La gran mayoría de los países han tenido que responder jurídicamente a la emergencia de salud pública por coronavirus declarado pandemia mundial en 2020 y a la subsiguiente crisis sanitaria, social y económica, sin precedentes, mediante transformaciones inconfesadas (auténticas mutaciones) de sus ordenamientos constitucionales, fortaleciendo el poder ejecutivo y debilitando correlativamente al parlamento, alterando por vías extraconstitucionales sus sistemas de fuentes del derecho e imponiendo limitaciones particularmente intensas, cuando no verdaderas suspensiones, según se entienda este concepto, de los derechos fundamentales, que posteriormente pueden quedar incorporadas a la normativa constitucional, bien por su pacífica práctica, incontestada en el control de constitucionalidad, o bien mediante una interpretación de los Tribunales Constitucionales, praeter o contra constitutionem, que puede servir de base a la mencionada mutación constitucional. España es uno de los Estados en que el Tribunal constitucional se ha pronunciado con mayor premura sobre esta cuestión, acabando con años de praxis de mutación constitucional respecto del estado de alarma y consagrando la necesidad de utilizar el estado de excepción para suspender derechos fundamentales en los estrictos términos de los artículos 116 en relación con el 55.1 de la Constitución. Todavía pocos Estados han seguido la deseable vía de la reforma constitucional para dar cabida a este tipo de emergencia de salud pública, que, según el parecer de los expertos, no será la última vez que se presente, y podría no tardar en reiterarse. En este artículo se efectúa un recorrido por las diversas soluciones adoptadas en derecho comparado, señalando las mutaciones de la Constitución que se están operando, para acabar deteniéndose, con brevedad, en lo acontecido en España y sugerir un esbozo de reforma constitucional, conveniente, a todas luces, en esta cuestión nuclear a la democracia constitucional.
States have found it necessary to respond urgently to the coronavirus crisis by applying their constitutional and legal frameworks well aware, however, that the solutions offered would not fit entirely within the categories of emergency law in relation to the hierarchy of laws, decrees and other administrative regulations and the consequent guarantee of fundamental rights and freedoms. This has led to unconfessed changes in their constitutions (constitutional mutations) by means of consensual practices that have not yet been subjected to constitutional control or by the interpretation of the constitutional courts that has led precisely to such mutations. The latter has fortunately not been the case in Spain. The Spanish Constitutional Court has established in its recent judgment of 14 July 2021 that the state of alarm does not provide sufficient cover for the limitations of fundamental rights, especially with regard to the confinement imposed on citizens, which has meant a general suspension of the right to freedom of movement rather than just a limitation of the same.
Therefore, the Spanish government should have declared a state of exception, which only requires a simple majority for its approval in Congress. The Spanish Government has justified that the declaration of a state of alarm was the only way to face the crisis due to the compelling need to adopt urgent measures, since the state of exception needs the prior consent of Congress. The best solution to this constitutional challenge, according to this study, is the reform of the Spanish constitution by creating a new state of emergency, an intermediate figure between the state of alarm and the state of exception, which provides the government with a means of urgency, requiring parliamentary ratification after a short period of time, similar to that which existed under the provisions of the 1931 Spanish Constitution. However, this would imply an aggravated constitutional reform whose procedure is particularly complex both legally and politically in Spain. In this respect, very few constitutions in the world have been reformed due to the coronavirus crisis, but the Pennsylvania constitution is an excellent reference for the Spanish constitutional system both in terms of content and procedure.
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