来る

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
来
く Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
來る (kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese 來 (ku), from Proto-Japonic *ku. Compare the development of modern する (suru) from Old Japanese す.

First attested in the Kojiki of 712.^[1]

Cognate with Kunigami 来ん (sun), Miyako 来 (ksï), Okinawan 来ーん (chuun), Yaeyama 来ん (kïn), Yonaguni 来ん (kun).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) くる [kúꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[3]^[4]^[5]
(Mishima) くる [kùrú] (Heiban – [0])^[2]
IPA^(key): [kɯ̟ɾɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「来る」

Stem forms
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	来る	くる	`[kúꜜrù]`
Imperative (命令形)	来い	こい	`[kóꜜì]`
Key constructions
Passive	来られる	こられる	`[kòráréꜜrù]`
Causative	来させる	こさせる	`[kòsáséꜜrù]`
Potential	来られる	こられる	`[kòráréꜜrù]`
Volitional	来よう	こよー	`[kòyóꜜò]`
Negative	来ない	こない	`[kóꜜnàì]`
Negative perfective	来なかった	こなかった	`[kóꜜnàkàttà]`
Formal	来ます	きます	`[kìmáꜜsù]`
Perfective	来た	きた	`[kíꜜtà]`
Conjunctive	来て	きて	`[kíꜜtè]`
Hypothetical conditional	来れば	くれば	`[kúꜜrèbà]`

Verb

来(く)る • (kuru) intransitive kuru (stem 来(き) (ki), past 来(き)た (kita))

[from 712] to come (toward the speaker/writer)
お客(きゃく)さんがあまり来(こ)ないお店(みせ)
o-kyaku-san ga amari konai o-mise
a shop that does not see many visitors
[from 1908] (specifically, of a sensation) to come and stimulate
心(こころ)に来(く)る悲(かな)しさ
kokoro ni kuru kanashisa
sadness that strikes the heart

喉(のど)に来(く)る辛(から)さ
nodo ni kuru karasa
spiciness that assaults the throat

胃(い)に来(く)る
i ni kuru
to noticeably affect the stomach

メンタルにくる
mentaru ni kuru
mentally taxing
(と来たら (to kitara)) when it comes to
(auxiliary, after the て-form of a verb, usually spelled in hiragana) to happen to do something, to come to do something

Conjugation

Conjugation of "来る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	来	こ	ko
Continuative (連用形)	来	き	ki
Terminal (終止形)	来る	くる	kuru
Attributive (連体形)	来る	くる	kuru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	来れ	くれ	kure
Imperative (命令形)	来い	こい	koi
Key constructions
Passive	来られる	こられる	korareru
Causative	来させる来さす	こさせるこさす	kosaseru kosasu
Potential	来られる	こられる	korareru
Volitional	来よう	こよう	koyō
Negative	来ない	こない	konai
Negative continuative	来ず	こず	kozu
Formal	来ます	きます	kimasu
Perfective	来た	きた	kita
Conjunctive	来て	きて	kite
Hypothetical conditional	来れば	くれば	kureba

Classical conjugation of "來" (カ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	來	こ	ko
Continuative (連用形)	來	き	ki
Terminal (終止形)	來	く	ku
Attributive (連体形)	來る	くる	kuru
Realis (已然形)	來れ	くれ	kure
Imperative (命令形)	來來よ	ここよ	ko koyo
Key constructions
Negative	來ず	こず	kozu
Contrasting conjunction	來れど	くれど	kuredo
Causal conjunction	來れば	くれば	kureba
Conditional conjunction	來ば	こば	koba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	來し^[1] 來し^[1]	こしきし	kosi kisi
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	來けり	きけり	kikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	來つ	きつ	kitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	來ぬ	きぬ	kinu
Perfect-continuative tense	來たり	きたり	kitari
Volitional	來む	こむ	komu
^[1]Attributive form, as the terminal form (lemma) does not exist for this construction in this conjugation.

Antonyms

行(い)く (iku): (verb) go

Derived terms

迫(せま)り来(く)る (semarikuru)
持(も)って来(く)る (motte kuru): (verb) bring something
連(つ)れて来(く)る (tsurete kuru): (verb) bring someone
来(く)る日(ひ) (kuruhi)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
来
きた Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
來る (kyūjitai) 来たる

Japanese verb pair
active	来(きた)す
mediopassive	来(きた)る

From 来(き) (ki, continuative form of etymology 1) + 至(いた)る (itaru).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) きたる [kìtáꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [2])^[3]^[5]^[6]
(Tokyo) きたる [kìtárú] (Heiban – [0])^[6]
IPA^(key): [kʲi̥ta̠ɾɯ̟]

Verb

来(きた)る • (kitaru) intransitive godan (stem 来(きた)り (kitari), past 来(きた)った (kitatta))

to come, to arrive
- 2011, NHK, 天皇誕生日皇居で一般参賀:
  来(きた)る年(とし)が皆(みな)さん一人(ひとり)びとりにとり、よい年(とし)であるよう祈(いの)っています。
  Kitaru toshi ga mina-san hitoribitori ni tori, yoi toshi de aru yō inotte imasu.
  I pray that next year [the coming year] will be a good year for each of you.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "来る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	来ら	きたら	kitara
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	来り	きたり	kitari
Shūshikei ("terminal")	来る	きたる	kitaru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	来る	きたる	kitaru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	来れ	きたれ	kitare
Meireikei ("imperative")	来れ	きたれ	kitare
Key constructions
Passive	来られる	きたられる	kitarareru
Causative	来らせる来らす	きたらせるきたらす	kitaraseru kitarasu
Potential	来れる	きたれる	kitareru
Volitional	来ろう	きたろう	kitarō
Negative	来らない	きたらない	kitaranai
Negative continuative	来らず	きたらず	kitarazu
Formal	来ります	きたります	kitarimasu
Perfective	来った	きたった	kitatta
Conjunctive	来って	きたって	kitatte
Hypothetical conditional	来れば	きたれば	kitareba

Classical conjugation of "來る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	來ら	きたら	kitara
Continuative (連用形)	來り	きたり	kitari
Terminal (終止形)	來る	きたる	kitaru
Attributive (連体形)	來る	きたる	kitaru
Realis (已然形)	來れ	きたれ	kitare
Imperative (命令形)	來れ	きたれ	kitare
Key constructions
Negative	來らず	きたらず	kitarazu
Contrasting conjunction	來れど	きたれど	kitaredo
Causal conjunction	來れば	きたれば	kitareba
Conditional conjunction	來らば	きたらば	kitaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	來りき	きたりき	kitariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	來りけり	きたりけり	kitarikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	來りつ	きたりつ	kitaritu
Perfect tense (natural event)	來りぬ	きたりぬ	kitarinu
Perfect-continuative tense	來れり來りたり	きたれりきたりたり	kitareri kitaritari
Volitional	來らむ	きたらむ	kitaramu

References

^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ Uwano, Zendo (2002 October 31) “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim]‎^[1], →ISSN, archived from the original on 25 September 2022
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō

[KDJ-1] Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[2] Uwano, Zendo (2002 October 31) “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim]‎^[1], →ISSN, archived from the original on 25 September 2022

[DJR-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[SMK5-4] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-5] 5.0 ^5.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[SMK2-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō

[1]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[2]

[6]

来る

Contents

Japanese

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

Antonyms

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

See also

References

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来る

Japanese

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

Antonyms

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

See also

References

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