製

See also: 制

製 U+88FD, 製 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-88FD ← 裼 [U+88FC] CJK Unified Ideographs 裾 → [U+88FE]

Translingual

Han character

製 (Kangxi radical 145, 衣+8, 14 strokes, cangjie input 竹弓卜竹女 (HNYHV), four-corner 2273₂, composition ⿱制衣)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1119, character 20
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 34380
• Dae Jaweon: page 1586, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3095, character 12
• Unihan data for U+88FD

Chinese

trad.		製
simp.		制*
alternative forms		制 𧚳

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (制) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
制	*kjeds
淛	*kjeds
製	*kjeds
掣	*kʰjeds, *kʰjed
痸	*kʰjeds
猘	*kreds

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kjeds) : phonetic 制 (OC *kjeds, “to cut out; to make”) + semantic 衣 (“clothes”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhì (zhi⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zai³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chṳ
• Eastern Min (BUC): cié
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chè / chì

  (Teochew, Peng'im): zi³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhì
    • Zhuyin: ㄓˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhìh
    • Wade–Giles: chih⁴
    • Yale: jr̀
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyh
    • Palladius: чжи (čži)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zai³
    • Yale: jai
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzai³
    • Guangdong Romanization: zei³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐi̯³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳ
    • Hakka Romanization System: zii
    • Hagfa Pinyim: zi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: cié
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siɛ²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè
    • Tâi-lô: tsè
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zex
    • IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /t͡se²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡se⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡se¹¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chì
    • Tâi-lô: tsì
    • Phofsit Daibuun: cix
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡si²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: zi³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsì
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡si²¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: tsyejH

Rime
Character	製
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	祭 (35)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	征例切
Baxter	tsyejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕiᴇiH/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiɛiH/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕjæiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ciajH/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiɛiH/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭɛiH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯ɛiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zai3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tet-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kjeds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	製
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhì
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyejH ›
Old Chinese	/*tet-s/
English	cut out (a garment)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	製
Reading #	1/1
No.	17379
Phonetic component	制
Rime group	祭
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	制
Old Chinese	/*kjeds/

Definitions

製

1. to make; to manufacture; to produce

   製造／制造  ―  zhìzào  ―  to manufacture

   自製／自制  ―  zìzhì  ―  to make by oneself

   日本製商品／日本制商品  ―  Rìběn zhì shāngpǐn  ―  goods manufactured in Japan

2. to cut out

   縫製／缝制  ―  féngzhì  ―  to sew; to make (clothes)

Compounds

• 乳製品／乳制品 (rǔzhìpǐn)
• 仿製／仿制 (fǎngzhì)
• 仿製品／仿制品 (fǎngzhìpǐn)
• 依法炮製／依法炮制
• 內製作／内制作
• 再製紙／再制纸
• 再製鹽／再制盐
• 半製品／半制品 (bànzhìpǐn)
• 印製／印制 (yìnzhì)
• 土製／土制 (tǔzhì)
• 壓製／压制 (yāzhì)
• 大製作／大制作
• 如法泡製／如法泡制
• 如法炮製／如法炮制 (rúfǎpáozhì)
• 御製／御制 (yùzhì)
• 打製／打制
• 承製／承制 (chéngzhì)
• 提製／提制
• 攝製／摄制 (shèzhì)
• 木製／木制 (mùzhì)
• 浸製／浸制
• 炮製／炮制 (páozhì)
• 烘製／烘制
• 照相製版／照相制版
• 煉製／炼制
• 熏製
• 特製／特制 (tèzhì)
• 玄製／玄制
• 生物製劑／生物制剂 (shēngwù zhìjì)
• 皮製品／皮制品
• 監製／监制 (jiānzhì)
• 石製／石制
• 研製／研制 (yánzhì)
• 禁製品／禁制品 (jìnzhìpǐn)
• 粗製／粗制
• 粗製品／粗制品
• 粗製濫造／粗制滥造 (cūzhìlànzào)
• 精製／精制 (jīngzhì)
• 統計製圖／统计制图
• 編製／编制 (biānzhì)
• 縫製／缝制 (féngzhì)
• 繪製／绘制 (huìzhì)
• 自製／自制 (zìzhì)
• 裁製／裁制 (cáizhì)
• 製件／制件 (zhìjiàn)
• 製作／制作 (zhìzuò)
• 製作人／制作人 (zhìzuòrén)
• 製備／制备 (zhìbèi)
• 製品／制品 (zhìpǐn)
• 製圖／制图 (zhìtú)
• 製圖尺／制图尺
• 製圖板／制图板
• 製圖桌／制图桌
• 製坯／制坯
• 製定／制定 (zhìdìng)
• 製成／制成 (zhìchéng)
• 製材／制材
• 製法／制法 (zhìfǎ)
• 製片／制片
• 製版／制版 (zhìbǎn)
• 製藥／制药 (zhìyào)
• 製造／制造 (zhìzào)
• 製造品／制造品
• 製造商／制造商 (zhìzàoshāng)
• 製造業／制造业 (zhìzàoyè)
• 複製／复制 (fùzhì)
• 複製品／复制品 (fùzhìpǐn)
• 訂製／订制 (dìngzhì)
• 調製／调制 (tiáozhì)
• 趕製／赶制
• 軋製／轧制
• 配製／配制 (pèizhì)
• 醃製／腌制 (yānzhì)
• 釀製／酿制 (niàngzhì)
• 錦囊佳製／锦囊佳制
• 錄製／录制 (lùzhì)
• 陶土製品／陶土制品
• 音像製品／音像制品
• 體製／体制

 

Japanese

Kanji

製

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: せ (se)
• Kan-on: せい (sei, Jōyō)
• Kun: たつ (tatsu, 製つ)、つくる (tsukuru, 製る)

Compounds

Compounds

• 自家製(じかせい) (jikasei): home-made
• 製作(せいさく) (seisaku): manufacture, production
• 製造(せいぞう) (seizō): manufacturing
• 製品(せいひん) (seihin): product, manufactured good
• 石製(せきせい) (sekisei): stonen
• 銅製(どうせい) (dōsei): coppern
• 和製(わせい) (wasei): Japanese-made

Kanji in this term
製
せい Grade: 5
on'yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 製／制 (tsyej^H).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) せー [séꜜè] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [se̞ː]

Noun

製(せい) • (sei) 

1. make

Suffix

製(せい) • (-sei) 

1. -made

   日本(にほん)製(せい)

   Nihon-sei

   made in Japan

2. made of

   木(もく)製(せい)

   mokusei

   made of wood, wooden

Korean

Hanja

製 (eumhun 지을 제 (jieul je))

1. hanja form^? of 제 (“build; make”)

Compounds

• 제작 (製作, jejak, “production”)
• 제조 (製造, jejo, “manufacturing”)
• 제과점 (製菓店, jegwajeom, “bakery”)
• 제빵 (製-, jeppang, “baking”)
• 제빵사 (製-師, jeppangsa, “baker”)
• 제빵기 (製-師, jeppanggi, “breadmaker”)
• 특제 (特製, teukje, “specially made”)

Vietnamese

Han character

製: Hán Nôm readings: chế, chẽ

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