Wikipedia

Circumferential Road 5

Circumferential Road 5 (C-5), informally known as the C-5 Road, is a network of roads and bridges which comprise the fifth beltway of Metro Manila in the Philippines.[2] Spanning some 43.87 kilometers (27.26 mi), it connects the cities of Las Piñas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, Quezon City, Taguig, and Valenzuela.

C-5
Circumferential Road 5
C-5 Road
Taguig-c5-kalayaan-2012-01.JPG
C-5 corner Kalayaan Avenue, looking towards Pasig
Route information
Maintained by the Department of Public Works and Highways,[a] the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, and NLEX Corporation[b]
Length43.87 km (27.26 mi)
Component
highways
Major junctions
Beltway around Manila
North end N1 (MacArthur Highway) in Valenzuela
South end E3 (Manila–Cavite Expressway) in Las Piñas
Location
CountryPhilippines
Major citiesLas Piñas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, Quezon City, Taguig, and Valenzuela
Highway system
  • Roads in the Philippines

It runs parallel to the four other beltways around Metro Manila and is also known for being the second most important transportation corridor after Circumferential Road 4.[3]

Originally planned to run from Navotas in the north, the route is not yet complete because of certain controversies regarding the right of way, but portions of the route are already open for public use.[citation needed] On July 23, 2019, the two segments of the route were connected with the completion of the CAVITEX C-5 Link through a 2.2-kilometer (1.4 mi) flyover over the Skyway and the SLEX in 2019.[4][5]

It is also known as Metro Manila's deadliest highway route, having 31 fatalities in 2019, 27 in 2018, and 23 in 2017. This is due to trucks and motorcycles along the narrow highway, as well as its road conditions.[6]

Route description

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C-5 lies parallel to other circumferential roads around Metro Manila, most notably EDSA of C-4. It passes through the cities of Valenzuela, Quezon City, Pasig, Taguig, Pasay, Parañaque, and Las Piñas, in addition to a small portion of Makati before the transfer of said area to Taguig in 2023. The road is divided into several segments.

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Main article: NLEX Harbor Link
 
Segment 8.1 (Mindanao Avenue Link) of the NLEX looking west towards Harbor Link Interchange

From MacArthur Highway in Karuhatan, Valenzuela to Harbor Link Interchange, a cloverleaf interchange with the main line of the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX), C-5 is known as NLEX Karuhatan Link or NLEX Segment 9. It is also the first segment of the NLEX Harbor Link project, which connects the NLEX with the Port of Manila.[7] The entire 2.4-kilometer (1.5 mi) toll road is designated as part of C-5 Road.

From the Harbor Link Interchange to a 3-way signalized junction with Mindanao Avenue, C-5 is known as NLEX–Mindanao Avenue Link or NLEX Segment 8.1. The entire 2.7-kilometer (1.7 mi) toll road is also designated as a part of C-5 Road.

Mindanao Avenue

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Main article: Mindanao Avenue
 
Mindanao Avenue in Barangay Tandang Sora, Quezon City

At the eastern end of NLEX Segment 8.1, C-5 turns southeast and becomes Mindanao Avenue. It is a 10-lane divided carriageway that serves as the main transportation corridor of Barangays Talipapa and Tandang Sora in Quezon City. The 3.5 kilometers (2.2 mi) portion of this 6.7-kilometer (4.2 mi) road from NLEX Segment 8.1 to Congressional Avenue is designated as a portion of C-5.

Congressional Avenue

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Main article: Congressional Avenue

At the signaled junction with Mindanao Avenue, C-5 turns northeast as Congressional Avenue, a six-lane divided carriageway that serves as the main east-to-west transportation corridor of Barangays Bahay Toro, Culiat, Pasong Tamo, and Tandang Sora in Quezon City. It continues east for 3.9 kilometers (2.4 mi) up to Luzon Avenue.

Luzon Avenue

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Luzon Avenue Flyover

At the end of Congressional Avenue Extension, C-5 turns south as Luzon Avenue, a 4-lane divided city road between Barangays Culiat and Matandang Balara in Quezon City, for 850 meters (2,790 ft) up to Commonwealth Avenue. The 6-lane Luzon Avenue Flyover carries C-5 across Commonwealth Avenue to connect it with Tandang Sora Avenue.

Tandang Sora Avenue

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Main article: Tandang Sora Avenue

Southeast of Commonwealth Avenue, C-5 is known as Tandang Sora Avenue. It runs for 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) from Barangay Matandang Balara, going around the University of the Philippines Diliman campus, up to the junction with Magsaysay Avenue.

The original planned route of C-5 included the entire 9.6-kilometer (6.0 mi) road; however, due to the road's incapacity to carry a large amount of vehicular traffic, only the 1-kilometer (0.62 mi) portion from the Luzon Avenue Flyover to Magsaysay Avenue was designated as a portion of C-5 Road. Furthermore, Tandang Sora Avenue becomes a six-lane divided carriageway shortly after crossing Capitol Hills Drive, 350 meters (1,150 ft) south of the flyover.

Katipunan Avenue

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Main article: Katipunan Avenue
 
Katipunan Avenue in Barangay Loyola Heights, Quezon City

After crossing Magsaysay Avenue, C-5 turns south and becomes Katipunan Avenue, a ten-lane divided carriageway that serves as the main transportation corridor of Matandang Balara, Pansol, Loyola Heights, and Project 4 in Quezon City. It heads south for 4.8 kilometers (3.0 mi) until its junction with Bonny Serrano Avenue. Shortly before crossing Bonny Serrano Avenue, a 4-lane divided underpass descends from Katipunan Avenue, traverses underneath Col. Bonny Serrano Avenue and ascends into Libis Flyover, which immediately connects it to E. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue.

Colonel Bonny Serrano Avenue

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Main article: Bonny Serrano Avenue

C-5 passes through a section of Colonel Bonny Serrano Avenue, a four-lane undivided avenue, as a connecting corridor 500 meters (1,600 ft) from Katipunan Avenue to Eulogio Rodriguez Jr. Avenue. The Libis Tunnel and Libis Flyover traverse between the avenue's westbound and eastbound lanes.

Eulogio S. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue

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Eulogio S. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue near Eastwood City

At its junction with Bonny Serrano Avenue and FVR Road at the Libis Tunnel and Libis Flyover, C-5 then turns south as Eulogio S. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue, a 6.7-kilometer (4.2 mi), 10-lane divided road that serves as the main thoroughfare between Quezon City and Pasig. The road ends at a junction with Pasig Boulevard and continues onto C.P. Garcia Bridge, which crosses the Pasig River and eventually becomes Carlos P. Garcia Avenue shortly afterwards. The avenue is named after Eulogio Rodriguez Jr., a former representative and governor of Rizal.[8]

Carlos P. Garcia Avenue

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Carlos P. Garcia Avenue southbound in Taguig

Past the C.P. Garcia Bridge over the Pasig River, C-5 becomes Carlos P. Garcia Avenue. It is a 7.5 km (4.7 mi), fourteen-lane divided road that serves as the main thoroughfare in western Taguig. It passes through a small portion of Embo (formerly part of Makati) and continuously passes Taguig, where it bypasses Bonifacio Global City and meets the exit ramps to the CAVITEX–C-5 Link and the South Luzon Expressway before ending at the intersection with East Service Road.

It is not to be mistaken with the legal name of the C-5 route.

C-5 Road Extension

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Across the South Luzon Expressway, C-5 continues as C-5 Road Extension from West Service Road near Merville Exit of SLEX in Pasay. It also serves as the two frontage roads of CAVITEX–C-5 Link's section in Pasay. It traverses south of Ninoy Aquino International Airport and enters Parañaque. In Barangay Santo Niño, C-5 is briefly known as Kaingin Road, passing by warehouses up to Multinational Avenue. It then curves around Amvel City, crosses Dr. A. Santos Avenue and Diego Cera Avenue, and ends at the Manila–Cavite Expressway (CAVITEX) in Las Piñas. The future LRT Line 1 Extension will run along most of the Las Piñas segment of C-5 Road Extension.

Location on the West Valley Fault

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Studies conducted by the PHIVOLCS revealed that a large portion of C-5 is built on top of the West Valley Fault. A map of the fault line released on May 18, 2015, shows C-5 in Taguig beside the fault line.[9] The C-5 road is prone to liquefaction.[10]

History

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The unfinished northern section of the C-5 Kalayaan elevated U-turn slot in March 2009, about two months before its completion

The proposal for the Metro Manila Arterial Road System was made in the late 1960s.[11] The proposal mentions building ten radial roads and six circumferential roads to support Metro Manila's growing vehicular population. Circumferential Road 5's original alignment was to begin at a proposed coastal road near Manila Bay in Navotas at the north and traverse around Manila up to Radial Road 1 (now comprises the Manila–Cavite Expressway) at the south.[12]

Construction of Circumferential Road 5 began in 1986.[11][13] The project also involved building new alignments that would combine with old existing roads, including Eulogio Rodriguez Jr. Avenue, built in the 1960s. The first phase of the C-5 Road from Taguig to Ortigas Avenue, Pasig, which cost approximately ₱1.2 billion to construct, was officially inaugurated by President Fidel V. Ramos on December 30, 1994.[14] Under the power of Republic Act No. 8224, which was passed on November 6, 1996, the C-5 road was legally known as President Carlos P. Garcia Avenue after the eighth President of the Philippines, Carlos P. Garcia.[15]

Extensions

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On July 23, 2007, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo announced in her State of the Nation Address that C-5 Road will be extended to northern Metro Manila up to the North Luzon Expressway in Valenzuela.[16]

From April 2009 to June 2010, the NLEX–Mindanao Avenue Link (Segment 8.1) in Valenzuela and Congressional Avenue Extension from Tandang Sora to Luzon Avenues in Quezon City were constructed. Carlos P. Garcia Avenue Extension in the South Extension in Parañaque was also opened. In March 2015, the NLEX–Karuhatan Link (Segment 9) was opened to all motorists. The opening of Segment 9 from NLEx to MacArthur Highway in Karuhatan, Valenzuela served as a preparation for the Holy Week season.

Presently, the Luzon Avenue Flyover connecting Tandang Sora and Luzon Avenues across Commonwealth Avenue is open to all motorists. Before the flyover's opening, the Congressional Avenue Extension from Visayas to Luzon Avenue was opened in 2010 to decongest heavy traffic in the Visayas–Tandang Sora Avenue Intersection.

From September 2022 to April 2024, the C-5 Quirino Flyover, which crosses Diego Cera and Fruto Santos Avenues in Las Piñas, was constructed on the C-5 Extension. It opened on April 24, 2024.[17]

Controversies

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In 2012, the Senate of the Philippines investigated the south extension project, which would pass several of Manny Villar's properties, such as Camella. The original extension, called the Manila–Cavite Toll Expressway Project (MCTEP), was already approved by the Senate and would have been made as a toll expressway. The project eventually resurrected as C-5 Southlink Expressway (now known as CAVITEX–C-5 Link).[18]

C-5 Expressway

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In 1993, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) studied the proposed urban expressway system in Metro Manila. The master plan for the planned network, meant to have 150 kilometers (93 mi) of expressways, included the proposed Central Circumferential Expressway that would follow the old C-5 alignment from Navotas to Parañaque with a total length of about 45.8 kilometers (28.5 mi).[19]

More than two decades later, NLEX Corporation (formerly Manila North Tollways Corporation) and CAVITEX Infrastructure Inc. submitted a proposal for C-5 Expressway, a 19-kilometer (12 mi) fully elevated expressway that would further decongest the existing C-5 and provide a fully controlled-access route between CAVITEX C-5 Link and NLEX Segment 8.2 (C-5 Link).[20] The proposed expressway would utilize portions of the existing C-5's right of way between SLEX and Pasig Boulevard and run above Marikina River from Pasig Boulevard to Luzon Avenue.

Exits and intersections

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C-5 Bagong Ilog Flyover
 
C-5-Kalayaan Interchange
 
C-5 Road near SM Aura, Taguig
ProvinceCity/Municipality[c]km[d]miDestinationsNotes
Taguig14.12668.7779East Service RoadSouthern end
  E2 (CAVITEX C-5 Link) – PasaySouthbound exit and northbound entrance. Six-lane tolled flyover to C-5 Extension across SLEX. Also known as CAVITEX C-5 Link Segment 3A-1[4][5]
  AH 26 (E2) (SLEX) – Alabang, BatangasHalf-Y interchange. C-5 Exit of SLEX. South end.
15.1851–
15.2237		9.4356–
9.4596		Bayani Road, Marichu Rodriguez Tiñga AvenueHalf-diamond and half-partial cloverleaf interchange. Access to Libingan ng mga Bayani. Future Southeast Metro Manila Expressway (SEMME) exit.
Pamayanang Diego Silang AvenueAt-grade intersection. No southbound access. Future Southeast Metro Manila Expressway (SEMME) exit.
17.00010.563Scorpion StreetNo northbound entrance. Northbound access via Pamayanang Diego Silang Avenue/C-5 Service Road. More commonly known as Palar Underpass.
Alligator StreetNo Southbound access. Access to Barangay Rizal.
Blue Voz StreetNo southbound access. Access to Barangays Rizal and Pembo.
Upper McKinley RoadTraffic light intersection. Former half-diamond interchange with no northbound access. Access to McKinley Hill.
26th Street, Sampaguita Street, Target StreetDiamond interchange. Access to Market! Market!, Bonifacio Global City, and Barangay Pembo
Market-Market Service RoadSouthbound exit only. Access to Market! Market! And BGC Bus Market! Market! Bus Station.
32nd StreetDirectional T interchange. No northbound exit. Access to Bonifacio Global City.
  N190 (Kalayaan Avenue)C-5-Kalayaan Interchange. Former traffic light intersection. Access to Kalayaan Avenue westbound from C-5 northbound via elevated U-turn slot. Access to Kalayaan Avenue eastbound from C-5 southbound via elevated U-turn slot.
Pasig River20.41812.687C.P. Garcia Bridge
PasigSouth end of Bagong Ilog Flyover. South end of E. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue segment.
  N141 (Pasig Boulevard) / Maximo Flores StreetTraffic light intersection for southbound at-grade only. No left turn and U-turn from C-5 southbound. Route number on at-grade changes from N11 to N141.[1]
  N142 (Pasig Boulevard Extension)Traffic light at-grade intersection.
Canley RoadSouthbound at-grade intersection. No northbound access.
14.12858.7790North end of Bagong Ilog Flyover
(Route number on at-grade changes from N141 to N11.)[1]
R. Lanuza AvenueTraffic light intersection. Access to PhilSports Arena.
Kaginhawaan BridgeNorthbound only. Access to Dr. Sixto Antonio Avenue via P. Conducto Street.
Julia Vargas AvenueTraffic light intersection. Access to SM Center Pasig, Tiendesitas, and Ortigas Center.
Eagle DriveNorthbound entry only
South end of Ortigas Flyover
  N60 (Ortigas Avenue)C-5-Ortigas Interchange. Traffic light intersection at grade. No left turns from northbound. Access to C-5 southbound either through flyover ramp or traffic light intersection.
Quezon City16.986–
12.612		10.555–
7.837		North end of Ortigas Flyover
Greenmeadows AvenueTraffic light intersection
Calle IndustriaTraffic light intersection
Eastwood DriveTraffic light intersection. Access to Eastwood City.
South end of Libis Flyover
14.2348.845C-5 Access RoadExit only for C-5 northbound. Entrance to C-5 southbound and northbound. North end of E. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue segment. East end of Bonny Serrano Avenue segment.
West end of Libis Flyover
East end of Libis Tunnel
11.9757.441  N185 (Bonny Serrano Avenue) / Katipunan AvenueTraffic light intersection. West end of Bonny Serrano Avenue segment. South end of Katipunan Avenue segment.
North end of Libis Tunnel
P. Tuazon Boulevard, Major S. Dizon StreetNo left turns. Right-in/right-out for northbound intersection.
South end of Katipunan Flyover
  N59 (Aurora Boulevard/Marcos Highway)Left turn and right turn from northbound and southbound service roads.
Xavierville AvenueAccessible from Katipunan Flyover southbound service road only
North end of Katipunan Flyover
13.944–
15.1060		8.664–
9.3864		Carlos P. Garcia AvenueTraffic light intersection. Route number change from N11 to N129.[1]
Magsaysay AvenueGated access to the University of the Philippines Diliman. No left turns to Katipunan Avenue northbound.
Mactan StreetTraffic light intersection. Former roundabout.
Capitol Drive
15.7439.782Tandang Sora AvenueSouthbound access only. North end of Katipunan Avenue segment.
South end of Luzon Avenue Flyover
  N170 (Commonwealth Avenue)Ramps with U-turns
North end of Luzon Avenue Flyover
Luzon AvenueNorth end of Luzon Avenue segment. West end of Congressional Avenue segment.
Tandang Sora AvenueAccess via U-turn slots from opposite directions
Visayas AvenueTraffic light intersection
   N129 (Congressional Avenue) / N128 (Mindanao Avenue)Traffic light intersection. West end of Congressional Avenue segment. South end of Mindanao Avenue segment. Route number changes from N129 to N128.[1]
Road 20, Road 20 ExtensionAccessible via U-turn slot from opposite directions
Tandang Sora AvenueAccessible via U-turn slot from opposite directions. Access to St. James College of Quezon City
South end of Mindanao Avenue Underpass
  N127 (Quirino Highway)Traffic light intersection
North end of Mindanao Avenue Underpass
Valenzuela  N128 (Mindanao Avenue)North end of Mindanao Avenue section[1]
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
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Main article: NLEX Harbor Link

The entire route is located in Valenzuela. The kilometer count, which would be shown here in its approximate values, increments east and west of Harbor Link Interchange as it branches off NLEX Main. 

kmmiExitNameDestinationsNotes
15.99.9Mindanao Avenue  N128 (Mindanao Avenue) – Quezon CityEastern end of expressway; link to the future NLEX Segment 8.2
15.399.56Mindanao toll plaza (westbound only)
15.299.50Mindanao toll plaza expansion (westbound only; exclusively for Class 1)
138.1Harbor Link Interchange  AH 26 (E1) – Balintawak, TarlacCloverleaf interchange with collector lanes; kilometer count reverses
14.719.14ParadaParada, MaysanWestbound exit only
15.009.32Gen. T. De LeonGen. T. de LeonEastbound exit only
16.1510.04Karuhatan toll plaza (eastbound only)
16.210.1Karuhatan  N1 (MacArthur Highway) – KaruhatanDiamond interchange; northern end of C-5; continues west as   E5 (NLEX Segment 10)
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

C-5 Extension

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ProvinceCity/MunicipalitykmmiDestinationsNotes
Las Piñas  E3 (CAVITEX) – ManilaRight-in/right-out interchange. Entry to CAVITEx only. Western end of C-5 Extension.
West end of C5 Quirino Flyover
  N62 (P. Diego Cera Avenue)At-grade intersection
Fruto Santos AvenueAt-grade intersection
East end of C5 Quirino Flyover
Gatchalian RoadAt-grade intersection
Villareal StreetAt-grade intersection. Southbound access only.
ParañaqueSouth end of Sucat Flyover
  N63 (Dr. A. Santos Avenue)Eastbound exit and westbound entrance. Access to SM City Sucat.
Old Sucat RoadWestbound exit and eastbound entrance. Access to Amvel City and Dr. A. Santos Avenue.
North end of Sucat Flyover
Amvel CityPartial cloverleaf interchange. Access to   N195 (Ninoy Aquino Avenue).
Multinational AvenueTraffic light intersection. Serves Multinational Village. This is known for infamously causing severe heavy traffic during rush hours.
E. Rodriguez AvenueAt-grade intersection. Future interchange with CAVITEX–C-5 Link
  E2 (CAVITEX–C-5 Link) – TaguigEastbound exit and westbound entrance. Also known as C-5 Southlink Expressway Segment 3A2[27]
PasayNeil Armstrong AvenueAt-grade intersection. Also known as Moonwalk Exit due to its gated accessibility into Moonwalk Village.
  E2 (CAVITEX–C-5 Link) – TaguigEastbound exit and westbound entrance. Also known as CAVITEX–C-5 Link Segment 3A1 [5]
Washington StreetAccess to Merville Park Subdivision
Moonwalk Access RoadEastbound access only
West Service RoadAt-grade intersection. Eastern end of C-5 Extension.
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Notes

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  1. ^ The Department of Public Works and Highways maintains the non-expressway and main section of C-5 from Valenzuela to Taguig only.[1]
  2. ^ NLEX Corporation maintains the expressway section of C-5.
  3. ^ Sources:[21][22][23]
  4. ^ Sources:[24][25][26]
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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "Road and Bridge Inventory". Department of Public Works and Highways. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  2. ^ "Metro Manila Infrastructure Development" (PDF). University of the Philippines Diliman. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
  3. ^ Flores, Asti (February 7, 2013). "MMDA, DPWH name C5 Road as alternate route for EDSA overhaul". GMA News. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Section of CAVITEX- C5 Southlink opens". ABS-CBN News. July 23, 2019. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c "Taguig-Parañaque section of C5 South Link Expressway opens to motorists July 23". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on August 18, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  6. ^ Cayabyab, Marc Jayson. "C-5 Metro Manila's deadliest road – MMDA". Philstar.com. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
  7. ^ "Concessions". NLEX Corporation. Archived from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  8. ^ Official Directory of the House of Representatives (1954-1957). Philippines. Congress (1940-1973). House of Representatives. 1955. p. 214. Archived from the original on January 24, 2024. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
  9. ^ Ranada, Pia (May 18, 2015). "High resolution West Valley Fault maps launched". Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  10. ^ See, Aie (March 25, 2011). "C-5 Road, 3 Taguig barangays prone to liquefaction". Philstar. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  11. ^ a b "Overview of the Metro Manila Arterial Road System". Department of Public Works and Highways. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  12. ^ "Feasibility Study for Manila-Bataan Coastal Road and Its Related Roads (C-5 & C-6) Project" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. Japan International Cooperation Agency : Government of the Philippines, Counterpart Study Team. March 1980. Retrieved April 7, 2024.
  13. ^ "The Circumferential Road 5". scribd.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  14. ^ Maragay, Fel (December 31, 1994). "First phase of C-5 project completed". Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. p. 6. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
  15. ^ Republic Act No. 8224 (November 6, 1996), An Act Renaming the Circumferential Route No. 5 or C-5 in Metro Manila, as the President Garcia Avenue, and for Other Purposes, archived from the original on May 31, 2012, retrieved January 5, 2013
  16. ^ State of the Nation Address, July 23, 2007 (Speech). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. July 23, 2007. Archived from the original on April 30, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  17. ^ Untalan, Sherylin (April 24, 2024). "C5 Quirino Flyover extension is now open". GMA Integrated News. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  18. ^ Legaspi, Amita (January 25, 2012). "Villar intervened in C-5 project for his own benefit". GMA News. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  19. ^ Katahira & Engineers International (October 29, 1993). "Metro Manila Urban Expressway System Study" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
  20. ^ "C-5 Expressway". DPWH PPP Portal. Department of Public Works and Highways. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  21. ^ Department of Public Works and Highways (2016). "Atlas 2016 Road Surface Type and Condition: Metro Manila 1st" (Map). 2016 Road Data. 1:70000. Retrieved May 19, 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  22. ^ Department of Public Works and Highways (2016). "Atlas 2016 Road Surface Type and Condition: Metro Manila 2nd" (Map). 2016 Road Data. 1:45000. Retrieved May 19, 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  23. ^ Department of Public Works and Highways (2016). "Atlas 2016 Road Surface Type and Condition: Quezon City 2nd" (Map). 2016 Road Data. 1:45000. Retrieved May 19, 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  24. ^ "Metro Manila 1st". 2016 Road Data. Department of Public Works and Highways. Archived from the original on May 28, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  25. ^ "Metro Manila 2nd". 2016 Road Data. Department of Public Works and Highways. Archived from the original on November 30, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  26. ^ "Quezon City 2nd". 2016 Road Data. Department of Public Works and Highways. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  27. ^ Cordero, Ted (July 7, 2022). "CAVITEX C5 Link Flyover extension to open on July 16, 2022". GMA News. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
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