List of Maryland Terrapins starting quarterbacks
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This is a list of the individuals who have played college football as a starting quarterback at the University of Maryland. The Maryland Terrapins have produced several prominent quarterbacks. Starting with three consecutive Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) championships from 1983 to 1985, the program was sometimes referred to as "Quarterback U".[1] Since then, Maryland quarterbacks Boomer Esiason, Frank Reich, Stan Gelbaugh, Neil O'Donnell, Scott Zolak, and Scott Milanovich have been considered part of that tradition.[1][2]
Quarterbacks
editIndividuals who started at least one game in a season are denoted with their name in boldface text. Players are listed in order of game experience.
Year | Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
2023 | Taulia Tagovailoa | |
2022 | Taulia Tagovailoa | |
2021 | Taulia Tagovailoa | |
Reece Udinski | ||
2020 | Taulia Tagovailoa | |
Eric Najarian | ||
Lance LeGendre | ||
2019 | Josh Jackson | |
Tyrell Pigrome | ||
Tyler Desue | ||
Lance LeGendre | ||
2018 | Kasim Hill | |
Tyrell Pigrome | ||
Tyler Desue | ||
2017 | Kasim Hill | |
Tyrell Pigrome | ||
Max Bortenschlager | ||
Ryan Brand | ||
Caleb Henderson | ||
Lorenzo Harrison | ||
2016 | Tyrell Pigrome | |
Max Bortenschlager | ||
Perry Hills | Started eight games at quarterback.[3] | |
Caleb Rowe | Appeared in 10 games, making four starts at quarterback and also serving as holder.[4] | |
2015 | Daxx Garman | |
Shane Cockerille | ||
Perry Hills | ||
Caleb Rowe | ||
2014[5] | C. J. Brown | Played in all but two games. |
Caleb Rowe | Appeared in four games in relief. | |
Perry Hills | Played as a quarterback against Iowa. | |
2013[6] | C. J. Brown | Played in all but two games. |
Caleb Rowe | Saw mid-season starting duties in injury relief. | |
Ricardo Young | Made rushing attempts in two games. | |
2012[7] | Perry Hills | Started first six games, before suffering a season-ending injury against NC State. |
Shawn Petty | Linebacker (played quarterback in high school); started final four games. | |
Caleb Rowe | Appeared against NC State and started against Boston College, before suffering a season-ending injury in that game. | |
Devin Burns | Appeared against Virginia and NC State, before suffering a season-ending injury in that game. | |
C. J. Brown | Injured before the opening game; lost for the season. | |
2011 | Danny O'Brien | Started against Miami, West Virginia, Temple, Towson, and Georgia Tech |
C. J. Brown | Started against Clemson; appeared against Temple, Towson, and Georgia Tech | |
2010 | Danny O'Brien | Started ten games after Robinson suffered a shoulder injury; remained starter for remainder of the season. Named ACC Rookie of the Year.[8] |
Jamarr Robinson | Started against Navy, Morgan State, and West Virginia. | |
C. J. Brown | Saw action against Morgan State, in which he broke his clavicle.[9] | |
Tony Logan | Wide receiver; lined up as wildcat quarterback against FIU.[10] | |
2009 | Chris Turner | Started first nine games, before suffering an injury against NC State. |
Jamarr Robinson | Appeared against California and NC State. Started last three games in place of Turner.[11] | |
Torrey Smith | Wide receiver; lined up as wildcat quarterback against Virginia.[12] | |
2008 | Chris Turner | Started 12 of 13 games.[13] |
Jordan Steffy | Started season-opener against Delaware, suffered season-ending broken thumb on throwing hand.[13] | |
Josh Portis | Saw limited game action of 38 snaps, mostly in a "change of pace" role due to dual-threat ability.[14] | |
Da'Rel Scott | Running back; limited role as a wildcat quarterback.[12] | |
2007 | Chris Turner | Started last eight games after Steffy was injured.[15] |
Jordan Steffy | Started first five games, but suffered a season-ending concussion against Rutgers.[15] | |
2006 | Sam Hollenbach | Started all 13 games.[16] Champs Sports Bowl MVP.[17] |
Jordan Steffy | Saw limited game action, with five pass attempts against William & Mary.[16] | |
2005 | Sam Hollenbach | Started ten out of eleven games.[18][19] |
Joel Statham | Started against Florida State as a replacement for injured Hollenbach,[20] and saw action in a total of three games.[18] | |
2004 | Joel Statham | Started ten games.[21] |
Sam Hollenbach | Started one game, participated in three total.[21] | |
Jordan Steffy | Saw action as a back-up in six games.[21] | |
Ryan Mitch | Saw action in one game with one completion on one pass attempt.[21] | |
2003 | Scott McBrien | Started all 13 games.[22] Gator Bowl MVP.[17] |
Joel Statham | Saw action in six games.[22] | |
Orlando Evans | Saw action in five games.[22] | |
2002 | Scott McBrien | Started all 14 games.[23] Peach Bowl Offensive MVP.[17] |
Chris Kelley | Saw action as a back-up in ten games.[23] | |
Orlando Evans | Saw limited game action with one incomplete pass attempt.[23] | |
2001 | Shaun Hill | Started all 12 games.[24] Second team All-ACC.[25] |
Latrez Harrison | Saw action in four games; converted to wide receiver for the 2002 and 2003 seasons.[24] | |
2000 | Calvin McCall | Started first eight games.[26] |
Shaun Hill | Started the opener, in which he sprained his shoulder and missed much of the season.[20] He returned to start the last two games.[27] | |
1999 | Calvin McCall | Started nine games.[26] |
Latrez Harrison | Started last two games,[28] replaced McCall after he suffered a torn MCL.[20] | |
Trey Evans | ||
Randall Jones | Saw action in season-opener as quarterback, then converted to a safety. Moved back to quarterback to replace Harrison in the finale.[29] | |
1998 | Ken Mastrole | Started seven games. |
Randall Jones | Started four games in a change of pace role due in part to Mastrole's ineffectiveness. Jones was the first true freshman to start at quarterback for Maryland.[20] | |
1997 | Brian Cummings | |
Ken Mastrole | ||
Trey Evans | ||
1996 | Brian Cummings | |
Ken Mastrole | First-ever redshirt freshman quarterback to start at Maryland,[30] started three games, suffered broken clavicle against Duke.[31] | |
Keon Russell | Sophomore transfer from American International College, saw action against Duke after Mastrole was injured.[31] | |
1995 | Brian Cummings | Started six games.[32] |
Scott Milanovich | Started five games after four-game NCAA suspension for gambling on college sports.[32][33] | |
Orlando Strozier | Appeared against Tulane in relief of Cummings who suffered a sprained ankle[34] | |
1994 | Scott Milanovich | Maryland ranked 10th in the nation in passing.[35] Second team All-ACC.[25] |
Kevin Foley | Started against Wake Forest,[36] appeared against West Virginia. Transferred to Boston University at end of season. Younger brother of Glenn Foley.[37][38] | |
Brian Cummings | Saw action in six games, but did not attempt a pass.[39] Used in goal-line situations. | |
1993 | Scott Milanovich | Third team All-ACC.[25] Set Maryland single-season passing records at 3,499 yards and 26 touchdowns.[40] |
Kevin Foley | Saw game action versus top ranked Florida State, where he ran for a touchdown.[41] | |
1992 | John Kaleo | Set Maryland single-season passing record at 3,392 yards.[40] |
1991 | Jim Sandwisch | Suffered elbow injury on throwing arm against Syracuse, which reduced playing time.[42] Originally a walk-on punter in 1987.[43] |
John Kaleo | Kaleo started against West Virginia in place of Sandwisch.[42][44] | |
Tony Scarpino | [44] | |
1990 | Scott Zolak | Four-time ACC Offensive Back of the Week (Virginia Tech, West Virginia, Duke, and Virginia).[45][46] |
Jim Sandwisch | Saw limited action as back-up to Zolak.[46][47] | |
1989 | Neil O'Donnell | |
Scott Zolak | Appeared in eight games.[45] | |
1988 | Neil O'Donnell | |
Scott Zolak | Appeared in four games.[45] Replaced injured O'Donnell in finale against Virginia. | |
1987 | Dan Henning | |
Neil O'Donnell | ||
1986 | Dan Henning | Set Maryland single-season passing record at 2,725 yards.[40] |
1985 | Stan Gelbaugh | Cherry Bowl MVP.[17] Set Maryland single-season passing record at 2,475 yards.[40] |
Dan Henning | ||
1984 | Frank Reich | Started the first four games until he suffered a shoulder separation against Wake Forest.[48] Against Miami, Reich came off the bench to lead Maryland to the greatest comeback in college football history; he later repeated the feat in the NFL.[49] |
Stan Gelbaugh | Replaced Reich after he was injured against Wake Forest[48] | |
1983 | Boomer Esiason | Finished tenth in Heisman Trophy voting.[50] Second-team All-American.[51] Set Maryland single-season passing record at 2,322 yards.[40] |
Frank Reich | ||
1982 | Boomer Esiason | Set Maryland single-season passing record at 2,302 yards and 18 touchdowns.[40] |
1981 | Boomer Esiason | Became the starter after Dewitz and Milkovich suffered injuries in season opener[52] |
Brent Dewitz | Started against Vanderbilt, and replaced by Milkovich after suffering sprained knee[53] | |
Bob Milkovich | ||
1980 | Mike Tice | |
Bob Milkovich | Replaced Tice after a bruised hip against Wake Forest.[54] | |
Brent Dewitz | Appeared in 11 games: Navy, | |
1979 | Mike Tice | |
Bob Milkovich | Started over Tice against Wake Forest.[55] | |
1978 | Tim O'Hare | |
Mike Tice | ||
1977 | Larry Dick | |
Mark Manges | Pre-season Heisman Trophy candidate, broke his hand mid-season.[56] | |
1976 | Mark Manges | First team All-ACC.[25] |
1975 | Larry Dick | Started six games, while Manges convalesced from shoulder injury.[57] |
Mark Manges | Started first two games, suffered shoulder separation against Tennessee.[57] | |
1974 | Bob Avellini | Set Maryland single-season passing record at 1,648 yards.[40] |
Mark Manges | ||
Ben Kinard | ||
1973 | Al Neville | |
Bob Avellini | ||
Ben Kinard | ||
1972 | Bob Avellini | |
Al Neville | ||
1971 | Al Neville | [58] |
Jeff Shugars | [58] | |
1970 | Jeff Shugars | Started first three games, but lost starting job for four games midseason; became starter again against Clemson[59] |
Bob Tucker | Started against Miami,[60] NC State[61] South Carolina, and Syracuse;[59] first black quarterback to start for Maryland;[62] moved to safety in 1971.[63] | |
1969 | Jeff Shugars | |
Dennis O'Hara | Converted to tight end.[64][58] | |
1968 | Alan Pastrana | [65] |
Chuck Drimal | ||
Dennis O'Hara | [65] | |
1967 | Chuck Drimal | Five quarterbacks saw action during the season, including three starters. Pastrana sat out the season with a knee injury suffered in spring practice. Most efficient passer, 26–43 for 287 yards.[66] |
Jim Sniscak | 54–123 for 669 yards;[66] started finale against Virginia.[67] | |
Joe Tomcho | ||
? | ||
? | ||
1966 | Alan Pastrana | Set ACC record with 14 passing touchdowns.[68] Set school passing record with 1,499 yards.[69][70] Set Maryland single-season passing record at 1,499 yards.[40] |
1965 | Phil Petry | |
1964 | Ken Ambrusko | Mobile quarterback, entered season as centerpiece of the offense, but dislocated elbow in season-opener against Oklahoma.[71] |
Phil Petry | Drop-back passer, sophomore reserve, played most of the season after Ambrusko's injury.[71] | |
1963 | Dick Shiner | |
1962 | Dick Shiner | [71] Set Maryland single-season passing record at 1,324 yards.[40] |
Don White | ||
King Corcoran | [72] | |
1961 | Dick Shiner | |
Dick Novak | [39] | |
1960 | Dale Betty | |
Dick Novak | [39] | |
1959 | Dale Betty | |
Dick Novak | [39] | |
1958 | Bob Rusevlyan | |
Dale Betty | ||
Dick Scarbath | [73] | |
1957 | Bob Rusevlyan | |
John Fritsch | ||
1956 | John Fritsch | In addition to being season passing leader, Fritsch set a school record with an 88-yard punt again Miami. |
Bob Rusevlyan | ||
Dickie Lewis | [74] | |
1955 | Frank Tamburello | [75] |
Lynn Beightol | ||
John Fritsch | ||
1954 | Charlie Boxold | |
Frank Tamburello | Saw significant playing time as a reserve.[75] | |
Lynn Beightol | ||
1953 | Bernie Faloney | Injured mid-season, replaced by Boxold as starter. Finished fourth in Heisman Trophy voting.[76] First-team All-American.[51] |
Charlie Boxold | ||
Lynn Beightol | ||
1952 | Jack Scarbath | Runner-up in Heisman Trophy voting.[77] First team All-American by unanimous consensus.[78] Set Maryland single-season passing record at 1,149 yards.[40] |
Bernie Faloney | ||
Bob DeStefano | [79] | |
1951 | Jack Scarbath | |
Bernie Faloney | ||
Lynn Beightol | ||
1950 | Jack Scarbath | [80] |
Bob DeStefano | Filled in for injured Scarbath against George Washington, North Carolina, West Virginia, and Virginia Tech.[81] | |
1949 | Stan Lavine | |
Joe Tucker | ||
1948 | Vic Turyn | |
Stan Lavine | ||
Joe Tucker | ||
1947 | Vic Turyn | |
Joe Tucker | ||
1946 | Vic Turyn | |
Tommy Mont | ||
1945 | Vic Turyn | |
1944 | Sal Fastuca | |
1943 | Joe Makar | |
1942 | Tommy Mont | |
1941 | Tommy Mont | |
Mearle DuVall | ||
1940 | Mearle DuVall | |
Joe Murphy | ||
1939 | Mearle DuVall | |
Joe Murphy | ||
1938 | Charlie Weidinger | |
1937 | Charlie Weidinger | [82] |
1936 | Charlie Weidinger | |
1935 | Jack Stonebraker | |
Coleman Headley | [83] | |
1934 | Norwood Sothoron | [84] |
Jack Stonebraker | ||
Earl Widmyer | ||
1933 | Richard "Dick" Nelson | Started against VMI, Johns Hopkins, Tulane.[85][86][87] |
Earl Widmyer | ||
Joseph Crecca | Substituted for Nelson in Duke game.[88] Played against Johns Hopkins.[89] | |
1932 | Ray Poppelman | Started against Virginia, Navy, and Washington College.[90][91][92] |
Al Woods | Started against St. John's.[93] | |
Norwood Sothoron | Substituted for Poppelman against Navy and Washington College.[91][92] | |
1931 | Ray Poppelman | [94] |
George "Shorty" Chalmers | ||
Al Woods | Started against Western Maryland[95] | |
1930 | Ray Poppelman | Started against Navy.[96] |
Al Woods | Started against Western Maryland,[97] Yale.[98] | |
Bill "Moon" Evans | Started against Johns Hopkins.[99] Substituted for Poppelman in Navy game.[96] | |
George "Shorty" Chalmers | Starting halfback,[96] but frequent passer in Byrd's double-wing offense. | |
1929 | Bill "Moon" Evans | [100] |
Augie Robertson | Reserve quarterback.[100] | |
George "Shorty" Chalmers | Starting halfback, but frequent passer in Byrd's double-wing offense.[101] | |
1928 | Gordon Kessler | Regular starter.[102] |
Bill "Moon" Evans | Started in place of Kessler for the Yale game.[102] | |
1927 | Gordon Kessler | [103] |
Augie Roberts | [104] | |
1926 | Gordon Kessler | Started against Johns Hopkins.[105] |
Edward Tenney | [106] | |
1925 | Edward Tenney | Started against Yale and Rutgers.[107][108] |
1924 | Arthur Kirkland "Kirk" Besley | All-Maryland selection.[109] |
Bill Supplee | Started against Yale.[110] | |
George Heine | Reserve quarterback, saw action "in nearly every game".[111] | |
1923 | Johnny "Boots" Groves | Started against Yale.[112] |
Cecil "Tubby" Branner | [113] | |
Arthur Kirkland "Kirk" Besley | [113] | |
1922 | Johnny "Boots" Groves | Started against Yale.[114] |
Henry Gurevitch | Substituted for Groves against Yale.[114] | |
Eddie Semler | [115] | |
1921 | Johnny "Boots" Groves | Started against Syracuse.[116] |
Eddie Semler | [117] | |
1920 | Johnny "Boots" Groves | Started against Syracuse.[118][119] |
Herbert "Herb" Gilbert | [120] | |
Eddie Semler | [120] | |
1919 | R. T. "Bobby" Knode | Brother of Kenneth Knode, Maryland quarterback (1911–1915).[121] Started against Johns Hopkins.[122] |
Johnny "Boots" Groves | [123] | |
1918 | R. T. "Bobby" Knode | [124] |
1917 | R. T. "Bobby" Knode | [125] |
1916 | R. T. "Bobby" Knode | [121] |
Jamie Smith | Started game against NYU.[126][119] | |
1915 | Ken Knode | Second team Spalding's All-Maryland Eleven.[127] |
1914 | Ken Knode | [128] |
1913 | Ken Knode | [129] |
Lynn Loomis | [129] | |
1912 | Burton Shipley | [130] |
Ken Knode | [130] | |
Lynn Loomis | [130] | |
1911 | Burton Shipley | [131] |
Ken Knode | [131] | |
Walter Furst | [131] | |
1910 | Burton Shipley | [132] |
1909 | Burton Shipley | [133] |
Jimmy Burns | [133] | |
1908 | Ernest Cory | [134] |
Jack Crapster | [134] | |
1907 | Curley Byrd | [135] |
1906 | Curley Byrd | The forward pass was legalized this season. As a grad student at Georgetown, Byrd later became "the first quarterback in the East to master the forward pass".[136][137] |
Guy Firor | [138] | |
1905 | Harold John Caul | [139] |
Pete Galt | [140] | |
1904 | J. V. Gill | [141] |
1903 | Edmund C. Mayo | [142] |
1902 | Joshua Marsh Matthews | [143] |
1901 | T. E. "Tom" Bryan | [144] |
J. Marsh Matthews | [145] | |
1900 | E. DuVal Dickey | [146] |
J. Marsh Matthews | [147] | |
1899 | Earl Neilson Sappington | Also served as manager.[148] |
Andy Grayson | [149] | |
1898 | J. Frank Kenly | Also served as team captain/coach.[150] |
Andy Grayson | [151] | |
1897 | J. Frank Kenly | [152] |
1896 | J. Frank Kenly | [153] |
Hanson Mitchell | [153] | |
1895 | N/A | No team fielded.[154] |
1894 | George Harris | [155] |
1893 | Howard Strickler | [156] |
1892 | Will Skinner | Quarterback and player-coach for Maryland's first officially recognized football team.[157] |
Clifton Fuller | [158] | |
Pearse Prough | [158] | |
1891 | Jack Brooks | [159] |
1890 | Jack Brooks | [160] |
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- ^ "Maryland Triumphs, 24-7," The New York Times, October 23, 1932.
- ^ "Honorable Mention All-Americans", 2007 Maryland Football Media Guide, p. 161, 2007.
- ^ Maryland Tops Rivals, 41 to 6; Upsets Dope to Beat Western Maryland Eleven in Baltimore, The Pittsburgh Press, December 6, 1931.
- ^ "Title at Stake Today," The New York Times, December 6, 1930.
- ^ Booth is Hero as Yale Wins, The Milwaukee Journal, October 4, 1930.
- ^ "Maryland Conquers Johns Hopkins, 21-0", The New York Times, November 28, 1930.
- ^ a b George Kirksey, Yale Tied By Marylanders; Old Eli Surprised Once More By Southern Eleven, The Pittsburgh Press, November 10, 1929.
- ^ Engineers Of Maryland Pass Attack, The Sun, December 3, 1929.
- ^ a b "Yale Squad Omits Football For the Day," The New York Times, November 9, 1928.
- ^ Reveille, Class of 1928, University of Maryland yearbook, p. 215.
- ^ Bealle, p. 110.
- ^ "Maryland Winner Over Johns Hopkins," The New York Times, November 26, 1926.
- ^ Bealle, p. 108.
- ^ "YALE ELEVEN DUE FOR MANY SHIFTS; Coaches Will Try Out Three Teams Against Maryland at New Haven Today", The New York Times, November 7, 1925.
- ^ "RUTGERS IS HUMBLED BY MARYLAND, 16-0; Succumbs to Aerial Attack and Running Game Before 10,000 on Franklin Field", The New York Times, October 11, 1925.
- ^ Reveille, p. 123, University of Maryland, 1925.
- ^ "YALE ELEVEN BEATS MARYLAND, 47-0; Rolls Up Its Highest Score of the Season in Easy Victory Over Southerners", The New York Times, September 9, 1924.
- ^ Reveille, p. 127, University of Maryland, 1925.
- ^ "YALE VICTOR, 16-14, AFTER UPHILL FIGHT; Touchdown by Stevens in Third Period Wrests Victory From Maryland Eleven", The New York Times, November 11, 1923.
- ^ a b Bealle, p. 100.
- ^ a b "YALE SUBSTITUTES SWAMP MARYLAND; Elis, With Forward Passes, Run Up Score of 45 to 3 on Southerners", The New York Times, November 12, 1922.
- ^ Bealle, p. 98.
- ^ "SYRACUSE GETS REVENGE; Beats Maryland Eleven, its Conqueror of Last Year, 42 to 0", The New York Times, October 9, 1921.
- ^ Bealle, p. 96.
- ^ "MARYLANDERS DOWN SYRACUSE ELEVEN; Spring a Surprise on Up-State Warriors and Win by the Score of 10 to 7", The New York Times, November 14, 1920.
- ^ a b Year-By-Year Results (PDF), 2007 Terrapin Football Record Book, University of Maryland, 2007.
- ^ a b Bealle, p. 95.
- ^ a b STATE LOSES STAR MAN; Curley Byrd's Football Team Hit Hard When Kishpaugh Decides To Leave College HOPKINS TAKES THINGS EASY Big Hospital List Prevents Practice--Bowers Probably Will Get In Saturday's Game, The Baltimore Sun, October 19, 1916.
- ^ "MD. STATE BEATS HOPKINS; Except for Fumbles Score Would Have Been Greater Than 14 to 0", The New York Times, November 28, 1919.
- ^ Bealle, p. 92.
- ^ Reveille, p. 134, Maryland State College, 1919.
- ^ Bealle, p. 86.
- ^ "EASY GAME FOR FORDHAM; Holy Cross Plucky, but Outclassed—Score, 40 to 0", The New York Times, November 19, 1916.
- ^ Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide, p. 91, Spalding Athletic Library, 1915.
- ^ Bealle, p. 79.
- ^ a b Bealle, p. 77.
- ^ a b c Bealle, p. 74.
- ^ a b c Bealle, p. 71.
- ^ Bealle, p. 65.
- ^ a b Bealle, p. 63.
- ^ a b Bealle, p. 61.
- ^ Reveille, p. 126, Maryland Agricultural College, 1908.
- ^ Georgetown Football Timeline Archived 2008-07-23 at the Wayback Machine, Hoya Saxa, retrieved March 21, 2009.
- ^ Ted Patterson and Edwin H. Remsberg, Football in Baltimore: History and Memorabilia, 2000, March 25, 2009.
- ^ Bealle, p. 56.
- ^ Reveille, p. 14, Maryland Agricultural College, 1906.
- ^ Bealle, p. 54.
- ^ Reveille, p. 108, Maryland Agricultural College, 1905.
- ^ Reveille, p. 114, Maryland Agricultural College, 1904.
- ^ Reveille, p. 122, Maryland Agricultural College, 1903.
- ^ Reveille, p. 108, Maryland Agricultural College, 1902.
- ^ Bealle, p. 41.
- ^ Reveille, p. 104, Maryland Agricultural College, 1901.
- ^ Bealle, p. 39.
- ^ Reveille, p. 26, Maryland Agricultural College, 1900.
- ^ Bealle, p. 37.
- ^ Reveille, p. 72, Maryland Agricultural College, 1899.
- ^ Bealle, p. 36.
- ^ Reveille, p. 111, Maryland Agricultural College, 1898.
- ^ a b Bealle, p. 27.
- ^ David Ungrady, Tales from the Maryland Terrapins, p. 7, Sports Publishing LLC, 2003, ISBN 1-58261-688-4.
- ^ Bealle, p. 21.
- ^ Bealle, p. 18.
- ^ David Ungrady, Tales from the Maryland Terrapins, 2003, p. 4–6, Sports Publishing LLC, ISBN 1-58261-688-4.
- ^ a b Bealle, p. 15.
- ^ Bealle, p. 10.
- ^ Bealle, p. 9.