-illo

See also: illo, illó, and illő

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈil.loː/, [ˈɪlːʲoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈil.lo/, [ˈilːo]

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-illō (present infinitive -illāre, perfect active -illāvī, supine -illātum); first conjugation

1. Forms diminutive verbs from verbs.

   focilō (“I refresh, resuscitate”), less commonly focillō, from the noun focus.

   cantillō (“I hum, warble”), from the verb cantō

Conjugation

Conjugation of -illō (first conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-illō	-illās	-illat	-illāmus	-illātis	-illant
	imperfect	-illābam	-illābās	-illābat	-illābāmus	-illābātis	-illābant
	future	-illābō	-illābis	-illābit	-illābimus	-illābitis	-illābunt
	perfect	-illāvī	-illāvistī	-illāvit	-illāvimus	-illāvistis	-illāvērunt, -illāvēre
	pluperfect	-illāveram	-illāverās	-illāverat	-illāverāmus	-illāverātis	-illāverant
	future perfect	-illāverō	-illāveris	-illāverit	-illāverimus	-illāveritis	-illāverint
	sigmatic future1	-illāssō	-illāssis	-illāssit	-illāssimus	-illāssitis	-illāssint
passive	present	-illor	-illāris, -illāre	-illātur	-illāmur	-illāminī	-illantur
	imperfect	-illābar	-illābāris, -illābāre	-illābātur	-illābāmur	-illābāminī	-illābantur
	future	-illābor	-illāberis, -illābere	-illābitur	-illābimur	-illābiminī	-illābuntur
	perfect	-illātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-illātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-illātus + future active indicative of sum
	sigmatic future1	-illāssor	-illāsseris	-illāssitur	—	—	—
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-illem	-illēs	-illet	-illēmus	-illētis	-illent
	imperfect	-illārem	-illārēs	-illāret	-illārēmus	-illārētis	-illārent
	perfect	-illāverim	-illāverīs	-illāverit	-illāverīmus	-illāverītis	-illāverint
	pluperfect	-illāvissem	-illāvissēs	-illāvisset	-illāvissēmus	-illāvissētis	-illāvissent
	sigmatic aorist1	-illāssim	-illāssīs	-illāssīt	-illāssīmus	-illāssītis	-illāssint
passive	present	-iller	-illēris, -illēre	-illētur	-illēmur	-illēminī	-illentur
	imperfect	-illārer	-illārēris, -illārēre	-illārētur	-illārēmur	-illārēminī	-illārentur
	perfect	-illātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	-illātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	-illā	—	—	-illāte	—
	future	—	-illātō	-illātō	—	-illātōte	-illantō
passive	present	—	-illāre	—	—	-illāminī	—
	future	—	-illātor	-illātor	—	—	-illantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		-illāre	-illāvisse	-illātūrum esse	-illārī, -illārier2	-illātum esse	-illātum īrī
participles		-illāns	—	-illātūrus	—	-illātus	-illandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		-illandī	-illandō	-illandum	-illandō	-illātum	-illātū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
²The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -illo

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Suffix

-illō

1. dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -illus

Spanish

Alternative forms

• -illa (with feminine nouns)

Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish -iello, from Latin -ellus, an extension of -lus.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈiʝo/ [ˈi.ʝo]

• IPA^(key): (most of Spain and Latin America) /ˈiʝo/ [ˈi.ʝo]
• IPA^(key): (rural northern Spain, Andes Mountains to Paraguay, Philippines) /ˈiʎo/ [ˈi.ʎo]
• IPA^(key): (Buenos Aires and environs) /ˈiʃo/ [ˈi.ʃo]
• IPA^(key): (elsewhere in Argentina and Uruguay) /ˈiʒo/ [ˈi.ʒo]

 

• Rhymes: -iʝo

• Rhymes: -iʝo
• Rhymes: -iʎo
• Rhymes: -iʃo
• Rhymes: -iʒo

• Syllabification: -i‧llo

Suffix

-illo m (noun-forming suffix, plural -illos)

1. added to masculine nouns to denote a diminutive form

   Synonyms: -ito, -cito, -cillo, -ecillo, -cecillo, -ico, -ín, -lito

   Coordinate term: -illa

Usage notes

• If the noun has a final vowel (usually -o), it is dropped before adding -illo.
• In most cases, -illo is used simply to indicate a small or endeared thing, without changing the basic meaning of the noun; however, in some cases, it is used to effect a greater change in meaning, such as bolsillo (“pocket”), from bolso (“handbag, purse”).
• Different nouns tend to prefer different diminutive suffixes (see synonyms below), though some nouns accept multiple diminutives, and there is often regional or personal variation.
• For masculine nouns ending in -a, there is some alternation between the gender-reflecting diminutive -illo and the ending-reflecting diminutive -illa. When the latter is used, -ill- may be considered an infix.

Derived terms

• -cillo, -ecillo, -cecillo

Spanish terms suffixed with -illo

Further reading

• “-illo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28