Alentejo

Alentejo
Typical landscape of the Alentejo. The trees in the foreground are cork oaks (Quercus suber), together with the remains of a cut wheat field. In second and third plan are vineyards (Vitis vinifera) and olive trees (Olea europea). Wheat, cork, olive oil and wine are the most publicized products of the Alentejo.
Location of Alentejo
Country	Portugal
Region	Alentejo

This article is about the cultural region. For other uses, see Alentejo (disambiguation).

The Alentejo (UK: /ˌælənˈteɪʒuː/ AL-ən-TAY-zhoo, Portuguese: [ɐlẽˈtɛʒu] ) is a geographical, historical and cultural region of south central and southern Portugal. In Portuguese, its name means "beyond (além) the Tagus river" (Tejo).

The Alentejo includes the regions of Alto Alentejo and Baixo Alentejo. It corresponds to the districts of Beja, Évora, Portalegre and the Alentejo Litoral. The main cities are: Évora, Beja, Sines, Serpa, Estremoz, Elvas and Portalegre.

It has borders with Beira Baixa in the North, with Spain (Andalucia and Extremadura) in the east, with the Algarve in the South and with the Atlantic Ocean, Ribatejo and Estremadura in the West.

The Alentejo is a region known for its traditional polyphonic singing groups, similar to those found in Tuscany, Corsica, and elsewhere.

Etymology

It's possible that the word Alentejo come from Arabic (Arabic: الانا كراون, trans. Alan-Taj; "Alan Crown") because of the Alans a Nomadic Iranian speaking Sarmatian tribe that settled in the region at the Migration Period at the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, the same way they named Andalusia as Al-Andalus because of the Vandals.

History

The comarca of the Alentejo became the Alentejo Province, divided into upper (Alto Alentejo Province) and lower (Baixo Alentejo Province) designations. The modern NUTS statistical region, Alentejo Region, was expropriated from the medieval provinces and historical territories of Estremadura Province (specifically the 1936 portions of the Ribatejo). The term Entre-Tejo-e-Guadiana has become obsolete; it referred to roughly the same land area between the Tagus and the Guadiana rivers as part of the Kingdom of Portugal.

Geography

Main article: Subdivisions of Alentejo

Dimensions

The Alentejo's area extends to 27,272 square kilometres (10,530 square miles) (29.6% of the country) and has a population of 537,556 (5.1% of the country). Excluding Ponte de Sor, its area is 26,432 km² (10,205 sq mi) and its population 520,834. The population density of the Alentejo is 19.1 per square kilometre (49/sq mi).

A typical landscape of the rural Alentejo region, with an undulating wheat field and a solitary suber oak

Topography

View of the Alqueva Reservoir on the Guadiana from one of the many hills

Topographically the countryside varies from the open rolling plains of the south of the Alentejo to the granite hills that border Spain in the northeast. To feed the water needs of this considerable area a number of public dams have been constructed, most notably the Alqueva Dam. The landscape is primarily one of soft rolling hills and plains, with conspicuous shrubs and the native cork oaks and holly/holm oaks, the established olive trees and grapevines, plus some large-scale toilet roll production of eucalyptus trees and some native trees. In the north, traditional economic activity may be more livestock-based as typified by cattle, sheep, and pig (both white and black) farming. To the south agriculture may be more predominant.

The Alentejo experiences prolonged periods without rain, leaving the fields dried as a result

Coastal Alentejo

Castelo de Vide, Alentejo, Portugal

Biome

Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede, a Nature Park Area located to the east of Portalegre, includes medieval villages. In the south near Mértola there is another Nature Park Area named Parque Natural do Vale Guadiana. This is more sparsely inhabited than the former. To the west, the coastal strip that runs from the port of Sines down to Cape St. Vincent (this already in the Algarve) comprises the Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine Coast Natural Park.

Climate

The Alentejo region has a Mediterranean climate, typically warm to hot and dry for a large part of the year, with summer temperatures regularly reaching up to 40 °C (104 °F), while winters are relatively mild and wet. The climate is not uniform throughout the region though: mid-summer temperatures in coastal areas are usually much lower (often around 25 °C (77 °F)) than inland ones (which frequently hover around 35 °C (95 °F)). This much resembles the contrast between Casablanca and the Moroccan interior, where the presence of the nearby Atlantic Ocean gives rise to marked temperature differences between coastal and even nearby inland zones.

Usually, the warmest temperatures can be found in the southernmost inland parts of the region, along the Guadiana valley between Mértola and Juromenha, particularly in the areas close to Moura. However, the hottest days tend to deviate from the usual pattern and will arise when the winds are east or southeast and very hot air with temperatures reaching 25 °C (77 °F) or more at 850 mbar level (usually around 1500 m.a.s.l.) enter Iberia from Africa. If the winds are strong enough, the deep and low-lying valley of the Sado river, becomes extremely warm by European standards. Places like Alvalade do Sado and Alcácer do Sal and others below 100 metres (330 ft), can reach 45 °C (113 °F) under extreme circumstances and 40 °C (104 °F) in the summer is regularly reached each year despite the fact that they are relatively close to the coast.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Portugal was measured on 1 August 2003 in Amareleja and reached 47.4 °C (117.3 °F). Since the meteorological station is about 100 metres (330 ft) above the nearby valley near Moura it is very likely that temperatures above 48 °C (118 °F) were reached there but no measurements were taken. What is most impressive and unique in Europe was a stretch of no less than 17 consecutive days at Amareleja with a maximum temperature of 40 °C (104 °F) or more (reaching an average over the period of 43.5 °C (110.3 °F)). This was only equalled over the same period in Córdoba, Spain; although slightly lower over the same period at 42.4 °C (108.3 °F). Finally, the average daytime maximum temperatures reach 35 to 36 °C (95 to 97 °F) in July and August near Moura, 33 to 34 °C (91 to 93 °F) in the Sado Valley (and other inland valleys away from the coast). Many parts, however, are above 200 or 300 metres (660 or 980 ft) altitude which leads to clearly lower average temperatures also in summer. It is very likely that the Guadiana river valley away from the coast is the hottest on average in Europe along with the inland part of the Spanish Guadalquivir region, especially near Córdoba. The extremes in this valley, however, are somewhat lower (most just above 46 °C (115 °F)).

Portugal, including the Alentejo region, is affected by global warming and average temperatures are clearly on the rise. Some climate models indicate daytime average maximum temperatures nearing 40 °C (104 °F) in the Guadiana river valley by 2100.

Sines
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     73     15 9     57     16 10     39     17 11     49     17 12     32     18 14     7.9     20 16     2.9     22 17     2     22 17     19     22 16     60     20 15     85     18 12     84     16 11 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     2.9     59 49     2.2     60 50     1.5     62 51     1.9     63 53     1.3     65 56     0.3     68 60     0.1     71 62     0.1     71 62     0.8     71 62     2.4     68 58     3.4     64 54     3.3     61 51 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Évora
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     61     13 6     52     15 7     44     18 9     55     19 10     47     23 12     17     28 15     4.1     31 17     8.2     31 17     32     28 16     84     22 13     88     17 10     95     14 7 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     2.4     56 42     2     58 44     1.7     64 47     2.2     66 49     1.8     73 53     0.6     82 59     0.2     88 62     0.3     88 63     1.3     82 61     3.3     72 56     3.4     63 49     3.7     57 45 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Amareleja
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     54     14 4     46     16 5     38     19 6     56     21 8     44     24 10     25     30 13     3.2     34 16     1.8     34 16     26     30 14     59     24 11     66     19 7     82     15 5 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     2.1     58 39     1.8     61 40     1.5     66 42     2.2     69 46     1.7     76 50     1     85 56     0.1     94 60     0.1     93 60     1     87 57     2.3     75 52     2.6     65 45     3.2     59 42 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Education

By the acceptable standards of a developed country, the illiteracy rate in the region may still be surprisingly high among those older than 60, in contrast with the younger generations. The rate of coverage of pre-primary education is among the highest in the country.

Institutions of higher education include:

• Polytechnic Institute of Beja
• Instituto Politécnico de Portalegre
• University of Évora

Economy

The Roman Temple of Évora. Tourism is playing an increasingly important role in the Alentejo economy

The area is commonly known as the "breadbasket" of Portugal, a region of vast open countryside with undulating plains and rich fertile soil. With very few exceptions all the major towns are mainly reliant on agriculture, livestock and forestry. There are several types of traditional cheeses, wines and smoked hams and sausages made in the Alentejo region, among others: Queijo Serpa, Queijo de Évora and Queijo de Nisa (PDO cheeses); Vinho do Alentejo and Vinho do Redondo (wines); and presunto (smoked ham). Marble, cork, olive oil and mining industries are other important activities in the region and tourism is expected to still have growth potential. The Alqueva Dam is an important irrigation and hydroelectricity generation facility which supports a part of the Alentejo's economy.

The region is the home of the world's most important area for the growing of cork. Cork-oak, known in Portugal as "sobreiro", has been grown commercially in the region for the past 300 years, with the areas between the trees typically given over to grazing, or on the more productive soils, to the growing of citrus fruit, vines or olives. As a consequence, a uniquely rich and varied ecosystem has developed. The bark of the cork-oak is still harvested by teams of men using locally made hand-axes. No mechanical method has yet been invented that will allow the harvest to be achieved as effectively. The stripping of the bark is performed only in midsummer when the bark can be removed more easily. The cork-oak is the only tree known that will allow this regular stripping of bark without damage. The harvest of one mature tree provides sufficient bark to produce about 4,000 wine bottle corks. The industry provides employment for about 60,000 workers.

See also

• Alentejo wine
• Monsaraz
• Cante Alentejano (vocal music genre)
• Marvão, an historic municipality
• Portuguese cuisine
• Tróia Peninsula
• Antas do Olival da Pêga

External links

• Melhor Alentejo – Official website
• Media related to Alentejo at Wikimedia Commons
• Alentejo travel guide from Wikivoyage