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Electrical safety standards

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For building electrical codes/regulation, see Electrical code.

Electrical safety is a system of organizational measures and technical means to prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers from electric current, arcing, electromagnetic fields and static electricity.

History

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The electrical safety develops with the technical progress. In 1989 OSHA[1] promulgated a much-needed regulation in the General Industry Regulations. Several standards are defined for control of hazardous energy, or lockout/tagout. In 1995 OSHA was successful in promulgation of regulations for utility.[2] In 1994 were established Electrical Safety Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to promoting electrical safety at home and in the workplace.[3]

  • Standard 29 CFR 1910.269 – for electric power generation, transmission, and distribution, contained comprehensive regulations and addressed control of hazardous energy sources for power plant locations

Standards are compared with those of IEEE and National Fire Protection Association.[4][5]

Lightning and earthing protection

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Lightning and Earthing protection systems are essential for the protection of humans, structures, protecting buildings from mechanical destruction caused by lightning effects and the associated risk of fire, Transmission lines, and electrical equipment from electric shock and Overcurrent.[6]

Earthing protection systems

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Main article: Earthing systems
TT earthing system
  • TT system
  • TN system
  • IT system[7]

Lightning protection systems

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  • lightning rod (simple rod or with triggering system)
  • lightning rod with taut wires.
  • lightning conductor with meshed cage (Faraday cage)

Physiological effects of electricity

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Electrical shocks on humans can lead to permanent disabilities or death. Size, frequency and duration of the electrical current affect the damage.[8] The effects from electric shock can be: stopping the heart beating properly, preventing the person from breathing, causing muscle spasms. The skin features also affect the consequences of electric shock.[9]

Electric shock graph
  • Indirect contact – can be avoided by automatic disconnection for TT system, automatic disconnection for TN systems, automatic disconnection on a second fault in an IT system, measures of protection against direct or indirect contact without automatic disconnection of supply
  • Direct contact – can be avoided by protection by the insulation of live parts, protection by means of barriers or enclosures, partial measures of protection, particular measures of protection[10]

Electrical safety conductors

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  •  United States – NEC 2008 Table 250.122 – Safeco Electric Supply

Electrical safety standards

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  •  Australia – Australian Standards AS/NZS 3000:2007, AS/NZS 3012:2010, AS/NZS 3017:2007, AS/NZS 3760:2010, AS/NZS 4836:2011[11]
  •  Brazil – National Regulation – NR10[12]
  •  Bulgaria – Български Държавен Стандарт – (On English:Bulgarian state standard) – БДС 12.2.096:1986[13]
  •  China – GB4943, GB17625, GB9254[14]
  •  France – La norme français C 15-100 – Aspects de la norme d’installation électrique[15]
  •  Germany – IEEE/TÜV, NSR Niederspannungsrichtlinie 2014/35/EU[16]
  •  India – India Standardization IS-5216, IS-5571, IS-6665[17]
  •  Netherlands – NEN 1010 [nl]
  •  Poland – Polska Norma PN-EN 61010-2-201:2013-12E[18]
  •  Russia – ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р МЭК 61140-2000,ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р 52726-2007[19]
  •  United Kingdom – British standards[20] BS 7671, BS EN 61439, BS 5266, BS 5839, BS 6423, BS 6626, BS EN 62305, BS EN 60529
  •  United States – NFPA, IEEE STD 80, IEEE STD 80, NFPA 496, NFPA 70[21]

Lightning protection standards

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Electronics and communications

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Electronic products safety standards

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The manufacturers of electronic tools must take into account several standard for electronic safety to protect the health of humans and animals.

Communication and high frequency safety standards

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Few standard were introduced for the harmful impact from high frequency.

  •  Canada – CB-02 Radio Equipment[24]
  •  Russia – ГОСТ Р 50829-95 for radio Communication safety
  •  United States – ANSI/IEEE 1.2 mW/Cm for antennas 1800-2000 MHz range,[25] ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1992 for radio Communication safety[26]
  • Mobile Communication safety 73/23/EEC and 91/263/EEC[27]

See also

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  • Danger symbol
    Danger symbol
  • Principle Protection separation
    Principle Protection separation
  • Safe distances earthing
    Safe distances earthing
  • Lightning rod
    Lightning rod
  • Extra low voltage symbol
    Extra low voltage symbol
  • Fire protection symbol
    Fire protection symbol
  • ISO 7010 pictogram for electrical hazards.
    ISO 7010 pictogram for electrical hazards.

References

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  1. ^ Controlling electrical hazard
  2. ^ Brainfilter.com
  3. ^ ESFI
  4. ^ The history of electrical safety
  5. ^ "A Guide to the 2023 National Electrical Safety Code - IEEE Spectrum". IEEE. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  6. ^ http://www.electrical-knowhow.com
  7. ^ Electrical installations
  8. ^ Physiological Effects of Electricity
  9. ^ Electrical injuries
  10. ^ electrical-installation.org
  11. ^ Australian Electrical Standards
  12. ^ Brazilian National Standard Page
  13. ^ "BDS Official webpage". Archived from the original on 2018-07-28. Retrieved 2017-06-25.
  14. ^ CCC Certification
  15. ^ http://www.france-electric.com
  16. ^ https://www.tuev-nord.de
  17. ^ Indian standard
  18. ^ Bezpieczenstwo-uzytkowania-i-funkcjonalne
  19. ^ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СТАНДАРТ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ Система стандартов безопасности труда
  20. ^ British standard
  21. ^ https://www.osha.gov
  22. ^ http://www.metlabs.com
  23. ^ "Electronic products safety standards" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2017-06-28.
  24. ^ http://www.metlabs.com
  25. ^ High Frequency Radiation and Human Exposure Mahmoud M. Dawoud
  26. ^ Radio frequency safety standards
  27. ^ ГОСТ
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