Lexovisaurus is a genus of stegosaur from mid-to-Late Jurassic Europe, 165.7-164.7 mya. Fossils of limb bones and armor fragments have been found in middle to late Jurassic-aged strata of England and France.
| Lexovisaurus Temporal range: Middle - Late Jurassic,
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|---|---|
| Reconstructed skeleton, Paléospace | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Clade: | †Ornithischia |
| Clade: | †Thyreophora |
| Clade: | †Stegosauria |
| Genus: | †Lexovisaurus Hoffstetter, 1957 |
| Species: | †L. durobrivensis
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| Binomial name | |
| †Lexovisaurus durobrivensis (Hulke, 1887 [originally Omosaurus])
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Discovery, naming and taxonomy
editIn the early 1880s collector Alfred Nicholson Leeds acquired a skeleton of a dinosaur excavated at a small brick pit at the hamlet of Tanholt, close to Eye, Cambridgeshire. In September 1885 the remains were shown to paleontologist Henry Woodward whose notes form the first documentation on the subject. Later it was mistakenly assumed the find had been made at the industrial brick pits at Fletton, the usual source of Leeds' specimens.[1] In 1887 the fossil was described by John Whitaker Hulke and named as a new species of the stegosaurian Omosaurus: Omosaurus durobrivensis. The specific name referred to the old Roman town of Durobrivae.[2] On 30 May 1892 the specimen was bought by the British Museum of Natural History.[1]
The holotype, NHMUK R1989, was found in the Peterborough Member of the Oxford Clay Formation, more especially the Kosmoceras jason biozone dating from the middle Callovian. Hulke mistakenly assumed a provenance from the younger Kimmeridge Clay Formation. It consists of a sacrum of five vertebrae, and two ilia. Other bones were referred to the species, among them two plates thought to be part of the dermal armour. However, on 22 August 1888 Othniel Charles Marsh visited Leeds' collection at Eyebury and recognised these elements as belonging to a giant fish, in 1889 by Arthur Smith Woodward named Leedsichthys. The plates are in fact part of the latter's skull roof.[1]
In 1915 Omosaurus durobrivensis was renamed Dacentrurus durobrivensis, as the name Omosaurus had been preoccupied, which had already been indicated by Marsh in the 1870s. In 1957 the French palaeontologist Robert Hoffstetter created a separate genus for the species: Lexovisaurus. The generic name is derived from the Lexovii, a Gallic tribe in ancient times inhabiting the region of Normandy, where several stegosaurian specimens had been discovered which by Hoffstetter were referred to Lexovisaurus. While the type species remains Omosaurus durobrivensis, the combinatio nova is Lexovisaurus durobrivensis. Hofstetter also referred a much more complete stegosaurian skeleton in 1901 discovered by Leeds in the Fletton brick pit, specimen BMNH R3167 that in 1911 had been named Stegosaurus priscus, placed as a stegosaurine.[3][4][5] Subsequently, in 1964, Oskar Kuhn referred the nomen nudum "Omosaurus leedsi" Seeley vide Huene 1901 to Lexovisaurus as Lexovisaurus leedsi.[6] In 1983, Peter Galton renamed Omosaurus vetustus Huene 1910 into Lexovisaurus vetustus.[7]
However, in 2008 Susannah Maidment and colleagues concluded that the holotype of Lexovisaurus, BMNH R1989, was undiagnostic, so they split off BMNH R3167 and the French finds naming them as a separate new genus: Loricatosaurus. This made Lexovisaurus a nomen dubium, while O. vetustus was found to be undiagnostic and declared a nomen dubium.[8] Other workers though, combining the English material collected by Leeds due to its shared provenance, have considered Lexovisaurus a valid taxon.[1][9][10] In the meantime, Omosaurus vetustus has been renamed Eoplophysis,[11] although this genus is not regarded as valid. The nomen nudum "Omosaurus leedsi" (mistakenly considered a nomen dubium by Maidment et al. 2008) has since been referred to Loricatosaurus.[12]
Description
editLexovisaurus was a medium-sized stegosaur, reaching 6 metres (20 ft) in length and 2 metric tons (2.2 short tons) in body mass.[13] Little information about the holotype is available apart from it having a general stegosaurian build and a pelvis width of 114 cm (45 in).[1] Part of the material described by Hulke was a left femur, specimen BMNH R1991, with a length of 99 cm (39 in).[1] The Fletton and Normandy material show a combination of narrow flat plates on the back and round pointed spines that ran along the tail. A large spine was found that by Hoffstetter was placed on the shoulder, by Galton on the hip and by Maidment on the tail.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f Leslie F. Noè, Jeff J. Liston and Sandra D. Chapman, 2010, "‘Old bones, dry subject’: the dinosaurs and pterosaur collected by Alfred Nicholson Leeds of Peterborough, England", Geological Society, London, Special Publications 343: 49-77
- ^ J.W. Hulke, 1887, "Note on some dinosaurian remains in the collection of A. Leeds, Esq, of Eyebury, Northamptonshire", Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 43: 695-702
- ^ Hoffstetter, R, & Brun, R., 1956, "Un Dinosaurien Stégosauridé dans le Callovien du Calvados", Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 243: 1651-1653
- ^ Hoffstetter, R., 1957, "Quelques observations sur les Stégosaurinés", Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 2nde série 29: 537-547
- ^ P.M. Galton, R. Brun, M. Rioult, 1980, "Skeleton of the stegosaurian dinosaur Lexovisaurus from the lower part of the Middle Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Argences (Calvados), Normandy", Bulletin de la Société géologique de Normandie 67: 39–53
- ^ Kuhn, O., 1964, Ornithischia: Fossilium Catalogus, I: Animalia, Pars 105, pp 1-80
- ^ Galton, P. M. and Powell, H. P., 1983, "Stegosaurian dinosaurs from the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of England, the earliest record of the family Stegosauridae", Geobios, 16: 219–229
- ^ a b Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Norman, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Upchurch, Paul (2008). "Systematics and phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6 (4): 1. Bibcode:2008JSPal...6..367M. doi:10.1017/S1477201908002459. S2CID 85673680.
- ^ D. Naish and D. M. Martill, 2008, "Dinosaurs of Great Britain and the role of the Geological Society of London in their discovery: Ornithischia", Journal of the Geological Society of London 165: 613-623
- ^ Buffetaut, E. and Morel, N., 2009, "A stegosaur vertebra (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Sarthe, western France", Comptes Rendus Palevol, 8: 545-549
- ^ Ulansky, R. E. (2014). "Evolution of the stegosaurs (Dinosauria; Ornithischia). Dinologia" (PDF). dinoweb.narod.ru (in Russian). p. 35.
- ^ Galton, P.M. (2016). "Notes on plated dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Stegosauria), mostly on dermal armor from Middle and Upper Jurassic of England (also France, Iberia), with a revised diagnosis of Loricatosaurus priscus (Callovian, England)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 282 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2016/0603.
- ^ Paul, G.S. (2010). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press. p. 221.
Further reading
edit Media related to Lexovisaurus at Wikimedia Commons
- Benton, Michael. 1992. Dinosaur and other prehistoric animal Fact Finder