upper poh of a gateway near the great
bridge at Cambridge are thefe figures, which are generally
taken for 1332, though, without any hefitation, we may ven¬
ture to pronounce them 1552 [jf]. A mihake of the fame kind
might happen as to the date on the plaiher work. The
moh antient inhances in any book of our figures which Mr.
Galley’s induftry could difcoveris in Roger Bacon’s Calendar in
the king’s library, dated 1192, which very book I have pe-
rufed, and find the date was not written then, but that the ta¬
bles therein were then made at Tolofa in France; and there¬
fore how many years afterwards the manufcript was written is
uncertain. This naturally recalls an obfervation I have often
made as to dates and cyphers in books of that kind, that if we
do not carefully perufe the book we may be betrayed into great
errors by taking that for the date of the copy which was really
the time of the compofition. Befides, nothing was more fre¬
quent, when our cyphers began to come into ufe, than to exprefs
rhofe numbers by them, which were in the fame work origi¬
nally done by Roman numeral letters.
[/] See Profeffor Ward on it. Phil. Tranf. N° 474. p. 79*
A re-
I
Introduction of Arabic Numerals . 373
A remarkable inftance of which I found in the Harleian li¬
brary, of a manufcriptof ‘6 Julii Firmici Aftronomia,” in which
all the numbers are in figures or cyphers ; but a man would be
very rafh to imagine they were originally expreffed lo.
In Ben’et college library, before a table of eclipfes from the
year 1330 to 1348 [g], is prefixed an account of numbers, and
the methods of exprelfiing them; which I have here drawn out,
not only on account of the uncommon method, or characters
in the fecond column, but as a proof likewife that the ufe of
the prefent figures was then but rarely known or praCtifed, fo
as to want explanation.
I
Humerus Artie ulus
Humerus Com
lolitus
1
«
X
10
0-
XI
II
-0-
11
2
• . •
3
XX
2
€Br
12
-0:
III
•
• •
XXX
*
3
13
-0:*
mi
• •
IA
-0::
y
0
-00
VI
6
o-
1 <0
-00-
aui
A
0:
'A
■eo:
Yin
8
o:-
18
-ao:*
! ix
9
0
-
'9
0-0
[>] “ Tabula Eclipf5 fobs pro primo Ciclo, cujus principlum eft an. Chrifti
1 330, ' cujus autem finis eft 1348.” The lame figure is put for 4 in the fecond
date, as in the annexed plate.
Omnis
t
Mr. North on the
3/4
Omnis numerus vel omnis figure in algorifmo priino loco fe
ipfam fignificat ; fecundo loco, decies le lplam fignificat ; ter-
lio loco, ceuties fie ; quarto loco, mdefiea fe ; quinto loco,
decies mile lies fe ; lexro loco, centjes milefies fe ; feptimo loco,
mille milefies fe ; odtavo loco, decies mille middies te ; nono
loco, centies mille milltfies fe ; decimo loco, m lie mile Ties mi-
lelies fe. Et lie multiplicand© per decern centum & mille
ufque in infinitum computando verfus finittram.
N umerus eft multitudo ex unitate compolita. Et nota quod
triplex eft numerus (c. numerus digitus, numerus articulus,
numerus compofitus. Numerus digitus eft omnis numerus
infra decern, ut unus, duo, tres. Numerus articulus eft decu-
plus fui digiti, vel numerus articulus eft omnis numerus qui
poteft dividi in decern partes aequales ita quod nich'd fit refi-
duum, ut decern, viginti. Numerus compofitus eft qui com-
ponitur ex digito & articulo, ut undecim, duodecim, &c.
In the fame library I lately difeovered a more antient date
than that in Bacon’s Calendar, viz, in “ Traclatu de Sphaera per
Robertum Lincoln (Grofthed), feript. anno 1283.” That this
was not the date of compofing the tradt, but of the time of
writing this copy, is plain, becaufe the author died 30 years
before, wz, 1253 ( Matih . Paris ad an.) ; and it is written in a
hand evidently of that time.
To. this great reftorer of learning Robert Grofthed, bifhop
of Lincoln (whole life, begun by Dr. Knight, rauft have been
very acceptable had he finifhed it), we of this nation princi¬
pally owe, I apprehend, our knowledge of the cyphers or pre-
fent figures. The authority I have for this notion has, to my
great furprize, been hitherto overlooked, though very remark-
* able,,
Introduction of Arabic Numerals* c~ ~
nine, and equally clear. It is in the continuation of Matthew
Paris1 Hijlona , ad an, 1251, p. 1112, edit. Parkeri, where he
gives an account of the death, of John Bafingftoke, archdeacon
of Leicefter. “ Hie Magifter Johannes figuras Griecorum nu-
“ merales & earum notitiam & fignificationes in Angliam por-
“ tavit & familiaribus fuis declaravit, per quas figuras etiam
“ litere reprefentantur. De quibus figuris hoc maxime ad mi*
44 randum quod unica figura qu i li bet numerus reprefentatur,
“ quod non eft in Latino, vel in Aigarifmo.” Mow long his
return from Athens was before his death we ate not informed :
but as to the teftament of the twelve patriarchs, which John firfl
mentioned to bifhop Grofihed, Matthew Paris tells us, p. 800,
the bifiiop tranflated it into Latin in the year 1241; and fuppo-
fing he fent to Greece for them, as loon as he received infor¬
mation of them, and, allowing two or three years for that bu-
finefs, we may fuppofe John Bafingftoke’s return from Athens
was between 1235 and 1240.
There have been no fpecimens produced of them which are
undoubted before that time. Matthew Paris himfelf knew them
nor, if we may credit the manufcript in his hand in the king’s
library, in which the dates are all in Roman letters.
Johannes de Sacro Bofco, Prefacius Judaeus, whofe tables,
wrote in 1308, are in the king’s library, and Roger Bacon,
who all ufed the figures, lived and wrote till after the time
above afligned for the introduction of them.
That Thomas Rilhanger, or whoever was the continuator of
Matthew Paris’s hiftory, fhould call them figuras Grtecorum is
no wonder ; for if we will not with Huetius, or before him
Petrus Dafypodius, profefifor of mathematics at Strafhurg, fup¬
pofe them to be derived from the lefier Greek letters ; yet, as
the
*
37
Mr. North on the
the introduction of them to us was from Greece, he might,
without impropriety, call them Greecorum jiguras , even if we
muft fuppofc them originally invented among the Indians,
vvhofe country, arts, and lciences were fo little known in this
part of the world.
There feems not from any fpecimens to be found in books
(and in books they were doubtlefs firft ufed) any reafon to ad¬
vance the introdudtion of them into England higher. Dr.
Wallis does indeed take it for granted, that from the time of
Gerbert, who he imagines learned them at Seville, many of
cur countrymen learned them from the fame fchool, and con-
ftantly made ufe of them, as Daniel de Merlac, and William
de Conchis, or Shelley. I have had opportunities of confulting
two manufcripts of the works of the latter, and find no inftance of
any cypher or figure. There is the greateft probabily they were
not known or made ufe of in the fchool of Seville, even fo low as
the beginning of the fourteenth century, for in the king’s library
is a trad, intituled, “ Introdu&orius Hifpalenfis,” which includes
the elements of aftronomy, as taught in the fchool of Seville,
wrote in that century ; in which all the tables are conflantly
exprefled in Roman letters, which it is fcarcely probable would
have been uled had the more eafy compendious method of
cyphers been known to them.
Another particular may be mentioned as not quite foreign
to the fubjedt, that in the Tower of London I faw, by the
favour of my honoured friend George Holmes, efq. two letters
from Alfonfus king of Spain to our Edward the Firft, written
on paper (the oldeft fpecimen cf paper now perhaps remaining'?,
in which the dates are exprefted thus : OOcclxxn, OOcclxxviii,
3 which
/
Introduction of Arabic Numerals . , 377
which are corroborating circumftances that the figures were not
then in ufe in that kingdom.
The pleafure of collecting and connecting them, with obfer-
vations, and our free thoughts of them, is fo amufing as often
leads us into trefpaffing on the patience ot thofe we addrefs
them to. This, I have reafon to fear, is my cafe at prefent. If
there is any thing in thefe papers unobferved before, or put in
a new light, which can atone for the length of them, it is
the utmofl: that can be hoped for, by,
My Lord,
Your Lordfhip’s mod obliged, humble fervant,
GEORGE NORTH.
Vol. X.
C c c
XXXVI.
[ 373 ]
\
XXXVI. Roman remains In Sherwood Fore ft, dif-
covered by Hay man Rooke, Efq. F»A. S. and com¬
municated by him m a Fetter to the Right Hon. Sir
George Yonge, Bart.
O O'
Read June 2, 1791.
Dear Sir, Mansfield V/oodhoufe, Dec. 5, 1790 a
INCE I had the honour of tranfmitting to you a descrip¬
tion of Some remains of Roman works on Sherwood ForefE
[rt], I have met with a con fide rabie part of a very large camp,
which probably contained the main body of the Roman army $
it is, therefore, I think well worthy of notice.
On the South-eaft end of Sherwood Forefl, and within two
miles North-weft of the village of Arnold, is Holly Hill, fo
called from its having had many holly trees upon it. On this
elevated Spot, which is the higheft ground on the foreft, is
part of a very extenfive Roman camp ; fee the plan at [ A J in
PI. XXXIV. length 417. yards by 240. Thefe works evidently
appear to have been continued beyond the hedge (£), marked by
dotted lines, into a field which has been inclofed fome years,
where there are now hardly any traces of the ditch or vallum*
My informant an old tarmer at Arnold allured me, that he re¬
members the camp complete, extending a long way into the
[a] See ArclioeoL Vol. IX. p. 196.
adjoining
t/j/// ut? oj ypjvji oozyb
■op
3.1 7/V
J?P*L?°}0 1)
?pjvp / 7fr
yp./vji it
U X 'bA
yp a/ssm nys^'/s v?
./sv/yy 1 * ?/#y/////' j yy/su/<r^j j/C//// ?? /ss
ypuvptf)
Mr. Rooke on Roman remains tn Sherwood Fore ft. 379
adjoining field, and that he is certain it was above twice the
length of what is now diftinguifhable. He likewife told me he
has heard his father fay that, when he was a boy, this work
was pointed out to him as a large Roman camp. This is the
only traditional account I could procure ; but it is fufficient to
{Lengthen my conjecture, that it was the principal camp of
the main body of the Roman army in thefe parts. You twill
obferve, Sir, that it has had a double ditch and vallum ; but,
as. this hill was formerly inclofed in a break, the plough has
deftroyed great part of it. The fquare praetorium (c), the tides
of which are 1? yards in length, {lands on the higheft part of
the camp, on the fide that looks towards Berry Hill and Manfi*
field, which are not above eight or nine miles diftant from this
{pot. The little exploratory camps at Oxton, Combs, and
Hexgrave jY], are almoft in a line with this; the latter, which
is the fartheft off, is plainly to be feen at the diftance of eight
miles.
The progrefs of a Roman army through this part of Notting-
hamfhire is ftrongly marked by the fize and fituation of this
camp, which is not above five miles wreft from Nottingham,
the Caufdnnis of the Romans, according to DoClor Gale, who
makes Nottingham 30 miles from Brigcafterton, and 26 from
Lincoln, which agrees with the Vth. Iter of Antoninus, where
Caufennis is 30 miles from Durobrivis, and 26 from Lindum;
fo that there is great reafon to think that the doflor is right in
fuppofing Nottingham to be a Roman Ration.
Robert Lowe, Efq. of Oxton, to wrhofe politenefs I am
much indebted, conduced me to another ancient work, in a
field called Lovely Grange, not far from Oxton, and about half
f b] Sec Archaeol. Vol. IX. p. 200.
C C C 2
a mile
380 Mr. Rooke on Roman remains
a mile Eaft of Oldox ; fee the plan at [B] in PI. XXXIV. The
ditch and vallum are plainly to be diftinguifhed on the North fide
and Well: end ; but very little traces of them remain on the
other fides. The length is 314 yards by 67. It is fituated on the
fide of an hill, within two hundred yards of the top, where
there is an extenfive view, and was moft probably the work
of the Romans.
The coins that have been found in and near thefe camps
are fufficient proofs of their having been in the pofiefiion of the
Romans. Our worthy member, the Rev. Mr. Pegge, has a
coin of the larger brafs, but much defaced, found in the camp
on the Combs. Three I havehad given me, two of the middle
brafs, the heads only diftinguilhable ; thefe were found near
Qxton, not far from the camp at Oldox : the other, in my
polfefiion, is of the larger brafs, which, from the refemblance
it bears to that found in Mansfield, I fhould fuppofe to be
Antonnius Pius ; on the reverfe is a figure half naked, with a
hafta in the right hand, and an altar refling on the left knee,
with the letters S. C. SenatusConfulto ; the legend totally defaced.
This was found near Arnold, and feveral others have been
picked up on that part of Holly Hill that has been inclofed,
but I could not find out in whole pofiefiion they now are,
notwithftanding the obliging exertions, of my learned friend
dodlor Oakes to procure every information relative to antiqui¬
ties near Arnold, that could be any ways ferviceable to me in
my relearches [, c ].
[C] in PI. XXXIV. is a brafs key, found on Sherwood
Forefi, in making a new road from Kirkby to join that which
[c] It may be neceffary to obferve, that thefe three camps are laid down upon
the fame fcale with thofe at Combs, Oldox, &c. in order to ihew the propor¬
tion they bear to each other.
goes
Vol. X.n. XXX^ . p. 381..
\
l
in Sherwood Foreft. 381
goes from Mansfield to Nottingham. The lingular fhape of
this key, and the green ruft that it has acquired from age,
make me inclined to think it is the work of a Roman artift.
In Montfaucon there is a key whofe wards exactly refemblc
this.
The little inclofure [D] in PI. XXXIV. has a very wide ditch
and high vallum. It is fituated on the foreft, in a marfhy
valley, near a brook, and about a mile and half Weft of
Oxton. The dimenfions within the vallum are 22 yards by
18. See the left ion at [E], This I think will appear, from the
delcription of the following barrows, to be a work of the
ancient Britons.
You may recollect, Sir, that in a former Paper of mine on
the Roman roads and camps difeovered in this neighbour¬
hood [*/], I mentioned three large tumuli, or barrows ; the
fmalleft was on the Foreft, about a mile from Oxton, and
meafured 159 feet in circumference. On the 20th of October,
X 7 8 9 , I opened this barrow, which was formed with very
fine mould, to the depth of feven feet and an half from the
top to a little below the natural foil. Here we came to a kind
of grey fand mixed with clay, about five inches think, fome
parts of which were moift; on this lay an urn half full of
afhes, and covered with a piece of coarfe baked earth, which
broke when taken up. See it engraved at (A) in PJ. XXXV. On
examining this urn, to my great furprife, it appeared to be iron
corroded with ruft, and I have fince had the fatisfaefion of
being confirmed in my opinion that it is made of that metal.
On one fide and at the bottom is a piece of wood, marked (0),
which flicks to the urn, and feyeral finall pieces were found
[y] Archceol. Vol. IX. p. 201.
near
^,32 Mr. Rooke on Roman remains
near it, which, from their fhape, being hollowed on?”, evi¬
dently appeared to have Ruck to the urn. 1 heie 1 have pieferved.
I think there is great reafon to fuppofe,, that this urn was de¬
posed in the barrow in a wooden cafe, which, when it began
to decay and get moift, would naturally adhere, to the iron.
Near the urn was a fword in a wooden fcabbard, two feet fix
inches in length, and four inches broad. See (B) PI. XXXV.
In taking it up it broke into feven pieces, fome of which
where the fcabbard was the leaft decayed, were above half an
inch thick; the wood, when preffed, mouldered into dull.
Near the end of the fword fifteen glafs beads were picked up,
fome green, others clouded with yellow, and fome of a deep
yellow ; fee their fize in PI. XXXV. i and 2 tranfparent greens ;
3 and 4 yellow ; 5 and 6 deep yellow. It is very probable that
thefe beads were depofited as amulets; not being perforated,
they could not be ufed as ornaments, and when fo found the
barrow is generally thought to be the fepulchre of a woman.
The finding of beads and arms together is very remarkable,
and, 1 believe, this is the only inftance where they have been
difeovered with weapons. A very learned and ingenious mem¬
ber. of our Society, the R.ev. Mr. James Douglas, is of opi¬
nion, that the Britons had not acquired the art of making
glafs till after the Roman invafion, and offers many reafonable
conjectures in fupport of that opinion. He cites a paffage in
Ifaiah, which, he lays, “ alludes to the daughter of Sion, to
“ the city in its flourilhing Rate, before the firft Captivity.
“ This was the period of the Phoenicians, when Tyre and
66 Sidon were in their profperity, when all the arts of mer-
“ chandize were cultivated to the greateff height of perfection.
“ It is to this period then, ;'6S years before Chriff, we are to
2 “ look
in Sherwood Foreft.
3^3
“ look for the exigence of glafs jV].**' It has been the gene¬
ral opinion of Antiquaries, that the Britons carried on a trade
with the Phoenicians long before the Romans got footing in
this ifland. We may therefore conclude, that the merchants
would bring, over whatever would be mcft acceptable to the un¬
civilized Britons, and furely nothing could be more fo than
glafs beads : and we find that an eager defire to .po fiefs thefe
prevails among the Barbarians in every part of the world. The
beautiful colours and tranfparency of thefe beads, mud be very
ftriking to the fuperftitious Britons, who, when in pofleflion
of fuch phoenomena, and thinking they contained fome power¬
ful charm, would naturally pr^ferve them as amulets. Hence
there is reafon to fuppofe, that the relics in this barrow are of
very remote antiquity.
(C) PI. XXXV. is an iron dagger, which broke in
taking up. It has been in a wooden fcabbard, bits of which
now adhere to the ruff, and are diftinguifhed in the drawing
by the light parts. (D. E. F.) are pieces of iron much cor¬
roded, found near the fword, and were probably part of the
guard. (G.) is a bit of a brafs rim, covered with green ruff.
(H.) is an iron inftrument of a lingular fhape ; the fides are flat,
the point plainly appears to have been broken off, and upon it
is a thin coat of fmooth yellow ruff, which probably may be
occafioned by fome acid quality in that part of the earth where
it lay.
(I) feems to have been an iron weapon, with a hole at the
end for a ftaff, very much corroded with ruft.
[<?] Nenia Brit. N° V. p. 61.
Th
I
3S4 Mr . Rooke <?« Roman remains
The urn retains its magnetic quality, but not very power¬
fully ; it is more fo in the inftrument (H). The fmall pieces
have totally loft their magnetic quality. On the foreft, about
a mile and half Weft of Oxton, in the marfhy valley above
mentioned, and a quarter of a mile from the little work [Dj, in
PI. XXXIV. was a barrow 123 feet in circumference, furrounded
with a ditch and vallum. This I opened on the 30th of Sep¬
tember 1790. In the bottom, which was on a level with the
natural foil, was a circular body of clay 8 feet diameter and
four inches thick, on every part of which allies appeared ;
but no urn or bones, nor any kind of weapon, were to be
found ; a Imall tooth was picked up, the only relic in this
barrow. I therefore fhould fuppofe, from the fize of the clay
floor, that feveral bodies had been burnt upon it; probably com¬
mon foldiers killed in battle.
I think there is no doubt of thefe barrows having beenfepul-
chres or the antient Britons ; and I Ihould fuppofe from its
vicinity to this barrow the little inclofure above mentioned
was a work of the fame people.
The iron urn is certainly a very lingular and curious dif-
covery, and I ffioXild think not manufactured in this ifland.
The Rev. Mr. Whitaker tells us [f ], 44 that it was late before
44 any mines of iron were opened in this ifland. They appear to
44 have been begun only a few years before the defeent of
44 Caslar, and even then were carried on, not by the Britons,
44 but the Belgae. To that period, both of them received
4'4 from the continent all the iron that they had among them.”
In this traffic, arms and domeftic utenlils were, molt probably,
imported ; and, as the Gauls are fuppofed to have ufed urn-
[/] Hiftory of Manchefter, Yol. II. p. 28.
burial,
in Sherwood Foreft.
38S
burial, it is not unlikely that they fhould export a few fe-
pulchral urns, of that durable metal, to Britain ; by which,
it will appear that the Britons ufed that mode of interment
before the time of the Romans in this ifland. But I fhall beg
leave to fubmit the plaufibility of thefe conjectures to you and
the learned Society.
I have the honour to be,
Dear Sir,
Your mod obedient,
\
and obliged, humble fervant,
H. ROOKE,
Vol. X.
Ddd
XXXVII.
I
( 3«6 )
XXXVII. ColleSiion of a Subfidy 1382. By the
Prior of Barnwell. By Mr. Gough.
Read June 23, 1791*
H E martyrdom of Thomas Beeket is thus reprefented
1 on a feal appendant to the following deed of Barnwell
priory, in my poffeffion, being an acknowledgement of the re¬
ceipt from the redlor of Granchefter of a moiety of the tenth
laid on the clergy, 6 R. II.
“ Pateat univerfis per prefentes quod nos prior & conventus
de Bernewell unam medietatem unius decime domino regi Ri¬
cardo anno regni fui fexto a clero Anglie conceffe per venerabi-
lem patrem dominum dominum Thomam Dei gratia Elienfem
epifcopum in eifdem civitate & diocefe colle£tores deputati,
recepimus de restore de Grancefletre viginti unum folidos &
quatuor denarios pro fecunda medietate decime medietate. In
cujus rei teftimonium figillum quo utimur in hac colledione
prefentibus appofuimus. Dat. apud Bernewell xn° die menfis
Maii, anno d’ni regis fupradidlo.”
The
Collection of a Subfidy, 1382. 387
The occafion of this fubfidy granted by the clergy was
the fchifm in the church formed by Clement VII, againft
whom Urban VI publifhed a crufade 1382, of which Henry
Spenfer, bifhop of Norwich, was declared general. The
granting of the fame indulgences as to the crufaders engaged
in war againft infidels induced fuch numbers of all ranks and
degrees, both of the laity and clergy, to engage in it, that the
parliament which met in the beginning of the year 1383 110c
only approved the meafure, but granted a confiderable lubfidy*
The king’s licence to the faid bifhop and his adherents, dated
Weftminfter, t>ec. 6, 1382, may be feen in Rymer, VII. 372.
His writ to Alexander (Neville) archbifhop of York, to levy
a fubfidy on the clergy of his province to defend the kingdom
againft invafion, dated Weftminfter, 28 Jan. next year. Ib. p.
A writ of enquiry after certain perfons who aflumed to them-
felves the name of colleaors for the crufade, and defrauded the
bifhop of confiderable fums, dated Weftminfter, 15 March,
1583. Ib. 383.
An order to the fheriffs of London to affift the bifhop and
his colleaors, 17 Mar. 1383; Ib. 385.
Other public muniments refpeding the fame. Ib. 386, 391,
£ m
An order to the collectors to bring all the monies in the hands
of their fub-colle£tors to Sandwich within ten days from the
date, 8 Apr. 1383, to be paid into the hands of the bifliop’s
agents ; lb. 392 ; and another directed to two ferjeants at arms,
&c. to enquire after the collectors and fums collected, 23 Apr.
Ib. 393.
D d d 2
The
3^8 Collection of a Subjidy , 13S2.
The bifhop appointed John Kirton, of Sandhurft, and
John Chevve, of Wokyngham, in 'the diocefes of Winchef-
ter and Sarum, his chaplains, his pro&ors, and penitentia¬
ries, for this crufade, and colle&ors and receivers of all monies
bequeathed, collected, or contributed for it. Ib. 399. He be¬
gan his expedition with the taking of Graveling, into which
the king put a garrifon of 200 archers. Ib. 399.
It appears from another record (Ib. 424) that large fums
were embezzled by the officers of the crown, and of the biffiop,
for fome of which a pardon was granted under the great feal
1384. Ib. 426. Rot. Pari. III. 152,153.
The military fpirit of my lord of Norwich had fhewn itfelf
before his confecration in the fervice of pope Hadrian V ; and
three years after his confecration, by the active part he took in
the fuppreffion of that part of Tyler and Straw’s levelling ad¬
herents, who were committing every outrage in his diocefe.
His fuccefs in the crufade extended to the reduction of Dun¬
kirk, Nieuport, Bourbourg, Pepering, and other fortified
towns, routing an army of 30,000 men, and killing 7,000 [0].
Notwithstanding the before mentioned writs and orders in his
favour, Richard appears not to have given his hearty concur¬
rence. At the opening of the Parliament 1^82, the biffiop of
London, Robert Braybroke, lord chancellor, urged the
want of fupplies for the general crufade granted to the biffiop
of Norwich, “ encontre l’antipape & touz fes adherentz,
complices, fautours, & maintenours en quelconq’ parties il les
puna trouver” (Rot. Pari. III. 134). The biffiop had offered,
that if the king would give him the fifteenth lately granted to
[a] Godwin, de Praffi ed. Richardfon, p. 436.
his
Collettion of a Subjidy, 1382. 389
his majefty by the laity, he would ferve him a year in his wars
in France with 2500 men at arms, and as many archers, of
whom 2000 (hould be ready to go to the relief of Ghent twenty
days after the firffc payment of the faid levy, he taking on him-
felf the charge of (hipping them. Being called upon to fay
what officers he intended to take with him, he replied, “ the
beft chieftains in the realm, alter or about the king himfelf
and princes of the blood [<£];” but that he could not give in
their names till he was fure of being allowed to undertake
the expedition ; and that out of thefe names the king might
appoint whom he pleafed lieutenant, to be obedient to the bi-
(hop in all matters pertaining to the crufade, as the biffiop
engaged to be to the lieutenant in all things pertaining to his
lieutenancy: and if the realm of France (hould fubmit to
acknowledge the true pope Urban, he bound himfelf to furl
and take down [c] the banner of the crufade, and ferve the
king in the faid war with his own banner, at his own coft, the
remainder of the year [</j. In the preceding Parliament
the Commons agreed to raile the accuflomed moiety of a fif¬
teenth, provided the colle&ion was not farmed, but the mo¬
ney paid to the refpe&ive admirals ferving in the war, unlefs
a peace or truce (hould intervene ; and provided alfo that the
clergy agree to a like grant, and the money be levied equally
without diftin&ion of ranks, and that all the fervice due from
the biffiop of Norwich, not yet ferved for the agreed term,
and the money not yet by them received from the king’s ene-
[£] Des meillours chiefteins du roialme d’Engleterre, apres la perfonne n’re
dit Sr le roy & les autres roialx.
[c] Compliquer & oufter labanere de la croiferie.
[afj Rot. Pari. III. 148.
mies
o Collection of a Subjidy% 1382.
rnies be applied to his advantage, and in relief of his fubje&s.
In anfwer to their requeff, that enquiry may be made after the
fervice and money due from the bifhop, he replied, that him¬
felf erafed the indenture for a certain fum demanded for eva¬
cuation of Flanders and Graveling, and ordered the money
that was brought to be carried back. This defence was not
admitted ; and a further charge was brought againft the bifhop,
that lie returned home before half the year of his fervice was
expired, and had not furnifhed the number of men he engaged
for, nor created a temporal lord his lieutenant, for want of
which great mifchief had enfued. The bifhop not giving a fa-
tisfadlory anfwer to thefe and other like accufations, his tem¬
poralities were feized into the king’s hands, during pleafure,
and his agents committed to prifon on a charge of having
with him fold many of the towns he had taken [*]. The chan¬
cellor told the bifhop that the king could clearly try him as
a temporal fubjedl, becaufe he had behaved himfelf as one
binding himfelf by indentures to be foldier to the king, to
wage war on Chriftian people after the term of his croifade,
and had his fword borne before him, and did many other
things contrary to the cuflom of the flate of an Englifh pre¬
late [y], Neverthelefs, in regard to his rank, the king declined
feizing his perfon, contenting himfelf with fining him
io,coo gold franks, which had been fpent on his operations [g]
to be paid into the treafury, and forbidding the fword to be
borne before him. The temporalities were reflored O&. 24,
[*] Rot. Pari. III. 151 — 158.
[/] “ Sr evefq’ combie’ q’ le roi n’re sr vous eut purroit cleremcnt mefner h
juger conime perfone temporale de fon roiaume a caufe q’ vous vous avez h
portez come perfone temporele, he. he. Rot. Pari. III. 156.
Lf] Qlquanq’ ad efte delpenduz en v’re oeps des ditz franks d’or, he.
Collection of a Subfdy , 1382. 391
13$$, at the interceflion of the bifhop of Ely [/>], after having
been detained two whole years [/].
Thus ended this croifade or war between two rival pontifs,
after an expence of no lefs than 37,475/. 7 r. 6d. raifed for that
purpofe, befides other large gifts and aids expended on that ac¬
count ; for all which, in 1391, the bifhop obtained a general
difcharge from the king, with pardon of all offences [£].
I flatter myfeif I fhall need no apology for laying before
the Society this little record, which may ferve as a further
confirmation of the importance of attending to every muni¬
ment that can throw light on our hiftory. The publication of
the Rolls of Parliament has laid open in the fulleft detail the
charges againft this prelate, and his trial and fentence in Par¬
liament, and confirmed the accounts of our hifforians.
The prior of Barnwell at this time was Ralph de Norton*
or Northampton, eledled 1350, and continued till 1392 [/>
The proportion of Grantchefter, on an aid of one twentieth,
in the reign of Edward I, 1291, was ys. \d, or fourteen marks,
annual value.
In the regilfer of Thomas Arundel, bifhop of Ely, is a
mandate from William (Courtney) archbifhop of Canterbury,,
by Robert (Braybroke) bifhop of London, diredled to the
bifhop of Ely, “ to pray for Henry bifhop of Norwich and,
his army, going on a croilade againfl the anti-pope and his
adherents, for Urban,’* dated by the archbifhop from Otte-
ford, April 10, 1383, and by the bifhop of London April
[&] Thomas Arundd, afterwards archbifhop of York. Pat. 9 R. II. m..
27. Rymer, VII. 479*
[i] Walfingh. p. 332. 348.
[/£] Mag. Rot. de anno 12 R. II- Blomefield, Norf. II. 370.
[/] Hiftory of Barnwell ; Bibl, Brit. Top. N° XXXVIII. 56 — 59.
2
3 Q2 Collection of a Subftiy, 13S2.
16, 1383 ; from Wickham Bi (hop’s, near Malclen, ill EHetf,
where the bilhops of London had a houfe built or improved
by bifhop Kempe. Bifhop Courtney imparked 300 acres in
this manor, 1375 [w].
“ Mandatum dno directum ad orand’ pro dno Norwicen* Scexercitu
fuo tranfeunt’ in crucial contra Antipapam, et fibi adherentes.
" Rev’ in Chrido patri ac dno dno Thome Dei gra Elien’ epo Ro-
btus permilf’ divina London’ epus falutem, &c. Mandatum ven’ in
Chrido patris et dni dni Wilti Dei gra Cant’ archiepi, See. nuper rece-
pimus in hec verba: Wilius, See. ven’ fratri noftro dno Robto Dei gra
Lond’ epo falutem, See.
“ Rex pacificus Chridus Jftus de hoc mundo tranfiturus ad Patrem,
difcipulo luo Petro fuifque luccefioribus oves fuos pafeend’ commifit,
ac omnibus eledis fuis pacem Sc unitatem precipue commendavit, ut
per obfervantiam pacis temporal’ in unitate fidei occurrerent in virum
perfedum, & ad pacem pertingerent fempiternam. Quod utique fatis
advertens humani generis hoftis antiquus, qui fua diflenfione pacem Sc
univerfam concordiam nationum Temper fatagit violare, quad univerfa
mundi regna fua verfutia ad guerras & difeordias fufeitavir. Sc tandem
nonnullas ecclie columpnas Robtum, viz. olim Bafilice duodecim Aptorum
vulgariter didtum Gebennen’, Joftem olim T. T. Sandti Marcelli vul-
gariter didum Ambianen’, Geraldum olim T. T. Sandi dementis
vulgo dictum Majoris Monafterii presbros, Sc dampnate memorie Petrum
olim Sri Euftachii diaconum, cardinales intra materna vifeera pofitos,
in fenfum reprobum Sc tortuofum laqueum, ad feindend’ inconfutilem
tunicam dni & fande matris ecclie unitatem, fua fallaci calliditate fub-
vertit. In tantum quod pod multa enormia per didos Robtum Sc
alios olim cardinales, contra Romanam eccldiam Sc vicarium Chrifti
dni nodrum Papam Urbanum fextum notorie perpetrata, defeendentes in
profundum malorum predidi Jobes, Geraldus, Sc Petrus, olim, ut pre-
mittitur, cardinales, prefatum Robtum temere eligendo Antipapam, ymo
[ot] Morant’s Eflex, I. 382.
verms
Collediion of a Subfidy , 1382.
393
verius Antichriftum, fecerunt, Sc ipfum Papam nominare aufu facrilego
prefumpferunt, ipfeque Robtus fe Papam nominare aufu temerario non
erubuit nec erubefcit. Et licet ctnus noder Papa Urbanus predidus,
apud eos primo precibus & paternis monitis, deinde gravibus proceflibus
fpiritualis gladii, tam contra eos, quam contra eorum complices fad’ in-
diterit, pro ipforum redudione Sc reconciliacoe falubri, iidem tamen,
Pharaonis imitantes duritiam, obturantes more afpidis aures fuas, elata
obftinacoe preces Sc monita ac proceffus hujufmodi defpexerunt. Unde
idem <Jnus nofter Papa non valens abfque gravi offenfa Chridi, cujus vi-
cem gerit in terris, tantum fcifma tantafque iniquitates amplius tolierare,
contra eos & eorum complices in exterminium tam gravis fcifmatis cogitar,
urgente eum confcientia, materialis gladii erigere potedatem, ut belli
pedis interimat quos delinquentes ad reditudinis viam ecclefiadica non
revocat difciplina- Et quia bellum geritur ut pax adquiratur, didus
cirrus nofter papa ven’ fratri nodro dno Henr’ Dei gra’ Norwicen’ epo
contra didos fcifmaticos, & eorum fautores quandam cruciatam commifit,
per aptica fcripta didride precipiendo, quod idem ven’ rrater noder fidei
loricam induens, Sc gladium fpiritus, quod eft verbum Dei, affumens,
contra dictos fcifmaticos, ac Dei Sc ejus Ste ecclefie inimicos Sc eis faventes
Sc adherentes vehementer infurgat, gratiofe concedens, quod omnes Sc fin-
guli Chrifti fideles, qui crucis afiumpto caradere, ad prefat’ fcifmatico-
rum exterminium fe accingerent, Sc eos pro polfe pfequerentur in per-
fonis Sc fumptibus propriis, necnon hii qui in perfonis propriis, alienis
tamen expends, pro viribus expugnabunr, per unam annum ecciie
fequendo vexillum, illi infuper qui ad hoc juxta facultates fuas
fufiicientia ftipendia minidrabunt, eandem habeant indulgentiam,
que per fedem aplicam proficifcentibus in terre fande fubddium
confuevit concedi. Cum itaque prefatus frater noder, ut obedi-
entie ulius, onus fibi injundum, ex debito devotionis, precipue contra
Francigenas, ipforum fcifmaticorum principals fautores, & cfni nodri
regis Sc regni Angl’ capitales inimicos, pro pace ecciie adquirenda,
necnon pro falute Sc defenfione regni, ex aftedu vinculi naturalis fuf-
ceperit exequend’, prudenter advertens quod neque pax ecciie fine
Vol. X. E e c regno>
394 Cotteftion of a Subjidy, 1382.
regno, nec regno falus poterit nifi per eccliam provenire, quara
eiiam meritorium fit pugnare pro fide, quamque decorum dimicare
pro dno, attenden’ nihilominus, quod aftus etiam incafium aggreditur
humana prudentia, nifi divine propitiationis virtus aftiftat ; nobis fup-
plicavit liumiliter & devote, ut apud Altiffimura, in cujus manu omnis
poteftas eft, & quibus vult viftoriam impertitur, fideles populos pro
ipfius Si fuorum felici expeditione jugiter exorare facere curaremus.
Nos igitur ipfius ven’ fratris noffri in hac parte laudabile propofitum
& fincere diledlionis afFe&um in dno coiiimendantes, cupientes ipfius Sz
exercitus fui in tam arduo & necefifario univerfalis ecciie & regni ne-
gotio progrefifum felicem, vi&oriofum aggreffum, honorabilemque re-
grefifum, vefire ven’ fraternitati injungimus & mandamus, quatenus om¬
nibus & fingulis fratribus nofiris & coepis noflris h ecciie noftre Can-
tuar’ fuffraganeis, cum ea celeritate qua poteritis injungatis, ut ipfo-
rura fincruli in eceliis fuis, & aliis fuarum civitatum & dioc’ expofit’
publiee ipfius negotii meritis fuos fubditos ciicos & laicos efficaciter mo-
neant & inducant, monerive faciant & induci, ut ipfi di<ftum ven’ fratrem
nofirum &c ejus execcitum, omnefque fibi in premiffis adherentes, vel
auxilium exhibentes, ac pacem ecciie & regni in mififarum folempniis,
fermonibus, & proceffionibus publicis, ea de caufa frequentius, & pre-
cipue fingulis quartis & lextis feriis, fiaitem in fingulis ecciiis, nifi ra-
tionabile impedimentum fupervenerit faciend’ habeant fpecialiter com-
inendat’ humiles & alliduas preces apud dmn pro ipforum felici expedi¬
tione fundentes : Vofque veftros fubditos ad premiffa faciend’ viis Sc
modis quibus poteritis inducatis & per alios faciatis induci. Et ut
mentes fidelium ad tante pietatis opera propenfius excitentur, omnibus
fidelibus, per nofiram Cantuar* provinciam conftitutis vere penitentibus
Sc confefiis, premiffa devote facientibus, vel aliquod premifforum, to-
tiens quotiens quadraginta dies, de injundt’ fibi penitentiis, mifericordi-
ter in dno relaxamus, Sc a vobis ac ceteris confratribus nofiris confimiles
indulgentias petimus elargiri. Dat’ in manerio nofiro de Otteford x~die
menfis Aprilis, Anno Dom. mccclxxxiii0, Sc noftre tranfi’ anno fe-
cundo.
2 “ Cujus
Collection of a Subfdy , 1382. 395
<c Cujus aufloritate mandati, vobis, rev’ pater, cum ea qua decet reve-
rentia firmiter injungendo mandamus quatenus omnia & fingula in man-
dato proelibato contenta, quatenus vos, civitatem, & dioc’ veftras, aut
perfonas earundem concernunt, juxta formam Sc tenorem ejufdem exe-
cutioni plenar’ demandetis. Sc faciatis effe&ualiter demandari. Dat’
in manerio noftro de Wykeham die 16 predict* menf’ Apr’ A. D»
fupradi&o, Sc noftre confec* anno fecundo.
({ Regr’ Elien* Arundell.’*
Extracted from Mr. Baker’s Letter to Mr. Hearne, dated Cambridge %
March 25, 1728.
R. G*
E e e %
XXXVIII.-
t 396 ]
c r ' * v
XXXVIII. A Charter of Barnwell Priory , from the
Original in the Pofj'effton of Richard Gough, Efq .
«c
Pvead June 30, 1791.
IENRICUS Dei gra’ Rex Angl* d’ns Hibernie, dux
Normannie to Aquitanie, & comes Andegavie, archie-
pifcopis, epifcopis, abbatibus, prioribus, ccmitibus, baronibus,
jufticiariis, prepofitis, miniftris & omnibus ballivis & fidelibus
fuis falutem. Sciatis nos intuitu Dei & pro falute anime not-
tri, & animarum anteceflbrum & heredum noftrorum, conceffiffe,
& hac carta noftra confirmade Deo & ecclefie beati Egidii de
Bernewell & priori & canonicis ibidem Deo fervientibus quod
ip(i & fucceffores eorum habeant in perpetuum unam feriam
apud Bernewell fingulis annis per quatuor dies duraturam ;
videlicet, in vigilia & in die Sancte Ethelrede virginis in reflate
So per duos dies proximo fequentes, nifi feria ilia fit ad nocu-
mentum vicinarum feriarum. Quare volumus & firmiter
precipimus quod predidti prior & canonici & eorum fucceflores
habeant in perpetuum predidtam feriam cum omnibus perti-
nentiis & libertatibus & liberis confuetudinibus ad hujufmodi
feriam pertinentibus ficut prediclum eft. Hiis teftibus, J. Ba-
thon. R. Dunholm. W. Carleol. H. Roffen. epif. H. de Bur-
go com. Kane. Juftic. Anglie. Steph’o de Sedgrave, Thoma
de Muleton, Rad. fil. Nichol. Hug. difpenf. Rad. de Ral. Galfr.
difpenf. Hen. de capella, & aliis. Data per manum venerabilis
pat! is D. Ciceftr. ep’i cancellarii noftri apud Weftm. decimo
odtavo die Julii, anno regni noftri tertio decimo.”
The
Charter of Barnwell Priory . 397
The date of this charter, the 13th of Henry III. 1229, is
between 1217, when Henry III. began his reign, and 1246,
when Walter Mauclere, bilhop of Carlifle, one of the fub-
fcribing bifhops, died. y. Bath . is fofceline , who filled the
fee of Bath and Wells from 1205 to 1241; R. Dunholm is
Richard Poore , bilhop of Durham, from 1227 to 1241.
H. Roff. Henry Sanford , bilhop of Rochefter, from 1227
to 1228; R . Cicefir . Ralph Neville , bilhop of Chichefter,
from 1223 to 1245, and chancellor of England, from 1226 to
1238 \a~\. Hubert de Burg was jufticiary of England from
1227 to 1231, when Stephen de Sedgrave, another fubfcriber
to this charter, was appointed, and died 1241, 25 Hen III. [f\.
Thomas de Muleton, one of the witnelfes, was juftice iti¬
nerant 17 and 18 Henry III.[r] chief juftice of the king’s bench
1235, 20 Henry III. [d]
The fair granted to the prior and convent of Barnwell by
this charter, was different from that famous one Rill held at
Sturbridge adjoining. The date of the one is on the eve and
day of St, Ethelreda’s death , which happened June 23, A. I).
679 [e] ; and is diftindt from the day of her tranfation Odd.
17, 695 [/]. Accordingly we find the day exprefsly faid here
to be in eftate . It is a fair called Midfomer fair, and diftinguilhed
from Sturbridge fair in a compofition between the town of
Cambridge and the prior of Rernwell. Bilhop Tanner [g] cites
[a] When the king forced the feal from him, but allowed him all the pro¬
fits and emoluments of the office. Matt. Paris, p. 474.
[Jj Matt. Paris, pp. 376. 388. 576. 57S. Dugd. Chron. ferics, pp. 9, 10.
[r] Clauf. 17 Hen. III. m. 17. Pat. 18 Hen. III. m. 7. d.
[V] Clauf. 20 Hen. III. m. 14. d. Dugd. lb. p. 11.
[«?] Bentham’s Ely, p. 58. if j lb. p. 61.
[^] Not. Mon. p. 42. MS. in the library of Caius college, Cambridge, C. ii.
cited by bilhop Tanner.
lev era l
i
398 Charier of Barnwell Priory .
feveral records for the eftablifhment of this fair ; Pat. 13 Hen. III.
in. 4. d. Cart. 13 Hen. III. m. 4 ; and it is probable that thofe
patents, Pat. 1 R. II. p. 2. m. 4, Pat. 5 R. II. p. 1. 34. Cart.
11, See. R. II. n. 15. pro feria apud Bern well, were confirma**
tions of the prefent chapter.
The feal remains in part appendant, but much damaged :
having on one fide the king fitting on his throne, with two
lions under his feet ; and on the other, he is on horfeback,
with his fword drawn in his right hand, and on his left arm
his Ihield charged with three lions paflant.
This fair has entirely efcaped Mr. Nichols in the Hiftory of
Barnwell abbey, in Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, N*
XXXVIII. though compiled in great meafure from the regifter
of the houfe, R..G.
I’of
ft
[ 399 ]
XXXIX. A Survey of the Manor of Wymbledon,
alias Wimbleton, with the Rights , Members , and
Appurtenances thereof \ lying a?id being in the Coun¬
tie of Surrey, late Par cell of the Poffejfons of Hen¬
rietta Maria, the ReliEl , and late ^ ueene of Charles
Stuart, late King of England, made and taken by
us whofe Karnes are hereunto fubjcribed , in the
Monet h of November , 1649, by virtue of a Com -
miff on grounded upon an AEl of the Commons af
fembled in P arliament for Sale of the Honors , Ma¬
nors > and Landes , heretofore belonging to the late
King , ^ 'ueene, or Prince , under the Hancles and
Seales of five or more of the 'Trufiees in the fayd
AEl named and appoynted . Communicated by John
Caley, Ffq. F . A. S «,
Read Nov. 10, 17, and 24, 1791.
ALL that capitall mefFuage, manor, or mancion houfe,
with the appurtenances, commonly called Wimbledon
hall, fey tu ate, lying, and being in the towne and parifh of
Wymbledon, in the county of Surrey, confining of one fpa-
tious
4oo Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey,
tious kitchen, feeled over head to the roofe, paved with free**
ftone well joynted, fitted with two large ranges, two dreffers,
one fidebord, one copper boyler leaded round the mouth there¬
of, one ftone morter, one large gridiron fixed to the wall, one
flone ceftern and two brafs cocks for houlding and conveyance
of water, one paftrie roome paved with brickes and fealed to
the roofe, fitted with a boulting mill, a kneading trough, a
moulding board, a double bynne, and a range with feverall
large ovens ; one drie larder paved with brickes and feeled over
head, fitted with a prefs of deale waynfcot, three {landing
boardes upon frames, and one muftard querne ; one wett lar¬
der paved with bricks, feeled over head, fitted with a falting
trough, a chopping block, a (land and treffes, a beame and
fcales; one fait roome fitted with a great bynne for keeping
of fait ; landrie roome feeled over head, paved with ftone,
fitted with a very large cefterne of lead fett in a frame of wood,
and a verie fayer range, wherein is a ftrong barr of iron * one
foulding roome paved with ftone, feeled over head, fitted with
three {landing dreffers, and one table upon a frame; one lower
fweetemeate roome paved, parte with pay n ted tile, and parte
with ordinary fquare tile, feeled over head, and fitted with one
waynfcott prefs and two tables ; one ftill houfe floored with
brick, feeled over head, fitted with feveral (helves, one table,
one brafs cock for conveyance of water, having in it at prefent
one copper ftill ; one fcullery roome paved with bricks, feeled
over head, fitted with a greate range, two dreffer boardes, one
forme, one frame for a bed, and one brafs cock ; one outward
common beare celler floored with brickes, channelled with
ftone, feeled over head, and fitted with five {lands, one greate
bynne, and one brafs cock j one inner common beare celler
floored
40i
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
floored with {lone and channelled, feeled over head, and fitted
with foure ftandes ; one ftrong beere celler floored with ftone
and channelled, fitted with five ftandes and one brafs cock ; one
outward wine celler floored with ftone, feeled over head, and
fitted with one faire lead cefterne fet in a frame of wood, two
ftandes, one brafs cock, and one payre of flinges ; one inner
wyne celler fiored with fquare tyle, feeled over head, and fitted
with one ftand ; one candle roome floored with brickes, feeled
over head, fitted with a candle cheft and one brafs cock ; one
roome called the lodging, next to the candle roome, floored
with deale, feeled over head; in this roome are feverall weights
of lead ringed and marked, being 4 halfe hundreds, one quar¬
ter, and one halfe quarter, and a halfe pound, two loofe brafs
cocks, and foure deale boxes ; one charcole houfe floored with
bricks, feeled over head, and fitted with one ftand, one forme,
and fome fhelves ; one other roome called the porter’s cham¬
ber, floored with deale, and feeled over head ; one other roome
called the fteward’s chamber, floored with deale, feeled over
head, and fitted with a greate prefs of oake waynfcot, one
table, a portall, a clofet, fome waynfcot and benches.
One other roome called the gardiner’s chamber floored with
fquare tyle, feeled ^ver head, and fitted with one greate {land¬
ing fideboard ; one other roome called the lower Spanifh roome
floored with white paynted tyle, waynfcotted round, the moft
parte of which waynfccte is varnifhed greene, and fpotted with
ftarrs of gould, feeled over head, and fitted for the prefent with
boxes, wherein oringe and pomegranat trees are planted ; in
this roome are two long tables of deale boardes, two other little
lodging roomes next adjoyning to the faid lower Spanish roome
floored with, tile, and feeled over head, and one houfe of office
< Vol. X. Fff
in
402 Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
in the paftrie court ; one other roome called the {lone gallery
floored with fquared flone, one hundred and eight foote long,
feeled over head, pillored and arched with gray marble, lying
on the eafl end of the faid manor houfe, to and levell with the
faid oringe garden, waynfcotted round with oaken waynfcot,
varnilhed with greene, and fpotted with Harrs of gould, and
benched all along the fides and angles thereof, the middle parte of
this gallery is fitted with 6 wyndowes or leaved doores of wayn¬
fcot and glafs to Aiutt or take of at pleafure, having for that
purpofe two tables of artihciall flone fett in the middle angles ;
one other roome placed in the midle of the faid flone gallery
called the grottoe, having three double leaved doores opening
thereunto, floored with very good paynted tyle, and wrought
in the arch and fides thereof with fundry forts of (hells of
greate luftre and ornament, formed into the fhapes of men,,
lyons, ferpents, antick formes, and other rare devices, the bot-
tomes of the walls are fett round with cement of glafs, in na¬
ture of little rockes ; in the midle of this roome is one ceflerne
of lead, 7 foote fquare and twentie one inches deepe, fided with
black and whyte marble, having one pipe of lead in the midle
thereof; there is allfoe oppofite to the doores of this roome for-
tie fights of feeing glafs fett together in one frame, much adorn¬
ing, and fetting forth the fplendor of the rpome.
Memorand’, that all the roomes aforefaid lie below flay res,
unto which, from the hall and the other roomes of the flrfl:
floore, there is a difcent. of eighteene flepps, and though they
lie as it weare under ground, yet they are exceeding dry in the
floores and bottoms thereof, and molt of them very light and
pleafant, and all generally in very good repayre, and fitt for pre-
fent ufe, unto which roomes belong divers entries, paflages,
and
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey. 403
and flayres, all very well lighted, floored, feeled, and accom¬
modated for prefent ufe.
That in all the lights of theife roomes are flrong barrs of
iron, the jaumes of the lights being all of well wrought free
flone, a thing of noe little ornament to the whole houle.
One faier and large hall waynfeotted round eight foote high,
the two highefl panes whereof round the hall are fpotted with
flarrs of gould, handfomely feeled over head, large lightes and
waynfeott covers, fpotted with flarrs of gould, an arched
fkreene of double waynfeot in the lower end thereof, on which
three chalices or brafs boles well guilt ftand for an ornament
to the whole roome, the midle of the hall is floored with
fquare flone eight foote broad, and boarded on either fide
thereof with deale, the foote pace at the higher end of the hall
is of deale boardes twelve foote broad, the chymney peece and
jawmes are black graved marble ; this roome is fitted with one
table of one intire peece of wood 21 foote long and fix inches
thick, one fide table, one oaken foulding table, fix benches,
three formes, and two fkreene cubboards ; one other faire and
fpacious roome called the marble parlor waynfeotted round
with oaken waynfeot, colored with livor color and varnifhed,
the uppermoft partes of the pillers of the waynfeot, and three
of the highefl panes round are well guylded, and fpotted with
flars of gould, above which is a border of fleet or parge worke
wrought, having therein fet eleven pictures of very good work-
in an fh ip, the feeling is of the fame fret or parge worke, in the
very midle wherof is fixed one well wrought landlkip, and
round the fame, in convenient difiances, feven other pictures in
frames are fixed for ornaments unto the whole roome ; the
floore of this roome is of whyte and black marble, well
F f f 2 wrought
404
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey,
wrought and policed, in the midle whereof {lands one table
of black polifhed marble 8 foote and 4 inches long, and 4 foote
broad, all of one intire Hone, Handing upon two whyte mar¬
ble colums or pillers, foccated in two foote flepps of black
marble, well polilhed ; this roome allfoe is adorned with one
other table of whyte marble fower foote long and 3 foote 4
inches broad, Handing upon a frame of antick carved wood,
one fide table, one great laver and ure of ftone ; the lights of
this roome render it very pleafant, having three double leaved
wyndow doores of waynfcot and glafs opening to a leaded
walke rayled with turned ballaflers of free Hone, lying over
the oringe garden, conteyninge 108 foote in lenght and twelve
foote in breadth, in nature of a large balcony, with leaded
walke, is a fpeciall ornament, not only to the laid marble par-
ler, but to the oringe garden allfoe ; one other roome called
the organ roome waynlcotted round with oake, varnifned
whyte, filletted with greene, floored with deale of a cheker
paynt black and whyte; this roome is well lighted, and adorned
with a faire and riche pay re of organs \a\ of curious worke,
the cafes of which are waynfcot, well guilt and wrought with
flower worke ; one other roome called the greene chamber,
part thereof waynfcoted with oake, richly fpotted with Harrs
of gould, the other parte of the roome intended for hangings
or large pictures $ the floore of this roome is -deale paynted
cheker worke, red, blacke, and whyte, it is very well feeled
and lighted, and hath two greate double leaved balcony doores
that open into the forefaid leaden walke, at the fouth end of
which marble parlor is one chappell well adorned with a pul-
[<?] Mem. Thefe organs were taken from Wymbledon, by warrant of the
truftees for fale of the king and queen’s goods, fince this was written.
4 pitt,
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey. 405
pitt, a reading place, and handfome feat.es or pewes, with a
pavement of black and white polifhed marble, the roof is a qua¬
drate arch, paynted with landlkips, as allloe are the fide walls
above the waynfcot, the light of this roome is a very large one,
all of long fquare paynes of glafs.
One buttery floored with deale, well lighted and feeled, fit¬
ted with a greate {landing prefs, a litle cubbard, a table, and a
fideboard, and hath two doores opening into the paflage, fe¬
vered from the hall with the fkreene thereof ; one other roome
called the lower parler, this roome intended for. hangings,
part of the walls are waynfcotted with oake, adorned with
flarres and crofs patees of gould, the feeling thereof is a qua¬
drat arch, in the middle whereof hangs one pinacle perpendicu¬
lar, garnifhed in every angle with coates of armes, well wrought
and richly guilt, the floore is of deale boardes, a handfome
chymny peece, in the midle whereof is a well wrought coate
of armes ; there is in the fouth fide of this roome, fixed in the
wall, a bafon of black marble on marble pillers, with a cock
of brafs for conveyance of water into it ; one other roome
called the balcony roome floored with deale boards, and very
well lighted, round which is a fayre border of greene waynfcot
oake, garnifhed with flarrs and crofs patees of gould and other
guilt worke, adorned with a fayre and well wrought chimnie
peece of black and whyte polifhed well graven marble, with a
foote pace of 12 fquare flones of the fame, the feeling is a
quadrat arch garnifhed and adorned in the angles with variety
of feverall kyndes of curious works, in the middle whereof is
one pinnacle or perpendiculer piramid of greate ornament to the
whole roome, the balcony doores of this roome open into the
greate garden, leading over a pavement of black and whyte
marble,.
40t) Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
marble, lying over the midle of the birdcage ; one other
roome called the lord’s chamber floored with deale, well
lighted and feeled, and is a roome intended for hangings,
and for that purpofe fet round with flit deale, the
lights of this roome open into the forefaid birdcage ; one
other roome called the queene’s chamber floored with deales,
well lighted and feeled, and a roome intended for hangings;
one other faire chamber called the king’s chamber very well
floored, and lighted, and fealed, and waynfcotted round with
oake, well wrought, adorned with a chymnie peece of po-
lilhed marble; one other roome called the withdrawing roome
floored with deale, well lighted and feeled, and waynfcotted
round two other roomes called the bath roomes, the outward
floored with deale, the inward with paynted tile, and fitted
with a lead cefterne, a brafs copper, pipes of lead, and brafs
coclees ; one little roome called the ladies clofet floored with
deale, and accordingly fitted for fuch a ufe ; one other roome
called the gentlewoomans roome floored with deale, well
lighted and feeled ; one other roome called the- lynnen roome
floored with deale, well lighted and feeled, waynfcotted round
with deale, and fitted with a greate cheft of oake for lynnen,
and one table ; one other roome called the upper fweetmeate
roome floored with deale, waynfcotted round with deale, well
lighted and feeled, and fitted with a great prefs of waynfcot
deale ; one other roome called the Lord’s clofett floored with
deale, well lighted and feeled, waynfcotted round with oake,
well wrought, varnifhed and guilt with fiarrs and crofs patees
of gould, the pofts and top buttons of this is waynfcot, is
richly guilt, and much adornes the roome; in this roome is one
Dutch ftove of good ufe and workemanfhip, and two feverall
clofetts
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
clofetts or counting houfes, and one ly tie wyndow to looke into
the greate kitchin.
One other roome called the ftone gallery, ten foote broad,
and twentie yardes and two- foote long, floored with fquare
tile, hanfomely lighted, and feeled upon the walls, whereof
are writt many compendious fentences ; in the one end where¬
of is a clofe waynfcot cafe for a bed, well wrought and gar-
mfhed ; and at the other end thereof is fixed a balcony looking
into the woodyard, and in or neare the midle thereof hands a
fayer and very large Dutch hove of curious worke and excellent
ufe ; one other roome called the round hole roome floored with
fquare tyle, well lighted and feeled, and fitted with one table.
Memorand1, that the hall and the foremencioned parlers and
chambers lye all on one floore, and are diftinguifhed, in the
notion of the roomes of the firfi floore, and are all in good re-
paire and fitt for prefent ufe, to which belong divers and feve-
rali paffages all well lighted, floored, and feeled ; the doores-
of theife roomes are very ftrong, well hinged, and fitted with
excellent locks, barres, and boults, and in all the lightes are
very firong barres of iron, the ftanchions or jaumes of the
wyndowes being all of free hone.
From this floore arife twofaire and very large paire of fiaires
the one called the eaft ftayres, and the other the weft ftayres*
the cafes of which ftaires are twentie foote fquare, and are
topped with turrets of a greate height, covered with blue fiate>
on the middle pinacles whereof hand two faier gilded wether-
cockes peripicuous to the countrie round about ; theife ftaire
cafes are of greate ornament to the whole houfe, both within
and without. 7 he weft ftaires arife from the north fide of the
fayd lower parler* and conteyne fourfeore and two ftepps in
alien t.
8 Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
afient, which fteps are 6 foote long, and are adorned with 13
foote paces, and are very well lighted and ieeled, and, ferves
principally to lead into the roomes upon the fecond floore or
ftorie, and the whole leades of the houfe.
The eaft ftayres leade from the marble parlor to the greate
gallery and the dining roome, and are richly adorned with
waynlcot of oake round the outfides thereof, and with well
wrought rayles on the in fide thereof, all well guilt with
fillets and ftarres of goulde ; the ftepps of thefe ftaires are in
number 33, and are 6 foote 6 inches long, adorned with fine
foote paces, all varniihed black and whyte, and cheker worke,
the higheft of which foote paces is a very large one, and
benched with a waynfcot bench, well garnilhed with gould.
Thefe ftaires are adorned with one large pi&ure of Henry the
Fourth of France, in armes on horfeback, fet in a large frame,
placed at the head thereof, and with landfkipps of battayles,
anticks, Heaven, and Hell, and other curious worke ; under
theife ftaires, and eight ftepps above the laid marble parler, is
a little compleate roome called the den of lyons floored with
paynted deale cheker worke, wherein is one ovall marble table,
in a frame of wood ; this roome is paynted round with lyons
and leopards, and is a good ornament to the ftaires and marble
parlor, fevered therefrom with rayled doores.
One other roome called the greate gallery, one hundred nine
foote and eight inches long, .and twentie foote and one inch
broad, floored with cedar boards, calling a pleafant fmell,
feeled and bordered with fret work, well wrought, very well
lighted and waynfcoted round with well wrought oake, 13
foote 6 inches high, garnilhed with fillets of gould on the pil¬
lars, and ftars and crofs patees on the panes, in the midle
• ' whereof
- Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey. 409
whereof is a very fayre and large chymnie piece of black and
whyte marble, ingraved with coates of armes, adorned with
feverall curious and well guilded ftatues of alablafter, with a
foote pace of black and whyte marble.
One other roome at the fide thereof called the fummer
chamber floored with deal, well lighted and feeled, and
waynfcottcd round with ftarrs and crofs patees of gould; one
faier dining roome, 45 foote long, and twentie foote broad,
floored with cedar boardes, very well lighted, and waynfcoted
with oake 13 foote and 6 inches high, garnifhed, and richly
guilt with fillets and flarrs of gould, and very well feeled with
fretwork ; in the midle whereof is fixed a pidlure of good
workemanfhip, in a round frame, reprefenting a flying angell ;
in the middle of this roome hands a fayer and flately chymnv
peece of polifhed marble of feverall colors, richly adorned ;
the foote pace of this chymnie peece is of gray marble.
One other roome called the greate chamber floored with
deale, well feeled and lighted, being a roome intended for
hangings, and in parte waynfcoted with oake, garnifhed with
guilt ftarrs, and adorned with a fayer chymnie piece of po¬
lifhed marble of feveral cullors, whereunto is a foote pace of
black and whyte marble, bordered round with whyte marble,
and one fayre arid large court cubboard (a waynfcot border var-
nifhed blue and whyte lies in this roome unfet up); one other
roome called the queene’s new chamber floored with deal, well
lighted and feeled, adorned with a chymnie peece of whyte
marble, plane and well polifhed, with a foote pace of black
and whyte marble ; the borders and other waynfcot of this
roome are garnifhed with fillets, branches, and other variety of
guilt worke ; one other roome called the dutches’ chamber
Vol. X. G g g floored
^lo Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey,
floored with deale, well lighted and feeled, adorned with a
chymnie peece of vvhyte polilhed marble, with a foote pace of
blacke and whyte marble, waynfcotted round with oake; one
other roome called the mayds roome floored with deale, well
lighted and waynfcotted round with deale ; one other roome
called the countefs of Denbigh’s chamber floored with deale,
well lighted and fealed, adorned with a chymnie peece of
whyte polilhed marble, a foote pace of black and whyte mar¬
ble, and bordered round with waynfcot ; one other roome
called the pallat chamber floored with deale, waynfcotted round
with deal, well lighted and feeled ; one other roome called the
Title lodging flored with deale, well lighted and feeled, the
waynfcot thereof of deale ; one other roome called the lord
Willoughbye’s chamber flored with deale, vvaynfcoted with
oake, garniftied with guilt worke, and adorned with a very
faire and large chymnie peece of whyte polifhed marble, with
a large foote pace of black and whyte marble, bordered about
with whyte marble.
Memorand’, that in the two lad mentioned roomes there
now are twentie-fower piSures, moft of them fet in frames,
and of excellent workemanfliip, which are not valewed herein,
in regard they were placed there by the truflees for the fale of
the late king and queene’s goodes.
One other roome called the withdrawing roome, with one
little lodging chamber neere unto it, floored with deele, well
lighted and feeled, the withdrawing roome being waynfcotted
with oake round, and fitted with one prefs of oake woode ;
two other roomes called the wardrobes floored with deale, well
lighted and feeled, and one thereof waynfcotted round with deale,
and fitted with a greate prefs of deale, and feven deale tables.
Memorand’.
Survey cj Wimbledon, Surrey. ^ r £
Memorand1. The greate gallery, and the other roomes laft
•before mentioned, lye all on a floore, and are diftinguifhed in
the notys of the roomes of the fecond floore, and are all in
good and neate repayre, and fitt for prefent ufe.
One other roome called Mr. Cecill’s chamber floored with
deale, well lighted and feeled, and waynfcotted round with
deale, fitted with one waynfcot prefs, cubbards, and a litle clo«
fett ; one other roome called the nurfery floored with deale, and
well lighted and feeled, and waynfcotted round with deale, and
fitted with one court cubbard ; one other roome called madam
nurfe’s chamber floored with deale, and well lighted and feeled ;
one other roome called the upper Spanifh roome floored with
deale, being a roome within the turret of the weft ftayres,
having a payre of round Dutch ftayres, arifing into the very
midle of it ; two other roomes in the turret of the eaft ftayres,
one over the other, both floored with playfter, and waynfcot¬
ted round, well lighted and feeled.
One other roome called the great drying rooms floored with
deale, and fitted with hanging poles, and a crane and loops
holes for the craning up of clothes for drying.
Memorand’. The laft mentioned roomes are the higheft
roomes of the whole houfe, and lie on feverall floores, and are
all in very good repayre, and fitt for ufe.
There is one ftaire and cafe called the clock {hires, confid¬
ing of 65 ftepps in aflent, well lighted ; the top whereof
is a round turret covered with blue flate, wherein hangs a bell
of a good proportion ; below which is a clock, very ufefull for
the whole houfe. In this ftair cafe, in the firft affent, is placed
one very large cefterne of lead that ferves the whole houfe and
G g g 2 gar-
412 Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
gardens with Water; over which, in the next affent, is a leaden^
balcony looking into the greate garden.
There is one other ftayre and cafe called the wardrobe
dayres, confiding of 85 deps in affent, well lighted, ferving
for a back way into mod of the roomes aforefaid ; the top
whereof is turreted and covered with blue date.
There is one other daire, confiding of 77 deps in affent,
called the back daires, ferving for back wayes to mod of the
roomes aforefaid that lie inwards.
The whole houfe is of excellent good brick, the angles,
corners, and wyndow danchions, and jawmes, all of afh-
lers of free done, and all the roomes of the houfe (except the
kitchen, and fome few of the roomes under daires) are all co¬
vered with lead in the roofes, and battaled with tree done , 111
every fpire whereof is a pike of iron. Thefe leads and battle¬
ments are a very greate ornament to tne whole houfe ; the ead
leads lying over the oringe garden are layd levell for a walke.
And allfoe confiding of one garden called the
oringe garden, adjoyning to the ead end of the
faid manor or mancion houfe, fevered from the
phefant garden with a high brick wall upon the
ead and north Tides thereof, and from the upper
or greate garden with an open pale on the louth Val.per arm.
fide thereof, conteyning, upon admeafurement, one .£. s. d,
rood and twentie perches of ground, worth, per aim. 1 o o
Memorand’, that in the fayd oringe garden
there are foure knottes fitted for the groweth of
choife dowers, bordered with box in the poynts,
angles, fquares, and roundles, and handfomely ,j
'turfed in the intervalls or litle walkes thereof;
which
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey,.
which knotts, and the flower rootes therein grow¬
ing, wee eftimare to be worth
In the midle parte of- which foure knotts is one
large round paved with fmall peble fiotie ; in the
midle whereof hands one handfome fountaine of
whyte marble, which, with the pipes of lead, and
cockes thereunto belonging, we valew to be worth
Unto which fountain one pavement of Flan¬
ders brick lixe foote,. . . . foote broad) extends
itfelfe from the eafl end of the fayd manor or
mancion houfe, up the midle of the faid oringe
garden (which wee valew to be worth)
The other three allyes, or litle walkes betwixt
the fayd foure knotts are paved with peble hone,
worth, in both,
The midle of which fayd three allies leadeth
into a garden, or fhadow houfe paved with Flan¬
ders brick, and hanfotnely benched, handing in
the midle of the eafl; wall of the faid oringe gar¬
den ‘ the materials of which houfe are worth
There are foure large and handfome graveled
walkes inclofing the fayd fower knotts ; the va¬
lew whereof wee include in the forefaid yearly
valew of the fayd oringe garden.
In the north fide of which fayd oringe garden
there ftands one large garden houfe ; the outwalls
of brick fitted for the keepinge of oringe trees,
neatly covered with blue flate, and ridged and
guttered with lead ; the materials of which houie,
with the greate doores and the iron thereof, with
4 13:
£. s. d.
24 10 o
20 O Q
2 0 0?
5 10 o
a cer-
414
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
a certeine frone pavement lying before thofe
doores, in nature of a litle walke, 4 foote broad,
and feventy-nyns foote long, wee valew to bee
worth
In which fayd garden houfe there are now
{landing, in fquared boxes fitted for that purpofe,
fortie-two oringe trees bearing fayre and large
cringes, which trees, with the boxes, and the
earth and materials therein feeding the fame, wee
valew at tenn poundes a a tree, one tree with
another, in toto , amounting unto
I11 the fayd garden houfe there now allfoe is
<one lemon tree bearing greate and very large
lemmons, which, togeather with the box that it
growes in, and the earth and material Is therein
feeding the fanle, wee valew at
In the fayd garden houfe there now allfoe is
one pomecitron tree, which, togeather with the
box that it growes in, and the earth and materialls
feeding the fame, we valew at
There are allfoe belonginge to the faid oringe
garden fix pomegranet trees bearing faire and
large fruites, which, togeather with the fquare
boxes they grovve in, and the earth and materialls
therein feeding the fame, wee valew at three
poundes a tree, one with another, in toto
There are allfoe belonging to the fayd oringe
garden eighteen oringe trees that have not yet
* borne fruite, which, with their boxes, earth, and
materialls therein feeding the lame, we valew at
6 fyve
5'
66 13 4
420 o
20 o
o
i3 o o
%
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
fyve poundes a tree, one with, another, in toto ,
amounting onto the fumm of
IVlemorand’, that the aforefavd fix pomegranet
trees, and the fayd eighteene oringe trees, now
Hand and are placed with t leir boxes in one litle
roorae of the favd manfion houfe called the lower
Spanish roome, and opening to the fayd oringe
garden.
In the head of every of the fayd fower knotts
there ig one cyprefs tree growing, which 4 togea*
ther we valew at '
There are two apricock trees growing to the
wall on the north fide of the layd oringe garden,
worth
There are allfoe 14 lawrell trees planted in fe-
verail places of the fayd oringe garden, which
wee valew in the grole at
In the fcuth-eafl corner of the fayd oringe gar¬
den there is one faire bay tree, which wee valew at
Memorand’, that the oringe garden extends noe
farther in breadth than the eaH end of the fayd
manor or manlion houfe doth extend itfelfe, but
is exceedingly graced with the fayd two long gal¬
leries or walkes adjoyning to the eafl end ot the
faid manor or manfion houfe ; the one leaded,
Handing fower vardes above the fayd garden, and
the other, floored with free Hones, lying level!
with the fayd oringe garden, and extending to
the whole breadth thereof; the valew of the ma¬
terials of which fayd galleries are conteyned in*
the
£■
90
I
4*5
s. d.
o o
o ©
o ©
8 o
o ©
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
.416
the valuacion of the fayd manor or manfion houfe,
as in the particulars thereof may appeare.
And allfoe of one other garden called the up¬
per or greate garden, adjoyning to the fouth fide
of the fayd manor or manfion houfe, fevered from
the fayd oringe garden, with the fayd rayled pale
on the fouth fide of the fayd oringe garden, and
lying betweene the fayd manor or manfion houfe
and the vineyard garden, from which it is fevered
with a long brick wall of ten foote high on the
fouth fide thereof, and from Wymbledon parke
with a brick wall of ten foote high on the eaft fide
thereof, and from the church yard with another
brick wall of term foote high on the louth fide
thereof, conteyning, upon admeaiurement, fix
acres and twentie-fix perches of land, worth, per
annum,
Memorand’, that the fayd upper or greate
garden is divided into two feverall levells or parts
by an afifent of ten fiepps, the lower levell or
parte whereof adjoynes to the fouth fide of the
fayd manor or manfion houfe, and lies levell with
the floore of the hall of the manfion houfe, con¬
teyning in itlelfe foure feverall fquares, having
onefaire and fpatious gravelled walke, neately or¬
dered, running from eufi: to weft, all along the
favd fouth fide of the fayd manor or manfion
houfe, being t wen tie-five foote broad, and one
hundred threefcore and tenn yardes long, at either
find of which lower levell is one other gravelled
walke
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
walke, running up in a regular forme to the up¬
per or higher levell ; thefe three walkes include
within them the whole extent of the fayd lower
levell, and are comprifed in the yearelie valew of
the whole garden.
The fayd lower levell is divided and cut into
foure greate fquares, the two middlemoft whereof
conteyne within them eight feverall fquare and
well ordered knottes, ftored with the rootes of very
many and choile flowers ; bordered with box, well
planted and ordered in the poynts, angles, fquares,
and roundles, the fower innermoft quarters there¬
of being paved with Flanders brickes in the inter-
vall {paces or litle walkes thereof, which knots,
borders, and rootes of flowers, and the fayd Flan¬
ders bricks, wee eftimate to bee worth
Upp the midle of which eight knotts runns one
walke or alley of paved ftone from the hall
doore of the fayd manor or manfion houfe, to the
foote of the aflent of the fayd higher or upper le¬
vell ; conteyning in breadth 16 foote, and in
length 127 foote, the {tones whereof wee valew
to be worth — 1
The fayd eight knotts are compared about on
three fides thereof with very hanfome rayles, piked
with fpired poftes, in every corner and angle 5 all
of wood, varniflied with white, which very much
adornes and fett forth the garden, all along the
infldes of which rayles grow divers cyprefs tree
in a very decent order, having the outfldes bor*
Vol. X. Hhh dere<
417
jT» s . d.
60 o o
20 o o
4-1 8 Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey,.
dered with choyfe and pleafant flowers, in the s» d\.
two angles of which rayles inwards frand two
ftone ftatues, of good ornament, which rayles,
fpired pofts, and ftatues, wee eflimate to bee
worth — 2.9. 8 1q
In the mi die of the 4 of the forefaid knotts,
which lie on the weft iide of the fayd pavement,
there ftands one fountayne of white marble, hav¬
ing a ftatue of Diana upon it, and a fayer lead
ceftern belonging to it, from whence runs a cha-
neled pavement of ftone into the birdcage, being
fhadowed round with twelve cherrie trees, which <
ftand in the poynts and angles of thofe fouer
knotts ; which fountayne, ftatue, ceftern, and
chanelled pavement, wee eftimate to bee worth y o o
In the middle of the other four knotts, which
lie on the eaft iide of the fayd pavement, there is
one other fountayne of white marble, having a
ftatue of a mermayd upon it, and a cefterne of
lead, being allfoe fhadowed round with twelve
cherrie trees, which ftand in the poynts and an¬
gles of thofe 4 knotts ; which fountayne, ftatue,
and cefterne, wee valew to bee worth 10 o ©>
The other two greate fquares of the fayd lower
levell, each of them conteynes within its own.
fquare foure fquare grafs plotts, with one hand-
fome round grafs plott in the midle thereof, and
lie at the eaft and weft ends of the fayd eight
knotts, in the midle of which foure grafs plotts
ftands one faire cyprefs tree ; the fower grafs
plotts
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
piotts are bordered on all Tides and angles with
neate and well ordered thorne hedges, and well
planted with many cherrie trees : but the valew
of the fayd two fquares is not otherwife valuable
then as comprized within the yearly eftimate of
the whole garden.
At the weft end of the gravelled alley, which
adjoynes to the fouth fide of the fayd manor
houfe, there ftandes one garden houfe, parte
of boardes, parte of rayles, covered with blue
flate, and ridged and guttered with lead, and
paved with fquare ftone, having one door going
into the fayd gravelled alley ; one other doore
going into the end alley, leading to the fayd up¬
per level, and one other doore opening into the
hartichoke garden ; the materialls of which houfe
wee valew to bee worth - —
In the midle of the eaft wall of the fayd lower
levell there ftands one garden fummer or fhadowe
houfe, covered with blue (late, handsomely benched
and waynfeotted in parte, and paved with brickes;
the materialls whereof wee valew to bee worth
In the north fide of the fayd alley next adjoyning
to the fayd manor houfe, and in the very end of
the pale which divides the fayd lower levell from
the oringe garden, there ftands one banquettmg
houfe covered with blue flate, and ridged and
guttered with lead, having one roome above
floored with boardes, the doore whereof opens
into the fayd alley ; and one other roome belowe
paved with tyle, the doore whereof opens into the
H h h 2 oringe
419
• J" » 0?e
9 o q
5 0 ®
4^0
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
oringe garden, having allfoe in the fides thereof s. d.
fcverall lights of glafs; the materialls of which
houfe wee valew to bee worth 30 o o
The nonh fide of the fayd alley, very neare as
farr as the fayd manor houfe doth extend itfelfe in
length, to wit, from the eaft end thereof to the end
of the birdcage weftward, is rayled with turned
ballafters of free ftone, well battelled with flone,
and cemented with lead and iron ; betwixt which
rayles, and the fayd manor houfe are feverall litle
grafs plott courts, which lie levell with the low-
eft roomes of the fayd manor houfe, over the mi-
dle of which courts lyes the fayd pavement that
leades from the fayd hall doore to the alien t of
the fayd upper levell, rayled with the fayd
ftone rayles on each ftde thereof in a very grace-
full manner, in two of which courts there grow
three greate and fayer fig trees, the branches
whereof, by the fpreading and dilating of them-
felves in a very large proporcion, but yet in a moll:
decent manner, cover a very greate parte of the
walls of the fouth fide of the fayd mannor houfe,
being a very greate and munificent ornament
thereunto, into which litle courts there are feve-
ralr difcents of 16 ftepps from the fayd alley, in
one of which courts there is an ovall cefterne of
leade fett about with ftone, having a pipe of lead
in it ; the outward walls of which litle courts are
planted with young fig trees, the profitts and
contents of which litle courts are comprized in
the
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey. 421
tlie forefay d yearely valevv and admeafurement of JT . s . d%
the f ’i upper or higher garden ; but wee valew
the ovall cefterne at tvvoe poundes, and the
fayd three greate fig trees, and other young fig
t/ees, a*1 twelve pounds ten (hillings, and the fayd
free ftone rayles at, in all, — - 34 10 0
One other of the fayd licle courts is fitted with
a birdcage, having three open turret?, verie well
wrought for the fitting and perching of byrds,
and allfoe having {landing in it one very fayre
and haudlome fountayne with three cifternes of
lead belonging to it, .and many feverali fmall pipes
gilded of lead, which, when they flow and fall
into the cefternes, make a pleafant noyfe ; the
turretts, fountaynes, and litle court are all covered
with flrong iion wyres, and lie diredtly under
the wyndowes of the two roomes of the fayd ma¬
nor houfe called the balcony roome, and the lord’s
chamber, from which balcony roome one pave¬
ment of black and whyte marble, conteyning
104 foote, ray led with rayles of wood on
each fide thereof, extends itfelfe into the fayd
alley ever the midle of the fayd birdcage
this birdcage is a greate ornament both to the
houfe and garden ; the materialls whereof, and
the fayd fountaynes and cefterne, and the fayd
marble pavement and rayles, wee valew to bee;
worth, in the whole, at ' " ' — 25 4 o
In the height of the fayd higher levelL there is
one fair green tarras or waike, very well turfed,
extending
422
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
extending itfelf two hundred and thirtie yards jf. s .
from eaft to weft, and conteyning twentie-five
foote in the breadth thereof, the north fide whereof
is planted with lime trees, of very good bulkes,
and of a very high growth, growing, both topps,
bodies, and branches, in a mofl uniform and re¬
gular manner ; the height whereof being perfpi-
cuous to the country round about renders them a
very fpeciali ornament to the whole houfe ; the
fouth fide of the faid turfed tarras is planted with
elmes, betwixt every one whereof grows a cyprefs ih
tree, well planted and ordered, much adorning
and fetting forth the compleatnefs of the tarras ;
befides which there are on either fide of the fayd
tarras, betwixt every tree, borders of box, very
well ordered, adding allfoe a further ornament
, thereunto ; which tarras and borders wee valew
to bee worth — 1726
At the eaft end of the fayd turfed tarras there
fiandes one fayre banqueting houfe, mod of wood ;
the model thereof conteyning a fayre round in
the midle of foure angles covered with blue flate,
and ridged and guttered with lead, waynfcotted
.round from the bottome to the roofe, varnilhed
with greene within and without, benched in the
angles, having fixteene wyndowes or covers of the
fame waynfcot to open or fhut at pleafure, and
having allfoe fixteene halfe rounds of glaflc to en¬
lighten the roome when thefe covers are fhut up ;
the floore paved with p.aynted tile in the angles,
3 and
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
and with fquared {tone in the midle, in one of
which angles -(lands a table of artificiall {tone,
very well polilhed, and in every of the fayd an¬
gles, beefides the fayd benches, there {fancies one
waynleot ehaire ; there are to the fayd banqueting
houfe two double leaved doores, the one paire of
which doores opens in the very midle of the fayd
tarras, the 0'iKfide thereof being guilt with feve-
rall coats of armes, the other of the fayd leaved
doores open into a faire walke within the parke,
planted with elmes and lyme trees, extending it-
felfe from the fayd banqueting houfe, in a diredt
line eaftward, to the very parke pale ; the round
of the fayd banqueting houfe is handfomely arched
within with thirteene heades or {fatues guilded,
{land in a circular forme, adding very much to
the beautie of the whole roome ; the materialls of
this houfe, the layd table, and chayres, wee va-
lew to be worth —
* At the weft end of the fayd turfed tarras there
ftandes one other garden orfummer houfe, covered
with blue Hate, and ridged and guttered with
lead, waynfcotted and benched round, paved with
fquare tile, in which ftandes one table of ranee
(tone fett in a frame of wood ; there are two
doores belonging to this garden houfe,. the one
opening into the fayd tarras, and the other open¬
ing into the church yard, into an alley or walke
therein, leading to the church doore, planted on
either fide thereof with ficamore trees ; the ma¬
terialls
423:
‘1
66 13 4
424 Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
terialls of this houfe, and the fayd table, wee va-
levv to bee worth — —
Betwixt the aflent from the fayd lower levell, and
the fayd turfed tarras, there are, on each fide of the
gravelled alley that leades from tbeaffcnt to the fayd
tarras, three grafs plot walkes, planted with fruite
trees of divers fortes and kynds, both pleafant for
taft, and nrofitable for ufe ; the borders of which
* A
grafs plotts are coran trees ; the valew of which
trees and borders doth herein and heereafter ap-
peare, in the feverall particulars thereof j the va¬
lew of the grafs plotts being comprifed in the
forefayd yearely valew of the whole upper garden.
On the fouth fide of the fayd turfed tarras there
are planted one great maze, and one wildernefs,
which being fevered with one gravelled alley, in
or neare the midle of the fayd turfed tarras, fets
forth the maze to lie towards the eaft, and the
wildernels towards the weft ; the maze confifts of
young trees, wood, and fprayes of a good growth
and height, cutt out into feverall meanders, cir¬
cles, femicircles, wyndings, and intricat turnings,
the walkes or intervalls whereof are all grafs
plotts ; this maze, as it is now ordered, adds very
much to the worth of the upper levell ; the wil¬
dernels (a worke of a vaft expence to the maker
thereof) confifts of many young trees, woods, and
fprayes of a good growth and height, cut out
and formed into teverall ovalis, fquares, and an¬
gles, very well ordered, in moft of the anguler
poynts
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey* 425
poynts whereof, as allfoe in the center of every £, s. d.
ovall, {lands lyme tree or elme ; all the allies of
this wildernefs, being in number eighteene, are
of gravelled earth, very well ordered and mayn-
teyned, the whole worke being compiled with
fuch order and decency, as that it is not one
of the lead of the ornaments of the fayd manor
or man (ion houfe ; the forefayd alley, dividing the
fayd maze and wildernefs, is planted on each fide
thereof with lyme trees and elmes, betwixt every
tree whereof growes a cyprefs tree ; at the fouth
end of which alley, and in the wall that partes
the fayd upper garden from the vyneyard garden,
betwixt two fayer pillers of brick, there are fett
a faire and large paire of rayled gates, of good
ornament to both the fayd gardens ; on the fouth
fide of the fayd maize and wildernefs there is one
clofe or private gravelled walke, inclofed on each
fide thertof with a very high and well growne
hedge of thorne, extending itfelfe from the eaft
wall to the weft wall of the fayd upper garden, at
each end of which clofe walke there (lands one
litle (hadowe or fummer houfe covered with blue
flate, and ridged with lead, and fitted for refting
places ; which maze and wildernefs, over and bee-
fides the trees thereof, which are herein hereafter
valewed amongft the other trees of the fayd upper
garden, and the materialls of the fayd two fha-
dowe or fummer houfes, wee valew to bee worth
Vol. X. lii . There
90 o o
S • £t+
426 Survey ^/'Wimbledon, Surrey.
There are in the faid upper garden one hundred
thirtie-one lyme trees and lixtie-eight elmes, of
good growethes, worth, in the groffe, at
There are in the fayd higher and lower levell
of the fayd upper garden one hundred twentie-
three cyprefs trees of divers groweths, which,
though they are not of any greater profitt, yet, as
they are now planted, they exceedingly adorne
and fett forth the fayd upper garden; which trees,
one with another, wee valew to bee worth, in the
whole ■ ■-
There are allfoe in the fayd higher and lower
levell an hundred and nineteene cherrie trees, well
planted and ordered, and of a greate growth in
themfelves, the fruit whereof cannot but be of a
greate yearely valew ; which trees wee valew to
bee worth -
There are allfoe in the fayd higher and lower
levell one hundred and fiftie fruit trees, of divers
kyndes of apples and peares, pleafant and profita¬
ble ; thefe trees wee valew to be worth
There are growing to the walls of the fayd
upper garden fiftie-three wall fruit trees, of divers
forts of fruits, as apricocks, May cherries, duke
cherries, peare plums, boone crityans, French
peares, and many other forts of moft rare and
choyce fruits ; which trees, one with another,
in the whole, wee valew at —
In and about the fayd upper garden there are
thirteene mufkadyne vynes, well ordered and
planted,
£•
44 13 0
3° !5 0
29 1 5 o
37 10 o
13 5 o
I
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
planted, bearing very fweete grapes, and thofe in £.
abundance at the feafon of the yea re ; which wee
valew to bee worth - - 3
There allfoe are in the fayd upper garden two
other faire fig trees, weil planted and ordered,
which wee valew to bee worth — , o
The borders of box, rofemary, corants, and
the rootes of flowers and herbes, belonging to
the fayd upper garden, and not herein before va-
lewed, wee eftimate to bee worth 27
There is one parcell of land belonging to the
fayd upper garden, conteyning fortie-fower perches
of land called the hartichoke garden, lying on the
well end of the fayd lower levell, unto which
there are 12 flepps of defcent, the ground where¬
of is ordered for the groweth of hartichokes ; the
valew and contents whereof are comprifed in the
forefavd yearely valew and admeafurement of the
fayd upper garden ; but the rootes and plants of
hartichokes therein now growing and planted, wee
valew at - - 1
There are in the fayd hartichoke garden five
very handfome bay trees, which wee valew to bee
worth — — 1
And allfoe of one parcell of ground adjoyning
to the north and eafl: wall of the oringe garden,
commonly called the phefant garden, fevered from
the parke with a pale of deale boards of 10 foote
high, within which is one phefant houfe, boarded
within and without, conteyning 6 roomes tyled
I i i 2 ' over
427
S. a e
5 °
IO o
1 7 6
IO o
o o
428
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
over head ; and allfoe one fhed tiled, conteyning
4 roomes, wherein the phefant keeper ufed to live
and lodge, one greate particion of deale boarded
ten foote high, and fiftie yards long; twentie par¬
ty tions, fixtie-three young ficamore trees, two
oakes, two alh trees, three birch trees, ten fruit
trees, and a difcent of twentie -three ftepps of
ftone ; all which wee valew to bee worth
The phefant garden conteynes, upon admea-
furement, one acre and fyve perches, and is worth,
per ann. -
And allfoe of one other garden called the vy lie-
yard, adjoyning to the forefayd upper greate gar¬
den upon the eaft fide thereof, and fevered from it
with a bricke wall of tenn foote high, and allfoe
fevered from Wymbledon parke with a bricke
wall of ten foote high upon the eaft fide thereof,
and fevered from the highway or lane leading from
Wymbledon towne to the iron-plate mills with a
brick wall of nyne foote high upon the fouth fide
thereof, and from the kitchin garden with another
wall of brickes of tenn foote high on the weft
fide thereof, conteyning, upon admeafurement,
tenn acres, one rood, and twentie-three perches,
worth, per ann. —
Memorand’, that the fayd vyneyard garden is
devided into twelve feverall triangles, inclofed
within foure faire walkes or allies twenty-three
foote broad, lying round the fayd garden, two
whereof are gravelled walkes, and the other two
2 grafs
Survey e/' Wimbledon, Surrey.
grafs plotts, eight of the forefayd twelve triangles
make in themfelve one fquare, in the midle where¬
of is one faire round or circle of gravelled earth,
in the center whereof (lands one lyme tree, hav¬
ing eight feverall walkes or alleys, twenty-three
foote broad, running crofs and angular wayes, an-
fwerable to the forefayd eight triangles; the infide
of which eight walkes or allies are planted with
lyme trees, and other young and well planted
trees, and borders of currant trees and refpafs
trees; the other four triangles having angular and
crofs walkes within them (though not fo fully
completed as the ether eight triangles), make one
fquare, and being reduced to a regular forme with
the other eight triangles, make a very compleate
garden plott.
Within which fayd twelve feverall triangles
there are growing fyve hundred and feven fruite
trees of divers forts and kyndes of fruite, pleafant
and profitable, which wee valew, one tree with
another, in the whole, at —
There are allfoe one hundred fortie-foure lyme
trees, very well planted and ordered, which grow¬
ing in a regular forme in the infides of the fayd
triangles, are a greate grace and lpeciall ornament
to the whole garden, which lyme trees wee va¬
lew, one tree with another, in the whole
The infides of three of the outward walkes or
alleys, are of latticed rayles, upon which lat¬
tices there are growing one hundred and fix trees
of
4
28 16 a
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
-of divers kytids of wall fruite, which, one with
another, wee valew to l)ee worth
In the infide of the fouerth outwarde walke or
alley are fixteene quihce trees, well planted and
ordered, wrorth —
And allfoe upon the out borders there are grow¬
ing thirtie-eight fruite trees of peares and cherries,
worth ~ - -
There are growing upon three of the walls of
the fayd vvneyard garden two hundred fiftie and
fower trees of divers fpeciall fortes and kyndes of
wall fruites, as apricocks, peaches, peare plumms,
Mav cherries, boone chritians, and divers other
kynds of fruites, both curious for tail and varie-
tie, and very profitable for ufe, the trees being
very well planted and ordered, wee eftimate to
bee worth, one tree with another, in the whole,
There are allfoe fortie-fix ficamore trees grow¬
ing along the fourth wall of the fayd vyneyard
garden, in a regular forme, which wall {landing
to the highway or lane, the fayd trees are a greate
ornament to that part of the vyneyard garden,
which wee valew to bee worth —
There allfoe are feven Dutch elmes growing
in fome of the borders of the fayd eight triangles
in a regular forme, which wee valew to bee
worth —
There are in the fayd vyneyard garden divers
oeate and handfome borders of coran trees, ref-
pafles,
£- s> d .
lO 12 0
21 3 °
3 16 °
84 13 4
7 *3 - 4
1 15 o
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
pafles, ftrawberie bedds, rootes, flowers, and £.
herbes, all very well ordered, which wee vaiew
to bee worth — ^
There are in the fayd vyneyard garden two
little garden fummer or fhadowe houfes, covered
with blewe llate, feeled and benched, and floored
with bricke, the one (landing in the wall at the
end of the walke that leades in a line diametri¬
cally oppoflte to the hall doore of the fayd manor
or manfion houfe, and very much graces that
walke ; the other (landing in the eaft wall of the
fayd vyneyard garden, at the end of the walke or
alley that leades up the middle of the vyneyard
from wed to eaft; the materialls of which two
garden houfes wee vaiew to bee worth 14
There are in and belonging to the fayd vyne¬
yard garden, two rollers of (lone, with very large
and handfome frames of iron, and allfoe there are
belonging to the faid oringe and upper garden fix
other roulers of (lone fitted as aforeftyd, worth,
in all - 16
And allfoe of one other garden called the
kitchen garden, lying and being betweene the
fayd vyneyard garden, the highway or lane lead¬
ing from the towne of Wymbledon unto the iron
plate millc, and fenced with a pale on the north-
weft end, and fouth-wefl fide thereof, and with
the fouth- weft wall of the fayd vyneyard garden
on the north-eaft fide thereof, conteyning, upon
admea-.
43 E
s. da
o* a.
O Ok
o ex
4,x Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
admeafurement, two roodes and twentie-fix perches
of ground, worth, per aim. -
Memorand’, that in the fayd kitchen garden
there are fortie trees of very good and pleaiant wall
fruites, well planted and ordered, which wee va-
lew (one tree with another) in the whole at
There are allfoe ten lawrell trees well planted
and ordered, which wee eftimate to bee well worth,
in the grofie ■
There is allfoe one very fayer tree called the
Iiifh arbutis, handing in the midle parte of the
fayd kitchin garden, very lovely to looke upon,
worth - ^
There are allfoe thirtie-eight cherrie trees, well
planted and ordered, in the fayd kitchin garden,
which wee valew, one with another, to bee worth,
in the whole, the fumm of _ —
There are allfoe in the fayd kitchin garden very
greate and large borders of rofemary, rue, whyte
lavender, and greate variety of excellent herbes,
and fome choyfe flowers, and in the fouth-eait
end of the fayd kitchin garden there is a mulk-
milion ground trenched, manured, and very well
ordered for the groweth of mufmiiions, which
borders, herbes, flowers, and mufmilion ground,
wee valew to bee worth ■“ — — *
Memorand’, that there is one doore belonging
to the fayd kitchin garden opening into the vyne-
yard garden, and one other doore which opens into
the
£‘ d-
I IO o
I IO o
110 0
4 *5 °
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
the highway or lane that leades from Wymbledon
tovvneto Wymbledon church yard.
The brick walls of all the gardens aforefayd,
and of the courts hereafter mentioned, doe con-
teyne one hundred and feventie pole or fquare rods
of wall, at 1 6 foote and f to the pole, which wee
valew at three poundes per rod, in toto
And allfoe of one court called the higher court,
lying unto the north fide of the fayd manor or
manfion houfe, fevered from the lower court with
a wall of bricks and rayles, and turned ballafters
of hone on the fouth fide thereof, and from the
phefant garden with a brick wall on the weft end
thereof, and from the woodyard with a brick wall
on the eaft fide thereof, conteyning, upon ad-
meafurement, fortie-one perches of land, worth,
per ann. — — —
And of one other court called the lower court,
lying on the north fide of the fayd higher court,
and fevered from Wymbledon parke with a fayer
brick wall on the other three fides thereof, con¬
teyning, upon admeafurement, thirtie-foure
perches of land, worth per ann.
Memo rand’, that the two forementioned courts,
one lying higher then the other by an aftent of
twenty-fix ftepps, being parte of them hanfomely
paved, and the other partes thereof grafs plotts,
in the higher whereof, in the middle of each grafs
plott, ftandes one ftatue of carved ftone, are a fpe-
ciall ornament to the whole houfe, and are worth
Vol.X. Kkk The
433
s» d.
510 o o
010 o
o 10 o
400
424- Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
The fcite of this manor houfe being placed on s, d,
the fide flipp of a rifing ground, renders it to
fhnd of that height, that betwixt the balls of the
brick wall of the fayd lower court, and the hall
doore of the fayd manor houfe, there are five fe-
verall aflents eonfifiingof threefcore and ten fiepps,
which -are diHinguilhed in a very gracefull man¬
ner, to witt, from the parke to a payre of rayled
gates, let betwixt two large pillers of brick, in
the middle of the wall Handing on the north fide
of the fayd lower court is the firft alfent, confid¬
ing of eight fiepps of good free Hone, layed in a
long fquare, within which gates, levell with the
highefi of thole 8 Heps, is a pavement of free
Hone, leading to a payre of iron gates, rayled on
each fide thereof with turned ballafters of free
Hone, within which is a litle paved court leading
to an arched vault neately pillowred with brick,
conteyning on each fide of the pillers a litle roome
well arched, ferving for celleridge of botteled
wines, on each fide of this vault are a payre of
fiaires of done fiepps twentie-three fiepps in af¬
fect, eight foote nine inches broad, meeting an
even landing place in the height thereof, leading
from the forefayd gates unto the lower court, and
make the fecond afient from the height of this
alfent, a pavement .of Flanders brickes, thirteene
foote fix inches broad, leadeth to the third afient,
which Hands in the fouth fide of the lower courte,
* confiHing of a round modell, in the mid lew hereof
is
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
is a payre of iron gates rayled as aforefayd, with¬
in which is a fountayne fitted with a leaded cef-
terne fed with a pipe of lead ; this round con-
teynes a payre of hone flayres of twentie-fix
flepps in affent, ordered and adorned as the fe-
cond affent is, and leades into the fayd higher
courte, and foe makes the third aflent, from the
height whereof a pavement of fquare hone, nine
foote broad and eightie-feaven foote long, leades
up to the fowerth affent, which confifls of eleven
flepps of free flone, very well wrought and or¬
dered, leading into a gallery paved with fquare
flone, fixtie-two foote long and eight foote broad,
adjoyning to the body of the fayd manor houfe
towards the foutb, and rayled with turned ballaf-
ters of flone towards the north ; in the midle of
this gallery the hall doore of the fayd manor houfe,
the fabrick whereof is of colums of free flone,
very well wrought, doth fland, into which hall
from the fayd gallery is an affent of two fleps ;
the materialls whereof wee valew to be worth
From the forementioned firfl affent there is a
way cut forth of the parke, planted on each fide
thereof with elmes and other trees in a very decent
order, extending itfelfe in a dire£l lyne, two hun¬
dred thirty-one perches, from thence quite through
the parke northward unto Putney common, being
a very fpeciall ornament to the whole houfe.
And of one yard called the woodyard, adjoyning
to the weft end of the fayd manor houfe, walled
Kkk 2 round
\
436 Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
round with brick, conteyning, upon admeafure-
ment two roodes and twenty perches, worth, per
ann. — —
In the well: fide whereof (lands one dayrie
houfe, confiding of two roomes below and two
roomes above ; there are allfoe in this yard two
litle dove coates, one filed or woodhoufe, one fiiedd,
wherein is ould chymnie peeces and other lumber,
three fheds for pullen and other ufes, two apri-
cock trees, one wallnutt tree, and ten elmes, and
fome blue flate or fhingles ; all which are valevved
together at — —
One other more lying on the weft fide of the
fayd woodyard, lying betwixt it and the parfon-
adge orchard, conteyning, upon admeafurement,
eighteene perches of ground —
In this yard is one houfe of office, one fayer
boone crityan peare tree, and one pipin tree, worth
One other yard called the (laughter houfe yard,
adjoyning untoHarpham’s farme herein heere after
mentioned, conteyning, by eftimation, one acre
of land, more or lefs, per ann. —
In this yard there is one (laughter houfe ; the
materialls whereof wee valew at —
Which fayd cappitall meftuage or manfioti
houfe, and the fcite thereof, is bounded with the
lane that leades from Wymbledon towne to the
iron plate mills upon the fouthe, with Wymble¬
don parke upon the eafi: and north, and with the -
parfonage houfe and church of Wymbledon upon
the
£. s. d,
1 o o
66 15 o
050
2 13 4
100
200
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey. 43 7
the weft, and doe conteyn, in the whole, by efti- £. s. d.
macion, fower fcore perches of land, more or
lefs, and all wayes, paflages, lights, cafements,
waters, watercourfes, pipes, conduites, commo¬
dities, advantages, and appurtenances whatfoever,
to the forefayd mannor or manfion houfe, and
the fcite thereof, or any parte or parcell, and
member thereof, in any wife belonging or apper-
teyning, worth, per ann. — 150 o o
Memorand’, wee have valewed the forefayd
cappitall mefluage, manor or manfion houfe, at
one hundred and fiftie poundes per ann. in confi-
deration that wee find the fcite thereof very plea-
fant, the roomes richly adorned, very commo¬
dious, and fit for prefent ufe, the ayre fweete and
open, the church and market nere, and the con¬
venience and nearenefs of London, of noe fmall
advantage, the gardens richly planted and com-
pleatly ordered, being a feate of a large profpeft,
every wayes ufefull to the purchafer.
The fayd capitall mefluage or manfion houfe
is in very good repayre, and not fitt to bee de-
moliflied ; yet wee have taken a full and perfect
view’ of all the matenalls theieof, both within
and without the fame, and doe eftimate the fame
to bee worth, in tymber, lead, tile, bricks, blue
flate, ftone glafs, waynfcot, iron, marble tables,
marble chymnie peeces, marble pavements, pref-
fes, and other the before mentioned utenfills upon
the
43 8 Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey*
the place, befides the chardges of taking downe,
€■
s. d .
the fum of
2840
7 11
And then the fcite thereof, conteyning two
roodes of land as aforefavd, when the materialls
are cleared of, will be worth, per ann.
10
0 0
All that one clofe or parcell of meadow ground,
with the appurtenances, in Wymbledon aforefayd,
called the paddock or hill clofe, being inclofed
with a pale upon the north weft and fouth fides
thereof, lying to a parte of Wymbledon parke
upon the eaft, adjoyning to the forefayd lane,
leading from Wymbledon towne to the iron plate
mills, on the weft, and unto the grounds of Row¬
land Wilfon, efq. on the fouth, and to the fore¬
fayd parke upon the eaft and north, and conteynes,
upon admeafurement, twentie-three acres, three
roodes, and tenn perches, worth, per ann. zy 1 6 o
All that one other clofe or parcell of meadowe
ground, with the appurtenances, commonly called
the brewer’s clofe, paled round theee fides thereof,
and bounded with a lane leading from Wymble¬
don towne to Wymbledon church upon the fouth
and ea(t, the laid lane leading from Wymbledon
to the iron plate mills upon the weft, and a lane
leading from Wymbledon towne to Wymbledon
hall upon the north, conteyning three acres of
land, more or lefs, worth, per ann.
In the eaft fide of the brewer’s clofe, within a
pale, ftands one barne of fyve bayes tyled, having
two fheds on the weft fide thereof, one Dutch
2 barne,
400
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
barne, and one out houfe; the materialls whereof,
above the chardges of taking downe the fame,
wee valew to bee worth -
All that parcell of impaled ground, commonly
called Wymbledon parke, lying and being in the
fayd townfhip and parifti of Wymbledon, bounded
with the greate common or heath, commonly
called Putney common, upon the north and weft
ikies thereof, with certeyne inclofures, in the pof-
feffion of feverall of the coppiehould tenants of
the fayd manor, and with the parfonage houfe
and glebe lands upon the fouth-weft parte thereoi,
and with the forefayd lane leading to the iron plate
mills, and with the fayd parcel! of meadowe ground
called the paddock upon the fouth thereof, and
with certain coppice grounds upon the eaft parte
or fide thereof, conteyning, in the whole, upon
admeafurement, three hundred feventy-feven acres,
twee roodes, and eleven perches, worth, per aim.
There is handing in the weft parte of the fayd
parke one little houfe or cottage, wherein the
warrener, when there was a coney warien in the
fayd parke, ufed to live, and in the eaft parte of
the fayd parke, and neare unto the fayd cappitall
meftuage or mannor houfe, there is one Dutch
barne ; the materialls of both which houfe and
barne wee valew to bee worth, over and beeiides the
chardges of taking downe the fame, the fum ot
And all wayes, paffages, liberties, priviledges,
franchifes, immunities, jurifdi&ions, profitts, com¬
modities,
4 39
£. s . d*
57 0 °
2GJ 12 &
•t (•
15 O O
s. d.
4.40 Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
modifies, advantages, and appurtenances, what-
foever, in and about the fayd parke, or therewith
ufually occupied or injoyed, as parte, parcell, or
member thereof!
There are within the fayd parke at prefent tenn
deere, male and female, which wee valew to bee
worth io o o
The timber trees, and other trees, now (land¬
ing and growing within the fayd parke, the fore-
fayd paddock, meadowe, the (laughter houfe yard,
and Harpham’s farme, being in number fix thou-
fand, three hundred, fixtie and three, and moll
of them tymber trees, and young taper trees, wee
valew to bee worth, upon the place, the fum of
fix (hillings and tenn pence, one tree with ano¬
ther, which in the totall amounts unto the fum of 2174 o 6
There are, in the fayd parke, certeyne fpringes
and coppices of wood, conteyning, upon admea¬
surement, fiftie-three acres, one roode, and three
perches, the foyle whereof is valewed with the
fayd parke, as being comprehended within the
meafure of three hundred feventy-feven acres, &c.
aforefaid ; but the veflure thereof being of feve-
rall growethes, and none of it felled for feven
yeares pad, wee valew to bee worth, includeing
feverall other underwoods therein, the fome of 2020 3 10
Memorand’, that in the fayd parke there are
eight feverall fifhponds, very well imbanked, or¬
dered, and fitted for prefervation of fifh and foule,
being a very greate ornament to the fayd manor
houfe,
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
houfe, and might bee of very greare profitt to the
lord of the fayd manor if they weare well flored.
All that mefluage, or tenement, or farm
houfe, with the appurtenances, commonly called
or knowne by the name of Harpham farme, lying
and being in the fouth-wefl corner of the parke
aforefayd and within the pale thereof, confiding
of a hall, a buttery, a kitchin, and two entries
below ftayres, and five roomes or loftes above
Hay res, one fayer dove coate flored with pidgeons,
one barne of five bayes of building, one outhoufe
of two bayes of building, one (table, two cow
houfes, and hay lofts, one garden lying on the
north fide of the fayd farme, one yard before the
doore, and two other yardes, in one whereof
(lands the fayd dove coate, conteyning, in the
whole, by eflimation, one acre and two roodes of
land, or thereabouts, more or lefs, worth, per ann.
All that clofe or parcell of meadow ground,
with the appurtenances, in Wymbledon aforefayd,
commonly called the greate bittens, bounded with
the forefayd lane leading from Wymbledon to
the iron plate mills upon the north and eaft fides
thereof, and with the landes of Rowland Willfon,
efq. upon the fouth and weft fides thereof, and
now occupied with the forefayd farm houfe, con¬
teyning, upon admeafurement, twenty acres, . . .
roods, .... perches, worth, per ann.
Memorand’, that the forefayd farme houfe, barne,
outhoufes, garden, yardes, and the fayd clofe,
called the great bittens, are now in the houlding
Yol. X. L 1 1 of
4 2 Survey of W i mble don, Sn rrey.
of Richard Gregory, of Wymbledon, upon a
yearely rent ; wee, therefore, finding the fame
in pofieffion, have valewed the materialls of the
fayd farme houfe, barne, and outhoufes, to bee
worth, above the chardges of taking downe the
fame, the fuin of -
The dove coate laft mentioned is in the hould-
ing of the fayd Mr. Chappell ; the materialls
whereof wee valew at — —
All the rents, royalties, manor houfe, parke,
landes, tenements, and hereditaments, before men¬
tioned, are in prefent pofTeffion, and doe amount
unto, in the totall, per ann. (in cafe the fayd
manor houfe bee difpofed of after the annual! va¬
lew thereof) -
The grolfe valewes aforefayd are, in toto
The totall of acres, 447 a. or. 34 p*
But, in cafe the fayd manor houfe bee fould
according to the valew of the materialls, then
the annuall valew will bee — —
The reprifes are not dedu&ed.
Memorand’, that there is, belonging to the fayd
manner of Wymbledon, a common or more
ground, lying in Wymbledon aforefayd, called
Wymbledon common, conteyning, by eflima-
tion, three hundred acres of land, more or lefs9
One other common or more, ground, lying in
the townefhip of Putney, called Putney common,
cont’, by eftimation* foure hundred acres of land*
more or lefs..
-f • Si I Cf9
✓•o
70 o o
7 ° o
526 19 8
945 1 8
386 19 $
One
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
One other common or more ground, lying in
Moreclack, called Litle Heath, cont’, by eflima-
tion, thirtie acres of land, more or lefs,
One other common or more ground, lying
within the towneffiip of Moreclack aforefayd,
called the Payne, cont* twelve acres of land,
more or lefs.
The fower commons or mores before mentioned
cannot bee inclofed by the lord of the fayd manor
without the confent of the copiehoulders of the
fayd manor, and therefore they are of noe further
benefit to the lord of the fayd manor then as is
before mentioned in the particular of driving the
fame.
y , ,
There are a greate number of pollard trees
landing and growing upon the commons afore¬
fayd, the crops whereof, as they grow, are ufually
cut by the copiehoulders of the fayd manor, and
taken and converted by them for fireboote, ac¬
cording to the cuftome thereof, but the bulkes
and bodies of thofe pollards belonging to the lord
of the fayd manor ; wee have valewed the fame
trees, being fit for nothing but the fier, in the
whole, at the fum of —
There is due to the Steward of the fayd manor,
for executing the office of Steward of the fayd
manor, a certayne yearly fumm of money forth
of the perquisites of the fayd court of the fayd
manor, but what the fame is wee are not cer-
L 1 1 2 taynely
s, d'
444 Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
i
taynely informed, but it was ufually given him
ex benevolenticiy and not ex deblto .
John Goodwyn, efq. a member of parliament,
is Reward of the fayd manor, but wee have not
feene his commiffion for the fame.
There is due to the reeve of the fayd manor,
for colleccyon of the cuftomary quit rents of the
fayd manor, according to the cuftome thereof, per
ann. the fum of —
There nowe is, and anciently hath beene ac-
cuftomed to bee, allowed for the defraying of the
ehardges of a dynner for the fiewarcl and land-
owners, once in every yeare, the fum of
The bayliffe of the fayd maunor hath the be-
fitt of wayfes and flrayes within the faid mannor,
as the fee due to him for executyon of his office
within the faid mannor, and forth of thofe pro¬
fits to maynteyne and uphoulde the common pin-
foulds of the fayd mannor, which profits wee va¬
le w to bee worth, communibus annts
Robert Redding is now bailiff of tile faid man-
nor, and hath continued in that office for neare
30 yeares paft, being thereunto appoynted by the
Reward of the manor.
There are feverall other officers belonging to
the fayd mannor houfe and parke, viz. one keeper
and two gardiners, whoe having noe grants for
theire refpe&ive places, and being onely at plea-
fure; wee forbeare to make any reprife for the
fame, though they pretend the fame imploymente
t a
400
5 ° o
1 10 ©
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey,
445
to bee their chiefe livelihoods, which wee leave £, s . d .
to better judgements.
Wee have not made any reprife for the fencing
or keeping up the pales of the fayd parke, in re¬
gard wee have valewed the fame as it may bee
improved, and not in relatyon to the prefent con¬
dition thereof.
1 here is going forth of the premifes one rent
chardge of two and twentie (hillings per annum
payable to Walter St. John’s and Henry St. John’s,
efqrs. heires to the late Lord Grandifon, for certeyne
coppices in Wymbledon parke called the Withy
comb, cont’ 17 acres, bought of the fayd Lord
Grandifon by the late Vifcount Wymbledon, in
fee, payable at Michaelmas and the Lady Day,
per annum, or within 40 dayes after, upon a no¬
mine pene of 2 zs. for every fortie dayes the fame
is unpayed — 120
Memorand’, that there is a court baron belonging to the fayd
manor, kept at fome knowne place within the fayd manor, at
the will of the lord thereof, and allfoe a court leete kept once
in every yeare.
The tenants of the fayd manor are to performe theire fuite
and fervice to the lord of the mannor at the courts aforefayd.
All that comes to bee a tenant of any the copiehould lands
belonging to the faid manor is finable for the fame, at the will
of the lord, as the firfl tenant thereof, but never, after his firft
admittance to bee a tenant, payes any more fines, though hee
Should buy all the copiehould lands in the manor.
4
The
446 Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
The heire of a ccppiehould tenant payes ncc fine at the
taking u of his eftate, but payes for every 15 acres of land,
or the gre: tei parte of 15 acres that hee houldes cf the fayd
manor, o; e black fheepe, or ten pence in mony, in name of a
herriott, 1 d two lhihings two pence for reliefe.
The tenant of the fayd manor pay quitt rents onelie for the
coppiehould lands of the fayd manor, and not for any ho thing
{landing upon thofe lands, and noe heire payes ether herriott
or reliefe, unlefs he have 15 acres, or the greater parte of 15
acres of copiehould.
The aflignee or under tenant payes nether herriott nor re¬
liefe.
The youngeft fonn is heyre to the father.
Every cottager that is a copiehoulder of the fayd manor may
keepe on the commons within the fayd manor twentie-fivefheepe,
two cowes, one mare, and a coult, and is to have once in every
yeare allowed him one cart load of cropp wood from of the pol¬
lards of the fayd commons, and hee that hath fifteene acres, or
the greater parte of fifteene acres of copiehould land, is to have
the like libertie of commoning and fireboote.
Memorand*, that John Lynton, of Wymbledon, houlds cer-
tayne lands in Wymbledon of the lord of the fayd manor, by
the rendring and deliverie of foure horfefhoes unto the lord of
the fayd manor once in every yeare.
The manner of Wymbledon, with the fayd mannor houfe,
parke, and lands before mentioned, were purchafed of the co-
heires of the late Vifcount Wymbledon by and for the fayd
late queene, the conveyances of which purchafe wrere taken in
the names of the late Earle of Holland, Sir Richard Wynne,
3 deceafed,
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey, ^
deceafed, and Sir John Wynter, as truflees for her j but where
thefe evidences certeynely remayne wee cannot dilcover, though,
wee have examined feverall perfons upon oath touching the
fame, but are informed that they are in the cuftody of Mr.
Maurice Wynne, executor to the fayd Sir Richard Wynne,
whoe hould the fayd manor houfe and parke untill his death
as IfuQee for the queene, but wee find by the ancient court
rolls of this mannor, remayning in a chefl in ’Wymbledon
church, that this mannor was anciently crowne land till about
7° yeares agoe, and therefore, as to the tenure of it, wee leave
it to better judgments.
44$
Survey of Wimbledon, Surrey.
An Abjlratt of the prefent Rents , Valerias 9 and other the Profits
of the Manor and Mancion Houfe of Wymbledon.
The rents of affize and royalties are, per ann
The demefnes are, per ann.
The parke is, per ann.
The manor houfe and fcite, per ann.
The materials of the fayd manor houfe are
valewed to bee worth . .
£-
86
440
j.
1 1
The fruite trees, rootes of flowers, trees, and
all other the materialls of the houfes and walls,
in and about the forefayd gardens, courts, and
yardes, are valewed at — 2258
The woodes, underwood, and tymber trees,
are valewed to bee worth, in ready mony 4694
The materialls of the two duch barnes, the
warrener’s houfe, and the fayd barne, {landing
in the Brewer’s clofe, and the faid farme houfe
and outhoufes thereof, are valewed at 149
The deere in the parke • — 10
Exam’ per Will. Webb, fupervifor general,
1649.
Hu. Hindley,
John Inwood,
John Wale,
John Webb.
d.
8 6
2840 7 11
7 5
4 4
o
o
o
o
XL.
[ 449 1
XL. JD efcription of the Great Pagoda of Madura, the
Choultry of Trimul Naik, in a Letter from Mr.
Adam Blackader, Surgeon , to Sir Jofeph Banks,
Bart. P . R - S . F. A. S.
Read July 2, 1789.
S I R,
DURING my refidence in India, I was Rationed for fe-
veral years at Madura, on the Coromandel coaft, about
three hundred miles from Fort St. George, and about feventy
miles from the fea.
In this diftrift there are fituated fome of the moft magnificent
buildings now to be met with in India, whether we confider
their immenfe fize, or the richnefs of the workmanfhip ; and
thefe edifices are rendered obje&s of great curiofity to the Eu¬
ropean obferver by the Angularity of their architecture, which
is different from any thing to be feen in other countries. I was
much Rruck with thefe remarkable monuments of the Hindoo
tafie and grandeur. What added to my afionifhment was the
incredible labour which muft have attended their erection,
from the ignorance of the natives in the application of the
mechanical powers ; fo that I became particularly folicitous to
have it in my power to convey fome idea of them to thole who
make antiquities more particularly their Rudy.
Vol. X. M m m
I em~
J
450 Mr. Blackader on the
I employed my leifure hours for three years in making
drawings of the temple and large pagoda, and in forming the
pillars of the great choultree attached to it. Thefe were all
conflruCted on the exaCt fcale of half an inch to a foot. That
the intention with which they were executed might not be de¬
feated, I had them conveyed to your houfe on my arrival in
London. Having been fubmitted to your infpeCtion and ob-
fervation, I have now to requeft, that, fhould you think them
fufficiently curious to deferve the notice of the Society of An¬
tiquaries, you would do me the honour to prefent them, to¬
gether with the following obfervations as neceffary to explain
the defign of the buildings from which they were taken. In
this account I have confined myfelf to fuch circumftances as
are well afcertained, leaving to the more verfed in the hiftory
of India the explanation of the Hindoo mythology, which is
exceedingly obfcure, and in general very little underftood.
The religion of the Hindoos conllfts of the worfhip of only
one deity ; but the names by which he is known in different
diftriCts are very numerous, as are alfo the various forms under
which he is reprefented. In honour of this deity an edifice or
temple is ereCted ; in the centre is placed his image, before
which the religious ceremonies of the priefls are performed.
The building is in general fmall, and fituated in an area or
open fpace enclofed by one or more walls of a fufficient height
almoft wholly to conceal it. Befides the temple, there' is a very
large and high building which makes a part of the wall, being
half enclofed by it, through which is the entrance into the
area. This may be confidered as a fteeple, not being intended
for any other purpofe than that of attracting the public atten-
tention, having only a fmall apartment in each Itory, and a
* ftaircafe
Great Pagoda of Madura, 4 5 1
flaircafe lading to the top. Thefe two buildings are fimilar in
fhape externally, differing only in fize. The fmaller building
contains the apartment for the adoration of the deity, which
is lighted by lamps, there being no openings to admit the
light ; and the larger one at the lower part forms a magnifi¬
cent gateway or entrance quite through it, each ftory having a
fmall lateral window.
The infide of the wall enclofing the area has fometimes a
Angle or double colonade all round ; which being covered over,
the top forms a parapet for the purpofes of defence in time of
war.
As the temples are by much too fmall to contain the great
concourfe of people who come to celebrate the public feftivals
and worfhip the deity, there is in general a large building for
that purpofe attached to it, called a choultry , which is compofed
of a number of columns at certain diftances, and covered with
a flat roof ; thefe vary in number and magnificence according
to the richnefs of the church.
The relative {ituation which thefe buildings have to each
other being explained, I fhall proceed to a more particular de-
feription of the temple and choultree at Madura ; the drawings
and model of which are now laid before this learned Society, '
for their infpe&ion.
The temple is facred to the deity under the name of Choca -
llngam ; and indeed the fame name (that of Lingam J is adopted
all over India.
The image or reprefentation of the deity is placed in the
middle of the apartment facing the door. It is a block of
black granite, about four feet high, of a conic fhape, with the
M m m 2 outlines
Mr. Blackader on the
452
outlines of a human face on the top, and a gold arch over it,
carved in open work, refembling the glory.
This figure is never moved from its place ; but the bramins
upon particular occafions bring out a reprefentation of the deity
to gratify the publick, at which time he is fuppofed to have af-
1 umed a human form, of about three feet in height with four
arms, made of gold, and in a very lingular manner richly
ornamented with jewels and lilks.
This image is carried on men’s ihoulders in this form feated
on a throne, attended by the bramins as his fervants, and fel-
dom appears in public without being accompanied by his wife
Minachte
\
The temple is four llories high, and meafures about fixty-
eight feet* and at the bafe forty-three feet fquare is built in
the form of a pyramid ; the firll llory is of Hone, being much
the larged ; the others are of brick, covered over with a par¬
ticular kind of plailler called chunam\a\t becoming fmaller as
they go up ; the upper dory being covered with copper very
richly gilt. The external fur face is ornamented every where
with different reprefentations of the deity and fandarams , or
religious beggars, interfperfed with animals. The bafe of the.
figures is brick, and the other part plailler, or chunam , which
takes a fine polifh, and is very durable. Molt of the llories are
very obfeure and fabulous.
The temple is fufficiently large for the performance of the
religious ceremonies, which is the bufinefs of the bramins, and
confilts chiefly in wafting the figure with water, anointing it
with oil, burning perfumes, and decorating it with flowers.
[a~\ Mortar made of pounded' alabafter or fhells beat, mixed with thin fyrup
to. make it adhere.
6 Thefs
Great Pagoda of Madura. 45 j
Theie ceremonies are performed daily, with mufic and
dancing C<£].
All thole who come to pay their devotions do not enter the
temple; but lome make their applications in the area, being
fatisfied if they fee the figure.
Heretics are never admitted into the temple, nor even into
the area ; and, fhould it ever happen, the place is defiled, and
to purify it the bramins perform certain ceremonies, which
confift in rubbing the wall, with cow dung, fprinkling them
with the urine, and making an offering.
The outer building or fleeple is built in the fame manner,
and has the fame ornaments as the temple ; it is 162 feet high,
116 broad at the bale, and 64 in thicknefs. There is no par¬
ticular purpofe to which it is appropriated that f could ever
find out; yet there is this curious circumfiance refpc&ing
it, that, in the difputes between the church and the govern¬
ment, which are of a ferious nature, fome enthufiafi goes up
in great form with mufic to the top of it, and makes a vow,,
that, if the difpute is not fettled in a certain time, he will throw
himfelf from the pinnacle. The dread of having this man’s
blood upon their heads generally brings about an accommo¬
dation ; and I have only heard of one infiance where he was
under the necefiity of fulfilling his vow.
The area which contaius the temple is nearly 500 yards
fquare.
[£] Every temple, whofe revenues can afford it, lias a fet of dancing girls*
and mufic men dependent on it, who are flaves to the pagodas, and bear the
mark of the temple, which is a trident burnt on their right arm. They do
no,t relide in the temple, but muft attend whenever required. The number of
girls attached to this temple at Madras is about 300.
Mr. Blackader on the
454
The age and founder of thefe buildings is not to be afcer-
tained, as the bramins conceal the dates, from an idea that
their great antiquity increafes the veneration of the people.
Choultries are not only annexed to temples, but built in
different places for the accommodation of travellers, and are
frequently endowed with revenues by charitable perfons for the
purpofe of diflributing provifions. They are generally built of
ftone, with a flat or terraced roof of the fame materials; they
have commonly three fides (hut out from the weather, and the
one left open is generally that facing the fouth or north, but
more commonly the north, by which means neither the fun,
nor the unwholefome winds that blow in March and April, can
incommode the inhabitants.
The great choultry of Trimul Naik, from the befl informa¬
tion which I could procure, was built to gratify his pride and
religious oftentation. For Trimul Naik, to make himfelf
famous, and to enfure his falvation, made an agreement with
the bramins, that, if they would bring out the fwamy, or deity,
from the temple for ten days in every year, and place him ill
the choultrie he was about to build, it fhould be the finefb
building in the world, and he would not only endow it in a
very liberal manner, but would likewife appropriate certain
lands to the fervice of the temple.
The bramins agreeing to thefe terms, he erefled this mag¬
nificent edifice in which the fwamy, or idol, is placed for ten
days every year, and a number of religious ceremonies are per¬
formed before him. *
It was begun in the fecond year of his reign, in the year 1623,
and was finifhed in twenty-two years, and is faid to have coft
above a million flerling ; but it is to be underflood, that every
village
Great Pagoda of Madura. 455
village was obliged to fend a certain number of workmen, ac¬
cording to the number of inhabitants, who were fubfided, but
received no wages, which confiderably diminifhed the ex¬
pence.
It is built of an oblong fquare form, and confifts of 124 pil¬
lars of done placed in four rows. The manner of executing it
was as follows. They dug pits at dated didances down to fand
for a foundation, in which they placed their pillars, which are
compofed only of one done roughly cut before they were fixed in
thefe pits ; and when they were all arranged the different figuresr
were carved upon them. When they did not find fand or gravel,
they put in fand, and rammed it well down before they placed
the columns.
The pillars are twenty feet high ; over thefe pillars were
placed the capitals, that are compofed of a number of dones
geometrically placed, fo as to leffen the breadth of roof, which
they do confiderably.
The roof itlelf is compofed of long dones, reaching from
capital to capital, which being very heavy, and from their
length liable to accidents, they were raifed to their places in
the following manner. The fpace between the pillars, as high
as the top of the capital, was fo filled with earth, as to form
an inclined plane, along which the dones were rolled up to
their fituation, and the earth afterwards removed. Thefe dones
are again covered with a layer of bricks cemented by chu-
nam. s
When the choultry was finifhed, it was confecrated by an
offering of milk (ghu) or butter, rice, plantains, cocoa nuts,
and fugar, and burning of perfumes. Thefe ceremonies were
performed
p
4 56 Mr, Blackader on the
performed by the bramins with great pomp, attended by all
the dancing girls they could colled!. The idols were brought
out of the temple with great ceremony, and placed in it for
ten days.
The whole number of pillars is 124, curioufly carved with
different figures, reprefenting (lories connedled with their reli¬
gion, and the family of the founder of the choultry, with a
number of devices of the workmen’s own invention.
In the models which I have made, the number of columns
is eighteen; but thele are not taken regularly from one end of
the choultry, but different pillars are (eledled from the vvho’e,
fo as to give all the principal varieties which occurred in the
carving; for although no two p’dlars are exadlly alike, the fame
figures are frequently repeated with trifling variations, which
make them, with relpedt to information, mere repetitions.
There are, for inftance, ten pillars reprefenting the hiffory of
the founder and nine rajahs of his family. The pillar of the
founder is III the model, rhe nrher.*; are left nur ; and a fimilar
fele&ion is made with refpedt to other pillars.
I took the trouble of procuring copies of the deferiptions of
the different columns, as regiffered in the accounts of the tem¬
ple, and of having them literally tranffated; and (hall annex a
description of two or three of the pillars, as affording a (pe-
cimen of their ridiculous and abfurd notions refpeding religious
hiffory.
Defer ip ion
N
Great Pagoda of Madura.
457
D efcription of the Founder s Pillar,
•
This pillar reprefents Trlmul Nalk with his four wives, two
on each fide, in a fupplicating pofture ; the firit was daughter
to Ergl Raguah , king of Tanjour ; the fecond was daughter
to the king of Travancore ; the other two were daughters to
independent poll/gars. The firft has a mark on her thigh,
which was a wound fhe received from her hufband by a creefe,
for faying, when he afked her opinion of his palace, that it
was not equal to her father’s neceffary. There are two other
figures behind of young women betrothed to him. They are
all richly drelfed, and as large as life. Below thefe are fome
figures of the women of his haram, of which he had 360, with
attendants.
Another pillar reprefents the Rajah Pundl when he reigned in
Madura. He went a hunting to the wefhvard, to a village ten
miles from Madura, in a wood abounding with wild hogs,
where lie met a boar and a fow, wdth twelve pigs. The boar
killed feveral of his attendants, upon which the rajah fhot him
with an arrow, which enraged the female, who wounded fe¬
veral of his people, and was herfelf likewife killed by the rajah ;
the young pigs being deftitute, Menachie , wife to Chocalingam ,
begged her hufband to fupport the pigs, which he agreed to do,
and gave them fuck under the form of a fow. The effefl of
the god’s milk was fuch as made them reafonable beings, and
their bodies became as men, but ftill retaining the heads of
pigs. Chocalingam afterwards made the rajah fupport thefe
twelve pigs as princes in his palace.
Vol. X. N n n
Another
Mr. Black ader on the
45s
Another pillar reprefents Abiche Punduxn , rajah of Madura,
paying his devotions to Chocalingam , which pleafed the fwamy
fo much, that he metamorphofed himfelf into a pandaram, who
came and performed miracles in Madura; making the old
young, and the young old; giving fight to the blind; and
moving large trees, &c. The rajah, hearing of this, fent for
the pandaram, who refufed to come to him, but met the rajah
in one of the paffages coming from his devotions ; when the
rajah aiked him of the miracles he could perform, of which he
had heard fo much ; and begged him to make the done ele¬
phant come down and eat the fugar cane he held in his hand,
which the pandaram immediately did. The rajah, much fur-
prized, confelfed the prefence of Chocalingam.
The other pillars reprefent (lories of a (imilar kind, too te¬
dious to be laid before this learned Society ; but from all fome
moral may be drawn.
There are not only in the choultries, but alfo on the pago¬
das, many indecent figures, which are not connected with
religion, but carved purpofely to divert the attention, and
prevent the mind of the beholders from being envious, as their
fu perdition leads them to fuppofe that envy can hurt the
building.
It is a curious circumftance, that, if any perfon, having
begun one of tnefe public buildings, fhould die before the
completion, nobody will afterwards add a (ingle done, as
it would not convey his name to poderity, but that of the ori¬
ginal founder.
The founder of this choultry lived to compleat four of the
larged buildings in India. This choultry, a pagoda, a tank
2 three
Great Pagoda of Madura. 459
three quarters of a mile fquare, twenty feet deep, and faced
with hone, and a grand palace ornamented with beautiful
black granite pillars, feme of which are twenty feet high, cut
out of one ftone.
I have the honour to be,
Dear Sir,
Your much obliged.
and very humble fervant,
ADAM BLACKADER.
Newman- jlreet ,
June 22, 1789.
N 1111 2
APPENDIX.
A
APPENDIX.
/
‘
t
.V
A T A
COUNCIL OF THE SOCIETY
O F
ANTIQUARIES,
December 15, 17765
RESOLVED,
That fuch curious communications as the Council
(hall not think proper to publifh entire be extracted
from the Minutes of the Society, and formed into
an Historical Memoir, to be annexed to each future
Volume of the Archaeologia.
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f 4<5S 3
PblyL./s.465
Siaji re. fc
£ '
i *r Q«
OWEN SALUSBURYBRERETON, Efq. V.P. exhibited
to the Society, a filver coin gilt, of a Philip, king of France,
moft probably the fixth and laft of that name. He informed them
at the fame time that he had fearched many books of French
coins and medals in the Mufeum and other libraries, but found
hardly one fo old as 1350, when the lad: Philip died. In the
two volumes of the Emperor’s cabinet there are many impref-
fions of coins ; and, among the French, one with the reverfe
and letters exaflly like this ; but the figure of a king on the
other fide, in fie ad of the angels as on this, is faid to be one
of Philip the Sixth ; but that is of gold ; and not one of filver
appears ; for which reafon, and beaufe it is thicker than any
coins of that age, Mr. Brereton rather thinks it is a trial
piece.
Vol. X. O 0 o Extra#
appendix.
Extract from fame Letters written to William Bray, Efq, hy
Mr, Crefwell, tf/'Edale, near Caftleton, in Derby (hire, in 1789,
« NEAR the town of Bradfield in Yorkffiire, about fix miles
north-weft of Sheffield, is a large tumulus, called Bailey hill,
furrounded with a deep ditch thirty feet wide. The bafe is
about one hundred feet diameter, the height of the fide about
feventy feet. The top is lomewhat like a bafon, about thirty-
four feet diameter, having a gap made in one fide of it. Tho
tumulus and ditch are other wife in good repair. On the fides
grow many bufhes, and fome ftrong trees. About forty feet
fouth of the tumulus there is a broad deep ditch, and a high
ftrong oank, which runs in a Ibuth-weft direction from the tu¬
mulus, and extends about one hundred yards 111 length. It is
called the Long Hill, Tradition fays there was a fu'oterraneous
paflage from the town to one or both of thefe hills ; the en¬
trance of it is ftill open ; and feveral old people of veracity
have informed me, that about forty years ago they have gone
a confiderable way into it ; but it is now choaked up. I re¬
member feeing a very large tumulus, exatftly in the ffiape of
the Bailey hill, at the mouth of Grave creek, which falls into
the Ohio river, about one hundred miles below Fort Pitt, in
America. It was nearly of the fize of Bailey hill, with a ba¬
fon on the top, and deep ditch round it, and feveral large trees
growing on it. There were two other fmall tumuli about one
hundred yards from the large one, made in the fame form. I
law feveral in different parts of America; but the large one at
Gxave creek was the mo ft perfe<fta.
i&' There:
APPENDIX.
467
“ There are many large heaps of ftones on the moors in the
neighbourhood of Bradfield, thrown up in the form of Bailey
hill, but fmaller.
“ On a place called Strine’s moor, about three miles from
Bradfield, a quarter of a mile on the left of the turnpike road
from Grindleford bridge to Peniftone, is a rocking (lone called
the Tottering Jione. It is thirty- two feet feven inches in cir¬
cumference, of an irregular fhape, eleven feet nine inches in
the longeft part, about two feet thick in general, but the thick -
nefs varies. It is put in motion with very little force. The vi¬
bration is about three inches, and continues about half a minute.
“At Hatherfage, between Caftleton in Derbyfhire and Shef¬
field in Yorkfhire, is a place called Camp Green , being a high
and pretty large circular mound of earth inclofed by a deep
ditch. In the church yard are two {tones, which mark the
ipot where they tell you that Little John, the friend of Ro¬
bin Hood, is buried. The length of the grave, as marked by
them, is thirteen feet four inches \_a\. This grave has been
lately opened, and a thigh bone taken out which meafured
twenty-nine inches and a half. It is now in the pofleffion of
Captain James Shuttleworth. There were feveral other bones
found in the grave, but much decayed.’*
“ On the top of Bur-Toe, near Great Hucklow in Derbyfhire,
is an oval camp furrounded with a double ditch, not very
broad or very deep. It inclofes about eight acres (as 1 guefsj
by
[a] Tour in Derbyfhire, p, 245.
O 0 O 2
46S APPENDIX.
by taking in the top of the Tor. It is longeft from north to
fouth, with a fmail tumulus at the fourh end. The entrance
feems to have been at the north and fouth. On the outfide of
the ditch there is a kind of ditch goes down the Tor to the
hills below.’*
Mr. Crefwell adds, u I am forry it is not in my power to give
you a more perfedl defcription of thefe things. There are
many others worthy of notice in this part of the country,
which I dare not attempt to defcribe. The fmail knowledge
I have of books, and the little converfation I have with the
lovers of antiquity, make me fenfible of my inability to give
fo fatisfadtory a defcription as I could wifh.”
March
4 6 9
APPENDIX.
March ii, 1*90.
Mr. Caley communicated an account of the (brine called
Corpus Chrifli (hrine, in York.
An Inventory of the Juells therunto belongyng, furveyed
and exeamyd by the Right Rev’end Father 111 God Ilob’t
Atxhebifshop of Yorke, and other the Kyng’s M i tie i Com’if*
Ron’s, the 12th of M ay. Anno Regni Henrici OAavi, Dei
Gt’a Anglie, Francie, & Hib’nie Reg’s, Fidci Defenforis,
& in Terra Eccl’ie Anglicane & Hib’nie, (up’mi Capit’
3S0. That is to fey,
FirR, the faid fhryne is all gilte, havyng 6 jT. s. d.
ymags gylded, with an ymage of the birthe of
our Lord, of mother of perle, fylv’ and gylt, and
33 fmall ymags ennamyled Rondyng aboute fame,
and a tablett of golde ; 2 golde ryngs, one with
a fafure, and the other with a perle, and 8 other
litle ymags, and a great tablett of golde, havyng
in yt the ymage of our Lady of mother of perle,
which (liryne conteyneth in lenght 3 quarters of
a yerd and a nayle, and in brede a quart’ di’ and
more, and in height di’ yerd ov’, and befids the
Reple Rondyng upon the fame, extemyngthe fame
fhryne, befids the faid Reple, to be worthe above 120 o o
The faid Reple havyng a whether cokke there-
uppon, all gylte, and a ryall of golde 4 olde no¬
bles, 2 gylted groots hangyng upon the faid Re-
pie, and alfo beyng within the fame Reple a be-
rall,
APPENDIX.
£ • s • ^ t
47°
rail, wheryn the facrament is borne, havyng in
the laid berall 2 ymags or angells of fylv’ and
gylt, beryng up the faid facrament, the foote
and cov’yng of whiche faide berall is fylv’ and
gylte, vveyng togeder, with the golde and berall,
befids the faid fhryne 181 onz’, at 4;. 6 d. the oz.
Summa — -
A fylv’ bell hangyng in the faid fleple weyng 3
cnz. and di’, at $s. 4 d. the oz. —
A peyer of beads, with 14 crucifixes, weyng
30 oz. 3 qrs. ; a pep’ box, weyng 6 oz. 3 qrs. j 9
ryngs, with counterfeit hones in 3 of them ; 3
bukcles, with a cheyne, a treangle, a harte, a
tache, a litle ryng, a litle tablett of Seynt Mi-
chell, weyng togeder 4 oz. 3 qrs. ; 2 peac’ of
coral], weyng 1 oz. 3 qrs.; 2 crihalls, a bygger
and a lefle, beyng clofed with fylv’, weyng 3 oz. ;
8 peyer of corall beads, with their gaudies and a
crucifix, weyng 36 oz. ; 17 fylv’ lpones of fev’all
forts, weyng 20 oz. ; 75 beads rounde, weyng 7
oz. ; 6 corfe gyrdells, beyng typped, havyng buk¬
cles, weyng 29 oz. ; 8 tabletts of fev’all facions,
havyng in fome of them count’fett hones, weyng
6 oz. 3 qrs. ; 3 bukcles, and 2 of them havyng
count’fett hones in them, weyng 4 oz. and a qr.
in all 137 oz. at 41. 6 d. the oz. Sum*
A pomaunder of gold, a litle tablett of gold,
and w’in the fame an ymage of Seynt Kat’yne, of
mother of perle ; 5 ryngs of gold, with a litle
harte, a tablett of gold, 2 flowers of perle, 3 buk-
. cles.
40 14 6
on 8
30 16 6
APPENDIX, 471
cles, a harte of gold, with a dyamond and a litle £. s. d.
crofte, weyng all togeder 5 onz. 3 qrs. and di* oz.
at 33*. 4 d. the oz. — 1006
Ten peyer of corall beads, with their gaudies,
weyng 20 oz. a pep’ box, weyng 4 oz. ; in all
24 oz. at is. 6d. the oz. Sum’ . — 30©
5 peac* of corall, typped with fylv’, weyng 3
oz. a qr. ; 4 peyer of beads all fylv’, with the
knoppes havyng the gaudies gylte, weyng 16 oz. ;
10 corall beads, with two fylv’ gaudies ; 4 criftall
ftones ; a pomaunder enclofyd in fylv’ ; a cruci¬
fix ; 2 Seynt James’ fhells ; a criftall ryng ; and
a litle ymage, weyng togeder 9 oz. di* ; in all 28
oz. 3 qrs. at 4 s. the oz. —
5
J5
0
Sum’ tot’ of the value belonging to the faid
fhryne ......
210
18
2
Wherof
The fhryne, by eftymacion — >
120
0
o
The fteple, with the wed’cock —
40
H
6
The fylv’ bell, w’in the fteple
0
1 1
8
Juells of golde
10
0
6
Juells all gylte
3°
16
6
Juells p’cell gylte — —
3
0
0
Juells of fylver — -
5
J5
0
June
APPENDIX.
June 17, 1790.
The Rev. Mr. Brand, Sec. A, S. communicated two views of
a Rone, which has probably been part of a very ancient crofs,
di {'covered July 1789, near the ruins of the old church, com¬
monly called Woden's church , at Alemouth , in the county of
Northumberland. The Rone is now at Alnwick caRie. See
it engraved, PI. XXXVI.
It has always been underRood, that the mortar engraved, PI.
XXX v II. was the hrR that was made in England, and that the
II r R guns were made at Buxted furnace, about ten miles from
.Lewis. 1 his mortar lies now at Eridge green, and has ferved
for many years for the amufement of the people on a holiday or
tair day ; when they colled! money to buy gunpowder to throw
the (hell to. a hill about a mile diRant. The weight of the
Ihell finks it fo deep in the eaith, that It coRs no little pains
to dig it out alter each difeharge, which is repeated as long as
the money lafts. The chamber of the gun is caR iron, the
other part, as is evident, wrought.
Pries pur l’alme G. Glanville.
Inlcription round a brafs pot, engraved PI. XXXVIII. the
property of Mrs. Motte, mother of Mrs. Smith, wife of George
Smith, efq. of Piercefield, Monmouthfhire, F. A. S.
Sir PI. C. Englefield fuggeRed, with, great -probability, that
it was a veffel in which holy water was carried about and
fp rink led on the audience, fuch being common in the parifh
churches abroad. The family of Glanville were of Suffolk,
ti J f tnded lx worth priory. Of this county is the
lady who at prefent owns this vafe.
r
Further
.ScA/ieb belle del -from, a Sketch by the llerl 'M! Bra/ul.
Vol. X.F/. XXXVII.
✓
Jai Lambert Ju/ir. del.
-cfo d- HIAXXX ;</x • 7 °A
APPENDIX.
4 73
Further Particulars relative to Bijhop Wainflete and his Family ,
at Wainflete in Lincolnfhire ; in addition to the Account given
in the “ Vetujla Monument a,” VoL III . PI. VI. In a Letter
from Mr. Pickburne, Mafer of the Grammar School there , to
Mr. Gough, Nov. 18, 1790.
S I R,
YOUR kind prefent came fafe to hand, for which I am in
in gratitude bound to return my beffc thanks.
Works of this kind, that are calculated to hold out ufeful
lights to pofterity, do honour to their author, and to the age
that produces them. But, in taking hafty clirfory views of a
great number of objects, fome inaccuracies and overfights are
almofl: inevitable.
In purfuanceof the condefcending hint in your former letter,
I beg leave to take notice of a few things relating to our
church and fchool, which feem to have efcaped your obferva-
tion.
The church of Wainflete All Saints is an ancient fabrick,
built of freefone , in the form of a crofs ; the walls are decayed
in fome places, and repaired with brick . The tower, which
(lands in the middle ere&ed on arches, was formerly wood ;
for the foundation being laid on a ftratum of fand and fea (hells,
the architedl probably thought it incapable of bearing a ftronger
ftru&ure. However, about the year 1718, the wooden tower
was taken down, and re-placed with brick-work ; at which
time it was furnifhed with five heavy balls. To this under¬
taking, Mr. Shaw, whofe epitaph you have tranfcribed, very
largely contributed. But what was meant as an additional or-
Vol.'X. P p p nament,
474
APPENDIX.
nament, has eventually proved an irreparable damage to the
edifice ; for, the foundation giving way, the finking tower
prefling hard againfl the nave of the church has pufhed the
arches and columns from their perpendicular fiation, and made
them incline to the weft end in fuch a manner as, if not pre¬
vented by timely care, mu ft bring down the whole building.
The mafles for the requiem of the bi (hop’s foul, and thofe of
I] is anceftors, I am told, were celebrated at the monument in
the fouth choir of this church.
I cannot learn that the fchooi was ever intended for a chapel ;
moft certainly it was not at fir ft thought of as a place of public
worth ip. The pulpit is a handing evidence of this; it is fixed
on the tops of two fchoiar-feats, which fhews it to be of later
conftruclion. The room is feventy feet long and twenty feet
broad, fufficiently feated to accommodate as large a congrega¬
tion as ufually aflembles in this neighbourhood ; and, as the
church is a mile and a half diftant from the town,, the pa-
rifhioners agreed to exempt the fchooi lands from parochial
charges, in confideration of the privilege allowed them of at¬
tending divine fervice at the fchool-houfe, which they do every
other Sunday in the winter feafon.
Magdalen college, Oxford, to whom the fchooi and the
appointment of mafter belong, repaired the building in 1753,
and again in 1765. The fchool-houfe hands on the foutli fide
of the town. The entrance is at the north angle ; confequently,
the flair-cafe is in the north turret, and the bell in the fouth .
I do not underhand what Leland means in laying, «« The
44 fchole is endowed with x li. lande.” All the endowment I
know of, con lifts, of feventeen marks a year, and nineteen acres
of
APPENDIX. 475
of land ill fmall pieces, widely difperfed in two pari flies, moft
of it low, and fubjedt to inundation ; the whole is at this time
let for 8/. 6s. per ami. The falary is for claftic learning, i. e.
Greek and Latin, which at prefent is little required in this place ,
the boys being chiefly intended for grazing, farming, trade,
or mechanic arts. The learning moft ufeful to them is reading,
Englifh grammar, writing, arithmetic, menfuration, book¬
keeping, &c. The number of icholars, boys and girls, is on
an average about forty, from fix or feven diffeient parifhes.
They pay y. a quarter for reading, 6s, for writing and
vulgar arithmetic , fome pay nothing. I refufe none merely
on account of their poverty ; if their drefs and behaviour be
decent, and their parents unable to pay, I take them gratis.
Were there no yearly ftipend, my fituation would not be very
eligible.
I am, with the greatefl refpect,
Dear Sir,
Your moft obliged,
obedient fervant,
Wainflect,
July 27, 1790.
JOHN PICKBURN.
P p p 2
June
4/6
APPENDIX-
June 9, 1791.
The dye of black bafaltes here reprefented, Plate XXXFX.
fig. 1. was purchafed at the fale of the late Mr. Brander’s curi-
ofities by the late Dr. Lort, and at his fale, June 15, 1791,
by — Hodfol, efq. In what part of Dorfetfhire it was found
is not mentioned.
In new paving the great hall of the Middle Temple, about
forty years ago, was taken up a filver gilt enameled box, con¬
taining near an hundred pair of fmall ivory dice, fcarce more
than two thirds of the modern fize.
Mr. Dacofta exhibited to this Society, 1765, an ancient dye
found at Sutton at Hone, near Dartford in Kent, which manor
belonged to the knights hofpitallers from the reign of John,
who had a commandery here till the diflolution by Henry VIII.[^]
This laft dye feemed a jafper uncommonly large, two tenths
of an inch fquare, and is engraved in the Appendix to vol. VIII.
of Archaeologia, p. 247. pi. XXX. fig. 4. 5. The angles were
rounded off, and the notches filled up with white.
The only preceptory of knights hofpitallers in the county
of Dorfet was at Friar Maine in Knighton , which village feems
to have taken its name from the knights who were fettled here
about the beginning of the 14th century, and held it till the
Reformation [$].
How it happened that thefe inftruments of gaming fhould
all be found in the fites of the houfes of this particular religious
order, or whether they ferved to the amufement of their fuc-
ceflors, others mufl determine. R. G.
[a]. Hafied, I. 236.
[£] Hutchins, I, 426— 428*
Juns
P • 477
//. C Englej-fUld d&l ■
APPENDIX. 477
June 30, 1791.
Sir H. C. Englefield communicated a drawing, taken from a
remain of antiquity in the church yard of Mildenhall in the
county of Suffolk, which has not, he believes, been hitherto
noticed. See PI. XXXIX. fig. 2.
It confifts of two folid mafles of flint wall {landing dire&ly
oppofite to each other, and leaving between them a paffage
feven feet wide. Up the outfide of each of them went a flight
of Heps, and on the top is a fmall platform. The fhape of
the whole is very much like that of an horfing block. To
that ufe he can, however, fcarcely think they could have been
originally deflined ; as they are very inconveniently placed
with refpeft to each other, for that purpofe. But he cannot
form to himfelf an idea of their ufe, as no buildings feem to
have been ever erefted on them, nor is there any ceremony in
his remembrance to which they feem in any degree applicable.
Neither is there in any other church yard any building at all
fimilar to this ; at leaft as far as he has learned.
They feem to be of very high antiquity ; the cement being
as hard as the flints themfelves. He is not fure that they ever
were cafed with {tone ; but rather thinks that the heps at lead
were of that material ; though, if they were, it has been en¬
tirely taken away. He could not learn any tradition refpe&ing
them in the place ; but was told, that the parifh, finding them
inconvenient, had fome years ago endeavoured to deftroy them,
but were baffled by the exceffive hardnefs and folidity of the
materials. This accounts for the ruinous {fate of that mafs
which in the drawing is fartheft from the eye.
Robert
/
*■
47 5 APPENDIX.
Robert Riddel, Efq. of Friars Carfe near Dumfries, F. A. S,
communicated to the Society May 26, 1791, various Pieces of
Antiquity engraved in Plate XL.
FIGURE 1. reprefents two battle-axes, each two feet fix
Miches long, found in a mofs near Terreagles, the feat of Mar-
maduke Maxwell Conftable, Efq. of Nethdale. They are much
corroded with ruft, and are the only fpecimens (that Mr. Riddel
has heard of) of the old Galwegian bill, or battle-axe, found
in that country ; they are above an inch thick on the back,
gradually tapering to the edge, and feem to have been fimilar
to the antient bills.
The antient carved ftone, fig. 2, is now to be feen in the
wall of a farm-houfe at Dardarroch, in the parifh of Glen-
cairn, and fhire of Dumfries. It was brought from an old
ruined fortalice at Birkftiaw, formerly the refidence of the fa¬
mily of the name of Cunningham, who were defcended from
the Earls of Glencairn. In the middle compartment are the
arms of Cunningham, with a mullet, or fpur-rowel, the mark
of cadency of the third fon of a family. On each fide of the
Ihake-fork, as it is called by our ancient heralds, are two let¬
ters, though, by the blunder of the Rone-cutter, the C is in¬
verted.
/
6
This
APPENDIX.
479
This armorial bearing appears to have been cut for y. Cun -
ningbam , who, from the mark of cadency, mu ft have been
third fon to an Earl of Glencairn ; perhaps the fame who got
from that family the lands of Birkftiaw for his patrimony.
Upon the right are the arms of the wife, who, from the ar¬
morial bearing, might have been of the name of Grierfon (ac¬
cording to Sir David Lindfay of the Mount’s heraldic manu-
fcript), or of the name of Kirkpatrick ; both which ancient fa¬
milies had the chief reftdence in the neighbourhood. At the
fame time, -however, it muft be obferved, that this armorial
bearing differs confiderably from the manner in which thefe
families blazoned their arms, as in fig. 3*
Fig. 3. are the arms of Grierfon of Lag;, as they are blazoned
by Sir David Lindfay of the Mount, who was Lord Lion
in the reign of James V. king of Scotland. His heraldic
manufcript is in the Advocates’ library at Edinburgh.
The arms of Kirkpatrick of Clofeburn , as blazoned in Nifbet’s
Heraldry, are exhibited, fig. 4.
How far the faltire with one cufhion may ferve as a mark of
cadency from either of the above families, Mr. Riddel does not
pretend to determine. In very ancient heraldic coats it was
cuftomary, he believes, to give a part of the chief’s arms to a
defcendant; but whether that is the cafe in theprefent inftance
he cannot fay.
The figure in the fquare compartment upon the left, is a
monogram for the three letters, I. H. S, i. e . Jefus hominum
Salvator . In ancient times this was called the he name , and
is often found engraved upon ancient fwords, durks, battle-
axes, &c. It was confidered as a complete antidote againfl
forcery and witchcraft; and there are feme other inftances ftill
remaining^
480 APPENDIX.
remaining in this county of its being carved upon the fame
flone with the armorial bearings of hufband and wife.
What the precife date of this carved flone is, he cannot
exadly determine j but imagines it to have been cut in the fif¬
teenth century.
Many of the mod ancient families in Dumfries-fhire carried
in their armorial bearings a faltire and chief (the arms of An-
vandale), diflinguifhed from one another by different tin&ures.
This, it is fuppofed, they did in compliment to Robert Bruce,
Lord of Annandale and King of Scotland. To mention
iuch as are at prefent recolleded.
Torthorwald of that ilk carried on a fhield, Or, a faltire and
chief Gules, charged with three bezants. This family has
been long extindl.
The family of Maxwell anitently carried a faltire and chief,
fince changed to a fpread eagle.
The family of JohnJlone carry a faltire and chief; as do alfo
the Jairdens of Apple girth, and the Kirkpatricks of Clofeburn.
The Grierfons of Lag carried the fame, which they have
fince changed.
The Moffats of Moffat dale , the Kirkhaughs of Glenejland,
and the Mc Maths of that ilk, families now extind, carried a
faltire and chief.
The Murrays of Cockpoole , afterwards Earls of Annandale,
carried the fame.
Fig. 5. reprefents a fpear head of call brafs, exadlly the fize
of the drawing, found in Glen Kenns, of which place fee
an account in Mr. Riddel’s paper on vitrified fortifications.
Fig. 6. is an iron Roman pick-axe fonnd at Claygate , four
miles from Langholme, and about eight miles from Long-
* town,
APPENDIX. 4 81
town, upon the Roman road leading to an encampment.
This laft is drawn twice, that it may be the better under flood;
the flat fide, and the edge with the hole for the fhaft. It is
22 inches long. . . .
Fig. y. reprefents a gold ring found in the beginning of May
1791, near Mr. Riddel’s houfe, and by him confidered as a very
great curiofity. Its weight is exadlly one ounce, and the fione
is of a pale blue colour.
Fig. 8. is a ring of mixed metal, gilt, or rather plated with
gold. It was found near the friary of Tungland in Galloway,
and was fent to Mr. Riddel by the Hon. John Gordon, of
Kenmore.
Fig. 9. is a brafs ring from Laucalhire ; where it was known
by the name of a cramp ring.
Fig. 10. is of brafs, and was found feveral years ago near th©
fite of the friary at Dumfries ; along with it was found a
number of Englifh coins, none of them were later than Ed-
ward the Fourth.
Fig. 1 1. is a flint axe found in Galloway.
Fig. 12. a piece of brafs, fuppofed part of a fword hilt,
found amongft the ruins of the old caftle of Dalfwinton, which
belonged to the old reguli of Galloway, and afterwards to the
Baliol and Cumin families. It is thus illuftrated by Dr. Clap.
The armorial bearing upon the antique fhield is perhaps a
rude attempt to reprefent a fpread eagle ; or perhaps it may
have been intended for an antique mantling only.
The infcription upon one fide runs thus:
: evvori ReAlTeaeM
EVVON REAGEDEM.
Vol. x. Q q q T 16
APPENDIX.
482
The infcripti'on on the other fide is,
: QieSV : SVI : O : SISSAIAR :
DIESV : SVI : O : SISSAIAR.
The firft infcription feems to be Evvon Reagedem , which is
probably intended for John the King ; viz. John Baliol : and
on tiie other, Diefu fui 0 Siff'aiar ; i. e. Give to JeJus his own ,
and to Ccefar his own .
This motto was very applicable to John Baliol’s cafe.
/-
Fig. 13. is a fandal found, 1789, in Lochar mofs, near Dum¬
fries. Its fellow was found with it, but cut in pieces by the
fpade.
All the above articles, except fig. 1 1 and 12, are in the pof-
feflion of Mr. Riddel.
INDEX.
I
X
N D E
A
A CKL AN DS
59
Ackleyheads
59
Afiarius, or Afluarius
121
Aflor, what
121
Albury font
193
Aiemowh, crofs near
472
AUergate
59
Alloa houfe
163
Alphin/ton font
188
Amb' efbui y font
187
Amphora
132
- - fragment of
I4I
Amulets
in
Ancajter font
188
Anchorage
61
Anfer
249
Antiquities, Roman, in
Derby fhire 17 —
in Cumberland, 137 — 142
- Britifh 1 13
A pottles on fonts 188
Jpril and Augujt, how reprefented on fonts
and in calendars 1S1, 182
Arabians. Ete ftate of arithmetic among
3^4
Arithmetic of the Arabians - ,364
ArmWa 1 34
Arms on fonts
194
— — of Annandaie
479
- Bruce
198
■ — Cunningham
479
- Grier fan
ib.
- - 'JohnJlarie
ib.
- Kirkhaugh
ib.
- Kirkpatrick
ib.
- Mojfat
ib.
- Tortheruold
ib.
Ai rington font
188
Arundel , archbifliep, his arms in Maid-
ftone church
208
AJhley flone feats
290
AJbovcr font
188
Afpatria barrow opened
1 10
Astle, Mr. on a charter of Edgar to
Ely
226
AJlon Flamvile font
189
- Ingham flails
292
Augujtales
120
Auyuftales ludi
120
Aufen, Mr. a charter of Edgar in his
poffeflion examined 232
Ayloffe, Sir Jofeph, his remarks on Se-
bert’s tomb 313 — controverted 316
Axe, flint 481
Q_q q 2
Badbys
484
INDEX.
B
Badby , ftone feats 284
B'iddingham font 192
Bailey hill 466
Baldwin , Mr. intends publ idling an ac¬
count of Roman antiquities found at
333
309
248
199
199
205
242
291
109
191
III, 112
33
34
141
Bath
Ballium , what
Banquer
Baptiflery at Pifa
— — - of Conftantinc
— " - of Paris
Bardorum focietas
Banak done feats
Barnakin, what
Barnard cajlls font
Barrow at Afpatria
Banows, Roman, in Derbyfhire
Bath, Roman, at Buxton
— — near Netherhall
Bath. Roman temple found at 325 — 333
Battle-axe. Britifh 113
Battle axes, Galwegian 478
Beacofih'll 1 1 2
Bead, brafs 134
Bear in Britain 162
Becket , obfervations on his martyrdom
as reprefented in the window at Brere-
ton church _ > 5°~S2, 334“ 344
Bclatucader , infcription to 118
- - 18 others 119
- - — — the fame with Mars 1 19
Bell, brafs 133
Benefield ftone feats 291
Bennington font 193
* — - ftone feats 296
Bere Regis font j 90
Berkeley font 189
Berojus invented the concave femicircular
dial 173
Bexley ftone feals 289
Bigglefwade flails 294
Billing, Little, an antient manflon-houfe
there deferibed 67, 68
Bingham font
Bijhopton
Bit, Britifh
Bitton , ftone feats
192
63
H3
291
BlackaBer, Mr. his account of the
great Pagoda of Madura and Choultry
ofTrimulNaik 449
Boar wild in Britain 162
Boethius , not the inventor of ourprefent
cyphers 362
Bortbwick caflle 103
Boitejham ftone feats 295
Boulogne, the antient Pwtus Iccius 7, 8, 16
- — tower of 13, 14
Bowes font
Brackley ftone feats
Bradcnham , BV. ft alls
Bradfield font
Brampton Abbots, ftone feats
Bramfion font
Brandefion font
Brafs figure
- - fpring, Roman
- ■ « bead
- bell
- bull
vafe for holy water
189
288
293
199
291
199, 200
199
333
138
134
J33
l33
472
194
137
Mr. Pegge’s and Mr.
Bredon font
Bremetonracum
B rereton churchy
Denne’s obfervations on the painted
window there 50 — 53, 334 — 344
Brereton, Mr. communicates a non-
defeript coin of Philip king of France
4^3
Bridge, Roman
Brightbelmfione font
Briftol , ftone feats
Britijb battle-axe and celt
- - fpur,
— ■ - antiquities
- — — remains in Cumberland
dogs
Britons , their hunting
Broxborn font
34
217
290
ll3
lx3
ll3
105
, 159
156 — 164
190
Brun -
485
INDEX.
Bruntingthorpe font
89
Buckminfiter flone feats
295
Bulga
250
Bull, brafs
133
- - wild in Britain
163
- - at Chillingham-caftle,
ib.
Bulwick flone feats
291
Burbach font
194
Burgh font
198
Burghgreen flone feats
295
Burnham Depedale font
177— 1 83
Bury, Richard de 241,
258 — 260
Bull of bronze
136
Buxted furnace
472
•54
2l6
379
273
132
297
Cade, Mr. his obfervations on Cata-
.raflcnium 54 57
Cesfiar, his Portus Iccius, where 1 — 16
- at Boulogne 16
Caley, Mr. communicates an account
of Corpus Chrifti fhrine
Camoca, what
Campden flails
Camp on Bur Toe
Camp Green
Camps, Roman, in Derby
tinghamfhires
Canford houfe
Canterbury cathedral, Mr
fervations on
St. John's
469
241
297
467
467
and Not-
378—38°
68
Denne’s ob-
37—49
in
chapel in the
Undercroft when eredled 38
_ remarks on the Undercroft
40—44
- - Mofaic work
- St. Martin’s font
*55
187
247
192
J32
Car da Indica, what
Carlifie cathedral font
Cardfile, Old . _
Carlijle , Mr, prcferves Roman antiqui¬
ties 13°
Carte, Mr; S. his obfervation on fonts
208
Carvings over Quenington church door
i2q
Caftle Gower 14^
Cajllefleeds I°5> 1 10
Cat wild in Britain . 167
CataraF.onium, further obfervations on,
54—66
Cava Hini, Pietro, his Mofaic work
i53»
Cave, Peter, his epitaph
Caufiennis
Cawjion, his MS. at Canterbury
Celt
Cerney {lone feats
Chalmers, Mr. on the late ufe of tor¬
ture in England 143 — *4^
Chancel vaulted with flone at Compton
and Darent 189
Char field font *99
Charm antient
Charters, two of Edgar examined
226—232
Chatham, flone feats 301,
Cheping Warden flone feats
Cherbury church
Cherney cajtle , a Danifh camp
Cbejier cathedral
Chefls of flone fepulchral
Chkhejier font
Chocalingham, Indian Deity
Choultries, ufe of
Chunam, an Indian plaifter
Church at Quenington
Churches, Norman, probably had fpires
1 29
Circle of flones 106
Cirencefiter, flone feats 297
Clagg caftle I07
Clack hill 55
Clarke , Mr. his opinion of flone flails in
chancels 3i5j,31.^
Claxton, John, on Dinton antiqui¬
ties 1 7 1
Clocks in England *73
Clofeburn caftle 101
Clyn-
210
286
223
U3
287
108
*93
4i7
452
452
128, 129
107
4^6
I N D E X.
N ot-
380
295
189
i33
Clynogvawr 287
Cobham font 192
Coin, filver, of Philip king of France
465
Coins, Roman, in Derby and
tingham (hires
Cold Overton flails
Colejhll font
Compares, Roman
Confeffionarits mi flatten for (lone feats
284, 291
— - archbifhop Reginald’s and
Sudbury’s injunctions about them 291
Coritani 17, 19, 20
Corpus Chrifii (hrine, account of 466
Corflni, who 241
Cofler 249
Cotejbrooke (lone feats 296
Covers to fonts 206
- - - locked 206
D
Dagger, iron
- in a barrow
382
1 12
295
189
64
140
10 3
Courtenhall (lone feats 285
Courtney , archbifhop, his arms in Maid-
hone church 268, 269
- - the place of his interment d f-
cuffed 271—280
— — — his will . 277
- Richard 277
Grander? , John, prior of Ely, his works
15? — 1 54
Crefwell, Mr. his account of antiquities
inYorkfhire 466
Cromlech 149
Crofs infcribed near Alemouth 4(9
- - a fign when to date on charters
231
- - of Gneyth
CrofFes a Saxon fignature
Ceoxton Kyriel hal s
Crow n jewels, inventory of,
Culpho font
231
221
29S
241— 251
198
Cumberland, Britifh remains in 105
• - Roman antiquities in
Dolby , Dttle , flails
Darent font
Darlington
Dees Matres
Dean houfe
December , how reprefented on fonts and
in calendars 183
Denford hone feats 290
Denne, Mr. his obfervations on Can¬
terbury cathedral 37 — 49 — on the
painting in Brereton church windows
334 — 344 — on hone halls 298— on
Maidflone and other halls 261, 262
Denton i ont 188
— — - church, South door arch, veffel
and (pear-heads found there, 170
- MS hiflory of 17 1
Deorabv on a coin 19
Derbeiffcira Romana 1 7
Derby , its name whence derived 17 — 19
Derby/hire, Roman Antiquities in 17
Derehcm font 196 — 198
Dials, Roman 174
- — wind and water 175
- - concave 174
- femicircular 173
Didder jean 33
- improvement made there 63
Digfivel. font 188
Dogs, British 139
Doncafter font 193
Dorchefter font of lead 187
Dui mington flails 292
Dor for, 048
Doves in Mofaic 132
- - on fonts 223, 224
Down cable 102
Druidical monuments in En^lewood-
Cunntngham arms
Cufome , .William
137 — I42
foreft
47 8
25 1
Dvffin callle
temple
105
10,4
103
Dun
I N D E X.
487
Dun Dornadilla
100
Fall of man reprefented in Mofaic at
Dungeon , what
108
Ely
151
Dunnoly
208
Farmingham font
192
Dunnotter caft'e
i°3
Farmington ftone feats in church
286
D unrobin cable
103
Farrington font
*93
Dunftafnage
102
Feathers ufed to frighten beads in hunt-
D unvegan
ro2
mg
JO t
Dye found in Dorfet
4/6
February, how reprefented on fonts
and
- - at Sutton at Hone
ib.
in calendars
181
Felixftow font
I92
E
Feltwell ftalls
293
Eagle on a capital
133
Fibula in a barrow
1 12
Earl's Barton ftalls
290
- found at Gloucefter
1.34
- Sobam font
198
Figure in a chair found at Carlifle
238
Eafeby font
189
Fine ham font
190
Eaftboume font
189
- - ftalls
293
Eaft Derebam font
196 — 198
Flint axe
48 1
Edenham font
193
Edgar, his charters to Ely and Weftmin-
fler fhewn to be forgeries 226 — 240
Edgecote , ftone feats in church 284
Edgeworth church, a lavatory in 29 7
Elenborough , antiquities found at 142
Ella 61
EUanfialker cable 10 1
E/vet 60
Ely , a Mofaic pavement there defcribed
■— — a charter of Edgar to the monaflery
examined 226
- its privileges confirmed 229, 23O
Englefield, Sir C. H. on Bath anti¬
quities 311 — 319
- - - — — on a ftone ftep at Mii-
denhall 477
Eng/ezvood foreft antiquities 105
Equeftrian female figure on coins 142
Eridge green mortar 412
Etbeireda , St. 226. 229.
Etton -ftalls 292
Everinoham font 188
o
201, 2C3 — whether
any in Canter¬
bury and St. Paul’s Cathedrals, 201 —
in parifh churches, 202 — in conven¬
tual churches, 202 — Sherborne ab¬
bey, 203 — St. Alban’s, 204 — in pri¬
vate houfes, 205 — lined with lead, 205
obfervations on
183
Mr. Carte’s obfervations on
ornaments of 192
v
Fonts,
207
208
F
Fa he nh am font
102
- round, fquare, hexagon, ofragon,
198, 199
— — with infcriptions 200
- round or fhaped like a cup 186
- fquare 190
- — — at Burnham Depedale 177 — 183 —
Eaf Mean, 183 — 185 - Prejhute ,
186 — Rotberfield Grey , ib. — Beverley
minfter , ib. — IV imp ole, ib. — Ambref-
buty , ib. - Kiddington , 187.- -
St. Martins Canterbury, 187 — Stoke
Poge'ts , Sharnborne , Sedgebrook , 186
— Hai bledon , Hemp fled, 186 — Ajh-
over, Denton, Stukeley, Brigbtbclmjlone,
Bake well, St , Peter's Ox fir d. Little
Maplejied , Lewes , Digfwell, Ancafter ,
Nerf-
*
index.
Nerfwick, Ever'tngham , Alphingjlon ,
1 83 — Eojlbourne , ' Ajlon Flamv'de ,
Bruntingthorpe , 189 — Darent, Hitcbin,
Cole/hilly Eafeby , Bowes, Arrington ,
Stanjled, Lockington , Osdeworth , IF h ad¬
don, Kingsbury, 190 — 7/fy, Broxborne ,
Hendon , Roy don, Albury , Stevenage ,
Sadburn, Denham , Tiekencote, Fincham ,
3 90 — Lechiot Maltr avers, Barnard caf-
tle , South fleet, ic)\ — Farmingham,Shorne ,
Felixjlow , Stratford on Tecs , CarVJle ,
Findings, Cobham , Sitlingborne, Wood-
bridge, Melton , Eaddingbam, Laxford ,
Grantham, B inham, fValJingham, Chi -
chejler, Tickhill, Doncajler , Farrington ,
Leverton, Wrange, Bennington ,
lejborne, Stanford All Saints , Hacking-
ton, 193 — Mujlon, Kegworth , Bredon ,
Great Shepey, Whitwick, Burbach,
Winterborne Whitchurch, Eajl Dereham,
Vfford, Thurcajhn, Brian/Ion, Bere
Regis, Pimpern , 190 — Market Bof-
zuorth, St. Ofyth, Northaw, Ware ,
Luton, 195 — Erf/? Dereham, 196 —
198 - Milan, 189 — Sherborne abbey ,
202 - At. Alban's, 215 - Str ad-
brook, Wilby , Laxford, Ubbejlon , Heven-
ingham , Earl’s Soham, Play ford, Grun-
desborough, Burgh, Culpho, Hajhertin,
198 — Bradfeld, Char sf eld, Lethering-
ham, Brandejlon, Lantwar dine , Wig-
more, Harewood, 199 — Winchefter , 215
—Peterborough, 219 — Swiff ord, 224
- — Lincoln, 223 — St. Martin's Leicef-
ter , 223 — Conjiantine's , Newark, Or-
ford, Kirkton, Brianjlon, 200 — Kirkby
Belers, 194
Fonts of lead, at Dor chejicr, Wareham ,
Walnesford, 187
- fir ft ufed for immerfion 207, 208*
— — iucceeded by bafons, 219, 220,
221 — hole in centre, 221 — ftiut up in
Lent, 222— water ufed in them mif-
applied, 222 — whether more than one
in a church, 223 — covers, 206, 223,
224.
Fortification, antient modes of 99 — 104
— — - vitrified
ri
0
to
»— (
1
*-«
vjr
Gaddi , his Mofaic work
153
Gainford
04
Galloway , its antiquities
deferve invefti-
gation
149
Garthorbe flails
296
Garton, Thomas de 260
Gate, Roman 14 1
Gerbert, whether inventor of numerals.
365—369
Gervii 226
Gibson, Mr. on the machine called the
Lewis
123
Giotto, not the inventor of mofaic 153
Glanville family
472
Glafs beads
382
— — veflel found at Dinton
170
- urns at Lincoln
346
Glenbeg, foits in
100
Glocejler cathedral flails
297
Gneyth, crofs of
25*
Goodejion flails
292
Gordon, Dr. his account of urns at
Lincoln
347—349
Gough, Mr. on antient manfion houles
in Northampton and
Dorfetfhires
67 — 69
- - — on Belatucader
1 18 — 122
on an antient pavement at Ely
17 I
on a Roman horologium 172
on fonts 183 — 257
Grantham font
192
Grundijborough font
198
Guns fir ft in England
472
H
Hackington font
193
— - flails and done fteps
296
Haddon, ftone-feats in church
286
Hamer ton font
198
Hare
INDEX.
Marble down font 186
Hardwick Hone feats 290, 291
Hare not eaten nor hunted by the Bri¬
tons 164
Harewood font 19°
Haf tings font 192
Hatchet, iron 133
Hatherfage church-yard, the grave of
Little John in it 467
Head carved in the tympanum of the
Roman temple at Bath 317
Hdmedon (lone feats 285
Helpftone hone feats 290, 291
Hempjled font 186, 188
Hendon font 190
Heveningham font 198
Hindoo religion and temples 450
Hitchen font 189
Hockwold Halls 292
Holywater bafon 203
Horologium , Roman, found in France
o 7 *
172
- - — cldefl at Rome 173
Houghton , Greats Hone feats in church
286
Hungry gate , 61
Hunting of the Britons and Saxons
156—164
of the Greeks and Romans 157
I
i. H. S. a charm 476
January , June , July , how reprefented
on fonts and in calendars 181, 182
Jccius Portus , where I — 16
- - — - at Boulogne 16
bt. Jean dc la rond church 203
JJly font *' 19°
linmerfion in fonts 187, 207, 208*
- - recommended 220
lncent John 214
Infcriptions, Roman, inDerbyfhire 32
— — in Cumberland 139,140
- on fonts at Newark, Urford,
Vol. X.
489
Kirkton, Brianflon, 200,
Inlcripfions, Edrpfwell,
- - - Runic
- on a brafs pot
- - on a fword hilt 48 !
Johannes Damajcenus
Iron weapons
382
201
194
247
472
482
36 *3
383
K
Keep
101
Keg worth font
194
Kenmore caflle
150
Kettle [tone font
Kibworth flails
29S
Kiddington font
187
Ktlehum caflle
102
Kingsbury font
189
Kingjmeacl
*3*
Kir kb y B ders font
1 95.
- - - - Hone feats
290, 291
Kirkton font
2CO
Kiftvaen
107
Knives, Roman, in Derby fh
34> 35
L
392,
Halls
Lackington font 189
Walter de Lacy , a rich Norman baron
130
Laggan Hone
Lamp, brafs
Laneham Halls
Laxford font
Lawrence, St. at Norwich
Lead ufed to line fonts
— — Roman, ,
Leaden font, or with leaden figures 187
j Lcchiot LiJaltr avers font 191 * * * *
Lecming lane 58
Letheringbam font 199
Lever ton font J93
— — — and Leech Halls 296
R r r Laves
149
133
289
a 9 8
293.
205
23
4 9°
INDEX.
Lnves font 188
Lewis, the machine fo called, fuppofed
known to the Gothic archite&s,
and not firft invented in the reign of
Louis XIV. to whom it is aferibed
123— 127
Linda fpdng and lane 113
Lincoln , Roman antiquities at 345 — 349
Little John’s grave 467
Loch Kenn 1 5°
Lockmaben caftle 101
Long hill 466
Longueville family and manfion- houfe
67
Louth church and fteeple, extra<ft from a
book of accounts of the building and
repairs 7°
Lumps of metallic fpar found in a ftone
chert 107
Julius Lupus 122
Luton ft. ne feats in church 287
- font 195
Lyon, Mr. on Portius Iccius 364
Lysons, Mr. his defeription of Que-
nington church 128, 129
— - - account of Roman antiquities,
found near Cirencefter, &c. 131
Maiden Paps
Maidftone church
M
rta’ls in
59
267
268
67 — of the Monteacutes
M pi f ted , Little, font
March and May, how rej
fonts and in calendars
Market Bo (worth font
Mafoti , Mr. his account of
by {hire
Meafure, brafs
MtlvilU houfe
4
133
103
183
198
477
1 16
148
100
Melfonly , whence derived 56
Melton font 1 92
Meneftoche hundred 183
Menjlon ftone feats 285
ALeon, Eaft , font
Milan , font of St. Tecla
Mildcnhall , ftone at
Hand-mill, antient
Moat of the Mark
Mollach hill fortification
Monk IVeremouth , a Roman ftation 59
Monogram, a fpurious one 228
Months reprefented on a font 180 — 183
Monument, uncertain, in Maidftone
church 269
Mortar, the firft in England 472
Mofaic pavement at Ely, 151 — Chrif-
tian works, 152, 153 — Venetian
artifts, 1 53 — Cavallini’s,i 53 — at Can¬
terbury 155
Mufton font 194
Myers, Mr. on Orwell river 35Q
N
Narborough ftone feats 291
Nefwick font 188
Netherhall, Cumberland, antiquities
found in the fort there 140, 141
Newark font and infeription 200
Newton Bromfwold ftone feats 290
Niddry houfe 103
Norman churches probably had fpires
129
North, Mr. on Arabian numerals in
68
England
360
188
Nor thaw font
*95
on
Northburg , Roger
November , how reprefented on
250
fonts and
195
in calendars
182
9er-
Nucb, what
241
1 16
Numintbus Augg.
121
Odlagonal
INDEX.
49 1
O
(Diagonal form of fonts 199
Oftober, how reprefented on fonts and
in calendars 182
Odeby flails 495
Oldwick caflle 101
Orford font 200
Ornament of brafs 134
Orwell town and river, obfervations on
350 — 359
St.Ofytb font 1 15
Oxford , St. Peter’s, font 100
Ozlewortb font 189
Pillars of a choultry loaded with reliefs
456
Pin, brafs 134
Pi fa baptiflery 1 99
Pits in Derbyfhire 1 14— *117
Pitshead 114
Pocklington church, Hone flail there
painted 313
Port way , or lane 1 7 1
Partus Iccius of Csefar, where 16
- — — at Boulogne 16
Pownall, Mr. his account of Roman
antiquities at Lincoln 345 — 349
Pyxis, brafs 133
P
Pagoda of Madura and Trimul
deferibed
Pannus de Turkie
- de Najfik
Patera, brafs
Pavement, Mofaic, at Ely
Payments on a font
Peckham, archbifhop, his burial 275,276
Pediment of a Roman temple at Bath
329
Peele , what 10 1
Pegge, Mr. his Dcrbeiffeira Romana 17
• - — on the hunting of the antient
Britons and Saxons 156
■ ■ ■ on Burnham Depedale font
177—183
Penjhurjl font 1 92
Petuaria 122
Pew for fonts 207
Philip king of France, filver coin of 465
Pick axe, Roman 480
Pickburne, Mr. communicates fome
particulars of bifhop Wainflete, and
the town of that name 473 — 475
Pickwell flails 296
Nailc
449
847
248
»33
*5*
213
a
£kienington church deferibed 129, 130
• . preceptory 1 3 ©
R
Ravenworth 63
Riddel, Mr. on the antient modes of
fortification in Scotland 99 — 104 —
on vitrified fortifications in Scotland
147 — communicates feveral pieces of
antiquity 479 — 482
Ridgway chapel confecrated 210
Rine caflle 101
Rings 481
- - cramp 481
Ringstead fione feats 290
Roads, Roman, in Derbyfhire 23, 25
Robinson, Mr. Gerard, on fione flails
320
Rochefler flails 305— 310
Rocking fione 108, 467
Rodeley flails 295
Rokcjley flails 289
R r r 3 Roman
I N D
E X.
492
Roman antiquities in Derbyfhire 22
- - - in Cumberland
137—142
- - - - in Lincoln 345 — 349
- remains in Sherwood foreft 378
- roads, 23 ,
- ftatfons 25
— - camps 2S, 378
— — villas 29
- urns 29
- tumuli 29
- - coins 30
— — infcriptions 32
- - bath 1 34
- - temp’e « 34
- - - barrows 33
— - - bridge 34
- - knife 34
- horologium 172
— - - dials 174 .
— — - - by wind and water 174
r- — — pick axe 280
— fpear head 280
Rooke, Major, on Roman remains in
Sherwood foreft 378
- - - - on the Druid remains in
Cumberland, 105 — 113
. - pits in Derbyfhire, 1 14 — 1 1 7
Room fepulchral 348
Rot her ey caftle tor
Rot hers field Grey font 187
Rot hu>e ll flails 289, 2go
Round Towers, quaere if Danifh, 178,
I79
Roy don font 190
Runic infcription 247
Rythnild flreet, mill,, and grange 62
S
Sadberg 6 2
Sadburne font 19.0
Sadington flails 296
Sandal, antient • 482
Saxon charters examined by Mr. Abie
226 — 246
Saxons , their hunting 156
Scotland , antient modes of fortification
99 — 104
Seals not affixt to Saxon charters 232
Sebert, his monument and paintings on
3*3— 315
Sedgebrook font 186
- - — flails t 291
Stnhoufe, colonel, his collection of an¬
tiquities 141, 142
September , how reprefented on fonts and
in calendars 182
Sepulchral room 348
Sepulture, antient, found at Lincoln
345> 3+7
Holy Sepulchres 296
Sharnborne font 186
Sherwood foreft, Roman remains there 378
Shrine, Corpus Chrifti, account cf
459—471
S borne font 192
Sigillum , meaning of the word 232, 234
Skiing borne font 192
Skeletons H2, 349
Sofas, his Mofaic 152
South fleet font 191
Southwell Halls 294
Spear head, Roman 480
Spires, probably to Norman churches 129
Spoon, brals 133
■ - bone ib.
Spur, antient 113
Stalls, Hone, in churches, ufe of, 261 —
in Maidftone church, 268 — Baciby>
Edgcote, Brackley , 2S4 — Helmedony
Jldorfton, Wapenham , Tiffleld, Stoke
Bruere , Courtcnhall , 285 - Great
Houghton , Watton , Yardley Haftings ,
Raft Hadden , Cotefbrooke, Cbeping TFar-
dmy Farthinghee, Wedon Pinkney > 286 —
Luton ,
I N D
Luton , Chefter » Chnncgvaur, 287—
BriJ'tol, Winborn minfter , Furnefis, Lin-
ham , 288. — Rockefi-y, Bexley, Chat¬
ham, L an eh am , Roche ft er , Lilly, 289
. — Rcthwell, Hardwicke, Earls Barton,
Newton Bromfwold, Ringstead, Den-
ford, Warkton , Ajhley, Brampton, Bul-
wick, 290 — Barnak , Benefield, Etton,
Helpfton, Uarhorough, Brampton Ab¬
bots, A ft on, Ingham, Dcrmington, Lin¬
ton, Upton Bljhcp, iVefton fubtus Pcny-
ard , Hoc kw old, 291 —Feltwell St .
Mary, Goodefton, Weft Bradenham,
St. Laurence Norwich, 292 — Peck-
lington, 313 — Northfieet, 316 — iVeji-
jvinfter abbey, 323 — Finch am, 293—
tVatlington, Southwell, Bigghfwaie,
294 — Bottejham, Burghgr ten, Rodeley,
Qaeby , Little Dalby, Croxton Kyriel ,
IGb worth, Cold Overtoil, Wymondharn,
Staunton IVyvil , Waltham on the Wov. lds,
Buckminfier , 295 — Sadingtcn, Picn-
•u^ll. Gar thorp, Sedgtbr 00k, Lever ton. ,
Leek, Bennington, Sleford , Heckington,
226 — South Cerney, Camp den , JVtnch-
combe, Gloucef'.cr , Bitton, 297*
_ _ _ —Mr. Denne, on the ap¬
plication of, 298
Stamford font 3 9 3
Stanjicd font >
Stations, Roman, in Derbyfhire 25
Statera *34
Staunton Wyvill halls 295
Steelyard, Roman 4*3
Steps to a font *9 3
Stevenage font I9°
Stoke Bruere hone feats 285
Stoke Pogeis font
Stole to a font *9^
Stone cheh 107,108
— - — rocking io^> 4^7
Stone raife * } 10
Stones, two, mark the grave of Littie
John 467
E X.
49 3
Stratford font
192
Stukcley font
188
Style, Roman
1.34
Super alt are
24S
Swinford font
224
Sword, antient
3s 1
- in a barrow
1 12
- —hilt, brafs
481
T
Tafft, a Mofaic worker
1 5.3
Temple,Roman, found atBath3ii-
~3l9
Temples, Hindoo
45°
‘Thurcaflon font
195
Tickencote font
190
Tickhill font
*93
Tiffin Id hone feats
285
Tilbury halls
312
Tilly halls
189
Torture, how late ufed in England
, „ „ . , a
142 — 148
Tottering hone 4^7
Towers, round 178, 179
Triforium _ 255
Trimul Naik, a great builder 452
Trutina dihindt from Statera *35
Twyford chapel 212
Tympanum of the temple atBath 317,3*8
U
Venabulum, or hunting pole s6i
Veffel of glafs at Dinton 170
Lifford font _ *94
Villa*, Roman, in Derbyfhire 29
Vitrified fortifications in Gallaway
147—150
Upton halls 292
Urns, in Cumberland 1 10
. _ — Glouceherfhire 131
. - in a leaden cafe 131? i32;
Urns
INDEX.
494-
Urns of glafs and earth found at Lin-
eoln . 347
— of iron 381, 384
i>— — Roman, in Derbyfhire 29
W
Wainflete , bifhop, and family, and town
particulars of 473 — 475
Walftngham , Alan de, fubprior of Ely,
his works 154
Waltham , Roger 259
Waltham on the Wold {lone flails 295
Wapenham ftone feats 285
Waljingham font 192
Warden low • 64
Ware font 193
Warkton {lone feats 290
Water dial, Roman 174
Watlington {tails 942
Watton {lone feats 286
Wedon Pinkney {lone feats 286
Wells , Mr. his opinion on {lone feats in
churches examined by Mr. Denne 292
— - his opinion of the flails at the
Well end of Edward the Confeflor’s
chapel controverted 303
Wefton fubtus Penyard Halls 29?
Whaddon font 189
Whitby abbey, defcription of 123 — 125
Whit wick font 194
Wigmore font igq
Wilby font 198
Wilfanejdun 34
Willesborne font 193
Wimbledon, furveyof, by the Parliament’s
commillioners
Wimpole font
Winbourn minjler Hone feats
Wind dial, Roman
Winchejler font
— - chancellors
399-
214,
•448
186
287
174
214
215
297
194
472
H'inchcombe llone Halls
W mierborne Whitchurch font
Woden church
Wolf in Britain, 162, 163 — defiroyed
r by Edgar, 163
Wooabridge font 192
Wrange font 193
Wymondham Hone Halls 295
Tardley Hajlings, Hone feats in the church
286
Prefents
E 495 3
Prefents to the Society lince the Publication of the
Ninth Volume of the Archaeologia.
Society for the Encourage¬
ment of Arts, Manufac¬
tures and Commerce.
Royal Society of Gottingen*
Rev. Dr. Kippis.
Royal Society.
Mr. Profeflor Thorkelin.
Hon. Daines Barrington.
Rev. Dr. Woide.
Andrea Guifeppe de Bono-
mo, by Owen Salufbury
Brereton, Efq. V. P.
Robert Riddel, Efq.
The Seventh Volume of the Tranfa&ions- of
that Society.
Commentationes Societatis Regice Scientia-
rum Gottingenfis, vol. IX.
Biographia Britannica, vol. IV.
Philofophical Tranfaftions of the Royal So*
ciety of London, for the Year 1789,
. Parts I. and II.
Edwardi Rowei Morefi Commentarius de El-
frico Dorobernenfi Archiepifcopo — edidit
& praefatus eft G. J. Thorkelin.
MS Account of the Tranfaftions during the
firft Crufade. Tranflated by Timothy
Pymm, and dedicated to Wriothefley Earl
of Southampton.
Olai Gerhardi Tychfen Explicatio Cuficse
Infcriptionis quae in columna lapidea
Muftei Soc. Antiq Londinenfis confpicitur :
adjefta eft marmoris Mefianenfis interpre-
tatio.
Hen. Eberh. Gotti. Pauli Commentatio ex-
hibens e Bibliotheca Oxonienfi Bodleiana
Specimina Verfionum Pentateuchi feptetn
Arabicarum nondum editarum cum ob-
fervationibus.
Account of the Money anciently coined by
the Bilhops of Triefte.
Drawing by Capt. Grofe of a Sandal found
in 1789, in Lochar Mofs near Dumfries.
Rev.
49 6 PRESENTS TO THE SOCIETY.
Rev. Samuel Ayfcough. Catalogue of the Sloanian and other MSS,
in the Britifh Mufeum, 2 vols. 4to.
Francis Douce, Efq. An Anfwere to the Coppve of a railing In¬
ventive againfl: the Regiment of Woemen
in general, MS, written unto Queen Eli¬
zabeth, by the Right Hon. Henry Lord
Howard, Earl of Northampton.
Rev. Dr. Chandler, from Ignatii M. Rapponi, &c. de Epigrammate
the Author. Grgeco-Romano in Crelimontano ad cl. vi-
rum Richardum Chandler Anglum.
Epiftola Nicolai Schow ad Stephanum
Borgiam Cardinalem Prefbyterum in qua
nummus Ulpiae Plautillte illudratur.
Roma?. 1789.
Bifhop of Carlifle, from Mr. Drawing of Edward the Fourth’s Vaultin
Emlyn. St. George’s Chapel at Windfor, &c.
Richard Gough, Efq. Storia di Alefa. Palermo, 1755,410.
Fontanini Difcus Argenteus votivus. Rom.
1727, qto.
Corfini fopra una antica Infcrizzione, Rom.
1732, 4to. 4
Cohlefchi DifTertazione fulli polte degli an¬
tichi. Fir. 1746, 4to.
Cocchi Lettera critica fopra un Manofcritto
in cera. Fir. 1748, qto.
Brunatius de re nummaria Patavinorum.
Ven. 1744.
Phitius de nummis Ravennatibus. Ven.
I75Q*.
JEgyptii explicatio Senatusconfulti de Bac-
chanalibus. Neap. 1729, fol.
Hutton’s Hiftory of Birmingham. Birin.
1781, 8vo.
Eftablilhment of the Land Forces of Portu¬
gal. MS.
State Papers from 1625 to 1628. MS.
Hiftory of the Lyttelton Family, by the late
Bifhop Lyttelton. MS.
Queen Elizabeth's Entertainment at Cam¬
bridge, by N. Robinfon, printed by Mr.
Nichols in his 3d vol, of ProgrelTes. MS.
Mr.
%
PRESENTS TO THE SOCIETY. 497
Mr. Herbert.
Rev. John Cooke and Rev.
John Maule.
John Sidney Hawkins, Efq.
John Talbot Dillon, Efq.
Rev. John Brand, Secretary.
Bequeathed to the Society of
Antiquaries by the late
Francis Hiorne, Elq.
F. A. S. prefented by the
Rev. Mr. lluding.
Society for the Encourage¬
ment of Arts, Manufac¬
tures and Commerce.
Valentine Green, Efq.
George Fordyce, M.D.
Meffrs. Dyfon and Oldfield.
Executors of the late Major
Gen. Roy, according to
' the Will of the Tedator.
Richard Gough, Efq.
Charles Lambert, Eiq.
Richard Gough, Eiq.
Royal Society.
Mr. Smith.
John Zachary, Efq.
The third and lad Volume of his new Edi¬
tion of Mr. Ames’s Typographical Anti¬
quities of Great Britain and Ireland.
Hidorical Account of the Royal Hofpital for
Seamen at Greenwich.
Three Drawings of Paintings on the Wall of
St. Blafe’s Chapel, Weitminder Abbey.
Hidorical and Critical Memoirs of the gene¬
ral Revolution in France, in the Year 1789.
Drawing of a Stone difcovered in 1789 near
the Ruins of Woden’s Church at Alemouth
in Northumberland.
Milles’s Catalogue of Civil Honour, enriched
with the MS Notes of Sir William Dug-
O
dale.
The Eighth Volume of the Tranfadions of
that Society.
Plates VIII. and XII. of the Hidory of the
Queens of England, with the Letter Prefs
belonging thereto.
OO
Treatife on the Digedion of Food.
Hidory of Tottenham.
Military Antiquities of the Romans in Bri¬
tain, fol. MS. with the Maps, Plans, &c.
belonging thereto.
Drawing of a Mortar at Eridge Green, Suffex.
Drawing of a curious Dagger in the Poflef-
fion of the Rev. J. C. Buckingham, of
Ofwalds in Kent.
Hidoire de 1’Abbaye Royale du Bee in Nor¬
mandy. The original MS.
Philofophical Tranfadions of the Royal So¬
ciety of London for the Year 1790.
Antiquities of London and Environs, N° 1.
Count Marfiglfs Hidory of the Danube,
6 vols. fol.
S s s
Vol. X.
batnue!
49 8 PRESENTS TO THE SOCIETY.
Samuel Lyfons, Efq.
Meffrs. Barrowand Parkyns.
Owen Salusbury Brereton,
Efq. from R.M.T. Chif-
well, Efq.
Major Rooke.
Mr. James Wathen, by
Richard Gough, Efq.
Samuel Lyfons, Efq.
Edmund Lodge, Efq.
M. Gourdin, Honorary
Member of this Society.
James Moore, Efq.
Mr. Forfyth.
Mr. Schnebbelie.
Mr. James Roberts, Portrait
Painter to the Duke of
Clarence.
Mr. Lamb, of Reading, by
Dr. Schomberg.
4
Pointer’s £< Britannia Romana.”
Pifturefque Views of Churches and other
Buildings, N° i.
Print of the Font in Debden Church, Eflex.
Defcription of fome remarkable Oaks in
Welbeck Park, Nottinghamlhire, 1791,
4to.
Three Drawings of Hampton Court, Here-
fordlhire.
Views and Antiquities in Gloucefterftiire,
Nos. i, 2, 3, 4.
Illuftrations of Britifh Bidory, Biography,
and Manners, in the Reigns of Henry
VIII. Edward VI. Mary, Elizabeth, and
James I. exhibited in a Series of Letters
felefted from the MSS of the noble Fa¬
milies of Howard, Talbot, and Cecil.
4to, 3 vols.
Explication d’une des Peintures decouvertes a
Portici.
Examen critique des diflerentes Explications
qui ont ete donnees des Mots fub afeid
dedicavit , qui fe lifent dans un grand Nom-
bre cl’Infcriptions funeraires.
Monadic Remains and ancient Caflles in
England and Wales, from his own Draw¬
ings, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Qbfervations on the Difeafes, Defers, and
Injuries, in all kinds of Fruit and Foreft
Trees.
Antiquaries’ Mufeum, N° 2.
Print of St. Fridefwide’s Shrine in the Ca¬
thedral of Chrift Church, Oxford.
Two wooden Images found at Reading,
Berklhire.
Major
PRESENTS TO THE SOCIETY.
4Q9
Major Gen. Ainilie, by the
Preiident, the Earl of
Leicefter.
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Bart.
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Dr. Ferris.
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Royal Society.
Robert Riddel, Efq.
Monf. Aubin-Louis-Millin.
George Anderfon, Efq.
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Lettere e dilfertazioni numifmatiche fopra
alcune medaglie rare della collezione
Ainlleiana. Livorno, 1789. Being a
DilTertation on the Colledicn or Coins
made by his Brother Sir Robert Atnilie,
the Englilh Ambaffador at the Port, 4
vols. 4to.
Colled ions towards a Defcription of the
County of Devon, by Sir William Pole,
of Colcombe and Shute, Kt. 4 to.
The Ninth Volume of the Tranladions of
that Society.
A brafs Shield dug out of a mofs at Lugg-
tonrigge, near Giffin caftle, Airfhire.
Plates V. and XI. of the Series of the Ada
Hiftorica Reginarum Anglise.
The Philofophical Tranfadions of that So¬
ciety for the '-ear 1791.
Two Drawings of Antiquities found in
Scotland.
Engraving of the ancient Palace of Rouen in
Normandie, 4to ; being a Plate in the
Antiquitez National es, tom. II.
Mineralogie Homerique, ou Effai fur les
Metaux dont il eft fait mention dans les
Poemes d’ Homere. Par. 1790, 8vo.
DilTertation fur le Thos, par M. Millin Le
Grandmaifon, de l’Academie d’Orleans,
4to.
A Drawing of his Seat at Newcaftle upon
Tyne.
The Antiquaries’ Mufeum, by the late Mr*
Jacob Schnebbelie, N° 3. •
S s s 2
Directions
C Pl )
Directions to the Bookbinder*
Page
Plate
I. Remains of the Longueville manfion houfe at
Billing Parva 67
II. Sepulchral chefts in a Druid temple 111 Englewood
fore ft
III. Perfpe&ive view of the fame
IV. Antiquities found in a barrow at Afpatna
V. The Lewis
VI. S. E. view of Quenington church
VII. South door of ditto
VIII. North door of ditto
IX. Urns found in Gloucefterfliire
S’ Roman antiquities found in Gloucefterfliire
X1II.J
j. Roman antiquities found in Cumberland
XVI. Pavement in a chapel at Ely
Saxon arch at Dinton church
Glafs vafe, &c. found at Dinton
Font in the parifh church of Burnham Deepdale,
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
Norfolk
XX. Font in Eaft Meon church, Hampftiire
XXI-II. Two fides of the font in Eaft Meon church
XX III. Font in Sharborn church, Norfolk
£XIV. Fonts
XXV. Fonts
106
10S
1 1 2
1 26
lz8
ib.
1:9
132
<33
133
134
135
140
167
1 69
l77
>83
ib.
186
' ib.
188
XXVL
1
[ 502 }
Plate
XXVI.
Fonts
XXVII.
Font in Finchatn church, Norfolk
xxvm.
Font in Melton church, Suffolk
XXIX.
Font in Granthai. church, Lincolnfhire
XXX. 1
XXXI. >
Antiquities at Bath.
XXXII.J
XXXIII. Roman fepulchral antiquities at Lincoln
XXXIV. 1 A .
XXXV J Antiquities in Nottinghamfhire
XXXVI. Alnmouth crofs
XXXVII. Eridge mortar
XXXVIII. B rafs pot
XXXIX. Dye, and fteps at Mildenhall
XL. Mifcellaneous antiquities
/
Page
189
190
192
ib.
327
] 329
1 33l
345
/3/S
I381
472
ib.
ib.
4 76
478
'
*♦