vera

See also: Vera, verá, vêra, Věra, and вера

English

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈvɪəɹə/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈvɪɹə/
• Rhymes: -ɪəɹə

Etymology 1

From Vera Lynn. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

vera (plural veras)

1. (Cockney rhyming slang) A skin (rolling paper for cigarettes).
   • 1992, The Shamen (band), Ebeneezer Goode (song)

     Has anybody got any veras? Lovely!

Etymology 2

As vega, with the "g" substituted with a "r" to represent risk-free (interest rate).

Noun

vera (uncountable)

1. (finance) A second-order measure of derivative price sensitivity, expressed as the rate of change of vega with respect to changes in the risk-free interest rate, or equivalently the rate of change of rho with respect to changes in the volatility of the underlying asset.

Synonyms

• rhova

Hypernyms

• (measure of derivative price sensitivity): Greeks (includes list of coordinate terms)

See also

• aloe vera
• billa vera
• polycythemia vera
• vera causa

 

Anagrams

• AVRE, Rave, aver, evar, rave, vare

Asturian

Etymology

From Latin viria.

Noun

vera f (plural veres)

1. edge, side
2. bank (of river)
3. wayside (of road, etc.)
4. acre (of land)
5. edging

Related terms

• a la vera
• averar

 

Ese

Noun

vera

1. fence
2. wall

Esperanto

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• IPA^(key): [ˈvera]
• Rhymes: -era
• Hyphenation: ve‧ra

Adjective

vera (accusative singular veran, plural veraj, accusative plural verajn)

1. true

Related terms

• vere
• vero

 

Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse vera (“to be”), from vesa, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- and *h₂wes-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈveːɹa]
• Rhymes: -eːɹa
• Homophone: verða

Verb

vera (third person singular past indicative var, third person plural past indicative vóru, supine verið)

1. (transitive, intransitive, takes nominative adjectives or nouns) to be

Conjugation

Conjugation of vera (irregular)
infinitive	vera
supine	verið
participle	verandi	-
	present	past
first singular	eri	var
second singular	ert	vart
third singular	er	var
plural	eru	vóru
	imperative
singular	ver!
plural	verið!

Noun

vera f (genitive singular veru, plural verur)

1. being

Declension

f1	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	vera	veran	verur	verurnar
accusative	veru	veruna	verur	verurnar
dative	veru	veruni	verum	verunum
genitive	veru	verunnar	vera	veranna

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse vera, earlier vesa, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną. Cognate with Danish være, Norwegian Bokmål være, Norwegian Nynorsk vera, and Swedish vara.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈvɛːra/
• Rhymes: -ɛːra

Verb

vera (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative var, third-person plural past indicative voru, supine verið)

1. (transitive, intransitive, takes nominative adjectives or nouns) to be

   Það er gaman að vera góður.

   It is fun being good.

   Að vera eða vera ekki.

   To be or not to be.

   Ég var kennari áður en ég gerðist stærðfræðingur.

   I was a teacher before I become a mathematician.

   Hvernig veistu að þetta sé ekki gildra?

   How do you know that this is not a trap?

Usage notes

The subjunctive forms sé, sért, sé, séum, séuð and séu are used as other Icelandic verbs, e.g. when the situation is hypothetical. By contrast, the forms veri, verir, veri, verum, verið and veri are unique to the verb vera, in that they are used optatively to express desires; e.g., fari hann og veri means may he leave and never return, and the phrase peace be upon you is translated friður veri með þér.

Inflection

Conjugation of vera

Active voice (germynd)		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative (framsöguháttur)	present (nútið)	er	ert	er	erum	eruð	eru
	past (þátíð)	var	varst	var	vorum	voruð	voru
subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)	present (nútið)	sé, veri	sért, verir	sé, veri	séum, verum	séuð, verið	séu, veri
	past (þátíð)	væri	værir	væri	værum	væruð	væru
infinitive (nafnháttur)		vera
imperatives (boðhættir)		active (germynd)			reflexive (miðmynd)
	singular (+ þú)	vertu			—
	plural (+ þið)	verið			—
shortened (stýfður)		ver
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		verandi
supine (sagnbót)		active (germynd)			reflexive (miðmynd)
		verið			—

Derived terms

• ber er hver að baki
• ber er hver að baki, nema sér bróður eigi
• betri er krókur en kelda
• eins og komið er
• eins og kunnugt er
• eins og um var talað
• eins og vant er
• ekki er allt gull sem glóir
• hvað er þetta á ensku?
• koma til dyranna eins og maður er klæddur
• maður er manns gaman
• mér er flökurt
• sinn er siður í landi hverju
• sjaldan er ein báran stök
• sjón er sögu ríkari
• vera að
• vera af
• vera á
• vera á bandi
• vera án
• vera eftir
• vera eins og álfur út úr hól
• vera ekki við eina fjölina felldur
• vera frá
• vera fyrir
• vera hjá
• vera inn í
• vera inni
• vera með
• vera með kvef
• vera seinn
• vera seinn fyrir
• vera til
• vera um
• vera úr
• vera úti
• vera við
• það er betra að hafa vaðið fyrir neðan sig
• það er ýmist of eða van
• þetta er hebreska fyrir mér

 

Noun

vera f (genitive singular veru, nominative plural verur)

1. a being, a creature
2. a stay

Declension

Declension of vera (feminine)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	vera	veran	verur	verurnar
accusative	veru	veruna	verur	verurnar
dative	veru	verunni	verum	verunum
genitive	veru	verunnar	vera	veranna

Derived terms

• geimvera
• verufræði

 

Anagrams

• evra

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto vera, Italian vero, French vrai and Spanish vero.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈvɛ.ra/, /ˈve.ra/

Adjective

vera

1. true

Derived terms

• vere
• vereso

 

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈve.ra/
• Rhymes: -era
• Hyphenation: vé‧ra

Etymology 1

From Late Latin viria (“bracelet”), from Gaulish *viros (“round, crooked”), from Proto-Celtic *weiros (“crooked”), from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁ros (“turned, twisted, threaded”), from *weyh₁- (“to turn, twist, weave”).

Noun

vera f (plural vere)

1. (northern Italian) wedding ring, wedding band

   Synonym: fede

2. (architecture) puteal, wellhead

   Synonyms: ghiera, puteale

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Adjective

vera f sg

1. feminine singular of vero

Anagrams

• aver

Latin

Etymology 1

From vērus (“true”).

Pronunciation

• vēra: (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈu̯eː.ra/, [ˈu̯eːrä]
• vēra: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈve.ra/, [ˈvɛːrä]
• vērā: (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈu̯eː.raː/, [ˈu̯eːräː]
• vērā: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈve.ra/, [ˈvɛːrä]

Adjective

vēra

1. inflection of vērus:
   1. nominative/vocative feminine singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

Descendants

• French: voire

Adjective

vērā

1. ablative feminine singular of vērus

Etymology 2

From vēr (“Spring”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈu̯eː.ra/, [ˈu̯eːrä]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈve.ra/, [ˈvɛːrä]

Noun

vēra n

1. nominative/accusative/vocative plural of vēr

References

• “vera”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• vera in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

Norwegian Nynorsk

Alternative forms

• vere (e-infinitive)
• vara, vårå, vørå, vørø, ve, va (dialectal)

Etymology

From Old Norse vera, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną. The present tense is suppletive and is from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /²vɛ(ː)ra/, [²ʋɛ̝ːrɐ̞], [²ʋɛ̝rɐ̞], [²ʋɛ̝rːɐ̞]
• Hyphenation: vè‧ra

Verb

vera (present tense er, past tense var, past participle vore, passive infinitive verast, present participle verande, imperative ver)

1. to be

   Ikkje alle kunne vera til stades.

   Not everyone could be present.

Usage notes

• This is a split infinitive verb.

Conjugation

Conjugation of vera — (irregular)

infinitive	vera
present participle	verande
past participle	―
supine	vore
indicative	present	past
singular	er	var
plural1	ero	våro
subjunctive	present	past
	vere	vøre
imperative	present
singular	ver
plural1	vere

¹Rare today.

Derived terms

• unnvera
• vera til
• vera ved

Further reading

• “vera” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams

• Arve, Vera, arve, erva, evar, rave, reva, vare, vear, vera

Old Norse

Etymology

From vesa, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną.

Verb

vera

1. to be

Conjugation

In certain contexts in poetry the initial vowel of certain forms of this verb could be dropped. Thus the form ro (normalized spelling ru), from ero (normalized eru), is found in Vǫlospá stanza 45 (scildir ro klofnir - shields are cloven).

The forms with /s/ instead of /r/ are older forms, found in the oldest manuscripts, Runic inscriptions and poems. Note that although er comes from earlier es, eru does not come from earlier *esu.

Conjugation of vera — active (irregular, suppletive)

infinitive	vera, vesa
present participle	verandi, vesandi
past participle	verinn, vesinn
indicative	present	past
1st-person singular	em	var, vas
2nd-person singular	ert, est	vart, vast
3rd-person singular	er, es	var, vas
1st-person plural	erum	várum, vǫ́rum
2nd-person plural	eruð	váruð, vǫ́ruð
3rd-person plural	eru	váru, vǫ́ru
subjunctive	present	past
1st-person singular	sjá, sé	væra
2nd-person singular	sér, séir	værir
3rd-person singular	sé, séi	væri
1st-person plural	sém	værim
2nd-person plural	séð, sét	værið
3rd-person plural	sé	væri
imperative	present
2nd-person singular	ver, ves
1st-person plural	―
2nd-person plural	verið, vesið

Descendants

• Icelandic: vera
• Faroese: vera
• Norwegian Nynorsk: vera; (dialectal) vè, vårå, vørå, vørrø, vara, va
• Jamtish: vara, ve
• Elfdalian: wårå
• Old Swedish: vara, væra, væræ
  • Swedish: vara
• Old Danish: wæræ, waræ
  • Danish: være
    • Norwegian Bokmål: være
• Old Gutnish: wara

References

• “vera”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• vera in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• 𑀯𑁂𑀭 (Brahmi script)
• वेर (Devanagari script)
• ৰের (Bengali script)
• වෙර (Sinhalese script)
• ဝေရ (Burmese script)
• เวร or เวระ (Thai script)
• ᩅᩮᩁ (Tai Tham script)
• ເວຣ or ເວຣະ (Lao script)
• វេរ (Khmer script)
• 𑅇𑄬𑄢 (Chakma script)

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit वैर (vaira).

Noun

vera n

1. hatred
   • c. 50 BC, The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi), Yamakavagga, page 26; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya‎^[1], Colombo, 2009:

     3. අක‍්කොච‍්ඡි මං අවධි මං අජිනි මං අහාසි මෙ
     යෙ තං උපනය‍්හන‍්ති වෙරං තෙසං න සම‍්මති

     3. akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ ajini maṃ ahāsi me
     ye taṃ upanayhanti veraṃ tesaṃ na sammati

     He abused me, he struck me, he defeated me, he robbed me.
     Hatred does not subside for those who nurse grudges thus.

     (Wiktionary translation adapted from translation of the Pali by Ajahn Sujato.)

   • c. 50 BC, The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi), Yamakavagga, page 26; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya‎^[2], Colombo, 2009:

     5. න හි වෙරෙන වෙරාචී සම‍්මන‍්තීධ කුදාචනං 5
     අඞවරෙන ච සම‍්මන‍්ති එස ධම‍්මො සනන‍්තනො.

     5. Na hi verena verāni sammantīdha kudācanaṃ 5
     Averena ca sammanti esa dhammo sanantano.

     5. For in this world hatreds are not ever settled by hatred,
     but are settled by love. This is an eternal truth.

     (literally, “5. For in this world hatreds are not ever settled by hatred,
     but are settled by love. This truth is eternal.”)

     (Wiktionary translation adapted from translation of the Pali by Ajahn Sujato.)

Declension

Declension table of "vera" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	veraṃ	verāni
Accusative (second)	veraṃ	verāni
Instrumental (third)	verena	verehi or verebhi
Dative (fourth)	verassa or verāya or veratthaṃ	verānaṃ
Ablative (fifth)	verasmā or veramhā or verā	verehi or verebhi
Genitive (sixth)	verassa	verānaṃ
Locative (seventh)	verasmiṃ or veramhi or vere	veresu
Vocative (calling)	vera	verāni

Derived terms

• avera

Descendants

• → Lü: ᦵᦞᧃ (ven) (learned)
• → Old Khmer: vera (learned)
  • Khmer: វេរ (vei)
• → Thai: เวร (ween) (learned)

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -ɛɾɐ

Adjective

vera

1. feminine singular of vero

Scots

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈvɛra]

Adjective

vera (not comparable)

1. Alternative form of verra

Adverb

vera (not comparable)

1. Alternative form of verra

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *věra, from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros.

Alternative forms

• vjȅra (Ijekavian)
• vira (Ikavian)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʋêra/
• Hyphenation: ve‧ra

Noun

vȅra f (Cyrillic spelling ве̏ра)

1. belief, faith
2. religion

Declension

Declension of vera

	singular	plural
nominative	vȅra	vere
genitive	vere	vȇrā
dative	veri	verama
accusative	veru	vere
vocative	vero	vere
locative	veri	verama
instrumental	verom	verama

Derived terms

• nevȅrojātan
• povȅrenje
• uverjȅn
• vȅrojātan
• vèrskī

 

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Italian vera.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʋêːra/
• Hyphenation: ve‧ra

Noun

vȇra f (Cyrillic spelling ве̑ра)

1. wedding ring

Declension

Declension of vera

	singular	plural
nominative	vȇra	vere
genitive	vere	vȇrā
dative	veri	verama
accusative	veru	vere
vocative	vero	vere
locative	veri	verama
instrumental	verom	verama

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *věra.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʋèːra/

Noun

vẹ́ra f

1. belief
2. faith
3. religion

Inflection

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

Feminine, a-stem
nom. sing.	véra
gen. sing.	vére
	singular	dual	plural
nominative (imenovȃlnik)	véra	véri	vére
genitive (rodȋlnik)	vére	vér	vér
dative (dajȃlnik)	véri	vérama	véram
accusative (tožȋlnik)	véro	véri	vére
locative (mẹ̑stnik)	véri	vérah	vérah
instrumental (orọ̑dnik)	véro	vérama	vérami

Derived terms

• verjẹ́ti

Further reading

• “vera”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2024

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbeɾa/ [ˈbe.ɾa]
• Rhymes: -eɾa
• Syllabification: ve‧ra

Etymology 1

From Latin viria.

Noun

vera f (plural veras)

1. (poetic) side, face

   Synonyms: lado, cara

   a tu vera ― by your side.

2. shore, bank (of a watercourse)

   Synonyms: ribera, orilla

3. edge, border

   Synonym: orilla

Derived terms

• a la vera

 

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English verawood.

Noun

vera f (plural veras)

1. verawood (Plectrocarpa arborea, syn. Bulnesia arborea)

Etymology 3

Inflected form of vero

Adjective

vera

1. feminine singular of vero

Further reading

• “vera”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28

Anagrams

• a ver