Ngarigo

Ngarigo people
aka: Ngarigo, Bombala tribe, Menero tribe, and Cooma tribe
Australian Alpine bioregion
Hierarchy
Language family:	Pama–Nyungan
Language branch:	Yuin–Kuric
Language group:	Yora
Group dialects:	Ngarigu
Area
Location:	Monaro and Australian Alpine regions of New South Wales and Victoria
Rivers	Queanbeyan River Bombala River
Urban areas	Bombala, New South Wales Cooma, New South Wales Delegate, New South Wales Goongerah, Victoria Nimmitabel, New South Wales Omeo, Victoria Queanbeyan, New South Wales Tumbarumba, New South Wales Yass, New South Wales

The Ngarigo People (also spelt Garego, Ngarego, Ngarago, Ngaragu, Ngarigu, Ngarrugu or Ngarroogoo) are Aboriginal Australian people of southeast New South Wales, whose traditional lands also extend around the present border with Victoria.

Language

Main article: Ngarigo language

Ngarigu has been classified by linguist Robert Dixon as one of two Aboriginal Australian languages of the Southern New South Wales Group, the other being Ngunawal/Gundungurra. It was spoken in the area of Tumut by the Walgalu, in the Canberra-Queanbeyan-Upper Murrumbidgee region by people variously called the Nyamudy, the Namwich or the Yammoitmithang, and also as far south as Victoria's Omeo district. The heartland of Ngarigo speakers, in a more restricted sense, was Monaro.

John Lhotsky, Charles du Vé, John Bulmer, George Augustus Robinson, Alfred W. Howitt and R. H. Mathews compiled early word-lists of the language. In 1963, Luise Hercus managed to recover many terms conserved by descendants living in Orbost.

Country

According to Norman Tindale, following R. H. Mathews, the specific areas lands of the Ngarigo covered some 16,000 km² (6,200 sq mi), centering on the Monaro tableland. The northern limits lay around Queanbeyan. It took in the Bombala River area, and ran south to the vicinity of Delegate and eastwards to Nimmitabel. Their western reaches extended to the Great Dividing Range of the Australian Alps.

Socio-economic organisation

The Ngarigo clan and marriage structure consisted of a dual class system with matrilineal descent.

The Ngarigo would contact, via notched message sticks borne by messengers, other tribes such as the Walgalu and Ngunawal in order to arrange for all to meet up in the Bogong Mountains for the annual feasting off the Bogong moth colonies. Corroborees, together with initiation ceremonies at a bora ring were also held, and while in the hills, the Ngarigo and other tribes culled plants like mountain celery and alpine baeckea (Baeckea gunniana) for medicinal ends, preparing the former as a paste for problems in the urinary tract, the latter as a sedative and cough medicine.

Post-contact history

With their hunting areas being stolen by European colonisers running sheep, many Ngarigo took on occasional labour on pastoral runs, but the overall population of the Canberra area suffered a drastic reduction as diseases introduced by the Europeans, such as smallpox, syphilis, influenza, measles and tuberculosis began to take their toll, so that the demise of the tribes was virtually completed within three generations.

Dispute over the traditional ownership of the Canberra area

Several tribes have been historically associated with the area around Canberra, with conflicting claims arising from the assessment of native title rights among those who descend from the Aboriginal peoples of the region. Descendants of the Ngarigo, Ngunawal and Walgalu have vied to assert primacy.

In 2013, an ACT Government anthropological report was released, which concluded that the struggle between various Aboriginal groups for the mantle of Canberra's "First People" was likely to remain uncertain. The report concluded that evidence gathered from the mid-19th century onward was too scant to support any family's claims.

Alternative names

• Bemeringal ("mountain men", of the coastal tribes)
• Bombala tribe
• Bradjerak/Brajeraq. (bara, "man,"+ djerak, "savage/angry")
• Cooma tribe
• Currak-da-bidgee
• Guramal, Nguramal, Gurmal
• Menero tribe
• Murring. ("men")
• Ngaryo. (common typo)

Source: Tindale 1974, p. 198

Notable people

• Ashleigh Barty (born 1996), World No. 1 tennis player and National Indigenous Tennis Ambassador for Tennis Australia, won the 2019 French Open, the 2021 Wimbledon Championships and the 2022 Australian Open. She wrote on Instagram in Feb 2022, "I’ve never been so proud to be a Ngarigo woman."
• Brian AJ Newman LLB, Chief Executive Officer National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Corporation - Advocacy Services www.natsic.org, President Australian Prison Officers Association, Chief Executive Officer 1800ADVOCATES Pty Ltd (www.1800ADVOCATES.au), Chairman of Advocacy International and Founder of Workers First (www.workersfirst.com.au)
• Tammy Wilesmith, (born in 1974) and has 10 children (Michael (28), ......... (?), ........(?), Bailey (?), .........(?), Xavier (12), Christian (11), Piper (8), Malia (7), Stiles (5)) A medical professional and world-renowned author and best seller, Tammy has written a number of books that have landed her books on the No 1 charts around the world in countries such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom, European Union, and Canada. Tammy's book (Making it through) is currently in film production and has seen a number of famous Hollywood stars fall in love with her books. A number of talk show hosts such as Ellen Degeneres and Oprah Winfrey have conducted interviews with Mrs. Wilesmith. Tammy is a Ngarigo Elder and currently a director of her tribe as far as we are aware.
• Michael Wilesmith, (Born in 1993) to Tammy Wilesmith and Darrel Wolter is famously known for his dedication to the development and advancement of children and youth. He is also a well-known Ngarigo Artist with more of his artwork becoming quite popular in recent years as they are highly sort after, Michael served as a Military Cadet Officer for 12 years in his teens and early adult years, firstly joining the Australian Army Cadet Corps at the Penrith Army Engineering Barracks in 2006 at the age of 12, Michael rose through the NCO's ranks and then being offered a promotion to a Senior position as the Company Commander in 2009 at the age of 16. Michael was also the face of a major push to have Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, and LGBT+ youth more included within the 3 corps according to his service records, even though Michael almost lost his life in 2011 after a life-threatening accident occurred at his secondary school in Western Sydney, Australia. Michael went on to attend Teachers College and obtained 2 Primary and Secondary Specialist Teaching Degrees within the fields of Special Education, it is also known that Michael has also attended Law School and obtained 2 Law and Legal Studies Degrees specializing in Criminal, Constitutional, Family, and International Law. Today Michael is known to be attending a prestigious University in Brisbane Queensland after turning down a number of International Universities such as Oxford University in England and has a range of expertise in a number of fields including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Education, Law and Legal Studies and Children/Youth Development.

Sources

• ACT Government Genealogy Project: Our Kin Our Country: August 2012 Report (PDF), ACT Government, August 2012, retrieved 24 February 2016
• Blay, John (2015). On Track: Searching out the Bundian Way. NewSouth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-742-23444-1.
• Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1.
• Flood, Josephine (2000) [First published 1980]. The moth hunters: Aboriginal prehistory of the Australian Alps. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. ISBN 978-0-855-75085-5.
• Gillespie, Lyall Leslie (1991). Canberra 1820–1913. Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 978-0-644-08060-6.
• Howitt, Alfred William (1904). The native tribes of south-east Australia (PDF). Macmillan.
• Koch, Harold (2016). "Documentary sources on the Ngarigu language: the value of a single recording." (PDF). In Austin, Peter K.; Koch, Harold; Simpson, Jane (eds.). Language, land & song: Studies in honour of Luise Hercus. EL Publishing. pp. 145–157.
• Kwok, Natalie (January 2013). Considering traditional Aboriginal affiliations in the ACT region: Draft Report (PDF). ACT government.
• Mathews, R. H. (1908). "Vocabulary of the Ngarrugu tribe, N.S.W." Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 42: 335–342.
• Slattery, Deirdre (2015). Australian Alps: Kosciuszko, Alpine and Namadgi National Parks. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-1-486-30172-0.
• Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Ngarigo (NSW)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University.
• Towell, Noel (9 April 2013). "Canberra's first people still a matter for debate". The Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013.
• du Vé, Charles; Bulmer, John (1887). "Moneroo" (PDF). In Curr, Edward Micklethwaite (ed.). The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent. Vol. 3. Melbourne: J. Ferres. pp. 429–233.