囝

囝	U+56DD, 囝 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56DD

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Translingual

Han character

囝 (Kangxi radical 31, 囗+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 田弓木 (WND), four-corner 6040₇, composition ⿴囗子)

Derived characters

𣳲

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 216, character 24
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4688
Dae Jaweon: page 422, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 713, character 7
Unihan data for U+56DD

Chinese

Glyph origin

Ideogram (指事) : 囗 + 子 (“child; son”). Compare 囡.

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.		囝
alternative forms		仔子

Min dialectal word for “son; child”. Substrate borrowing, cognate with Proto-Mon-Khmer *kuun (“child, son”) (Vietnamese con, Khmer កូន (koun)) (Schuessler, 2007). Likely related to 昆 (OC *kuːn, “descendants”) (ibid.).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiǎn (jian³)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gin² / zai²
Northern Min (KCR): gṳ̌ing
Eastern Min (BUC): giāng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gyo³ / gyaⁿ³ / gaⁿ³
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kiáⁿ / káⁿ / kióaⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): gian²

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): gia²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎn
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎn
  - Wade–Giles: chien³
  - Yale: jyǎn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jean
  - Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gin² / zai²
  - Yale: gín / jái
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gin² / dzai²
  - Guangdong Romanization: gin² / zei²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːn³⁵/, /t͡sɐi̯³⁵/

Note:

gin2 - literary;
zai2 - vernacular.

Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gṳ̌ing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyiŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: giāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiaŋ³³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gyo³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyɒ⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gyaⁿ³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kỹã³³²/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gaⁿ³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kã³³²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong, Singapore, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiáⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kiánn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kviar
  - IPA (Philippines): /kiã⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Tainan, Yilan, Kinmen): /kiã⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiã⁴¹/
  - IPA (Singapore): /kiã⁴²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Lukang, Sanxia, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: káⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kánn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvar
  - IPA (Lukang): /kã⁵⁵/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /kã⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Longyan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kióaⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kiuánn
  - IPA (Longyan): /kiuã²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gian²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiáⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kĩã⁵²/
- (Leizhou)
  - Leizhou Pinyin: gia²
  - Sinological IPA: /kia³¹/

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kranʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	囝
Reading #	1/1
No.	6118
Phonetic component	囝
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kranʔ/
Notes	唐人閩方言字

Definitions

囝 (Min)

son
- 郎罷別囝，吾悔生汝。及汝既生，人勸不舉。不從人言，果獲是苦。囝別郎罷，心摧血下。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  郎罢别囝，吾悔生汝。及汝既生，人劝不举。不从人言，果获是苦。囝别郎罢，心摧血下。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: ca. 8th century, Gu Kuang, 《囝》 (Son) [written in the ancient Min dialect].
  Note: This poem was referring to the slavery system at the time in the Min area. The son had been forcibly castrated and was soon to be taken as a slave in a rich household.
  Lángbà bié jiǎn, wú huǐ shēng rǔ. Jí rǔ jì shēng, rén quàn bù jǔ. Bù cóng rényán, guǒ huò shì kǔ. Jiǎn bié lángbà, xīn cuī xuè xià. [Pinyin]
  Father said to son when they parted: I regret begetting you;
  When you were already born, people advised me to not bring you up;
  I did not follow their words, and inevitably had this suffering coming.
  Son is parted from father, with a heart shattered and eyes crying with blood.
child
baby, infant
Diminutive suffix attached to nouns, equivalent to Mandarin 子 (zǐ).
Diminutive suffix attached to classifiers.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 兒子 (“son”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		子, 兒, 男兒
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		兒子, 男孩, 男孩子
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	兒子, 小子
	Taiwan	兒子
	Chengde	小子
	Chifeng	兒子, 小子
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	兒子
	Heihe	兒子, 小子
	Qiqihar	兒子, 小子
	Harbin	兒子, 小子
	Jiamusi	兒子, 小子
	Baicheng	兒子, 小子
	Changchun	兒子
	Tonghua	兒子, 小子
	Shenyang	兒子, 小子
	Jinzhou	兒子, 小子
	Malaysia	兒子
	Singapore	兒子
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	兒子, 小子, 少的
	Tangshan	兒子, 小子
	Cangzhou	兒子, 小子
	Baoding	兒子, 小子
	Shijiazhuang	兒得
	Lijin	兒, 小廝
	Weifang (Weicheng)	兒
	Weifang (Fangzi)	兒
	Changle	兒
	Shouguang	兒
	Wulian	小兒
	Jinan	兒, 兒子, 小子
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	兒子
	Dandong	兒子, 小子
	Yantai	小子
	Yantai (Muping)	兒郎, 兒
	Qingdao	兒
	Weifang (Hanting)	兒
	Changyi	兒
	Gaomi	兒
	Zhucheng	兒
	Anqiu	兒
	Linqu	兒
	Qingzhou	兒
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	兒子
	Lingbao	兒子
	Jining	兒, 兒子
	Wanrong	娃, 兒
	Linfen	兒
	Shangqiu	兒得
	Yuanyang	兒子, 小子
	Zhengzhou	孩兒, 小子
	Xinyang	兒
	Baihe	兒子
	Xi'an	兒, 兒子
	Baoji	兒
	Tianshui	兒子, 後人
	Xining	兒子, 娃娃, 尕娃
	Xuzhou	兒子, 小子
	Fuyang	兒子
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	兒子, 兒
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	兒子
	Lanzhou	兒子, 後人
	Dunhuang	娃子
	Hami	兒子
	Ürümqi	兒子
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	兒子, 兒
	Nanchong	兒子
	Dazhou	兒子, 娃兒
	Hanyuan	兒, 兒子
	Xichang	兒, 兒子, 娃娃
	Zigong	兒子
	Chongqing	兒子, 娃兒, 兒
	Wuhan	兒子
	Yichang	兒子, 小鬼
	Xiangyang	兒子
	Tianmen	兒子
	Guiyang	兒子, 男娃娃, 男娃兒
	Zunyi	娃兒, 兒
	Bijie	兒子
	Liping	崽
	Zhaotong	兒子
	Dali	兒子
	Kunming	兒子, 小子
	Mengzi	兒子
	Guilin	崽, 兒子
	Liuzhou	崽, 兒子
	Sanjiang (Danzhou)	娃崽
	Jishou	兒
	Changde	兒子
	Hanzhong	兒子
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	兒子
	Yangzhou	兒子
	Lianyungang	兒子
	Lianshui	兒子
	Nantong	侯
	Anqing	兒子
	Wuhu	兒子
	Hefei	兒子
	Huanggang	兒
	Hong'an	兒, 兒把子
Cantonese	Guangzhou	仔
	Hong Kong	仔, 阿仔, 仔仔
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	仔
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	仔
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	仔
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	仔
	Macau	仔
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	仔
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	仔
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	仔
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	仔
	Foshan	仔
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	仔
	Foshan (Shunde)	仔
	Foshan (Sanshui)	仔
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	仔
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	仔
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	仔
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	仔
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	仔
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	仔
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	仔
	Taishan	仔
	Kaiping (Chikan)	仔
	Enping (Niujiang)	仔
	Heshan (Yayao)	仔
	Dongguan	仔
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	仔
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	阿仔
	Qingyuan	仔
	Fogang	仔
	Yingde (Hanguang)	仔
	Yangshan	仔
	Lianshan (Butian)	仔
	Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui)	仔
	Shaoguan	仔
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	仔
	Renhua	仔
	Lechang	仔
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	仔
	Sihui	仔
	Guangning	仔
	Deqing	仔
	Huaiji	仔
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	仔
	Yunfu	仔
	Xinxing	仔
	Luoding	仔
	Yunan (Pingtai)	仔
	Yangjiang	仔
	Xinyi	仔
	Maoming (Xinpo)	仔
	Lianjiang	仔
	Wuchuan (Wuyang)	仔, 仔兒
	Nanning	仔
	Wuzhou	仔
	Yulin	儂
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	仔
	Guiping	仔
	Mengshan (Xihe)	兒
	Guigang (Nanjiang)	儂
	Beiliu (Tangliao)	仔
	Baise	仔
	Bobai	仔
Lingshan	仔
Pubei	仔
Qinzhou	仔
Beihai	仔
Beihai (Nankang)	仔
Beihai (Yingpan)	仔
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	仔
Ningming	仔
Hengzhou	兒
Hezhou (Pumen, Babu)	仔
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	仔
Danzhou	兒
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	仔
Singapore (Guangfu)	仔
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	仔
Móng Cái	仔
Gan	Nanchang	崽
	Lichuan	崽, 子
	Pingxiang	崽, 倈牯, 倈
Hakka	Meixian	倈仔
	Xingning	倈哩
	Dabu (Xihe)	倈兒, 子
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	阿仔, 子
	Huizhou (Shuikou; Bendihua)	阿仔
	Huizhou (Hengli; Bendihua)	阿仔
	Huiyang	倈子
	Huidong (Pingshan; Bendihua)	阿仔
	Huidong (Daling)	倈伊
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	倈
	Longmen (Pingling; Bendihua)	仔
	Longmen (Luxi; Bendihua)	仔
	Boluo (Bendihua)	阿仔
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	倈
	Zengcheng (Zhengguo)	倈子
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	倈子
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	倈子
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	倈哩
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	倈哩
	Wuhua (Changbu)	倈哩
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	倈哩
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	阿仔
	Zijin (Guzhu; Bendihua)	仔
	Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua)	仔
	Longchuan (Sidu; Bendihua)	仔
	Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua)	仔
	Lianping (Zhongxin; Bendihua)	仔, 阿仔
	Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua)	仔
	Wengyuan	倈子
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	倈子
	Xinfeng (Matou; Bendihua)	阿仔
	Xinfeng (Daxi; Bendihua)	仔, 阿仔
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	阿弟
	Liannan	倈子
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	仔
	Jiexi	倈
	Luhe	倈仔
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	阿子
	Changting	倈子, 子哩, 子
	Wuping	子哩, 兒子
	Wuping (Yanqian)	子哩
	Wuping (Pingyu)	倈子
	Liancheng	子, 倈倈子
	Ninghua	子
	Yudu	子
	Ningdu	倈子
	Ruijin	子
	Shicheng	崽
	Shangyou (Shexi)	崽, 倈兒
	Tonggu (Sandu)	倈子
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	崽
	Dayu	崽哩
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	倈仔
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	倈仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	倈仔
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	倈, 細倈
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	倈仔
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	後生
	Hong Kong	倈子
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	子
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	仔
	Xinyi (Sihe)	仔, 子
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	子, 仔
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	子
Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	子
Huazhou (Xin'an)	子
Lianjiang (Shijiao)	倈子, 子
Lianjiang (Qingping)	子
Mengshan (Xihe)	倈
Luchuan	子
Luchuan (Daqiao)	子
Bobai (Shahe)	子
Beiliu (Tang'an)	倈
Sabah (Bao'an)	倈子
Sabah (Longchuan)	倈哩
Kuala Lumpur (Dabu)	倈
Senai (Huiyang)	倈子
Singkawang	倈子
Huizhou	Jixi	兒子
	Shexian	兒子, 伢兒
	Huangshan (Tunxi)	兒子
	Xiuning	兒子
	Yixian	兒子
	Qimen	兒子
	Wuyuan	兒子, 小倈
	Fuliang	崽
	Dexing	兒子
	Shitai (Xianyu)	兒子
Jin	Taiyuan	兒子, 小子
	Pingyao	小子
	Datong	兒子, 小子
	Xinzhou	兒, 小子
	Lüliang (Lishi)	兒, 小子
	Changzhi	兒得, 孩得
	Linhe	兒子, 小子
	Jining	小子
	Hohhot	兒子, 小子
	Erenhot	小子
	Pingshan	小子
	Zhangjiakou	兒子
	Handan	兒子, 小子
	Linzhou	孩哦
	Suide	兒, 小子
Northern Min	Jian'ou	囝, 囝仔
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	囝
	Songxi	囝
	Zhenghe	囝
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	囝
	Jianyang	囝
	Jianyang (Huangkeng)	囝
	Wuyishan	囝
	Pucheng (Shibei)	囝
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	囝, 丈夫囝
	Fuzhou (Changle)	囝
	Lianjiang	囝
	Fuqing	囝
	Pingtan	囝
	Yongtai	囝
	Minqing	囝
	Gutian	囝
	Pingnan	囝
	Luoyuan	囝
	Fu'an	囝
	Ningde	囝
	Xiapu	囝
	Zherong	囝
	Shouning	囝
	Zhouning	囝
	Fuding	囝
	Matsu	囝
Southern Min	Xiamen	囝, 後生, 後的
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	囝, 後生
	Quanzhou	囝, 後生, 囡仔
	Jinjiang	囝
	Nan'an	囝
	Shishi	囝
	Hui'an	囝
	Anxi	囝
	Yongchun	囝
	Dehua	囝
	Zhangzhou	囝, 後生
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	囝, 後生
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	後生
	Hua'an	後生, 囝
	Nanjing	後生
	Pinghe	囝, 後生
	Zhangpu	囝, 後生
	Yunxiao	後生, 囝
	Zhao'an	囝
	Dongshan	囝, 後生
	Taipei	囝, 後生
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	囝, 後生
	Kaohsiung	囝, 後生
	Yilan	囝, 後生
	Changhua (Lukang)	囝, 後生
	Taichung	囝, 後生, 後的
	Tainan	囝, 後生
	Hsinchu	囝, 後生
	Kinmen	囝, 後生
	Penghu (Magong)	囝, 後生
	Penang (Hokkien)	囝, 後生
	Singapore (Hokkien)	囝, 後生, 後生囝, 丈夫囝
	Manila (Hokkien)	囝, 後生
	Longyan	後生, 囝
	Zhangping	後生, 囝
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	囝, 後生
	Datian	囝
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	崽
	Chaozhou	囝, 逗囝
	Shantou	囝, 逗囝
	Shantou (Chenghai)	囝, 逗囝
	Jieyang	囝, 逗囝, 孥, 阿孥
	Lufeng	囝
	Haifeng	丈夫囝
	Bangkok (Teochew)	逗囝
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	丈夫囝
	Singapore (Teochew)	囝, 丈夫囝, 逗囝
	Leizhou	囝
	Wenchang	囝, 丈夫囝
	Haikou	囝, 細囝, 孧囝
	Qionghai	囝
Puxian Min	Putian	囝
Puxian Min	Xianyou	囝
Central Min	Yong'an	囝
	Sanming (Sanyuan)	囝仔
	Sanming (Shaxian)	囝仔
Shaojiang Min	Shaowu	囝兒
	Guangze	囝兒
	Jiangle	囝
	Mingxi	囝
	Shunchang	囝
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	囝
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	囝
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	崽
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	崽
Shehua	Fu'an	仔
	Fuding	仔
	Luoyuan	仔
	Sanming	仔
	Shunchang	仔
	Hua'an	仔
	Guixi (Zhangping)	仔
	Cangnan	仔
	Jingning (Hexi)	仔
	Lishui	仔
	Longyou	仔
	Chaozhou	仔
	Fengshun	仔
Wu	Shanghai	兒子
	Shanghai (Chongming)	兒子
	Suzhou	兒子
	Wuxi	兒子
	Danyang	兒子
	Hangzhou	兒子, 伢兒
	Ningbo	兒子
	Wenzhou	兒
	Jinhua	兒, 兒子
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	兒
Xiang	Changsha	崽伢子, 崽, 伢子
	Xiangtan	崽, 崽伢唧
	Loudi	崽
	Shuangfeng	崽, 伢唧
	Hengyang	崽
	Quanzhou	崽

Dialectal synonyms of 子 (“general diminutive suffix”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		子
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	子
	Taiwan	子
	Singapore	子
Cantonese	Guangzhou	仔₁
	Hong Kong	仔₁
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	仔₁
	Singapore (Guangfu)	仔₁
Hakka	Meixian	仔₆
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	仔₆
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	仔₆
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	仔₆
	Senai (Huiyang)	仔₁
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	囝
Southern Min	Xiamen	仔₂
	Quanzhou	仔₂
	Jinjiang	仔₂
	Zhangzhou	仔₂
	Zhangpu	仔₂
	Tainan	仔₂
	Penang (Hokkien)	囝
	Singapore (Hokkien)	囝, 仔₂
	Manila (Hokkien)	仔₂
	Shantou	囝
	Shantou (Chenghai)	囝
	Jieyang	囝
	Haifeng	仔₂
	Bangkok (Teochew)	囝
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	囝
	Singapore (Teochew)	囝
	Wenchang	囝
	Singapore (Hainanese)	囝
Wu	Shanghai	頭, 子

Compounds

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 囝 – see 囡 (“child; daughter; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 囡).

Etymology 3

Coined by Chinese empress regnant Wu Zetian. One of the Chinese characters of Empress Wu.

For pronunciation and definitions of 囝 – see 月 (“moon; moon-shaped; round like a moon; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 月).

References

“囝”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
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Japanese

Kanji

囝

(Hyōgai kanji)

baby; infant

Readings

On (unclassified): けん (ken)、げん (gen)、がち (gachi)
Kun: こども (kodomo, 囝)

Korean

Hanja

囝 • (geon) (hangeul 건, revised geon, McCune–Reischauer kŏn)

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Vietnamese

Han character

囝: Hán Nôm readings: cưởng, kiển, niên

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Nom Foundation