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Free education is education funded through government spending or charitable organizations rather than tuition funding. Many models of free higher education have been proposed.[1] Primary school and other comprehensive or compulsory education is free in many countries (often not including primary textbook). Tertiary education is also free in certain countries, including post-graduate studies in the Nordic countries.[2] The Article 13 of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ensures the right to free education at primary education and progressive introduction of it at secondary and higher education as the right to education.[3]

At the University of Oslo, there is no tuition fee except a small semester fee of NOK(600) (US$74).[4][failed verification] From 2013 in Northern Europe, Estonia started providing free higher education as well. Sweden, until the early 21st century, provided free education to foreign students but changes have been introduced to charge fees to foreign students from outside the European community.[5] Denmark also has universal free education, and provides a monthly stipend, the "Statens Uddannelsesstøtte" or "SU",[6] to students over 18 years of age or students who are under 18 and attending a higher education.[7] Bachelor and master's degree programmes in Denmark are offered in either Danish or English depending on the programme or university.[8] Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Poland, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Sri Lanka and Uruguay provide free education at all levels, including college and university for citizens.

Countries

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State universities in the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Norway, Saudi Arabia and Sweden do not charge international students with tuition fees for Ph.D. degrees and in some cases for bachelor's and master's degrees as well.[9][10][11]

State Local language-taught bachelor's and master's degrees tuition fees (per year) for international students[Note 1] English-taught bachelor's and master's degrees tuition fees (per year) for international students[Note 2] Ph.D. degrees tuition fees for international students Ph.D. degrees tuition fees for EEA students
 Austria
ca. 1,500 EUR[11]
ca. 1,500 EUR[11]
ca. 1,500 EUR[11]
 Free at state universities[11]
 Czech Republic Free at state universities[9][12]
2,700 to 10,000 EUR[12]
 Free at state universities[10] Free at state universities[10]
 Denmark
6,000 - 16,000 EUR[11]
6,000 - 16,000 EUR[11]
6,000 - 16,000 EUR[11]
 Free at state universities[11]
 Finland Free at state universities[13][11]
5,000 - 20,000 EUR[11]
 Free at state universities[10] Free at state universities[11]
 France
2,800 - 3,800 EUR[11]
2,800 - 3,800 EUR[11]
2,800 - 3,800 EUR[11]
 Free at state universities[11]
 Germany Free at state universities[11] Free at state universities[11] Free at state universities[10] Free at state universities[11]
 Greece
ca. 1,500 EUR[11]
ca. 1,500 EUR[11]
ca. 1,500 EUR[11]
 Free at state universities[11]
 Hungary
ca. 1,500 EUR[11]
ca. 1,500 EUR[11]
ca. 1,500 EUR[11]
 Free at state universities[11]
 Iceland Free at state universities[14] Free at state universities[14] Free at state universities[14] Free at state universities[14][11]
 Norway
15,000 - 30,000 EUR[11]
15,000 - 30,000 EUR[11]
 Free at state universities[10] Free at state universities[11]
 Poland
ca. 2,000 EUR[11]
ca. 2,000 EUR[11]
ca. 2,000 EUR[11]
 Free at state universities[11]
 Saudi Arabia
ca. 12,000 EUR[15][16]
ca. 12,000 EUR[15][16]
 All fees automatically covered by scholarships, including living costs, at state universities[10][17][18] All fees automatically covered by scholarships, including living costs, at state universities[10][17][18]
 Slovenia
ca. 5,000 EUR[11]
ca. 5,000 EUR[11]
ca. 5,000 EUR[11]
 Free at state universities[11]
 Sweden
8,300 - 20,800 EUR[11]
8,300 - 20,800 EUR[11]
 Free at state universities[10] Free at state universities[11]
States funding English-taught bachelor's and master's degrees for international students
  Jurisdictions in which state universities do not charge international students with tuition fees for English-taught bachelor's and master's degrees
States funding Ph.D. programs for international students
  Jurisdictions in which state universities do not charge international students with tuition fees for Ph.D degrees
States funding Ph.D. programs for EEA students
  Jurisdictions in which state universities do not charge EEA students with tuition fees for Ph.D degrees

In Argentina, education is free since 1949 in every state university, not only for Argentine students, but also for international students willing to study in Argentina. Free education is financed by the Ministry of Education.[citation needed]

In Bangladesh, article 17 of Constitution of Bangladesh provides that all children receive free and compulsory education.[19] Primary and secondary education is financed by the state and free of charge in public schools. The government provides free textbooks to all primary and secondary-level students. In 2022, 347,016,277 free textbooks have been distributed among 41,726,856 students across the country.[20] The government provides free school meals to 400,000 children in 2,000 schools across 8 Divisions.[21]

In Brazil, free education is offered by the Ministry of Education, which offers scholarships for graduate degrees, masters, doctoral and post-doctoral for Brazilians and immigrants with a Brazilian citizenship. The best universities and research centers are public institutions, financed by either the local state (state universities) or the federal government (federal universities). Graduate students can get paid if they qualify for the incentive, but competition usually are extremely fierce. [citation needed]

There are examples of steps towards free education being taken across the world primarily in those nations developing rapidly, such as China.[22] The Free Compulsory Education Reform in China can be described as a program akin to a school subsidy initiative, wherein qualifying students receive financial assistance that encompasses tuition fees and other associated expenses.[23]

In European Union countries such as France and Malta, tuition is usually free for European students, and in Germany, tuition is free for all European and international students.[24] In Scotland, university tuition is free for all Scottish nationals and is discounted for all European students, except from students coming from other parts of the United Kingdom.[citation needed]

In Fiji the government announced in 2013 it would cover the costs of primary and secondary school education, equivalent to 250 Fiji dollars per year per student.[25]

In Iran, most prestigious universities are called governmental universities which offer free education for students who pass a very competitive entrance exam with high scores. Graduates from these universities are obliged to serve the country for as many years as they studied for their degree, in order to get their diploma.[citation needed]

In Mauritius, the government provides free education to its citizens from pre-primary to tertiary levels. Since July 2005, the government also introduced free transport for all students.[citation needed]

In New Zealand, the Labour government will introduce three years of free post-school study or training. From January 1, 2018, new students will have one year free for entering study or training. From 2021, those starting tertiary education would get two years free, and from 2024 three years. The overall cost of the package is $6 billion. Labour has also pledged to increase student allowances by $50 a week, and to restore post-graduate students' eligibility for student allowances.[26]

In the Philippines, public primary and secondary schools are free of tuition.[27] The 1935 Constitution provided for universal primary education. Primary education was made free under the 1973 Constitution, while the 1987 Constitution extended free education to the secondary level.[28] Free public tertiary education has been enacted in 2017.[29][30]

In Russia, prior to the break-up of the Soviet Union, tuition was free for everyone obtaining sufficient grades. Since 1991, students obtaining sufficient grades, are still eligible for a free education (on a competitive basis) in state or private universities, but the student can also pay for studying if grades are above minimal threshold, but not enough to be enrolled into the desired university for free.[31]

In Sri Lanka, free education is provided by the government at different levels. Government funded schools such as national schools, provincial schools and Piriven provided primary and secondary education free, while assisted schools and semi-governmental schools provided the same at subsidized rates. At the university level, the universities provide undergraduate courses free, however, this totals only about 10% for those qualified for university entrance. Grants and scholarships are provided for a limited number of study allowances. Dr. C. W. W. Kannangara who was the Minister of Education made education free for all Sri Lankan students in 1940 s. Kannangara's significant achievements in areas of education have led him to being commonly referred to as the Father of Free Education in Sri Lanka.[32]

Trinidad and Tobago offers free tertiary education to its citizens up to the undergraduate level at accredited public and select private institutions. Postgraduate degrees are paid up to 50% by the government at accredited institutions. This benefit is given to the citizens under a programme called Government Assisted Tuition Expenses Programme and it is managed by the Funding and Grants Administration Division of the Ministry of Tertiary Education and Skills Training[33]

In the United States, a variety of financial aid programs provide grants and student loans, mostly to low-income students, for any accredited college or university. Various proposals at the state and federal level have been made to make either community colleges or all colleges and universities free for students at all income levels.[34] In March 2022, the U.S. state of New Mexico waived tuition for in-state students at all income levels and at all public state and tribal colleges and universities, if registered for six credit-hours and earning a minimum 2.5 GPA.[35]

Uruguay adopted free, compulsory, and secular education in 1876, after a reform led by José Pedro Varela during the Lorenzo Latorre dictatorship. The University of the Republic follows the same principles, although graduates must pay a yearly contribution.[citation needed]

In Tanzania, a fee free education was introduced for all the government schools in 2014.[36] Government would pay the fees, however parents were required to pay for the school uniform and other materials.[37]

In Mali, free education implementation is a relatively recent phenomenon. Prior to the turn of the century, education was often too expensive for many families, leading to a high rate of illiteracy and educational inequity. The 1990s saw the beginning of reforms with several NGOs and international bodies lobbying and offering support for free and inclusive education.[38]

History

[edit]

In the Islamic Golden Age a tradition of free madrasa-based education arose.[39][40]

Free education has long been identified with "sponsored education"; for example, during the Renaissance, rich dignitaries commonly sponsored the education of young men as patrons.[41]

Thomas Jefferson proposed "establishing free schools to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic, and from these schools those of intellectual ability, regardless of background or economic status, would receive a college education paid for by the state."[42]

In the Soviet Union, Vladmir Lenin's government instituted a number of progressive measures which included access to universal education.[43][44]

In Sri Lanka, C. W. W. Kannangara introduced universal free education from kindergarten up to undergraduate degree, becoming the first country to implement free education on national scale.[32]

In the United States, Townsend Harris founded the first free public institution of higher education, the Free Academy of the City of New York (today the City College of New York), in 1847; it aimed to provide free education to the urban poor, immigrants and their children. Its graduates went on to receive 10 Nobel Prizes, more than any other public university.[45] During the late 19th century, the United States government introduced compulsory education as free or universal education, which extended across the country by the 1920s.[citation needed] It is the oldest of CUNY's 25 institutions of higher learning [5] and is considered its flagship. Other primacies at City College that helped shape the culture of American higher education include the first student government in the nation (Academic Senate, 1867);[9] the first national fraternity to accept members without regard to religion, race, color or creed (Delta Sigma Phi, 1899);[10] the first degree-granting evening program (School of Education, 1907). City College of New York. In 1944, U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the Serviceman's Readjustment Act, also known as the GI Bill of Rights, into law. The GI Bill allowed World War II veterans to attend universities at no cost to them.[46]

A report regarding free higher education was prepared by President Truman in 1947, however, no action was taken, according to what was written in the report. Therefore, it never became a reality. One possible reason could be the ongoing Cold War at that time, which made President Truman shift his focus from the report to the war-defense spending.[47]

Governments typically fund compulsory education through taxes. Aggravated truancy can be prosecuted. Homeschooling, private or parochial schooling usually offer legal alternatives.

With the start of many free internet-based learning institutions such as edX (founded in 2012) and MITx (announced in 2011), anyone in the world with Internet access can take free education-courses.[48] In many[quantify] countries, the policy for the merit system has not yet caught up with these recent advances in education technology.[citation needed]

After the 2011–13 Chilean student protests, tuition-free college was a major campaign promise of Chilean president Michelle Bachelet in 2013. After some years marshaling support and funding, the gratuidad law was passed in 2018, and as of 2019 covers tuition at participating schools for families in the bottom 60% of earnings nation-wide.[49]

On the Internet

[edit]

Online education has become an option in recent years, particularly with the development of free MOOCs (massive open online courses) from providers such as Khan Academy (High School) and Higher Education, through providers such as edX, Coursera, Udacity, FutureLearn and Alison. Free education has become available through several websites with some resembling the courses of study of accredited universities. Online education faces barriers such as institutional adoption, license or copyright restrictions, incompatibility and educator awareness of available resources.[50]

Due to the extensive requirements of resources for online education, many open community projects have been initiated. Specifically, the Wikimedia Foundation has developed a project devoted to free online educational resources, Wikiversity, and recently, several other sites for specific topics have developed.[51]

Christian Leaders Institute offers tuition free college level ministry education. Students can take any classes free of charge, but are encouraged to help support the mission of the institution by making donations to this 501 (c)3 United States Charity.[52]

The Islamic Open University (IOU), a distance-learning higher education institution, offers tuition-free graduate and undergraduate degrees. A very modest registration fee is charged per semester, which is based on the human development index and thus varies from country to country.[53] The IOU is offering one million scholarships for African youths by 2020.[54]

Nidahas Vidyalaya has started an initiative named Freedom College towards providing tuition-free education in Sri Lanka.[55]

Other examples

[edit]

Free education does not only take the form of publicly funded institutions like state universities.[citation needed]

In France, philosopher Michel Onfray created the first non-governmental free education university since antiquity, in 2002, with his Université populaire de Caen in Normandy. His decision was triggered by the accession of far-right party Front National to the second round of the 2002 French presidential elections. Onfray stated that people need more political, historical and philosophical background education to be more conscious citizens. His university is run by an association loi 1901.[56]

In Iran, Nasra is a movement aiming to meet the learning needs of all children, youth and adults in 2018.[57] This social movement focuses on digital media use and mental health and increase the skills of using the media for the public.[58][59]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Public Higher Education Should Be Universal and Free". The New York Times.
  2. ^ The Swedish School System Archived 2018-06-16 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  3. ^ International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 13, 1
  4. ^ "Global Scholarships for International Students". uscollegeinternational.com. 18 August 2017.
  5. ^ "UKÄ och UHR". hsv.se. Archived from the original on 20 November 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  6. ^ "Forside". su.dk. Archived from the original on 7 May 2004. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  7. ^ "Nu også SU til unge under 18". SU.dk (in Danish). 19 January 2010. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  8. ^ "Bachelor – Syddansk Universitet". Sdu.dk. 18 April 2016. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  9. ^ a b "Learn Czech and study for free". www.czechuniversities.com. EDUroute s.r.o. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The Best Free PhD Programs. Fully funded PhD programs". academiainsider.com. Academia Insider. June 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap "Study in Europe for free (or low tuition fees)". study.eu. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  12. ^ a b "Czechia: Tuition fees & cost of living". study.eu. Study.eu. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  13. ^ "Fees and Costs". studyinfinland.fi. Finnish National Agency for Education. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  14. ^ a b c d "Studying in Iceland". study.iceland.is. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  15. ^ a b "Bachelor programs in Saudi Arabia". free-apply.com. Free Apply, LLC. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  16. ^ a b "Master programs in Saudi Arabia". free-apply.com. Free Apply, LLC. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  17. ^ a b "PhD Study in Saudi Arabia". www.findaphd.com. FindAUniversity Ltd. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  18. ^ a b "PhD in Saudi Arabia". www.standyou.com. Standyou Data Info Labs Private Limited. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  19. ^ "The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh | 17. Free and compulsory education". bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  20. ^ "Distribution of free textbooks begins across Bangladesh". New Age. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  21. ^ "Government of Bangladesh expands school meals programme | World Food Programme". www.wfp.org. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  22. ^ "China ends school fees for 150m". BBC News. 13 December 2006. Archived from the original on 28 January 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  23. ^ Tang, Can; Zhao, Liqiu; Zhao, Zhong (1 April 2020). "Does free education help combat child labor? The effect of a free compulsory education reform in rural China". Journal of Population Economics. 33 (2): 601–631. doi:10.1007/s00148-019-00741-w. ISSN 1432-1475.
  24. ^ "World-class education that costs nothing". CNN.com. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  25. ^ "Free education for primary and secondary school students in Fiji". Radio NZ. 8 November 2013. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  26. ^ "Free university study just months away". NZ Herald. 21 October 2017. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  27. ^ The Department of Labor's ... Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs. 2001. p. 279. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  28. ^ Ramesh, M.; Asher, Mukul G. (11 February 2000). Welfare Capitalism in Southeast Asia: Social Security, Health and Education Policies. Springer. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-230-51281-8. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  29. ^ Bacungan, VJ (5 August 2017). "Duterte signs free tuition bill into law". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  30. ^ Talpur, Mustafa (16 December 2019). Getting Even: Public Policies to Tackle Inequality in Asia. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-93-89165-71-5. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  31. ^ "Закон об образовании Статья 100. Контрольные цифры приема на обучение за счет бюджетных ассигнований федерального бюджета, бюджетов субъектов Российской Федерации, местных бюджетов". Zakon-ob-Obrazovanii.ru. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  32. ^ a b Wijenayaka, Walter (24 September 2003). "C.W.W. Kannangara: Father of free education". The Daily News. Archived from the original on 22 January 2005. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  33. ^ Willies, Egberto (23 February 2016). "These countries give free college education to their citizens". Factualinfo.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  34. ^ Danielle Douglas-Gabriel (5 March 2022). "Tuition-free college movement gains momentum, despite Biden's stalled plan". The Washington Post.
  35. ^ Leah Asmelash (7 March 2022). "New Mexico's governor just signed a bill to make college tuition-free". CNN.
  36. ^ "Free education in Tanzania". Africa Times. 9 February 2016. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  37. ^ "Free education now to include Form Five and Six". The Citizen. 14 June 2022.
  38. ^ Bleck, Jaimie (2015). Education and empowered citizenship in Mali. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-1781-3.
  39. ^ Hardaker, Glenn; Sabki, Aishah Ahmad (2019). "1.2.1: Phase One: The traditionalist Madrasah". Pedagogy in Islamic Education: The Madrasah Context. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 8–9. ISBN 9781787547186. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2019. Before the Western influence, madrasahs imparted knowledge by a chain of transmission [...]. [...] Typically, a madrasah institution provided free education and library facilities; a wide range of subject expert teachers and students were provided with the necessary resources for their studies. A recognised early Sunni madrasah was Al-Azhar University, Cairo, one of the first Sunni centres of learning in the tenth century [...]
  40. ^ Lapidus, Ira M. (1988). "21: Muslim communities and Middle Eastern Societies 1000-1500 CE". A History of Islamic Societies (3 ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press (published 2014). p. 217. ISBN 9780521514309. Retrieved 4 April 2019. [...] the colleges were also endowed with permanent sources of income [...] set aside in perpetuity. The trusts (awqaf) paid the salaries of the faculty and stipends for students.
  41. ^ "Education – FREE Education information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Education research". www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  42. ^ Crittenden, Jack; Levine, Peter (1 January 2013). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2013 ed.). Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  43. ^ Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (10 January 2014). After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists. McFarland. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7864-5647-5.
  44. ^ Ugri͡umov, Aleksandr Leontʹevich (1976). Lenin's Plan for Building Socialism in the USSR, 1917–1925. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. p. 48.
  45. ^ "... the founding, in 1847, of the Free Academy, the first free public institution of higher education in the nation.", Baruch College history website. institution.http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/about/glance.html] Archived 2006-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ Chris Edwards, Neal McCluskey (1 November 2015). "Higher Education Subsidies". Downsizing the Federal Government. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  47. ^ ""Free College" in Historical Perspective | History News Network". historynewsnetwork.org. 16 February 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  48. ^ See for example: "MITx". edx.org. 12 November 2013. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  49. ^ "What The U.S. Can Learn From Free College In Chile". NPR. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  50. ^ "The Cape Town Open Education Declaration". Capetowndeclaration.org. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  51. ^ "Wikimedia Foundation". Wikimediafoundation.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  52. ^ "Online Ministry Training Admission - Free Training". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  53. ^ "Islamic Online University (Gambia)". The Talloires Network. 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  54. ^ "Education centres for the under privileged". Rising Sun Lenasia. 24 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  55. ^ "Wikimedia Foundation". wikieducator.org. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  56. ^ "La Contre-Histoire de la philosophie : l'Université Populaire de Caen enfin disponible en podcasts" [The Contra-History of Philosophy: the Popular University of Caen finally available on podcasts] (in French). 3 November 2009. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  57. ^ "Media Literacy Movement of the Islamic Revolution (Nasra)" (in Persian). Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  58. ^ "داشتن سواد، ضرورت انکارناپذیر فضای رسانه‌ای امروز است" (in Persian). 26 May 2020. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  59. ^ "Media Literacy Movement of the Islamic Revolution (Nasra)". Retrieved 10 June 2020.

Notes

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  1. ^ Excluding EEA students studying at state universities in Austria, Denmark, France, Greece, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Slovenia and Sweden, as they aren't treated as international students by those state universities and do not have to pay tuition fees.
  2. ^ Excluding EEA students studying at state universities in Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Slovenia and Sweden, as they aren't treated as international students by those state universities and do not have to pay tuition fees.
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