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Abstract
The tone values of a Tone 4 (T4) syllable are conventionally assumed to change from ‘51’ to ‘53’ when the syllable is followed by another T4 syllable in Mandarin Chinese. Literature focusing on T4 alternation is still inconclusive regarding the contexts for the alternations and whether the phenomenon should be better categorized as tone sandhi (i.e., represented as an abstract phonological rule in mental grammar) or tonal coarticulation (i.e., a natural articulation phenomenon at the phonetic level). The current study probes into these issues by focusing on disyllabic pseudowords, right-branching trisyllabic words as well as unstructured trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic digits. Productions from a total of 148 participants were collected and fundamental frequency (f0) contours, vowel lengths and f0 slopes were included in the analysis. The results from the experiments supported the tonal coarticulation view and showed that the trigger for the alternations was the high-onset tones following T4. Implications to the phonological analysis on tonal alternations in Mandarin Chinese are discussed.
Funding source: National Science and Technology Council
Award Identifier / Grant number: 110-2410-H-167-015-MY2
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Chun-Shuo (Leo) Chang, Bo-Kai (Brandon) Chen, Fang-Yu (Kiki) Chen, Ya-Xuan (Amber) Chiang, Tsai-Ling (Betty) Chu, Pei-Lin He, Er-Zhi (Ann) Hsu, Min-Chieh (Lucy) Hsu, Xin-Hao (David) Huang, Yi-Hong (Hank) Huang, Pin-Huei (Julia) Jiang, Chih-Wen (Alvin) Lai, Yen-Chieh (Benson) Lee, Hui-Wen (Cheryl) Li, Wen-Jie (Vincy) Lin, Ming-Yang (Eason) Tong, Wei-Hua (Wendy) Wang and Rui-Yu (Doris) Xu for assistance in collecting, transcribing, and coding the data. I also extend my gratitude to Chad Eller for his assistance in editing the language and to Chien-Hua Lin for consultation in statistics analyses. I wish to thank the editor-in-chief Catherine T. Best, the associate editor Patrick Wong, and the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive, insightful and detailed comments. Any remaining errors are my own. The current research is supported by National Science and Technology Council in Taiwan (Grant Number: 110-2410-H-167-015-MY2), which I gratefully acknowledge.
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Competing interests: The author declares that he has no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Ethics statement: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Central Regional Research Ethics Committee of the China Medical University (CRREC-110-006).
Ten pairs of disyllabic words adopted in Experiment 1.
Minimal pair | Disyllabic wordsa | Conditions | Frequency ranking | Ranking percentageb |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 客廳kè tīng ‘living room’ | (T4-)T4-T1 | 4,785 | 5.1 % |
客戶kè hù ‘client’ | (T4-)T4-T4 | 982 | 1 % | |
2. | 樹枝shù zhī ‘branch’ | (T4-)T4-T1 | 7,263 | 7.7 % |
樹幹shù gàn ‘trunk’ | (T4-)T4-T4 | 8,096 | 8.6 % | |
3. | 外衣wài yī ‘outer clothing’ | (T4-)T4-T1 | 14,008 | 14.9 % |
外套wài tào ‘coat’ | (T4-)T4-T4 | 10,211 | 10.9 % | |
4. | 建商jiàn shāng ‘construction company’ | (T4-)T4-T1 | 10,827 | 11.5 % |
建設jiàn shè ‘construction’ | (T4-)T4-T4 | 555 | 0.6 % | |
5. | 浴缸yù gang ‘bathtub’ | (T4-)T4-T1 | 15,761 | 16.8 % |
浴室yù shì ‘bathroom’ | (T4-)T4-T4 | 5,181 | 5.5 % | |
6. | 店家diàn jiā ‘store’ | (T4-)T4-T1 | 10,602 | 11.3 % |
店面diàn miàn ‘shopfront’ | (T4-)T4-T4 | 6,693 | 7.1 % | |
7. | 事蹟shì jī ‘achievement’ | (T4-)T4-T1 | 10,392 | 11.1 % |
事件shì jiàn ‘incident’ | (T4-)T4-T4 | 597 | 0.6 % | |
8. | 畫家huà jiā ‘artist’ | (T4-)T4-T1 | 1,662 | 1.8 % |
畫作huà zuò ‘artwork’ | (T4-)T4-T4 | 4,484 | 4.8 % | |
9. | 富翁fù wēng ‘rich man’ | (T4-)T4-T1 | 12,998 | 13.9 % |
富貴fù guì ‘wealth’ | (T4-)T4-T4 | 12,998 | 13.9 % | |
10. | 面積miàn jī ‘surface area’ | (T4-)T4-T1 | 1,612 | 1.7 % |
面具miàn jù ‘mask’ | (T4-)T4-T4 | 11,052 | 11.8 % |
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aThese disyllabic words were always preceded by the T4 prefix da ‘big’. bRanking percentage = frequency rank/93,826 (total instances in the corpus) × 100 %.
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