Tlaxcaltec
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|
Tlaxcaltecatl (singular) Tlaxcalteca (plural) | |
|---|---|
Tlaxcalan warriors fighting against warriors from Texcoco, Cuauhtepec and Ocelotepec. | |
| Total population | |
| 27,000+ (2020) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Mexico (Tlaxcala), United States | |
| Languages | |
| Nahuatl, Spanish | |
| Religion | |
| Catholicism blended with traditional Nahua religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Nahuas, Otomi |
The Tlaxcallans, or Tlaxcaltecs, are an indigenous Nahua people who originate from Tlaxcala, Mexico. The Confederacy of Tlaxcala was instrumental in overthrowing the Aztec Empire in 1521, alongside conquistadors from the Kingdom of Spain. The Tlaxcallans remained allies of the Spanish for 300 years until the Independence of Mexico in 1821.
Pre-Columbian history
The Tlaxcaltecs were originally a conglomeration of three distinct ethnic groups who spoke Nahuatl, Otomi and Pinome that comprised the four city-states (altepetl) of Tlaxcallān or Tlaxcala. Each of the four cities supposedly had equal say in this confederation, but eventually, the Nahuatl speakers became the dominant ethnic group. By the time of European contact, the city of Tizatlan was effectively controlling Tlaxcala.[1]
Despite early attempts by the Aztecs, also known as Mexica, the Tlaxcaltecs were never conquered by the Triple Alliance. Later wars between the Tlaxcallans and the Aztecs were called xochiyaoyatl (flower wars), as their objective was not to conquer but rather to capture enemy warriors for sacrifice.[2]
Spanish colonial history
Due to their century-long rivalry with the Aztecs, the Tlaxcaltecs allied with Hernán Cortés and his fellow Spanish conquistadors and were instrumental in the invasion of Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire, helping the Spanish reach the Valley of Anahuac and providing a key contingent of the invasion force.[3] At the time, their teuctli (elected leader) was a man named Xicotencatl.
The leaders of the four cities of Tlaxcala agreed to accept Christianity, and in July of 1520 were baptized.[4]
Conquistador Bernal Castillo described the younger Xicotencatl as greatly suspicious of the Spanish and repeatedly interfering with their plans. He stated that Cortés eventually had Xicotencatl secretly executed, allowing noblemen from the city of Ocotelolco to assume power over Tlaxcala.[5]
Due to their alliance with the Spanish Crown in the conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Tlaxcaltecs enjoyed exclusive privileges among the indigenous peoples of Mexico, including the right to carry guns, ride horses, hold noble titles, maintain Tlaxcaltec names and to rule their settlements autonomously. This privileged treatment ensured Tlaxcallan allegiance to Spain over the centuries, even during the Mexican War of Independence, though Tlaxcala did host a strong pro-independence faction.[6]
The Tlaxcaltecs were also instrumental in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, and a significant number of Guatemalan place names, including the name “Guatemala” itself, derive from Tlaxcallan Nahuatl.[7] Tlaxcallan colonists also founded a number of settlements in Northern Mexico (including parts of present-day southeastern Texas), where conquest of local tribes by the Spaniards had proved unsuccessful.[8] They settled areas inhabited by nomadic bellicose tribes (known as the Chichimeca) to pacify the local indigenous groups hostile to the Spanish Crown.
Before embarking on their journeys, the Tlaxcalans demanded and received numerous rights and privileges for their service to Spain.[9]
| Number | Capitulacion |
|---|---|
| 1 | The Tlaxcalan settlers and their descendants would be Hidalgos (noblemen) in perpetuity, free from tribute, taxes, and personal service for all time. |
| 2 | They will not be compelled to settle with Spaniards. They will live in their own districts (barrios). |
| 3 | They will live separately from the Chichimecas, and this will apply to their lots, pastures, and fishing rights. |
| 4 | No grants of land for the largest livestock (ganado mayor: cattle, horses, mules, oxen) shall be allowed within three leagues (9 miles) of Tlaxcalan settlements. |
| 5 | The markets in new settlements shall be free from, exempt from sales tax, and all forms of taxation, for 30 years. |
| 6 | The chief men (principals) of Tlaxcala who go to new settlements -- and their descendants -- shall be permitted to carry arms and ride saddled horses without penalty. |
| 7 | For two years, the Tlaxcalans going north should be given the necessary provisions and clothing for up to two years. |
| 8 | They would receive aid in cultivation of their fields for two years. |
The Tlaxcaltec colonies in the Chichimeca included settlements in the modern states of Coahuila, Durango, Jalisco, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí and Zacatecas. The colonies included Nueva Tlaxcala de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Horcasistas, today known as Guadalupe, and Santiago de las Sabinas, today known as Sabinas Hidalgo, in Nuevo León; Villa de Nueva Tlaxcala de Quiahuistlán, today known as Colotlán in Jalisco; and San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala in Coahuila, today part of Saltillo.[10]
Tlaxcaltec officers and soldiers also participated in the Spanish conquest of the Philippines, with some permanently settling on the islands and contributing Nahuatl words to the Philippine languages.[11]
In return for their assistance in toppling the Aztec Empire and other conquests, in 1534 the governor of Tlaxcala, Maxixcatzin, demanded and was granted a personal audience with the King of Spain, Charles V. Tlaxcala was given several special privileges, among them being a coat of arms and the right to petition the king directly to address grievances. Charles also declared that Tlaxcala should answer to no one but himself.[12]
Though nominally subjects of the Spanish Empire, in practice Tlaxcala and the Tlaxcallans were largely free of Spanish authority, and jealously guarded their own independence and autonomy.[13] King Charles was careful to recognize Tlaxcala as an allied city and not a conquered one, which satisfied the Tlaxcallan leadership and ensured their loyalty for three centuries.[14]
"It is more inhabited than other provinces; and its inhabitants, who are the least oppressed of any in New Spain, owe this favour to the alliance that their republican ancestors made with the disciplined robbers whom Cortés commanded, and who subdued the Mexican empire. They are the most intelligent of all the Americans subject to Spain."
-Thomas Kitchin, The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe, 1778[15]
Post-colonial history
Following Mexican independence, from 1885-1911 the Governor of Tlaxcala was Prospero Cahuantzi, himself of native Tlaxcaltec heritage. Cahuantzi promoted the preservation of indigenous Mexican culture and artifacts. He also possessed an indigenous Nahuatl surname, uncommon in post-colonial Mexico but prevalent in Tlaxcala due to their previous alliance with Spain, which protected them from imposed Spanish baptismal names.[16]
As the Mexican government does not recognize ethnicity by ancestry but by language spoken, the number of Tlaxcaltec people in Mexico is difficult to estimate.[17] They are instead broadly grouped with other Nahuatl-speaking people known as Nahuas. As of the 2010 Mexican census, there were estimated to be more than 23,000 Nahuatl-speakers in Tlaxcala.[18] By 2020, that number had risen to over 27,000.[19]
Thousands of people, descended from 16th century Tlaxcallan colonists, live in Texas today, as well as a smaller number of recent immigrants from Tlaxcala living in California, the American Southwest and New York City.[20]
Notes
- ^ Charles Gibson (1952), Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century, New Haven:Yale University Press, p. 1.
- ^ Hassig, Ross (1988). Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-8061-2773-2.
- ^ Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico[page needed]
- ^ "The Roots of Tlaxcalan Resentment". Indigenous Mexico. Retrieved 2024-03-29.
- ^ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of the memoirs of the conquistador Bernal Diaz del Castillo written by himself, containing a true and full account of the discovery and conquest of Mexico and New Spain (vol. 1 of 2)". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ "Tlaxcala". HISTORY. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
- ^ Megged, Amos (August 2013). "Nahua Patterns of Colonization in Maya Towns of Guatemala, 1524 to 1582: The Indigenous Records". Colonial Latin American Review. 22 (2): 209–234. doi:10.1080/10609164.2012.730665. ISSN 1060-9164.
- ^ Manuel Orozco y Berra, Historia antigua y de la conquista de México[page needed]
- ^ "The Tlaxcalan Migrations to Northern Mexico". Indigenous Mexico. Retrieved 2024-03-29.
- ^ "The Tlaxcalan Migrations to Northern Mexico". Indigenous Mexico. Retrieved 2024-03-29.
- ^ "When Tlaxcalan Natives Went to War in the Philippines". Latino Book Review. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ "tenochticlan". nativeveterans-en.e-monsite.com. Retrieved 2024-03-17.
- ^ "The Tlaxcalan Migrations to Northern Mexico". Indigenous Mexico. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
- ^ "tenochticlan". nativeveterans-en.e-monsite.com. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
- ^ Kitchin, Thomas (1778). The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe. London: R. Baldwin. p. 25.
- ^ Sumner, Jaclyn Ann (2019). "The Indigenous Governor of Tlaxcala and Acceptable Indigenousness in the Porfirian Regime". Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos. 35: 61–87. doi:10.1525/msem.2019.35.1.61. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ "Ethnic Identity in the 2020 Mexican Census". www.indigenousmexico.org. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
- ^ Schmal, John P. (2020-07-22). "The Náhuatl Language of Mexico: From Aztlán to the Present Day". Indigenous Mexico. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
- ^ "Ethnic Identity in the 2020 Mexican Census". Indigenous Mexico. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ Association, Texas State Historical. "Tlaxcalan Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2024-04-01.