Jews fled Jerusalem after the First Jewish Revolt settled in the south and created oil lamps showing the menorah, as one expression of their yearning to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple. The menorahs on these lamps all had more branches (such as this one) than the seven-branched Temple menorah because of the Talmudic prohibition against depicting the Temple menorah.
Parchment Shiviti Plaque, late 19th Century. Library of Congress, Washington. The use of Shiviti plaques indicates one’s awareness of the Lord’s presence. Hung in synagogues and in the home, the plaques derive their name from the Hebrew phrase “I am always mindful of God’s presence” Tehillim 16:8. This one was made by Shneur Zalman Mendelowitz from Hebron.
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