-esco

See also: esco, Esco, ESCO, escó, and Escô

Italian

Etymology

From Late Latin, Vulgar Latin -iscus. Cognates: see Proto-Germanic *-iskaz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈe.sko/
• Rhymes: -esko
• Hyphenation: -é‧sco

Suffix

-esco

1. forms adjectives (sometimes used as nouns) that indicate relationship, membership, quality

   ‎Dante (“the poet Dante Alighieri”) + ‎-esco → ‎dantesco (“Dantesque”)

Derived terms

Italian terms suffixed with -esco

Descendants

• French: -esque
  • English: -esque
  • German: -esk

Anagrams

• Cose, OCSE, cose, seco, secò

Latin

Etymology

From -eō +‎ -scō.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈeːs.koː/, [ˈeːs̠koː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈes.ko/, [ˈɛsko]

Suffix

-ēscō (present infinitive -ēscere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation

1. Forms verbs from adjectives meaning "become (adjective)".

Usage notes

Many verbs ending in -ēscō are inchoatives in -scō formed from statives in -eō. However, some verbs exist that are derived directly from the adjective, with no "intermediate" stative verb existing, e.g.:

• amārus > amārēscō (but no *amāreō)
• celeber > celebrēscō (but no *celebreō)

Conjugation

Conjugation varies with verb; only first principal part shown here for illustration.

Conjugation of -ēscō (third conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-ēscō	-ēscis	-ēscit	-ēscimus	-ēscitis	-ēscunt
	imperfect	-ēscēbam	-ēscēbās	-ēscēbat	-ēscēbāmus	-ēscēbātis	-ēscēbant
	future	-ēscam	-ēscēs	-ēscet	-ēscēmus	-ēscētis	-ēscent
	perfect	-ī	-istī	-it	-imus	-istis	-ērunt, -ēre
	pluperfect	-eram	-erās	-erat	-erāmus	-erātis	-erant
	future perfect	-erō	-eris	-erit	-erimus	-eritis	-erint
	sigmatic future1	-ō	-is	-it	-imus	-itis	-int
passive	present	-ēscor	-ēsceris, -ēscere	-ēscitur	-ēscimur	-ēsciminī	-ēscuntur
	imperfect	-ēscēbar	-ēscēbāris, -ēscēbāre	-ēscēbātur	-ēscēbāmur	-ēscēbāminī	-ēscēbantur
	future	-ēscar	-ēscēris, -ēscēre	-ēscētur	-ēscēmur	-ēscēminī	-ēscentur
	perfect	-us + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-us + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-us + future active indicative of sum
	sigmatic future1	-or	-eris	-itur	—	—	—
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-ēscam	-ēscās	-ēscat	-ēscāmus	-ēscātis	-ēscant
	imperfect	-ēscerem	-ēscerēs	-ēsceret	-ēscerēmus	-ēscerētis	-ēscerent
	perfect	-erim	-erīs	-erit	-erīmus	-erītis	-erint
	pluperfect	-issem	-issēs	-isset	-issēmus	-issētis	-issent
	sigmatic aorist1	-im	-īs	-īt	-īmus	-ītis	-int
passive	present	-ēscar	-ēscāris, -ēscāre	-ēscātur	-ēscāmur	-ēscāminī	-ēscantur
	imperfect	-ēscerer	-ēscerēris, -ēscerēre	-ēscerētur	-ēscerēmur	-ēscerēminī	-ēscerentur
	perfect	-us + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	-us + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	-ēsce	—	—	-ēscite	—
	future	—	-ēscitō	-ēscitō	—	-ēscitōte	-ēscuntō
passive	present	—	-ēscere	—	—	-ēsciminī	—
	future	—	-ēscitor	-ēscitor	—	—	-ēscuntor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		-ēscere	-isse	-ūrum esse	-ēscī	-um esse	-um īrī
participles		-ēscēns	—	-ūrus	—	-us	-ēscendus, -ēscundus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		-ēscendī	-ēscendō	-ēscendum	-ēscendō	-um	-ū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -esco

Descendants

• Aromanian: -esc- (-escu, -eshti, -eashti, -escu), -ãsc-
• Catalan: -eix- (-eixo, -eixes, -eix, -eixen), -isc- (-ixes, -ix, -ixen)
• → English: -esce; -ise, -ish (via Old French)
• Franco-Provençal: -éss-: -éss- (-ésso, -és, -ét, -éssens, -ésséds, -éssont)
• French: -iss- (-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent)
• Friulian: -is- (-ìs, -issis, -ìs, -issin)
• Italian: -isc- (-isco, -isci, -isce, -iscono)
• Occitan: -iss- (-issi, -isses, -ís)
• Portuguese: -ecer, → -escer
• Romanian: -esc- (-esc, -ești, -ește, -esc), -ăsc-
• Romansch: -esch- (-eschel, -eschas, -escha)
• Spanish: -ecer
• Venetan: -is- (-iso, -isi, -ise, -ise)

Portuguese

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈes.ku/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈes.ku/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈeʃ.ku/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈes.ko/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈeʃ.ku/

Suffix

-esco (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -esca, masculine plural -escos, feminine plural -escas)

1. Forms adjectives that signify comparison, relation or resemblance to the word stem (-like, -esque)

   ‎animal (“animal”) + ‎-esco → ‎animalesco (“animalesque, animal-like”)

   ‎livro (“book”) + ‎-esco → ‎livresco (“related to books”)

Spanish

Suffix

-esco (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -esca, masculine plural -escos, feminine plural -escas)

1. Alternative form of -sco; forms adjectives that signify "relation" to the word stem; sometimes pejorative

   ‎libro (“book”) + ‎-esco → ‎libresco (“related to books”)

Suffix

-esco m (noun-forming suffix, plural -escos)

1. Alternative form of -sco; forms augmentative nouns
2. Alternative form of -sco; forms collective nouns

Derived terms

Spanish terms suffixed with -esco

Further reading

• “-esco”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28