Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/klamos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Unknown. Probably of non-Indo-European origin due to the a-vocalism. However, MacBain compares Sanskrit क्लान्त (klānta, “exhausted, wearied, fatigued”).

Adjective

*klamos

1. ill, sick
2. leprous, scurfy
3. (of animals) mangy

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*klamos	*klamou	*klamoi
vocative	*klame	*klamou	*klamoi
accusative	*klamom	*klamou	*klamoms
genitive	*klamī	*klamous	*klamom
dative	*klamūi	*klamobom	*klamobos
instrumental	*klamū	*klamobim	*klamobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*klamā	*klamai	*klamās
vocative	*klamā	*klamai	*klamās
accusative	*klamam	*klamai	*klamams
genitive	*klamās	*klamous	*klamom
dative	*klamai	*klamābom	*klamābos
instrumental	*?	*klamābim	*klamābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*klamom	*klamou	*klamā
vocative	*klamom	*klamou	*klamā
accusative	*klamom	*klamou	*klamā
genitive	*klamī	*klamous	*klamom
dative	*klamūi	*klamobom	*klamobos
instrumental	*klamū	*klamobim	*klamobis

Declension of the comparative
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*klamyūs	*?	*klamyoses
vocative	*klamyūs	*?	*klamyoses
accusative	*klamyosam	*?	*klamyosams
genitive	*klamisos	*?	*klamisom
dative	*klamisei	*?	*klamisbos
instrumental	*klamisī	*?	*klamisbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*klamyūs	*?	*klamyoses
vocative	*klamyūs	*?	*klamyoses
accusative	*klamyosam	*?	*klamyosams
genitive	*klamisos	*?	*klamisom
dative	*klamisei	*?	*klamisbos
instrumental	*klamisī	*?	*klamisbis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*klamis	*?	*?
vocative	*klamis	*?	*?
accusative	*klamis	*?	*?
genitive	*klamisos	*?	*klamisom
dative	*klamisei	*?	*klamisbos
instrumental	*klamisī	*?	*klamisbis

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *klaβ̃
  • Middle Breton: claff
    • Breton: klañv
  • Old Cornish: claf
    • Cornish: klav, kloav
  • Middle Welsh: claf
    • Welsh: claf
• Old Irish: clam
  • Middle Irish: clam

References

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “clam”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “claf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
• Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN