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Ghazi ibn Faisal (Arabic: غَازِيّ إبْنِ فَيْصَل, romanized: Gâzî ibn-i Faysal) (21 March 1912 – 4 April 1939) was King of Iraq from 1933 to 1939 having been briefly Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Syria in 1920. He was born in Mecca, and was the only son of Faisal I.[2] He died in a car crash in 1939.
| Ghazi I | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| King of Iraq | |||||
| Reign | 8 September 1933 – 4 April 1939 | ||||
| Predecessor | Faisal I | ||||
| Successor | Faisal II | ||||
| Born | 21 March 1912 Makkah, Hejaz, Ottoman Empire (present-day Mecca, Hejaz, Saudi Arabia) | ||||
| Died | 4 April 1939 (aged 27) Baghdad, Kingdom of Iraq | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | Princess Aliya bint Ali | ||||
| Issue | Faisal II | ||||
| |||||
| House | Hashemite | ||||
| Dynasty | Hashemites of Iraq | ||||
| Father | Faisal I | ||||
| Mother | Huzaima bint Nasser | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam[1] | ||||
| Signature | |||||
Early life
editGhazi was the only son of the then Emir Faisal (later to become King Faisal I of Iraq) and Huzaima bint Nasser. He was born when his father was leading a campaign in 'Asir against Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi of 'Asir; so he was named Ghazi (meaning warrior due to this campaign,[3] In his childhood, Ghazi was left with his grandfather, Hussein bin Ali, the Hashemite Grand Sharif of Mecca and head of the royal house of Hashim, who called Ghazi "Awn" after his great-grandfather Awn bin Muhsin,[3] while his father was occupied with travel and in military campaigns against the Ottomans. The Hashemites had ruled the Hijaz within the Ottoman Empire before rebelling with British assistance in the later stages of World War I. He attended Harrow School.
Unlike his worldly father, Ghazi grew up a shy and inexperienced young man. Following the defeat of his grandfather's army by Saudi forces in 1924, he was forced to leave the Hijaz with the rest of the Hashemites. They travelled to Transjordan where Ghazi's uncle Abdullah was Emir. In the same year, Ghazi joined his father in Baghdad and was appointed as crown prince and heir to the Kingdom of Iraq. His father had been crowned following a national referendum in 1921.
Flying Carpet
editAs a 16-year-old schoolboy, he met the traveler-adventurer Richard Halliburton and his pilot Moye Stephens during their round-the-world flight (shortly after Charles Lindbergh's celebrated transatlantic flight). Ghazi was taken for his first flight by Halliburton and Stephens in their biplane, the Flying Carpet. They flew down to see the ruins of Ancient Babylon and other historical sites and flew low over the prince's own school so that his schoolmates could see him in the biplane. An account of the young Crown Prince Ghazi's experience flying over his country can be found in Richard Halliburton's The Flying Carpet.[4]
Simele Massacre
editGhazi came to Simele to award "victorious" colors to the military and tribal leaders who, on 11 August 1933, participated in the Simele massacre of Assyrians and the looting of their homes.[5]
Reign
editOn 8 September 1933, King Faisal I died, and Ghazi was crowned as King Ghazi I. On the same day, Ghazi was appointed an Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal Iraqi Navy, a Field Marshal in the Royal Iraqi Army, and a Marshal of the Royal Iraqi Air Force. A staunch pan-Arab nationalist, opposed to British interests in his country,[6] Ghazi's reign was characterised by tensions between civilians and the army, which sought control of the government. He supported General Bakr Sidqi in his coup, which replaced the civilian government with a military one. This was the first coup d'état to take place in the modern Arab world. He was rumoured to harbour sympathies for Nazi Germany and also put forth a claim for Kuwait to be annexed to Iraq. For this purpose, he had his own radio station in al-Zuhoor royal palace in which he promoted that claim and other radical views.[7]
Death
editKing Ghazi died in April 1939 in an accident at the age of 27, involving a sports car that he was driving.[7] According to the scholars Ma'ruf al-Rusafi and Safa Khulusi, a common view by many Iraqis at the time was that he was killed on the orders of Nuri al-Said, because of his plans for the unification of Iraq with Kuwait.[8]
Faisal, Ghazi's only son, succeeded him as King Faisal II. Because Faisal was underage, Prince Abdul Ilah served as regent until 1953.
Marriage and children
editOn 25 January 1934, King Ghazi married his first cousin, Princess Aliya bint Ali, daughter of his uncle King Ali of Hejaz, in Baghdad, Iraq. They had only one son, Faisal II, born 2 May 1935.[2]
Faisal had a circumcision party on Thursday, 7 November 1935, in al Zuhoor Palace and Emir Abdullah I of Transjordan and his son, Prince Nayef bin Abdullah, attended the party as well as the staff of the Hashemite Family. King Ghazi then ordered the distribution of ِalms to the poor and needy, and over 50 children in an Islamic orphanage were also circumcised on the account of King Ghazi who then distributed desserts among them.[9] King Ghazi attended a banquet in the evening of that day which was attended by the Emir Abdullah of Transjordan and his son Nayef, and Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, and he invited the Prime Minister, former prime ministers, the leaders of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, and senior statesmen.[9]
Ghazi was suspected of having an extra-marital affair with a young Iraqi servant. British sources wrote in 1938 that King Ghazi's bad reputation was tarnished "further" when a "Negro youth", who was employed at the palace, died by "accidentally" discharging his revolver when he didn't remove it before his afternoon siesta. An official police expert ruled that the Palace's explanation was consistent with the police examination.
The British suspected there was more to the story, in particular, that one of Queen Aliya's "adherents" might have killed the boy, as the boy was suspected to be "the King's boon companion in debauchery" and the Queen therefore had a "deep aversion" to the boy. The King was in a panic after this incident, fearing imminent assassination.
Ancestry
edit
Gallery
edit-
King Ghazi with King Saud of Saudi Arabia.
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King Ghazi and Emir Saud on horses.
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King Ghazi of Iraq with his father King Faisal I and uncle King Abdullah I of Transjordan
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Ghazi of Iraq in ceremonial uniform.
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The State funeral of King Ghazi of Iraq in 1939.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "IRAQ – Resurgence in the Shiite World – Part 8 – Jordan & The Hashemite Factors". APS Diplomat Redrawing the Islamic Map. 2005.
- ^ a b "The Hashemite Royal Family". Jordanian Government. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
- ^ a b King Ghazi and his Companions (الملك غازي ومرافقوه) (1989) by Dr. Muhammad Hussein Al Zobeidi
- ^ "Richard Halliburton and Moye Stephens: Traveling Around the World in the 'Flying Carpet'". Historynet. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ Stafford 2006, p. 188
- ^ Tripp, Charles. A History of Iraq. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000, p.81.
- ^ a b Tripp, p.98.
- ^ Safa Khulusi, Ma'ruf Al-Rusafi (1875–1945). The Muslim World, Hartford Seminary Foundation, LXVII No.1, 1977.
- ^ a b Directory of the Iraqi Kingdom 1935 (in Arabic) page 29
- ^ Kamal Salibi (15 December 1998). The Modern History of Jordan. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781860643316. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ "Family tree". alhussein.gov. 1 January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Books
edit- Ali, Tariq. Bush in Babylon: the Recolonisation of Iraq. W.W. Norton, 2003. ISBN 1-85984-583-5.
- Stafford, R (2006) [1935]. The Tragedy of the Assyrians. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 978-1-59333-413-0.
External links
edit- "Young King". Time. 17 April 1939. Archived from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2009.
- Newspaper clippings about Ghazi of Iraq in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW