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{{Short description|Unix operating system clone}}
{{Lead too short|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox OS
{{Infobox OS
| name = Coherent
| name = Coherent
Line 8: Line 10:
| source_model = Closed source; [[open source software|open sourced]] in 2015
| source_model = Closed source; [[open source software|open sourced]] in 2015
| kernel_type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| kernel_type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| supported_platforms = [[PDP-11]], [[x86]] ([[Intel 8088|8088]], [[Intel 80286|286]], [[Intel 80386|386]], [[Intel 80486|486]]), [[Motorola 68000]], [[Zilog Z8000]]
| supported_platforms = [[PDP-11]], [[x86]] ([[Intel 8088|8088]], [[Intel 80286|286]], [[i386|386]], [[i486|486]]), [[Motorola 68000]], [[Zilog Z8000]]
| ui =
| ui = [[Command-line interface|Command-line]] ([[KornShell]])
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| released = {{Start date and age|1980}}
| released = {{Start date and age|1980}}
| latest_release_version = 4.2.10
| latest_release_version = 4.2.14
| latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|1994}}
| latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|1994}}
| latest_test_version =
| latest_test_version =
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| package_manager =
| package_manager =
| working_state = Discontinued
| working_state = Discontinued
| license = 2015: [[BSD licenses|BSD-3-Clause]]<ref name="license-2015">{{cite web|title=Mark Williams Company Sources|url=http://www.nesssoftware.com/home/mwc/source.php|access-date=2021-06-18|archive-date=2015-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106055814/http://www.nesssoftware.com/home/mwc/source.php|url-status=live}}</ref><br />Original: Proprietary
| license = [[3-clause BSD]]
| website =
| website =
}}
}}
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[[File:Coherent 4.2.10 i386 Root Directory.png|thumb|Viewing the [[root directory]] and system information]]
[[File:Coherent 4.2.10 i386 Root Directory.png|thumb|Viewing the [[root directory]] and system information]]


'''Coherent''' is a clone of the [[Unix]] operating system for [[IBM PC compatible]]s and other [[microcomputer]]s, developed and sold by the now-defunct [[Mark Williams Company]] (MWC). Historically, the operating system was a proprietary product, but it became [[Open-source software|open source]] in 2015, released under a 3-clause [[BSD License]].
'''Coherent''' is a clone of the [[Unix]] [[operating system]] for [[IBM PC compatible]]s and other [[microcomputer]]s, developed and sold by the now-defunct [[Mark Williams Company]] (MWC). Historically, the operating system was a proprietary product, but it became [[Open-source software|open source]] in 2015, released under the [[BSD licenses|BSD-3-Clause]] license.<ref name="license-2015" />


==Development==
==Development==
Coherent was not Unix; the Mark Williams Company had no rights to either the Unix [[trademark]] or the [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]]/[[Bell Labs]] source code. In the early years of its existence, MWC received a visit from an AT&T delegation looking to determine whether MWC was infringing on AT&T Unix property. The delegation included [[Dennis Ritchie]], who concluded that "it was very hard to believe that Coherent and its basic applications were not created without considerable study of the OS code and details of its applications." However, he also stated that:<ref>{{Cite newsgroup
Coherent was not Unix; the Mark Williams Company had no rights to either the Unix [[trademark]] or the [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]]/[[Bell Labs]] [[source code]]. In the early years of its existence, MWC received a visit from an AT&T delegation looking to determine whether MWC was infringing on AT&T Unix property. The delegation included [[Dennis Ritchie]], who concluded that "it was very hard to believe that Coherent and its basic applications were not created without considerable study of the OS code and details of its applications." However, he also stated that:<ref>{{Cite newsgroup
|title=Re: Coherent
|title=Re: Coherent
|author=Dennis Ritchie
|author=Dennis Ritchie
Line 43: Line 45:
{{quote|[...] looking at various corners [for peculiarities, bugs, etc. that I knew about in the Unix distributions of the time] I couldn't find anything that was copied. It might have been that some parts were written with [AT&T] source nearby, but at least the effort had been made to rewrite. If it came to it, I could never honestly testify [...] that what they generated was irreproducible from the manual.}}
{{quote|[...] looking at various corners [for peculiarities, bugs, etc. that I knew about in the Unix distributions of the time] I couldn't find anything that was copied. It might have been that some parts were written with [AT&T] source nearby, but at least the effort had been made to rewrite. If it came to it, I could never honestly testify [...] that what they generated was irreproducible from the manual.}}


Much of the operating system was written by alumni from the [[University of Waterloo]]: [[Tom Duff]], Dave Conroy, Randall Howard, Johann George, and Trevor John Thompson. Significant contributions were also made by people such as Nigel Bree (from Auckland, New Zealand), the later author of [[Ghost (disk utility)|Ghost]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.nesssoftware.com/home/mwc/manual.php|title = Preface|date = 1994|accessdate = |website = COHERENT manual|publisher = Mark Williams Company|last = |first = }}</ref>
Much of the operating system was written by alumni from the [[University of Waterloo]]: [[Tom Duff]], Dave Conroy, Randall Howard, Johann George, and Trevor John Thompson. Significant contributions were also made by people such as Nigel Bree (from [[Auckland, New Zealand]]), the later author of [[Ghost (disk utility)|Ghost]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.nesssoftware.com/home/mwc/manual.php|title = Preface|date = 1994|website = COHERENT manual|publisher = Mark Williams Company}}</ref>


==Versions==
==Versions==
Coherent was originally written for the [[PDP-11]] range of minicomputers in 1980, then ported to various early 1980s [[microcomputer]] systems including [[IBM PC compatible]]s and machines based on the [[Zilog Z8000]] and [[Motorola 68000]]. Initially sold to [[OEM]]s, starting 1983 it was available on the consumer market from MWC directly.{{r|pcmag}} At this point, Coherent 2.3 offered roughly the functionality of [[Version 7 Unix]] on PC hardware, including the [[nroff]] formatter but not the BSD extensions offered by competing Unix/clone vendors; compared to its competitors, it was a small system distributed on only seven [[double-sided disk|double-sided]] [[floppy disk]]s, costing only [[United States dollar|US$]]500 for a license.<ref name="pcmag">{{cite news |newspaper=PC Mag |last=Hannotte |first=Dean |date=12 June 1984 |title=A Good Buy on UNIX |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amQldGdl9LkC&pg=RA1-PA250 |pages=250–254}}</ref>
Coherent was originally written for the [[PDP-11]] range of minicomputers in 1980, then ported to various early 1980s [[microcomputer]] systems including [[IBM PC compatible]]s and machines based on the [[Zilog Z8000]] and [[Motorola 68000]]. Initially sold to [[OEM]]s, starting 1983 it was available on the consumer market from MWC directly.{{r|pcmag}} At this point, Coherent 2.3 offered roughly the functionality of [[Version 7 Unix]] on PC hardware, including the [[nroff]] formatter but not the [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] extensions offered by competing Unix/clone vendors; compared to its competitors, it was a small system distributed on only seven [[double-sided disk|double-sided]] [[floppy disk]]s, costing only [[United States dollar|US$]]500 for a license.<ref name="pcmag">{{cite news |newspaper=PC Mag |last=Hannotte |first=Dean |date=12 June 1984 |title=A Good Buy on UNIX |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amQldGdl9LkC&pg=RA1-PA250 |pages=250–254}}</ref>


''BYTE'' in 1984 called Coherent a "highly compatible UNIX Version 7 lookalike".<ref name="phraner1984fall">{{Cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-09/1984_09_BYTE_09-09_Guide_to_the_IBM_PCs#page/n61/mode/2up |title=The Future of Unix on the IBM PC |last=Phraner |first=Ralph A. |date=Fall 1984 |magazine=BYTE |pages=59–64}}</ref> In 1985 it criticized the difficulty of installation, but stated that "as a UNIX clone, Coherent is amazingly complete ... it should be easy to port programs ... the price of $495 is a bargain".<ref name="rochkind1985fall">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1985-11/1985_11_BYTE_10-11_Inside_the_IBM_PCs#page/n233/mode/2up | title=Pick, Coherent, and THEOS | work=BYTE | date=Fall 1985 | accessdate=19 March 2016 | author=Rochkind, Marc J. | pages=231}}</ref> Early 1990s reviews of Coherent pointed out that the system was much smaller than other contemporary Unix offerings, as well as less expensive at US$99.95, but lacking in functionality{{r|kaare}} and software support.<ref>{{cite news |first=Patrick |last=Dryden |date=23 April 1990 |title=PC Users Get Alternative to Unix |newspaper=InfoWorld |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40}}</ref> ''PC Magazine'' called Coherent 3.0 a "time capsule" that captured the state of Unix in the late 1970s, without support for [[computer mouse|mice]], [[Local area network|LANs]] or [[SCSI]] disks, good for learning basic Unix programming but not for business automation.<ref name="kaare">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZxkO0PpksUC&pg=PT61 | title=Coherent: Unix power for $99 | work=PC Magazine | date=11 December 1990 | last=Christian | first=Kaare | page=50}}</ref> A review in the [[AUUG]]'s newsletter was more positive, favorably comparing Coherent to [[MKS Toolkit]], [[Minix]] and [[Xenix]], and suggesting it might fill a niche as a low-end training platform.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Good Things Still Come in Small Packages |first=Jack |last=Dikian |year=1991 |journal=Australian UNIX Systems User Group Newsletter |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=21–22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKHZnUYF7UIC&pg=PA21}}</ref>
''BYTE'' in 1984 called Coherent a "highly compatible UNIX Version 7 lookalike".<ref name="phraner1984fall">{{Cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-09/1984_09_BYTE_09-09_Guide_to_the_IBM_PCs#page/n61/mode/2up |title=The Future of Unix on the IBM PC |last=Phraner |first=Ralph A. |date=Fall 1984 |magazine=BYTE |pages=59–64}}</ref> In 1985 it criticized the difficulty of installation, but stated that "as a UNIX clone, Coherent is amazingly complete ... it should be easy to port programs ... the price of $495 is a bargain".<ref name="rochkind1985fall">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1985-11/1985_11_BYTE_10-11_Inside_the_IBM_PCs#page/n233/mode/2up | title=Pick, Coherent, and THEOS | work=BYTE | date=Fall 1985 | access-date=19 March 2016 | author=Rochkind, Marc J. | pages=231}}</ref> Early 1990s reviews of Coherent pointed out that the system was much smaller than other contemporary Unix offerings, as well as less expensive at US$99.95, but lacking in functionality{{r|kaare}} and software support.<ref>{{cite news |first=Patrick |last=Dryden |date=23 April 1990 |title=PC Users Get Alternative to Unix |newspaper=InfoWorld |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40}}</ref> ''PC Magazine'' called Coherent 3.0 a "time capsule" that captured the state of Unix in the late 1970s, without support for [[computer mouse|mice]], [[Local area network|LANs]] or [[SCSI]] disks, good for learning basic Unix programming but not for business automation.<ref name="kaare">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZxkO0PpksUC&pg=PT61 | title=Coherent: Unix power for $99 | work=PC Magazine | date=11 December 1990 | last=Christian | first=Kaare | page=50}}</ref> A review in the [[AUUG]]'s newsletter was more positive, favorably comparing Coherent to [[MKS Toolkit]], [[Minix]] and [[Xenix]], and suggesting it might fill a niche as a low-end training platform.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Good Things Still Come in Small Packages |first=Jack |last=Dikian |year=1991 |journal=Australian UNIX Systems User Group Newsletter |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=21–22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKHZnUYF7UIC&pg=PA21}}</ref>


Coherent was able to run on most Intel-based PCs with [[Intel 8088]], [[Intel 80286|286]], [[Intel 80386|386]], and [[Intel 80486|486]] [[Microprocessor|processors]]. Coherent version 3 for Intel-based PCs required at least a 286, Coherent version 4 for Intel-based PCs required at least a 386. Like a true Unix, Coherent was able to [[computer multitasking|multitask]] and support multiple users. From version 4, released 1992,<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Computerworld |date=8 June 1992 |title=In brief |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpZFcozwnrkC&pg=PA51}}</ref> Coherent also had support for [[X Window System|X11]] and [[ManaGeR|MGR]] [[windowing system]]s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}}
Coherent was able to run on most [[Intel]]-based PCs with [[Intel 8088]], [[Intel 80286|286]], [[i386|386]], and [[Intel 80486|486]] [[Microprocessor|processors]]. Coherent version 3 for Intel-based PCs required at least a 286, Coherent version 4 for Intel-based PCs required at least a 386. Like a true Unix, Coherent was able to [[computer multitasking|multitask]] and support [[Multi-user software|multiple users]]. From version 4, released 1992,<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Computerworld |date=8 June 1992 |title=In brief |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpZFcozwnrkC&pg=PA51}}</ref> Coherent also had support for [[X Window System|X11]] and [[ManaGeR|MGR]] [[windowing system]]s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}}


Later versions of Coherent (version 4 and higher) supported features common in modern Unix-like systems, including a version of [[MicroEMACS]], access to [[DOS]] [[FAT16]] [[file system]]s,{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}} an [[Program optimization|optimizing]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}} [[C (programming language)|C]] [[compiler]], and a modified version of Taylor [[UUCP]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}} The final releases of Coherent also fully supported the [[Intel Binary Compatibility Standard|iBCS]] [[COFF]] binary standard,{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}} which allowed binary compatibility with [[SCO OpenServer|SCO Unix]] applications, including [[WordPerfect]], [[Lotus 1-2-3]], and several [[Microsoft]] applications including [[QuickBASIC]], [[Microsoft Word]], and [[MultiPlan]]. The last 386 versions supported [[virtual memory]], but not [[demand paging]].
Later versions of Coherent (version 4 and higher) supported features common in modern Unix-like systems, including a version of [[MicroEMACS]], access to [[FAT16]] [[file system]]s,{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}} an [[Program optimization|optimizing]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}} [[C (programming language)|C]] [[compiler]], and a modified version of Taylor [[UUCP]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}} The final releases of Coherent also fully supported the [[Intel Binary Compatibility Standard|iBCS]] [[COFF]] binary standard,{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}} which allowed binary compatibility with [[SCO OpenServer|SCO Unix]] applications, including [[WordPerfect]], [[Lotus 1-2-3]], and several [[Microsoft]] applications including [[QuickBASIC]], [[Microsoft Word]], and [[MultiPlan]]. The last 386 versions supported [[virtual memory]], but not [[demand paging]].


A [[Zilog Z8000]] port of Coherent was also used by the canceled [[Commodore 900]] system.<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=InfoWorld |date=6 April 1984 |title=From the news desk |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9}}</ref>
A [[Zilog Z8000]] port of Coherent was also used by the canceled [[Commodore 900]] system.<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=InfoWorld |date=6 April 1984 |title=From the news desk |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9}}</ref>
Line 60: Line 62:
The Mark Williams Company closed in 1995.<ref>[https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.coherent/msg/e36245dd33a5fbd7 Closing Announcement]</ref>
The Mark Williams Company closed in 1995.<ref>[https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.coherent/msg/e36245dd33a5fbd7 Closing Announcement]</ref>


On January 3, 2015, Coherent sources were released under the 3-clause BSD license.<ref>[http://www.nesssoftware.com/home/mwc/source.php Mark Williams Company Sources]</ref>
On January 3, 2015, Coherent sources were released under the [[BSD licenses|BSD-3-Clause]] license.<ref name="license-2015" />

[[File:Coherent1.jpg|thumb]]


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
* [[Venix]]
* [[PC/IX]]
* [[PC/IX]]
⚫
* [[Venix]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 76: Line 80:
*[http://thebeezspeaks.blogspot.fr/2012/05/my-life-with-coherent-part-2.html Coherent image for qemu]
*[http://thebeezspeaks.blogspot.fr/2012/05/my-life-with-coherent-part-2.html Coherent image for qemu]
*[http://www.nesssoftware.com/home/mwc/source.php Mark Williams Company Sources]
*[http://www.nesssoftware.com/home/mwc/source.php Mark Williams Company Sources]
*[http://www.autometer.de/unix4fun/coherent/index.html Virtualbox, Qemu and PCem VM's with Coherent 3.x, 4.0, 4.2.x, DDK, X11, sources...]
*[https://www.icl1900.co.uk/unix4fun/coherent/index.html Virtualbox, Qemu and PCem VM's with Coherent 3.x, 4.0, 4.2.x, DDK, X11, sources...]


{{Unix-like}}
{{Unix-like}}

Latest revision as of 14:08, 7 September 2024

Coherent
Coherent 4.2.10 installer
DeveloperMark Williams Company
OS familyUnix-like
Working stateDiscontinued
Source modelClosed source; open sourced in 2015
Initial release1980; 44 years ago (1980)
Latest release4.2.14 / 1994; 30 years ago (1994)
Available inEnglish
PlatformsPDP-11, x86 (8088, 286, 386, 486), Motorola 68000, Zilog Z8000
Kernel typeMonolithic
Default
user interface		Command-line (KornShell)
License2015: BSD-3-Clause[1]
Original: Proprietary
Coherent system startup and login prompt
Viewing the root directory and system information

Coherent is a clone of the Unix operating system for IBM PC compatibles and other microcomputers, developed and sold by the now-defunct Mark Williams Company (MWC). Historically, the operating system was a proprietary product, but it became open source in 2015, released under the BSD-3-Clause license.[1]

Development

[edit]

Coherent was not Unix; the Mark Williams Company had no rights to either the Unix trademark or the AT&T/Bell Labs source code. In the early years of its existence, MWC received a visit from an AT&T delegation looking to determine whether MWC was infringing on AT&T Unix property. The delegation included Dennis Ritchie, who concluded that "it was very hard to believe that Coherent and its basic applications were not created without considerable study of the OS code and details of its applications." However, he also stated that:[2]

[...] looking at various corners [for peculiarities, bugs, etc. that I knew about in the Unix distributions of the time] I couldn't find anything that was copied. It might have been that some parts were written with [AT&T] source nearby, but at least the effort had been made to rewrite. If it came to it, I could never honestly testify [...] that what they generated was irreproducible from the manual.

Much of the operating system was written by alumni from the University of Waterloo: Tom Duff, Dave Conroy, Randall Howard, Johann George, and Trevor John Thompson. Significant contributions were also made by people such as Nigel Bree (from Auckland, New Zealand), the later author of Ghost.[3]

Versions

[edit]

Coherent was originally written for the PDP-11 range of minicomputers in 1980, then ported to various early 1980s microcomputer systems including IBM PC compatibles and machines based on the Zilog Z8000 and Motorola 68000. Initially sold to OEMs, starting 1983 it was available on the consumer market from MWC directly.[4] At this point, Coherent 2.3 offered roughly the functionality of Version 7 Unix on PC hardware, including the nroff formatter but not the BSD extensions offered by competing Unix/clone vendors; compared to its competitors, it was a small system distributed on only seven double-sided floppy disks, costing only US$500 for a license.[4]

BYTE in 1984 called Coherent a "highly compatible UNIX Version 7 lookalike".[5] In 1985 it criticized the difficulty of installation, but stated that "as a UNIX clone, Coherent is amazingly complete ... it should be easy to port programs ... the price of $495 is a bargain".[6] Early 1990s reviews of Coherent pointed out that the system was much smaller than other contemporary Unix offerings, as well as less expensive at US$99.95, but lacking in functionality[7] and software support.[8] PC Magazine called Coherent 3.0 a "time capsule" that captured the state of Unix in the late 1970s, without support for mice, LANs or SCSI disks, good for learning basic Unix programming but not for business automation.[7] A review in the AUUG's newsletter was more positive, favorably comparing Coherent to MKS Toolkit, Minix and Xenix, and suggesting it might fill a niche as a low-end training platform.[9]

Coherent was able to run on most Intel-based PCs with Intel 8088, 286, 386, and 486 processors. Coherent version 3 for Intel-based PCs required at least a 286, Coherent version 4 for Intel-based PCs required at least a 386. Like a true Unix, Coherent was able to multitask and support multiple users. From version 4, released 1992,[10] Coherent also had support for X11 and MGR windowing systems.[citation needed]

Later versions of Coherent (version 4 and higher) supported features common in modern Unix-like systems, including a version of MicroEMACS, access to FAT16 file systems,[citation needed] an optimizing[citation needed] C compiler, and a modified version of Taylor UUCP.[citation needed] The final releases of Coherent also fully supported the iBCS COFF binary standard,[citation needed] which allowed binary compatibility with SCO Unix applications, including WordPerfect, Lotus 1-2-3, and several Microsoft applications including QuickBASIC, Microsoft Word, and MultiPlan. The last 386 versions supported virtual memory, but not demand paging.

A Zilog Z8000 port of Coherent was also used by the canceled Commodore 900 system.[11]

In 1983, NCSC (a subsidiary of Nixdorf) announced a port of Coherent to IBM mainframes, in the form of a Unix compatibility subsystem for IBM's DOS/VS and DOS/VSE and Nixdorf's Edos/VS and Edos/VSE operating systems, known as Programmer Work Station/VSE-Advanced Functions, or PWS/VSE-AF for short.[12]

The Mark Williams Company closed in 1995.[13]

On January 3, 2015, Coherent sources were released under the BSD-3-Clause license.[1]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Mark Williams Company Sources". Archived from the original on 2015-01-06. Retrieved 2021-06-18.
  2. ^ Dennis Ritchie (April 10, 1998). "Re: Coherent". Newsgroup: alt.folklore.computers. Usenet: 352DC4B7.3030@bell-labs.com.
  3. ^ "Preface". COHERENT manual. Mark Williams Company. 1994.
  4. ^ a b Hannotte, Dean (12 June 1984). "A Good Buy on UNIX". PC Mag. pp. 250–254.
  5. ^ Phraner, Ralph A. (Fall 1984). "The Future of Unix on the IBM PC". BYTE. pp. 59–64.
  6. ^ Rochkind, Marc J. (Fall 1985). "Pick, Coherent, and THEOS". BYTE. p. 231. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  7. ^ a b Christian, Kaare (11 December 1990). "Coherent: Unix power for $99". PC Magazine. p. 50.
  8. ^ Dryden, Patrick (23 April 1990). "PC Users Get Alternative to Unix". InfoWorld. p. 40.
  9. ^ Dikian, Jack (1991). "Good Things Still Come in Small Packages". Australian UNIX Systems User Group Newsletter. 12 (1): 21–22.
  10. ^ "In brief". Computerworld. 8 June 1992. p. 51.
  11. ^ "From the news desk". InfoWorld. 6 April 1984. p. 9.
  12. ^ "Nixdorf unwraps Unix-compatible T/S for IBM", Computerworld, vol. 27, no. 37, IDG Enterprise, p. 4, 12 September 1983, ISSN 0010-4841
  13. ^ Closing Announcement
[edit]
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