Appendix:Proto-Utian reconstructions

Proto-Utian reconstructions:

Callaghan (2014)

Gloss	Proto-Utian	Proto-Costanoan	Proto-Southern Costanoan	Proto-Miwok	Proto-Sierra Miwok	Proto-Eastern Miwok	Proto-Western Miwok
abalone	*hasˑyn ?
abdomen		*piˑti, *pitˑi
ablative case		*-tu		*{-mˑy}
above		*riˑni(h), *rinˑi(h)	*tapre-j	*liˑle
abuse, to				*čaˑm-y
accursed		*ʔekte
ache, to		*kaˑji
acorn flour					*kawˑa-n
acorn soup or bread		*ṣetne-n			*nypˑa-	*ʔyle-	*ʔulki
acrid					*tep-tep
Adam’s apple	*myʔˑyṭ-(ˑ)a-
add on, to (again)				*ʔaˑj	*ʔaj-ki-
adj.-noun suf.	*-me			*-e	*-ma-, *-ṭY-	*-la-
adj. suffix					*-(ṣ)i-, *-ṭˑe-, *-Cˑi-
adverbial case	*-yj
advise, to			*monṣe
adv. suf.					*-ˑč
afflict (illness)		*peṭˑe
afraid, to be				*helaj-ne
after							*topˑa
again				*ʔaˑj
agentive						*{-ʔˑa-}	*-ṭak, *-ak
agentive. (instrumental)				*-nˑi
ahead	*hojˑu ?
alder tree				*sotˑum
all				*ʔaˑj	*toˑko-, *ʔajtu-	*ṣokˑe-, *ṣykˑe-
allative case	*-to
alone				*kenˑe
always					*nuna-
andative	*-jˑi		*-na	*-te-, *-ṭi ?
andative imv.	*-sy-, *-s, *jˑi					*-aH-n
angleworm						*keˑṣu-, *keˑsy-
angry						*ʔyṣyˑ-ṭa-
animal suffix	*-wa					*-ma-ṭi-
animate		*-h, *-min, *-n, *-ni-	*...kan	*-ja	*-ˑwi-?, *-CˑV- ?	*-na-
animate plural	*-jˑa
another							*numa
ant		*poškuj-min?	*ʔotˑow			*ṭisiˑnaj ?
antelope				*haˑlu-ṣ
antler(s)		*čiˑri		*kilˑi
anus					*kynat.-ˑa-
anything	*ṭ?				*tinˑy-
appear, to	*mi(n) *ma(n) ‘it		*ʔatˑa ʔatˑe		*lak-ṣy-, *miˑy-ksy-
approach, to					*hajˑe-	*haje-m-pa-, *ʔynyˑ-pa-, *ʔyny-pˑa-
arise, to		*ʔitma		*talˑi
arm					*paˑčan		*tawlik
armpit(s)				*kakpul, *kakpus
arrive, to	*hyˑja, *hyˑwa
arrow							*lanta
arrowhead					*kiˑe-, *siṭˑik(ˑ)iniwa-		*čiˑča
as(like)	*kaṭu, *katu
ashamed	*ʔuj(ˑ)a
ashes		*joˑko		*jymˑi?		*sikˑe-
ash tree						*panˑa-ṣ
ask for, to		*raṣˑe
augmentative				*-ˑli		*-ṭˑi-, *-ṭi-, *-ˑṭi-?
aunt (mat.)			*ʔanˑa-knis		*ʔanˑis	*toˑmu-	*ʔamko, *ʔamoˑko, *ʔola-čˑi
aunt (pat.)				*ʔen(ˑ)e-
avoid offence					*čokaj-ŋe-
awake	*ʔaw-si
awl						*čylˑa
baby					*ʔečelˑy
back (of body)	*lumˑa, *luˑma				*keˑwy-	*kyčyj
backpack					*ṭyjyˑ-ma
back up, to						*kynˑe
bad		*ʔekṭe				*ʔyṣˑy-	*ʔomu
bake, to			*husˑu		*hinep-na-		*hupˑa, *hupˑu
bald						*ṭak..., *tak…
ball, to play	*počku ?
bank	*čoˑk, *čoˑko
bark, to		*šajˑa
bark (tree)	*sim(ˑ)e, *ṣim(ˑ)e
base, behind	*ʔit. …
bashful							*ʔoja-ṣ
basket (acorns, seeds)					*čakˑa-
basket (Sp. batea)			*tiprin
basket (burden)				*čiˑkel, *čikˑel
basket (cooking)					*pulak-ˑa-
basket, cradle					*hiki
basket, dipper					*pulis-ˑa-
basket, small					*sotˑon
basket, storage			*ṣiˑwen			*ʔulˑit.
basket, winnowing		*warṣi-n				*hetˑal
bat (animal)	*ṣim...				*ṭ/tipiˑsi-si
bathe, to	*ʔel...			*ʔyp-ṣy
be, to						*-ˑe-
be located, to		*roˑte				*ʔuˑču-
beach			*kaw…
beads			*maˑṣe(h)			*hoˑwot. *howˑot
beak, bill				*huˑk *hukˑu
bear		*ʔore-ṣ					*kule
bear, grizzly						*ʔyṣyˑ-ma-ṭi
beard		*heˑjek/s
beat, to		*haṭˑa		*mylˑa	*ṭak-ja-
become, to					*-pu-ṣnu-, *-tu-ṣnu-
bed	*ˑeˑṭ, *ˑet. ˑy	*tokˑo-h			*jaˑŋa-
bedrock						*talpas/ṣ
begin, to	*hojˑu ?	*munˑi
behind, base	*ʔitṭ…
belch, to						*hyʔse-
believe, to						*hyʔi-, *hyʔi-
belly	*puṭˑul, *puṭlu	*hutˑu, *piˑti, *pitˑi				*loto-	*puluk
below				*ʔaˑla
benefactive						*-nY
berries (coffee)						*loʔˑo
bet, to						*hyˑk-y
big		*wetˑel		*ʔyṭˑi
bighorn				*haˑlu-ṣ
bird						*čič...	*mile, *mele
birth, to give					*ʔeseˑ-ly-
bite, to	*ʔyˑs-y, *ʔys-?		*kaṣˑe		*jylˑy-
bitter		*kahˑa			*tep-tep	*ček-ček, *sek-sek	*kaj-kaj
black	*mulu-	*ṣoklo, *ṣolko				*kulu-
blackberry	*ʔinˑa-n ?
blackbird (Brewer)				*čap…
blackbird (redwing)			*kulja-n
black widow				*pokˑum
blanket					*tolˑi-, *tonˑi-	*jypti-
blaze	*jul…
bleed, to				*kičaw
blind, to be						*pelˑe
blink, to						*činpy-., *pel-.
block, to			*maˑhi		*katˑa-
blood		*pajˑa-n		*kičˑaw
blow, to				*henˑa
blow (mouth)	*puṣel, *puˑṭe
blow (wind)					*kanmy
blow nose, to				*sinak
bluebird					*čiwkol
blue bird sp.		*ʔašit
blue jay				*ṭajiṭ, *ṭajič, *ṣajič ?
boat				*sak(ˑ)as
body	*ʔam(ˑ)a				*miwˑe-ʔa-
body part suf.						*-kal, *-tal
boil, to					*lowˑa-	*loṭˑa-
bone		*tajˑi				*kyčˑyč	*kulum
born, to be			*mokˑo
borrow, to					*henˑi-
bounce, to						*ṭowṣe-, *ṭowṣu-
bow			*lawa-n			*tanukˑa-	*koˑno
boy					*čali-, *naŋˑa-tˑi-		*heˑna-ṣ
brag about, to						*hyʔˑi-, *hyˑʔi-
braid hair				*ṭoṭ-, *ṭaṭ-
brains	*lup…
bread (acorn)							*čipˑa
break, to	*ʔat.-, *ʔot.-			*koṭˑa	*taṣ-
break (string)	*sot..., *sat…
break by itself					*kot.-ˑu-ŋˑe-
break in two			*ʔalˑe	*jytˑy, *jytˑa, *koṭˑa, *ṭupˑu-.
break off, to				*koṭ-, *pej-, *poj-		*tep-wa-
break s.t., to				*kap-ku?, *koṭˑa
break wind, to		*ṣiwˑe					*holak
break wind noisily, to				*kyn-ṣy
breakfast, eat				*mul-tu
breast(s)	*muˑs, *muˑṣ ?
breath				*hena
breathe, to			*noṣwe	*henˑa	*hen-si-
bring, to	*(h)ynˑy.
brother (older)		*takˑa		*ʔat(ˑ)a	*taˑči-
brother (yr.)		*tawṣi			*čale-
brush				*limˑe
brush, smoke						*pajwa
bubble, to	*pok- ?
buckeye				*ʔuˑnu
buckthorn						*loʔˑo-
build, to				*ʔokja ʔokje
bullhead							*ṣoko ?
bumblebee			*toˑjo-h
burn, to	*hyl-si, *jul..., *wyˑk-y-	*ʔahji				*wyl-ki-
burn to ashes			*jokˑo-ni
burned				*koˑm
burr					*hylˑa-la-
burst, to				*pak-ṭy, *pak-ṭe, *puṭ-ṣu, *puṭ-ṣe
bury, to		*tunˑe	*pira		*hamˑe-		*ʔalˑe
bush, brush				*čaw(ˑ)il			*čaku ?
but							*men, *menu
butterfly			*šiwluluk?			*hol(ˑ)o...	*woloˑlok
buttocks				*koˑwi
buy, to						*tiwˑa
buzz
buzzard			*ṭujlu-n, *ṭutlu-n		*huˑṣu- ?	*čyˑṣy-
call, to		*haˑwa		*jejˑa, *jajˑu
can (modal)						*-nˑi
cane (walking)			*čiˑjas		*sija-		*keja
care of, to take	*(h)ajˑe ?	*ʔut.(ˑ)as-
careful, to be						*hajˑa-po-kṣu-
carrot (wild)					*jum(ˑ)ut
carry, to	*paṭy
catch fire, to	*wyˑk-y
catch up, to					*nak-pa
catfish							*ṣoko ?
cattail			*haˑle
causative	*-kˑy, *-nˑu-, *-py
caus., invol.				*na
caus., med. pas.		*-mpi < **-n-pi
cave						*holˑaw
cedar/cypress				*moˑnuk ?
change, to						*pyṣ iˑ-ly
charcoal, coals	*kuˑs(a), *kusˑa					*kulˑa-
chase, to		*ʔoṭwe				*ʔenpu-, *ʔonpu-	*haˑˑ..., *haˑt...
cheek(s)		*ṭamˑV-ṣˑ, *ṭaˑmV-ṣ
chest (body part)			*tuˑkaj		*nysyˑ-li-?		*tena
chew, to		*ṭikaˑ			*čiwˑa-?
chew on bone						*kyč-my-
chia		*patˑi-h
chief				*hajaˑ-po
child		*ṣinˑi, *ṣiˑni			*ʔesˑe-, *ʔeselˑy-		*ʔelaj
chills				*liwˑuṭ
chin				*hewˑe
chipmunk					*pisu-
choke, to		*čiˑnu
clap hands, to						*ṭampa- ?
claw	*ṭiˑs, *ṭiˑsy	*tuˑr, *tuˑri-š
clay (white)		*hupˑa(k)
clear (sky)						*helak, *wyˑče-, *wyčˑe(k)
clear (water)						*kywyw-ˑi-
clear up, to					*helaˑk-y-
cliff, clod	*čoˑk čoˑko
climb, to		*hope		*ʔetˑy *ʔetˑu
close, to			*maˑhi		*katˑa-		*witˑen, *wetˑen
close eyes, to						*činpy-
close mouth, to	*mympy
cloud	*meˑč..., *miˑč...	*moˑṭo ?			*ʔoˑpa
cloud up, to					*ʔopaˑ-ty-
clover		*roˑreh				*kokˑač	*kaˑli-ṣ
clover, sour					*ṣakṣam
coals, charcoal	*kuˑs(a), *kusˑa					*kulˑa-
coals (live)		*joˑko
coffee berries						*loʔˑo-
coil baskets, to						*čyˑl-y-
cold	*ṭiˑs- ?	*kawˑi, *kawˑe, *ṭahsa-
come!		*ha(ˑ)ju
come, to	*(h)ynˑy	*waˑ-te
come out, to		*ʔiˑje, *ʔiˑji
com. Case	*-ṭu						*-ni
condor			*wasˑaka	*molˑuk ?
continue, to					*menoˑk-u-
continuative	*-ksy
cook, to					*hinep-na-
cooked, ripe		*hiwˑu-ṣ-te		*kili, *ṭoˑm	*hinepˑu-
cooked, to get		*hiwˑu-n
coot				*toṣlok, *toṣkol ?
copulate, to				*honˑa
cords (muscle)					*ṭupˑin, *ṭuˑpin
corpse					*čamyˑṣ-a-
cottontail						*hika(k)	*nome-ṣ
cottonwood				*patˑakˑa(l)?
cough, to						*kolˑe-
count, to							*metˑu, *mitˑu
cousin							*towˑe
cover, to	*molˑy	*ʔeṣˑe			*topoˑn-u-
cover with lid	*mosˑe
coyote		*majˑa		*ʔole	*ʔaṣe-ˑli-
crab							*čaˑma-ṭa
crack by itself					*ʔaṭ-ˑu-ŋˑe-, *ʔot.-ˑu-ŋˑe-
crack s.t., to				*kap-ku ?
cradle basket					*hiki
crawl, to			*čutˑe		*ṭeweˑ-jy-
creek	*wak…
cricket				*kiṭiṭ- ?
cripple					*tynˑy-ma-
crooked					*paṭˑiw-i-
crouch, to							*mekuṣ
crow, raven		*kaˑkari?, *ṣaˑraj		*kaˑkuli, *kaˑkali ?		*ʔaˑwyč ?
crown of head				*lupˑuluk ?		*tuktuj, *tutkuj ?
crush, to				*pičak
cry, to	*walak, *jalak			*nočˑu, *nočˑa
cure, to			*huˑna
cut, to		*wala				*tepˑa-
cut hair, to						*ṣiˑk-y-
cypress/cedar				*moˑnuk ?
dance					*kalŋa
dance, to			*čitˑe
dance house		*čitˑe-msa				*han(ˑ)i-, *han(ˑ)e-
dark	*mulu-					*kulu-
dark (outside)						*čyt-
daughter		*kaˑn		*tuˑne
dawn					*čak…
dawn, to	*ʔawˑe-n				*waliˑ-sy-	*ča(ˑ)ʔ...
day		*ṭuˑhi		*hiˑṣ	*hiʔeˑma-
dazed, dizzy		*him... ?
dead				*čaˑm ?
Declarative Series	*-sy, *-s				*-ak
deer		*toˑṭe, *toˑṭ?			*ʔywyˑ-ja-
defecate, to				*kyn-ṣy
deliberate	*-ki			*-ku
demonstrative	*ṭi ?
destructive						*-wa-
dew				*sičˑin
diarrhea, to have	*čulki??
die, to	*čem-, *sem-				*čam-ṣy-
different						*luṭˑi-, *luˑṭi-, *pyṣˑi-	*numa
dig, to						*ʔolˑu-
dim (outside)						*čyt-
diminutive		*-knis, *-kniš		*-čˑi-??		*-tˑi-
dip water, to			*ʔulˑe-			*puluˑ-tu-
directed action				*-pa
directional					*-ka-, *-tˑY-t	*-wi-
dirt			*muˑn ?			*jotˑok	*jowa
dirty			*ṣiksa-ṣte
disappear, to					*ṣatpy
discont. Iter					*-ˑVCˑY-
dislike, to	*heč..., *heṣ…
dizzy, to get					*jyŋˑe-
do, to	*hin-te				*mi-čˑy-
do, make		*hišˑe, *hašˑe ?
do again, to		*ʔojo?
do hard, to			*hiṭeˑ-pu		*hyliˑn-y-
do something				*loṭu(k)
doctor (power)				*huˑni-ṣ
dodge, to						*nan-ṣy-
dog				*haju	*čuku-
dogwood			*riris
doll				*tunje
door						*ʔuku-j-ˑa-	*kaˑ
double				*ʔojˑa, *ʔoˑja
dough							*ʔulem
dove			*hu(ˑ)nu?			*hulˑu-	*pulˑu
down					*walˑi-
drain, to			*laskʷi, *laswi
dream	*ʔekˑut
dream, to	*ʔektu
dreamer				*huˑni-ṣ	*ʔalˑini
dried up		*kawhi-ṣ-te, *kawhe-ṣ-te
drink, to		*ʔuwˑi-, *ʔuwˑe		*ʔuṣˑu
drip, to			*lat. ˑu-n	*čokat ?	*čol-ka-	*čutˑa-, *čutˑe-
drive animals				*mykˑa-			*haˑč..., *haˑt...
drown s.t., to	*muˑn-y
drum (foot)						*ṭumˑa-
dry				*čuṭul, *kaˑj		*hewe-
dry, to get					*hew-ŋe-, *kaj-ŋe-
dry s.t., to		*kawhi/e			*hewˑe-
duck					*haṭ-ha(ˑ)ṭ-a-	*hik(ˑ)as
duck (mallard)				*wal...			*watmal
duck, to						*nan-ṣy-
dust					*ṭukˑe-	*sikˑe-
eagle			*ṣiˑrih
ear(s)	*ṭolku-ṣ, *ṭokṣu-ṣ		*ʔočˑok	*ʔalok
earth	*walˑi(p)	*pire
east	*jak- ?			*ʔaˑla
eastern					*hiṣoˑt-a-
Easterner					*hiˑṣ-yto-
eat, to		*ʔamˑa			*ʔywy-		*jolum
eat clover, to					*koˑk-u-
edge		*tunˑe-tka	*kawi-tka
egg			*moṭˑe-h	*haˑn, *hanˑy
eight						*kawˑi-n-t.a-	*ʔot.-huja
elbow			*kuluˑlis, *kulˑulis ?
elderberries				*ʔantaj
eleven							*kenˑe walˑik
elk					*hakˑaˑ-ja-
emphatic	*ma(ˑ)
empty					*hal(ˑ)e(s)
end, edge				*naki(ṣ), *nake(ṣ)
end, to			*kawra
enemy		*(w)ajˑa, *(w)aˑja, *(w)aˑji			*koˑji-	*koˑna-s
enough					*naʔˑa-
enter, to	*ʔaˑku
even						*melˑa-
evening				*ʔyme
every(thing)						*ṣokˑe-, *ṣykˑe-
excessive						*-me-
excessive (verb)		*jowˑen, *joˑwen
excrement				*kyˑn
explode, to				*pak-ṭy, *pak-ṭe
extract, to		*hut-ki, *hut-ke
eye	*šynty			*čit…
eye, to hurt						*čit-wa
eyebrow			*šimpur			*piwˑe-
eyebrows?		*winˑa-s
eyelashes?		*winṭa-s
eyelashes		*tutper < **tutpes ?				*tataˑp..., *ṭyp(ˑ)yˑ-la-
eye speck						*pač(ˑ)ak ?
eyes (pertain- ing to)	*pel…
face		*ṭamˑV-ṣṭaˑmV-ṣ			*maˑka-ṣ		*ʔonˑi
faded				*čaˑm ?		*ṭaka-
fall, to			*ʔinˑa-n
fall (person)			*liswo-n
fall (tree), to				*hoˑl-u- ?
fan hot air, to	*wile
far							*ʔenaˑk
fart, to		*ṣiwˑe					*holak
farther out				*hukˑ-e-
fast (a fast)				*ʔo(ˑ)ma
fast, to			*ʔusˑu-pi?			*ʔoˑm-u-
fat		*sawˑer			*symˑit
father	*ʔapˑa, *ʔapˑi
fear, to		*čormo-n		*helaj, *ṣelaj
feather			*ṣipˑo-ṣ	*ṣale
feathers, down	*pu(ˑ)ṭ, *putˑe
fell a tree, to				*hol-
female					*ʔoṣˑa-
fern, fern roots					*kepek
fetch water		*ʔukʷˑi, *ʔukʷˑe			*ʔuṣ-te-
field	*py(ˑ)la
fifteen					*juˑʔali-
fifth						*maṣko-pa-
fight, to		*nimˑi
fighting					*myˑla
fill, to		*laˑsu-n			*cu(ˑ)jaʔ-ny-
find, to					*nanˑy-
find out, to				*ʔimˑa, *ʔemˑa
finger
fingernail, toenail	*ṭiˑs, *ṭisˑy	*tuˑr, *tuˑri-š
finish, to			*kawra
fire	*ti?				*tinˑy-
fire, to catch					*wyk-ty
fire, to light	*(h)yl-si?		*huja			*wyl-ki-
firebrand		*hij(ˑ)i-ṣ
fire drill				*kajin, *kajan ?
firewood, get		*tapru
first	*hojˑu?
fir tree ?					*čapaˑha-??
fish	*(h)el…				*lapiˑsaj
fish, to					*huneˑm-y-
fish eggs				*pyˑle, *pyˑl
five		*mišˑur, *mišru				*masṣˑo-kˑa-	*kenekˑuṣ
fix, to					*ʔen-ṣy-
yflash (light- ning)	*wilep
flash, to						*čatku- ?
flat (rock)				*ṭapˑe		*talpas/ṣ
flat place					*pyˑlaj
flea		*poˑr		*ky(ˑ)ky-ṣ
fledgling						**ṣyle
flee, to			*haˑhe
flesh					*ʔočˑuk
flip, to				*tip-, *tap-
flirt, to					*liˑŋy-, *lyˑŋy
flood, to				*pol-ku
flow, to	*čolo, *ṣolo		*wakṣi
flower		*tiˑwi-ṣˑ, *tiwˑi-ṣ		*pokṣa
flute			*huṣek			*ṣulep-ˑa-
fly (insect)		*muˑmur-i, *mumˑur-i
fly, to			*humˑu-n			*ṣyleˑ-ty-	*lilˑu
foam	*puṭa ?
fog		*moˑṭo ?				*hune
foggy, to get						*huneˑ-ty-
follow, to						*ʔenpu-, *ʔonpu-
following							*topˑa
food					*ʔywʔy
foot	*haṭˑa
football, play						*ʔamaˑṭ-y-
forage, to					*wyn-ty-
ford, to					*myˑŋ-y-
forehead		*timˑa-h		*ṭikˑi(t)	*ṭopˑel-e-
forest (monte)		*hujˑa
forget, to		*misˑu-n	*ʔemˑe-n		*heŋuˑ-lu-
formerly			*ʔokse
four		*kaṭwa-ṣ	*ʔuˑṭit			*ʔojˑis	*huja
fox						*juwˑel
freshet			*waˑkiṣ
friend				*neˑnut, *ʔojˑam
frog			*wakrač-min	*waṭaˑk
from						*-pa-(See under )
front	*hojˑu ?				*hukˑ-e-
frost		*wakˑa-n		*susˑa-
full, to be			*laˑsu-n
fur					*hiˑsok
future	*-sˑi-				*{-ˑikˑy-}
future (nom.)						*-Hji-
future imv	*-ṣ, *-ˑṣi
gall				*siwˑen
gamble, to						*hyˑk-y
gather, to	*ʔot.o		*rutˑa
genitive case				*{-yn}
get, to				*wel-ki
get up, to	*talˑi, *tiˑli ?	*ʔitma
ghost					*ṣuˑle-ṣ	*ʔylˑi
girl		*ʔatša-kniš			*lupu-, *ʔoṣˑa-tˑi-	*koli- ?	*koˑla
give, to	*ʔamˑy	*hara, *ṣuˑmi					*waja, *waje
give drink, to		*ʔumˑi, *ʔuˑmi
gizzard				*was(ˑ)in ?
gnaw, to					*leṭmy-	*kyč-my-
go!	*haṭˑi!, *hoṭˑo! ?
go, to	*wyˑ, *waˑ, *wiˑ
go around			*hinˑe hinˑi-
go down (swelling)				*čyˑṭ	*ṭam-ṣy
go in, to	*ʔaˑku
go out, to		*ʔiˑje, *ʔiˑji
go through, to					*menoˑk-u-
godetia					*tokop
good, to be			*mišˑi(h) ?
good-tasting				*čy(ˑ)k... ?
goose	*lowˑot?, *waˑwo?	*laklak
gooseberry		*ṣaˑwan-a ?		*kiˑli
gopher	*siwˑot
gossip, to			*potše ?
grab, to		*hoˑjo
granary					*čakˑa
grandchild		*mere-ṣ		*čačˑo	*ʔače
grandfather	*paˑpa
grandmother		*melˑe	*menˑe	*(h)amˑa		*ʔysˑy-
grapes (wild)				*mut(ˑ)e
grapevine					*kimˑis
grasp, to	*paṭˑy
grass			*muˑre-n ?				*kole
grasshopper			*po(ˑ)lok…	*koˑṭo ?
gray, gray hair		*losko		*poto(k) ?
gray (dull)					*pot.o-
graze, to					*koˑk-u-
grease		*sawˑer			*symˑit
great, to be					*ʔen-ṣy
green			*čutku
green, grass						*čit…
green, raw				*ʔima
grieve. To					*kuṣ-ŋe-
grind, to			*jikˑa	*hykˑa	*čosˑe-		*ʔut.uk
gristle						*pasuˑka-, *posuˑka-	*latˑik, *laˑtik
grosbeak				*čimitˑolo ??
ground					*walˑi-	*jotˑok	*jowa
grouse (blue)					*mučˑama-ṣ, *mučˑuma-ṣ
grow, to		*miṭˑe-n, *miṭˑi-n
grow (plants)					*čoˑp-u-
grow up, to					*ʔypel-ŋe
growl, to	*loˑna(k) ?				*not.aˑk-y-
grown one			*miṭˑe-ṣte ?
grub				*pyne
guess				*ta(ˑ)wy-, *tawˑy-
gulp down	*law…
gush, to	*čolo, *ṣolo			*čiṭi-ty ?
gut, to				*puṭ-ku
guts	*puṭˑul, *puṭlu-	*piˑti, *pitˑi, *riˑṭuk, *riˑṭok					*puluk
hail			*jokop, *jopok		*sawˑin	*saˑwin
hail, to						*sawiˑn-y-
hair							*ṣaˑpa
hair (body)		*ṭaˑp			*hiˑsok
hair (head)	*ʔuṭu	*ʔoli			*juṣˑe(ṣ)	*myˑn, *mynˑy-
half	*moṭ…					*kaˑwi-	*kowˑa
halt, to					*hačˑ-y-
hand	*ʔekˑu
hand game						*hinwo-
hand game,to play						*hinoˑw-u-
hand game bones				*haˑna-, *haˑni- ?
hang, to		*hik...			*jyṭ-ki-		*joˑke
happy				*hyjak, *hyjka
hard (effort)					*hywˑa-
hard (solid)			*witṭi
hard (tough)				*kaṭˑy
hate, to	*heč..., *heṣ…
having					*-ma-
hawk (chicken)		*ṣiwker	*ʔelej-min	*sujˑu
hawk (duck)				*wek-wek
hawk (fish)				*tuk-tuk
hawk (redtail)		*ṣiwker
hawk (small)			*čiliskan ?
hawk (sparrow)					*tetˑete-
hawk sp.		*kaknu
hay							*kole
hazel nuts					*ṣolˑuk ?
he, she, it	*ʔiˑš ʔišˑy	*waˑk(a)		*mi	*ʔisˑak
head	*uṭu	*ʔoli			*hanˑa-	*tolo-
headdress		*wa(ˑ)r…			*ṭ/tamak..., *ṭ/tamek...
healed (sore)				*ṭaˑm
health					*ʔučˑʔu-
hear, to	*ṭol-, *ṭal- ?			*ʔalˑy	*ṭoleˑ-jy-
heart
heat, to			*takˑa-mpi
heat up, to					*ṭoˑm-u- ?
heavy		*parwi			*lewˑe-ṭˑ, *lewṭe-ṭ
heel				*tynˑi-ṣ
help, to					*ʔesyˑt-y-
Here!	*joˑ!
here, now	*niˑ, *ni
here, this	*neˑš, *nešˑy
hiccough, to				*hyʔ…
hide						*ṭalka-
higher					*lilˑe-ka-
hill					*leme-		*pawi-ṣ, *paji-ṣ
his/her		*-n (*-n- ?)
his/her/its	*ʔi
hit, to			*liˑki	*mylˑa
hit (pelt), to				*maʔ-ta-, *meʔ-ta-	*čeˑʔ-y-
hit with a rock	*pakˑa
hit with a stick			*haṭˑa
hit with the fist				*kom-ta ?
hoarse, to be				*ṣekil
hole						*holˑaw
hole (ground)			*ʔičˑin, *ʔisˑin
hollow				*holˑu
horn, antler		*čiˑri		*kilˑi
hortative part.						*čaʔ
hot		*tawˑa
hot (spicy)		*kahˑa			*tep-tep		*kaj-kaj
hot (weather)							*wiˑlaw
hot thing					*wylyṭ
house		*ruwˑa		*koč(ˑ)a		*ʔuˑču-
house (cere- monial)		*tuˑpen				*hani-, *hane-
house (temporary)					*ʔumuč-ˑa-
how much?						*mi-t(ˑ)a-kˑo- ?
hug, to			*kap(ˑ)il, *kap(ˑ)al	*lyˑti ?
hum				*hym…
hummingbird			*humuˑña	*kulu- ?	*liˑčiˑ-či-
hunger						*hakaj
hungry							*munu
hungry, to get		*hitka-n
hunt, to		*punji			*wynty-
hurt, to					*ʔamˑu-
hurting (adj.)					*siken-me-
husband		*makˑu
husband’s sr.						*koliˑ-na-
husk acorns, to			*paˑka
I	*kanˑi, *kaˑn					*-te-
I-you pl. vol.						*-tok-ni
ignorant					*katˑi-	*henu-
impact					*-ta-
impede				*tik-
imperative	*-jˑi-			*ʔaˑ?
inchoative				*tyma
infix			*-j-
inhale, to				*čuˑt..., *ṣuˑt…
in-law				*meˑm, *ʔojˑam
instr. Case	*-ṣu, *-su
intensifier					*-mu-
inter. suf		*-ka, *-ṭo			*-n(ˑ)i-, *-ta-
intestines		*riˑṭuk, *riˑṭok
intransitive	*-si-, *-te			*-tu	*-ŋi-, *-pY ?
inundate, to		*tunˑe
invalid					*siken-me-
invite, to				*jejˑa, *jajˑu
it	*mi(n), *ma(n)
itch			*heṣko				*puṭu- ?
iterative	*-ṭe			*-ja	*-ta-
iter. destr.				*-la-
jab, to		*ripˑa
jackrabbit		*čeˑjis ?				*ʔepa-ˑli-	*čami-ṣ
jay (California)							*ṣajiˑč
jay (crested)	*kaj-kaj ?
jealous		*ʔarse
johnny-jump- ups (white)						*ṭoṭoˑkol
jump, to			*čulu		*ṭujaˑŋ-y-
just barely							*ʔeke-ṣˑu
keep on, to					*tokoˑʔ-u-
kick with heel					*kalaˑ-ŋy-		*tunˑa
kick with toe						*ṭek-my
kidney						*paspas
kill, to		*nimˑi	*liˑki		*jynˑa-	*joˑṣ-u-
killdeer			*tiwiˑtuk
kind (adj.)				*ʔejaṣ
kindle, to	*hyl-si		*huja
kingfisher				*čaˑṭa-ˑṭa- ?
kingsnake	*luˑlumi?				*hoˑtoŋ-ja-	*laˑnaka-ṣ
knee	*mokʷ(ˑ)i		*toˑlo-ṣ			*honˑoj
kneel, to						*honoˑj-u- ?
knife		*ṭipˑe
knot						*ṣotil-ˑa-
know, to	*nan..., *nen... ?	*hinṣu
lacking				*tiˑl
land	*py(ˑ)la
land (bug), to					*ṭoʔ-ŋe-
language					*liwa-
last							*topˑa
late			*ʔuˑjak-
late, to get		*ʔujka
late (delayed), to be			*momˑe-n
later					*ʔysˑa-
laugh				*hyjak, *hyjka
lay eggs, to					*haŋyˑ-jy-
lay s.o. down					*jaˑŋ -y-
leach, to					*molpa-, *molaˑp-y-
leader (female)				*maˑjen
leaf, leaves		*ma(ˑ)ra-h			*tatˑa-, *taˑta-
leaf out, to					*tataˑ-ty-
leak, to			*laswi-n
lean (meat)					*ʔočˑuk
lean against, to							*holoṣ
learn, to			*ʔurse
leave behind					*ʔelˑy-
left (remaining)				*ʔaˑj	*ṭaˑŋa-
left (side)						*čajˑa- ?
left over		*jowˑi-n
leg (lower)					*hoˑčon
lend, to			*kamˑo
Let him!			*jeˑla!
let’s (go)		*hijˑe
lick, to						*lak-ṭy-
lie (deceive)					*ṭaˑw-y-
lie down, to		*nimˑi			*ja ˑe-
lie face down							*mekus
lie face up, to			*c/aj(ˑ)ol-
lift, to					*jyṭyˑ-ty-
light (weight)	*heṣ..., *hoṣ…
lightning	*wilˑep
like (that way, similar to)	*kaṭu, *katu ?				*nymiṣ
like, to							*welak
lily (Mariposa)					*čikiwči-
lips	*welˑewel(e), *wepˑel(i)
live, to			*tawra
liver	*kylˑa
lizard			*meher
location					*-mˑa-ṭy-	*-w(ˑ)i	*-wa
locative case	*{-my}
log				*hoˑl
long							*ʔenaˑk
long ago			*ʔokse
look (seem)					*mičy-ksy-
Look!				*(h)yṭe!
look askance		*kel-ṭe
look at, to				*(h)yṭe
look back, to					*ʔečaˑ-jy-
look for, to	*wele, *wole ?						*li(ˑ)ma
look out, to			*ʔatˑa, *ʔatˑe
look out for						*hajˑa-po-kṣu-
loosen, to					*ṭokˑu-
lose (game),					*luṣ-ˑu-ŋˑe-
lost, to get		*tonˑe-n				*henil-
loud, to be			*hiṭeˑ-pi
louse (body)			*raˑh, *raˑhe	*čypsi
louse (head)		*kahˑaj ?		*keˑt, *ketˑy ?
love, to					*lekjy-
lumpy						*lytˑyp, *lytˑyj
lunch (packed)				*pyne
lunch, to take						*pyneˑ-ty-
lungs	*poṣˑol, *poṣlo- ?
lying down					*jaŋˑa-čˑy-
magpie		*ʔaṭ-ʔaṭ				*ʔač-ʔač
make, to				*ʔokja, *ʔokje	*ʔen-ṣy-
make, do		*hišˑe, *hašˑe ?
mallard				*watmal
man (male)	*ṭa(ˑ)li-ṣ		*mukʷ, *mukʷˑe			*nanˑa-
many					*toˑko-
manzanita (berries)						*mokˑo-s.
manzanita(small berries)				*ʔeˑje, *ʔejˑe
maple				*ṣaˑji-
mark					*syk(ˑ)a-
marrow					*koˑsot ?	*silpet
marry a man		*mak-h-u				*nanaˑ-jy-
marry a woman					*ʔoṣa-jy-
mash, to				*pičak
massage, to				*lojˑa
mat				*heti
maybe					*(h)ane, *luˑṭiˑ
meadowlark		*čiˑrit-min
meal (a meal)					*ʔywʔy-
measure,to					*nenˑa-
meat		*riˑṣ	*toˑṭe		**mičeˑm-a-
medicine				*wene
medio-passive	*-ṣny	*-n		*-ṣy, *-ṭy, *-ṭe	*-nY-	*-ne-
melt, to				*čoˑk, *čuˑk		*jojˑa-
merely					*heŋy-j
middle		*horpe-j				*kaˑwi-	*kowˑa
middle finger						*kawˑi-n-ṭa
milk	*muˑs, *muˑṣ
miss (long for)				*jonˑe-, *joˑne-
miss the mark					*ʔomsu
mist	*meˑč..., *miˑč…
mistaken					*katiʔ-me-
mistletoe					*ṭintʔik-la- ?
mix, to		*himˑe
molar teeth		*kaˑra-s (*karwa-s ?)
mole (animal)	*moˑlo				*tymˑel, *timˑil
molt, to					*ṣup-ku-
monster					*tinˑy-ṭˑi
monte		*hujˑa
moon	*kolme ?
more		*jowˑin		*ʔaˑj
morning	*ʔawˑe-
mortar	*ʔylwa ?					*?ymˑe
morta rbedrock					*čoˑse-
mosquito	*šojˑu ?				*ʔyjyˑky-ṣ
mother		*ʔanˑa-n, *ʔaˑna-n			*ʔyta-		*ʔunu
mother- in-law		*ʔuhi
mountain					*leme-		*pawi-ṣˑ, *paji-ṣ
mountain lion						*hiˑliˑča-	*ʔupukṣe
mountain mahogany					*sype-
mouse	*ṣolˑo	*riˑña		*ṭolˑo..., *t.olˑi…	*pusˑiʔ-na-		*jeṣˑe
mouth	*haˑj			*lup(ˑ)e		*ʔawˑo-	*lakum
much				*yṭˑiʔ	*toˑko-
mudhen				*toṣlok, *toṣkol
mumble				*hym...
mussel			*hakˑaw
mute						*čepi- čypi-
my	*-ṭ -ṭi		*-ṣ-
my, mine	*kan
myth, story					*ʔutne-
name	*laˑkat				*ʔojaˑ-ṣe-
name, to	*laˑkat				*ʔojˑa-
nape				*to pa
navel		*lo puṭ, *lop uṭ ?
near						*hajˑe-
neck							*heleˑki
neck, nape		*lanˑa, *laˑna
necklace			*han i
nephew/niece					*ʔypsa-		*tow e
nest (bird)	*heˑsa, *heˑṣa
nest, to make						*hesaˑ-jy-
net					*laṣˑa-
nettles						*ṣoṣoˑl...
new		*ʔiṭˑa
next						*toˑpa-
nice				*ʔejaṣ
night	*mulu-.
nine			*pakˑi			*woʔe-
nipple					*musuʔ-ˑa-
nit		*ṣaˑkar
no, not		*ʔakwe, *ʔekwe		*helˑa		*ken, *ket, *ke(ˑ)
noise, to make			*ʔočko	*hyl-ka
nom. Case						*{-ʔ}
nominal suffix	*-ṭ	*-h			*-ča-	*-mˑa-
north		*ʔawˑa-s		*tamal
north wind				*kan(ˑ)ym ?
northerner					*tamˑyl-e-
nose, nostrils	*huˑk, *hukˑy				*niṭo-
not know, not understand						*henˑu-
not recognize					*pyṣi -jy-
now				*ne-m			*ni(ṣ)
numeral suffix						*-kˑo-	*-ka
nurse at breast	*muˑs-y, *muˑṣ-y						*pu(ˑ)ṭ …
oak (black)						*ṭele-ˑli-
oak (live)		*juˑki-ṣ		*saˑṭa
oak (small)				*suˑk ?
oak (valley)	*ʔalwe-š				*wilˑi-ṣ		*hakja
oak (white)				*molˑa, *moˑla	*leˑka-		*muˑle
oak sp.		*tuh(ˑ)e
oar							* o(ˑ)lak
objective case	*{-yč}
obsidian					*siṭˑik(ˑ)iniwa-
ocean			*kalˑe
old	*hojˑu ?
old man		*hunṭa(č), *hunaˑṭa(č)
old woman					*ʔonoṣˑo- < **ʔona- ?
one		*him-		*kenˑe		*luṭˑi-
one who		*-ṣ-min
one(s)	*ʔam(ˑ)a
onion (wild)		*ʔuˑner					*puˑču
only					*keŋˑe-tˑi-
open (country)					*hal(ˑ)e(s)
open, to		*haj-ki	*mah-wi				*witiṣ, *wetiṣ
open mouth, to			*šačar		*haˑhaj-ˑy-
opening (hole)						*holˑaw
optative part.						*čaʔ
ordinal marker						*-pa-
oriole				*čakaˑ-čaka ?
other						*luṭˑi-, *luˑṭi-
our incl.					*-čˑi-
outside		*kari(j)		*walˑi
owl (barn, screech)		*čaˑhi		*wičˑiki-ṣ			*woṭi
owl (great horned)				*tukˑu-ˑli-
owl (ground)			*weˑči-či ?	*ṭok(ˑ)ok...
pack, to	*(h)apˑu, *(h)ipˑu				*ṭyjyˑ-ty-		*ʔaˑwiṣ
paint				*walan…
paint, to		*ʔenˑe				*wakˑa-
parent-in-law						*hewˑas
parent(s) of child’s spouse					*maksi-
partner				*ʔojˑam
pass by, to		*ʔeˑpe
pass s.o., to					*maˑŋ-y-
passive	*-ṣny, *-ˑu						*-ku
passive (involuntary)					*-pa-ṣny-
past (remote)	*-ṣy, *-sˑy
past tense				*kaˑ, *ka
patch, to				*tanki ?
peel, to				*ṭol-
penis				*haˑn, *hanˑy		*tolˑol (*ṭolˑol ?)
pepperwood				*ṣawla, *ṣalwa
perfect tense				*maˑ, *ma	*{-ak}
perfective							*-ṭi
person	*koˑṭa, *koṭˑa ?, *miˑkʷ, *mikʷˑy-, *ʔam(ˑ)a
pestle				*lupˑu-	*kawaˑ-či-
phlegm			*maˑhul			*kaˑle-ṣ
pick, to			*rutˑa
pierced, to be		*ṭel-ˑu-ṣ-te
pigeon				*ʔumˑaˑwe(l)		*lyŋˑy-ˑti-
pile, to				*moˑla
pinch, to						*ṭiˑn-y-
pine (gray)	*saˑk, *sakˑy
pine (mountain)				*san(ˑ)ak
pine (ponderosa)						*wasˑa-
pine needles						*čeˑke-
pine pitch				*ju(ˑ)t...
pinewood					*ṣakˑine, *ṣaˑkine
pinole			*kurkah		*tuj(ˑ)u-		*ʔuṣkun
pinole, to eat		*mujˑe
pipe	*ṣumki ?
pity, to		*ʔanˑa ?
plan, to					*nenˑa-, *ṭyn-ṭyn-ny-
plant sp.		*čajˑa
plant, to					*čiˑp-y-
play, to	*hal..., *hol...						*ʔe·la ?
play ball, to	*počku
play flute, to			*huṣke
play games, to					*ʔawˑi-
pleasant				*čy(ˑ)k...
please, to					*hyʔmy-
pluck, to						*wičˑy-, *wiˑčy-	*putˑa
plural	*-kom	*-kam, *-mak, *-kma		*-kon
plural, animate	*-jˑa
pop, to				*pak-ṭy, *pak ṭe
porcupine					*myˑhyˑ-na- ??
possessing					*-jaHk		*{-ak}
possibility						*-nˑi-
point, to				*čik..., *kiˑča, *kiˑči
poison				*saˑn...?	*jen-
poison oak	*nykys						*ʔitˑum
poke, to			*hiṭe		*hyl-ja-	*čikˑo-, *čikˑu-
pond/pool					*polˑaj
potatoes (wild)	*waˑla				*jum(ˑ)ut
pound, to(acorns)	*pakˑa pound				*lopˑa-, *os e-
pound (acorns)					*čosˑe-		*ʔuṭuk
pour, to				*molˑe	*čujˑa-
pour out, to					*jolˑe-
pregnant		*paˑji-ṣ-te, *paˑje-ṣ-te
prepare, to					*ʔen-ṣy-
press down				*pič-, *pit-
pretty, to be			*misˑi(h)
pretty (girl)					*lupˑu-, *mon...
pricked ears			*jolṭo
prickle, to					*hyl-ja-
puddle					*polˑaj
pull, to				*ṭupˑu-
pull out, to		*hut-ki, *hut-ke
punch, to				*kom-ta ?	*ṭok-la-
puppy					*čuku-tˑi-
purpose						*-nˑi-
push, to			*čutwa		*kutˑe-
put, to							*hoˑje
put away, to						*lywˑe-
put down, to					*maʔiˑl-y-
put in, to		*hawi
put on, to (clothing)		*ʔutˑu-pi
quail (mt.)						*kujˑak-ˑa-
quail (valley)	*hek…
quiet, to be			*hamc/a, *hemc/o	*mymˑy, *myˑmy
rabbit (brush)		*weˑri-n
raccoon			*šaš... ?			*patkas
rain			*ʔamˑan-i		*nykˑa-		*ʔupˑa, *ʔuˑpa
rain, to		*ʔamne					*ʔup.a, *ʔuˑpa
raise, to					*jyṭyˑ-ty-
rash	*paˑṭal, *poˑčol.
rat (kangaroo)		*taˑči-n
rattle (cocoon)				*ṣokoṣ-ˑa-
rattle (split stick)						*ṭakaṭ-ˑa-
rattles (snake)						*čata-
rattlesnake		*ʔipˑiš ?
raven			*kaˑkar-i ?	*kaˑkul-i, *kaˑkal-i ?
raw, green		*ʔaṣˑo-		*ʔima
reach, to				*ʔenaj	*naˑk-y-
reciprocal	*-mi, *-me
recognize	*nan..., *nen... ?
recover, to							*henak
red	*joli, *ʔawa					*weṭe-
red maid		*ṣaˑpah
reflect (light)						*čatku- ?
reflection						*ʔylˑi-
reflexive	*-po, *-pu.
reflexive imv.						*-e-(ˑ)ṣi-
regret, to					*kuṣ-ŋe-
relative							*ʔojˑa
remain, to		*jowˑi		*ʔaˑj-y
remember, to		*hinwi, *henwe	*pesjo
repeat, to		*ʔojo ?
repetitive				*-ˑVCˑy
report, to					*kojow-nu-
respect, to						*hyʔˑi-, *hyˑʔi-
rest				*ṭyje
rest, to			*noṣwe
resultative			*-ṣi, *-ši
rheum						*pač(ˑ)ak
ribs		*tawˑe ?
right (side, hand)			*samˑa		*hotˑo-
rinse, to				*čomˑa
ripe, cooked				*kili	*hinepˑu-
ripen, to		*hiwˑu-n			*hinep-ŋe-
rise (sun), to					*lak-ṣy-	*čoˑp-u-
rise(water), to		*tunˑe
rise up, to				*taˑli
river	*wak...
roadrunner	*ʔujˑuj ?
roast, to			*husˑu, *ʔa(ˑ)m...			*hin a-
robin				*wiṭˑap, *wiṣˑap
rock				*lupˑu		*ṣawa-
rock (for stone boiling)			*paˑka-s
roll over, to					*maʔiˑl-y-		*puč(ˑ)el
root		*hiˑkoṭ, *hiʔkoṭ
roots (basket )				*mulˑa, *suˑli
rotten (wood)	*pot....
rotten, to be		*ṣumˑu-ṣ-te
round house						*han(ˑ)i-, *han(ˑ)e-
rub, to				*liṭˑa		*wakˑa-
run, to		*ṭowˑe		*hytˑaw, *hyčˑaw
run (water), to	*wak...
run away, to			*haˑhe
sage (lime leafed)		*patˑi-h
salamander						*ʔapˑan-ṭa-
saliva		*lu(ˑ)s				*jyˑp, *kaˑle-ṣ	*hakˑoj
salmon		*huˑraka			*koˑsum	*ṭukun	*kaṣˑi, *kaˑṣi
salt		*ʔawˑe-s		*kojˑo
salt, to		*ʔawse
same						*melˑa-
sand	*wi(ˑ)s..., *wi(ˑ)ṣ...						*ṣukuj
sapsucker					*ʔujaˑ-naˑna- ?
satisfy, to					*hyʔmy-
save, to				*ʔočˑa ?
say, to	*kačˑy, *kajˑy
scald (chicken)					*ṣupˑa-
scare, to				*helaj, *ṣelaj
scorched				*koˑm
scorpion				*ʔetˑym
scrape, to	*wač(ˑ)u, *waṣˑu ?			*wyṭˑa ?
scratch, to	*wičˑa, *wisˑa	*haṣˑa			*ṭisyˑ-jy-		*ṣekˑa ṣeˑka
season							*walˑi
seat s.o., to					*ṭˑoʔ-u-
seaweed					*haṣku(ˑ)l-a
second					*ʔoṭki-pa-
see, to			*hajwe, *mehe	*(h)yṭe
selfish				*haji (*hači ?)
semi-acc.	*-ka ?
send, to	*hok(ˑ)i				*hysˑi-		*hija
set (sun), to	*ʔaˑku				*lep...
set s.t. down					*ṭoˑʔ-u-
settle, to					*čuˑn-u-
seven						*kene-kˑa-k	*ṣemlaˑwi
shade				*molˑi-
shade, to			*hewhe
shadow			*heˑweh				*molˑe
shake s.t., to			*jihwi		*jykaˑ-ty-
shake (dice)						*čataˑ-ty-
shaking				*jutu-ṭˑu-ṭˑu- ?, *liwˑuṭ
shaman	*ʔuten ?			*huˑni-ṣ
sharp					*kytˑ-e-
sharpen,to				*hykˑa
shave, to			*hejse
shave wood, to							*wočˑa
shear, to						*ṣiˑk-y-
shell acorns, to			*paˑka
shine				*ṭul-
shine, to					*čew(ˑ)a
shiver, to				*jutu-ṭˑu-ṭˑu	*ṭynˑa-
shoot, to				*ṭyw-	*ṭykˑy-
shore			*kaw...
shoulder		*ʔolˑo-ṭ, *ʔolˑo-ṣ
shoulder blade				*tawˑaṣ, *taw(ˑ)ak	*ṭalṭaʔla- < **ṭalṭal-ʔa-
shrivel, to						*čuṭ-
sibling (yr.)	*talˑe				*ʔate-		*ʔaˑmo
sick					*siken-me-	*sike-
sick, to get		*kaˑji-n			*sikeˑ-ny-
sick person			*ʔiˑna
sift, to				*puṣˑe ?
sinew(Sp. niervo)		*hurek			*ṭupˑin, *ṭuˑpin	*pa/osuˑka-	*latˑik, *laˑtik
sing, to		*ṣaˑwe			*mylˑi-
single					*keŋˑe-tˑi-	*luṭˑi-
sink, to					*čuˑn-u-
sister (older)		*taˑna(n)			*teˑte-		*woko
sister (yr.)!					*kole-ˑ!
sister’s husband				*kaˑw
sit, to	*ṭakʷ-, *ṭokʷ-				*huŋˑe-, *hyŋˑe-
six		*ṣakˑe-n				*tem...	*pačˑi-ṭak
skin		*patˑa-h ?				*ṭalka-
skin, to						*luṭˑu-, *luˑṭu-
skin (plant), to					*luˑku-
skunk		*jaˑwi	*tihši-n			*hisˑik	*kaluk
skunk (spotted)						*ṭonˑoko(s)
sky		*ṭarah		*wyˑče-, *wyčˑe(k)
slap, to				*meṭ-ja
sleep	*ʔeˑṭ, *ʔeṭˑy			*ṭyje
sleep, to	*ʔeˑṭ-y-
sleepy, to be		*ʔeṭne-n
slick, slippery					*liṭˑa-ṭa-
slicken, to				*lik-ja- ?
slide, to						*čuluˑṣ-u-
smear, to						*wakˑa-
smell (tV)	*hukˑy
smile, to				*čuˑm...
smoke (fire)	*kaˑl				*hakˑis
smoke (fire), to		*kaˑri			*hakiˑs-y-
smoke pipe, to	*ṣumki ?					*paʔmy-
smoky, to get					*haksi-
snake,rattle- snake				*wakˑa-ˑli
snake (gopher)			*koˑṭe-h
snake (water)		*liˑs...
sneeze, to		*ʔašnu ?			*hatis, *hatsi-
sniff around				*huk-huk
snore, to	*loˑna(k) ?
snort, to					*noṭaˑk-y-
snot	*šun...
snow		*wakˑa-n	*jokop, *jopok			*keˑla-
snow, to			*jokpo, *jopko			*kelˑa-
soak, to				*čomˑa			*čolˑa
soaproot						*sakaˑn-i-	*hakˑa-ṣ
soft					*henˑa-na-	*hop…
someone	*mi(n), *ma(n), *ʔam(ˑ)a
something	*hin-ṭi, *hin-ṭa				*tinˑy-
sometimes					*luˑṭiˑ
son		*ʔinˑi-ṣ	*mukˑe-h		*ʔaŋsi-
son-in-law					*maniˑṣa-
song		*ṣaˑw			*myˑli-
soon					*ʔena-t
sorcerer	*ʔuten ?
sore(s)	*paˑṭal, *poˑčol. PMi, *ṭaˑm.			*ṭaˑm.
sores (nits) ?		*ṣaˑkar
soul			*noṣˑow
south		*kaˑku-n			*čymˑe-č
southerner					*čymˑe-to-
southwest		*ʔoli
spank, to				*met.-ja
spark, sparkle						*čatku- ?
speak, to		*ričˑa			*liwˑa-		*ʔaṭaw
spring (water)					*ʔolˑol		*ʔola(-ṣ)
spear					*hylˑa-la-
speckled	*ṭona- ?
spider				*pokˑum
spider web						*tyˑkema-, *tyˑkena- ?
spill, to			*laswi	*molˑe	*jolˑe-
spine					*koˑsot ?
spirit			*noṣˑow
spit (saliva)		*lu(ˑ)s(*lusˑe ?)				*jyˑp	*hakˑoj
spit, to		*lus-wi		*tukja, *tukṣe ?
split, to	*ʔaṭ-, *ʔoṭ-		*šal..., *ṣa -ki		*t.al-wa-
split by itself					*ʔaṭ-ˑu-ŋe-, *ʔoṭ-ˑu-ŋˑe-
spotted	*ṭona- ?
spray (dog), to				*ʔoṭuṣ-pa
spread out, to			*tokˑo		*heˑt-y-
springtime					*čitak-no-
sprinkle, to				*čiṭiˑ-ṭy-, *sit-
sprout, to			*mokˑo
squeeze, to	*čiˑnu, *ṭiˑnu
squirrel (ground)		*ʔeˑš	*sičok-na		*ṭiča-ṣ	*ʔopuk(si)	*čiṭe
squirrel (tree)						*meˑwe-
squirt, to				*čiṭiˑ-ty-
stab, to		*ripˑa
stammering						*čepi- čypi-
stamp, to					*haˑṭ-y-
stand, to					*hačˑi-čˑy-		*tala-ṣ
stand up, to			*ličˑaj-pu, *lačˑaj-pu
star			*pakrar	*ṭyʔle	*hosˑakˑon-a-
start, to	*hojˑu ?	*munˑi
state of being					*ʔučʔu-
static				*-č ?
static perf.					*-čˑo-ˑṣ-ak
static vol.						*-ˑsi-
stative		*-s-te, *-h-te
stay, to						*ʔuˑč-u-
steal, to			*ha(ˑ)ṭa	*wyl(ˑ)a
stem suffix						*-mY-, *-se
step- (kinship)						*-pu-
step, to				*hačˑi	*haˑṭ-y-	*haṭˑa-?
stepdaughter				*tunje
stepfather					*hajʔi		*ʔola
stick		*tapˑur		*tumaj
stick, to					*hyl-ja-
stick together		*peṭˑe
stick to s.t.					*jutˑa-
stick upright					*čiˑp-y-
stickers				*ki li
sticky					*jutˑa-ta-
still	*ʔiṣˑa				*nuna-
stingy				*haji (*hači ?)
stink, to			*ṭawri-		*huk-si-	*ṭok-
stink bug		*ʔunčuš-min			*kynˑys-taˑli-
stinky						*ṭok-ṭok
stone		*ʔirak		*lupˑu		*ṣawa-
stooped, to be			*niṭli
stop, to			*kawra, *kawra-n, *ličˑaj-pu, *lačaj-pu		*čel-ku-, *haˑč-y-
story, myth					*ʔutne-
straddle, to				*waṭa-		*haṭaˑ-ly-
strange						*pyṣˑi-
stranger						*luṭˑi-, *luˑṭi-, *pyṣˑi-
stream	*wak...
string				*ṣyčˑa ?
string beads, to			*hiˑwu				*kaṭi, *kačˑi <**kaṭ(ˑ)i
striped			*hit.eˑ-pu			*lyna...
sturgeon ?		*huˑraka
subj. case							*{-nu}
sub-morphemic sequence				*...aj
suck, to				*čuˑt..., *ṣuˑt...
suckerfish					*ṣawakˑač
summer						*helak
sun, sunny	*hiṣ-me
supper, to eat				*mičem
surface					*lilˑe-mˑaṭy-
survive, to						*čoˑp-u-
sycamore (Sp. aliso)		*maˑra-h
swaddle, to					*hik-ni-
swallow (bird)						*salˑip
swallow, to		*horko		*lak-	*myʔty-
swan (heron)							*kow-kow
sweat, to				*ča(ˑ)py, *ča(ˑ)pa ?
sweat house					*čapy-(j-ˑa-)	*han(ˑ)i-, *han(ˑ)e-
sweet						*čuj-čuj
swell up, to			*poˑko-n		*makty-
swift					*hywˑa
swim, to	*ʔel...			*ʔyp-ṣy
swing, to					*juṣe..., *juṣu...
swing s.o., to			*ʔejˑo, *ʔeˑjo
tadpole					*ʔapoṭˑo-ṭˑo-
tail	*koˑk	*tuˑpuj			*ṣuˑki-
take, to		*hoˑjo		*wel-ki
take care of				*hajˑa
take out, to		*haw-j-i
talk, to					*liwˑa-		*ʔaṭaw
tangle (snarl)			*ročo(j) ?
tarweed			*jarka-ṣ
tattoo					*syk(ˑ)a-
tea plant				*huk...
tear, to						*tep-wa-
tears	*ʔiˑn, *ʔinˑy ?
tears, to weep					*čiweˑl-y-
teeth, tooth	*kyˑt, *kytˑy-			*kyṭy-
teeth (molar)		*kaˑra-s, *karwa-s ?
tell, to		*ruta	*monṣe		*kojoˑw-u-, *liwˑa-
tell myths, to						*ʔuteˑn-y-
temporal		*-wa ?			*-ta-
temporal case						*{-no}
ten			*tanac/, *tanc/a-h-te		*naʔaˑ-ča-
tender (meat)					*henˑa-na-
tendon (Sp. niervo)		*hurek				*pasuˑka-, *posuˑka-	*latˑik, *laˑtik
testicles						*ṣawtal
that	*hin-, *han-, *mi(n)-, *ma(n)			*ʔiˑke, *ʔeˑke
that one				*ʔit(ˑ)e
that, over there	*noˑšu, *nošˑu	*piˑna
then					*no-n
there	*ti ?			*no(ˑ)
these people				*ne-kˑo
they				*ʔi-kˑo
thick						*lewˑy-ṣ
thief				*wyl(ˑ)a
thigh				*koˑwi		*tun(ˑ)u, *tumu- ?
thin (leaf)					*čak-
think, to		*hinwi, *henwe		*ta(ˑ)wy..., *tawˑy...	*ṭyn-ṭyn-ny-	*ṭonˑi-
third						*telko-pa-
thirsty		*ʔakˑi-n					*lakˑo
this/here	*neˑš, *nešˑy
thorn					*hylˑa-la-
those		*pin-ja
thou, thy, thine	*(m)in.
thrasher (bird)					*kulˑu-ˑṭi-
three		*kape-s
throat		*horko-ṣ			*myʔˑyṭ-(ˑ)a-
throw over-hand					*čeˑʔ-y-
thunder					*timˑel-e-
thunder, to					*timeˑl-y
tick(insect)		*ṣaˑtar ?		*ketˑa		*huˑti-
tick (small)			*winsir-i
tie, to					*ṣ.yˑčy-	*tyˑjy
tiein a knot, to						*ṣotiˑl-y-, *sotli-
tight							*čučˑe
tighten, to				*pit.-	*ṣyṭ-ki-
tip		*tunˑe
tired, to be					*ṭan-
toad			*wakrač-min
tobacco (wild)		*maṭˑel			*kaˑṣy-		*kajaw
toe							*kolo
together				*kenˑe-t
tongue		*lasˑe-h				*nepˑit	*len/mtip
top					*lilˑe-mˑaṭy-
touch, to					*hajˑe-
tough				*kaṭˑy
towhee					*ṭew(ˑ)en ?
towhee, brown						*čik-čik
toy					*ʔawin-ˑa-		*ʔe·la ?
toyon			*totʲˑo-n < **tojˑon			*koˑso-
tracks				*kolo	*haṭˑe-
trade, to		*karwi, *karwe				*temaˑl-y-
trail		*ʔinˑu		*muˑk, *mukˑu
trail, to						*ʔenpu-, *ʔonpu-
trail by scent					*hukˑa-
trample, to		*jiṣˑa
transitive						*-wa
transparent					*čak-
travel, to			*ʔinju
tree		*ma(ˑ)ra-h, *tapˑur			*laˑma-
tremble, to				*jutuṭ-ˑu-ṭˑu
trout				*ṭal..., *ṭol…	*lapiˑsaj
try, to				*menˑa(w), *meˑna(w)
tule (cattail)			*haˑle
tule (round)	*loˑko-ṣ ?				*walakˑaj, *walˑakaj	*liˑn, *linˑy-
turn into, to
turn over, to	*ʔeṭ..., *ʔet...
turtle	*ʔawan-, *ʔawin-						*meleˑ-ja
twelve					*ʔoṭik-ṣakeˑn-yʔ
twenty					*naʔˑa-
twine, to				*tewˑy
twin(s)				*ʔojˑa
twist, to						*paṭiˑ-wy-
two	*ʔoṭi, *ʔoṭ-
two (counting)					*ʔoṭiˑ-jak
ugly						*ʔyṣyˑ-ṭa-
uncle		*ʔetˑe			*hajʔi
uncle (mat.)				*kaˑka
uncle (pat.)							*ʔola
understand, to					*ṭoleˑ-jy-
union		*himˑe-n
unite, to		*himˑe
untangle, to			*roč-wi
untie, to					*ṭokˑu-
up		*riˑni(h), *rinˑi(h)		*liˑle
upward					*liˑle-tˑy-t
urinate, to			*čala	*ʔoṭ-ṣu
urine			*čala			*ʔoṭa-
use up, to					*takmy-
valley					*pyˑlaj
vanish, to					*ṣatpy-
veins					*ṭupˑin, *ṭuˑpin
verbalizer	*-ty, *-wy, *-y	*-še?, *-te, *-wi		*-ṣy, *-ˑli-	*-jY-, *-nY-, *-ŋkY-, *-ŋY-, *-sY-	*-čY-, *-lY-, *-tY-
verbal suffix	*-ˑny ?		*-ke
very					*toˑko-
visit, to			*wareˑ-pi			*ʔemaˑ-jy-
vocative case	*{-ˑ}
volitional					*-ko-	*-eH-, *-ni-
vomit, to		*ʔaṭṣi			*hoˑne-
wade, to						*lyn...
wade across					*myˑŋ-y-
wail for dead				*jalaˑk-y
Wait!			*jeˑla!
wait, to				*hajˑa
wake up, to	*talˑi, *tiˑli ?		*ʔaw-j-e-n, *ʔeṭ-we-n
walk, to			*hinˑe, *hinˑi, *ʔinju		*wyˑn-y-
want, to			*hiwse-n, *ʔunˑi	*(h)eˑja(w)			*welak
war, to wage					*konaˑs-y-
warm		*mošˑe ?	*pet...		*ṭom-ṭom
warm o.s., to					*komˑu-
wash, to							*čolˑa, *lolˑa
wash face, to				*mulak
wasp sp.			*poˑtor-, *poˑṭor-
watch, to				*hajˑa, *wel-, *wol-	*ṭen-
water	*kiˑk, *kikˑy-
water, to get					*ʔuṣ-te
watery, to get			*sipri-n
we, us, our	*makṣi
we du. incl.				*ʔičˑi, *ʔiči, *ʔič
we pl. incl.					*ʔoṭi-ṭˑi-	*-ṭič
we two					*ʔoṭiˑ-me-, *ʔoṭi-m		*ʔoč(ˑ)i, *ʔoč
weak					*henˑa-na-
weasel							*čaṭi
weep, tears					*čiwel
west		*ramˑa
wet				*čakaṣ, *puˑl	*jyte-
wet, to	*mol(ˑ)i
whale			*ṭimˑe
what	*hin-, *han-, *hin-ṭi, *hin-ṭa
what?		*hin-ka			*tinˑy-
what is that?		*hin-ṭo
when?			*hin-wa		*mi-ta-n
where?	*min i, *man i		*han i
which			*hampi
which?
while, a while					*haˑna-ʔ
whip, to				*meṭ-ja
whirl, to (wind)	*pukuj
whirlwind	*pukˑuj
whiskers	*ʔuṭu	*heˑjek/s
whisper, to				*ṣekoj
whistle, to		*kuˑji ?	*huṣ-ke	*kujak
white				*puṭu-, *poṭo-	*kele-lˑi-
who	*mi(n)-, *ma(n)		*hampi
wife		*hawa,, *hawˑa			*ʔoṣˑa-		*kulˑe-ṣ
wife’s br.						*wokˑoli-, *wokli-
wildcat		*toˑrom(a) ?		*tolˑo-mˑa			*toleṣ
willow sp.		*riˑpi-n	*tarha…
win (game), to					*luˑṣu-
wind				*hena
wind (north)				*kan(ˑ)ym ?
wing
wink, to				*čitak		*činpy-
winnow, to				*puṣˑe ?
winter				*ʔomču,, *ʔumču
wolf			*ʔumˑu-h	*huˑn, *hunˑu
woman		*šurik,, **ṣulik			*ʔoṣˑa-	*ʔyṣyˑʔyṣ	*počˑi-ṣ
womb						*ʔuˑč-a-ni-
wood		*tapˑur		*tumaj		*ṣyṣˑy-
wood, to fetch				*tumˑu	*sunˑu-
woodpecker	*pala...?		*čuruˑtu	*pak-pak
woodrat		*hireh				*lolˑok	*julˑu
woods(Sp. monte)		*hujˑa
world	*walˑi(p)	*pire
worm						*keˑṣu-, *keˑsy-
wormwood				*kičin
worn out				*čaˑm ?
worry, to					*ṭyn-ṭyn-ny-
wrap, to				*paṭˑi-	*topoˑn-u-
wren (canyon)					*ṣawa-n-ṭiˑṭi-
wring out, to	*čiˑnu, *ṭiˑnu
wrinkle, to					*čun-ta-
wrong						*pyṣˑi-	*numa
year						*ʔomuˑča-, *ʔumuˑča	*walˑi
yellow- brown					*ṭaja-, *ṭaṭa- ?
yellow-green				*čiwi-,, *ṣiwi-
yellow-hammer	*ṭiw(ˑ)ak
yellow jacket		*pinˑa-n		*melna ?		*ṣuṣˑu
yes	*hyˑʔy, *ʔyˑ
yesterday		*ʔujka
you pl.	*mokˑom			*mi-kˑo, *mi-ko
you pl. imv.	*-ṭ
you sg.	*(m)in
you sg. and I				*ʔič(ˑ)i, *ʔič(ˑ)y
young man		*koˑṭo, *koṭˑo				*sali-	*heˑna-ṣ