Abstract
This paper discusses some problems that arise in knowledge-based intelligent systems using property inheritance as the principal inference mechanism. A few methods that deal with those problems are presented here. They are divided into three groups: those that are based on different forms of non-monotonic logics, algebraic structures, and connectionist networks. Implementational issues concerning inheritance systems are considered with the special emphasis put on parallel methods of computation.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Bobrow, D. G. & Winograd, T. (1977) An overview of KRL, a knowledge representation language, Cognitive Science, 1, 3–46.
Brachman, R. J. (1985) “I lied about the trees” or, defaults and defintions in knowledge representation, The AI Magazine, 6, 80–93.
Brewka, G. (1987) The logic of inheritance in frame systems. In Proceedings of the IJCAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Cottrell, G. W. (1985) Parallelism in inheritance hierarchies with exceptions. In Proceedings of the IJCAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Etherington, D. W. & Reiter, R. (1983) On inheritance hierarchies with exceptions. In Proceedings of the AAAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Clif.
Etherington, D. W. (1987a) Formalizing nonmonotonic reasoning systems, Artificial Intelligence, 31, 41–85.
Etherington, D. W. (1987b) Reasoning from Incomplete Information, Pitman Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Pitman Publishing, London.
Etheirington, D. W. (1987c) More on inheritance hierarchies with exceptions: default theories and inferential distance. In Proceedings of the AAAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Fahlman, S. E. (1979) NETL: A System for Representing and Using Real-Word Knowledge. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Fahlman, S. E., Touretzky, D. S. & van Roggen, W. (1981) Cancellation in a parallel semantic network. In Proceedings of the IJCAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Findler, N. V. (ed) (1979) Associative Networks: Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers. Academic Press, New York.
Ginsberg, M. L. (1984) Non-monotonic reasoning using Dempster's rule. In Proceedings of the AAAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Ginsberg, M. L. (1985) Does probability have a place in non-monotonic reasoning. In Proceedings of the AAAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Ginsberg, M. L. (1988) Readings in Nonmonotonic Reasoning, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Hayes, P. J. (1977) In defense of logic. In Proceedings of the IJCAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Horty, J. F., Thomason, R. H. & Touretzky, D. S. (1987) A skeptical theory of inheritance in nonmonotonic semantic networks. In Proceedings of the AAAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Horty, J. F. & Thomason, R. H. (1988) Mixing strict and defeasible inheritance. In Proceedings of the AAAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Lifschitz, V. (1984) Some results on circumscription. In Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Non-Monotonic Reasoning, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Lifschitz, V. (1986) Pointwise circumscription: Preliminary report. In Proceedings of the AAAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
McCarthy, J. (1977) Epistemological problems of artificial intelligence. In Proceedings of the IJCAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
McCarthy, J. (1980) Circumscription — a form of non-monotonic reasoning, Artificial Intelligence, 13, 27–39.
McCarthy, J. (1986) Applications of circumscription to formalizing common-sense knowledge, Artificial Intelligence, 28, 89–116.
McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (eds) (1986) Parallel Distributed Processing: Psychological and Biological Models, Volume 2, Bradford Books, Cambridge, Mass.
Quillian, M. R. (1968) Semantic Memory. In Semantic Information Processing, Minsky (ed), MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Padgham, L. (1988) A model and representation for type information and its use in reasoning with defaults. In Proceedings of the AAAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Poole, D. L. (1985) On the comparison of theories: preferring the most specific explantion. In Proceedings of the IJCAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Reiter, R. (1980) A logic for default reasoning, Artificial Intelligence, 13, 81–132.
Reiter, R. & Criscuolo, G. (1983) Some representational issues in default reasoning, International Journal on Computational Mathematics, 9, 1–13.
Rich, E. (1983) Default reasoning as a likelihood reasoning. In Proceedings of the AAAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Roberts, R. B. & Goldstein, I. P. (1977) The FRL Manual, Technical Report 409, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, Mass, USA.
Rumelhart, D. E. & McClelland, J. L. (eds) (1986) Parallel Distributed Processing: Foundations, Volume 1, Bradford Books, Cambridge, Mass.
Rychlik, P. (1985) The use of modal default reasoning in information systems, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 22, 507–522.
Sandewall, E. (1986) Non-monotonic inference rules for multiple inheritance with exceptions. Proceedings of the IEEE, 74, 1345–1353.
Shastri, L. & Feldman, J. A. (1985) Evidential reasoning in semantic networks: a formal theory. In Proceedings of the IJCAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Shastri, L. (1986) Evidential reasoning in semantic networks: a formal theory and its parallel implementation, PhD Thesis, Department of Computer Science, The University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Touretzky, D. S. (1984) Implicit ordering of defaults. In Proceedings of the AAAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Touretzky, D. S. (1986) The Mathematics of Inheritance Systems, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Touretzky, D. S., Horty, J. F. & Thomason, R. M. (1987) A clash of intuitions: the current state of nonmonotonic multiple inheritance systems. In Proceedings of the IJCAI, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rychlik, P. Multiple inheritance systems with exceptions. Artif Intell Rev 3, 159–176 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00128780
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00128780