稷

稷	U+7A37, 稷 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A37

Translingual

Han character

稷 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+10, 15 strokes, cangjie input 竹木田金水 (HDWCE), four-corner 2694₇, composition ⿰禾畟)

god of cereals
minister of agriculture

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 857, character 19
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25207
Dae Jaweon: page 1282, character 29
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2623, character 5
Unihan data for U+7A37

Chinese

trad.		稷
simp. ^#		稷

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (畟) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
稷	*sklɯɡ
畟	sklɯɡ, skʰrɯɡ
溭	*sɡrɯɡ
謖	*sqʰruɡ

Etymology

Sagart (2008: 134-136) considers it a cognate of Proto-Austronesian *bəCəŋ (“foxtail millet”) as part of the hypothetical Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian language family. Blust (2013: 713), however, finds this comparison unconvincing because of the apparently arbitrary and phonetically unjustified fluctuation between Old Chinese *-k and Proto-Austronesian *-ŋ.

Cognates of this word are found in a handful of Tibeto-Burman languages, such as Drung tɕɑʔ⁵⁵ (“millet”) and Lhokpu cək (“Setaria italica”) (Sagart, 2008). This etymon should be kept separated from 饎 (OC *kʰljɯs), 芑 (OC *kʰɯʔ) and 穄 (OC *ʔsleds). The first two may belong to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *khrəj (“millet”), while the last one may be related to Proto-Lolo-Burmese *tsap (“millet”), along with Burmese ဆပ် (hcap, “Setaria italica”) and Nuosu ꏹ (jyp, “millet”) (Schuessler, 2007: 299).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jì (ji⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zik¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chek

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jì
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jì
  - Wade–Giles: chi⁴
  - Yale: jì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jih
  - Palladius: цзи (czi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: zik¹
  - Yale: jīk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzik⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: jig¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɪk̚⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chek
  - Tâi-lô: tsik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zeg
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪk̚³²/

Middle Chinese: tsik

Rime
Character	稷
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	職 (134)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	子力切
Baxter	tsik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡siek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sik̚/
Li Rong	/t͡siək̚/
Wang Li	/t͡sĭək̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡si̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ji
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zik¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ək/

(Zhengzhang): /*sklɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	稷
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jì
Middle Chinese	‹ tsik ›
Old Chinese	/*[ts]ək/
English	millet (Setaria italica)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	稷
Reading #	1/1
No.	1170
Phonetic component	畟
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	即
Old Chinese	/*sklɯɡ/

Definitions

稷

foxtail millet (Setaria italica)
- 我蓺黍稷。我黍與與、我稷翼翼。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  我蓺黍稷。我黍与与、我稷翼翼。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Wǒ yì shǔ jì. Wǒ shǔ yúyú, wǒ jì yìyì. [Pinyin]
  That we might plant our broomcorn millet and foxtail millet; that our broomcorn millet might be abundant, and our foxtail millet luxuriant.
God of cereals
† minister of agriculture

Compounds

Descendants

→ Uzbek: so'k

Japanese

Kanji

稷

(Hyōgai kanji)

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Readings

On (unclassified): しょく (shoku)
Kun: きび (kibi, 稷)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
稷
きび Hyōgai
kun'yomi

Noun

稷(きび) or 稷(キビ) • (kibi)

Alternative form of 黍

Korean

Hanja

稷 • (jik) (hangeul 직, revised jik, McCune–Reischauer chik, Yale cik)

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Vietnamese

Han character

稷: Hán Nôm readings: tắc

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