Aqueous solution
An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is mostly shown in chemical equations by appending (aq) to the relevant chemical formula. For example, a solution of table salt, also known as sodium chloride (NaCl), in water would be represented as Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq). The word aqueous (which comes from aqua) means pertaining to, related to, similar to, or dissolved in, water.[1][2] As water is an excellent solvent and is also naturally abundant, it is a ubiquitous solvent in chemistry. Since water is frequently used as the solvent in experiments, the word solution refers to an aqueous solution, unless the solvent is specified.[3][4]
A non-aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is a liquid, but is not water.[5]
Characteristics
[edit]Substances that are hydrophobic ('water-fearing') do not dissolve well in water, whereas those that are hydrophilic ('water-friendly') do. An example of a hydrophilic substance is sodium chloride. In an aqueous solution the hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH−) are in Arrhenius balance ([H+] [OH−] = Kw = 1 x 10−14 at 298 K). Acids and bases are aqueous solutions, as part of their Arrhenius definitions.[1] An example of an Arrhenius acid is hydrogen chloride (HCl) because of its dissociation of the hydrogen ion when dissolved in water. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an Arrhenius base because it dissociates the hydroxide ion when it is dissolved in water.[3]
Aqueous solutions may contain, especially in the alkaline zone or subjected to radiolysis, hydrated atomic hydrogen and hydrated electrons.[citation needed]
Electrolytes
[edit]Aqueous solutions that conduct electric current efficiently contain strong electrolytes, while ones that conduct poorly are considered to have weak electrolytes. Those strong electrolytes are substances that are completely ionized in water, whereas the weak electrolytes exhibit only a small degree of ionization in water.[1] The ability for ions to move freely through the solvent is a characteristic of an aqueous strong electrolyte solution. The solutes in a weak electrolyte solution are present as ions, but only in a small amount.[3]
Nonelectrolytes are substances that dissolve in water yet maintain their molecular integrity (do not dissociate into ions). Examples include sugar, urea, glycerol, and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM).[citation needed]
Reactions
[edit]Reactions in aqueous solutions are usually metathesis reactions. Metathesis reactions are another term for double-displacement; that is, when a cation displaces to form an ionic bond with the other anion. The cation bonded with the latter anion will dissociate and bond with the other anion.[1]
A common metathesis reaction in aqueous solutions is a precipitation reaction. This reaction occurs when two aqueous strong electrolyte solutions mix and produce an insoluble solid, also known as a precipitate. The ability of a substance to dissolve in water is determined by whether the substance can match or exceed the strong attractive forces that water molecules generate between themselves. If the substance lacks the ability to dissolve in water, the molecules form a precipitate.[3]
When writing the equations of precipitation reactions, it is essential to determine the precipitate. To determine the precipitate, one must consult a chart of solubility. Soluble compounds are aqueous, while insoluble compounds are the precipitate. There may not always be a precipitate. Complete ionic equations and net ionic equations are used to show dissociated ions in metathesis reactions. When performing calculations regarding the reacting of one or more aqueous solutions, in general one must know the concentration, or molarity, of the aqueous solutions.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]- Acid–base reaction
- Acidity function
- Dissociation (chemistry)
- Drug permeability
- Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
- List of ions in pure water (aqueous chemistry)
- Metal ions in aqueous solution
- Properties of water
- Solubility
- Solvated electron
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Zumdahl, Steven (1997). Chemistry (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 133–145. ISBN 9780669417944.
- ^ Sorrenti, A.; Illa, O.; Ortuño, R. M. (2013-10-07). "Amphiphiles in aqueous solution: well beyond a soap bubble". Chemical Society Reviews. 42 (21): 8200–8219. doi:10.1039/C3CS60151J. ISSN 1460-4744. PMID 23884241.
- ^ a b c d Atkins, Peter (19 March 2004). Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight (3rd ed.). New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. F61–F64. ISBN 0-7167-5701-X.
- ^ "What Is an Aqueous Solution? Chemistry Definition and Example". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
- ^ "Solutions". Washington University Chemistry Department. Washington University. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
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