Markov chain Monte Carlo-driven exploration and refinement for CGAN-based synthetic image generation for rail surface defect segmentation.

Hao Xu 0004 University of Nevada Reno, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NV, USA Texas Tech University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lubbock, TX, USA Hao Xu 0002 https://www.unr.edu/cee/people/xu https://wolfweb.unr.edu/~haox/ https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=sOuUhdoAAAAJ https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-4540 Hao Xu Hao Xu 0001 Lucent Technol. Bell Labs., Holmdel, NJ, USA Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1851-6118 Hao Xu 0002 University of Nevada Reno, Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, NV, USA Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, College of Science and Engineering / Unmanned Systems Research Laboratory, TX, USA NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Center on Intelligent Maintenance Systems Missouri University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rolla, MO, USA Hao Xu 0004 https://www.unr.edu/ebme/people/xu https://sites.google.com/site/haoxuphd/ https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=WjLqtvcAAAAJ https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4130-7925 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hao_Xu33 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q130866499 Hao Xu 0003 University College London, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, UK TU Berlin, Germany Southeast University, National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Nanjing, China https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9847-7904 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37085665706 Hao Xu 0005 University of California at Los Angeles, Electrical Engineering Department, CA, USA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0044-1231 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q88104564 Hao Xu 0006 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, DICE Center, NC, USA Hao Xu 0007 National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5125-8381 Hao Xu 0008 University of York, Department of Computer Science, UK https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6720-7119 Hao Xu 0009 Tsinghua University, Department of Earth System Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Beijing, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4932-3391 Hao Xu 0010 University of Cincinnati, School of Electronics and Computing Systems, OH, USA https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37403569000 Hao Xu 0011 University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA Hao Xu 0012 Jilin University, College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun, China University of Trento, Italy https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=9KW7Z-oAAAAJ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9300-8180 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8474-0767 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37085621322 Hao Xu 0013 Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Blockchain Applications and Services, China Huawei Technologies, Wireless Network Research Department, UK University of Glasgow, James Watt School of Engineering, UK https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7237-7905 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q130805529 Hao Xu 0014 Shanxi University, School of Computer and Information Technology, Taiyuan, China https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8526-2022 Hao Xu 0015 National University of Defense Technology, College of Computer, Changsha, China Hao Xu 0016 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3068-8171 Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China Hao Xu 0017 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7584-8554 Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China Hao Xu 0018 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-5737 Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China Hao Xu 0019 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7966-6254 Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China Hao Xu 0020 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8115 Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China Hao Xu 0021 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0651-6740 Peking University, Beijing, China Hao Xu 0022 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9872-5269 Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China Hao Xu 0023 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6757-5413 LIP6, Paris, France Renault Group, Paris, France Hao Xu 0024 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2424-9738 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q130994247 Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China Hao Xu 0025 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-1675 Tianjin University, Tianjin, China Hao Xu 0026 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3203-3272 University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China Hao Xu 0027 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3762-1850 Tongji University, Shanghai, China Hao Xu 0028 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0069-9571 Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China Hao Xu 0029 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4786-9021 Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Hao Xu 0030 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4333-6036 Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China Hao Xu 0031 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7935-624X Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Hao Xu 0032 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5277-9330 Beihang University, Beijing, China Hao Xu 0033 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8149-4609 Marine Design & Research Institute of China, China Hao Xu 0034 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4011-5745 Qianzhi Technology Inc., Shenzhen, China Hao Xu 0035 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8774-1228 Jilin University, Changchun, China Hao Xu 0036 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7917-2726 Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China Hao Xu 0037 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6675-8744 Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China Hao Xu 0038 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4779-9353 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q130823971 National University of Defense Technology, Laboratory for Big Data and Decision, China Hao Xu 0039 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2546-5528 Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada Hao Xu 0040 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6627-4528 Lishui University, Lishui, China Hao Xu 0041 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5164-8566 Guizhou University, Guiyang, China Hao Xu 0042 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6062-9490 University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Hao Xu 0043 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1429-8763 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Hao Xu 0044 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1658-0068 Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, China Hao Xu 0045 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7078-0652 Anhui University, Hefei, China Hao Xu 0046 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8771-8095 State Grid Gansu Electric Power Research Institute, Lanzhou, China Hao Xu 0047 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-6161 Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China Hao Xu 0048 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4296-9883 LinkedIn, Sunnyvale, CA, USA Hao Xu 0049 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5690-367X Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China Hao Xu 0050 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3758-5282 Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China Hao Xu 0051 McMaster University, Canada https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=4uhsUhEAAAAJ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5685-5225

Shanglian Zhou Igor Lashkov Amanda Nitta Hanyi Yang Cong Chen Changjian Zhang Shuang Sun Yiwei Wang Yifan Xu 0021 Zhixia Li Hao Xu 0004 Yin Yang 0002 Guohui Zhang 0001 Markov chain Monte Carlo-driven exploration and refinement for CGAN-based synthetic image generation for rail surface defect segmentation. 2026 132046 318 Expert Syst. Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132046 db/journals/eswa/eswa318.html#ZhouLNYCZSWXLXYZ26 streams/journals/eswa

Shanglian Zhou Hanyi Yang Igor Lashkov Cong Chen Hao Xu 0004 Guohui Zhang 0001 Yin Yang 0002 Deep learning-based vehicle detection and tracking from roadside LiDAR data through robust affinity fusion. 127338 2025 279 Expert Syst. Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2025.127338 db/journals/eswa/eswa279.html#ZhouYLCXZY25 streams/journals/eswa

Shanglian Zhou Igor Lashkov Hao Xu 0004 Guohui Zhang 0001 Yin Yang 0002 Optimized Long Short-Term Memory Network for LiDAR-Based Vehicle Trajectory Prediction Through Bayesian Optimization. 2988-3003 2025 March 26 IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2024.3520317 db/journals/tits/tits26.html#ZhouLXZY25 streams/journals/tits

Shanglian Zhou Hao Xu 0004 Guohui Zhang 0001 Tianwei Ma Yin Yang 0002 Deep learning-based pedestrian trajectory prediction and risk assessment at signalized intersections using trajectory data captured through roadside LiDAR. 793-805 2024 November 28 J. Intell. Transp. Syst. 6 https://doi.org/10.1080/15472450.2023.2209912 db/journals/jits/jits28.html#ZhouXZMY24 streams/journals/jits

Junxuan Zhao Hao Xu 0004 Zhihui Chen Hongchao Liu Accurate detection of vehicle, pedestrian, cyclist and wheelchair from roadside light detection and ranging sensors. 904-920 2024 November 28 J. Intell. Transp. Syst. 6 https://doi.org/10.1080/15472450.2023.2243816 db/journals/jits/jits28.html#ZhaoXCL24 streams/journals/jits

Shanglian Zhou Hao Xu 0004 Guohui Zhang 0001 Tianwei Ma Yin Yang 0002 DCOR: Dynamic Channel-Wise Outlier Removal to De-Noise LiDAR Data Corrupted by Snow. 7017-7028 2024 July 25 IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 7 https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2023.3347150 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q129830123 db/journals/tits/tits25.html#ZhouXZMY24

Wenxuan Wu Xiang Dong Hui Zhang Ziwen Zhao Biao Yu Hao Xu 0004 Spatiotemporal BEV Pyramid Networks for Future Instance Prediction of Autonomous Driving. 127-132 2024 ICACI https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACI60820.2024.10537010 conf/icaci/2024 db/conf/icaci/icaci2024.html#WuDZZYX24

Junxuan Zhao Hao Xu 0004 Zhihui Chen Hongchao Liu A decoding-based method for fast background filtering of roadside LiDAR data. 102043 2023 August 57 Adv. Eng. Informatics https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2023.102043 db/journals/aei/aei57.html#ZhaoXCL23

Fei Guan Hao Xu 0004 Yuan Tian 0021 Evaluation of Roadside LiDAR-Based and Vision-Based Multi-Model All-Traffic Trajectory Data. 5377 2023 23 Sensors 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125377 db/journals/sensors/sensors23.html#Guan0T23

Zhihui Chen Hao Xu 0004 Junxuan Zhao Hongchao Liu A Novel Background Filtering Method With Automatic Parameter Adjustment for Real-Time Roadside-LiDAR Sensing System. 1-10 2023 72 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2023.3300457 db/journals/tim/tim72.html#ChenXZL23

Jianqing Wu 0001 Hao Xu 0004 Renjuan Sun Peizhi Zhuang Road Boundary-Enhanced Automatic Background Filtering for Roadside Lidar Sensors. 60-72 2022 14 IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag. 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/MITS.2021.3049358 db/journals/itsm/itsm14.html#WuXSZ22

Junxuan Zhao Hao Xu 0004 Yuan Tian 0021 Hongchao Liu Towards application of light detection and ranging sensor to traffic detection: an investigation of its built-in features and installation techniques. 213-234 2022 26 J. Intell. Transp. Syst. 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/15472450.2020.1807346 db/journals/jits/jits26.html#ZhaoXTL22

Shanglian Zhou Hao Xu 0004 Guohui Zhang 0001 Tianwei Ma Yin Yang 0002 Leveraging Deep Convolutional Neural Networks Pre-Trained on Autonomous Driving Data for Vehicle Detection From Roadside LiDAR Data. 22367-22377 2022 23 IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 11 https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2022.3183889 db/journals/tits/tits23.html#ZhouXZMY22

Jianqing Wu 0001 Hao Xu 0004 Jianying Zheng Junxuan Zhao Automatic Vehicle Detection With Roadside LiDAR Data Under Rainy and Snowy Conditions. 197-209 2021 13 IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag. 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/MITS.2019.2926362 db/journals/itsm/itsm13.html#WuXZZ21

Jianqing Wu 0001 Hao Xu 0004 Junxuan Zhao Automatic Lane Identification Using the Roadside LiDAR Sensors. 25-34 2020 12 IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag. 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/MITS.2018.2876559 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q129013735 db/journals/itsm/itsm12.html#WuXZ20

Jianqing Wu 0001 Hao Xu 0004 Yuan Tian 0021 Yongsheng Zhang Junxuan Zhao Bin Lv An automatic lane identification method for the roadside light detection and ranging sensor. 467-479 2020 24 J. Intell. Transp. Syst. 5 https://doi.org/10.1080/15472450.2020.1718500 db/journals/jits/jits24.html#WuXTZZL20

Jianqing Wu 0001 Hao Xu 0004 Yongsheng Zhang Yuan Tian 0021 Xiuguang Song Real-Time Queue Length Detection with Roadside LiDAR Data. 2342 2020 20 Sensors 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082342 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q93186098 db/journals/sensors/sensors20.html#WuXZTS20

Jianqing Wu 0001 Hao Xu 0004 Yuan Tian 0021 Rendong Pi Rui Yue Vehicle Detection under Adverse Weather from Roadside LiDAR Data. 3433 2020 20 Sensors 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123433 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q96605277 db/journals/sensors/sensors20.html#WuXTPY20

Zhenyao Zhang Jianying Zheng Hao Xu 0004 Xiang Wang 0027 Xueliang Fan Rong Chen Automatic Background Construction and Object Detection Based on Roadside LiDAR. 4086-4097 2020 21 IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 10 https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2019.2936498 db/journals/tits/tits21.html#ZhangZXWFC20

Jingrong Chen 0001 Hao Xu 0004 Jianqing Wu 0001 Rui Yue Changwei Yuan Lu Wang Deer Crossing Road Detection With Roadside LiDAR Sensor. 65944-65954 2019 7 IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2916718 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q127856303 db/journals/access/access7.html#ChenXWYYW19

Bin Lv Hao Xu 0004 Jianqing Wu 0001 Yuan Tian 0021 Changwei Yuan Raster-Based Background Filtering for Roadside LiDAR Data. 76779-76788 2019 7 IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2919624 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q127804375 db/journals/access/access7.html#LvXWTY19

Bin Lv Hao Xu 0004 Jianqing Wu 0001 Yuan Tian 0021 Yongsheng Zhang Yichen Zheng Changwei Yuan Sheng Tian LiDAR-Enhanced Connected Infrastructures Sensing and Broadcasting High-Resolution Traffic Information Serving Smart Cities. 79895-79907 2019 7 IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2923421 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q127660940 db/journals/access/access7.html#LvXWTZZYT19

Junxuan Zhao Yinfeng Li Hao Xu 0004 Hongchao Liu Probabilistic Prediction of Pedestrian Crossing Intention Using Roadside LiDAR Data. 93781-93790 2019 7 IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2927889 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q127527518 db/journals/access/access7.html#ZhaoLXL19

Jingrong Chen 0001 Sheng Tian Hao Xu 0004 Rui Yue Yuan Sun Yuepeng Cui Architecture of Vehicle Trajectories Extraction With Roadside LiDAR Serving Connected Vehicles. 100406-100415 2019 7 IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2929795 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q127480228 db/journals/access/access7.html#ChenTXYSC19

Bin Lv Renjuan Sun Hongbo Zhang Hao Xu 0004 Rui Yue Automatic Vehicle-Pedestrian Conflict Identification With Trajectories of Road Users Extracted From Roadside LiDAR Sensors Using a Rule-Based Method. 161594-161606 2019 7 IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2951763 db/journals/access/access7.html#LvSZXY19

Yuepeng Cui Jianqing Wu 0001 Hao Xu 0004 Bin Lv Changwei Yuan Sheng Tian Yuxin Tian An Automatic Trigged Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons (RRFB) System Using the Roadside LiDAR Sensor. 163831-163839 2019 7 IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950713 db/journals/access/access7.html#CuiWXLYTT19

Yongsheng Zhang Xun Sun Hao Xu 0004 Enjian Yao Tracking Multi-Vehicles With Reference Points Switches at the Intersection Using a Roadside LiDAR Sensor. 174072-174082 2019 7 IEEE Access https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2953747 db/journals/access/access7.html#ZhangSXY19

Yuepeng Cui Hao Xu 0004 Jianqing Wu 0001 Yuan Sun Junxuan Zhao Automatic Vehicle Tracking With Roadside LiDAR Data for the Connected-Vehicles System. 44-51 2019 34 IEEE Intell. Syst. 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2019.2918115 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q127827728 db/journals/expert/expert34.html#CuiXWSZ19

Jianying Zheng Bin Xu 0013 Xiang Wang 0027 Xueliang Fan Hao Xu 0004 Guang Sun A portable roadside vehicle detection system based on multi-sensing fusion. 38-47 2019 29 Int. J. Sens. Networks 1 https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSNET.2019.097558 db/journals/ijsnet/ijsnet29.html#ZhengXWFXS19

Rui Yue Hao Xu 0004 Jianqing Wu 0001 Renjuan Sun Changwei Yuan Data Registration with Ground Points for Roadside LiDAR Sensors. 1354 2019 11 Remote. Sens. 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111354 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q127738624 db/journals/remotesensing/remotesensing11.html#YueXWSY19

Junxuan Zhao Hao Xu 0004 Xueting Xia Hongchao Liu Azimuth-Height Background Filtering Method for Roadside LiDAR Data. 2421-2426 2019 ITSC https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2019.8917369 conf/itsc/2019 db/conf/itsc/itsc2019.html#Zhao0XL19 Yuan Tian 0021 Hao Xu 0004 Jianqing Wu 0001 A data mapping method for roadside LiDAR sensors. 4419-4424 2019 ITSC https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2019.8917203 conf/itsc/2019 db/conf/itsc/itsc2019.html#Tian0W19

Qing Wang 0009 Jianying Zheng Hao Xu 0004 Bin Xu 0013 Rong Chen Roadside Magnetic Sensor System for Vehicle Detection in Urban Environments. 1365-1374 2018 19 IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2017.2723908 db/journals/tits/tits19.html#WangZXXC18

Jianqing Wu 0001 Hao Xu 0004 Yichen Zheng Wei Liu Yuan Sun Rui Yue Xiuguang Song Driver Behavior Fault Analysis on Ramp-related Crashes/Near-Crashes Using SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving Study Data. 2134-2139 2018 ITSC https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2018.8569985 conf/itsc/2018 db/conf/itsc/itsc2018.html#WuXZLSYS18 Jianqing Wu 0001 Hao Xu 0004 Jianying Zheng Automatic background filtering and lane identification with roadside LiDAR data. 1-6 2017 ITSC https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2017.8317723 conf/itsc/2017 db/conf/itsc/itsc2017.html#WuXZ17 Xinli Geng Huawei Liang Hao Xu 0004 Biao Yu Maofei Zhu Human-driver speed profile modeling for autonomous vehicle's velocity strategy on curvy paths. 755-760 2016 Intelligent Vehicles Symposium https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2016.7535472 conf/ivs/2016 db/conf/ivs/ivs2016.html#GengLXYZ16

Hao Xu 0004 Hongchao Liu Chin-Woo Tan Yuanlu Bao Development and Application of an Enhanced Kalman Filter and Global Positioning System Error-Correction Approach for Improved Map-Matching. 27-36 2010 14 J. Intell. Transp. Syst. 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/15472450903386013 db/journals/jits/jits14.html#XuLTB10

Hao Xu 0004 Hongchao Liu H. Scott Norville Yuanlu Bao A Virtual Differential Map-Matching Algorithm. 448-453 2007 ITSC https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC.2007.4357789 conf/itsc/2007 db/conf/itsc/itsc2007.html#0004LNB07 Yuanlu Bao Cong Chen Jingrong Chen 0001 Rong Chen Zhihui Chen Yuepeng Cui Xiang Dong Xueliang Fan Xinli Geng Fei Guan Igor Lashkov Yinfeng Li Zhixia Li Huawei Liang Hongchao Liu Wei Liu Bin Lv Tianwei Ma Amanda Nitta H. Scott Norville Rendong Pi Xiuguang Song Guang Sun Renjuan Sun Shuang Sun Xun Sun Yuan Sun Chin-Woo Tan Sheng Tian Yuan Tian 0021 Yuxin Tian Lu Wang Qing Wang 0009 Xiang Wang 0027 Yiwei Wang Jianqing Wu 0001 Wenxuan Wu Xueting Xia Bin Xu 0013 Yifan Xu 0021 Hanyi Yang Yin Yang 0002 Enjian Yao Biao Yu Changwei Yuan Rui Yue Changjian Zhang Guohui Zhang 0001 Hongbo Zhang Hui Zhang Yongsheng Zhang Zhenyao Zhang Junxuan Zhao Ziwen Zhao Jianying Zheng Yichen Zheng Shanglian Zhou Maofei Zhu Peizhi Zhuang