Gringerry Kibba Colebee[1][2] (c. 1754 – after 1806) also spelt Colebe, Coleby or Colbee, was an eighteenth-century Gadigal man, an Aboriginal Australian people from present-day Sydney, New South Wales. He was known by the Gweagal people as Cadi Colebee.[3]
Colebe | |
|---|---|
A portrait of Colebee by Thomas Watling, c. 1792-1797 | |
| Born | c. 1754 |
| Died | After 1806 Australia |
| Nationality | Gadigal |
| Spouse(s) | Daringa (died 1795) Boorea (fl.1790-1806) Kurubarabulu (fl. 1775-1805) |
After his abduction by British forces and eventual escape, he became a prominent Aboriginal figure during the colonial period as an intermediary between European settlers and the Eora.[4][1] He was also a subject for many contemporary Australian artists.[4]
He is not to be confused with his namesake and brother-in-law Botany Bay Colebee of the Gweagal people.[5][6]
Pre-colonial era
editColebee's age was estimated in 1789 to be 35, giving him an approximate birth year of 1754.[7] According to the Eora, he was a senior member of his people - more distinguished than fellow Aboriginal man Woollarawarre Bennelong, who was deferential to him.[8][7] It is likely that Colebee's totem was the white-bellied sea eagle.[4]
His face was described as being heavily scarred by smallpox.[4] The Eora had endured a smallpox epidemic in April 1789.[9][10]
According to convict Thomas Watling, Colebee was a common Aboriginal name in the Sydney area.[8]
Abduction and escape
editOn 25 November 1789,[11] Colebee and Bennelong were abducted from Manly Cove by Lt. William Bradley, on the orders of Governor Arthur Phillip, who wanted to use the two men to understand Aboriginal society and customs.[4][7][12]
The two men were shackled in a guarded hut by the Governor's house.[13][12] Colebee escaped after three weeks of captivity, on the night of 12 December 1789,[4][7] by severing the rope connected to his leg irons.[12][7] Bennelong escaped in early 1790.[4][7]
Relationship with European settlers
editColebee was present at the spearing of Governor Philip on 7 September 1790.[1][14]
For some time, Colebee and Bennelong refused invitations to meet with the European settlers, but eventually in September they brought their families to the settlers’ town. Other Aboriginal people followed in their example.[7] On 18 October, Colebee met Phillip, probably at Farm Cove, to conclude a peace agreement and receive a metal hatchet.[1][4]
Compared to the majority of Aboriginal people around Port Jackson, who avoided interaction with the European population, Colebee and Bennelong were the most prominent Sydney Aboriginal men of the era. Colebee is the subject of numerous sketches or drawings.[4]
Colebee acted as a guide to the settlers, helping to recover fishing gear and leading a lost soldier back to the settlement. He occasionally dined at Government House,[7] and became increasingly dependent on the European settlers. He lived at the settlement three or four days per week.[8][15]
Despite his attempt, he failed to bring in Bidjigal warrior Pemulwuy, who had killed Governor Phillip's gamekeeper John McIntyre.[7]
Personal life
editColebee's first wife was a fisherwoman named Daringa, whose half-brother was Moorooboora, leader of the Murro-ore-dial (Pathway Place) clan.[16][13][7][4][17]
Colebee and Daringa's daughter, Panieboolong, was born in December 1790. A few days after the birth, Colebee, his wife and baby spent a night at Governor Phillip's house. Despite special attention from influential colonial figure Elizabeth Macarthur, Panieboolong died at the age of about five months.[8][4][15][17] In 1795, Daringa gave birth to another child and died a few months later. Colebee buried his still-living baby with his wife's body, apparently in the concern that the baby would starve.[15][17]
His second wife, Boorea (fl.1790-1806), was "Colebee's favourite" according to David Collins. Colebee and Bennelong, once allies, fought over Bennelong's wife Kurubarabulu (c. 1774 - after 1805) in July 1805 - she later became Colebee's third wife.[1][6] Colebee exchanged names - a symbolic act of friendship - with Kurubarabulu's brother, Wárungin Wángubile Kólbi (also known as Botany Bay Colebee).[3][6]
Colebee's violence towards women was well-known.[7][18] In October 1790 he severely battered Boorong, Bennelong's third wife,[7][9] and in May 1791 he attempted to abduct a girl from Government House.[7][1] He killed Aboriginal man Yeranibe and his wife in 1797.[7]
Death
editIt is possible Colebee died in 1806, as records do not mention him after that year.[7][1] He is said to have regularly engaged in ritual revenge battles,[4] and he may have died in a “payback battle”.[1]
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h "Glossary". City of Ryde. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ "Revised draft Cultural Area, list of OAIs and draft Statement of Cultural Association for Kamay Botany Bay and Towra Nature Reserve" (PDF). April 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ a b Smith, Keith Vincent (13 February 2017). "Damelian / Mates". Eora People. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Smith, Keith Vincent (2008). "Colebee". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ Smith, Keith Vincent (2 September 2019). "WARUNGIN, WANGUBILYE KOLBI". Eora People. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ a b c State Library of New South Wales 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o McCarthy, F. D. (1966). "Colebe (?–?)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. 1. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d Troy, Jakelin Fleur (1 June 1994). Melaleuka : a history and description of New South Wales pidgin. pp. 2 v. (xvii, 792 leaves). doi:10.25911/5d74e7c0bcac0. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ a b Lake, Meredith (22 November 2018). "Why we should remember Boorong, Bennelong's third wife, who is buried beside him". The Conversation. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ National Museum of Australia. "National Museum of Australia - Smallpox epidemic". www.nma.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
- ^ Hoskins 2009, between pp. 40–41.
- ^ a b c "Abduction". State Library of New South Wales. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Colebee". Barani - Sydney's Aboriginal History. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ Smith, Keith Vincent (2016). "Willemering". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ a b c Smith, Keith Vincent (2011). "Daringa". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ Smith, Keith Vincent (2005). "Cora Gooseberry (1777–1852)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Supplementary Volume. Melbourne University Press.
- ^ a b c Saunders, Aiesha (19 December 2022). "A fisher woman of Warrane". Museums of History New South Wales. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ Hunter, John (1793). An Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island. London. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
Sources
edit- Hoskins, Ian (2009). Sydney Harbour: A History. University of New South Wales Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-921410-16-1.
- State Library of New South Wales (June 2006). Eora: Mapping Aboriginal Sydney 1770-1850 (PDF). State Library of New South Wales. ISBN 0731371615.