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Republic of Malaŵi
[Dziko la Malaŵi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Motto: Unity and Freedom[1]
Anthem: [Mulungu dalitsa Malaŵi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)  (Chichewa)
"Oh God Bless Our Land of Malawi"[2]
Location of Malawi
CapitalLilongwe
Largest cityBlantyre[3]
Official languagesEnglish[4]
Recognised regional languagesChichewa[4]
Demonym(s)Malawian
GovernmentMulti-party democracy
• President
Bingu wa Mutharika
• Vice President
Joyce Banda
Independence 
from the UK
• Independence declared
July 6, 1964
Area
• Total
118,484 km2 (45,747 sq mi) (99th)
• Water (%)
20.6%
Population
• 2008 estimate
13,931,831
• 1998 census
9,933,868[5]
• Density
118/km2 (305.6/sq mi) (94th)
GDP (PPP)2008 estimate
• Total
$11.394 billion[6]
• Per capita
$834[6]
GDP (nominal)2008 estimate
• Total
$4.268 billion[6]
• Per capita
$312[6]
Gini (2008)38
medium inequality
HDI (2008)Increase 0.457[7]
Error: Invalid HDI value (162nd)
CurrencyKwacha (D) (MWK)
Time zoneUTC+2 (CAT)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (not observed)
Drives onleft
Calling code+265[4]
ISO 3166 codeMW
Internet TLD.mw[4]
1 Population estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.
2Information is drawn from the CIA Factbook unless otherwise noted.

The Republic of Malawi (Template:Pron-en; Chichewa Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "malaβi" not found in list[need tone]) is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast and Mozambique, which surrounds it on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, one of the original Bantu tribes to inhabit the area.

Malawi was first settled during the 10th century and remained under native rule until 1891 when it was colonized by the British, who ruled the country until 1964. Upon gaining independence it became a single-party state under the presidency of Hastings Banda, who remained president until 1994, when he was ousted from power. Bingu Mutharika, elected in 2004, is the current president. Malawi has a democratic, multi-party government. Malawi has a small military force that includes an army, a navy and an air wing. Malawi's foreign policy is pro-Western and includes positive diplomatic relations with most countries and participation in several international organizations.

Malawi is among the world's least developed and most densely populated countries. The economy is heavily based in agriculture, with a largely rural population. The Malawian government depends heavily on outside aid to meet development needs, although this need (and the aid offered) has decreased since 2000. The Malawian government faces challenges in growing the economy, improving education, health care and the environmental protection and becoming financially independent. Malawi has several programs developed since 2005 that focus on these issues, and the country's outlook appears to be improving, with improvements in economic growth, education and healthcare seen in 2007 and 2008.

Malawi has a low life expectancy and high infant mortality. There is a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, which is a drain on the labor force and government expenditures, and is expected to have a significant impact on gross domestic product (GDP) by 2010. There is a diverse population of native peoples, Asians and Europeans, with several languages spoken and an array of religious beliefs. Although there was tribal conflict in the past, by 2008 it had diminished considerably and the concept of a Malawian nationality had begun to form. Malawi has a culture combining native and colonial aspects, including sports, art, dance and music.

History

Main article: History of Malawi

The area of Africa now known as Malawi had a very small population of hunter gatherers before waves of Bantus began emigrating from the north around the 10th century. Although most of the Bantus continued south, some remained permanently and founded tribes based on common ancestry.[3] By 1500 AD, the tribes had established a kingdom that reached from north of what is now Nkhotakota to the Zambezi River and from Lake Malawi to the Luangwa River in what is now Zambia.[9] Soon after 1600, with the area mostly united under one native ruler, native tribesmen began encountering, trading with and making alliances with Portuguese traders and members of the military. By 1700, however, the empire had broken up into areas controlled by many individual tribes, which was noted by the Portuguese in their information gathering.[10]

David Livingstone reached Lake Malawi (then Lake Nyasa) in 1859,[11] and Malawi was originally known as Nyasaland under the rule of the British.[12] In a prime example of what is sometimes called the "Thin White Line" of colonial authority in Africa, the colonial government of Nyasaland was formed in 1891. The administrators were given a budget of £10,000 per year, which was enough to employ ten European civilians, two military officers, seventy Punjab Sikhs, and eighty-five Zanzibar porters. These few employees were then expected to administer and police a territory of around 94,000 square kilometers with between one and two million people.[13]

In 1944, the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) was formed by the Africans of Nyasaland to promote local interests to the British government.[14] In 1953, Britain linked Nyasaland with Northern and Southern Rhodesia in what was known as the Central African Federation (CAF),[12] for mainly political reasons.[15] The linking provoked opposition from African nationalists, and the NAC gained popular support. An influential opponent of the CAF was Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, a European-trained doctor working in Ghana who was persuaded to return to Nyasaland in 1958 to assist the nationalist cause. Banda was elected president of the NAC and worked to mobilize nationalist sentiment before being jailed by colonial authorities in 1959. He was released in 1960 and asked to help draft a new constitution for Nyasaland, with a clause granting Africans the majority in the colony's Legislative Counsel.[3]

In 1961, Banda's Malawi Congress Party (MCP) gained the majority in the Legislative Counsel and Banda was elected prime minister in 1963. The Federation was dissolved in 1963, and on July 6, 1964, Nyasaland became independent from British rule and renamed itself Malawi. Under a new constitution, Malawi became a single-party state under MCP rule and Banda declared himself president-for-life in 1970. For almost 30 years, Banda ruled firmly, suppressing opposition to his party and ensuring that he had no personal opposition.[16] Despite his political severity, however, Malawi's economy while Banda was president was often cited as an example of how a poor, landlocked, heavily populated, mineral-poor country could achieve progress in both agriculture and industrial development.[17] While in office, and using his control of the country, Banda constructed a business empire that eventually produced one-third of the country's GDP and employed 10% of the wage-earning workforce.[18]

Under pressure for increased political freedom, Banda agreed to a referendum in 1993, where the populace voted for a multiparty democracy. Following the elections, in late 1993, a presidential council was formed, the life presidency was abolished and a new constitution was put into place, effectively ending the MCP's rule.[16] In 1994 the first multi-party elections were held in Malawi, and Bakili Muluzi became president. Muluzi remained president until 2004, when Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika was elected. Although the political environment is described as "challenging", as of 2008, the multi-party system still exists in Malawi.[8] Multiparty parliamentary and presidential elections will be held for the fourth time in Malawi on May 19, 2009.[19]

Politics

Main articles: Politics of Malawi, Districts of Malawi, and Elections in Malawi
See also: Military of Malawi
The districts of Malawi, with Lilongwe (the capital) marked in red

Malawi is a democratic, multi-party government, currently under the leadership of President Bingu wa Mutharika.[16] The current constitution was put into place on May 18, 1995. The branches of the government consist of executive, legislative and judicial. The executive includes a president who is both chief of state and head of government, first and second vice presidents and a cabinet. The president is elected every five years, and the vice president is elected with the president. A second vice president may be appointed by the president if he so chooses, although he must be from a different party. The members of the cabinet are appointed by the president and can be from either inside or outside of the legislature.[9]

The legislative branch consists of a unicameral National Assembly of 193 members who are elected every five years, and although the Malawian constitution provides for a Senate of 80 seats, one does not exist in practice. If created, the Senate would provide representation for traditional leaders and a variety of geographic districts, as well as special interest groups including the disabled, youth and women. The independent judicial branch is based upon the English model and consists of a constitutional court, a High Court, a Supreme Court of Appeal and subordinate Magistrate Courts. There are currently nine political parties, with the Democratic Progressive Party acting as the ruling party and the Malawi Congress Party and the United Democratic Front acting as the main opposition parties in the National Assembly. Suffrage is universal at 18 years of age, and the central government budget for 2007/2008 is $1.24 billion dollars.[9]

Malawi is composed of three regions (the Northern, Central and Southern regions),[5] which are divided into 28 districts,[20] and further into approximately 250 traditional authorities and 110 administrative wards.[5] Local government is administered by central government-appointed regional administrators and district commissioners. For the first time in the multi-party era, local elections took place on November 21, 2000, with the UDF party winning 70% of the available seats. There was scheduled to be a second round of constitutionally-mandated local elections in May 2005, but these were canceled by the government.[9] In February 2005, President Mutharika split with the United Democratic Front and began his own party, the Democratic Progressive Party, which has attracted reform-minded officials from other parties and is winning elections across the country as of 2006. As of 2008, President Mutharika has implemented reforms to address the country's major corruption problem, with at least five senior UDF party members facing criminal charges.[21]

The military of Malawi consists of an army, a navy and an air wing, all considered to form different sections of the Malawian Army. Between the three forces there are approximately 5,500 military personnel, 1,500 paramilitary police and 80 aircraft, none of which are combat aircraft. The navy division is based out of Monkey Bay on Lake Malawi.[22]

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Malawi

Former President Banda established a pro-Western foreign policy that is continued into 2008 and includes good diplomatic relationships with many Western countries. The transition from a one-party state to a multi-party democracy strengthened Malawian ties with the United States. Significant numbers of students from Malawi travel to the US for schooling, and the US has active branches of the Peace Corps, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Department of Health and Human Services and the Agency for International Development in Malawi. Malawi maintained close relations with South Africa throughout the apartheid era, which strained Malawi's relationships with other African countries, but following the collapse of apartheid in 1994, strong diplomatic relationships were made and maintained into 2008 between Malawi and all other African countries.[9]

President Bingu wa Mutharika.

Malawi has been seen as a haven for refugees from other African countries, including Mozambique and Rwanda, since 1985. These influxes of refugees have placed a strain on the Malawian economy but have also drawn significant inflows of aid from other countries. Donors to Malawi include the United States, Canada, Germany, Iceland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Ireland and the UK, as well as international institutions such as the World Bank, the IMF, the European Union, the African Development Bank and UN organizations. Malawi is a member of several international organizations including the UN and some of its child agencies, the IMF, the World Bank, the African Union and the World Health Organization. Malawi tends to view economic and political stability in southern Africa as a necessity, and advocates peaceful solutions through negotiation. The country was the first in southern Africa to receive peacekeeping training under the African Crisis Response Force Initiative.[9]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Malawi
See also: List of cities in Malawi
The Golomoti escarpment

Malawi is a landlocked country in southeastern Africa, bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast and Mozambique to the south, southwest and southeast. The Great Rift Valley runs through the country from north to south, and to the east of the valley lies Lake Malawi (also called Lake Nyasa), making up over three-quarters of Malawi's eastern boundary.[3] Lake Malawi is sometimes called the Calendar Lake as it is about 365 miles (587 km) long and 52 miles (84 km) wide.[23] The Shire River flows from the south end of the lake and joins the Zambezi River 250 miles (400 km) farther south in Mozambique. The surface of Lake Malawi is located at 1,500 feet (460 m) above sea level, with a maximum depth of 2,300 feet (700 m), which means the lake floor is over 700 feet (210 m) below sea level at some points. In the mountainous sections of Malawi surrounding the Rift Valley, plateaus rise generally 3,000 to 4,000 feet (910 to 1,220 m) above sea level, although some rise as high as 8,000 feet (2,400 m) in the north. To the south of Lake Malawi lie the Shire Highlands, gently rolling land at approximately 3,000 feet (910 m) above sea level. In this area, the Zomba and Mlanje mountain peaks rise to respective heights of 7,000 feet (2,100 m) and 10,000 feet (3,000 m).[3]

Malawi's climate is hot in the low-lying areas in the south of the country and temperate in the northern highlands. The altitude moderates what would be an otherwise equatorial climate. Between November and April the temperature is warm with equatorial rains and thunderstorms, with the storms reaching their peak severity in late March. After March, the rainfall rapidly diminishes and from May to September wet mists float from the highlands into the plateaus, with almost no rainfall during these months.[3]

Malawi's capital is Lilongwe, and its commercial center and largest city is Blantyre with a population of over 500,000 people.[3] Malawi has two sites listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Lake Malawi National Park was first listed in 1984 and the Chongoni Rock Art Area was listed in 2006.[24]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Malawi
See also: Malawian food crisis
Crafts market in Lilongwe

Malawi is among the world's least developed and most densely populated countries. The economy is heavily agriculture-based, with around 85% of the population living in rural areas. More than one-third of GDP and 90% of export revenues come from agriculture. The economy of Malawi has in the past been dependent on substantial economic aid from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and individual nations.[20] In December 2000, the IMF stopped aid disbursements due to corruption concerns, and many individual donors followed suit, resulting in an almost 80% drop in Malawi's development budget.[21] However, in 2005, Malawi was the recipient of over US$575 million in aid. The Malawian government faces challenges in developing a market economy, improving environmental protection, dealing with the rapidly growing HIV/AIDS problem, improving the education system and satisfying its foreign donors that it is working to become financially independent. Improved financial discipline has been seen since 2005 under the leadership of President Mutharika and Financial Minister Gondwe.[20] As of 2008, it was estimated that Malawi had a GDP of $4.082 billion, with a per capita GDP of $299[6] and inflation estimated at around 7.9%. Agriculture accounts for 35% of GDP, industry for 19% and services for the remaining 46%.[8] Malawi has one of the lowest per capita incomes in the world,[21] although economic growth was estimated at 9.7% in 2008 and strong growth is predicted by the International Monetary Fund for 2009.[25] The poverty rate in Malawi is decreasing through the work of the government and supporting organizations, with people living under the poverty line decreasing from 54% in 1990 to 40% in 2006, and the percentage of "ultra-poor" decreasing from 24% in 1990 to 15% in 2007.[26]

A typical road in Malawi

The main agricultural products of Malawi include tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, corn, potatoes, sorghum, cattle and goats. The main industries are tobacco, tea and sugar processing, sawmill products, cement and consumer goods. The industrial production growth rate is estimated at 4.4% (2007). The electricity of the country is 96.7% hydroelectric and 3.3% fossil fuels (2001). The country makes no significant use of natural gas. As of 2005, Malawi does not import or export any electricity, but does import all its petroleum, with no production in country.[20] Beginning in 2006, the country began mixing unleaded petrol with 10% ethanol, produced in-country at two plants, to reduce dependence on imported fuel. In 2008, Malawi began testing cars that ran solely on ethanol, and initial results are promising, and the country is continuing to increase its use of ethanol.[27]

As of 2007, Malawi exports an estimated US$604 million in goods per year. The country's heavy reliance on tobacco (it accounts for about 70% of export revenues) places a heavy burden on the economy as world prices decline and the international community increases pressure to limit tobacco production. The country also relies heavily on tea, sugar and coffee, with these three plus tobacco making up more than 90% of Malawi's export revenue. Malawi's dependence on tobacco is growing, with the product jumping from 53% to 70% of export revenues between 2007 and 2008.[20][21] Other exported goods are cotton, peanuts, wood products and apparel. The main destination locations for the country's exports are South Africa, Germany, Egypt, Zimbabwe, the United States, Russia and the Netherlands. Malawi currently imports an estimated US$866 million in goods per year, with the main commodities being food, petroleum products, consumer goods and transportation equipment. The main countries that Malawi imports from are South Africa, India, Zambia, Tanzania, the US and China.[20]

In 2006, in response to disastrously low agricultural harvests, Malawi began a program of fertilizer subsidies that were designed to re-energize the land and boost crop production. It has been reported that this program, championed by the country's president, is radically improving Malawi's agriculture, and causing Malawi to become a net exporter of food to nearby countries.[28] Also in 2006, international superstar Madonna started a foundation, known as Raising Malawi, that focuses on raising money and building infrastructure to help AIDS orphans in Malawi. The organization built an orphan-care center, and Madonna financed a documentary about the hardships experienced by Malawian orphans.[29] Raising Malawi also works with the Millennium Villages Project to improve education, health care, infrastructure and agriculture in Malawi.[30]

Infrastructure

Main articles: Transportation in Malawi and Communications in Malawi

Malawi has 39 airports, 6 with paved runways and 33 with unpaved runways. The country has 495 miles (797 km) of railways, all narrow-gauge, and 9,601 miles (15,451 km) of roadways, 4,322 miles (6,956 km) paved and 5,279 miles (8,496 km) unpaved. Malawi also has 435 miles (700 km) of waterways on Lake Malawi and along the Shire River.[20]

As of 2007, there were 175,200 land line telephones in Malawi, and 1.051 million cell phones, which is approximately 8 cell phones per 100 people. The telephone system overall is described as rudimentary. There were 139,500 Internet users as of 2007, and 3 Internet service providers as of 2002. As of 2001 there were 14 radio stations and 1 TV station.[20] In the past, Malawi's telecommunications system has been named as some of the poorest in Africa, but conditions are improving, with 130,000 land line telephones being connected between 2000 and 2007. Telephones are much more accessible in urban areas, with less than a quarter of land lines being in rural areas.[31]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Malawi
Population of Malawi from 1961 to 2003 (in thousands)

Malawi has a population of almost 14 million, with a growth rate of 2.39%, according to 2008 estimates. Infant mortality rates are high, and life expectancy at birth is 43.45 years. There is a high adult prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS, with an estimated 900,000 adults (or 14.2% of the population) living with the disease in 2003. There are approximately 84,000 deaths a year from HIV/AIDS (2003).[20] Approximately 250 new people are infected each day, and at least 70% of Malawi's hospital beds are occupied by HIV/AIDS patients. The high rate of infection has resulted in an estimated 5.8% of the farm labor force dying of the disease, and HIV/AIDS is expected to lower the country's GDP by at least 10% by the year 2010. The government spends over $120,000 each year on funerals for civil servants who die of the disease.[21] There is a very high degree of risk for major infectious diseases, including bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, malaria, plague and schistosomiasis.[20] Malawi has been making progress on decreasing child mortality and reducing the incidences of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; however, the country has been "[performing] dismally" on reducing maternal mortality and promoting gender equality.[26]

Malawi's population is made up of the Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni and Ngonde native ethnic groups, as well as populations of Asians and Europeans. Major languages include Chichewa, an official language spoken by over 57% of the population, Chinyanja (12.8%), Chiyao (10.1%) and Chitumbuka (9.5%).[20] Other native languages are Malawian Lomwe, spoken by around 250,000 in the southeast of the country; Kokola, spoken by around 200,000 people also in the southeast; Lambya, spoken by around 45,000 in the northwestern tip; Ndali, spoken by around 70,000; Nyakyusa-Ngonde, spoken by around 300,000 in northern Malawi; Malawian Sena, spoken by around 270,000 in southern Malawi; and Tonga, spoken by around 170,000 in the north.[32]

According to 2007 estimates, approximately 80% of the population is Christian, with the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian making up the largest Christian groups. There are also smaller numbers of Anglicans, Baptists, evangelicals and Seventh Day Adventists. Around 13% of the population is Muslim, with most of the Muslim population being Sunni, of either the Qadriya or Sukkutu groups. Other religious groups within the country include Jews, Rastafarians, Hindus and Baha'is. Atheists make up around 4% of the population, although this number includes people who practice traditional African religions.[33]

Education

Main article: Education in Malawi

In Malawi, primary education is not compulsory, but the Constitution requires that all people are entitled to at least five years of primary education. In 1994, free primary education for all children was established by the government, which increased attendance rates. Dropout rates are higher for girls than boys,[34] attributed to security problems during the long travel to school, as girls face a higher prevalence of gender-based violence. However, attendance rates for all children are improving, with enrollment rates for primary schools increased from 58% in 1992 to 75% in 2007, while the number of students who begin in grade one and complete grade five has increased from 64% in 1992 to 86% in 2006. Youth literacy has also increased, moving from 68% in 2000 to 82% in 2007. This increase is primarily attributed to improved learning materials in schools, better infrastructure and feeding programs that have been implemented throughout the school system.[26]

Culture

A man in Malawi playing a traditional musical instrument.

The name "Malawi" comes from the Maravi, a Bantu people who immigrated from the southern Congo around 1400 AD. Upon reaching northern Lake Malawi, the group divided, with one group moving south down the west bank of the lake to become the tribe known as the Chewa, while the other group, the ancestors of today's Nyanja tribe, moved along the east side of the lake to the southern section of Malawi. Tribal conflict and continuing migration prevented the formation of a society that was uniquely and cohesively Malawian until the dawn of the 20th century. Over the past century, tribal and ethnic distinctions have diminished to the point where there is no significant tribal friction, although regional divisions still occur. The concept of a Malawian nationality has begun to form around a predominantly rural people who are generally conservative and traditionally nonviolent.[9]

The Malawian flag is made up of three equal horizontal stripes of black, red and green with a red rising sun superimposed in the center of the black stripe. The black stripe represents the African people, the red represents the blood of martyrs for African freedom, green represents Malawi's ever-green nature and the rising sun represents the dawn of freedom and hope for Africa.[1]

A strong part of Malawi's culture is its dances, and the National Dance Troupe (formerly the Kwacha Cultural Troupe) was formed in November 1987 by the government.[24] Traditional music and dances can be seen at initiation rites, rituals, marriage ceremonies and celebrations. Soccer is the most common sport in Malawi, introduced there during British colonial rule. Basketball is also growing in popularity. The native tribes of Malawi have a rich tradition of basketry and mask carving, and some of these goods are used in traditional ceremonies still performed by native peoples. Wood carving and oil painting are also popular in more urban centers, with many of the items produced being sold to tourists. There are several internationally recognized literary figures from Malawi, including poet Jack Mapanje, history and fiction writer Paul Zeleza and authors Legson Kayira, Felix Mnthali, Frank Chipasula and David Rubadiri.[35]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Berry, Bruce (February 6, 2005). "Malawi". Flags of the World Website. Flags of the World. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  2. ^ "Malawi National Anthem Lyrics". National Anthem Lyrics. Lyrics on Demand. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Cutter, Africa 2006, p. 142
  4. ^ a b c d "Country profile: Malawi". BBC News Online. BBC. March 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
  5. ^ a b c Benson, Todd. "Chapter 1: An Introduction" (PDF). Malawi: An Atlas of Social Statistics. National Statistical Office, Government of Malawi. p. 2. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Malawi". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  7. ^ "2008 Statistical Update: Malawi". United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
  8. ^ a b c "Country Brief - Malawi". The World Bank. September 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "Background Note: Malawi". Bureau of African Affairs. U.S. Department of State. 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Davidson, Africa in History, pp. 164–165
  11. ^ Turner, The Statesman's Yearbook, p.821
  12. ^ a b Murphy, Central Africa, p. xxvii
  13. ^ Reader, Africa, p. 579
  14. ^ Murphy, Central Africa, p. 28
  15. ^ Murphy, Central Africa, p. li
  16. ^ a b c Cutter, Africa 2006, p. 143
  17. ^ Meredith, The Fate of Africa, p. 285
  18. ^ Meredith, The Fate of Africa, p. 380
  19. ^ "Malawi 2009 Parliamentary and Presidential Elections". Malawi SDNP. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Malawi". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
  21. ^ a b c d e Dickovick, Africa 2008, p. 278
  22. ^ Turner, The Statesman's Yearbook, p. 822
  23. ^ Douglas, John (Summer 1998). "Malawi: The Lake of Stars". Travel Africa (Issue 4). Retrieved 2008-08-22. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  24. ^ a b Turner, The Statesman's Yearbook, p. 824
  25. ^ Banda, Mabvuto (April 1, 2009). "Malawi economy grew by around 9.7 pct in 2008: IMF". Reuters Africa. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
  26. ^ a b c "Malawi releases the 2008 MDGs Report". United Nations Development Programme Malawi. December 23, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  27. ^ Chimwala, Marcel (October 10, 2008). "Malawi's ethanol-fuel tests show promise". Engineering News. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  28. ^ Dugger, Celia W. (December 2, 2007). "Ending Famine, Simply by Ignoring the Experts". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
  29. ^ Luscombe, Belinda (August 6, 2006). "Madonna Finds a Cause". Time. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
  30. ^ Hutton, Punch (2007). "Raising Malawi". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2008-10-24. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  31. ^ "Malawi". NICI in Africa. Economic Commission for Africa. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
  32. ^ "Languages of Malawi". Ethnologue. SIL International. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
  33. ^ "Malawi". International Religious Freedom Report 2007. U.S. Department of State. 2007-09-14. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  34. ^ "Malawi". Bureau of International Labor Affairs, US Dept. of Labor. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  35. ^ Gall, Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life, pp. 101–102

References

  • Cutter, Charles H. (2006). Africa 2006 (41st ed.). Harpers Ferry, WV: Stryker-Post Publications. ISBN 1887985727.
  • Davidson, Basil (1991). Africa in History: Themes and Outlines (Revised and Expanded ed.). New York, NY: Collier Books, MacMillan Publishing Company. ISBN 0020427913.
  • Dickovick, J. Tyler (2008). Africa 2008 (43rd ed.). Harpers Ferry, WV: Stryker-Post Publications. ISBN 9781887985901.
  • Gall, Timothy L. (ed.) (1998). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Vol. Volume 1 - Africa. Cleveland, OH: Eastword Publications Development Inc. ISBN 0787605530. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |volume= has extra text (help)
  • Meredith, Martin (2005). The Fate of Africa - From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair: A History of 50 Years of Independence. New York, NY: Public Affairs. ISBN 1586482467.
  • Murphy, Philip (editor) (2005). Central Africa: Closer Association 1945-1958. London, UK: The Stationary Office. ISBN 0112905862. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  • Reader, John (1999). Africa: A Biography of the Continent (First Vintage Books ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. ISBN 067973869X.
  • Turner, Barry (ed.) (2008). The Statesman's Yearbook 2009: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Macmillan Publishers Ltd. ISBN 1403992789. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
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