Rastvorni nosač
Rastvorni nosači (SLC) su grupa membranskih transportnih proteina koja uključuje preko 400 članova, organiziranih u 66 porodica.[1][2] Većina članova SLC grupe nalazi se u ćelijskoj membrani. Sistem genske nomenklature SLC izvorno je predložio HUGO-ov Odbor za gensku nomenklaturu (HGNC) i osnova je za službena HGNC imena gena koji kodiraju ove transportere. Općenitija klasifikacija transmembranskih transportera može se naći u TCDB bazi podataka.
Otopljene tvari koje transportiraju različiti članovi SLC grupe izuzetno su raznolike i uključuju napunjene i nenabijene organske molekule, kao i anorganske ione i transporter plina amonijaka.
Kao što je uobučajeno za integralni membranski protein, SLC sadrže niz hidrofobnih [transmembranskih alfa-heliksa međusobno povezanih hidrofilnim unutar- i vanćelijskim petljama. Ovisno o SLC, ovi transporteri su funkcionalni ili kao monomeri ili kao obvezni homo- ili heterooligomeri. Mnoge porodice SLC-a članovi su glavne natporodice olakšivača.
Opseg
[uredi | uredi izvor]Prema odgovarajućoj konvenciji sistema nomenklature, članovi unutar pojedine porodice SLC imaju međusobno više od 20-25% identitičnih sekvenci. Suprotno tome, homologija između porodica SLC je vrlo niska ili nikakva.[3] Dakle, kriterij za uključivanje porodice u SLC grupu nije evolucijska povezanost s drugim porodicama SLC, već je funkcionalni (tj. Integralni membranski protein koji prenosi rastvorenu supstancu).
SLC grupa uključuje primjere transportnih proteina, kao štp su:
- Olakšani transporteri (omogućavaju otopljenim supstancama da teku nizvodno sa svojim elektrohemijskim gradijentima)
- sekundarni aktivni transporteri (dopuštaju rastvorima da teku uzvodno prema njihovom elektrokemijskom gradijentu, spajanjem za transport druge otopljene supstance koje teku nizvodno svojim gradijentom tako da je ukupna promjena slobodne energije i dalje povoljna)
Serija SLC ne uključuje članove porodica transportnih proteina koji su prethodno klasificirani u drugim široko prihvaćenim sistemima nomenklature, uključujući:
- primarni aktivni transporteri (omogućavaju protok uzbrdo prema elektrohemijskim gradijentima) kao što su ABC (ATP-vezna kaseta) transporteri spajanjem transporta do oslobađanja energije kao što je kao hidroliza ATP;
- ionski kanali
- akvaporini (vodeni kanali)
Subćelijska distribucija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Većina članova grupe SLC nalazi se u ćelijskoj membrani, ali neki nalaze se u mitohondrijama (najznačajnija je porodica SLC 25) ili u drugim unutarćelijskim organelama.
Sistem nomenklature
[uredi | uredi izvor]Imena pojedinačnih članova SLC-a imaju sljedeći format:
- SLCnXm
gdje je:
- SLC korijen od (SoLute Carrier);
- n = cijeli broj koji predstavlja porodicu (npr., 1-52);
- X = jedno slovo (A, B, C, ...) koje označava podporodicu;
- m = cijeli broj koji predstavlja pojedinačnog člana porodice (izoforma).
Naprimjer, SLC1A1 je prva izoforma potporodice A SLC-porodice 1.
Izuzetak je kod porodice SLC 21 (transporteri organskih aniona koji transportuju polipeptide), koji iz povijesnih razloga imaju imena u formatu SLCOnXm gdje je n = broj porodice, X = slovo potporodice i m = broj člana.
Iako HGNC samo dodjeljuje nomenklaturu ljudskim genima, ortolozi kičmenjaka tih gena usvajaju istu nomenklaturu (npr. ortolozi dodijeljeni VGNC-assigned orthologs of SLC10A1). Za glodare se simboli razlikuju od ostalih kičmenjaka, upotrebom naslova, tj. Slc1a1 koji označava glodarskog orthologa ljudskog gena SLC1A1.
Porodice
[uredi | uredi izvor]U SLC imenovane su sljedeće porodice:[4]
- Glutamat sa visokim afinitetom i neutralni aminokiselinski transporteri;[5]
- olakšavajući GLUT transporter[6]
- teške podjedinice heterodimernih transportera aminokiselina[7]
- bikarbonatni transporter[8]
- kotransporter natrij-glukoze[9]
- natrij- i hlorid-zavisni natrij: neurotransmiterski simporteri[10]
- kationski aminokiselinski transporter/povezan sa glikoproteinom[11]
- izmjenjivači Na+/Ca2+[12]
- izmjenjivač Na+/H+[13]
- kotransporter natrijeve žučne soli[14]
- protonski spregnuti metalni ionski transporter[15]
- kotransporter elektroneutralnog kationa-Cl[16]
- Kotransporter Na+-sulfat/karboksilata[17]
- urea transporter[18]
- protonski oligopeptidni kotransporter[19]
- monokarboksilatni transporter[20]
- vezikulski glutamatni transporter[21]
- vezikulski aminski transporter[22]
- folate/thiamine transporter[23]
- kotransporter tipa III Na+-fosfata[24]
- organsko anionsko transportiranje[25]
- organski kation / anion /blizni transporter[26]
- transporter Na+-zavisne askorbinske kiseline[27]
- izmjenjivač Na+/(Ca2+-K+)[28]
- mitohondrijski nosač[29]
- (SLC25A1, SLC25A2, SLC25A3, SLC25A4, SLC25A5, SLC25A6, UCP1(SLC25A7), UCP2(SLC25A8), UCP3(SLC25A9), SLC25A10, SLC25A11, SLC25A12, SLC25A13, SLC25A14, SLC25A15, SLC25A16, SLC25A17, SLC25A18, SLC25A19, SLC25A20, SLC25A21, SLC25A22, SLC25A23, SLC25A24, SLC25A25, SLC25A26, SLC25A27, SLC25A28, SLC25A29, SLC25A30, SLC25A31, SLC25A32, SLC25A33, SLC25A34, SLC25A35, SLC25A36, SLC25A37, SLC25A38, SLC25A39, SLC25A40, SLC25A41, SLC25A42, SLC25A43, SLC25A44, SLC25A45, SLC25A46), SLC25A47, SLC25A48, MTCH1(SLC25A49), MTCH2(SLC25A50), SLC25A51, SLC25A52, SLC25A53
- višenamjenski izmjenjivač aniona[30]
- proteini transporta masnih kiselina[31]
- Na+-spregnuti nukleozidni transport[32]
- olakšavajući nukleozidni transporter[33]
- transporter cinka[34]
- transporter bakra[35]
- vezikulski inhibitorni transporter aminokiseline[36]
- (SLC32A1)
- transporter Acetil-CoA[37]
- (SLC33A1)
- kotransportere tipa II Na+-fosfata[38]
- nukleotidno-šečerni transporter[39]
- potporodica A (SLC35A1, SLC35A2, SLC35A3, SLC35A4, SLC35A5)
- potporodica B (SLC35B1, SLC35B2, SLC35B3, SLC35B4)
- potporodica C (SLC35C1, SLC35C2)
- potporodica D (SLC35D1, SLC35D2, SLC35D3)
- potporodica E (SLC35E1, SLC35E2A, SLC35E2B, SLC35E3, SLC35E4)
- potporodica F (SLC35F1, SLC35F2, SLC35F3, SLC35F4, SLC35F5)
- potporodica G (SLC35G1, SLC35G3, SLC35G4, SLC35G5, SLC35G6)
- transporter proton-spregnute aminokiseline[40]
- izmjenjivač šećer-fosfat/fosfat[41]
- transporterski sistem A & N, natrij-spregnute aminokiseline[42]
- transporter metalnih iona[43]
- transporter bazolateralnog gvožđa[44]
- (SLC40A1)
- MgtE-liiki transporter magnezija
- transporter smonijaka[45][46]
- Na+-nezavisni, sistem-L sličan transporteru aminokiseline
- holinoliki transporter
- pretpostavljeni šećerni transporter
- Folatni transporter
- multidrug and toxin extrusion
- porodica hemskog transportera
- (SLC48A1)
- Hemski transporter
- (FLVCR1(SLC49A1), FLVCR2(SLC49A2), SLC49A3, SLC49A4)
- transporteri izlaza šećera porodice SWEET
- (SLC50A1)
- Transporteri steroid-izvedenih molekula
- (SLC51A, SLC51B)
- Riboflavinska transporterska porodica RFVT/SLC52
- (SLC52A1, SLC52A2, SLC52A3)
- fosfatni nosači
- Mitohondrijski piruvatni nosači
- (MPC1(SLC54A1), MPC2(SLC54A2), MPC1L(SLC54A3))
- Mitochondrijski kation/proton izmjenjivači
- (LETM1(SLC54A1), LETM2(SLC54A2), LETMD1(SLC54A3))
- Siderofleksini
- (SFXN1(SLC56A1), SFXN2(SLC56A2), SFXN3(SLC56A3), SFXN4(SLC56A4), SFXN5(SLC56A5))
- porodica NiPA-likih transportera magnezija
- (NIPA1(SLC57A1), NIPA2(SLC57A2), NIPAL1(SLC57A3), NIPAL2(SLC57A4), NIPAL3(SLC57A5), NIPAL4(SLC57A6))
- porodica MagT-likikih transportera magnezija
- porodica simportera natrij-zavisnog lizofosfatidilholina
- (MFSD2A(SLC59A1), MFSD2B(SLC59A2))
- transporteri glucoze
- (MFSD4A(SLC60A1), MFSD4B(SLC60A2))
- porodica molibdatnih transportea
- (MFSD5(SLC61A1))
- Pirofosfatni transporteri
- (ANKH(SLC62A1))
- Sfingozin-fosfatni transporteri
- (SPNS1(SLC63A1), SPNS2(SLC63A2), SPNS3(SLC63A3))
- Golgijevi Ca2+/H+ izmjenjivači
- (TMEM165(SLC64A1))
- NPC-tip holesterolskih transportera
- (NPC1(SLC65A1), NPC1L1(SLC65A2))
- Kationaki aminokiselinski eksporteri
- (SLC66A1, SLC66A2, SLC66A3, CTNS(SLC66A4), MPDU(SLC66A5))
Pretpostavljeni SLC
[uredi | uredi izvor]Pretpostavljeni SLC, koji se nazivaju i atipski SLC, novi su, vjerovatno vjerodostojni sekundarno aktivni ili olakšavajući proteini-transporteri koji dijele porijeklo predaka sa poznatim SLC-ima.[2][47] Ovi SLC-ovi tipa MFS mogu se, međutim, podijeliti na 15 porodica olakšavajućih MFS iransportera (AMTF).[47]
Svi pretpostavljeni SLC su prihvatljivi SLC-transporteri. Neki su samo "netipski" kada je u pitanju njihova nomenklatura; geni imaju SLC oznaku, ali kao zamjensko ime, i zadržali su svoj ranije dodijeljeni simbol gena "ne-SLC" kao odobreni simbol.
Evo nekoliko navedenih pretpostavljenih SLC-a: OCA2, CLN3, TMEM104, SPNS1, SPNS2, SPNS3, SV2A, SV2B, SV2C, SVOP, SVOPL, MFSD1,[48] MFSD2A, MFSD2B, MFSD3,[48] MFSD4A,[49] MFSD4B, MFSD5,[50] MFSD6, MFSD6L, MFSD8, MFSD9,[49] MFSD10, MFSD11,[50] MFSD12, MFSD13A, MFSD14A,[51] MFSD14B,[51] UNC93A[52][53] and UNC93B1.
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- ^ Ceder MM, Lekholm E, Hellsten SV, Perland E, Fredriksson R (2017). "The Neuronal and Peripheral Expressed Membrane-Bound UNC93A Respond to Nutrient Availability in Mice". Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience (jezik: English). 10: 351. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00351. PMC 5671512. PMID 29163028.CS1 održavanje: nepoznati jezik (link)
- ^ Ceder, Mikaela M.; Aggarwal, Tanya; Hosseini, Kimia; Maturi, Varun; Patil, Sourabh; Perland, Emelie; Williams, Michael J.; Fredriksson, Robert (2020). "CG4928 Is Vital for Renal Function in Fruit Flies and Membrane Potential in Cells: A First In-Depth Characterization of the Putative Solute Carrier UNC93A". Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology (jezik: English). 8: 580291. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.580291. ISSN 2296-634X. PMC 7591606. PMID 33163493.CS1 održavanje: nepoznati jezik (link)
SLC Tables. SLCtables
Vanjski linkovi
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Outline of families
- Datasets and Reagents on the Solute Carrier Family
- List of proteins at HGNC website