Palnatoke or Palnatoki, sometimes written Palna-Toki or Palna Toki (Old Norse: Pálnatóki or Pálna-Tóki [ˈpɑːlnɑˌtoːke]), was a legendary Danish hero and chieftain of the island of Fyn. According to the Jómsvíkinga saga, Palnatoki founded the brotherhood of Jomsvikings and established its laws.[1]
According to the Jómsvíkinga saga, he was the son of Palner Tokesen and his wife Ingeborg who was the daughter of the Geatish earl Ottar Jarl.[2] Palnatoke raised king Harald Bluetooth's son Sweyn Forkbeard and was a staunch supporter of the old pagan faith. Harald Bluetooth had allowed Christian missionaries from the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen missionary in Denmark and the king himself was baptized once between 960 and 965. Palnatoke convinced Sweyn to wage war on his father. In the mid-980s, Sweyn revolted against his father and seized the throne. Harald was driven into exile and died shortly afterwards. According to some accounts, Palnatoki himself slew Harald.[3] In addition to religious motives, he may have been taking revenge for the death of his grandfather, Jarl Ottar, who was killed when Harald invaded Götaland.
Saxo Grammaticus relates how Palnatoke (Toko) was forced by King Harald to use a single arrow to shoot an apple from his own son's head as the boy ran downhill. The legendary motif of the great archer forced to shoot an apple from his son's head appears among other Germanic nations, as the story of Egil in the Þiðrekssaga, William of Cloudesley in an English ballad, Hemming Wolf in Holstein, Puncher in an Upper Rhenish legend in Malleus Maleficarum, and most famously William Tell in Switzerland.[4]
The name has been interpreted in two different ways. The first is as an alternate Old Norse patronymic meaning "Palni's (or Palnir's) (son) Tóki".[5] The other is as a nickname meaning "Shaft-Toki" or "Toki the Archer".[6][7]
Adaptations
editPalnatoki was the subject of works by two influential Danish authors of the early nineteenth century. Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger wrote a tragedy called Palnatoke in 1809. N. F. S. Grundtvig wrote a tale called Palnatoke in 1804 and in 1809–11 a two-volume work of poetic drama, Optrin af Kæmpelivets Undergang i Nord ("Episode of the Downfall of the Fighting Life in the North"), which deals with Palnatoki and Sigurð and was intended as part of a massive poetic work projected to consist of dramatised historic episodes and retellings of sagas spanning a thousand years from the coming of Odin and "Asatru" to Scandinavia through the legends of the Völsungs and Nibelungs until the fall of the Jomsborg with Palnetoki's death, and the victory of Christianity.[8]
Notes
edit- ^ Influentially P.A. Munch, Samlede Afhandlinger, Christiania: Storm, 1876. See for example Laurence Marcellus Larson, Canute the Great: 995 (circ.)-1035 and the rise of Danish Imperialism During the Viking Age, New York: Putnam, 1912, p. 155: "the castle probably existed before Toki became prominent in the garrison, if he ever was a member". Gwyn Jones, A History of the Vikings, Oxford University Press, 1973, p. 127, doubts Jomsborg was ever more than "a market-place with its Danish garrison" "imposed" on the Wends by Harald Bluetooth.
- ^ "Jomsvikingarnas Saga". Heimskringla.no. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
- ^ Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum and Jómsvíkinga saga; see Samuel H. Cross, "Scandinavian-Polish Relations in the Late Tenth Century" in Studies in Honor of Hermann Collitz ...: Presented by a Group of his Pupils and Friends on the Occasion of his Seventy-Fifth Birthday, February 4, 1930, 1930, repr. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries, 1969, pp. 114-40, p. 122, note 25.
- ^ For a full discussion, see Jacob Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, 4th ed. tr. James Steven Stallybrass, vol. 1, London: Bell, 1882, pp. 380-83. Also John Fiske, Myths and Myth-Makers: Old Tales and Superstitions Interpreted by Comparative Mythology, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1900, repr. BiblioLife, 2009, ISBN 1-110-87842-7, pp. 3-6. George Webbe Dasent, Popular Tales from the Norse, 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Douglas, 1888, repr. BiblioBazaar 2005, ISBN 978-1-113-45357-0, note 5, pp. 403-04 has translations of the passages in Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum Book X, Þiðrekssaga (which he calls Wilkina Saga and Grimm calls Vilkinasaga), and Malleus Maleficarum.
- ^ Max Keil, Altisländische Namenwahl, Leipzig: Mayer & Müller, 1931, p. 127 (German) and a writer in Acta Philologica Scandinavica, Volume 5 (1969), p. 146 (Danish) both cite as a parallel Mána-Ljótr, "Ljótr, Máni's son", in Sturlunga saga.
- ^ "Kenningarnafn (Bezeichnungsname)", Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste in Alphabetischer Folge, ed. J.S. Ersch and J.S. Gruber, Leipzig, Brockhaus, 1838, p. 191 (German); Toki the Archer (?)", An Icelandic-English Dictionary, Richard Cleasby, revised, enlarged and completed by Gudbrand Vigfusson, Oxford: Clarendon, 1874, p. 475 under "Pálnir".
- ^ However, A.G. Moffatt, "Palnatoki in Wales", Saga-Book of the Viking Club 3 (1902), 163-73, p. 167 takes "Tuke, or Toke" to be "the family name".
- ^ N.F.S. Grundtvig, Forfatterskabet Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, Arkiv for Dansk Litteratur: et kolossalt digterværk, som . . . skulle bestå af dramatiserede historiske optrin og sagabearbejdelser og i stof og handling række fra guden Odins og dermed asatroens ankomst til Norden over Vølsunge- eller Nibelungensagnene til Jomsborgs undergang ved vikingehøvdingen Palnatokes død og kristendommens sejr. . . . altså godt 1000 år. Accessed January 7, 2010.
References
edit- Jómsvíkíngasaga ok Knytlínga 1828 edition.
- Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum, Book X chapter 7, online at Royal Danish Library.
This article contains content from the Owl Edition of Nordisk familjebok, a Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904 and 1926, now in the public domain.