(SÉC. XIV). O Exemplo De Ibn Khaldun E Ibn Battuta

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(SÉC. XIV). O Exemplo De Ibn Khaldun E Ibn Battuta UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE CENTRO DE ESTUDOS GERAIS CURSO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA BEATRIZ BISSIO PERCEPÇÕES DO ESPAÇO NO MEDIEVO ISLÂMICO (SÉC. XIV) O exemplo de Ibn Khaldun e Ibn Battuta Niterói 2008 BEATRIZ BISSIO PERCEPÇÕES DO ESPAÇO NO MEDIEVO ISLÂMICO (SÉC. XIV) O exemplo de Ibn Khaldun e Ibn Battuta Tese apresentada ao Curso de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor. Área de Concentração: História Social. Setor Temático: História Antiga e Medieval Orientadora: Prof. Dra.VÂNIA FRÓES Niterói 2008 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Central do Gragoatá B623 Bissio, Beatriz. Percepções do espaço no medievo islâmico (séc. XIV): o exemplo de Ibn Jaldún e Ibn Battuta / Beatriz Bissio. – 2007. 415 f. Orientador: Vânia Fróes. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia, 2007. Bibliografia: f. 367-385 1. Islamismo – História. 2. Idade Média. 3. Islamismo – Relações – Cristianismo. I. Fróes, Vânia. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia. III. Título. CDD 297.09 BEATRIZ BISSIO PERCEPÇÕES DO ESPAÇO NO MEDIEVO ISLÂMICO (SÉC. XIV) O exemplo de Ibn Khaldun e Ibn Battuta Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em História. Área de Concentração: História Social. Aprovada em março de 2008. BANCA EXAMINADORA ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. VÂNIA FRÓES – Orientadora UFF ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. AIDYL DE CARVALHO PREIS UFF __________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. BEATRIZ MELLO E SOUZA UFRJ ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. MAMEDE MUSTAFA JAROUCHE USP ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. PAULO DANIEL FARAH USP Niterói 2008 A minha filha Micaela. Ao meu neto Mathias e aos que ainda poderão vir. Ao meu filho/genro Gabriel. Aos meus sobrinhos, María, Celia, Gabriela e Federico. Semente de futuro que dá sentido à vida. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao agradecer às pessoas que de alguma forma participaram do esforço da tese, sempre se corre o risco de ser injusto, esquecendo de citar algum nome. Procurarei não cometer esse erro, mas desde já peço desculpas se isso ocorrer. São muitas as pessoas a quem devo agradecer o fato de ter chegado a este momento da minha vida. Em primeiro lugar, aos meus pais, dos quais tenho poucas lembranças, por tê-los perdido ainda na infância, mas dos quais no curto convívio recebi, entre outras lições, a de que, na vida, somos o que nos tornamos pelo nosso esforço e que nessa caminhada o estudo e a correção de conduta são elementos essenciais. Sem dúvida agradecer, depois, à minha avó, Maria Ercília Teresa, e a minha tia, Lida, lúcida e ativa, com seus 90 anos, que, ao assumir a responsabilidade de educar-nos, a mim e a meus irmãos, nos deram constantes lições de coragem e sempre nos fizeram ver que é nas nossas atitudes, e não no que dizemos ou alardeamos, que a nossa verdadeira índole aparece. Aos meus irmãos, Laura e Roberto, companheiros na caminhada da vida e sempre presentes ao longo dela, mesmo que por vezes à distância. À minha irmã de coração, Cristina Canoura, por tantas alegrias e tristezas partilhadas, e a José Rodríguez, Pepe, pelo carinho incondicional. Uma referência especial ao Colégio Alemão do Uruguai, cuja bolsa de estudos nos permitiu, a mim e aos meus irmãos, obter uma bagagem cultural e um domínio de línguas fundamentais para o nosso encaminhamento profissional. E, entre tantos queridos professores desse colégio, um agradecimento especial a Olaf Blixen, que pela primeira vez descortinou para mim, nas suas sempre instigantes aulas de espanhol, a influência que tínhamos recebido da cultura árabe, traduzida, entre outras tantas manifestações, nos milhares de palavras de origem árabe que existem na língua castelhana, em decorrência da longa presença muçulmana na Península Ibérica. Já que não tenho como agradecer diretamente, pois nem do seu nome lembro, gostaria pelo menos de citar o episódio de uma idosa e experiente psicóloga encarregada dos testes vocacionais no Instituto Vázquez Azevedo, no qual cursei os dois anos que, no Uruguai, antecediam o ingresso na Universidade. Diante dos resultados do meu teste, e sabedora de que estava me preparando para estudar Química, como efetivamente fiz inicialmente, antes que a vida me salvasse de cometer esse erro, ela fez um apelo para que desistisse da idéia, pois – diante do meu assombro e incredulidade, naquela altura – me advertiu que minha verdadeira vocação era a de ser jornalista, escritora ou historiadora! Não teria como deixar de agradecer a Neiva Moreira, que me transmitiu o seu encantamento, interesse e conhecimento da cultura árabe e com quem realizei marcantes e inesquecíveis reportagens no Oriente Médio e na África, árabe e subsaariana - a cobertura da guerra do Líbano, da luta palestina, das vicissitudes do Iraque, Argélia, Tunísia, e tantas outras. E à professora Nabilah Salloum, que transformou as aulas de árabe em verdadeiras lições a respeito da cultura de seu povo. Também o meu agradecimento aos professores do Departamento de Ciências Sociais da PUC, que tanto me incentivaram a continuar estudando o Islã. E a Azril Bakal, o primeiro a me chamar a atenção a respeito da importância de Ibn Khaldun. Para a querida amiga Jessie Jane Vieira de Souza um agradecimento muito especial, não só pelo exemplo permanente de vida, mas por me fazer acreditar que daria conta desta tese de doutorado e sem cuja ajuda e incentivo nunca teria me apresentado ao concurso da UFF! E o meu agradecimento e reconhecimento a Profa. Dra. Vânia Fróes, que desde o primeiro momento em que a procurei, por sugestão de Jessie Jane e do saudoso professor Afonso Carlos Marques dos Santos, me acolheu como orientanda e foi extremamente atenciosa e presente em todas as etapas da pesquisa, que não teria se desenvolvido, como ocorreu, sem os seus aconselhamentos. O meu agradecimento, também, à banca de seleção, que confiou na minha capacidade de chegar a bom porto no desafio que iniciava e aos professores Dra. Sônia Regina Rebel de Araújo e Dr. Ciro Flamarion Cardoso, cujos cursos na pós-graduação enriqueceram a minha formação acadêmica e muito contribuiram para a elaboração da tese. A pesquisa deve muito também à Profa. Dra. Aidyl de Carvalho Preis, que me indicou (e emprestou) uma importante bibliografia e fez sugestões altamente pertinentes em relação ao recorte e aos rumos da pesquisa, inclusive durante o Exame de Qualificação. Também recebi nessa instância, e muito agradeço, aportes e sugestões da Profa. Dra. Beatriz Mello e Souza, que foram aproveitados na etapa final da redação. Desejo agradecer, ainda, as sugestões, o aporte de textos inéditos e as atenções que sempre me foram dispensadas pelo Prof. Dr. Paulo Daniel Farah, diretor do Centro de Estudos Árabes, do Instituto de Estudos Orientais da USP. Especialista em poesia palestina contemporânea, o professor Farah atualmente está traduzindo a obra de Ibn Battuta para o português e me indicou importante bibliografia sobre o espaço, tendo mantido ao longo do tempo um fluido diálogo acadêmico sobre a evolução do trabalho. E ao Prof. Dr. Paulo Hilu da Rocha Pinto, do núcleo de Estudos Árabes, do Departamento de Antropologia da UFF, pelas orientações a respeito dos critérios de transliteração para o português de termos e nomes árabes. Recebi, e desejo agradecer, incentivo e idéias de especialistas do exterior. Muito especialmente a Maria Jesus Viguera, diretora da Cátedra de Estudos Árabes da Universidade Complutense de Madri, e ao Prof. Dr. Abdesselam Cheddadi, da Universidade Mohamed IV, de Rabat, Marrocos, pelo incentivo e pelas sugestões brindadas durante o Seminário realizado em comemoração aos 600 anos da morte de Ibn Khaldun, em Granada, em junho de 2006. Meu agradecimento, também, ao Prof. Dr. Manuel González Jiménez, catedrático de História Medieval, do Departamento de História Medieval e Ciências Técnicas Historiográficas da Faculdade de Geografia e História da Universidade de Sevilha, e ao Prof. Dr. Rafael Valencia, do mesmo Departamento, presidente da Fundação Averroes, coordenador de Idade Média e Mundo Árabe na Enciclopédia de Andaluzia. Tendo-os visitado a instâncias da professora Fróes, ambos mantiveram comigo enriquecedoras conversas sobre os rumos da pesquisa e me permitiram o acesso a importante bibliografia. Meu agradecimento, ainda, ao professor Eugenio Chahuán Chahuán, subdiretor do Centro de Estudos Árabes da Universidade do Chile, e ao professor Luis Vivanco Saavedra, diretor do Centro de Estudos Filosóficos Adolfo García Díaz e editor da Revista de Filosofía da Universidade de Zulia, em Maracaibo, Venezuela, especialista em Ibn Khaldun. A bibliografia sobre Ibn Khaldun, sobre o Islã e temas afins, por eles sugeridos, foi aproveitada nos diferentes capítulos. O agradecimento a toda a equipe do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), pela oportunidade de cumprir com os requisitos de um curso de alto nível e de elevada conceituação, como o que é oferecido nesta casa de estudos, e ao Laboratório de Estudos Medievais e Ibéricos, o Scriptorium, pela cálida acolhida a minha pesquisa. O meu agradecimento ao CNPq, com cuja bolsa foi possível a
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