Wikipedia

Bill Finger

Milton "Bill" Finger (February 8, 1914[1] – c. January 18, 1974)[2][3] was an American comic book writer who was the co-creator (with Bob Kane) of the DC Comics character Batman. Despite making major (sometimes, signature) contributions as an innovative writer, visionary mythos/world builder and illustration architect, Finger (like other creators of his era) was often relegated to ghostwriter status on many comics—including those featuring Batman, and the original Green Lantern, Alan Scott.

Bill Finger
Finger in 1945
BornMilton Finger
(1914-02-08)February 8, 1914
Denver, Colorado, U.S.
Diedc. January 18, 1974(1974-01-18) (aged 59)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Area(s)Writer
Notable works
Batman
Detective Comics
Green Lantern
Awards
Spouse(s)Ethel "Portia" Finger (née Epstein; 1943–1950s)
Lyn Simmons (about 1968–1971)
Children1
Signature

While Kane privately admitted in a 1980s audio interview with his autobiographer that Finger was responsible for "50–75% of all the creativity in Batman," he publicly denied Finger had been anything more than a subcontractor executing Kane's ideas for decades. As a result, Finger died in obscurity and poverty while the Batman brand, and Kane, amassed international fame and wealth.[4] In the 2000s, Finger biographer Marc Tyler Nobleman's research uncovered previously unknown heirs. At the urging of Nobleman, the online comics fan community and others, Finger's granddaughter revived the fight to restore his lost legacy, which continued for years. In 2015, DC Comics's parent company conditionally agreed to recognize Finger's intellectual property claim as co-creator of the Batman characters and mythos, officially adding his name, going forward, to the "created by" credit line Kane had been contractually guaranteed in 1939.[5]

Early life

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Bill Finger was born in Denver, Colorado, in 1914 to an Ashkenazi Jewish family.[2][6] His father, Louis Finger, was born in Austria-Hungary in 1890 and emigrated to the U.S. in 1907. Little is known about his biological mother Rosa Rosenblatt.[7] His stepmother Tessie was born in 1892 in New York City.[8] The family also included two daughters (or possibly nieces raised as daughters),[7] Emily and Gilda. The family moved to The Bronx, New York City, where during the Great Depression Louis Finger was forced to close his tailor shop.[9] Finger graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School in The Bronx in 1933.[10][11]

Career

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Comics

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An aspiring writer and a part-time shoe salesman, Finger joined Bob Kane's nascent studio in 1938 after having met Kane, a fellow DeWitt Clinton alumnus, at a party.[12] Kane later offered him a job ghost writing the strips Rusty and Clip Carson.[13][14]

Batman

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Early the following year, National Comics' success with the seminal superhero Superman in Action Comics prompted editors to scramble for similar heroes.[15] In response, Kane conceived the "Bat-Man". Finger recalled Kane

... had an idea for a character called 'Batman', and he'd like me to see the drawings. I went over to Kane's, and he had drawn a character who looked very much like Superman with kind of ... reddish tights, I believe, with boots ... no gloves, no gauntlets ... with a small domino mask, swinging on a rope. He had two stiff wings that were sticking out, looking like bat wings. And under it was a big sign ... BATMAN.[14]

Finger offered such suggestions as giving the character a cowl with pointed bat-ears instead of the domino mask, a cape instead of wings, adding gloves, and changing the red sections of the costume to gray.[12][16] Finger later said his suggestions to have his eyes covered by white lenses was influenced by Lee Falk's popular The Phantom, a syndicated newspaper comic strip character with which Kane was also familiar,[17] and that he devised the name Bruce Wayne for the character's secret identity. Finger said, "Bruce Wayne's first name came from Robert Bruce, the Scottish patriot. Wayne, being a playboy, was a man of gentry. I searched for a name that would suggest colonialism. I tried Adams, Hancock ... then I thought of Mad Anthony Wayne."[18] Kane decades later in his autobiography described Finger as "a contributing force on Batman right from the beginning ... I made Batman a superhero-vigilante when I first created him. Bill turned him into a scientific detective."[19] Nobleman said, "Bob [Kane] showed Bat-Man to [editor] Vin [Sullivan]—without Bill. Vin promptly wanted to run Bat-Man, and Bob negotiated a deal—without including Bill."[20]

Finger wrote both the initial script for Batman's debut in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939) and the character's second appearance in Detective Comics #28 (June 1939), while Kane provided art.[21][12][22] Batman proved a breakout hit, and Finger went on to write many of the early Batman stories, including making major contributions to the Joker character.[23] Batman background artist and letterer George Roussos recalled:

What was good about Bill was that whenever he wrote a plot, he did a lot of research for it. Whether the setting was a railroad station or a factory, he would find a photo reference, usually from National Geographic, and give Bob all the research to draw from. He was very orderly and methodical. His only problem was that he couldn't sustain the work ... he couldn't produce material regularly enough.[24]

Robin was introduced as Batman's sidekick in Detective Comics #38 (April 1940).[25] When Kane wanted Robin's origin to parallel Batman's, Finger made Robin's parents circus performers murdered while performing their trapeze act.[26] Finger recalled:

Robin was an outgrowth of a conversation I had with Bob. As I said, Batman was a combination of Douglas Fairbanks and Sherlock Holmes. Holmes had his Watson. The thing that bothered me was that Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking. I found that as I went along Batman needed a Watson to talk to. That's how Robin came to be. Bob called me over and said he was going to put a boy in the strip to identify with Batman. I thought it was a great idea".[14]

Comics historian Jim Steranko wrote in 1970 that Finger's slowness as a writer led Batman editor Whitney Ellsworth to suggest Kane replace him, a claim reflected in Joe Desris' description of Finger as "notoriously tardy".[12][27] During Finger's absence, Gardner Fox contributed scripts that introduced Batman's early "Bat-" arsenal (the utility belt, the Bat-gyro/-plane and the Batarang).[28][29] Upon his return, Finger is credited with providing the name "Gotham City".[27] Finger wrote the debut issue of Batman's self-titled comic book series which introduced the Joker and the Catwoman.[30] Among the things that made his stories distinctive were a use of giant-sized props: enlarged pennies, sewing machines, or typewriters.[31][32] Finger seemed to avoid having Batman operate out of a cave in the early stories, to circumvent being too similar to the Phantom and Zorro. Instead Finger indicated that Wayne merely used "underground hangars" on the property to store vehicles. The Batcave first appeared in the 1943 Columbia serial starring Lewis Wilson and the comics followed suit thereafter. Donald Clough Cameron created the concept of Batman having a trophy section in the Batcave. One of the prevalently featured trophies in Batman's Batcave, the giant replica of a Lincoln penny, was introduced in a story written by Finger.[33] He was one of the writers of the syndicated Batman comic strip from 1943 to 1946.[34]

Eventually, Finger left Kane's studio to work directly for DC Comics, where he supplied scripts for characters including Batman and Superman. A part of the Superman mythos which had originated on the radio program made its way into the comic books when kryptonite was featured in a story by Finger and Al Plastino in Superman #61 (Nov. 1949).[35] As writer of the Superboy series, Finger created Lana Lang, a love-interest for the teenage superhero.[36] Continuing his Batman work, he and artist Sheldon Moldoff introduced Ace the Bat-Hound in Batman #92 (June 1955),[37] Bat-Mite in Detective Comics #267 (May 1959),[38] Clayface in Detective Comics #298 (December 1961),[39] and Betty Kane, the original Bat-Girl in Batman #139 (April 1961).[40] Finger wrote for other companies, including Fawcett Comics, Quality Comics and Marvel Comics' 1940s predecessor, Timely Comics.[41] Finger created the All-Winners Squad in All Winners Comics #19 (Fall 1946) for Timely.[42]

Batman villains

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Finger provided an account on the creation of Joker in 1966, though admittedly unsure if it was Robinson or Kane who initiated the initial concept:

I got a call from Bob Kane ... He had a new villain. When I arrived he was holding a playing card. Apparently Jerry Robinson or Bob, I don't recall who, looked at the card and they had an idea for a character ... the Joker. Bob made a rough sketch of it. At first it didn't look much like the Joker. It looked more like a clown. But I remembered that Grosset & Dunlap formerly issued very cheap editions of classics by Alexandre Dumas and Victor Hugo ... The volume I had was The Man Who Laughs — his face had been permanently operated on so that he will always have this perpetual grin. And it looked absolutely weird. I cut the picture out of the book and gave it to Bob, who drew the profile and gave it a more sinister aspect. Then he worked on the face; made him look a little clown-like, which accounted for his white face, red lips, green hair. And that was the Joker![43]

Finger also asserted that the creation of Penguin was fully his in the same interview, outright refuting Kane's claims:

Oh, he never came off a package of Kools...I happened to be looking at an old copy of the old Saturday Evening Post that had an article on the Emperor Penguin. It had photographs of Emperor Penguins waddling about. To me they looked exactly like portly Englishmen on their way to their private clubs. Naturally when you think of an Englishman, you think of the perpetual umbrella. So, I decided to make a character who...well, it can't be just an umbrella. I decided to gimmick them. I gave him a tophat, make him looking like the Englishman, and gave him a thousand umbrellas, gimmicked. Alas, we have the Penguin.[44]

Finger created the Scarecrow and it is believed that Kane penciled his first appearance.[45] Kane created Two-Face and Finger expanded his characterization in the first script for Detective Comics #66 (Aug. 1942).[46] The Riddler was created by Finger and designed by Dick Sprang in issue #140 (Oct. 1948).[45][47] The Calendar Man was another villain created by Finger without input from Kane.[48]

Green Lantern

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Finger collaborated with artist and character creator Martin Nodell on the original Green Lantern, Alan Scott, who debuted in All-American Comics #16 (July 1940).[49] Both writer and artist received a byline on the strip, with Nodell in the earliest issues using the pseudonym "Mart Dellon".[50]

According to Nodell, Finger was brought in to write scripts after Nodell had already conceived the character.[51] Nodell recalled in an undated, latter-day interview:

When I sent it in, I waited into the second week before I heard the word to come in. I was ushered into Mr. [Max] Gaines' office, publisher, and after sitting a long time and flipping through the pages of my presentation, he announced, "We like it!" And then, "Get to work!" I did the first five pages of an eight-page story, and then they called in Bill Finger to help. We worked on it for seven years [through 1947].[52]

Screenwriter

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As a screenwriter, Finger wrote or co-wrote the films Death Comes to Planet Aytin, The Green Slime, and Track of the Moon Beast, and contributed scripts to the TV series' Hawaiian Eye and 77 Sunset Strip.[12] He and Charles Sinclair wrote the two-part episode "The Clock King's Crazy Crimes / The Clock King Gets Crowned", airing October 12–13, 1966, in season two of the live-action Batman TV series.[12][53] It was his first public credit for any Batman story.[54]

Credit

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Artist Bob Kane negotiated a contract with National Comics (the future DC Comics) that signed away ownership of the character in exchange for, among other compensations, a sole mandatory byline on all Batman comics (and adaptations thereof). Finger's name, in contrast, did not appear as an official credit on Batman stories or films until 2015.[55] Finger began receiving limited acknowledgment for his writing work in the 1960s; the letters page of Batman #169 (Feb. 1965), for example, features editor Julius Schwartz naming Finger as creator of the Riddler.[56]

Additionally, Finger did receive credit for his work for National's sister company, All-American Publications, during that time. For example, the first Wildcat story, in Sensation Comics #1 (Jan. 1942), has the byline "by Irwin Hasen and Bill Finger",[57] and the first Green Lantern story (see above) is credited to "Mart Dellon and Bill Finger". National later absorbed All-American. National's practice in the 1950s made formal bylines rare in comics, with DC regularly granting credit only to Kane; William Moulton Marston, creator of Wonder Woman, under his pseudonym of Charles Moulton; and to Sheldon Mayer.

In 1989, Kane acknowledged Finger as "a contributing force" in the character's creation, and wrote, "Now that my long-time friend and collaborator is gone, I must admit that Bill never received the fame and recognition he deserved. He was an unsung hero ... I often tell my wife, if I could go back fifteen years, before he died, I would like to say. 'I'll put your name on it now. You deserve it.'"[18] Comics historian Ron Goulart referred to Batman as the "creation of artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger".[58]

Finger's contemporary, artist and writer Jerry Robinson, who worked with Kane from the beginning, said, "[Bill] had more to do with the molding of Batman than Bob. He just did so many things at the beginning, ... creating almost all the other characters, ... the whole persona, the whole temper."[59] Batman inker George Roussos, another contemporary, said, "Bob Kane had rough ideas, but Bill was the man behind Batman."[60] A DC Comics press release in 2007 said, "Kane, along with writer Bill Finger, had just created Batman for DC predecessor National Comics."[61] Likewise, DC editor Paul Levitz wrote, "The Darknight [sic] Detective debuted in [Detective] #27, the creation of Bob Kane and Bill Finger."[62]

Writer John Broome and penciler Gil Kane created the comic-book villain William Hand, a.k.a. Black Hand, as a tribute to Finger, on whom the character's name and likeness were based.[63][64]

In September 2015, DC Entertainment announced Finger would receive credit on the 2016 superhero film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and the second season of Gotham, following a deal between the Finger family and DC.[5] Finger received his first formal credit as a creator of Batman in the October 2015 comic books Batman and Robin Eternal #3 and Batman: Arkham Knight Genesis #3. The updated acknowledgement for the character appeared as "Batman created by Bob Kane with Bill Finger".[65]

Awards

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Finger was posthumously inducted into the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1994 and the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 1999.[66] In 1985, DC Comics named Finger as one of the honorees in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great.[67] In his honor, Comic-Con International established in 2005 the Bill Finger Award for Excellence in Comic Book Writing, which is given annually to "two recipients — one living and one deceased — who have produced a significant body of work in the comics field".[68] Finger posthumously received an Inkpot Award in 2014.[69]

Legacy

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On December 8, 2017, the southeast corner of East 192nd Street and the Grand Concourse in the Bronx was named "Bill Finger Way". The corner was chosen for its proximity to Poe Park, where Finger and Kane used to meet to discuss their Batman character.[70][71] Finger is the subject of the Hulu original documentary, Batman & Bill, which premiered in 2017.[72]

Personal life

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Finger married twice. He and his first wife, Portia,[73] had a son: Frederick (nicknamed "Fred").[74] After their divorce, Finger married Edith "Lyn" Simmons in the late 1960s,[75] but they were no longer married when he died in 1974.[75]

Finger was last seen alive on January 16, 1974. His friend and longtime writing partner Charles Sinclair found Finger dead at his home on January 18 at the condominium Allen House at 340 East 51st Street in Manhattan. The cause of death was occlusive coronary atherosclerosis. His death was not widely reported at the time. Finger had suffered three heart attacks, in 1963, 1970, and 1973. Although it was long believed by Sinclair and others, that Finger was buried in an unmarked potter's field grave, his body was actually claimed by his son, Fred, who honored his wish to be cremated,[76] and spread his ashes in the shape of a bat on a beach in Oregon.[54] The first story of the issue Batman #259 in December 1974 would be dedicated to Finger's memory.[77]

Fred Finger had a daughter, Athena, born two years after Bill Finger's death. Fred died of complications from AIDS on January 13, 1992. Athena and her son are his only known living heirs,[54] and her attempts (at the prompting of Nobleman and comics fans, and aided by her attorney half-sister) to restore Bill's legacy resulted in Warner Bros.'s 2015 decision to officially recognize Finger as co-creator of Batman on film and TV projects going forward.[78]

References

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  1. ^ Infantino, Carmine (w). "Last February, The Batman lost a father." Famous First Edition, no. F-6, p. inside front cover (March 1975). DC Comics.
  2. ^ a b Finger, Dwight. "Bill Finger". FINGAR and FINGER Family Genealogy. Archived from the original on March 3, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2013. Some researchers have put his birth in New York, but the 1920 U.S. Census along with other evidence shows he was born in Denver, Colorado.
  3. ^ Nobleman, Marc Tyler (2012). Bill the Boy Wonder: The Secret Creator of Batman. Charlesbridge Publishing. p. 32 (unnumbered). ISBN 978-1580892896.
  4. ^ Argott, Don and Joyce, Sheena M. (co-directors) (2017). Batman & Bill (Motion picture). United States: 9.14 Pictures and Thruline Entertainment.
  5. ^ a b McMillan, Graeme (September 18, 2015). "DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
  6. ^ Weinstein, Simcha (July 24, 2008). "A Jewish 'Joker'". New Jersey Jewish News. Whippany, New Jersey. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
  7. ^ a b "Finger family mysteries: Bill's mother(s) and "sisters"". Retrieved September 19, 2021.
  8. ^ "United States of America Petition for Naturalization: Louis Finger". 1919.
  9. ^ Nobleman, Bill the Boy Wonder, p. 2 (unnumbered).
  10. ^ Nobleman, Marc Tyler (August 19, 2012). "Bill Finger's alma mater newsletter". Noblemania. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2013. Archive requires scrolldown.
  11. ^ Cruz, David (December 7, 2017). "Batman Co-Creator to Get Street Renaming". Norwood News. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Desris, Joe (1994). "Bill Finger". Batman Archives Volume 3. DC Comics. p. 223. ISBN 978-1563890994.
  13. ^ Daniels, Les (1999). Batman: The Complete History. Chronicle Books. p. 17. ISBN 0-8118-4232-0.
  14. ^ a b c Steranko, Jim (1970). The Steranko History of Comics. Reading, Pennsylvania: Supergraphics. p. 44. ISBN 0-517-50188-0.
  15. ^ Nobleman, Bill the Boy Wonder, p. 5 (unnumbered).
  16. ^ Daniels, pp. 21 and 23.
  17. ^ Kane, Andrae, p. 41.
  18. ^ a b Kane, Bob; Tom Andrae (1989). Batman & Me. Forestville, California: Eclipse Books. p. 44. ISBN 1-56060-017-9.
  19. ^ Kane, Andrae, pp. 41–43.
  20. ^ Nobleman, Bill the Boy Wonder, p. 10 (unnumbered).
  21. ^ Wallace, Daniel; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1930s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. DC's second superstar debuted in the lead story of this issue, written by Bill Finger and drawn by Bob Kane, though the character was missing many of the elements that would make him a legend. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Detective Comics #27 Archived September 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine and #28 Archived September 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine at the Grand Comics Database.
  23. ^ "Interview: Meet the Joker's Maker, Jerry Robinson". RocketLlama.com. July 21, 2009. Archived from the original on September 25, 2012. Retrieved March 2, 2013. Part 2, "Interview: The Joker's Maker Tackles The Man Who Laughs", August 5, 2009. Archived July 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ^ Roussos, George, in Gruenwald, Mark (April 1983). "George Roussos". Comics Interview. No. 2. Fictioneer Books. pp. 45–51.
  25. ^ Wallace "1940s" in Dolan, p. 31: "Writer Bill Finger and artist Bob Kane justified any hyperbole in this issue, for with the introduction of Robin, Batman's world changed forever."
  26. ^ Kane, Andrae, pp. 104–105.
  27. ^ a b Steranko, p. 45.
  28. ^ Kane, Andrae, p. 103.
  29. ^ Daniels, p. 31.
  30. ^ Wallace "1940s" in Dolan, p. 31: "The first issue of Batman's self-titled comic written by Bill Finger and drawn by Bob Kane, represented a milestone in more ways than one. With Robin now a partner to the Caped Crusader, villains needed to rise to the challenge, and this issue introduced two future legends: the Joker and Catwoman."
  31. ^ Kane, Andrae, pp. 119–120.
  32. ^ Steranko, p. 49.
  33. ^ Manning "1940s" in Dougall (2014), p. 39: World's Finest Comics #30 "Batman gained one of the most iconic trophies in his Batcave when he encountered the new villain dubbed the Penny Plunderer in this issue ... artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger revealed how Batman added the giant penny to his intriguing collection."
  34. ^ Bails, Jerry (n.d.). "Finger, Bill". Who's Who of American Comic Books 1928-1999. Archived from the original on May 11, 2007.
  35. ^ Wallace "1940s" in Dolan, p. 61: "Kryptonite finally appeared in comics following its introduction in The Adventures of Superman radio show back in 1943. In a story by writer Bill Finger and artist Al Plastino ... the Man of Steel determined that the cause of his weakness was a piece of meteorite rock."
  36. ^ Irvine, Alex "1950s" in Dolan, p. 65: "Superboy met the girl next door in Superboy #10, when the spunky redhead Lana Lang made her first appearance. In a story written by Bill Finger, with art by John Sikela, Lana quickly became infatuated with her Smallville neighbor, Clark Kent."
  37. ^ Irvine "1950s" in Dolan, p. 77: "Once Superman had a dog, Batman got one too, in "Ace, the Bat-Hound!" In the story by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff, Batman and Robin found a German Shepherd called Ace."
  38. ^ Irvine "1950s" in Dolan, p. 94: "The impish Bat-Mite made his first appearance in Detective Comics #267, care of writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff."
  39. ^ McAvennie, Michael "1960s" in Dolan, p. 103: "Scribe Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff reshaped the face of evil with the second — and perhaps most recognized — Clayface ever to challenge the Dark Knight."
  40. ^ McAvennie, Michael "1960s" in Dolan, p. 102: "Young Betty Kane assumed the costumed identity of Bat-Girl in this tale by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff."
  41. ^ Bill Finger at the Grand Comics Database
  42. ^ Markstein, Don (2008). "The All Winners Squad". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012.
  43. ^ Finger in a panel discussion at New York Academy Convention, August 14, 1966, transcribed in Hanerfeld, Mark (February 14, 1967). "Con-Tinued". Batmania. 1 (14): 8–9. Retrieved August 1, 2017. Page 8 archived and Page 9 archived from the originals on August 17, 2017.
  44. ^ Finger in a panel discussion at New York Academy Convention, August 14, 1966, transcribed in Hanerfeld, Mark (February 14, 1967). "Con-Tinued". Batmania. 1 (14): 8–9. Retrieved August 1, 2017. Page 9 archived from the originals on August 17, 2017.
  45. ^ a b Daniels, p. 55.
  46. ^ Wallace "1940s" in Dolan, p. 41: "The nightmarish Two-Face debuted as Batman's antagonist in this story by writer Bill Finger and artist Bob Kane."
  47. ^ Wallace "1940s" in Dolan, p. 59: "The Riddler debuted as a perplexing foe of Batman in a story by writer Bill Finger and designed by Dick Sprang."
  48. ^ Wallace, Daniel (2008). "Calendar Man". In Dougall, Alastair (ed.). The DC Comics Encyclopedia. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7566-4119-1. OCLC 213309017.
  49. ^ Markstein, Don (2006). "Green Lantern". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024.
  50. ^ Wallace "1940s" in Dolan, p. 32: "Alan Scott underwent an unexpected career change into the costumed hero Green Lantern in a story by artist Martin Nodell (using the pseudonym 'Mart Dellon') and writer Bill Finger."
  51. ^ Nodell, Martin (1999). "preface". The Golden Age Green Lantern Archives, Volume 1. DC Comics. ISBN 978-1563895074.
  52. ^ Nodell in Black, Bill. "An Interview With Green Lantern Creator, Martin Nodell". AC Comics. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  53. ^ "Garn's Guides: Batman". Geocities.com. Archived from the original on October 28, 2009. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
  54. ^ a b c Don Argott, Sheena M. Joyce (directors) (2017). Batman & Bill (motion picture). Hulu.
  55. ^ Salkowitz, Rob (September 19, 2015). "Batman's Co-Creator Bill Finger Finally Receives Recognition". Forbes. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  56. ^ O'Neil, Dennis; Wilson, Leah, eds. (2009). Batman Unauthorized: Vigilantes, Jokers, and Heroes in Gotham City. Dallas, Texas: BenBella Books. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-933771-30-4.
  57. ^ Wallace "1940s" in Dolan, p. 41: "Writer Bill Finger and artist Irwin Hasen's Wildcat was Ted Grant, a boxer accused of murdering his opponent in the ring."
  58. ^ Goulart, Ron (2004). Comic Book Encyclopedia. New York: Harper Entertainment. p. ???. ISBN 0-06-053816-3.
  59. ^ "Jerry Robinson Previously Unpublished Interview, 6/9/06". Noblemania. June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  60. ^ "CBA Interview: The Great "Inky" Roussos". Comic Book Artist #17. TwoMorrows. 1997. pp. 66–67.
  61. ^ "DC Comics Names Jerry Robinson Creative Consultant" (Press release). DC Comics via Newsarama.com. October 26, 2007. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
  62. ^ Levitz, Paul. Retrospective, inside back cover of Detective Comics #500 (March 1981).
  63. ^ Cronin, Brian (February 2, 2011). "Comic Book Legends Revealed #298". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
  64. ^ Cronin, Brian (March 15, 2017). "The Green Lantern Villain Based on Batman's Co-Creator". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
  65. ^ Sims, Chris (October 21, 2015). "Bill Finger Has A Creator Credit On This Week's Batman Comics". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  66. ^ "Will Eisner Hall of Fame". The Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards. 2014. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014.
  67. ^ Marx, Barry, Cavalieri, Joey and Hill, Thomas (w), Petruccio, Steven (a), Marx, Barry (ed). "Bill Finger The Darknight Detective Emerges" Fifty Who Made DC Great, p. 11 (1985). DC Comics.
  68. ^ "The Bill Finger Award for Excellence in Comic Book Writing". San Diego Comic-Con. 2013. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  69. ^ "Inkpot Award". San Diego Comic-Con. 2016. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017.
  70. ^ Gustines, George Gene (December 17, 2017). "Out of the Batcave and Into the Bronx". The New York Times. p. MB1. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  71. ^ Mayorga, Aaron (December 21, 2017). "Brain Behind Batman Gets Street Renaming" (PDF). Norwood News. p. 3. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  72. ^ Trumbore, Dave (April 21, 2017). "First Trailer for 'Batman & Bill' Unmasks Hulu's Batman Documentary". Collider. Archived from the original on May 18, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
  73. ^ Nobleman, Marc Tyler (February 1, 2013). "After NPR, Portia Finger's friend emerges, part 1". Noblemania. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2013. 2, February 2, 2013. Archived from the original on March 1, 2013. Archived pages require scrolldown.
  74. ^ Nobleman, Bill the Boy Wonder, "Author's Note" p. 5.
  75. ^ a b Nobleman, Marc Tyler (July 20, 2012). "The Dark Knight Creator Rises". Noblemania. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2013. ... Lyn Simmons, Bill's second wife; they married in the late 1960s ... Lyn said Warner backed out when it learned she was Bill's ex-wife, rather than his widow.
  76. ^ Schmidt, Dr. Donald H. (June 18, 1974), Report of Death: William Finger, Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York and Certificate of Death 156-74-101584: William M. Finger, Division of Records, Department of Health, City of New York via Nobleman, Marc Tyler (July 23, 2012). "Bill Finger's Medical Examiner Report and Death Certificate". Noblemania. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  77. ^ Eury, Michael; Kronenberg, Michael (2009). The Batcave Companion. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-893905-78-8.
  78. ^ Nobleman, Bill the Boy Wonder, "Author's Note" pp. 5–6.

Argott, Don and Joyce, Sheena M. (co-directors) (2017). Batman & Bill (Motion picture). United States: 9.14 Pictures and Thruline Entertainment.

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