Generating credible referenced medical research: A comparative study of openAI's GPT-4 and Google's gemini.

Benjamin S. Glicksberg https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4515-8090 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q56344761

Mahmud Omar Saleh Nassar Kareem Hijazi Benjamin S. Glicksberg Girish N. Nadkarni Eyal Klang Generating credible referenced medical research: A comparative study of openAI's GPT-4 and Google's gemini. 109545 2025 185 Comput. Biol. Medicine https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109545 db/journals/cbm/cbm185.html#OmarNHGNK25 streams/journals/cbm

Mahmud Omar Benjamin S. Glicksberg Girish N. Nadkarni Eyal Klang Refining LLMs outputs with iterative consensus ensemble (ICE). 110731 2025 196 Comput. Biol. Medicine https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110731 db/journals/cbm/cbm196.html#OmarGNK25 streams/journals/cbm

Yaara Artsi Vera Sorin Benjamin S. Glicksberg Panagiotis Korfiatis Girish N. Nadkarni Eyal Klang Large language models in real-world clinical workflows: a systematic review of applications and implementation. 2025 7 Frontiers Digit. Health https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1659134 db/journals/fdgth/fdgth7.html#ArtsiSGKNK25 streams/journals/fdgth

Inhye Jin Jonathan A. Tangsrivimol Erfan Darzi Hafeez Ul Hassan Virk Zhen Wang Jan Egger Sean Hacking Benjamin S. Glicksberg Markus Strauss Chayakrit Krittanawong DeepSeek vs. ChatGPT: prospects and challenges. 2025 8 Frontiers Artif. Intell. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1576992 db/journals/frai/frai8.html#JinTDVWEHGSK25 streams/journals/frai

Jonathan A. Tangsrivimol Erfan Darzidehkalani Hafeez Ul Hassan Virk Zhen Wang Jan Egger Michelle Wang Sean Hacking Benjamin S. Glicksberg Markus Strauss Chayakrit Krittanawong Benefits, limits, and risks of ChatGPT in medicine. 2025 8 Frontiers Artif. Intell. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1518049 db/journals/frai/frai8.html#TangsrivimolDVWEWHGSK25 streams/journals/frai

Shelly Soffer Mahmud Omar Moran Gendler Benjamin S. Glicksberg Patricia H. Kovatch Orly Efros Robert Freeman Alexander W. Charney Girish N. Nadkarni Eyal Klang A scalable framework for benchmark embedding models in semantic health-care tasks. 1877-1887 2025 32 J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc. 12 https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf149 db/journals/jamia/jamia32.html#SofferOGGKEFCNK25 streams/journals/jamia

Vera Sorin Panagiotis Korfiatis Jeremy D. Collins Donald Apakama Mahmud Omar Benjamin S. Glicksberg Mei-Ean Yeow Megan Brandeland Girish N. Nadkarni Eyal Klang Socio-Demographic Modifiers Shape Large Language Models' Ethical Decisions. 567-586 2025 December 9 J. Heal. Informatics Res. 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-025-00211-x db/journals/jhir/jhir9.html#SorinKCAOGYBNK25 streams/journals/jhir

Felix Richter 0002 Emma Holmes Florian Richter Katherine Guttmann Son Q. Duong Sandeep Gangadharan Eric E. Schadt Hojjat Salmasian Bruce D. Gelb Benjamin S. Glicksberg Toward governance of artificial intelligence in pediatric healthcare. 2025 8 npj Digit. Medicine 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02000-7 db/journals/npjdm/npjdm8.html#RichterHRGDGSSGG25 streams/journals/npjdm

Wonsuk Oh Pushkala Jayaraman Pranai Tandon Udit S. Chaddha Patricia H. Kovatch Alexander W. Charney Benjamin S. Glicksberg Girish N. Nadkarni A novel method leveraging time series data to improve subphenotyping and application in critically ill patients with COVID-19. 102750 2024 148 Artif. Intell. Medicine https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102750 db/journals/artmed/artmed148.html#OhJTCKCGN24

Benjamin S. Glicksberg Prem Timsina Dhaval Patel Ashwin Sawant Akhil Vaid Ganesh Raut Alexander W. Charney Donald Apakama Brendan G. Carr Robert Freeman Girish N. Nadkarni Eyal Klang Evaluating the accuracy of a state-of-the-art large language model for prediction of admissions from the emergency room. 1921-1928 2024 31 J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc. 9 https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae103 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q128280147 db/journals/jamia/jamia31.html#GlicksbergTPSVRCACFNK24 streams/journals/jamia

Shiavax J. Rao Ameesh Isath Parvathy Krishnan Jonathan A. Tangsrivimol Hafeez Ul Hassan Virk Zhen Wang Benjamin S. Glicksberg Chayakrit Krittanawong ChatGPT: A Conceptual Review of Applications and Utility in the Field of Medicine. 59 2024 December 48 J. Medical Syst. 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-024-02075-x db/journals/jms/jms48.html#RaoIKTVWGK24

Eyal Klang Donald Apakama Ethan E. Abbott Akhil Vaid Joshua Lampert Ankit Sakhuja Robert Freeman Alexander W. Charney David Reich Monica Kraft Girish N. Nadkarni Benjamin S. Glicksberg A strategy for cost-effective large language model use at health system-scale. 2024 7 npj Digit. Medicine 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01315-1 db/journals/npjdm/npjdm7.html#KlangAAVLSFCRKNG24 streams/journals/npjdm

Akhil Vaid Joshua Lampert Juhee Lee Ashwin Sawant Donald Apakama Ankit Sakhuja Ali Soroush Denise Lee Isotta Landi Nicole Bussola Ismail Nabeel Robbie Freeman Patricia H. Kovatch Brendan G. Carr Benjamin S. Glicksberg Edgar Argulian Stamatios Lerakis Monica Kraft Alexander Charney Girish N. Nadkarni Generative Large Language Models are autonomous practitioners of evidence-based medicine. 2024 abs/2401.02851 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.02851 db/journals/corr/corr2401.html#abs-2401-02851

Dhavalkumar Patel Ganesh Raut Satya Narayan Cheetirala Girish N. Nadkarni Robert Freeman Benjamin S. Glicksberg Eyal Klang Prem Timsina Cloud Platforms for Developing Generative AI Solutions: A Scoping Review of Tools and Services. 2024 abs/2412.06044 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2412.06044 db/journals/corr/corr2412.html#abs-2412-06044 streams/journals/corr

Zhe He 0001 Rui Zhang 0028 Gayo Diallo Zhengxing Huang Benjamin S. Glicksberg Editorial: Explainable artificial intelligence for critical healthcare applications. 2023 February 6 Frontiers Artif. Intell. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2023.1282800 db/journals/frai/frai6.html#HeZDHG23

Ryan T. Scott Lauren M. Sanders Erik L. Antonsen Jaden J. A. Hastings Seung-Min Park Graham Mackintosh Robert J. Reynolds Adrienne L. Hoarfrost Aenor Sawyer Casey S. Greene Benjamin S. Glicksberg Corey A. Theriot Daniel C. Berrios Jack Miller Joel Babdor Richard Barker Sergio E. Baranzini Afshin Beheshti Stuart J. Chalk Guillermo M. Delgado-Aparicio Melissa A. Haendel Arif A. Hamid Philip Heller Daniel Jamieson Katelyn J. Jarvis John Kalantari Kia Khezeli Svetlana V. Komarova Matthieu Komorowski Prachi Kothiyal Ashish Mahabal Uri Manor Héctor García Martín Christopher E. Mason Mona Matar George I. Mias Jerry G. Myers Jr. Charlotte A. Nelson Jonathan Oribello Patricia Parsons-Wingerter R. K. Prabhu Amina Ann Qutub Jon Rask Amanda Saravia-Butler Suchi Saria Nitin Kumar Singh 0001 Michael Snyder 0001 Frank Soboczenski Karthik Soman David Van Valen Kasthuri Venkateswaran Liz Warren Liz Worthey Jason H. Yang Marinka Zitnik Sylvain V. Costes Biomonitoring and precision health in deep space supported by artificial intelligence. 196-207 2023 March 5 Nat. Mac. Intell. 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-023-00617-5 db/journals/natmi/natmi5.html#ScottSAHPMRHSGGTBMBBBBCDHHHJJKKKK23

Lauren M. Sanders Ryan T. Scott Jason H. Yang Amina Ann Qutub Héctor García Martín Daniel C. Berrios Jaden J. A. Hastings Jon Rask Graham Mackintosh Adrienne L. Hoarfrost Stuart J. Chalk John Kalantari Kia Khezeli Erik L. Antonsen Joel Babdor Richard Barker Sergio E. Baranzini Afshin Beheshti Guillermo M. Delgado-Aparicio Benjamin S. Glicksberg Casey S. Greene Melissa A. Haendel Arif A. Hamid Philip Heller Daniel Jamieson Katelyn J. Jarvis Svetlana V. Komarova Matthieu Komorowski Prachi Kothiyal Ashish Mahabal Uri Manor Christopher E. Mason Mona Matar George I. Mias Jack Miller Jerry G. Myers Jr. Charlotte A. Nelson Jonathan Oribello Seung-Min Park Patricia Parsons-Wingerter R. K. Prabhu Robert J. Reynolds Amanda Saravia-Butler Suchi Saria Aenor Sawyer Nitin Kumar Singh 0001 Michael Snyder 0001 Frank Soboczenski Karthik Soman Corey A. Theriot David Van Valen Kasthuri Venkateswaran Liz Warren Liz Worthey Marinka Zitnik Sylvain V. Costes Biological research and self-driving labs in deep space supported by artificial intelligence. 208-219 2023 March 5 Nat. Mac. Intell. 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-023-00618-4 db/journals/natmi/natmi5.html#SandersSYQMBHRMHCKKABBBBDGGHHHJJK23

Akhil Vaid Joy Jiang Ashwin Sawant Stamatios Lerakis Edgar Argulian Yuri Ahuja Joshua Lampert Alexander Charney Hayit Greenspan Jagat Narula Benjamin S. Glicksberg Girish N. Nadkarni A foundational vision transformer improves diagnostic performance for electrocardiograms. 2023 6 npj Digit. Medicine https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00840-9 db/journals/npjdm/npjdm6.html#VaidJSLAALCGNGN23

Tingyi Wanyan Mingquan Lin Ying Ding 0001 Benjamin S. Glicksberg Fei Wang 0001 Yifan Peng 0002 Optimizing Embedding Space with Sub-categorical Supervised Pre-training: A Theoretical Approach Towards Improving Sepsis Prediction. 101-110 2023 ICHI https://doi.org/10.1109/ICHI57859.2023.00024 conf/ichi/2023 db/conf/ichi/ichi2023.html#WanyanLDGWP23 Faris F. Gulamali Ashwin Sawant Ira S. Hofer Matthew A. Levin Alexander Charney Karandeep Singh Benjamin S. Glicksberg Girish N. Nadkarni Online Unsupervised Representation Learning of Waveforms in the Intensive Care Unit via a novel cooperative framework: Spatially Resolved Temporal Networks (SpaRTEn). 230-247 2023 MLHC https://proceedings.mlr.press/v219/gulamali23a.html conf/mlhc/2023 db/conf/mlhc/mlhc2023.html#GulamaliSHLCSGN23

Sonish Sivarajkumar Pratyush Tandale Ankit Bhardwaj 0001 Kipp W. Johnson Anoop Titus Benjamin S. Glicksberg Shameer Khader Kamlesh K. Yadav Lakshminarayanan Subramanian Generation of a Compendium of Transcription Factor Cascades and Identification of Potential Therapeutic Targets using Graph Machine Learning. 2023 abs/2311.17969 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.17969 db/journals/corr/corr2311.html#abs-2311-17969

Faris F. Gulamali Ashwin Sawant Patricia H. Kovatch Benjamin S. Glicksberg Alexander Charney Girish N. Nadkarni Eric K. Oermann Autoencoders for sample size estimation for fully connected neural network classifiers. 2022 5 npj Digit. Medicine https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00728-0 db/journals/npjdm/npjdm5.html#GulamaliSKGCNO22

Teja Ganta Nicholas Genes Benjamin S. Glicksberg Rosamond Rhodes Robbie Freeman Bruce Darrow Defining an Ethical Relationship with Artificial Intelligence at a Large Academic Health System. 2022 AMIA https://knowledge.amia.org/76677-amia-1.4637602/f008-1.4640715/f008-1.4640716/83-1.4641476/634-1.4641473 conf/amia/2022 db/conf/amia/amia2022.html#GantaGGRFD22 Tingyi Wanyan Mingquan Lin Eyal Klang Kartikeya M. Menon Faris F. Gulamali Ariful Azad Yiye Zhang Ying Ding 0001 Zhangyang Wang Fei Wang 0001 Benjamin S. Glicksberg Yifan Peng 0002 Supervised pretraining through contrastive categorical positive samplings to improve COVID-19 mortality prediction. 9:1-9:9 2022 BCB https://doi.org/10.1145/3535508.3545541 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q130965772 conf/bcb/2022 db/conf/bcb/bcb2022.html#WanyanLKMGAZ0W022 Junghwan Lee Tingyi Wanyan Qingyu Chen 0001 Tiarnan D. L. Keenan Benjamin S. Glicksberg Emily Y. Chew Zhiyong Lu Fei Wang 0001 Yifan Peng 0002 Predicting Age-related Macular Degeneration Progression with Longitudinal Fundus Images Using Deep Learning. 11-20 2022 MLMI@MICCAI https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21014-3_2 conf/miccai/2022mlmi db/conf/miccai/mlmi2022.html#LeeWCKGCLWP22 Bar H. Ezra Shreyas Havaldar Benjamin S. Glicksberg Nadav Rappoport Multi-Dimensional Laboratory Test Score as a Proxy for Health. 219-223 2022 MIE https://doi.org/10.3233/SHTI220441 conf/mie/2022 db/conf/mie/mie2022.html#EzraHGR22 Yan Han 0001 Chongyan Chen Ahmed H. Tewfik Benjamin S. Glicksberg Ying Ding 0001 Yifan Peng 0002 Zhangyang Wang Knowledge-Augmented Contrastive Learning for Abnormality Classification and Localization in Chest X-rays with Radiomics using a Feedback Loop. 1789-1798 2022 WACV https://doi.org/10.1109/WACV51458.2022.00185 conf/wacv/2022 db/conf/wacv/wacv2022.html#HanCTG0PW22

Akhil Vaid Joy Jiang Ashwin Sawant Stamatios Lerakis Edgar Argulian Yuri Ahuja Joshua Lampert Alexander Charney Hayit Greenspan Benjamin S. Glicksberg Jagat Narula Girish N. Nadkarni HeartBEiT: Vision Transformer for Electrocardiogram Data Improves Diagnostic Performance at Low Sample Sizes. 2022 abs/2212.14040 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2212.14040 db/journals/corr/corr2212.html#abs-2212-14040

Eyal Klang Matthew A. Levin Shelly Soffer Alexis Zebrowski Benjamin S. Glicksberg Brendan G. Carr Jolion Mcgreevy David L. Reich Robert Freeman A Simple Free-Text-like Method for Extracting Semi-Structured Data from Electronic Health Records: Exemplified in Prediction of In-Hospital Mortality. 40 2021 5 Big Data Cogn. Comput. 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc5030040 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q114580898 db/journals/bdcc/bdcc5.html#KlangLSZGCMRF21

Tingyi Wanyan Hossein Honarvar Ariful Azad Ying Ding 0001 Benjamin S. Glicksberg Deep Learning with Heterogeneous Graph Embeddings for Mortality Prediction from Electronic Health Records. 329-339 2021 3 Data Intell. 3 https://doi.org/10.1162/dint_a_00097 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q131766344 db/journals/dint/dint3.html#WanyanHADG21

Ramya Dhatri Vunikili Benjamin S. Glicksberg Kipp W. Johnson Joel T. Dudley Lakshminarayanan Subramanian Khader Shameer Predictive Modelling of Susceptibility to Substance Abuse, Mortality and Drug-Drug Interactions in Opioid Patients. 742723 2021 4 Frontiers Artif. Intell. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2021.742723 db/journals/frai/frai4.html#VunikiliGJDSS21

Braja Gopal Patra Mohit Manoj Sharma Veer Vekaria Prakash Adekkanattu Olga V. Patterson Benjamin S. Glicksberg Lauren A. Lepow Euijung Ryu Joanna M. Biernacka Al'ona Furmanchuk Thomas J. George William R. Hogan Yonghui Wu 0001 Xi Yang 0015 Jiang Bian 0001 Myrna Weissman Priya Wickramaratne J. John Mann Mark Olfson Thomas R. Campion Jr. Mark G. Weiner Jyotishman Pathak Extracting social determinants of health from electronic health records using natural language processing: a systematic review. 2716-2727 2021 28 J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc. 12 https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab170 db/journals/jamia/jamia28.html#PatraSVAPGLRBFG21

Jie Xu 0012 Benjamin S. Glicksberg Chang Su 0002 Peter B. Walker Jiang Bian 0001 Fei Wang 0001 Federated Learning for Healthcare Informatics. 1-19 2021 5 J. Heal. Informatics Res. 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41666-020-00082-4 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q102144304 db/journals/jhir/jhir5.html#XuGSWBW21

Jessica K. De Freitas Kipp W. Johnson Eddye Golden Girish N. Nadkarni Joel T. Dudley Erwin P. Bottinger Benjamin S. Glicksberg Riccardo Miotto Phe2vec: Automated disease phenotyping based on unsupervised embeddings from electronic health records. 100337 2021 2 Patterns 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2021.100337 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q125001761 db/journals/patterns/patterns2.html#FreitasJGNDBGM21

Tingyi Wanyan Hossein Honarvar Suraj K. Jaladanki Chengxi Zang Nidhi Naik Sulaiman Somani Jessica K. De Freitas Ishan Paranjpe Akhil Vaid Jing Zhang Riccardo Miotto Zhangyang Wang Girish N. Nadkarni Marinka Zitnik Ariful Azad Fei Wang 0001 Ying Ding 0001 Benjamin S. Glicksberg Contrastive learning improves critical event prediction in COVID-19 patients. 100389 2021 2 Patterns 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2021.100389 db/journals/patterns/patterns2.html#WanyanHJZNSFPVZ21

Tingyi Wanyan Akhil Vaid Jessica K. De Freitas Sulaiman Somani Riccardo Miotto Girish N. Nadkarni Ariful Azad Ying Ding 0001 Benjamin S. Glicksberg Relational Learning Improves Prediction of Mortality in COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit. 38-44 2021 7 IEEE Trans. Big Data 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TBDATA.2020.3048644 db/journals/tbd/tbd7.html#WanyanVFSMNADG21

Lauren A. Lepow Braja Gopal Patra Isotta Landi Prakash Adekkanattu Jyotishman Pathak Mark Olfson J. John Mann Euijung Ryu Joanna M. Biernacka Girish N. Nadkarni Priya Wickramaratne Myrna Weissman Benjamin S. Glicksberg Alexander Charney Extracting Social Isolation Information From Psychiatric Notes in the Electronic Health Records. 2021 AMIA https://knowledge.amia.org/74229-amia-1.4622266/t005-1.4625076/t005-1.4625077/3577179-1.4625603/3577233-1.4625600 conf/amia/2021 db/conf/amia/amia2021.html#LepowPLAPOMRBNW21 Yuan Luo 0001 Fei Wang 0001 Benjamin S. Glicksberg Jessilyn Dunn Nigam Shah Multi-Modal Data Science for Healthcare: State of the Art, Challenges, and Opportunities. 2021 AMIA https://knowledge.amia.org/74229-amia-1.4622266/t002-1.4626813/t002-1.4626814/3575770-1.4626920/3577358-1.4626917 conf/amia/2021 db/conf/amia/amia2021.html#LuoWGDS21

Tingyi Wanyan Hossein Honarvar Suraj K. Jaladanki Chengxi Zang Nidhi Naik Sulaiman Somani Jessica K. De Freitas Ishan Paranjpe Akhil Vaid Riccardo Miotto Girish N. Nadkarni Marinka Zitnik Ariful Azad Fei Wang 0001 Ying Ding 0001 Benjamin S. Glicksberg Contrastive Learning Improves Critical Event Prediction in COVID-19 Patients. 2021 abs/2101.04013 CoRR https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.04013 db/journals/corr/corr2101.html#abs-2101-04013

Tingyi Wanyan Jing Zhang Ying Ding 0001 Ariful Azad Zhangyang Wang Benjamin S. Glicksberg Bootstrapping Your Own Positive Sample: Contrastive Learning With Electronic Health Record Data. 2021 abs/2104.02932 CoRR https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.02932 db/journals/corr/corr2104.html#abs-2104-02932

Yan Han 0001 Chongyan Chen Ahmed H. Tewfik Benjamin S. Glicksberg Ying Ding 0001 Yifan Peng 0002 Zhangyang Wang Cross-Modal Contrastive Learning for Abnormality Classification and Localization in Chest X-rays with Radiomics using a Feedback Loop. 2021 abs/2104.04968 CoRR https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.04968 db/journals/corr/corr2104.html#abs-2104-04968

Ryan T. Scott Erik L. Antonsen Lauren M. Sanders Jaden J. A. Hastings Seung-Min Park Graham Mackintosh Robert J. Reynolds Adrienne L. Hoarfrost Aenor Sawyer Casey S. Greene Benjamin S. Glicksberg Corey A. Theriot Daniel C. Berrios Jack Miller Joel Babdor Richard Barker Sergio E. Baranzini Afshin Beheshti Stuart J. Chalk Guillermo M. Delgado-Aparicio Melissa A. Haendel Arif A. Hamid Philip Heller Daniel Jamieson Katelyn J. Jarvis John Kalantari Kia Khezeli Svetlana V. Komarova Matthieu Komorowski Prachi Kothiyal Ashish Mahabal Uri Manor Héctor García Martín Christopher E. Mason Mona Matar George I. Mias Jerry G. Myers Jr. Charlotte A. Nelson Jonathan Oribello Patricia Parsons-Wingerter R. K. Prabhu Amina Ann Qutub Jon Rask Amanda Saravia-Butler Suchi Saria Nitin Kumar Singh 0001 Frank Soboczenski Michael Snyder 0001 Karthik Soman David Van Valen Kasthuri Venkateswaran Liz Warren Liz Worthey Jason H. Yang Marinka Zitnik Sylvain V. Costes Beyond Low Earth Orbit: Biomonitoring, Artificial Intelligence, and Precision Space Health. 2021 abs/2112.12554 CoRR https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.12554 db/journals/corr/corr2112.html#abs-2112-12554

Lauren M. Sanders Jason H. Yang Ryan T. Scott Amina Ann Qutub Héctor García Martín Daniel C. Berrios Jaden J. A. Hastings Jon Rask Graham Mackintosh Adrienne L. Hoarfrost Stuart J. Chalk John Kalantari Kia Khezeli Erik L. Antonsen Joel Babdor Richard Barker Sergio E. Baranzini Afshin Beheshti Guillermo M. Delgado-Aparicio Benjamin S. Glicksberg Casey S. Greene Melissa A. Haendel Arif A. Hamid Philip Heller Daniel Jamieson Katelyn J. Jarvis Svetlana V. Komarova Matthieu Komorowski Prachi Kothiyal Ashish Mahabal Uri Manor Christopher E. Mason Mona Matar George I. Mias Jack Miller Jerry G. Myers Jr. Charlotte A. Nelson Jonathan Oribello Seung-Min Park Patricia Parsons-Wingerter R. K. Prabhu Robert J. Reynolds Amanda Saravia-Butler Suchi Saria Aenor Sawyer Nitin Kumar Singh 0001 Frank Soboczenski Michael Snyder 0001 Karthik Soman Corey A. Theriot David Van Valen Kasthuri Venkateswaran Liz Warren Liz Worthey Marinka Zitnik Sylvain V. Costes Beyond Low Earth Orbit: Biological Research, Artificial Intelligence, and Self-Driving Labs. 2021 abs/2112.12582 CoRR https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.12582 db/journals/corr/corr2112.html#abs-2112-12582

Andrew C. Liu Krishna Patel Ramya Dhatri Vunikili Kipp W. Johnson Fahad Jibrin Abdu Shivani Kamath Belman Benjamin S. Glicksberg Pratyush Tandale Roberto Fontanez Oommen K. Mathew Andrew Kasarskis Priyabrata Mukherjee Lakshminarayanan Subramanian Joel T. Dudley Khader Shameer Sepsis in the era of data-driven medicine: personalizing risks, diagnoses, treatments and prognoses. 1182-1195 2020 21 Briefings Bioinform. 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbz059 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q92691740 db/journals/bib/bib21.html#LiuPVJABGTFMKMS20

Hao-Chih Lee Osamu Ichikawa Benjamin S. Glicksberg Aparna A. Divaraniya Christine E. Becker Pankaj Agarwal Joel T. Dudley Identification of therapeutic targets from genetic association studies using hierarchical component analysis. 6 2020 13 BioData Min. 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-020-00216-9 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q96606348 db/journals/biodatamining/biodatamining13.html#LeeIGDBAD20

Isotta Landi Benjamin S. Glicksberg Hao-Chih Lee Sarah T. Cherng Giulia Landi Matteo Danieletto Joel T. Dudley Cesare Furlanello Riccardo Miotto Deep representation learning of electronic health records to unlock patient stratification at scale. 2020 3 npj Digit. Medicine https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0301-z https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q97653965 db/journals/npjdm/npjdm3.html#LandiGLCLDDFM20

Beau Norgeot Kathleen Muenzen Thomas A. Peterson Xuancheng Fan Benjamin S. Glicksberg Gundolf Schenk Eugenia Rutenberg Boris Oskotsky Marina Sirota Jinoos Yazdany Gabriela Schmajuk Dana Ludwig Theodore C. Goldstein Atul J. Butte Protected Health Information filter (Philter): accurately and securely de-identifying free-text clinical notes. 2020 3 npj Digit. Medicine https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0258-y https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q93242683 db/journals/npjdm/npjdm3.html#NorgeotMPFGSROS20

Fayzan F. Chaudhry Matteo Danieletto Eddye Golden Jerome R. Scelza Greg Botwin Mark M. Shervey Jessica K. De Freitas Ishan Paranjpe Girish N. Nadkarni Riccardo Miotto Patricia Glowe Greg Stock Bethany Percha Noah Zimmerman Joel T. Dudley Benjamin S. Glicksberg Sleep in the Natural Environment: A Pilot Study. 1378 2020 20 Sensors 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051378 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q90074579 db/journals/sensors/sensors20.html#ChaudhryDGSBSFP20

Tingyi Wanyan Martin Kang Marcus A. Badgeley Kipp W. Johnson Jessica K. De Freitas Fayzan F. Chaudhry Akhil Vaid Shan Zhao Riccardo Miotto Girish N. Nadkarni Fei Wang 0001 Justin F. Rousseau Ariful Azad Ying Ding 0001 Benjamin S. Glicksberg Heterogeneous Graph Embeddings of Electronic Health Records Improve Critical Care Disease Predictions. 14-25 2020 AIME https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59137-3_2 conf/aime/2020 db/conf/aime/aime2020.html#WanyanKBJFCVZMN20

Isotta Landi Benjamin S. Glicksberg Hao-Chih Lee Sarah T. Cherng Giulia Landi Matteo Danieletto Joel T. Dudley Cesare Furlanello Riccardo Miotto Deep Representation Learning of Electronic Health Records to Unlock Patient Stratification at Scale. 2020 abs/2003.06516 CoRR https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.06516 db/journals/corr/corr2003.html#abs-2003-06516

Tingyi Wanyan Hossein Honarvar Ariful Azad Ying Ding 0001 Benjamin S. Glicksberg Deep Learning with Heterogeneous Graph Embeddings for Mortality Prediction from Electronic Health Records. 2020 abs/2012.14065 CoRR https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.14065 db/journals/corr/corr2012.html#abs-2012-14065

Zicheng Hu Benjamin S. Glicksberg Atul J. Butte Robust prediction of clinical outcomes using cytometry data. 1197-1203 2019 35 Bioinform. 7 https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty768 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q62751537 db/journals/bioinformatics/bioinformatics35.html#HuGB19

Marcus A. Badgeley Manway Liu Benjamin S. Glicksberg Mark M. Shervey John R. Zech Khader Shameer Joseph Lehar Eric K. Oermann Michael V. McConnell Thomas M. Snyder Joel T. Dudley CANDI: an R package and Shiny app for annotating radiographs and evaluating computer-aided diagnosis. 1610-1612 2019 35 Bioinform. 9 https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty855 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q57282725 db/journals/bioinformatics/bioinformatics35.html#BadgeleyLGSZSLO19

Benjamin S. Glicksberg Boris Oskotsky Phyllis M. Thangaraj Nicholas Giangreco Marcus A. Badgeley Kipp W. Johnson Debajyoti Datta Vivek A. Rudrapatna Nadav Rappoport Mark M. Shervey Riccardo Miotto Theodore C. Goldstein Eugenia Rutenberg Remi Frazier Nelson Lee Sharat Israni Rick Larsen Bethany Percha Li Li 0062 Joel T. Dudley Nicholas P. Tatonetti Atul J. Butte PatientExploreR: an extensible application for dynamic visualization of patient clinical history from electronic health records in the OMOP common data model. 4515-4518 2019 35 Bioinform. 21 https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz409 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q92865390 db/journals/bioinformatics/bioinformatics35.html#GlicksbergOTGBJ19

Marcus A. Badgeley John R. Zech Luke Oakden-Rayner Benjamin S. Glicksberg Manway Liu William Gale Michael V. McConnell Bethany Percha Thomas M. Snyder Joel T. Dudley Deep learning predicts hip fracture using confounding patient and healthcare variables. 2019 2 npj Digit. Medicine https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0105-1 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q91869734 db/journals/npjdm/npjdm2.html#BadgeleyZOGLGMP19

Kipp W. Johnson Jessica K. De Freitas Benjamin S. Glicksberg Jason R. Bobe Joel T. Dudley Evaluation of patient re-identification using laboratory test orders and mitigation via latent space variables. 415-426 2019 PSB http://psb.stanford.edu/psb-online/proceedings/psb19/johnson.pdf conf/psb/2019 db/conf/psb/psb2019.html#JohnsonFGBD19

Khader Shameer Benjamin S. Glicksberg Rachel Hodos Kipp W. Johnson Marcus A. Badgeley Ben Readhead Max S. Tomlinson Timothy O'Connor Riccardo Miotto Brian A. Kidd Rong Chen 0006 Avi Ma'ayan Joel T. Dudley Systematic analyses of drugs and disease indications in RepurposeDB reveal pharmacological, biological and epidemiological factors influencing drug repositioning. 656-678 2018 19 Briefings Bioinform. 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbw136 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q38960040 db/journals/bib/bib19.html#ShameerGHJBRTOM18

Khader Shameer M. Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez Roy Bachar Li Li 0062 Amy Johnson Kipp W. Johnson Benjamin S. Glicksberg Milo R. Smith Ben Readhead Joseph Scarpa Jebakumar Jebakaran Patricia H. Kovatch Sabina Lim Wayne K. Goodman David L. Reich Andrew Kasarskis Nicholas P. Tatonetti Joel T. Dudley Pharmacological risk factors associated with hospital readmission rates in a psychiatric cohort identified using prescriptome data mining. 79:1-79:11 2018 18 BMC Medical Informatics Decis. Mak. S-3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-018-0653-3 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q58739330 db/journals/midm/midm18S.html#ShameerPBLJJGSR18

Venet Osmani Li Li 0062 Matteo Danieletto Benjamin S. Glicksberg Joel Dudley Oscar Mayora Automatic processing of Electronic Medical Records using Deep Learning. 251-257 2018 PervasiveHealth https://doi.org/10.1145/3240925.3240961 conf/ph/2018 db/conf/ph/ph2018.html#OsmaniLDGDM18 Milo R. Smith Benjamin S. Glicksberg Li Li 0062 Rong Chen 0006 Hirofumi Morishita Joel T. Dudley Loss-of-function of neuroplasticity-related genes confers risk for human neurodevelopmental disorders. 68-79 2018 PSB http://psb.stanford.edu/psb-online/proceedings/psb18/smith.pdf conf/psb/2018 db/conf/psb/psb2018.html#SmithGLCMD18 Benjamin S. Glicksberg Riccardo Miotto Kipp W. Johnson Khader Shameer Li Li 0062 Rong Chen 0006 Joel T. Dudley Automated disease cohort selection using word embeddings from Electronic Health Records. 145-156 2018 PSB http://psb.stanford.edu/psb-online/proceedings/psb18/glicksberg.pdf conf/psb/2018 db/conf/psb/psb2018.html#GlicksbergMJSLC18 Kipp W. Johnson Benjamin S. Glicksberg Rachel Hodos Khader Shameer Joel T. Dudley Causal inference on electronic health records to assess blood pressure treatment targets: An application of the parametric g formula. 180-191 2018 PSB http://psb.stanford.edu/psb-online/proceedings/psb18/johnson.pdf conf/psb/2018 db/conf/psb/psb2018.html#JohnsonGHSD18

Venet Osmani Li Li 0062 Matteo Danieletto Benjamin S. Glicksberg Joel Dudley Oscar Mayora Processing of Electronic Health Records using Deep Learning: A review. 2018 abs/1804.01758 CoRR http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.01758 db/journals/corr/corr1804.html#abs-1804-01758

Marcus A. Badgeley John R. Zech Luke Oakden-Rayner Benjamin S. Glicksberg Manway Liu William Gale Michael V. McConnell Beth Percha Thomas M. Snyder Joel T. Dudley Deep Learning Predicts Hip Fracture using Confounding Patient and Healthcare Variables. 2018 abs/1811.03695 CoRR http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.03695 db/journals/corr/corr1811.html#abs-1811-03695

Beau Norgeot Dmytro Lituiev Benjamin S. Glicksberg Atul J. Butte Time Aggregation and Model Interpretation for Deep Multivariate Longitudinal Patient Outcome Forecasting Systems in Chronic Ambulatory Care. 2018 abs/1811.12589 CoRR http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.12589 db/journals/corr/corr1811.html#abs-1811-12589

Khader Shameer Marcus A. Badgeley Riccardo Miotto Benjamin S. Glicksberg Joseph W. Morgan Joel T. Dudley Translational bioinformatics in the era of real-time biomedical, health care and wellness data streams. 105-124 2017 18 Briefings Bioinform. 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbv118 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q28583313 db/journals/bib/bib18.html#ShameerBMGMD17

Zichen Wang 0002 Li Li 0062 Benjamin S. Glicksberg Ariel Israel Joel T. Dudley Avi Ma'ayan Predicting age by mining electronic medical records with deep learning characterizes differences between chronological and physiological age. 59-68 2017 76 J. Biomed. Informatics https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2017.11.003 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q45944079 db/journals/jbi/jbi76.html#WangLGIDM17

Meng Ma Changchang Wang Benjamin S. Glicksberg Eric E. Schadt Shuyu Dan Li Rong Chen 0006 Identify Cancer Driver Genes Through Shared Mendelian Disease Pathogenic Variants and Cancer Somatic Mutations. 473-484 2017 PSB http://psb.stanford.edu/psb-online/proceedings/psb17/ma.pdf conf/psb/2017 db/conf/psb/psb2017.html#MaWGSLC17

Benjamin S. Glicksberg Li Li 0062 Marcus A. Badgeley Khader Shameer Roman Kosoy Noam D. Beckmann Nam Pho Jörg Hakenberg Meng Ma Kristin L. Ayers Gabriel E. Hoffman Shuyu Dan Li Eric E. Schadt Chirag J. Patel Rong Chen 0006 Joel T. Dudley Comparative analyses of population-scale phenomic data in electronic medical records reveal race-specific disease networks. 101-110 2016 32 Bioinform. 12 https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btw282 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q36053748 db/journals/bioinformatics/bioinformatics32.html#GlicksbergLBSKB16

Benjamin S. Glicksberg Li Li 0062 Wei-Yi Cheng Khader Shameer Jörg Hakenberg Rafael Castellanos Meng Ma Lisong Shi Hardik Shah Joel T. Dudley Rong Chen 0006 An Integrative Pipeline for Multi-Modal Discovery of Disease Relationships. 407-418 2015 Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing http://psb.stanford.edu/psb-online/proceedings/psb15/glicksberg.pdf conf/psb/2015 db/conf/psb/psb2015.html#GlicksbergLCSHC15 Ethan E. Abbott Fahad Jibrin Abdu Prakash Adekkanattu Pankaj Agarwal Yuri Ahuja Erik L. Antonsen Donald Apakama Edgar Argulian Yaara Artsi Kristin L. Ayers Ariful Azad Joel Babdor Roy Bachar Marcus A. Badgeley Sergio BaranziniSergio E. Baranzini Richard Barker Christine E. Becker Noam D. Beckmann Afshin Beheshti Shivani Kamath Belman Daniel C. Berrios Ankit Bhardwaj 0001 Jiang Bian 0001 Joanna M. Biernacka Jason R. Bobe Erwin P. Bottinger Greg Botwin Megan Brandeland Nicole Bussola Atul J. Butte Thomas R. Campion Jr. Brendan G. Carr Rafael Castellanos Udit S. Chaddha Stuart J. Chalk Alexander CharneyAlexander W. Charney Fayzan F. Chaudhry Satya Narayan Cheetirala Chongyan Chen Qingyu Chen 0001 Rong Chen 0006 Wei-Yi Cheng Sarah T. Cherng Emily Y. Chew Jeremy D. Collins Sylvain V. Costes Matteo Danieletto Bruce Darrow Erfan Darzi Erfan Darzidehkalani Debajyoti Datta Guillermo M. Delgado-Aparicio Gayo Diallo Ying Ding 0001 Aparna A. Divaraniya Joel DudleyJoel T. Dudley Jessilyn Dunn Son Q. Duong Orly Efros Jan Egger Bar H. Ezra Xuancheng Fan Roberto Fontanez Remi Frazier Robbie Freeman Robert Freeman Jessica K. De Freitas Cesare Furlanello Al'ona Furmanchuk William Gale Sandeep Gangadharan Teja Ganta Bruce D. Gelb Moran Gendler Nicholas Genes Thomas J. George Nicholas Giangreco Patricia Glowe Eddye Golden Theodore C. Goldstein Wayne K. Goodman Casey S. Greene Hayit Greenspan Faris F. Gulamali Katherine Guttmann Sean Hacking Melissa A. Haendel Jörg Hakenberg Arif A. Hamid Yan Han 0001 Jaden J. A. Hastings Shreyas Havaldar Zhe He 0001 Philip Heller Kareem Hijazi Adrienne HoarfrostAdrienne L. Hoarfrost Rachel Hodos Ira S. Hofer Gabriel E. Hoffman William R. Hogan Emma Holmes Hossein Honarvar Zicheng Hu Zhengxing Huang Osamu Ichikawa Ameesh Isath Ariel Israel Sharat Israni Suraj K. Jaladanki Daniel Jamieson Katelyn J. Jarvis Pushkala Jayaraman Jebakumar Jebakaran Joy Jiang Inhye Jin Amy Johnson Kipp W. Johnson John Kalantari Martin Kang Andrew Kasarskis Tiarnan D. KeenanTiarnan D. L. Keenan Kia Khezeli Brian A. Kidd Eyal Klang Svetlana V. Komarova Matthieu Komorowski Panagiotis Korfiatis Roman Kosoy Prachi Kothiyal Patricia H. Kovatch Monica Kraft Parvathy Krishnan Chayakrit Krittanawong Joshua Lampert Giulia Landi Isotta Landi Rick Larsen Denise Lee Hao-Chih Lee Juhee Lee Junghwan Lee Nelson Lee Joseph Lehar Lauren A. Lepow Stamatios Lerakis Matthew A. Levin Li Li 0062 Shuyu Dan Li Sabina Lim Mingquan Lin Dmytro Lituiev Andrew C. Liu Manway Liu Zhiyong Lu Dana Ludwig Yuan Luo 0001 Meng Ma Avi Ma'ayan Graham Mackintosh Ashish Mahabal J. John Mann Uri Manor Héctor García Martín Christopher E. Mason Mona Matar Oommen K. Mathew Oscar Mayora-IbarraOscar Mayora Michael V. McConnell Jolion Mcgreevy Kartikeya M. Menon George MiasGeorge I. Mias Jack Miller Riccardo Miotto Joseph W. Morgan Hirofumi Morishita Kathleen Muenzen Priyabrata Mukherjee Jerry G. Myers Jr. Ismail Nabeel Girish N. Nadkarni Nidhi Naik Jagat Narula Saleh Nassar Charlotte A. Nelson Beau Norgeot Luke Oakden-Rayner Timothy O'Connor Eric K. Oermann Wonsuk Oh Mark Olfson Mahmud Omar Jonathan Oribello Boris Oskotsky Venet Osmani Ishan Paranjpe Seung-Min Park Patricia Parsons-Wingerter Chirag J. Patel Dhaval Patel Dhavalkumar Patel Krishna Patel Jyotishman Pathak Braja Gopal Patra Olga V. Patterson Yifan Peng 0002 Bethany PerchaBeth Percha M. Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez Thomas A. Peterson Nam Pho R. K. Prabhu Amina Ann Qutub Shiavax J. Rao Nadav Rappoport Jon Rask Ganesh Raut Ben Readhead David Reich David L. Reich Robert J. Reynolds Rosamond Rhodes Felix Richter 0002 Florian Richter Justin F. Rousseau Vivek A. Rudrapatna Eugenia Rutenberg Euijung Ryu Ankit Sakhuja Hojjat Salmasian Lauren M. Sanders Amanda Saravia-Butler Suchi Saria Ashwin Sawant Aenor Sawyer Joseph Scarpa Jerome R. Scelza Eric E. Schadt Gundolf Schenk Gabriela Schmajuk Ryan T. Scott Hardik Shah Nigam H. ShahNigam Shah Khader ShameerShameer Khader Mohit Manoj Sharma Mark M. Shervey Lisong Shi Karandeep Singh Nitin Kumar Singh 0001 Marina Sirota Sonish Sivarajkumar Milo R. Smith Michael Snyder 0001 Thomas M. Snyder Frank Soboczenski Shelly Soffer Karthik Soman Sulaiman Somani Vera Sorin Ali Soroush Greg Stock Markus Strauss Chang Su 0002 Lakshminarayanan Subramanian Pratyush Tandale Pranai Tandon Jonathan A. Tangsrivimol Nicholas P. Tatonetti Ahmed H. Tewfik Phyllis ThangarajPhyllis M. Thangaraj Corey A. Theriot Prem Timsina Anoop Titus Max S. Tomlinson Akhil Vaid David Van Valen Veer Vekaria Kasthuri Venkateswaran Hafeez Ul Hassan Virk Ramya Dhatri Vunikili Peter B. Walker Changchang Wang Fei Wang 0001 Michelle Wang Zhangyang Wang Zhen Wang Zichen Wang 0002 Tingyi Wanyan Liz Warren Mark G. Weiner Myrna Weissman Priya Wickramaratne Liz Worthey Yonghui Wu 0001 Jie Xu 0012 Kamlesh K. Yadav Jason H. Yang Xi Yang 0015 Jinoos Yazdany Mei-Ean Yeow Chengxi Zang Alexis Zebrowski John R. Zech Jing Zhang Rui Zhang 0028 Yiye Zhang Shan Zhao Noah Zimmerman Marinka Zitnik