View source for Campos rupestres

{{Short description|Subtropical ecoregion in Brazi}}
{{italics title}}
{{Infobox ecoregion
| name = Campos rupestres
| image = Campos rupestres - Porção Sul da Serra do Espinhaço.JPG
| image_size =
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = Campos rupestres in [[Serra do Espinhaço]], [[Brazil]].
| map = Campos Rupestres WWF.png
| map_size = 240
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| biome = [[Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]]
| biogeographic_realm = [[Neotropical realm|Neotropical]]
| border = [[Bahia interior forests]]
| area = 26417
| border1 = [[Serra do Mar coastal forests]]
| border2 = [[Cerrado]]
| border3 = [[Caatinga]]
| bird_species = 
| mammal_species = 
| country = {{BRA}}
| state = [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]
| state1 = [[Minas Gerais]]
| state2 = [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]
| state3 = [[Espírito Santo]]
| state4 = [[Bahia]]
| habitat_loss = 
| habitat_loss_ref = 
|conservation = Threatened
| protected = 26.46
| protected_ref = <ref name = dopa>[https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/60703 Campos Rpestres montane savanna]. DOPA Explorer. Accessed 5 November 2022.</ref>
}}
The '''''campo rupestre''''' ("rupestrian grassland") is a discontinuous montane subtropical [[Terrestrial ecoregion|ecoregion]] occurring across three different biomes in [[Brazil]]: [[Cerrado]], [[Atlantic Forest]] and [[Caatinga]]. Originally, ''campo rupestre'' was used to characterize the montane vegetation of the [[Espinhaço Mountains|Espinhaço Range]], but recently this term has been broadly applied by the scientific community to define high altitudinal fire-prone areas dominated by grasslands and rocky outcrops.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Morellato|first1=L. Patrícia C.|last2=Silveira|first2=Fernando A. O.|date=2018-01-01|title=Plant life in campo rupestre: New lessons from an ancient biodiversity hotspot|journal=Flora|series=Plant life on campo rupestre, a megadiverse Neotropical old-growth grassland|volume=238|pages=1–10|doi=10.1016/j.flora.2017.12.001|issn=0367-2530|hdl=11449/179467|doi-access=free|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Grassy_vegetation.jpg|thumb|Photo depicting grassy vegetation typically occurring in the ''campo rupestre'']]
[[File:Rocky_vegetation.jpg|thumb|Picture depicting rocky vegetation typically occurring in the ''campo rupestre'']]
[[File:Shrubby_vegetation.jpg|thumb|Photo showing the shrubby vegetation typically occurring in the ''campo rupestre'']]
[[File:Lychnophora ericoides - Arnica do campo, candeia.jpg|thumb|''[[Lychnophora]] ericoides'' in the campos rupestres [[habitat]].]]

==Geography==
''Campo rupestre'' (sensu lato) occupies less than one percent of the Brazilian territory, 66,447km<sup>2</sup>, and it is concentrated mostly in the states of Minas Gerais, Bahia and Goiás.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Silveira|first1=Fernando A. O.|last2=Negreiros|first2=Daniel|last3=Barbosa|first3=Newton P. U.|last4=Buisson|first4=Elise|last5=Carmo|first5=Flávio F.|last6=Carstensen|first6=Daniel W.|last7=Conceição|first7=Abel A.|last8=Cornelissen|first8=Tatiana G.|last9=Echternacht|first9=Lívia|date=2016-06-01|title=Ecology and evolution of plant diversity in the endangered campo rupestre: a neglected conservation priority|journal=Plant and Soil|language=en|volume=403|issue=1|pages=129–152|doi=10.1007/s11104-015-2637-8|issn=1573-5036|hdl=11449/179291|s2cid=254937549 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> This ecoregion consists of a series of relatively small and isolated grasslands and rocky outcrops mostly distributed in the [[Espinhaço Mountains|Espinhaço Range]] in eastern Brazil, surrounded by lowland and montane forests.<ref name=":1" /> It also forms discontinuous enclaves in other mountain ranges, such as [[Carajás Mountains]], [[Canastra Mountains|Serra da Canastra]], [[Serra do Caparaó]], [[Chapada Diamantina]] and many others.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pereira |first1=Cássio Cardoso |last2=Fernandes |first2=Geraldo Wilson |date=2022-07-21 |title=Cerrado Rupestre is not Campo Rupestre: The unknown and threatened savannah on rocky outcrops |url=https://natureconservation.pensoft.net/article/89237/ |journal=Nature Conservation |language=en |volume=49 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.3897/natureconservation.49.89237 |issn=1314-3301|doi-access=free }}</ref>

''Campo rupestre'' is found at elevations from 900 to 2,033 meters (2,952 to 6,670 ft) and is characterized by dry winters and wet summers, strong winds and high levels of irradiance.<ref name=":1" /> The soil in this ecoregion is nutrient-poor, extremely shallow and young.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|last1=Schaefer|first1=Carlos E.|title=Soils Associated with Rupestrian Grasslands|date=2016|work=Ecology and Conservation of Mountaintop grasslands in Brazil|pages=55–69|editor-last=Fernandes|editor-first=Geraldo Wilson|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_3|isbn=9783319298085|last2=Cândido|first2=Hugo G.|last3=Corrêa|first3=Guilherme Resende|last4=Nunes|first4=Jaquelina A.|last5=Arruda|first5=Daniel M.}}</ref> The geological formation subtending this impoverished soil is ancient, stable, weathered and diverse; c''ampo rupestre'' areas occur on quartzite, granite, migmatites, gneiss, metarenites, and itabirites.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last1=Schaefer |first1=Carlos E.G.R. |title=The Physical Environment of Rupestrian Grasslands (Campos Rupestres) in Brazil: Geological, Geomorphological and Pedological Characteristics, and Interplays |date=2016 |work=Ecology and Conservation of Mountaintop grasslands in Brazil |pages=15–53 |editor-last=Fernandes |editor-first=Geraldo Wilson |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_2 |isbn=9783319298085 |last2=Corrêa |first2=Guilherme R. |last3=Candido |first3=Hugo G. |last4=Arruda |first4=Daniel M. |last5=Nunes |first5=Jaquelina A. |last6=Araujo |first6=Raphael W. |last7=Rodrigues |first7=Priscyla M.S. |last8=Fernandes Filho |first8=Elpídio I. |last9=Pereira |first9=Aianã F.S.}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The soil composition represents a challenge for vegetation to establish; plants must overcome very low levels of P, high levels of Al (in some areas), acidity and low water retention (due to shallowness of the soil).<ref name=":3" /> Because of these conditions, the flora thriving in the c''ampo rupestre'' has developed several adaptations, such as [[Carnivorous plant|carnivory]], [[C4 carbon fixation|C4]] metabolism, superficial root systems (to absorb periodic rain water faster), underground storage, [[Stoma|stomatal]] crypts, etc.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Soil_at_Chapada_Diamantina.jpg|thumb|Soil at Chapada Diamantina in Bahia]]
[[File:Soil_profile_Serra_do_Cipó.jpg|thumb|Soil photographed at Serra do Cipó in Minas Gerais]]

=== OCBIL theory and ''campo rupestre'' ===
Old climatically buffered and infertile landscapes (OCBILs) are areas distributed around the globe that potentially share both abiotic and biotic commonalities. These landscapes are often expected to harbor a high number of endemic, old and rare lineages specialized in obtaining nutritional elements from impoverished soils and presenting biological adaptations to cope with harsh environmental conditions.<ref name=":82">{{Cite journal|last=Hopper|first=Stephen D.|date=2009-07-14|title=OCBIL theory: towards an integrated understanding of the evolution, ecology and conservation of biodiversity on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes|journal=Plant and Soil|volume=322|issue=1–2|pages=49–86|doi=10.1007/s11104-009-0068-0|s2cid=28155038 |issn=0032-079X}}</ref> There are at least three areas located in three different continents that can be characterized as ancient and climatically and geologically stable; the Pantepui Highlands in Venezuela, South Africa's Greater Cape and the Southwest Australian Floristic region.<ref name=":82" /> Even though the c''ampo rupestre'' in Brazil was not formerly acknowledged as an OCBIL area, Hopper mentions "parts of Brazil" could actually be identified as this particular landscape.<ref name=":82" /> Moreover, the resemblance of this Brazilian ecoregion with the areas mentioned above has been highlighted by other researchers, who suggest that the ''campo rupestre'' should actually be formally considered as an OCBIL.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abrahão|first1=A.|last2=Lambers|first2=H.|last3=Sawaya|first3=A. C. H. F.|last4=Mazzafera|first4=P.|last5=Oliveira|first5=R. S.|date=2014-10-01|title=Convergence of a specialized root trait in plants from nutrient-impoverished soils: phosphorus-acquisition strategy in a nonmycorrhizal cactus|journal=Oecologia|language=en|volume=176|issue=2|pages=345–355|doi=10.1007/s00442-014-3033-4|pmid=25135179 |bibcode=2014Oecol.176..345A |s2cid=253977048 |issn=1432-1939}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oliveira|first1=Rafael S.|last2=Galvão|first2=Hugo C.|last3=Campos|first3=Mariana C. R. de|last4=Eller|first4=Cleiton B.|last5=Pearse|first5=Stuart J.|last6=Lambers|first6=Hans|date=2015|title=Mineral nutrition of campos rupestres plant species on contrasting nutrient-impoverished soil types|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=205|issue=3|pages=1183–1194|doi=10.1111/nph.13175|pmid=25425486 |issn=1469-8137|doi-access=free}}</ref> The relevance of understanding the ''campo rupestre'' as part of these landscapes implies the recognition of common patterns among these areas, which can be very beneficial not only for establishing international collaborative work but more importantly as a way to better understand similar processes threatening the conservation of this delicate ecoregion.<ref name=":0" />

==Flora==
[[File:Species_of_Velloziaceae(2).jpg|thumb|Member of the lineage Velloziaceae]]
[[File:Species_of_Eriocaulaceae(2).jpg|thumb|Member of the lineage Eriocaulaceae]]
[[File:Species_of_Velloziaceae.jpg|thumb|Member of the lineage Velloziaceae]]
[[File:Species_of_Eriocaulaceae.jpg|thumb|Member of the lineage Eriocaulaceae]]
The ''campo rupestre'' ecoregion consists of a distinct set of habitats where open vegetation prevails and is subject to harsh climatic and pedological conditions. Rocky outcrops, grasslands and shrublands account for the most common habitats and are dominated by lineages such as [[Velloziaceae]], [[Cyperaceae]], [[Poaceae]] and [[Eriocaulaceae]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Conceição|first1=Abel A.|title=Rupestrian Grassland Vegetation, Diversity, and Origin|date=2016|work=Ecology and Conservation of Mountaintop grasslands in Brazil|pages=105–127|editor-last=Fernandes|editor-first=Geraldo Wilson|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_6|isbn=9783319298085|last2=Rapini|first2=Alessandro|last3=do Carmo|first3=Flávio F.|last4=Brito|first4=Juliana C.|last5=Silva|first5=Gabriela A.|last6=Neves|first6=Sâmia P. S.|last7=Jacobi|first7=Claudia M.}}</ref> Although few plant families predominate in this ecoregion, species richness is high; the [[Espinhaço Mountains|Espinhaço Range]] alone accounts for seven percent of the Brazilian flora, while all the mountain ranges comprising the entirety of ''campo rupestre'' harbor approximately 15% of Brazil's plant diversity.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Citation|last1=Neves|first1=Ana Carolina de Oliveira|title=The Human Dimension in the Espinhaço Mountains: Land Conversion and Ecosystem Services|date=2016|work=Ecology and Conservation of Mountaintop grasslands in Brazil|pages=501–530|editor-last=Fernandes|editor-first=Geraldo Wilson|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_21|isbn=9783319298085|last2=Barbieri|first2=Alisson Flávio|last3=Pacheco|first3=André Aroeira|last4=Resende|first4=Fernando de Moura|last5=Braga|first5=Rodrigo Fagundes|last6=Azevedo|first6=Alexsander Araujo|last7=Fernandes|first7=G. Wilson}}</ref> The relatively high levels of diversity in the ''campo rupestre'' can be explained by the environmental requirements unique to each habitat (or micro-habitat), which vary according to a wide range in latitude and elevation.<ref name=":4">{{Citation|last=Fernandes|first=G. Wilson|chapter=The Megadiverse Rupestrian Grassland|date=2016|pages=3–14|editor-last=Fernandes|editor-first=Geraldo Wilson|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_1|isbn=9783319298085|title=Ecology and Conservation of Mountaintop grasslands in Brazil}}</ref> Insularity can also foster diversity in the ''campos rupestres;'' given its discontinuous distribution across several mountain ranges overcoming long-distance dispersal can pose a challenge to many lineages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jacobi|first1=Claudia M.|last2=do Carmo|first2=Flávio F.|last3=Vincent|first3=Regina C.|last4=Stehmann|first4=João R.|date=2007-06-01|title=Plant communities on ironstone outcrops: a diverse and endangered Brazilian ecosystem|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation|language=en|volume=16|issue=7|pages=2185–2200|doi=10.1007/s10531-007-9156-8|s2cid=44304825 |issn=1572-9710}}</ref>

Coupled with antiquity, the diversity of habitats found within the ''campos rupestres'' leads to many lineages being adapted to specific environmental conditions. As a consequence, the number of endemic and rare species is very elevated; around 30% of the flora is restricted to this ecoregion.<ref name=":4" /> Within the families [[Velloziaceae]] and [[Eriocaulaceae]] around 70% of all species are endemic to the ''campo rupestre''; a number that possibly has grown over the past 20 years since it was last investigated.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Giulietti|first1=AM|title=Centres of plant diversity: a guide and strategy for their conservation.|last2=Pirani|first2=JR|last3=Harley|first3=RM|publisher=IUCN Publication Unit.|year=1997|editor-last=Davis|editor-first=SD|location=Cambridge|pages=397–404|chapter=Espinhaço Range region, eastern Brazil|editor-last2=Heywood|editor-first2=VH|editor-last3=Herrera-Macbryde|editor-first3=O|editor-link3=Olga Herrera-MacBryde|editor-last4=Villa-Lobos|editor-first4=J|editor-last5=Hamilton|editor-first5=AC}}</ref> High levels of endemism can also be identified by [[beta diversity]] analyses, which measure differentiation levels between two areas. A study conducted across three different ironstone sites (itabirite) in the ''campo rupestre''  identified the proportion of shared lineages as less than 5%, demonstrating a high level of beta diversity among the sites.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jacobi|first1=CM|last2=Do Carmo|first2=FF|date=2008|title=Diversidade dos campos rupestres ferruginosos no Quadrilátero Ferrífero, MG.|journal=Megadiversidade|volume=4|pages=26–33}}</ref>

Predominance of species varies according to the different soil types. Grasses typically occur in sandy soils, with many species from the [[graminoid]] families [[Cyperaceae]], [[Poaceae]] and [[Eriocaulaceae]], whereas the rocky outcrops are usually dominated by [[Orchidaceae|orchids]], [[Bromeliaceae|bromeliads]] and species of [[Clusiaceae]] and [[Velloziaceae]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Conceição|first1=Abel A.|title=Succession on the Rocky Outcrop Vegetation: A Rupestrian Grassland Scheme|date=2016|work=Ecology and Conservation of Mountaintop grasslands in Brazil|pages=181–206|editor-last=Fernandes|editor-first=Geraldo Wilson|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_9|isbn=9783319298085|last2=Pirani|first2=José R.}}</ref>  The List of Species of the Brazilian Flora published in 2015 around 5000 plant species for the ''campo rupestre;'' according to REFLORA by 2019 this number has currently increased in about 100 species, if the database is queried for plants occurring in "Highland Rocky Field".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/listaBrasil/PrincipalUC/PrincipalUC.do;jsessionid=E713A183E33FA414D6126959B26B548E|title=Flora do Brasil 2020|website=floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br|access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> However, due to the heterogeneity of vegetation types assembled in the campo rupestre and increasing knowledge in floristic composition, this number is most likely underestimated and needs to be reassessed. 

==Fauna==
Indigenous mammals include [[Brazilian Tapir|tapir]]s, [[capybara]]s, [[bush dog]]s, and [[armadillo]]s.
Indigenous [[reptile]]s include [[crocodile]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[tortoise]]s and [[iguana]]s.
The [[riparian zone]]s offer habitat for birds, reptiles, and mammals that require more water than the plateau species.

Endangered mammals include [[fossorial giant rat]] (''Kunsia fronto''), [[orange-brown Atlantic tree-rat]] (''Phyllomys brasiliensis'') and [[giant otter]] (''Pteronura brasiliensis'').
Endangered amphibians include Izecksohn's treefrog (''[[Bokermannohyla izecksohni]]'') and the reticulate leaf frog (''[[Phyllomedusa ayeaye]]'') .
Endangered birds include [[Brazilian merganser]] (''Mergus octosetaceus'') and [[yellow-bellied seedeater]] (''Sporophila nigricollis'').{{sfn|Campos Rupestres montane savanna – Myers|loc=All Endangered}}

==Conservation==
[[File:Campo_rupestre_and_civilization.jpg|thumb|Photo showing human occupation in the vicinity of Chapada Diamantina]]
[[File:Landscape_taken_from_an_area_of_campo_rupestre.jpg|thumb|Landscape showing the mountainous region observed from the top of an area of ''campo rupestre'']]
The main threats to the ''campo rupestre'' come from [[mining]], extraction of native plants, cattle ranching, tourism, urban expansion, [[climate change]] and [[invasive species]].<ref name=":4" /> Because this ecoregion has received far less attention from both the scientific community and the general public it stands out as a delicate area in terms of conservation status. In fact, in 2005, [[UNESCO]] emphasized the importance of conserving the ''campo rupestre'' by recognizing the [[Espinhaço Mountains|Espinhaço Range]] as part of the [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|Biosphere Reserve]], with two-thirds of its 3 076 million hectares constituting conservation units.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=2012|title=Putting a price on conservation|url=https://issuu.com/reservadabiosferadaserradoespinhaco/docs/revista_world_of_science__rb_espinh|journal=A World of Science|volume=10|pages=20–23}}</ref> Still, few scientific studies have addressed the biodiversity and conservation of the ''campo rupestre'' when compared to forested regions in Brazil.<ref name=":4" /> Moreover, even though tourism has grown over the past four decades due to facilitated access, the general public is still unaware of the [[ecosystem service]]s this region promotes and the benefits of preserving the ''campo rupestre''.

[[Monoculture]] stands out as another relevant issue affecting the ''campo rupestre''; [[eucalyptus]] plantations represent a serious threat due to their ability to thrive in poor soils, such as the ones found throughout this ecoregion.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|last1=Ribas|first1=Rodrigo Pinheiro|title=Afforestation in the Rupestrian Grasslands: The Augmenting Pressure of Eucalyptus|date=2016|work=Ecology and Conservation of Mountaintop grasslands in Brazil|pages=395–414|editor-last=Fernandes|editor-first=Geraldo Wilson|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_17|isbn=9783319298085|last2=Caetano|first2=Rogério Machado|last3=Gontijo|first3=Bernardo Machado|last4=de Azevedo Xavier|first4=João Henrique}}</ref> General misconceptions that grasslands and rocky outcrops present low levels of biodiversity, given their dry and "homogeneous" aspect, have only worsened this situation.<ref name=":6" /> The eucalyptus plantations not only reduce the number of native species but they also promote intense fragmentation of the ''campo rupestre''; in less than 20 years the southern portion of the [[Espinhaço Mountains|Espinhaço Range]] registered an impressive increase in the planted area of eucalyptus (30 thousand hectares), drastically intensifying habitat fragmentation.<ref name=":6" />

Fire in the ''campo rupestre'' symbolizes both a threat as well a natural phenomenon; readily available fuel combined with environmental conditions facilitates the occurrence of natural and anthropic-related fires.<ref name=":7">{{Citation|last1=Figueira|first1=José Eugênio Côrtes|title=Fire in Rupestrian Grasslands: Plant Response and Management|date=2016|work=Ecology and Conservation of Mountaintop grasslands in Brazil|pages=415–448|editor-last=Fernandes|editor-first=Geraldo Wilson|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_18|isbn=9783319298085|last2=Ribeiro|first2=Katia Torres|last3=Ribeiro|first3=Marilene Cardoso|last4=Jacobi|first4=Claudia Maria|last5=França|first5=Helena|last6=de Oliveira Neves|first6=Ana Carolina|last7=Conceição|first7=Abel Augusto|last8=Mourão|first8=Fabiana Alves|last9=Souza|first9=Jumara Marques}}</ref> While fire boosts the reproductive system of some species by positively impacting the number of seeds or seedling recruitment it can also negatively affect the sparse and relictual forests intermingled with the more common rocky outcrops and grasslands.<ref name=":7" /> Even lineages that rely on fire can be negatively influenced depending on its frequency. When fire episodes increase in frequency both seed banks and resprouters can be severely affected.<ref name=":7" />

==See also==
*[[List of plants of Atlantic Forest vegetation of Brazil]]
*[[Atlantic Forest#Ecoregions|Ecoregions in the Atlantic Forest biome]]
*[[List of ecoregions in Brazil]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|ref={{harvid|Campos Rupestres montane savanna – Myers}}
 |title=Campos Rupestres montane savanna|work=Global Species|publisher=Myers Enterprises II
 |url=http://www.globalspecies.org/ecoregions/display/NT0703|access-date=2017-03-26}}
*{{citation
 |last=Hogan|first=C.Michael |year=2011 |chapter-url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Cactus?topic=49480 |chapter=Cactus |editor=Topic ed. Arthur Dawson. Ed.-in-chief Cutler J.Cleveland. 
 |title=Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment|location=Washington DC}}
*{{citation |title=South America: Brazil (NT0140)|publisher=WWF: [[World Wildlife Fund]]
 |last=Locklin|first=Claudia C. |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0140|access-date=2017-03-25}}
*{{citation |title=Eastern South America: Southeastern Brazil (NT0703)|publisher=WWF: World Wildlife Fund
 |last=Maria |first=Jose |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0703|access-date=2017-03-26}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Campos Rupestres}}
[[Category:Atlantic Forest]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Brazil]]
[[Category:Grasslands of Brazil]]
[[Category:Flora of the Atlantic Forest|.]]
[[Category:Environment of Bahia]]
[[Category:Environment of Espírito Santo]]
[[Category:Environment of Minas Gerais]]
[[Category:Environment of Rio de Janeiro (state)]]
[[Category:Flora of Bahia|*]]
[[Category:Flora of Espírito Santo|*]]
[[Category:Flora of Minas Gerais|*]]
[[Category:Flora of Rio de Janeiro (state)|*]]
[[Category:Geography of Bahia]]
[[Category:Geography of Espírito Santo]]
[[Category:Geography of Minas Gerais]]
[[Category:Geography of Rio de Janeiro (state)]]
[[Category:Neotropical ecoregions]]