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'''Patrícia Rehder Galvão''', known by her pseudonym '''Pagu''' (June 9, 1910 – December 12, 1962) was a [[Brazil]]ian writer, poet, playwright, journalist and translator who had a large role in the Brazilian [[Modernism|Modernist movement]].
'''Patrícia Rehder Galvão''', known by her pseudonym '''Pagu''' (June 9, 1910 – December 12, 1962) was a [[Brazil]]ian writer, poet, playwright, journalist, and translator who had a large role in the Brazilian [[Modernism|Modernist movement]]. Pagu was also politically active, being associated to the [[Brazilian Communist Party]] during the 1930 decade.

A [[Communism|Communist]] [[militant]], she was the first woman in Brazil to be arrested by political motivations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cem anos de Pagu, musa do modernismo|url=http://www.vermelho.org.br/noticia.php?id_secao=11&id_noticia=132667|date=July 4, 2010|accessdate=March 6, 2014|language=Portuguese}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}


==Biography==
==Biography==
Born in a family of German descent, Galvão was an "advanced" woman for the moral and social standards of the time.<ref>{{cite book| author=Tereza Freire, Patrícia Galvão|title=Dos escombros de Pagu: um recorte biográfico de Patrícia Galvão|publisher=Editora Senac|location=São Paulo|year=2008|ISBN=9788573596991|language=Portuguese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uw2cJtHmGcMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Pagu%22&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=ungYU5jjMojr0wGJloHACQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Pagu%22&f=false}}</ref> When she was 15 years old, she collaborated with the Brás Jornal newspaper, using the pen name ''Patsy''.
Born in a family of German descent, Galvão was an "advanced" woman for the moral and social standards of the time.<ref>{{cite book| author=Tereza Freire, Patrícia Galvão|title=Dos escombros de Pagu: um recorte biográfico de Patrícia Galvão|publisher=Editora Senac|location=São Paulo|year=2008|ISBN=9788573596991|language=Portuguese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uw2cJtHmGcMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Pagu%22&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=ungYU5jjMojr0wGJloHACQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Pagu%22&f=false}}</ref> When she was 15 years old, she collaborated with the Brás Jornal newspaper, using the pen name ''Patsy''.


She completed the course at the São Paulo Normal School in 1928, and joined the [[Manifesto Antropófago|Movimento Antropofágico]], influenced by [[Oswald de Andrade]] and [[Tarsila do Amaral]]. The nickname "Pagu" was given to her by the poet [[Raul Bopp]], who dedicated a poem to her (''Coco de Pagu'').<ref>{{Cite paper|author=Lobo, Luiza|title=Patrícia Galvão's vision of women's cooperation in Parque Industrial|year=2000|institution=Latin American Studies Association|url=http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/lasa2000/lobo.pdf|accessdate=March 6, 2014}}</ref> In 1930, Pagu married Oswald de Andrade, who left Tarsila, then his wife. In the same year, Rudá de Andrade, her first and Andrade's second son is born. Both became militants of the [[Brazilian Communist Party]].
She completed the course at the São Paulo Normal School in 1928, and joined the [[Manifesto Antropófago|Movimento Antropofágico]], influenced by [[Oswald de Andrade]] and [[Tarsila do Amaral]]. The nickname "Pagu" was given to her by the poet [[Raul Bopp]], who dedicated a poem to her (''Coco de Pagu'').<ref>{{Cite paper|author=Lobo, Luiza|title=Patrícia Galvão's vision of women's cooperation in Parque Industrial|year=2000|institution=Latin American Studies Association|url=http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/lasa2000/lobo.pdf|accessdate=March 6, 2014}}</ref> In 1930, Pagu married Oswald de Andrade, who left Tarsila, then his wife.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=kdnx37A8GyMC&pg=PA237&dq=pagu+oswald&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVwruKgtTeAhXJtVkKHdtUCfcQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=pagu%20oswald&f=false|title=Oswald de Andrade: biografia|last=Fonseca|first=Maria Augusta|date=2007|publisher=Globo|isbn=9788525043528|language=pt}}</ref> In the same year, Rudá de Andrade, her first and Andrade's second son is born. Both became militants of the [[Brazilian Communist Party]].
[[File:Pagu.Elsie.Tarsila.Anita.Eugenia.1922.jpg|thumb|Pagu.Elsie.Tarsila.Anita.Eugenia.1922|left|From left to right: Pagu, [[Elsie Lessa]], [[Tarsila do Amaral]], [[Anita Malfatti]] & [[Eugênia Álvaro Moreyra]] circa 1928]]
[[File:Pagu.Elsie.Tarsila.Anita.Eugenia.1922.jpg|thumb|Pagu.Elsie.Tarsila.Anita.Eugenia.1922|left|From left to right: Pagu, [[Elsie Lessa]], [[Tarsila do Amaral]], [[Anita Malfatti]] & [[Eugênia Álvaro Moreyra]] circa 1928]]
Pagu was arrested in 1931 by participating in a harbor workers' strike in Santos, the first in a series of 23 detentions in her life. After her arrest she published the novel ''Parque Industrial ''(Industrial Park), under the pseudonym Mara Lobo.<ref>{{cite web|author=Antonio Marcio Da Silva|title=Snapshots of Gender and Sexual Relations in 1920s São Paulo in Patrícia Galvão’s Industrial Park: A Proletarian Novel|url=http://www.litro.co.uk/2013/10/snapshots-of-gender-and-sexual-relations-in-1920s-sao-paulo-in-patricia-galvaos-industrial-park-a-proletarian-novel/|date=October 23, 2013|accessdate=March 6, 2014}}</ref>
Pagu was arrested in 1931 by participating in a harbor workers' strike in Santos,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=GHj8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PP158&lpg=PP158&dq=pagu+pcb&source=bl&ots=ESI5PMGAPF&sig=CSSo7nvdscP17TMjDUcuB9rzUsY&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjkr8PG_NPeAhWCylkKHfoaC_s4FBDoATAGegQIBRAB#v=onepage&q=patr%C3%ADcia%20galv%C3%A3o%20&f=false|title=Brazilian Communism, 1935-1945: Repression during World Upheaval|last=Dulles|first=John W. F.|date=2014-07-03|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292771666|language=en}}</ref> the first in a series of 23 detentions in her life. After her arrest she published the novel ''Parque Industrial ''(Industrial Park), under the pseudonym Mara Lobo.<ref>{{cite web|author=Antonio Marcio Da Silva|title=Snapshots of Gender and Sexual Relations in 1920s São Paulo in Patrícia Galvão’s Industrial Park: A Proletarian Novel|url=http://www.litro.co.uk/2013/10/snapshots-of-gender-and-sexual-relations-in-1920s-sao-paulo-in-patricia-galvaos-industrial-park-a-proletarian-novel/|date=October 23, 2013|accessdate=March 6, 2014}}</ref>


In 1935 she was arrested in Paris as a foreign communist using a false identity, and was repatriated to Brazil. She broke up with Andrade, after many quarrels. Pagu resumed her journalistic activity, but was again arrested and tortured by the forces of the dictatorship of [[Getúlio Vargas]], and was jailed for five years. In those five years her son was raised by Andrade. Upon leaving prison in 1940, she broke away from the Communist Party, choosing to instead follow a socialism of [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] line. She joined the newspaper ''A Vanguarda Socialista'' along with [[Geraldo Ferraz]], art critic [[Mário Pedrosa]], [[Hilcar Leite]] and [[Edmundo Moniz]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=ED2dBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT428&dq=pagu+jornal+a+vanguarda+socialista&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZye2G9tPeAhVRnlkKHQfHC_gQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=pagu%20jornal%20a%20vanguarda%20socialista&f=false|title=Pagu – Vida e obra|last=Campos|first=Augusto de|date=2014-10-06|publisher=Companhia das Letras|isbn=9788543801551|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=DCUdE9qR_e0C&pg=PA58&dq=pagu+jornal+a+vanguarda+socialista&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZye2G9tPeAhVRnlkKHQfHC_gQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=pagu%20jornal%20a%20vanguarda%20socialista&f=false|title=Geraldo Ferraz e Patrícia Galvão: a experiência do suplemento literário do "Diário de S. Paulo", nos anos 40|last=Neves|first=Juliana Cunha Lima|date=2005|publisher=Annablume|isbn=9788574195544|language=pt}}</ref>
In 1935 she was arrested in Paris as a foreign communist using a false identity, and was repatriated to Brazil.<ref name=":1" /> She broke up with Andrade, after many quarrels. Pagu resumed her journalistic activity, but was again arrested and tortured by the forces of the dictatorship of [[Getúlio Vargas]], and was jailed for five years. In those five years her son was raised by Andrade. Upon leaving prison in 1940, she broke away from the Communist Party, choosing to instead follow a socialism of [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] line. She joined the newspaper ''A Vanguarda Socialista'' along with [[Geraldo Ferraz]], art critic [[Mário Pedrosa]], [[Hilcar Leite]] and [[Edmundo Moniz]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=ED2dBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT428&dq=pagu+jornal+a+vanguarda+socialista&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZye2G9tPeAhVRnlkKHQfHC_gQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=pagu%20jornal%20a%20vanguarda%20socialista&f=false|title=Pagu – Vida e obra|last=Campos|first=Augusto de|date=2014-10-06|publisher=Companhia das Letras|isbn=9788543801551|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=DCUdE9qR_e0C&pg=PA58&dq=pagu+jornal+a+vanguarda+socialista&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZye2G9tPeAhVRnlkKHQfHC_gQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=pagu%20jornal%20a%20vanguarda%20socialista&f=false|title=Geraldo Ferraz e Patrícia Galvão: a experiência do suplemento literário do "Diário de S. Paulo", nos anos 40|last=Neves|first=Juliana Cunha Lima|date=2005|publisher=Annablume|isbn=9788574195544|language=pt}}</ref>


She married Geraldo Ferraz and from this union her second son was born, Geraldo Galvão Ferraz, on June 18, 1941. She moved in with her two children and her husband. Around the same time she travelled to China, obtaining the first soybean seeds that were introduced in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|author=Toledo, Roberto Pompeu|title=Dona Veridiana e Pagu: ícones femininos Se uma cultivou café, a outra é a introdutora da soja no Brasil|website=Veja São Paulo|url=http://vejasp.abril.com.br/materia/veja-sao-paulo-25-anos-dona-veridiana-pagu|date=October 22, 2010|accessdate=March 6, 2014}}</ref>
She married Geraldo Ferraz and from this union her second son was born, Geraldo Galvão Ferraz, on June 18, 1941. She moved in with her two children and her husband. Around the same time she travelled to China, obtaining the first soybean seeds that were introduced in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|author=Toledo, Roberto Pompeu|title=Dona Veridiana e Pagu: ícones femininos Se uma cultivou café, a outra é a introdutora da soja no Brasil|website=Veja São Paulo|url=http://vejasp.abril.com.br/materia/veja-sao-paulo-25-anos-dona-veridiana-pagu|date=October 22, 2010|accessdate=March 6, 2014}}</ref>

Revision as of 13:51, 14 November 2018

Pagu
Pagu in the late 1920s
Pagu in the late 1920s
BornPatrícia Rehder Galvão
(1910-06-09)9 June 1910
São João da Boa Vista
Died12 December 1962(1962-12-12) (aged 52)
Santos
LanguagePortuguese
NationalityBrazilian
Literary movementModernism
SpouseOswald de Andrade (1930-1935)
Geraldo Ferraz (1941-1962)
ChildrenRudá de Andrade
Geraldo Galvão de Andrade

Patrícia Rehder Galvão, known by her pseudonym Pagu (June 9, 1910 – December 12, 1962) was a Brazilian writer, poet, playwright, journalist, and translator who had a large role in the Brazilian Modernist movement. Pagu was also politically active, being associated to the Brazilian Communist Party during the 1930 decade.

Biography

Born in a family of German descent, Galvão was an "advanced" woman for the moral and social standards of the time.[1] When she was 15 years old, she collaborated with the Brás Jornal newspaper, using the pen name Patsy.

She completed the course at the São Paulo Normal School in 1928, and joined the Movimento Antropofágico, influenced by Oswald de Andrade and Tarsila do Amaral. The nickname "Pagu" was given to her by the poet Raul Bopp, who dedicated a poem to her (Coco de Pagu).[2] In 1930, Pagu married Oswald de Andrade, who left Tarsila, then his wife.[3] In the same year, Rudá de Andrade, her first and Andrade's second son is born. Both became militants of the Brazilian Communist Party.

From left to right: Pagu, Elsie Lessa, Tarsila do Amaral, Anita Malfatti & Eugênia Álvaro Moreyra circa 1928

Pagu was arrested in 1931 by participating in a harbor workers' strike in Santos,[4] the first in a series of 23 detentions in her life. After her arrest she published the novel Parque Industrial (Industrial Park), under the pseudonym Mara Lobo.[5]

In 1935 she was arrested in Paris as a foreign communist using a false identity, and was repatriated to Brazil.[4] She broke up with Andrade, after many quarrels. Pagu resumed her journalistic activity, but was again arrested and tortured by the forces of the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas, and was jailed for five years. In those five years her son was raised by Andrade. Upon leaving prison in 1940, she broke away from the Communist Party, choosing to instead follow a socialism of Trotskyist line. She joined the newspaper A Vanguarda Socialista along with Geraldo Ferraz, art critic Mário Pedrosa, Hilcar Leite and Edmundo Moniz.[6][7]

She married Geraldo Ferraz and from this union her second son was born, Geraldo Galvão Ferraz, on June 18, 1941. She moved in with her two children and her husband. Around the same time she travelled to China, obtaining the first soybean seeds that were introduced in Brazil.[8]

In 1945 Pagu launched a new novel, A Famosa Revista, written with her husband Geraldo Ferraz. She unsuccessfully attempted a run for state representative in the 1950 elections.

In 1952 she attended the School of Dramatic Art in São Paulo, taking their shows to Santos. Linked to the avant-garde theater, they presented her translation of Ionesco's The Bald Singer. She translated and directed Fando et Lis by Fernando Arrabal, an amateur montage in which the young artist Plínio Marcos debuted. She also translated poems by authors such as Guillaume Apollinaire. Known as a major cultural influence in Santos, Pagu encouraged young talents such as actor and playwright Plinio Marcos and composer Gilberto Mendes. She devoted herself particularly to the stage, especially in encouraging amateur groups.[6]

While still working as an art critic, she was stricken with cancer. She traveled to Paris to undergo surgery, but without positive results. Disappointed and desperately sick, Pagu attempted suicide, but did not succeed. Of this episode, she wrote the pamphlet "Truth and Freedom": "A bullet got behind, between gauze pads and shattered memories." She returned to Brazil and died on December 12, 1962, due to the disease.

Literature

Pagu published the novels Industrial Park (the author's edition, 1933), under the pseudonym Mara Lobo, considered the first Brazilian proletarian novel, and A Famosa Revista (The Famous Magazine) (Americ-Edit, 1945), in collaboration with Geraldo Ferraz. Industrial Park was published in the United States in translation of Kenneth David Jackson in 1994 by the University of Nebraska Press. She has also written detective stories under the pseudonym King Shelter, originally published in Detective magazine, directed by playwright Nelson Rodrigues, and then gathered in Safra Macabra (Livraria José Olympio Editora, 1998).

In her work, along with theater groups, she revealed and translated great authors hitherto unpublished in Brazil, such as James Joyce, Eugène Ionesco, Fernando Arrabal and Octavio Paz.

Cultural depictions

In 1988, the life of Pagu was told in the film Eternamente Pagu, the first movie directed by Norma Bengell. Carla Camurati played the title role.

A song called "Pagu" was composed by Rita Lee and Zélia Duncan.

References

  1. ^ Tereza Freire, Patrícia Galvão (2008). Dos escombros de Pagu: um recorte biográfico de Patrícia Galvão (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Editora Senac. ISBN 9788573596991.
  2. ^ Lobo, Luiza (2000). "Patrícia Galvão's vision of women's cooperation in Parque Industrial" (PDF). Latin American Studies Association. Retrieved March 6, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ Fonseca, Maria Augusta (2007). Oswald de Andrade: biografia (in Portuguese). Globo. ISBN 9788525043528.
  4. ^ a b Dulles, John W. F. (2014-07-03). Brazilian Communism, 1935-1945: Repression during World Upheaval. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292771666.
  5. ^ Antonio Marcio Da Silva (October 23, 2013). "Snapshots of Gender and Sexual Relations in 1920s São Paulo in Patrícia Galvão's Industrial Park: A Proletarian Novel". Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  6. ^ a b Campos, Augusto de (2014-10-06). Pagu – Vida e obra (in Brazilian Portuguese). Companhia das Letras. ISBN 9788543801551.
  7. ^ Neves, Juliana Cunha Lima (2005). Geraldo Ferraz e Patrícia Galvão: a experiência do suplemento literário do "Diário de S. Paulo", nos anos 40 (in Portuguese). Annablume. ISBN 9788574195544.
  8. ^ Toledo, Roberto Pompeu (October 22, 2010). "Dona Veridiana e Pagu: ícones femininos Se uma cultivou café, a outra é a introdutora da soja no Brasil". Veja São Paulo. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
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