кала

See also: қала, ҡала, каля, and кӏала

Chuvash

Etymology

Possibly inherited from Proto-Turkic *kele- (“to say”), however such a verb is very poorly attested and it instead may be a borrowing from Mongolic *kelele- (“to speak”).

Cognate with Salar kele and Tatar кэлеу (kelew); compare also Mongolian хэлэх (xelex).

Verb

кала • (kala)

1. (transitive) to say, to tell
2. (transitive) to recite
3. (transitive) to deliver (a speech, a toast, etc.)
4. (transitive) to pronounce
5. (transitive) to play, perform (on a musical instrument)
6. (transitive) to smell (of)
7. (transitive) to be enough (of spices in a dish)

Derived terms

• калав (kalav)
• калаҫ (kalaś)
• калаҫу (kalaś̬u)

Further reading

• “кала”, in Электронлă сăмахсар‎^[1] (overall work in Russian and Chuvash), 1996.

Macedonian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkaɫa]

Noun

кала • (kala) f

1. arum

Declension

Declension of кала

	singular	plural
indefinite	кала	кали
definite unspecified	калата	калите
definite proximal	калава	каливе
definite distal	калана	калине
vocative	кало	кали

Russian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkaɫə]
• IPA^(key): [kɐˈɫorʲɪə] (phonetic respelling: кало́риа)

Noun

ка́ла • (kála) m inan

1. genitive singular of кал (kal)

Southern Altai

Etymology

From Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa, “fort, fortress”).

Noun

кала • (kala)

1. city

References

Čumakajev A. E., editor (2018), “кала”, in Altajsko-russkij slovarʹ [Altaic–Russian Dictionary], Gorno-Altaysk: NII altaistiki im. S.S. Surazakova, →ISBN

Tatar

Etymology

From Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa, “fort, fortress”).

Cognate with Bashkir ҡала (qala), Kazakh қала (qala), Kyrgyz калаa (kalaa, “city, town”), Turkish kale (“fortress”) etc.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [qɑˈlɑ]
• Hyphenation: ка‧ла

Noun

кала • (qala)

1. city, town

Declension

Inflection of кала (qala)

	singular	plural
nominative	кала (qala)	кала (qala)
genitive	кала (qala)	кала (qala)
definite accusative	кала (qala)	кала (qala)
dative	кала (qala)	кала (qala)
locative	кала (qala)	кала (qala)
ablative	кала (qala)	кала (qala)

Derived terms

• башкала (başkala)

Udi

Etymology

From Tat kələ.

Adjective

кала • (kala)

1. great, major, big
2. elder

References

• Gukasjan, Vorošil (1974) “кала”, in Удинско-азербайджанско-русский словарь [Udi–Azerbaijani–Russian Dictionary]‎^[2], Baku: Academy Press, page 131
• Schulze, Wolfgang (2015) “Aspects of Udi-Iranian Language Contact”, in Uwe Bläsing, Victoria Arakelova and Matthias Weinreich, editors, Studies on Iran and the Caucasus: In honour of Garnik Asatrian, Leiden: Brill, →DOI, page 387 of 373–401