Haimen (simplified Chinese: 海门; traditional Chinese: 海門; pinyin: Hǎimén; lit. 'sea gate', Qihai dialect: [haɪ.məŋ], Shanghai: [hɛ̝.məŋ]) is a district of Nantong, Jiangsu province, with a population of approximately 1 million. It is located at the opposite side of the Yangtze River to Shanghai and is directly north of Chongming Island except for a small portion that forms Haimen District's Haiyong Town. Haimen is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Haimen. Haimen is located in the poorer north Jiangsu region and, together with Qidong City, has long had one of the highest rates of liver cancer in China and in the world; over one in ten adults in the rural areas died from liver cancer c.1970, with mortality halving since then with improvements to drinking water and food.[6]
Haimen
海门区 | |
|---|---|
| Nickname: The River Gateway to the Sea (江海门户) | |
Haimen in Nantong | |
Haimen Location of the city center in Jiangsu | |
| Coordinates: 31°52′08″N 121°10′55″E / 31.869°N 121.182°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Jiangsu |
| Prefecture-level city | Nantong |
| Established (as a county) | 958 |
| Became independent subprefecture | 1768 |
| Became county-level city | June 1994 |
| Became district | July 2020 |
| Seat | Haimen Town |
| Government | |
| • Deputy Mayor | Lu Yifei (陆一飞) (Chinese Communist Party) |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,148.77 km2 (443.54 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 4.96 m (16.27 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 5.2 m (17.1 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 2.5 m (8.2 ft) |
| Population (2020 census) | |
• Total | 991,782 |
| • Density | 860/km2 (2,200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 226100[5] |
| Area code | 0513[5] |
| Website | www |
History
editThe area that is now Haimen was formed from silt deposits from the Yangtze River. Several sandbanks, including Dongzhou (东洲; 東洲) and Buzhou (布洲), joined with the mainland in the Tang dynasty. In 958 CE, during the Later Zhou dynasty in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Haimen County was established with the county seat at Dongzhou Town.[7] At this time, Haimen and Jinghai District (静海) were merged into the newly formed Tongzhou District (通州).[8]
Because the mouth of the Yangtze River moved northward during the Ming dynasty, Haimen has dealt with flooding that destroyed parts of the county, including Lüsi (吕四; 呂四), Yudong (余东; 余東), and Sijia (Chinese: 四甲).[7]
In 1672, under the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty, the seat moved to Jinghai Township (静海乡; 靜海鄉). Starting from 1701, the river's course moved south, creating more than 40 new sandbanks. In 1768, the county became an independent subprefecture with the seat moving to Maojia Town (茅家镇; 茅家鎮).[7]
In 1912, one year after the Republic of China was founded, Haimen once again became a county. However, in 1949, when the People's Republic of China was founded, Haimen became governed under Nantong Prefecture. Once county-level governments started to reappear in 1983, Haimen was reinstated as a county, and in June 1994, Haimen became a county-level city.[7]
In 2020, Haimen became a district of Nantong.[9]
Geography
editClimate
editAccording to the Köppen climate classification system, Haimen has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa). This means that Haimen experiences four distinct seasons; the summers are hot and the winters are cold. The summers are rainier than the other seasons, and the summer rains usually bring flooding.[10]
The average temperature is 15.2 °C (59.4 °F) in Haimen. January is the coldest month, and July is the hottest month. The hottest temperature recorded in Haimen was 38.0 °C (100.4 °F), occurring on both August 7, 1966 and July 31, 1992. The coldest temperature ever recorded was −9.3 °C (15.3 °F) on January 31, 1977.[10]
The average yearly rainfall is 1,056.3 millimetres (41.59 in). The wettest year was 1975 with 1,500.7 millimetres (59.08 in), and the driest year was 1978 with 654.6 millimetres (25.77 in).[10]
| Climate data for Haimen (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) |
25.5 (77.9) |
27.6 (81.7) |
32.8 (91.0) |
34.1 (93.4) |
36.8 (98.2) |
38.0 (100.4) |
38.7 (101.7) |
37.1 (98.8) |
32.6 (90.7) |
27.9 (82.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
38.7 (101.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.5 (45.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
19.8 (67.6) |
25.1 (77.2) |
27.8 (82.0) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.4 (88.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
16.9 (62.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
20.4 (68.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.5 (38.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
9.2 (48.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.7 (74.7) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
12.2 (54.0) |
5.9 (42.6) |
15.9 (60.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) |
1.7 (35.1) |
5.2 (41.4) |
10.0 (50.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
19.9 (67.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
8.3 (46.9) |
2.3 (36.1) |
12.3 (54.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −8.7 (16.3) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
5.5 (41.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
16.9 (62.4) |
16.1 (61.0) |
10.7 (51.3) |
3.0 (37.4) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 56.6 (2.23) |
53.3 (2.10) |
74.0 (2.91) |
69.0 (2.72) |
84.1 (3.31) |
210.1 (8.27) |
162.5 (6.40) |
192.4 (7.57) |
100 (3.9) |
55.2 (2.17) |
53.4 (2.10) |
37.8 (1.49) |
1,148.4 (45.17) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.7 | 9.5 | 11.0 | 10.7 | 11.0 | 13.3 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 9.5 | 7.3 | 8.7 | 7.8 | 123.4 |
| Average snowy days | 2.2 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 5.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 77 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 82 | 82 | 84 | 82 | 78 | 78 | 75 | 79 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 128.3 | 128.2 | 154.6 | 179.5 | 189.1 | 139.2 | 195.3 | 209.7 | 180.6 | 176.5 | 145.9 | 145.1 | 1,972 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 40 | 41 | 42 | 46 | 44 | 33 | 45 | 51 | 49 | 51 | 47 | 47 | 45 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[11][12] | |||||||||||||
Parks
editAdministrative divisions
editHaimen is divided into twenty-one towns and one township, the pene-exclave of Haiyong on Chongming. These towns are further divided into 231 villages and three fish villages.[13]
- 21 towns[14]
- 1 township
- Haiyong (海永乡)
- It is only township and its area is 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi). It is pene-enclave on Chongming Island, most of which belongs to Shanghai.
Transport
editWith easy access to the Sea and Yangtze River, transportation is very convenient. Less than 2 hours driving distance to Shanghai Pudong International Airport, about 40 mins driving distance to Nantong Xingdong Airport and Nantong Railway Station, which has high speed bullet train. There are multiple entries to the national Highway system, e.g. G40 Expressway. Close to Port of Nantong, Haimen is currently developing its own county level sea port in DongZaoGang town. There is an easy access to Sutong Yangtze River Bridge to cross the Yangtze, as well as ferry service.
Haimen railway station opened in 2019 as an intermediate stop on the Nanjing–Qidong railway.
References
edit- ^ Haimen Municipal People's Government. 陆一飞 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ Haimen Municipal People's Government (2010-03-10). 市政府关于市长副市长市长助理分工的通知 (in Chinese). Haimen. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ Haimen Municipal People's Government. "Boundary & Area". Archived from the original on 2015-01-12. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ a b c Haimen Municipal People's Government. "Geographical Location". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ a b China National Philatelic Corporation (CNPC). "Area Code and Postal Code in Jiangsu Province". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ Chen JG; Kensler TW (2014). "Changing rates for liver and lung cancers in Qidong, China". Chem Res Toxicol. 27 (1): 3–6. doi:10.1021/tx400313j. PMC 3946948. PMID 24215631.
- ^ a b c d Haimen Municipal People's Government (2009-12-09). 建置沿革 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ Qin Shao (2004). Culturing Modernity: The Nantong Model, 1890-1930. Stanford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780804746892.
- ^ "海门撤市设区". 南通发布.
- ^ a b c Haimen Municipal People's Government. "Weather & Climate". Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
- ^ Haimen Municipal People's Government. "Administrative Division". Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ "南通市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
External links
edit- (in Chinese) Regional topographical map
- (in Chinese) 行政区划 (Administrative Divisions of Haimen) Archived 2013-08-17 at the Wayback Machine
- (in Chinese) 地理位置 (Geography of Haimen) Archived 2013-09-08 at the Wayback Machine
- Haimen City English guide (Jiangsu.net)
- (in English and Chinese) "Illustrated Album of Yangzhou Prefecture", from 1573 to 1620, has illustrations of Haimen