Tindakan Perpindahan

Perpindahan berkas-berkas disusun dari satu atau lebih Operations, obyek-obyek yang secara deklaratif merekam perpindahan apa harus dilakukan ke basisdata anda.

Django also uses these Operation objects to work out what your models looked like historically, and to calculate what changes you've made to your models since the last migration so it can automatically write your migrations; that's why they're declarative, as it means Django can easily load them all into memory and run through them without touching the database to work out what your project should look like.

There are also more specialized Operation objects which are for things like data migrations and for advanced manual database manipulation. You can also write your own Operation classes if you want to encapsulate a custom change you commonly make.

If you need an empty migration file to write your own Operation objects into, use python manage.py makemigrations --empty yourappname, but be aware that manually adding schema-altering operations can confuse the migration autodetector and make resulting runs of makemigrations output incorrect code.

Semua pekerjaan inti Django tersedia dari modul django.db.migrations.operations.

Untuk bahan perkenalan, lihat migrations topic guide.

Skema Pekerjaan

CreateModel

class CreateModel(name, fields, options=None, bases=None, managers=None)

Membuat sebuah model baru dalam riwayat proyek dan tabel berhubungan dalam basisdata untuk dicocokkan.

name adalah anam model, seperti akan ditulis dalam berkas the models.py.

fields is a list of 2-tuples of (field_name, field_instance). The field instance should be an unbound field (so just models.CharField(...), rather than a field taken from another model).

options adalah dictionary pilihan dari nilai dari kelas Meta model.

bases is an optional list of other classes to have this model inherit from; it can contain both class objects as well as strings in the format "appname.ModelName" if you want to depend on another model (so you inherit from the historical version). If it's not supplied, it defaults to inheriting from the standard models.Model.

managers takes a list of 2-tuples of (manager_name, manager_instance). The first manager in the list will be the default manager for this model during migrations.

DeleteModel

class DeleteModel(name)

Deletes the model from the project history and its table from the database.

RenameModel

class RenameModel(old_name, new_name)

Menamai kembali model dari nama lama ke satu yang baru.

You may have to manually add this if you change the model's name and quite a few of its fields at once; to the autodetector, this will look like you deleted a model with the old name and added a new one with a different name, and the migration it creates will lose any data in the old table.

AlterModelTable

class AlterModelTable(name, table)

Changes the model's table name (the db_table option on the Meta subclass).

AlterUniqueTogether

class AlterUniqueTogether(name, unique_together)

Rubah kumpulan model dari batasan unik (pilihan unique_together pada subkelas ``Meta`').

AlterIndexTogether

class AlterIndexTogether(name, index_together)

Changes the model's set of custom indexes (the index_together option on the Meta subclass).

AlterOrderWithRespectTo

class AlterOrderWithRespectTo(name, order_with_respect_to)

Membuat atau menghapus kolom _order untuk pilihan order_with_respect_to pada subkelas Meta.

AlterModelOptions

class AlterModelOptions(name, options)

Menyimpan perubahan bermacam-macam pilihan model (pengaturan pada Meta model) seperti permissions dan verbose_name. Tidak mempengaruhi basisdata, tetapi tetap ada perubahan ini untuk contoh RunPython digunakan. options harus berupa pilihan pemetaan dictionary pada nilai.

AlterModelManagers

class AlterModelManagers(name, managers)

Merubah pengelola yang tersedia selama perpindahan.

AddField

class AddField(model_name, name, field, preserve_default=True)

Tambah sebuah bidang pada model. model_name adalah nama model, name adalah nama bidang, dan field adalah contoh Bidang tidak berbatas (hal anda akan taruh dalam pernyataan bidang dalam models.py - sebagai contoh, models.IntegerField(null=True).

The preserve_default argument indicates whether the field's default value is permanent and should be baked into the project state (True), or if it is temporary and just for this migration (False) - usually because the migration is adding a non-nullable field to a table and needs a default value to put into existing rows. It does not affect the behavior of setting defaults in the database directly - Django never sets database defaults and always applies them in the Django ORM code.

Peringatan

On older databases, adding a field with a default value may cause a full rewrite of the table. This happens even for nullable fields and may have a negative performance impact. To avoid that, the following steps should be taken.

  • Add the nullable field without the default value and run the makemigrations command. This should generate a migration with an AddField operation.
  • Add the default value to your field and run the makemigrations command. This should generate a migration with an AlterField operation.

RemoveField

class RemoveField(model_name, name)

Memindahkan sebuah bidang dari sebuah model.

Bear in mind that when reversed, this is actually adding a field to a model. The operation is reversible (apart from any data loss, which of course is irreversible) if the field is nullable or if it has a default value that can be used to populate the recreated column. If the field is not nullable and does not have a default value, the operation is irreversible.

AlterField

class AlterField(model_name, name, field, preserve_default=True)

Merubah pengertian bidang, termasuk perubahan ke jenisnya, null, unique, db_column dan atribut bidang lain.

Argumen preserve_default menunjukkan apakah nilai awalan bidang adalah tetap dan harus dibakar kedalam keadaan proyek (True), atau jika itu adalah sementara dan hanya untuk perpindahan ini (False) - biasanya karena perpindahan merubah satu bidang null menjadi sebuah bukan-null dan butuh nilai awalan untuk menaruh kedalam baris yang ada. Itu tidak mempengaruhi perilaku dari awalan pengaturan dalam basisdata secara langsung - Django tidak pernah menyetel awalan basisdata dan selalu memberlakukan mereka dalam kode ORM Django.

Note that not all changes are possible on all databases - for example, you cannot change a text-type field like models.TextField() into a number-type field like models.IntegerField() on most databases.

RenameField

class RenameField(model_name, old_name, new_name)

Changes a field's name (and, unless db_column is set, its column name).

AddIndex

class AddIndex(model_name, index)

Creates an index in the database table for the model with model_name. index is an instance of the Index class.

RemoveIndex

class RemoveIndex(model_name, name)

Memindahkan indeks bernama name dari model dengan model_name.

AddConstraint

class AddConstraint(model_name, constraint)
New in Django 2.2.

Creates a constraint in the database table for the model with model_name.

RemoveConstraint

class RemoveConstraint(model_name, name)
New in Django 2.2.

Removes the constraint named name from the model with model_name.

Pekerjaan Khusus

RunSQL

class RunSQL(sql, reverse_sql=None, state_operations=None, hints=None, elidable=False)

Allows running of arbitrary SQL on the database - useful for more advanced features of database backends that Django doesn't support directly.

sql, and reverse_sql if provided, should be strings of SQL to run on the database. On most database backends (all but PostgreSQL), Django will split the SQL into individual statements prior to executing them.

Peringatan

On PostgreSQL and SQLite, only use BEGIN or COMMIT in your SQL in non-atomic migrations, to avoid breaking Django's transaction state.

You can also pass a list of strings or 2-tuples. The latter is used for passing queries and parameters in the same way as cursor.execute(). These three operations are equivalent:

migrations.RunSQL("INSERT INTO musician (name) VALUES ('Reinhardt');")
migrations.RunSQL([("INSERT INTO musician (name) VALUES ('Reinhardt');", None)])
migrations.RunSQL([("INSERT INTO musician (name) VALUES (%s);", ['Reinhardt'])])

If you want to include literal percent signs in the query, you have to double them if you are passing parameters.

The reverse_sql queries are executed when the migration is unapplied. They should undo what is done by the sql queries. For example, to undo the above insertion with a deletion:

migrations.RunSQL(
    sql=[("INSERT INTO musician (name) VALUES (%s);", ['Reinhardt'])],
    reverse_sql=[("DELETE FROM musician where name=%s;", ['Reinhardt'])],
)

If reverse_sql is None (the default), the RunSQL operation is irreversible.

The state_operations argument allows you to supply operations that are equivalent to the SQL in terms of project state. For example, if you are manually creating a column, you should pass in a list containing an AddField operation here so that the autodetector still has an up-to-date state of the model. If you don't, when you next run makemigrations, it won't see any operation that adds that field and so will try to run it again. For example:

migrations.RunSQL(
    "ALTER TABLE musician ADD COLUMN name varchar(255) NOT NULL;",
    state_operations=[
        migrations.AddField(
            'musician',
            'name',
            models.CharField(max_length=255),
        ),
    ],
)

The optional hints argument will be passed as **hints to the allow_migrate() method of database routers to assist them in making routing decisions. See Petunjuk for more details on database hints.

The optional elidable argument determines whether or not the operation will be removed (elided) when squashing migrations.

RunSQL.noop

Pass the RunSQL.noop attribute to sql or reverse_sql when you want the operation not to do anything in the given direction. This is especially useful in making the operation reversible.

RunPython

class RunPython(code, reverse_code=None, atomic=None, hints=None, elidable=False)

Jalankan penyesuaian kode Python dalam konteks riwayat. code (dan reverse_code jika diberikan) harus berupa obyek callable yang menerima dua argumen; pertama adalah sebuah instance dari django.apps.registry.Apps mengandung model riwayat yang cocok tempat tindakan di riwayat proyek, dan kedua adalah sebuah instance dari SchemaEditor.

The reverse_code argument is called when unapplying migrations. This callable should undo what is done in the code callable so that the migration is reversible. If reverse_code is None (the default), the RunPython operation is irreversible.

The optional hints argument will be passed as **hints to the allow_migrate() method of database routers to assist them in making a routing decision. See Petunjuk for more details on database hints.

The optional elidable argument determines whether or not the operation will be removed (elided) when squashing migrations.

You are advised to write the code as a separate function above the Migration class in the migration file, and pass it to RunPython. Here's an example of using RunPython to create some initial objects on a Country model:

from django.db import migrations

def forwards_func(apps, schema_editor):
    # We get the model from the versioned app registry;
    # if we directly import it, it'll be the wrong version
    Country = apps.get_model("myapp", "Country")
    db_alias = schema_editor.connection.alias
    Country.objects.using(db_alias).bulk_create([
        Country(name="USA", code="us"),
        Country(name="France", code="fr"),
    ])

def reverse_func(apps, schema_editor):
    # forwards_func() creates two Country instances,
    # so reverse_func() should delete them.
    Country = apps.get_model("myapp", "Country")
    db_alias = schema_editor.connection.alias
    Country.objects.using(db_alias).filter(name="USA", code="us").delete()
    Country.objects.using(db_alias).filter(name="France", code="fr").delete()

class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = []

    operations = [
        migrations.RunPython(forwards_func, reverse_func),
    ]

This is generally the operation you would use to create data migrations, run custom data updates and alterations, and anything else you need access to an ORM and/or Python code for.

Much like RunSQL, ensure that if you change schema inside here you're either doing it outside the scope of the Django model system (e.g. triggers) or that you use SeparateDatabaseAndState to add in operations that will reflect your changes to the model state - otherwise, the versioned ORM and the autodetector will stop working correctly.

By default, RunPython will run its contents inside a transaction on databases that do not support DDL transactions (for example, MySQL and Oracle). This should be safe, but may cause a crash if you attempt to use the schema_editor provided on these backends; in this case, pass atomic=False to the RunPython operation.

On databases that do support DDL transactions (SQLite and PostgreSQL), RunPython operations do not have any transactions automatically added besides the transactions created for each migration. Thus, on PostgreSQL, for example, you should avoid combining schema changes and RunPython operations in the same migration or you may hit errors like OperationalError: cannot ALTER TABLE "mytable" because it has pending trigger events.

If you have a different database and aren't sure if it supports DDL transactions, check the django.db.connection.features.can_rollback_ddl attribute.

If the RunPython operation is part of a non-atomic migration, the operation will only be executed in a transaction if atomic=True is passed to the RunPython operation.

Peringatan

RunPython does not magically alter the connection of the models for you; any model methods you call will go to the default database unless you give them the current database alias (available from schema_editor.connection.alias, where schema_editor is the second argument to your function).

static RunPython.noop()

Pass the RunPython.noop method to code or reverse_code when you want the operation not to do anything in the given direction. This is especially useful in making the operation reversible.

SeparateDatabaseAndState

class SeparateDatabaseAndState(database_operations=None, state_operations=None)

A highly specialized operation that lets you mix and match the database (schema-changing) and state (autodetector-powering) aspects of operations.

It accepts two lists of operations. When asked to apply state, it will use the state_operations list (this is a generalized version of RunSQL's state_operations argument). When asked to apply changes to the database, it will use the database_operations list.

If the actual state of the database and Django's view of the state get out of sync, this can break the migration framework, even leading to data loss. It's worth exercising caution and checking your database and state operations carefully. You can use sqlmigrate and dbshell to check your database operations. You can use makemigrations, especially with --dry-run, to check your state operations.

For an example using SeparateDatabaseAndState, see Mengubah ManyToManyField untuk menggunakan through model.

Menulis punya anda sendiri

Operations have a relatively simple API, and they're designed so that you can easily write your own to supplement the built-in Django ones. The basic structure of an Operation looks like this:

from django.db.migrations.operations.base import Operation

class MyCustomOperation(Operation):

    # If this is False, it means that this operation will be ignored by
    # sqlmigrate; if true, it will be run and the SQL collected for its output.
    reduces_to_sql = False

    # If this is False, Django will refuse to reverse past this operation.
    reversible = False

    def __init__(self, arg1, arg2):
        # Operations are usually instantiated with arguments in migration
        # files. Store the values of them on self for later use.
        pass

    def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
        # The Operation should take the 'state' parameter (an instance of
        # django.db.migrations.state.ProjectState) and mutate it to match
        # any schema changes that have occurred.
        pass

    def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
        # The Operation should use schema_editor to apply any changes it
        # wants to make to the database.
        pass

    def database_backwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
        # If reversible is True, this is called when the operation is reversed.
        pass

    def describe(self):
        # This is used to describe what the operation does in console output.
        return "Custom Operation"

You can take this template and work from it, though we suggest looking at the built-in Django operations in django.db.migrations.operations - they cover a lot of the example usage of semi-internal aspects of the migration framework like ProjectState and the patterns used to get historical models, as well as ModelState and the patterns used to mutate historical models in state_forwards().

Beberapa hal untuk dicatat:

  • You don't need to learn too much about ProjectState to write migrations; just know that it has an apps property that gives access to an app registry (which you can then call get_model on).

  • database_forwards and database_backwards both get two states passed to them; these represent the difference the state_forwards method would have applied, but are given to you for convenience and speed reasons.

  • If you want to work with model classes or model instances from the from_state argument in database_forwards() or database_backwards(), you must render model states using the clear_delayed_apps_cache() method to make related models available:

    def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
    # This operation should have access to all models. Ensure that all models are
    # reloaded in case any are delayed.
    from_state.clear_delayed_apps_cache()
    ...

  • to_state in the database_backwards method is the older state; that is, the one that will be the current state once the migration has finished reversing.

  • You might see implementations of references_model on the built-in operations; this is part of the autodetection code and does not matter for custom operations.

Peringatan

For performance reasons, the Field instances in ModelState.fields are reused across migrations. You must never change the attributes on these instances. If you need to mutate a field in state_forwards(), you must remove the old instance from ModelState.fields and add a new instance in its place. The same is true for the Manager instances in ModelState.managers.

As an example, let's make an operation that loads PostgreSQL extensions (which contain some of PostgreSQL's more exciting features). Since there's no model state changes, all it does is run one command:

from django.db.migrations.operations.base import Operation

class LoadExtension(Operation):

    reversible = True

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
        pass

    def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
        schema_editor.execute("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS %s" % self.name)

    def database_backwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
        schema_editor.execute("DROP EXTENSION %s" % self.name)

    def describe(self):
        return "Creates extension %s" % self.name
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