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Natural gas in the Gaza Strip

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Reserves of natural gas were found offshore the Gaza Strip in the year 2000, within the framework of licensing to British Gas by the Palestinian National Authority.[1] The discovered gas field, Gaza Marine, though mediocre in size, had been considered at the time as one of the possible drives to boost Palestinian economy and promote regional cooperation.

With Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip in the year 2007, the chances for developing the gas field turned low - both due to standoff with the Ramallah administration and the Israeli refusal to deal with Hamas [2] group. The chances further diminished with the discovery of major gas fields in the Israeli economic waters in 2009 and 2010, making Israel an unlikely customer for the Palestinian gas. In 2023 Israel has given preliminary approval for the development of the Gaza Marine gas field, with the involvement of the Palestinian Authority and Egypt,[3][4] but, as of 2024, Gaza's natural gas was still underwater.

History

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The legal status of the Gaza Marine gas field is complex and contested. In 1999, the license for the area was controversially granted to the Palestinian Authority by Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, but its precise legal standing remains ambiguous. As a result, when the Houston-based Noble Energy and its Israeli partner Delek took BG Group to court in 2021 to challenge the license area it had been given by the PA, the court abstained from giving a verdict, because, according to the government of Israel, pending a final peace deal, it was the equivalent of “no-man’s water.[5]

The Gaza Marine field's location complicates its management, as neither the Palestinian Authority nor Hamas, which controls Gaza, has full jurisdiction over it. According to the Oslo Accord, maritime zones near Gaza are under partial Palestinian control, yet any activity beyond 20 nautical miles requires Israeli naval approval. The situation is further complicated by increased Israeli control over the area since Hamas took over Gaza in 2007.[5]

Licensing

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The Palestinians signed a memorandum of intent on November 8, 1999 with British Gas and a company linked to the Palestinian Authority, the Consolidated Contractors Company, giving them rights to explore the area.[6][7] The natural gas deposits, found in two small gas fields dubbed Gaza Marine 1 and Gaza Marine 2, have been discovered in September 2000, 36 kilometres (22 mi) offshore, at a depth of 2,000 feet (610 m).[5] The two Gaza Marine fields were estimated to contain more than 1 trillion cubic feet (about 30 billion cubic meters) of natural gas,[8][9] more than is needed to power the Palestinian territories, with potential to export.[10][11] Security and economic negotiations have been ongoing with Israel Electric Corporation (IEC) and Egypt exploring options for converting the natural gas into liquefied natural gas.[5] The gas field has been portrayed as potentially beneficial to both Israelis and Palestinians.[11]

In 1999, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak set aside exploration of Gaza's offshore resources for a future Palestinian state, with no prior consultation with Israel stipulated.[6] In 2001, Barak, as a goodwill gesture, conceded ownership of the field and adjusted the maritime boundary in the region, ensuring that the entirety of Gaza Marine would be situated within Palestinian territorial waters, rather than extending into Israel's Exclusive Economic Zone.[12] According to Michael Schwartz, Barak deployed the Israeli navy in Gaza's coastal waters to impede the implementation of the terms of the modest contract between the Palestinian Authority and British Gas (BG) to develop Gaza's Mediterranean gas resources.[13] Israel demanded that the Gaza gas be piped to facilities on its territory, and at a price below the prevailing market level[14] and that Israel also control all the (relatively modest) revenues destined for the Palestinians — to prevent the money from being used to "fund terror." In Schwartz's view, with this Israeli action the Oslo Accords were officially doomed, because by declaring Palestinian control over gas revenues unacceptable, the Israeli government committed itself to not accepting even the most limited kind of Palestinian budgetary autonomy, let alone full sovereignty. In Schwartz's view, since no Palestinian government or organization would agree to this, a future filled with armed conflict was assured.[13]

The Israeli veto led to the intervention of British Prime Minister Tony Blair, who sought to broker an agreement that would satisfy both the Israeli government and the Palestinian Authority. The result was a 2007 proposal that would have delivered the gas to Israel, not Egypt, at below-market prices, with the same 10% cut of the revenues eventually reaching the Palestinian Authority. However, those funds were first to be delivered to the Federal Reserve Bank in New York for future distribution, to guarantee that they would not be used for attacks on Israel.[13]

Under Hamas administration

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The Israelis pointed to the 2006 victory of the Islamist Hamas party in Palestinian elections as a deal-breaker. Though Hamas had agreed to let the Federal Reserve supervise all spending, the Israeli government, then led by Ehud Olmert, wanted the payments to the Palestinian Authority to be made in goods and services and insisted that no money go to the Hamas-controlled Government.[15]

The Hamas-led Palestinian unity government refused the offer, and soon after, Olmert imposed a blockade on Gaza, which Israel's defense minister termed a form of "'economic warfare' that would generate a political crisis, leading to a popular uprising against Hamas." As Moshe Ya'alon explained, "Hamas... has confirmed its capability to bomb Israel's strategic gas and electricity installations... It is clear that, without an overall military operation to uproot Hamas control of Gaza, no drilling work can take place without their consent."[13]

During Arab Spring and aftermath

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In 2010-11, the Israeli government of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu faced an energy crisis when the events of the Arab Spring in Egypt interrupted and then stopped 40% of Israel's gas supplies. Rising energy prices contributed to some of the largest protests involving Jewish Israelis in decades.[13]

The next round of negotiations stalled over the Palestinian rejection of Israel's demand to control all fuel and revenues destined for Gaza and the West Bank. The new Palestinian Unity government then followed the lead of the Lebanese, Syrians, and Turkish Cypriots, and in late 2013 signed an "exploration concession" with Gazprom, the large Russian natural gas company. As with Lebanon and Syria, the Russian Navy was a potential deterrent to Israeli "interference."[13]

British Gas exit

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In January 2008 BG Group decided to call off the negotiations and a week later announced the closure of its office in Israel.[16]

In 2015, the Palestinian government resumed negotiations on the agreement with BG and abrogated the exclusive rights it had given to the company. It also raised the PIF share from 10% under the old agreement to 17.5%. Subsequently, Shell acquired BG on April 8, 2016.[17]

As of 2017, the Gaza Marine field licenses were owned by PIF with 17.5% of the field development rights, Consolidated Contractors Company owns 27.5% of these rights and Shell 55%.[17] The development and gas extraction rights belonged to the Palestinians alone.[17] In the year 2018, Shell company, which had taken over British Gas earlier, decided to relinquish its 60% stake in Gaza Marine,[1] transferring it to Palestinian state companies.

Multilateral partnership between Egypt, Israel and PA

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As of 2023, Israel, Egypt, and the Palestinian Authority reached an agreement to jointly develop this gas field. According to the agreement, PIF and the Athens-based Palestinian-owned Consolidated Contractors Company (CCC) each hold a 27.5 percent stake in the project, while the remaining 45 percent goes to Egypt's natural gas consortium, EGAS. The gas extraction will occur within Palestinian waters, and the gas will be transported via a 40-mile undersea pipeline to Egypt for processing. Once integrated into Egypt's energy grid, the natural gas will be sold, as an export, to Palestinians and others.[18] In June 2023, Israel granted preliminary approval to the project, while clarifying that its implementation is "subject to coordination" between its security services, Egypt and the PA, in order to "maintain its security and diplomatic interests."[8]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Shell relinquishes Gaza gas field rights". Globes. 3 August 2018.
  2. ^ "Hamas Use of Human Shields in Gaza" (PDF). NATO Center of Excellence. 2014.
  3. ^ Shereif Barakat (19 June 2023). "Israel Joins Egypt and Palestine in Rare Partnership to Develop Gaza Gas Field". Egyptian Streets.
  4. ^ Ambassador Hesham Youssef (2023). "How the Gaza Marine Deal Could Benefit Palestinians, Israelis, and the Region". United States Institute of Peace.
  5. ^ a b c d Henderson, Simon (March 2014). "Natural Gas in the Palestinian Authority: The Potential of the Gaza Marine Offshore Field". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
  6. ^ a b 'Focus on Palestine: offshore gas projects in the East Mediterranean Sea,' Offshore technology.com, 4 October 2012
  7. ^ Steven W. Popper, Claude Berrebi, James Griffin, Thomas Light, Endy Y. Min, Natural Gas and Israel's Energy Future: Near-Term Decisions from a Strategic Perspective, Rand Corporation, 2009 p.11.
  8. ^ a b Sukkarieh, Mona (13 February 2024). "Between tales and facts: The long saga of Gaza Marine". Middle East Strategic Perspectives (MESP). Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  9. ^ "Israel consents to Palestinian gas field development". Globes. 19 June 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  10. ^ "Israel gives nod to Gaza Marine gas development, wants security assurances". Reuters. 18 June 2023.
  11. ^ a b Antreasyan, Anaïs (2013). "Gas Finds in the Eastern Mediterranean: Gaza, Israel, and Other Conflicts". Journal of Palestine Studies. 42 (3 Spring 2013): 29–47. doi:10.1525/jps.2013.42.3.29.
  12. ^ Henderson, Simon (10 October 2013). "A Diplomatic Bonus: Gaza's Offshore Natural Gas". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Schwartz, Michael (February 2015). The Great Game in the Holy Land - How Gazan Natural Gas Became the Epicenter of An International Power Struggle. TomDispatch
  14. ^ Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, 'Israel’s War for Gaza’s Gas,' Le Monde diplomatique, November 2012.
  15. ^ Hawkes, Steve; Verma, Sonia (23 May 2007). "BG Group at centre of $4bn deal to supply Gaza gas to Israel". Archived from the original on 20 November 2024.
  16. ^ Baron, Lior (17 January 2008). "British Gas explains exit from Israel". Globes. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
  17. ^ a b c "When will Gaza gas field start operating? - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East".
  18. ^ Balousha, Hazem; Rubin, Shira (25 November 2022). "Gaza gas deal could make improbable partners out of Israel and Hamas". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
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