empedernir

Portuguese

Etymology

From *empedrenir, from em- +‎ pedra and an uncertain suffix.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ẽ.pe.deɦˈni(h)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ĩ.pe.deɦˈni(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ẽ.pe.deɦˈni(h)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ĩ.pe.deɦˈni(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deɾˈni(ɾ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deɾˈni(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(χ)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deɻˈni(ɻ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deɻˈni(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ẽ.pɨ.dɨɾˈniɾ/ [ẽ.pɨ.ðɨɾˈniɾ]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ẽ.pɨ.dɨɾˈniɾ/ [ẽ.pɨ.ðɨɾˈniɾ]
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ẽ.pɨ.dɨɾˈni.ɾi/ [ẽ.pɨ.ðɨɾˈni.ɾi]

Verb

empedernir (first-person singular present (Portugal only; missing in Brazil) empedirno, third-person singular present empederne, first-person singular preterite empederni, past participle empedernido)

1. (transitive) to make rock hard

Conjugation

    Conjugation of empedernir (i-e alternation in present singular) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	empedernir
Personal	empedernir	empedernires	empedernir	empedernirmos	empedernirdes	empedernirem
Gerund
	empedernindo
Past participle
Masculine	empedernido			empedernidos
Feminine	empedernida			empedernidas
Indicative
Present	empedirno	empedernes	empederne	empedernimos	empedernis	empedernem
Imperfect	empedernia	empedernias	empedernia	empederníamos	empederníeis	empederniam
Preterite	empederni	empederniste	empederniu	empedernimos	empedernistes	empederniram
Pluperfect	empedernira	empederniras	empedernira	empederníramos	empederníreis	empederniram
Future	empedernirei	empedernirás	empedernirá	empederniremos	empedernireis	empedernirão
Conditional	empederniria	empedernirias	empederniria	empederniríamos	empederniríeis	empederniriam
Subjunctive
Present	empedirna	empedirnas	empedirna	empedirnamos	empedirnais	empedirnam
Imperfect	empedernisse	empedernisses	empedernisse	empederníssemos	empedernísseis	empedernissem
Future	empedernir	empedernires	empedernir	empedernirmos	empedernirdes	empedernirem
Imperative
Affirmative		empederne	empedirna	empedirnamos	empederni	empedirnam
Negative (não)		não empedirnas	não empedirna	não empedirnamos	não empedirnais	não empedirnam

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /empedeɾˈniɾ/ [ẽm.pe.ð̞eɾˈniɾ]
• Rhymes: -iɾ
• Syllabification: em‧pe‧der‧nir

Verb

empedernir (no stressed present indicative or subjunctive, first-person singular preterite empederní, past participle empedernido)

1. to harden

Usage notes

• Used only with forms where the ending begins with -i.

Conjugation

    Conjugation of empedernir (defective) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			empedernir
gerund			empederniendo
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		empedernido		empedernida
		plural		empedernidos		empedernidas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	—	—tú empedernísvos	—	empedernimos	empedernís	—
	imperfect	empedernía	empedernías	empedernía	empederníamos	empederníais	empedernían
	preterite	empederní	empederniste	empedernió	empedernimos	empedernisteis	empedernieron
	future	empederniré	empedernirás	empedernirá	empederniremos	empederniréis	empedernirán
	conditional	empederniría	empedernirías	empederniría	empederniríamos	empederniríais	empedernirían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	—	—	—	—	—	—
	imperfect (ra)	empederniera	empedernieras	empederniera	empederniéramos	empedernierais	empedernieran
	imperfect (se)	empederniese	empedernieses	empederniese	empederniésemos	empedernieseis	empederniesen
	future1	empederniere	empedernieres	empederniere	empederniéremos	empederniereis	empedernieren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		—tú empedernívos	—	—	empedernid	—
	negative		—	—	—	—	—

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.

Further reading

• “empedernir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28