This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its readable prose size was 16,000 words. (May 2023) |
The Portuguese people (Portuguese: Portugueses – masculine – or Portuguesas) is a Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation indigenous to Portugal, a country that occupies the west side of the Iberian Peninsula in south-west Europe, who share culture, ancestry and language.[88][89][90]
Portuguese: Portugueses, Portuguesas | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| Portugal: c. 10.6 million[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| c. 5,000,000 (includes Portuguese nationals and their descendants down to the third generation; excludes more distant ancestry)[2] | |
| 2,000,000 (Portuguese born & ancestry)[3][4] | |
| 1,400,000 (Portuguese ancestry)[5][6][7] | |
| 400,000[8][9] – 1,300,000 (ancestry)[10][11] (additional 51,471 Portuguese born)[12][13][14] | |
| 400,000[15] – 471,810[16] (Portuguese ancestry)[17][18][19][20] | |
| 203 696[21] – 265,272[22][23][24][25] | |
| 200,000[26] | |
| 200,000 (42,008 citizens)[27][28] | |
| 200,000[29] | |
| 184,774[30][31] | |
| 170,000[32][33] [25][34][35][36] | |
| 152,616[37] | |
| 151,028[38] | |
| 115 165 – 244,217[39] | |
| 100,000 (Bayingyi)[40][41] | |
| 80,654[42] | |
| 80,000[43][44] | |
| 73,903[45][46] | |
| 42,000[47][48][49][50][51] | |
| 40,000 (Burgher)[52] | |
| 40,000 (Kristang)[53][54][55][56] | |
| 35,633[57] | |
| 22,318 (ancestry)[31] | |
| 20,853[58] | |
| 20,700[59][60] | |
| 19,000[citation needed] | |
| 18,000[citation needed] | |
| 17,000[61][62][63] | |
| 16,308[64][65] | |
| 16,000 (ancestry)[66] (1,643 Portuguese born)[12][67] [68][69][70][71][72] | |
| 15,000[73][74][75][76] | |
| 10,400[77] | |
| 9,542[78] | |
| 9,000 [79] | |
| 8,288[80][81] | |
| 7,971[82] | |
| 7,245[83][84] | |
| 6,400[citation needed] | |
| 5,700[citation needed] | |
| 5,700[citation needed] | |
| 4,945[85] | |
| Languages | |
| Portuguese | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Roman Catholic[86][87] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Romance-speaking peoples Especially Galicians, Spaniards, and other Lusophones | |
^a Total number of ethnic Portuguese varies wildly based on the definition. | |
The Portuguese state began with the founding of the County of Portugal in 868. Following the Battle of São Mamede (1128), Portugal gained international recognition as a kingdom through the Treaty of Zamora and the papal bull Manifestis Probatum. This Portuguese state paved the way for the Portuguese people to unite as a nation.[91][92][93]
The Portuguese explored distant lands previously unknown to Europeans—in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania (southwest Pacific Ocean). In 1415, with the conquest of Ceuta, the Portuguese took a significant role in the Age of Discovery, which culminated in a colonial empire. It was one of the first global empires and one of the world's major economic, political and military powers in the 15th and 16th centuries, with territories that became part numerous countries.[94][95][96] Portugal helped to launch the spread of Western civilization to other geographies.[97][98][99][96]
During and after the period of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese diaspora spread across the world.[100]
Ancestry
editThe Portuguese people's heritage largely derives from the Indo-European (Lusitanians, Conii),[101][102][103] and Celtic peoples (Gallaecians, Turduli and Celtici).[104][105][106] They were later Romanized after the Roman conquest.[107][108][109] The Portuguese language–the native language of the overwhelming majority of Portuguese people–stems from Vulgar Latin.[110]
A number of male Portuguese lineages descend from Germanic tribes who arrived as ruling elites after the Roman period, starting in 409.[111] These included the Suebi, Buri, Hasdingi Vandals and Visigoths. The pastoral North Caucasus' Alans left traces in a few central-southern areas (e.g. Alenquer, from "Alen Kerke" or "Temple of the Alans").[112][113][114][115]
The Umayyad conquest of Iberia, between the early 8th century until the 12th century, also left small Moorish, Jewish and Saqaliba genetic contributions.[116][117][107][108] Other minor – as well as later – influences include small Viking settlements between the 9th and 11th centuries, made by Norsemen who raided coastal areas mainly in the northern regions of Douro and Minho.[118][119][120][121] Low-incidence, pre-Roman influence came from Phoenicians and Greeks in southern coastal areas.[122]
Name
editThe name Portugal is a portmanteau that comes from the Latin word Portus (meaning port) and a second word Cale, whose meaning and origin are unclear. Cale is probably a reminder of the Gallaeci (also known as Callaeci), a Celtic tribe that lived in part of Northern Portugal.
Alternatively the name may have come from the early settlement of Cale (today's Gaia), situated on the mouth of the Douro River on the Atlantic coast (Portus Cale). The name Cale seems to come from the Celts – perhaps from one of their specifications, Cailleach – but which, in everyday life, was synonymous with shelter, anchorage or door.[123] Among other theories, some suggest that Cale may stem from the Greek word for kalós (beautiful). Another theory for Portugal postulates a French derivation, Portus Gallus[124] "port of the Gauls".
During the Middle Ages, the area around Cale became known through the Visigoths as Portucale. Portucale could have evolved in the 7th and 8th centuries, to become Portugale, or Portugal, from the 9th century. The term denoted the area between the Douro and Minho rivers.[125]
Early inhabitants
editPortuguese origins are predominantly from Southern and Western Europe. The earliest modern humans inhabiting Portugal are believed to have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggest that modern Portuguese trace a proportion of these lineages to the paleolithic peoples who began settling the European continent at the end of the last glaciation around 45,000 years ago.
Northern Iberia is believed to have been a major Ice age refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe. Migrations from northern Iberia during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic link modern Iberians to much of Western Europe, particularly the British Isles and Atlantic Europe.[126]
Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in the Iberian peninsula and western Europe.[127] One of the best-characterized of Iberian haplotypes is the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH). This haplotype reaches the highest frequencies there and in the British Isles. In Portugal it reckons generally 65% in the South, ranging from 87-96% northwards.[128]
Neolithic
editThe Neolithic colonization of Europe from Western Asia and the Middle East, beginning around 10,000 years ago, reached Iberia after reaching the rest of the continent. According to the demic diffusion model its impact was greatest in the southern and eastern regions.[129]
Celts and Indo-Europeans
editIn the 3rd millennium BC, during the Bronze Age, the first wave of migrations by Indo-European language speakers into Iberia occurred. The expansion of haplogroup R1b in Western Europe, most common in many areas of Atlantic Europe, was primarily due to massive migrations from the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe during the Bronze Age, along with carriers of Indo-European languages like proto-Celtic and proto-Italic. Unlike older studies on uniparental markers, large amounts of autosomal DNA were analyzed in addition to paternal Y-DNA. An autosomal component was detected in modern Europeans that was not present in the Neolithic or Mesolithic, and which entered Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as the Indo-European languages.[130][131][132]
The first immigrations of Indo-European language speakers were followed by waves of Celts. The Celts arrived in Portugal about 3,000 years ago.[133] Migration was particularly intense from the 7th to the 5th centuries BC.[134][135]
These two processes defined Iberia's cultural landscape "Continental in the northwest and Mediterranean towards the southeast", as historian José Mattoso described.[136]
The northwest–southeast cultural shift also shows in genetic differences: based on 2016 findings,[137] haplogroup H, a cluster within the haplogroup R category, is more prevalent along the Atlantic façade, including the Cantabrian Coast and Portugal. Its highest frequency is in Galicia (northwestern corner of Iberia). The frequency of haplogroup H shows a decreasing trend from the Atlantic façade toward the Mediterranean.
This finding adds strong evidence that Galicia and Northern Portugal was a cul-de-sac population, a kind of European edge for a major ancient central European migration. An interesting pattern of genetic continuity exists along the Cantabria coast and Portugal, a pattern observed previously when minor sub-clades of the mtDNA phylogeny were examined.[138]
Given the Paleolithic and Neolithic origins, as well as Bronze Age and Iron Age Indo-European migrations, the Portuguese ethnic origin was mainly a mixture of pre-Celts or para-Celts, such as the Lusitanians[139] of Lusitania, and Celtic peoples such as Gallaeci of Gallaecia, the Celtici[140] and the Cynetes[141] of Alentejo and the Algarve.
Pre-Roman populations
editLusitanians
editThe Lusitanians (or Lusitānus – singular – Lusitani – plural – in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the Western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman province of Lusitania (modern Portugal, Extremadura and part of Salamanca). They spoke Lusitanian, of which only a few short written fragments survive. Most Portuguese consider Lusitanians as their ancestors, although the northern regions (Minho, Douro, Trás-os-Montes) identify more with Gallaecians. Linguists such as Ellis Evans claimed that Gallaecian-Lusitanian was one language (thus not separate languages) of the "p" Celtic variant.[142][143] They were a large tribe who lived between Douro and Tagus rivers.
The Lusitanians may have originated in the Alps and settled in the region in the 6th century BC. Sholars such as Dáithí Ó hÓgáin consider them to be indigenous.[144] He claimed they were initially dominated by the Celts, before gaining full independence. Romanian archaeologist Scarlat Lambrino, active in Portugal for many years, proposed that they were originally a tribal Celtic group, related to the Lusones.[145]
The first area settled by the Lusitanians was probably the Douro Valley and the region of Beira Alta; they subsequently moved south, and expanded on both sides of the Tagus river, before the Roman conquest.
The Lusitanians originated from either Proto-Celtic or Proto-Italic populations who spread from Central Europe into western Europe after Yamnaya migrations into the Danube Valley, while Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic may have developed east of the Carpathian Mountains, in present-day Ukraine, moving north and spreading with the Corded Ware culture in Middle Europe (third millennium BCE). One theory claimed that a European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European" and associated with the Bell Beaker culture, may have been ancestral to Celtic, Italic, Germanic, and Balto-Slavic lanaguages.[146]
The Lusitanians' Celtic root, is further emphasized by research by the Max Planck Institute on the origins of Indo-European languages. One study identified one common Celtic branch of peoples and languages spanning most of Atlantic Europe, including Lusitania, at around 7,000 BC. This work contradicts previous theories that excluded Lusitanian from the Celtic linguistic family.[147]
In Roman times, the Roman province of Lusitania was extended north of the areas occupied by the Lusitanians to include the territories of Asturias and Gallaecia, but these were soon ceded to the jurisdiction of the Provincia Tarraconensis in the north, while the south remained the Provincia Lusitania et Vettones. After this, Lusitania's northern border was along the Douro river, while its eastern border passed through Salmantica and Caesarobriga to the Anas (Guadiana) river.
Other Pre-Roman groups
editAs the Lusitanians fought the Romans, the name Lusitania was adopted by the Gallaeci, tribes living north of the Douro, and other surrounding tribes, eventually spreading as a label to the nearby peoples fighting Roman rule in western Iberia. This led the Romans to name their original province in the area, which initially covered the entire western side of the Iberian peninsula, Lusitania.
| Tribes | Description |
|---|---|
| Bardili (Turduli) | living in the Setúbal peninsula; |
| Bracari | living between the rivers Tâmega and Cávado, in the area of the modern city of Braga; |
| Callaici | living along and north of the Douro; |
| Celtici | Celts living in Alentejo; |
| Coelerni | living in the mountains between the rivers Tua and Sabor; |
| Cynetes or Conii | living in the Algarve and the south of Alentejo; |
| Equaesi | living in the most mountainous region of modern Portugal; |
| Grovii | a mysterious tribe living in the Minho valley; |
| Interamici | living in Trás-os-Montes and in the border areas with Galicia and León (in modern Spain); |
| Leuni | living between the rivers Lima and Minho; |
| Luanqui | living between the rivers Tâmega and Tua; |
| Limici | living in the swamps of the river Lima, on the border between Portugal and Galicia; |
| Narbasi | living in the north of modern Portugal (interior) and nearby area of southern Galicia; |
| Nemetati | living north of the Douro Valley in the area of Mondim; |
| Oestriminis | also referred to as Sefes and supposedly linked to the Cempsii.[148] There is not a consensus regarding their exact origins and location. They are believed to have been the first known humans to inhabit the whole Atlantic margin covering Portugal and Galicia, the people from ‘Finis terrae’ at the end of the Western world.[149][150] |
| Paesuri | a dependent tribe of the Lusitanians, living between the rivers Douro and Vouga; |
| Quaquerni | living in the mountains at the mouths of rivers Cávado and Tâmega; |
| Seurbi | living between the rivers Cávado and Lima (or even reaching the river Minho); |
| Tamagani | from the area of Chaves, near the river Tâmega; |
| Tapoli | another dependent tribe of the Lusitanians, living north of the river Tagus, on the border between modern Portugal and Spain; |
| Turdetani | In southern municipalities such as São Brás de Alportel |
| Turduli | in the east of Alentejo (Guadiana Valley); |
| Turduli Veteres | literally "ancient Turduli", living south of the estuary of the river Douro; |
| Turdulorum Oppida | Turduli living in the Portuguese region of Estremadura and Beira Litoral; |
| Turodi | living in Trás-os-Montes and bordering areas of Galicia; |
| Vettones | living in the eastern border areas of Portugal, and in Spanish provinces of Ávila and Salamanca, as well as parts of Zamora, Toledo and Cáceres; |
| Zoelae | living in the mountains of Serra da Nogueira, Sanabria and Culebra, up to the mountains of Mogadouro in northern Portugal and adjacent areas of Galicia. |
Romanization
editRome conquered the peninsula during the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. from Carthage during the Punic Wars.
After 193 B.C., the Lusitanians fought Rome's expansion peninsula following the defeat and occupation of Carthage in North Africa. They fought for years, repeatedly defeating the Roman invaders. In the end they were punished by Praetor Servius Galba in 150 B.C. He killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves to the Roman provinces in Gaul (modern France).
Three years later (147 B.C.), Viriathus became the leader of the Lusitanians and attacked Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. He commanded a confederation of Celtic tribes[152] and prevented Roman expansion with guerrilla warfare. In 139 B.C. Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by his companions (emissaries to the Romans), Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus, bribed by Marcus Popillius Laenas. However, when Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus returned to receive their reward, Consul Quintus Servilius Caepio ordered their execution, declaring, "Rome does not pay traitors".
Viriathus[154] was the first Portuguese ‘national hero’ .[155][156] After Viriathus' rule, the celticized Lusitanians largely adopted romanized culture and the Latin language.
Lusitanian inhabitants, following the rest of the Roman-Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of "Citizens of Rome". Many saints emerged from the territory. These include Saint Engrácia, Saint Quitéria, and Saint Marina of Aguas Santas.
The Romans impacted the population, both genetically and culturally; the Portuguese language derives mostly from Latin, mostly a later evolution of the Roman language after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.[107][108] According to Mario Pei, the phonetic distance found between Portuguese and Latin stands at 31%.[157][158] Roman domination lasted from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD.
Middle Ages
editAfter the Romans, Germanic peoples, namely the Suebi, the Buri, and the Visigoths (an estimated 2–3% of the population),[160][161][162][163] ruled the peninsula for centuries and assimilated into the local population. Some of the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and Alans[164] lingered. The Suebians were the most numerous Germanic tribes. Portugal and Galicia, (along with Catalonia which was part of the Frankish Kingdom), are the regions with the highest ratios of Germanic Y-DNA.[citation needed]
Other influences include small Viking settlements between the 9th and 11th centuries, made by Norsemen who raided coastal areas mainly in Douro and Minho.[118][119][120][121]
The Moors occupied what is now Portugal from the 8th century until the Reconquista movement expelled them in 1249. Some 2.000 of their population, mainly Berbers and Christian Jews became New Christians (Cristãos novos); some descendants of these people are still identifiable by their new surnames.[165] Several genetic studies, including the most comprehensive genome-wide studies published on historical and modern populations of the Iberian Peninsula, conclude that the Moorish occupation left few to no Jewish, Arab and Berber genetic influences throughout Iberia, with higher incidence in the south and west, and ower incidence in the northeast, and almost none in Basque Country.[166][167][107][108]
Following the end of the Reconquista and the Conquest of Faro, religious and ethnic minorities such as the so-called "new Christians" or the "Ciganos" (Roma gypsies)[168] later suffered persecution from the state and the Inquisition. As a consequence, many were expelled, condemned, and subjected to auto-da-fé,[169] or fled the country, creating a Jewish diaspora in the Netherlands,[170] England, US,[171] Brazil,[172] Balkans,[173] and beyond.
Portuguese Nation (868-)
editThe political origin of the Portuguese state is in the founding of County of Portugal in 868 (Portuguese: Condado Portucalense; in period documents the name used was Portugalia[174]). It was the first time that a cohesive nationalism emerged there, as even during the Roman Era, the indigenous populations were from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
Although the country began as a county, after the Battle of São Mamede on 24 June 1128 Portugal was officially recognised as a kingdom via the Treaty of Zamora and the papal bull Manifestis Probatum of Pope Alexander III. The establishment of the Portuguese state in the 12th century led the Portuguese to group together as a nation.[91][92][93]
A subsequent turning point in Portuguese nationalism was the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, linked to Brites de Almeida, thereby putting an end to Castilian ambitions to take over the Portuguese throne.
Genetic comparisons
editThe Portuguese share some DNA with the Basques.[175] The results of the present HLA study in Portuguese populations show that they have features in common with Basques and some Madrid-area Spaniards: a high frequency of the HLA-haplotypes A29-B44-DR7 (ancient Western Europeans) and A1-B8-DR3 are common characteristics. Many Portuguese and Basques do not show the Mediterranean A33-B14-DR1 haplotype, confirming a lower admixture with Mediterraneans.[138]
The Portuguese have one unique characteristic: a high frequency of HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13, which may reflect a founder effect from ancient Portuguese, i.e., Oestriminis and Cynetes.[176] According to an early genetic study, the Portuguese are a relatively distinct population according to HLA data, as they have a high frequency of the HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13 genes, the latter is a unique Portuguese marker. In Europe, the A25-B18-DR15 gene is found only in Portugal; it also observed in some North Americans and in Brazilians (very likely of Portuguese ancestry).[177]
The pan-European haplotype A1-B8-DR3 and the western-European haplotype A29-B44-DR7 are shared by Portuguese, Basques, and Spaniards. The latter is also common in Irish, southern English, and western French populations.[177]
Men from mainland Portugal, the Azores and Madeira belonged to 78–83% of the "Western European" haplogroup R1b, and Mediterranean J and E3b.[178]
The comparative table shows statistics by haplogroups of Portuguese men with men of European countries, and communities.
| Country/Haplogroup | I1 | I2*/I2a | I2b | R1a | R1b | G | J2 | J*/J1 | E1b1b | T | Q | N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal | 2 | 1.5 | 3 | 1.5 | 56 | 6.5 | 9.5 | 3 | 14 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 0 |
| France | 8.5 | 3 | 3.5 | 3 | 58.5 | 5.5 | 6 | 1.5 | 7.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 |
| United Kingdom | 8 | 1 | 4.5 | 0.5 | 80 | 2 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Germany | 16 | 1.5 | 4.5 | 16 | 44.5 | 5 | 4.5 | 0 | 5.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 |
| Ireland | 6 | 1 | 5 | 2.5 | 81 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Italy | 4.5 | 3 | 2.5 | 4 | 39 | 9 | 15.5 | 3 | 13.5 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Spain | 1.5 | 4.5 | 1 | 2 | 69 | 3 | 8 | 1.5 | 7 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Ukraine | 4.5 | 20.5 | 0.5 | 44 | 8 | 3 | 4.5 | 0.5 | 6.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 5.5 |
| Ashkenazi Jews | 4 | 10 | 9 | 9.5 | 19 | 19 | 20.5 | 2 | 0.5 | 5 | 0 | 1.5 |
| Sephardi Jews | 1 | 5 | 13 | 15 | 25 | 22 | 9 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Culturally and linguistically, the Portuguese are close to Galicians.[179][180][181][182] The similarities among the two groups are pronounced. Galician and Portuguese may be the same language (see also: Reintegrationism).[183][184]
Demography
editDemographics
editAround 9.15 million (87%) Portuguese-born people live in the country,[185] out of a total population of 10.467 million.[186]
About 782,000 foreigners live legally in the country (7%), thus approximately 9.685 million people living in Portugal hold Portuguese citizenship or legal residency.[187]
The median age stood at 46.8 years (versus 44.4 in the EU as a whole) as of 2023.[188] People aged 65 or more accounted for 23%.[189] The total fertility rate is 1.35 against the EU average of 1.53.[189] Life expectancy at birth is 83.[190] Due to the high percentage of senior citizens, the crude mortality rate (12%)[191] is well in excess of the crude birth rate (8%).[192]
Portugal boasts one of the world's lowest infant mortality rates (3%), down from 9% in 1961.[193] The average age of women at first childbirth was at 30 years, in contrast to the EU average of 28.[194]
About 67% live in urban settings, concentrated along the coast and in the Lisbon metropolitan area, which hosts 2,883,645, or 28%.[195][196]
About 65% of the national population, or 6,760,989 people, live in the 56 municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants, about 18% of all national municipalities. The country hosts 122 municipalities, about 40% of all national municipalities, with a population of 10,000 inhabitants or less, totaling 678,855 inhabitants, about 7% of the national population.
Native minority languages
editThe main language spoken as first language is Portuguese.[197] Other autochthonous languages include:
- Caló (see also Caló language), the language of the Portuguese-Romani community. Some 52,000 Romani people live in Portugal.[198]
- Mirandês (see also Mirandese language) is an officially recognised language.[199] It enjoys special protection in the areas of Miranda do Douro, Vimioso, and Mogadouro. About 15,000 people speak the language (0.14%).[200][201][202][203] The language is part of the Asturian-Leonese linguistic group which includes the Asturian and Leonese minority languages of Northwestern Spain.[204][205][206] All of its speakers are bilingual and speak Portuguese: code-switching is common.
- Barranquenhu (see also Barranquenho) is spoken in the town of Barrancos (in the border between Extremadura and Andalusia, in Spain). Some 3,000 speak the language (0.03%).[207] It is a Portuquese dialect influenced by Extremaduran and, later, southern Spanish.
- Minderico – a sociolect or argot spoken in Minde, which is practically extinct (150 remaining speakers).[208][209]
- Portuguese Sign Language, the official language for the deaf community. About 30,000 deaf people (0.29%) use the language.[210] The first teacher of deaf-mutes in France was Portuguese-Jew Jacob Rodrigues Pereira.
Ethnic minorities
editPeople from Portugal's former colonies, particularly Brazil, Portuguese Africa (especially Afro-Portuguese), Macau, Portuguese India and Timor-Leste, have been migrating to Portugal since the 1900s.
Many Slavs, especially Ukrainians (now one of the biggest ethnic minorities)[211][212] and Russians, as well as Moldovans, Romanians, Bulgarians and Georgians, have been migrating to Portugal since the late 20th century. A wave of Ukrainians arrived in Portugal after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, approximately 60,000, making them the second largest migrant community after Brazilians.[213][214]
A Chinese minority of Macau Cantonese origin as well as of Chinese mainlanders are present.
Other relevant Asian communities include Indians, Nepalis, Bangladeshis and Pakistanis while, dealing with Latin Americans, Venezuelans – numbering about 27,700 – are present.[215]
A small minority of Romani live–about 52,000.[216][217]
Portugal is home to other EU and EEA/EFTA nationals (French, Germans, Dutch, Swedes, Spaniards). The UK and France represented the largest senior resident communities as of 2019. They are part of a larger expatriate community including Germans, Dutch, Belgians and Swedes.[218]
Officially registered foreigners amount to 7% of the population.[187][219] Descendants of immigrants are excluded (Portugal, like many European countries, does not collect data on ethnicity) and those who, regardless of place of birth or citizenship at birth, were Portuguese citizens.
Some 100,000 Muslims[220][221] and 5,000–6,000 Jews (mostly Sephardi such as the Belmonte Jews, and Ashkenazi).[222][223][224][225]
- Flag maps[a] for each Portuguese district as of January 2022[226]
-
Largest immigrant population by district. Brazilians plus Venezuelans in Madeira, Britons in Algarve and Indians in Beja
-
Second largest. Cape Verdeans in Lisbon Area, Italians in Porto with Britons and Romanians in the interior.
-
Third largest. US-citizens in the Azores, Chinese in the north, Africans in Lisbon metropolitan area.
-
-
Fifth largest. Chinese near the Spanish border and Europeans along the coast.
Surnames
editA Portuguese surname is typically composed of a variable number of family names (rarely one, often two or three or more). The first additional names are usually the mother's surname(s) and the father's family surname(s). For practicality, usually only the final surname (excluding prepositions) is used in greetings.
Portugal's adaptable naming system complies with the country's legal framework. The law mandates that a child must be given at least one personal name and one surname from a parent. The limit is two personal names and four surnames.[227]
In pre-Roman times, inhabitants had either a single name or a name followed by a patronym, which reflected their ethnicity or their tribe/region. These names could be Celtic, Lusitanian, Iberian, or Conii. However, the Roman onomastic system began to slowly gain popularity after the first century AD. This system involved adopting a Roman name (tria nomina), which consisted of a praenomen (given name), nomen (gentile), and cognomen. Today, most Portuguese surnames have a Germanic patronymic (such as Henriques, Pires, Rodrigues, Lopes, Nunes, Mendes, Fernandes etc. where the ending -es means "son of"), locative (Gouveia, Guimarães, Lima, Maia, Mascarenhas, Serpa, Montes, Fonseca, Barroso), religious origin (Cruz, Reis, De Jesus, Moysés, Nascimento), occupational (Carpinteiro (carpenter), Malheiro (wool-maker, thresher), Jardineiro (gardener), or derived from physical appearance (Branco (white), Trigueiro (brown, tanned), Louraço (blond). Toponymic, locative, and religion-derived surnames are often preceded by the preposition 'of' in its varying forms: (De, de), (Do, do- masculine), (Da, da- feminine) or 'of the' (dos, Dos, das, Das – plural) such as De Carvalho, Da Silva, de Gouveia, Da Costa, da Maia, do Nascimento, dos Santos, das Mercês. If the preposition is followed by a vowel, sometimes apostrophes are used in surnames (or stage names) such as D'Oliveira, d'Abranches, d'Eça. In some previous Asian colonies (India, Malaysia, East Timor) alternative spellings are used such as 'D'Souza, Desouza, De Cunha, Ferrao, Dessais, Balsemao, Conceicao, Gurjao, Mathias, Thomaz.
The majority of Portuguese have multiple surnames.
| Rank | Surname | Percentage | Individuals
(000) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Silva | 9.44% | 999 |
| 2 | Santos | 5.96% | 628 |
| 3 | Ferreira | 5.25% | 553 |
| 4 | Pereira | 4.88% | 514 |
| 5 | Oliveira | 3.71% | 391 |
| 6 | Costa | 3.68% | 387 |
| 7 | Rodrigues | 3.57% | 376 |
| 8 | Martins | 3.23% | 340 |
| 9 | Jesus | 2.99% | 315 |
| 10 | Sousa | 2.95% | 311 |
| 11 | Fernandes | 2.82% | 297 |
| 12 | Gonçalves | 2.76% | 291 |
| 13 | Gomes | 2.57% | 271 |
| 14 | Lopes | 2.52% | 265 |
| 15 | Marques | 2.51% | 265 |
| 16 | Alves | 2.37% | 250 |
| 17 | Almeida | 2.27% | 239 |
| 18 | Ribeiro | 2.27% | 239 |
| 19 | Pinto | 2.09% | 220 |
| 20 | Carvalho | 1.97% | 208 |
| 21 | Teixeira | 1.69% | 178 |
| 22 | Moreira | 1.54% | 162 |
| 23 | Correia | 1.53% | 161 |
| 24 | Mendes | 1.39% | 146 |
| 25 | Nunes | 1.32% | 139 |
Note: Percentages total > 100 because of individuals with multiple surnames.
Diaspora
editPortugal was traditionally a land of emigration: according to estimates, more than one hundred million people could have recognizable Portuguese ancestors, with Portuguese diasporas found in diverse regions in all continents. However, poor sources for statistics dating hundreds of years ago complicate any estimates.[231][232][233]
Explorations in the 15th and 16th centuries and colonial expansion encouraged worldwide emigration to South Asia, the Americas, Macau, East-Timor, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar[234] and Africa, particularly to former colonies (see Luso-Africans). Portuguese emigration contributed to the settlement of the Atlantic islands, Brazil (where the majority of the population is of Portuguese descent), Goa Catholic Goans, Portuguese Burghers in Sri Lanka, in Malacca the Kristang and in Macau the Macaense. The Portuguese Empire, which lasted nearly 600 years, ended when Macau returned to China in 1999. During the period, millions left Portugal. Inter-ethnic marriage and cultural influences, produced dialects based on Portuguese in the former colonies (e.g. Forro) and in other countries (e.g. Papiamentu).
In addition, a considerable segment of the diaspora is due to recent mass emigration, mainly for economic reasons. Between 1886 and 1966 Portugal had more emigrants than any Western European country save Ireland.[235] Nearly two million left to live mainly in Brazil, but also significant numbers settled in the US, Canada, and the Caribbean.[236] About 1.2 million Brazilian citizens are native Portuguese.[237][238]
By 1989 some 4,000,000 Portuguese citizens were living abroad, mainly in France, Germany, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, Venezuela, and the US.[239] Estimates from 2021 are that as much as 5 million Portuguese citizens (not descendants or citizens registered within the Portuguese consular authorities) may be living abroad.[240]
Within Europe, many Portuguese live in Francophone countries like France, Luxembourg and Switzerland, spurred in part by the linguistic proximity of Portuguese and French. In fact, according to data from the General Directorate of Consular Affairs and Portuguese Communities of the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the countries with the largest Portuguese communities are, in ascending order, France, the UK and Switzerland.[241]
Sephardi Jews
editDescendants of Portuguese Sephardi Jews established many communities around the world, including in significant numbers in Israel, the Netherlands, the United States, France, Venezuela, Brazil and Turkey.
Expulsion
editThe Portuguese Jewish diaspora was mainly a result of the expulsion decree[242] issued in 1496 by the Portuguese monarchy, which targeted Portuguese-Jews. This decree forced many Jews to either convert to Christianity (leading to the emergence of Cristão-novos and of Crypto-Judaism practices) or to leave, leading Portuguese Jews to settle throughout Europe and Brazil. In Brazil[243] many of the early colonists were originally Sephardi Jews who, following their conversion, were known as New Christians (see Anusim).[244][245]
Emigration
editUp to 10,000 Portuguese-Jews might have migrated to France from 1497; this phenomenon remained noticeable until the 1600s, when the Netherlands became a favorite choice.[246][247]
The Netherlands and England became top destinations for these emigrants because those places had no Inquisition. Adding to the economical and cultural aspects of their host countries,[248] Portuguese-Jews established institutions that continue, such as the Esnoga, in Amsterdam, Congregation Shearith Israel (America's oldest Jewish congregation), Bevis Marks Synagogue (the UK's oldest synagogue) – the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal – (Canada's oldest synagogue) – , Mount Sinai Hospital, City Lights Booksellers, and David Cardozo Academy in Jerusalem.
Smaller communities thrived in the Balkans,[249] Italy,[250] the Ottoman Empire[251][252] and Germany, especially in Hamburg (see Elijah Aboab Cardoso Joan d'Acosta and Samuel ben Abraham Aboab).[253]
Portuguese-Jews were responsible for the appearance of Papiamentu[254] (a 300,000 strong[255] Portuguese-based creole now the official language in Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire) and of Sranan Tongo, a Portuguese-influenced, English-based creole by spoken by more than 500,000 in Suriname.[256][257]
Shoah
editDuring the Shoah, nearly 4,000 Jews of Portuguese descent residing in the Netherlands lost their lives, making up the largest group of casualties with a Portuguese background.[258][259] Among famous Portuguese-Jewish victims of the Shoah is painter Baruch Lopes Leão de Laguna. Although officially neutral, the Portuguese regime at that time, Estado Novo, aligned with Germany's ideology and failed to protect its citizens and other Jewish people living overseas.[260][261][262] Despite the lack of support by the Portuguese authorities, Jews of both Portuguese[263] and other descent were saved thanks to individuals such as Carlos Sampaio Garrido, Joaquim Carreira, José Brito Mendes and Aristides de Sousa Mendes,[264] who alone helped 34,000 Jews
Twenty-first century
editOver 500 years after the expulsion decree, in 2015 the Portuguese parliament officially acknowledged that the expulsion of its citizens of Jewish descent was wrong. The government then passed a Law of Return[265] that aimed to address the wrongs of the Portuguese Inquisition. The law grants citizenship to any descendants of those persecuted Jews able to confirm their Sephardic Jewish ancestry and a "connection" to Portugal.[266][267][268]
Thereafter, more than 140,000 people of Sephardic descent, from 60 countries (mostly Israel and Turkey) applied for Portuguese citizenship.[269][270][271][272] Thereafter, foreigners with no legitimate links were granted Portuguese and thus EU citizenship, including Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich. Such abuse prompted the judiciary to review the law.[273][274][275][276]
Notable people of Portuguese-Jewish descent include:
- Amatus Lusitanus (1511–1568): Jewish physician said to have discovered the valves in the azygos vein.
- Gracia Mendes Nasi (1510–1569): Philanthropist and one of the wealthiest Jewish women of Renaissance Europe
- Leonora Duarte (1610–1678): a Flemish composer and musician
- Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677): Dutch philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin
- Catherine da Costa (1679–1756): English miniaturist
- David Ricardo (1772–1823): a British political economist
- Rehuel Lobatto (1797–1866): Dutch mathematician whose notable contributions include Gauss-Lobatto quadrature method and the Lobatto polynomials
- Isaäc da Costa (1798–1860): a Jewish poet.
- Pereire brothers (19th century): major figures in the development of France's finance and infrastructure
- Samuel Sarphati (1813–1866): Dutch physician and Amsterdam city planner
- Solomon Nunes Carvalho (1815–1897): American painter, photographer, author and inventor
- Grace Aguilar (1816–1847): English novelist, poet and writer on Jewish history and religion
- Camille Pissarro (1830–1903): a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter considered the "dean of the Impressionist painters"[277]
- Francis Lewis Cardozo (1836–1903): American clergyman, politician, and educator. When elected in South Carolina as Secretary of State in 1868, he was the first African American to hold a statewide office in the United States
- Maud Nathan (1862–1946): American social worker, labor activist and women's suffragist
- Federigo Enriques (1871–1946): Italian mathematician, now known principally as the first to give a classification of algebraic surfaces in birational geometry, and other contributions in algebraic geometry
- Frieda Belinfante (1904–1995): Dutch cellist, philharmonic conductor, a prominent lesbian, and a member of the Dutch resistance during World War II
- William Leonard Pereira (1909–1985): American architect
- Abraham Pais (1918–2000): Dutch-American physicist and science historian
- Louisa Benson Craig (1941–2010): Burmese-born two-time beauty pageant winner and Karen rebel leader of Portuguese-Jewish descent[278][279]
- Alberto Portugheis (1941): Argentine pianist
- Henrique Cymerman (1959): Israeli journalist
- Shon Weissman (1996): Israeli footballer
Americas outside of Brazil
editUnited States
editThe US established bilateral relations with Portugal when Portugal became the first neutral country to acknowledge the United States.[280]
Despite Portugal never attempting to colonize any territory that became part of the US, navigators such as João Fernandes Lavrador, Miguel Corte-Real and João Rodrigues Cabrilho are among its earliest documented European explorers. Dighton Rock, in Southeastern Massachusetts, is a marker of early Portuguese presence.[281][282]
Mathias de Sousa, who was potentially a Sephardic Jew of mixed African background, is believed to be the first documented Portuguese resident of colonial United States.[283] Another Portuguese Jew, Isaac Touro, is commemorated in the name of the US' oldest synagogue, the Touro Synagogue.
Portuguese started to settle in significant numbers only in the 19th century, with major migration waves occurring in the first half of the 20th century, especially from the Azores.[284][285] Of the 1,4 million Portuguese Americans found in the US (0.4% of its population) the majority are originally from the Azores. The arrival of Azorean emigrants was easier because of geographic proximity and was encouraged by the Azorean Refugee Act of 1958, sponsored by then-Senator John F. Kennedy and John Pastore to help the population affected by the 1957–58, the Capelinhos volcano eruption.[286][287][288] Moreover, the 1965 Immigration Act stated that if someone had legal or American relatives in the US who would serve as a sponsor, they could obtain the status of legal aliens. This act dramatically increased Portuguese immigration in the 1970s and 1980s.[289]
Major Portuguese communities arose in New Jersey (particularly in Newark), the New England states, California and along the Gulf Coast (Louisiana). Springfield, Illinois once hosted the largest Portuguese community in the Midwest.[290] In the Pacific, Hawaii (see Portuguese immigration to Hawaii) sports a sizable Portuguese population, encouraged by the availability of labor contracts 150 years ago.[291] Elements of Hawaiian cuisine, such as malasadas, originate from Portuguese immigrants to Hawaii.[292]
Canada
editCanada, particularly Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, developed a significant Portuguese community since the 1940s. The availability of more job opportunities in Canada attracted Portuguese migrants, leading to Portuguese culture to flourish. Many Portuguese residents took the initiative to purchase homes and establish businesses.
According to the 2016 Census, 482,610, or 1.4% of Canadians claimed Portuguese ancestry.[293]
Two major neighbourhoods where Portuguese are notable include the Little Portugals in Toronto and Montréal. Montréal's Little Portugal, known as "Petit Portugal" in French, hosts Portuguese shops, restaurants, and cafes, and is also home to "Parc du Portugal" (Portugal's park), featuring vibrant murals and elements inspired by Portuguese design.[294][295]
The Portuguese language is spoken by over 330,000 Canadians, making up around 1% of the population.[296]
Significant testimonies of the Portuguese presence in Canada include the name of one of the 10 provinces of Canada: Newfoundland and Labrador. King Henry VII coined the name "New found land" for the territory explored by Sebastian and John Cabot. In Portuguese, the land is known as Terra Nova, which translates to "new land," and is also referred to as Terre-Neuve in French, the name for the province's island region. The name Terra Nova is commonly used on the island, including in the name of Terra Nova National Park. The influence of early Portuguese exploration is also evident in the name of Labrador, which is derived from the surname of Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador.[297] Other remnants of early Portuguese exploration include toponyms such as Baccalieu (from bacalhau, Portuguese for codfish) and Portugal Cove. Portuguese cartographer Diogo Ribeiro is responsible for one of the earliest maps depicting the territory of modern-day Canada.[298]
Caribbean
editThe first Portuguese who settled in the Caribbean were merchants or Portuguese-Jews fleeing the Portuguese Inquisition.[299] Migrants from the 1830s came as indentured labourers, especially from Madeira. The 19th century migration coincided with the abolition of slavery in the British colonies. As a result, the Portuguese, along with Indians and Chinese, arrived to replace the slave labor. The Portuguese took a prominent part in shaping the population of the West Indies. Their descendants form an active minority in many countries.
As part of a larger system of low-wage labour, about 2,500 Portuguese left for Antigua and Barbuda[300] (where, more than 1,000 people still speak the language),[301] 30,000 to Guyana (4.3% of the population in 1891)[302] and another 2,000 settled in Trinidad and Tobago[303][304][305] between the mid-1800s and the mid-1900s.[306][307][308] Portuguese culture survives in the enterprises established by community members. In 2016 the second international airport of the country was renamed after a Portuguese Guyanese individual.[306][309]
Portuguese fishermen, farmers and indentured labourers inhabited other Caribbean countries, especially Jamaica (about 5,700 people, primarily of Portuguese-Jewish descent),[310][311][312] St. Vincent and the Grenadines (0.7% of the population),[313][314] and Suriname, whose first capital, Torarica (literally "rich Torah" in Portuguese), was established by Portuguese-Jewish settlers. Minor communities exist in Grenada,[315] Saint Lucia,[316] Saint Kitts and Nevis[317] and the Cayman Islands[318]
About 4,000 Portuguese people live in the Caribbean territories of Overseas France, especially in Saint Barthélemy (where they constitute about a third of the population), Guadeloupe and Martinique.[319][320][321]
Portuguese heritage lives on in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao. In the three territories, the official language, Papiamentu, includes numerous Portuguese elements.
The North Atlantic archipelago of Bermuda (10%[322] to 25%[323] of the population) experienced sustained immigration especially from the Azores, as well as from Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands since the 1840s.[324]
Portuguese communities are also present in countries such as Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico.[325] Notable members of the community include activist Ada Bello, businesswoman Alexis Victoria Yeb, former Nicaraguan First Lady Lila Teresita Abaunza and Felipa Colón de Toledo.
Latin America (excluding Brazil)
editMexico had flows of Portuguese immigration from the colonial period through the early 20th century, most importantly in northeastern cities[326] such as Saltillo, Monterrey, Durango and Torreon. Santiago Tequixquiac, due to its lime and stone mining deposits, was a place of settlement for Portuguese Crypto-Jews during the colonial period. They were brought there together with the Tlaxcalans and peninsular Spaniards to appease the Otomi indigenous people in that town. Many Lusitanian cultural traits were preserved through the 19th century, such as forcados, gastronomy, some Sephardic customs and its inhabitants' surnames. Bullfighting is a Portuguese tradition that continues in Mexico.[327] A notable Portuguese-Mexican Jew was Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal, executed by burning at the stake by the Inquisition for judaizing in 1596.
Venezuela has the most Portuguese people in Latin America after Brazil. Portuguese started arriving to Venezuela in the early and middle 20th century as economic immigrants, particularly from Madeira.[328] Some 1.3 million people (4.61%) are of Portuguese descent.[328] Migration occurred mainly in the 1940s and 1950s. The extensive Luso-Venezuelan community includes personalities such as María Gabriela de Faría, Marjorie de Sousa, Vanessa Gonçalves, Kimberly Dos Ramos and Laura Gonçalves.
Colombia did not welcome mass Portuguese immigration. Although Portuguese may have explored the area, they did not establish communities there. Colombia became a Spanish colony, as defined by the Treaty of Tordesillas. The Portuguese embassy in Bogota estimated that around 800 Portuguese nationals live there. The number with Portuguese ancestry is not known, but they left little mark on the culture, except for some surnames.[329][330]
In Peru, a modest migration began at the time of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Sailors who traveled along the Peruvian coast, and later entered the country from the Atlantic via the Amazon River settled there. Records of Luso-Brazilians survive in the cities surrounding the Brazil-Peru border. Portuguese citizens in Peru number about 2,000,[331] Peruvians with Portuguese ancestry could approach 1 million, including direct and indirect descendants, or about 3% of the total.[332] A famous Peruvian of Portuguese descent is popular TV presenter Janet Barboza.
The Cono Sur region had Portuguese immigration beginning in the early 20th century. The Portuguese and Cape Verdean community in Argentina, Uruguay and Chile numbers around 255,000 people combined[333][334][335] (0.37% of the region's population).
Portuguese Uruguayans are mainly of Azorean descent.[336] Portuguese presence in the country dates to colonial times, in particular to the establishment of Colonia del Sacramento by the Portuguese in 1680,[337] which eventually turned into a regional smuggling center. Other Portuguese entered Uruguay from Brazil. During the second half of the 19th century and part of the 20th, several additional Portuguese immigrants arrived; the last wave came during 1930–1965.[338][339] As of 2021, 3,069[340] Portuguese citizens had registered as residing in Uruguay. Many luso-descendants also reside there, but numbers are lacking.[341][333]
Argentina-Portugal relations date back to the early explorers, as the Río de la Plata (literally, silver river) was first explored by the Portuguese in the 1510s. In Argentina, Portuguese immigration remained limited due to a preference for Brazil. However, the Portuguese constituted the second-largest immigrant group after the Spanish before 1816 and continued to arrive throughout the 19th century. While a significant number settled in the interior, the primary destination was Buenos Aires. Many men from Lisbon, Porto, and coastal regions of Portugal, predominantly in maritime professions, were already present. During the 1970s, they began to organize ethnically, and community life developed.[342][343] A popular member of the Portuguese community in Argentina was best-selling author Silvina Bullrich.
Africa
editIn the early twentieth century the Portuguese government encouraged migration to Angola and Mozambique, and by the 1970s, up to 1 million Portuguese settlers were living in Portugal's overseas African provinces.[344] Minor communities settled in Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe, Portuguese influences continue there: Portuguese enjoys the status of official language.
Following the Carnation Revolution, as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975, an estimated 800,000 Portuguese emigrated from the former colonies.[345] Returnees to Portugal are often referred as Retornados (literally, those who came back).
Some Portuguese moved to South Africa, Botswana, and Algeria.[346][347][348][349][350] In particular, South Africa hosts the largest Portuguese community in the continent, numbering about 700,000 (more than Lisbon).
Portuguese descendants make up a significant minority in the former colonies where, they make up the bulk of Mestiços (Mixed African-European people).[351][352][353][354]
Europe outside of Portugal
editFrance, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco, Andorra and Switzerland
editDue to the linguistic similarity between Portuguese and French and the many schools in Portugal that promote French as foreign language, many Portuguese nationals started migrating to France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco and the French-speaking part of Switzerland in the 1960s, for economic reasons, and to avoid conscription to fight in Portuguese colonies. Interestingly, migration to Andorra - where, although Catalan is the official language, French is widely spoken - made the Portuguese the third largest ethnic group in the state, after Andorrans and Spaniards.[355][356][357][358]
Around 15% of Portuguese people are fluent in French.[359][360] French has been dwindling, often replaced by English. In 2005 French fluency stood at 24%.[361] Nevertheless, 70% of middle school students study French.[362] French media are widely available in Portugal (newspapers, magazines, radio stations and TV channels) and many libraries offer a French-language section.
Portuguese migration to the more affluent French speaking countries in Europe continues, although at a lower rate.
More than 2,260,000 Portuguese citizens live in these countries. In addition, France alone hosts 450,000 Luso-descendants.[citation needed]
Records of Portuguese living in France date to the early centuries of the Portuguese kingdom, notably merchants, Portuguese-Jews and Portuguese nobles: Louis XIV was of Portuguese descent through his grandfather Philip II. Despite a centuries-long presence, Portuguese nationals only started to move to France in large numbers following World War 2.[363][364]
From the 1960s, Brazil's economic stagnation, French efforts to attract Portuguese workers, and António de Oliveira Salazar's dictatorship and the colonial wars were factors that contributed to 1,000,000 people migrating to France from 1960 to 1974.[365][366][367][368][369] After 1974, Portuguese nationals started moving to Luxembourg and Monaco (1980s), Switzerland (1990s) and – Belgium and Andorra (2000s). This is also due to France's tightened immigration control.[370][371][372]
Portuguese constitute 23.4% of Luxembourg's population, second to native Luxembourgers. Andorra is inhabited by 16,300 Portuguese nationals (19.4% of the population)[373][374], Monaco hosts around 1,000 (3.3% of the Population),[375] while Belgium is home to around 80,000 (0.7% of the population).[376]
In Switzerland, Portuguese settled mainly in Romandy. Official figures suggest that Portuguese is spoken by 5% of the population at home and 10.1% in French speaking Switzerland, thus making Portuguese second only to French.[377]
Notable Portuguese Swiss include snooker player Alexander Ursenbacher, models Pedro Mendes and Nomi Fernandes, actress Yaël Boon and Olympic medalist Stéphane Lambiel.
Notable Portuguese Belgians include – nobles such as Queen Elizabeth or King Leopold III, fashion designer Veronique Branquinho, footballer Yannick Carrasco, actress Rose Bertram, sprinter Jonathan Sacoor, and actress Helena Noguerra.
Portuguese migration towards these countries has steadily declined over the years, although from 2003 to 2022 around 615,000 Portuguese nationals migrated there, especially following the 2008 financial crisis. As of 2021 around 40% had returned to Portugal, as the economic outlook improved.[378]
| 2003–2006 | 2007–2010 | 2011–2014 | 2015–2018 | 2019–2022 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Switzerland | 50,346 | 59,329 | 69,172 | 40,438 | 33,608 | 252,893 |
| France | 39,960 | 33,708 | 68,216 | 40,345 | 28,967 | 211,196 |
| Luxembourg | 14,956 | 16,605 | 18,592 | 16,723 | 14,556 | 81,432 |
| Belgium | 7,694 | 11,064 | 14,693 | 11,297 | 9,029 | 53,777 |
| Andorra | 7,167 | 3,204 | 1,067 | 1,122 | 884 | 13,444 |
| Total | 120,123 | 123,910 | 171,740 | 109,925 | 87,044 | 612,742 |
Germany
editAfter WWII hundreds of thousands of Portuguese settled as guest workers in Western European countries. On 17 March 1964, the recruitment agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and Portugal was signed under the Erhard I cabinet. Armando Rodrigues de Sá was officially welcomed in 1964 as the millionth "guest worker" in Germany and was given a certificate and a two-seater Zündapp Sport Combinette – Mokick.[380] The number of Portuguese citizens living in Germany was estimated at 245,000 as of 2021.[381] The largest Portuguese community is located in Hamburg numbering about 25,000. A Portugiesenviertel (Portuguese quarter) in Hamburg sits near the Port of Hamburg and between the subway stations of Landungsbrücken and Baumwall.
United Kingdom
editIn the United Kingdom, people of Portuguese origin were estimated at 400,000 in 2021.[382][383] Other sources claim as many as 500,000 Portuguese there,[384] considerably higher than the estimated 170,000 Portuguese-born people residing in the country in 2021[385] (excluding British-born people of Portuguese descent).
In areas such as Thetford and the crown dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey, Portuguese form the largest ethnic minority groups at 30%.
London is home to the largest group of Portuguese in the UK, with the majority settling in the Western boroughs of Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth and Westminster.[386]
Brazil
edit| Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE) | |||||||||||||
| Decade | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nationality | 1500–1700 | 1701–1760 | 1808–1817 | 1827–1829 | 1837–1841 | 1856–1857 | 1881–1900 | 1901–1930 | 1931–1950 | 1951–1960 | 1961–1967 | 1981–1991 | 1991–2023 |
| Portuguese | 100,000 | 600,000 | 24,000 | 2,004 | 629 | 16,108 | 316,204 | 754,147 | 148,699 | 235,635 | 54,767 | 4,605 | 400,000 |
Colonial period
editPortuguese are the largest European immigrant group in Brazil. In colonial times, over 700,000 Portuguese settled there, mostly during the 18th century gold rush.[387] Brazil received more European settlers during its colonial era than any other country in the Americas. Between 1500 and 1760, about 700,000 Europeans immigrated to Brazil, compared to 530,000 to the US.[388][389] They were the only significant migrants to the country during the colonial era, despite French and Dutch invasions. The Portuguese migration was predominantly men. The Jesuits asked the Portuguese King to send any kind of Portuguese women to Brazil, even the socially undesirable (e.g. prostitutes or women with mental maladies), if necessary.[390][391] The Crown responded by sending groups of orphans to marry nobles and peasants alike.[390][392]
They included many Órfãs do Rei (orphans of the king) of what was considered "good birth". They were noble and non-noble maidens, often daughters of soldiers killed in battle or noblemen who died overseas and whose upbringing was paid by the Crown. Bahia's port in the East received one of the first groups of orphans in 1551.[393] Portuguese men also competed successfully for local women with slaves and indigenous peoples.[394] Their better quality of life and lower mortality rate were important advantages. Then, even though the 700,000 Portuguese colonial migration was smaller than 3.2 million indigenous inhabitants and the 4.8million Africans, their descendants numbered as many as the "non-white" population in the early 19th century.[395][396][394] After independence from Portugal in 1822, around 1.7 million additional Portuguese immigrants settled there.[394]
Post-independence
editPortuguese immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries was marked by its concentration in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The immigrants opted mostly for urban centers. Portuguese women began to migrate independently, although even at the turn of the 20th century, 319 men came each 100 women.[397] The Portuguese were different from Germans[398] or Italians[399] who brought many more women with them. Despite the small female proportion, Portuguese men typically chose Portuguese women, while female immigrants rarely married indigenous men. Portuguese endogamy was higher than any other European immigrant community, behind only the Japanese.[400]
Many Portuguese-Brazilians identified as Brazilian, perhaps encouraged by the dominance of Portuguese culture there.
In 1872, 3.7 million Whites lived in Brazil (the vast majority of Portuguese ancestry), along with 4.1 million mixed-race people (mostly of Portuguese-African-Amerindian ancestry) and 1.9 million Blacks. Thus 80% of Brazilians had at least partial Portuguese ancestry in the 1870s.[401]
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a new large wave of Portuguese immigrants arrived, including over 1.5 million Portuguese from 1881 to 1991. In 1906, for example, 133,393 Portuguese-born people lived in Rio de Janeiro, comprising 16% of the city's population. Rio remains the largest "Portuguese city" outside of Portugal, with 1% Portuguese natives.[388][402][403]
Genetic evidence
editGenetic studies confirm the strong Portuguese genetic influence. At least half of the Brazilian population's male inheritance (based on Y chromosomes) comes from Portugal. Black Brazilians have an average of 48% non-African genes, mostly with Portuguese ancestors. By contrast, 33% Amerindian and 28% African contribution to the total female inheritance (mtDNA) of white Brazilians was found.[404][405]
An autosomal study from 2013, with nearly 1300 samples from across Brazil, found a predominant degree of Portuguese ancestry. European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values from 51% to 74%, increasing northern to southern Brazil). Northern populations included a significant proportion of indigenous ancestry, twice the African contribution. In the northeast, centerwest and southeast, African ancestry exceeded them. All urban populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation was observed between individuals within each population.[406]
A large, community-based multicenter autosomal study considered representative samples from three urban communities Salvador, Bambuí, and Pelotas, estimated European, mostly Iberian, ancestry to be 42.4%, 83.8% and 85.3%, respectively.[407]
An estimated 5 million Brazilians (2.3% of the total) were eligible for Portuguese citizenship.[408]
Oceania
editAustralia
editIn Australia, although their numbers are smaller than the Greek and Italian communities, Portuguese are an active community. They were among the early European settlers, and might have discovered Australia. Portuguese immigration to Australia experienced a boom after the Carnation Revolution and the Indonesian Invasion of Timor-Leste. Portuguese spread across the country and even have a designated Portuguese neighborhood. The 74,000 people of Portuguese descent constitute about 0.28% of the population. Portuguese cuisine is popular, exemplified by restaurants such as Nando's, Oporto, and Ogalo. Pastel de nata is widely consumed. Many Portuguese are from Madeira.[409][410][411][412] Notable Portuguese Australians include Naomi Sequeira, Kate DeAraugo, Junie Morosi, Lyndsey Rodrigues, Sophie Masson and Irina Dunn.
New Zealand
editThe community in New Zealand is much smaller and the 1,500 Portuguese people living there (although the numbers could be significantly higher) constitute about 0.03% of the population. On 22 April 2010, the Office of Ethnic Affairs officially recognized Portuguese New Zealanders as a distinct community, marked by tying the 70th ribbon to Parliament's mooring stone in the Parliament House Galleria. The Portuguese community organizes annual gatherings and celebrations, such as Portugal Day, and maintains a friendship association. Portuguese individuals were among the early settlers in New Zealand, although immigration declined gradually until the 1960s. After the Carnation Revolution, the community started to increase again.[413][414]
New Caledonia
editAbout 900 Portuguese live in the French collectivity of New Caledonia (0.38% of the population).[citation needed]
Asia
editPortuguese influences are found throughout Asia, especially in Macau, Timor-Leste and India, all territories where the Portuguese maintained colonies.[415][416]
Southeast Asia
editLuso-Asian communities have had a presence in Southeast Asia since the 15th century. As a result of inter-ethnic marriage, Portuguese-based dialects have emerged in Malaysia and Singapore. Notable Kristangs include Kimberley Leggett, Jojo Sturys, Joan Margaret Marbeck, Elaine Daly, Nor Aliah Lee, Melissa Tan, Andrea Fonseka, Anna Jobling and Cheryl Samad. People of Portuguese descent from Singapore include Pilar Arlando, Mary Klass and Vernetta Lopez.
Other communities are found in Indonesia, with significant populations living in Lamno (the so-called "mata biru" or blue-eyed people), Aceh, Maluku Islands and Kampung Tugu.[417][418][419][420][421][422] Portuguese vestiges include dozens of loanwords as well as the introduction of Roman Catholicism (3.12% of the population, but still the major religion in NTT) and Keroncong, similar to Portuguese cavaquinho.[423][424][425][426] In recent years many Indonesians of Portuguese descent have been active in the entertainment industry such as Puteri Indonesia Elfin Pertiwi Rappa or actress Millane Fernandez. In the Philippines, actress Sophie Albert is another Portuguese-South Asian.
Communities of Portuguese descent are found in Myanmar[427][428] and Thailand.[429][430] In Thailand, during the reign of King Narai the Great the Portuguese community in Ayutthaya is thought to have peaked at 6,000 people.[431] Notable Thai of Portuguese descent include Francis Chit, Maria Guyomar de Pinha, Kung Nang Pattamasuta, Krystal Vee, and Neon Issara.
Indian Subcontinent
editSri Lanka is home to around 40,000 Portuguese Burghers. A notable example is Rosemary Rogers. In addition, as a consequence of the Portuguese invasion of Sri Lanka, during the 16th and 17th centuries, many Portuguese language surnames were adopted among the Sinhalese. As a result, Perera and Fernando eventually became the most common surnames.[432][433][434] Afro Sri-Lankans also retain a Portuguese identity.[435] Major Portuguese contributions to Sri Lanka include 1,000 loanwords in Sinhala,[436] Baila music (from the Portuguese bailar, meaning to dance), culinary innovations such as "Bolo di amor" (literally Love cake) or "Bolo Folhado" (literally Puff Pastry)[437] as well as Roman Catholicism (approximately 6.1% of the population identifies as Catholic) and the endangered Sri Lankan Portuguese creole.[438][439]
In Pakistan a small Portuguese community numbers about 64 people,[440] even though other estimates point to 400 in Karachi.[441] Notable Portuguese Pakistani include Dilshad Vadsaria and Bernadette Louise Dean. Before partition, it is estimated that the Goan community in Karachi numbered up to 15,000. The majority returned to Goa, to other Portuguese territories, or to the UK.[442] The Portuguese community contributed to the musical scene of pre-partition Karachi.[443] As of today, about 6,000 Goans remain in Pakistan, mainly in that city.[441]
Portuguese heritage continues in Bangladesh: they were the first Europeans.[444] The Portuguese introduced Catholicism, now professed by about 375,000 Bangladeshis.[445] This heritage added more than 1,500 words to Bengali.[446] In colonial times, the population may have reached 40,000 people[447][448] before most resettled elsewhere. Those who remained integrated in Bangladeshi society. Notable examples of Portuguese influence in Bangladesh are their surnames, as well as Bangladesh's oldest church, the Holy Rosary Church in Dhaka.[449] As of now, the Portuguese community in Bangladesh consists of a few expatriates[450] and some descendants of the early settlers.
East Asia
editA small but growing Portuguese community – consisting mainly of recent expats and numbering about 3,500 people – is found in Japan,[451][452] South Korea,[453] China[454][455] and Taiwan, whose name in European texts until the 20th century – Formosa, meaning "beautiful (island)" – is Portuguese.[456]
A 20,700 people-strong community continues in Hong Kong, mainly of Macanese descent.[457] Notable people include Joe Junior, Michelle Reis, Rowan Varty, Rita Carpio and Ray Cordeiro.
The most important Portuguese community in Eastern Asia is in Macau, which was a Portuguese colony until 1999. It harbors more than 150,000 Portuguese citizens, accounting for 22.34% of the total, the largest concentration of Portuguese nationals in Asia as well as one of the most important in the world.[458] Notables include Germano Guilherme.
Diaspora populations
editLiterature
editPortuguese literature has a long and varied history, with roots in the Middle Ages. In the 16th century, Portugal's literature entered its "Golden Age", during which time poets such as Luís de Camões and Francisco de Sá de Miranda were renowned.[576] Portuguese is often referred as to the "língua de Camões" (Camões's language), highlighting this author's importance in forging the national identity.[577]
Portuguese authors from the Age of Discovery include Públia Hortênsia de Castro, Gomes Eanes de Zurara, Joana Vaz, Fernão Mendes Pinto (author of Peregrinação), Joana da Gama, Fernão Lopes and Violante do Céu.[578]
19th authors included Almeida Garrett, who is credited with founding modern Portuguese literature. His writings reflect the political and social revolutions then taking place in Portugal, and his writing style is recognized as original.[579]
Authors such as Fernando Pessoa and Guerra Junqueiro gained international acclaim for their writings in the 20th century. Literary production mushroomed.[580][581]
Modern authors such as Nobel Laureate José Saramago and António Lobo Antunes. These authors write about identity, culture, and society.
Other notable Portuguese authors include Ana Vicente, Richard Zimler, Ana Plácido, Mário Cesariny, Ana Hatherly, Cesário Verde, Isabel Stilwell, Miguel Torga, Ana de Castro Osório, Alves Redol, Maria Archer, Antero de Quental, Isabel Alçada, Wenceslau de Moraes, Vimala Devi, Alexandre Herculano, Dulce Maria Cardoso, Maria Gabriela Llansol, Abel Botelho, Fernanda Botelho, Isabel da Nóbrega, Rita Vilela, Maria Gabriela Llansol and Natália Correia, Matilde Campilho, and Ana Daniel.
Susan Lowndes Marques, writer and journalist, was a leading figure in the Portuguese-British community in Lisbon, and promoted Portugal in the UK.
Law and Justice
editPortugal created a legal system for its colonies, with traces visible in international law.
Portugal has contributed to human rights law. The European Convention on Human Rights, which was established in 1950 with the purpose of defending human rights and basic freedoms, was championed by Portugal.
Portuguese active in the field of Law and Justice include Paula Teixeira da Cruz (previous Minister of Justice), Boaventura de Sousa Santos GOSE (one of the most prominent Portuguese living left-wing intellectuals. ), Susana Amador, Henrique O'Neill, Maria Santos Pais (served as Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General on Violence against Children), Januário Lourenço (invented the Electronic Power of Attorney and the Electronic Divorce.), Isabel Oneto, Guilherme d'Oliveira Martins, Heloísa Apolónia and António Vitorino (former European Commissioner for Justice and Home Affairs).
Science and technology
editResearch and development (R&D) is conducted mainly by state universities and autonomous state research institutes. However, non-state research institutes and some private projects also operate.[582][583]
During the Age of Discovery technical requirements for navigation were a topic of great importance. Portuguese contributions to the scientific world included the Caravel – a light and fast ship designed for coastal navigation and the Portolan – a maritime map used from the early Middle Ages. The Portuguese also introduced the Compass rose on maps[584] and for guidance and navigation devices such as the cross-staff, nonius, the nautical astrolabe, and the Black Maple Sword.[clarification needed][585]
João Faras named the Southern Cross while Francisco de Pina, in Asia invented the modern Vietnamese alphabet (Quốc ngữ).[586] Botanist João de Loureiro also worked in VIetnam.
One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal, the Lisbon Academy of Sciences, was founded in 1779. During this time the Passarola was conceived. Natural philosopher Jean Hyacinthe de Magellan was active. Bento de Moura Portugal improved Thomas Savery's steam engine.
In 1792 Portugues founded the oldest engineering school of Latin America (Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho), as well as the oldest medical college of Asia (Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Goa) in 1842.
During the late 19th century Bartolomeu de Gusmão introduced the Pyreliophore and Maximiliano Augusto Herrmann developed the Herrmann wall telephone. Spectrography pioneer Francisco Miranda da Costa Lobo and telectroscope pioneer Adriano de Paiva were active.
In 1949, neurologist António Egas Moniz, an early developer of cerebral angiography, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
Other contributions include the drug Zebinix, the All-on-4 method (dentistry), the Multibanco, the Coloradd and the prepaid mobile phone.
Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), an international centre for biomedical research, was founded in 1961 and ranked as one of the Top Ten places for post-docs, by The Scientist. Champalimaud Foundation focuses on neuroscience and oncology. International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory operates in Braga.
In 2001 Portugal ranked 28th among countries for contributions to the top 1% of the world's highly cited publications. Portugal ranked 32nd in the 2022 Global Innovation Index.[587][588]
Portugal has full membership and citizens working in pan-European scientific organizations such as European Space Agency (ESA), European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), ITER, and the European Southern Observatory (ESO). From 2005–2007, Portugal was the EU member state with the highest growth rate in research and development (R&D) investment as a percentage of GDP at 46%, totaling 1.2% of GDP. This ranked 15th among the 27 EU member states in 2007.[589]
Notable Portuguese people who made important contributions to science and technology:
- Agronomy (Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira)
- Anthropology (Miguel Vale de Almeida, Jill Rosemary Dias, Leopoldina Ferreira Paulo, Teresa Joaquim)
- Astronomy (Paulo Freire)
- Astrophysics (David Sobral)
- Biochemistry (Sónia Rocha, Mónica Bettencourt-Dias, Helena Santos)
- Biology (Rolanda Matos)
- Botany (António Xavier Pereira Coutinho, Rosette Batarda Fernandes, Seomara da Costa Primo)
- Chemical engineering (Alírio Rodrigues, Isabel Gago, Armando J. L. Pombeiro)
- Chemistry (Roberto Duarte Silva, Branca Edmée Marques)
- Computer science (Diogo Vasconcelos, Fernando Boavida, Pedro Pedrosa Mendes, Isabel Cruz)
- Economics (Francisco Luís Gomes, Moisés Bensabat Amzalak, Rita Almeida, Lúcio Mauro Vinhas de Souza)
- Ethnology (António dos Santos Graça),
- Fluid dynamics (Silvana Cardoso)
- Geography (Orlando Ribeiro)
- Geology (Léon Paul Choffat, Venceslau de Lima, Carlos Ribeiro)
- Immunology (Benedita Barata da Rocha)
- Malariology (Maria Manuel Mota)
- Marine biology (Alexandra Cunha)
- Medical analysis (Mortó Sitarama Dessai)
- Metereology (Ilda Aurora Pinheiro de Moura Machado)
- Mycology (Mathilde Bensaude)
- Neuroscience (Megan Carey, Paula Isabel da Silva Moreira, Susana Lima, Ana Domingos, Hanna Damasio)
- Nuclear physics (Lidia Salgueiro)
- Paleontology (Miguel Telles Antunes)
- Pathology (Fátima Carneiro)
- Pharmaceutical Science (Luís Prista)
- Planning theory (Elisabete A. Silva)
- Primatology (Claudia Sousa)
- Protein Crystallography (Maria Arménia Carrondo)
- Psychology (Armindo Freitas-Magalhães, Ana Cristina Silva)
- Physics (José Mendes, Luís Amaral)
- Oncobiology (Raquel Seruca)
- Romance philology (Karoline Michaelis)
- Somnology (Teresa Paiva)
- Systems theory (Tessaleno Devezas)
- Theoretical physics (Pedro Vieira, João Penedones)
Other notable Portuguese scientists include:
- Corino Andrade – initially described familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
- Odette Ferreira – identified HIV-2
- Froilano de Mello – 20th century medical researcher and biologist
- Graça Freitas GCM – Director-General of Health during the Covid pandemic
- Diogo de Carvalho e Sampayo – amateur scientist who authored two important works on chromatics.[clarification needed]
Portuguese archaeology was inaugurated by André de Resende in the 16th century. Portuguese contributors include Estácio da Veiga, José Leite de Vasconcelos, Irisalva Moita, Luís Raposo, Samuel Schwarz, Miriam Halpern Pereira, Raquel Varelaand João de Barros.
Manuel Valadares pioneered the use of X-rays for art restoration. Paleoethnobotanist António Rodrigo Pinto da Silva contributed to the study of Portuguese history.
Governance
editPortuguese politics is defined within the framework of a parliamentary, representative multy-party democratic republic, where the Prime Minister is the head of government.
The President is the head of the country and has significant political power. He is elected for a 5-year term by direct vote, and he is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. His powers include the election of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, in accordance with general elections results. The Council of State is a presidential oversight body, composed of six senior civilian officers, any former president elected since 1976, five members elected by the Assembly, and five directly appointed by the President.
Executive power is assigned to the Council of Ministers. Both the Government and the Portuguese Parliament (Assembleia da República) are equipped with legislative rights. The Assembly is elected by universal suffrage via proportional representation. Deputies serve a four-year term. Given extreme unrest or of inability to form a government, the President can dissolve the Assembly and call for new elections.
Since 1976, the Socialist Party (PS) and Social Democratic Party (PSD) have dominated the political landscape.
The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches and the national Supreme Court is the court of last appeal. Military, administrative and fiscal courts are independent systemsce. A nine-member Constitutional Court verifies the constitutionality of legislation.
Education
editEducation has been gradually modernized and expanded since the 1970s. According to the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) in 2015, 15-year-old students were significantly above the OECD average for reading skills, mathematics and science.[590][591] Portugal has recognized universities and business schools that have contributed international leaders[592] and which attract an increasing number of foreign students. Portugal is among the top senders and receivers country within the Erasmus+ programme,[593] with more student entering than leaving.[594]
Economy
editPortugal's economy ranked 34th on the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report in 2019.[595]
The majority of its trade is with the EU, the source and destination of more than 70% of the 2020 total.[596] International trade amounted to approximately 153.3 billion Euros in 2022. Spain is by far its largest trading partner, accounting for 11.61% of exports and 32.07% of imports.[597][598] Other important trading partners include NAFTA (6.3% of exports and 2% of imports), PALOP (5.7% of exports and 2.5% of imports), Maghreb (3.7% of exports and 1.3% of import and Mercosul (1.4% of exports and 2.5% of imports).
The Portuguese currency is the euro (€). The country has been part of the Eurozone since its founding.
The country's national bank is Banco de Portugal, and it is part of the European System of Central Banks. Most stock trading takes place on Euronext Lisbon, owned by NYSE Euronext.[599] Important Portuguese banks include BES (now Novo Banco), CGD and Millennium BCP.
Portugual's largest companies include The Navigator Company (paper); Sonae Indústria (world's largest producer of wood panels); Corticeira Amorim (world's largest cork producer); Conservas Ramirez (canned food); Cimpor (top 10 cement); EDP Renováveis (#3 producer of wind energy); Jerónimo Martins (supermarket chain); José de Mello Group (conglomerate), TAP Air Portugal; and Brisa - Autoestradas de Portugal.[600] Other companies include Sumol + Compal (drinks); Renova (tissue); Vista Alegre (ceramics); Nelo (MAR Kayaks Ltda) (boats); GestiFute (public relations); Pestana Group (tourism and leisure) and Salvador Caetano. Media companies include Impresa, Sociedade Independente de Comunicação (SIC), the first Portuguese private television network, NOS and MEO.
Portuguese businesswomen include Catarina Fagundes, CEO of Wind Birds, Catarina Portas, owner of A Vida Portuguesa, Fernanda Pires da Silva, President of Grupo Grão-Pará, a conglomerate focusing on construction, real estate, tourism, hotel management, and marble, Julia Carvalho, Corporate Manager at IBM, Maria da Conceição Zagalo, awarded by Amnesty International, as one of 25 women worldwide, "for her special dedication to social causes", Carla Castro and Eugénia Cândida da Fonseca da Silva Mendes.
Portuguese businessmen include Raul Pires Ferreira Chaves, inventor of a precursor to modular construction systems; Paulo Maló, founder of Malo Clinic; Zeinal Abedin Mohamed Bava; António Miguel Ferreira; Paulo Morgado, Executive Vice-president of Capgemini Group; Henrique de Sommer; Fernando Van Zeller Guedes, co-founder of Sogrape and the inspiration behind Mateus; Narciso Ferreira; Henrique de Mendonça, helping the Portuguese colony of São Tomé and Príncipe become a leading cocoa producers; Diogo Mónica, co-founder of Anchorage Digital. Expat Portuguese businessmen include Pedro José Lobo; Joe Berardo, entrepreneur; Arnaldo de Oliveira Sales; José Filipe Torres, branding expert; António Augusto Carvalho Monteiro, Quinta da Regaleira.
Fishing is a prominent occupation, notably for sardines. Both men and women work as fishermen.
Cuisine
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2024) |
The oldest cookbook on Portuguese cooking is from the 16th century, Livro de Cozinha da Infanta D. Maria de Portugal[601] (Crown-Princess Maria's cookbook). It describes recipes made of beef, fish, fowl, and other traditional ingredients. Even in the High Middle Ages, agriculture had already a regional character. Small peasant allotments and large latifundia were cultivated. The latter are particularly characteristic of southern regions, which were annexed as a result of the Reconquista and distributed among feudal lords, whereas further north, agricultural lots were typically smaller.
In modern times, fruit and grapes began to play an important role. Portugal is a world leader in fortified red and dry white wines. Port wine and Madeira wine come from there. Portuguese farmers grow pears, apples, plums, cherries, olives, citrus fruits and grain crops such as wheat, rye, corn, oats, and vegetables such as legumes.
Portuguese cuisine relies on meats (pork, cattle, chicken and game among others).
High seafood (fish, crustaceans including lobster, crab, shrimp, prawns, and octopus) consumption is supported by rich fisheries along Portugal's 1,800 km of coastline (1,115 miles). This is balanced by vegetables, legumes, and sweets (notably, cakes). The diet is rich in carbohydrates that often includes fresh breads like broa, rice, and potatoes.[602][603][604] The Portuguese lead the Europeans in rice consumption per capita, 16.1 kg per year.[605] Rice specialities include, Arroz de Tamboril (Monkfish rice), Arroz de Pato (duck rice) and Arroz de Cabidela (rooster rice) enjoy high popularity.[606] Portuguese are among the largest European potato consumers, consuming 62 kg potatoes per capita per year,.[607] Portugal has one of the largest livestock EU populations.[608]
António-Maria De Oliveira Bello, also known as Olleboma, wrote "Culinária Portuguesa" (Portuguese Cuisine) in 1936.[609] Portuguese cuisine also draws from Mediterranean sources – Portugal is among the countries recognised by UNESCO for its Mediterranean diet – and from all over the world, especially from the onetime Portuguese Empire.
Portugal's role in the spice trade influenced its cuisine, particularly in the broad variety of spices used. These spices include piri piri (tiny, spicy chili peppers), white and black pepper, saffron, paprika, clove, allspice, cumin, and nutmeg.[610]
Many dishes contain cinnamon, vanilla, lemon, orange, anise, clove, and allspice. Portuguese merchants introduced oranges in Middle Eastern countries. Today the Turkish ("Portakal"), Farsi (نارنجی or "portaqal") and Arabic (البرتقالي or "lburtuqaliiu") words for orange all reflect a Portuguese origin. This term extended to the Ottoman Empire and beyond, today appearing in languages such as Romanian (portocale), Albanian (portokalli), Greek (πορτοκάλι-portokáli) and Georgian (ფორთოხალი-portokhali).
One popular dish is Feijoada. Feijão is Portuguese for bean. With feijoada salada de tomate and vinagrete or molho vinagrete are sometimes served. The Portuguese have 365 ways of cooking cod (bacalhau). Other emblematic Portuguese traditional dishes are Cozido à portuguesa (Portuguese stew) and Caldo verde (green soup). The most globally appreciated pastry is pastel de nata, sometimes known as Natas or Portuguese custard tarts.
Portugal has 19 named wine regions Denominação de Origem Controlada: Alenquer, Arruda, Bairrada, Beira Interior, Bucelas, Carcavelos, Colares, Dão, Douro, Encostas d'Aire, Lagoa, Lagos, Óbidos, Palmela, Portimão, Setúbal, Tavira, Távora-Varosa, and Torres Vedras. The most famous Portuguese wine isVinho do Porto (port), which is grown only in the região demarcada do Douro. Several unique types of Port wine are made, namely Porto Branco, Porto Ruby, and Porto Tawny. Also famous is the slightly sparkling Vinho Verde[611] (green wine), from the Minho region.
Notable Portuguese chefs include Filipa Vacondeus, Louise Bourrat[612] and Marlene Vieira.
Architecture
editPortuguese architecture encompasses work in Portugal and its former colonies, reflecting these diverse cultures. Romans and Moors each left marks. Epitomes of the Portuguese architectural style[613] are Romanesque, Gothic and, above all, Manueline style. Baroque and Rococo were influential. After the 1755 Lisbon earthquake the Pombaline style (now candidate to become a listed UNESCO heritage site) took over and is still visible, especially in Estremadura (the region of the capital city, Lisbon). Other influences include Romanesque evolving into contemporary styles. The Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, built in the 1960s is one of defining examples of 20th-century Portuguese architecture.
19th century architects include Maria José Marques da Silva, Helena Roseta, Miguel Ventura Terra and José Marques da Silva. Modern architects include Pritzker Architecture Prize winners Eduardo Souto de Moura and Siza Vieira. Others include Raul Lino, Fernando Távora and Álvaro Siza Vieira. Tomás Taveira is noted particularly for stadium design. Other Portuguese architects include Diogo de Arruda (chapter house window at the Convent of Christ, in Tomar), Pedro Nunes Tinoco and Filippo Terzi (Monastery of São Vicente de Fora), André Soares (Falperra Church), José António Caldas (dark room pioneer in Brazil), Carlos Amarante (Bom Jesus do Monte), João Luís Carrilho da Graça, José da Costa e Silva (established Neoclassical architecture in Portugal and Brazil), José Luis Monteiro, João Abel Manta, Huguet and Mateus Fernandes (Monastery of Batalha)
Portuguese architects who made contributions abroad include Alfredo Azancot in Chile, Emanuele Rodriguez Dos Santos in Italy, and Jo Palma in Canada.
Music
editFrom folk music to classical, music has always played an important role in Portuguese culture. From traditional songs from the north of the country to the rhythms of Portuguese-influenced samba, from fado to Portuguese pop-rock, Portuguese music has delighted listeners all over the world.
Portuguese music dates back to the Middle Ages, when troubadours, poets and musicians sang love songs throughout the country.
The 16th century brought musical influences such as the stringed instrument, the Krencong, which traveled from Portugal to Indonesia and made a lasting contribution to Indonesian culture. Another instrument of Portuguese origin that gained acclaim in Hawaiian music is the ukulele, which originated on Madeira Island.
Fado is the leading modern genre. Originating in Lisbon in the 19th century, it symbolizes Portuguese culture. Fado songs often express love, saudade (longing) and difficulties in life. The great ambassador of Portuguese fado, Amália Rodrigues, had carried the music across the world during the 1950s and 1960s. Musicians such as Mariza, Ana Moura and Cristina Branco, Katia Guerreiro modernized and invigorated this musical art alive. The genre is one of two Portuguese music traditions in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, along with Cante Alentejano.
Besides fado, the country produced other popular music, including Portuguese Pop Rock, developed in the 1980s and 1990s by artists such as Xutos & Pontapés, Rui Veloso, and the Madredeus. The latter are noted for their innovative use of the traditional Portuguese guitar.
Other popular imported genres include dance, house, kizomba, pimba, pop, reggae, ska and zouk. World music stars include Waldemar Bastos. A notable Portuguese kizomba author is Soraia Ramos.
Ângelo César do Rosário Firmino and Diana De Brito are important rap artists. Hip hop arrived in the early 1990s. The first artist to sign a major record deal was General D. Other important artists from the Hip hop tuga genre include Sam the Kid and Regula.
In jazz, notable Portuguese performers include Carmen Souza, Marta Dias, Vânia Fernandes, Maria João and Luísa Sobral. while in the kuduro musical genre in Portugal Keidje Torres Lima is notable. Other authors are Lura, Georgina Ribas, Filipa Azevedo, Nenny, Ana Free, Ana Bela Alves and Bárbara Bandeira.
Cinema
editPortuguese cinema appeared at the end of the 19th century, via silent films. In the 1920s that cinema became an important cultural and artistic element. The first Portuguese film, shot in Porto, was directed by Aurélio da Paz dos Reis in 1896. In homage to the Departure of the Workers from the Lumière Factory (La Sortie de l'usine Lumière à Lyon) by Auguste and Louis Lumière shot in 1895, he filmed the Departure of the Workers from the Confiança Factory (Saída do Pessoal Operário da Fábrica Confiança).[614]
José Leitão de Barros pioneered the Portuguese film industry, producing and directing silent films starting in the 1910s.[614] One of the first notable female actresses was Cremilda de Oliveira. Manoel de Oliveira extended de la Velle's legacy. His film "Aniki-Bóbó (1942), is notable for its innovation and vision of adolescence. Manoel de Oliveira made more than 30 films, including I'm Going home (2001), produced at age 93.
In the 1950s, attention pivoted to technically advanced Hollywood films. In the 1960s, attention returned home. In the 1960s innovative cinema flourished, notably with director Fernando Lopes. He made films that touched on themes of politics and religion, generating debate and controversy at the time. His film Belarmino (1964), won the Golden Lion at that year's Venice exhibition.
Fernando Lopes led a new generation of directors in the 70s and 80s. This period saw films like Mudar de Vida (1966) by Paulo Rocha. In the 70s the School of Reis – a concept related to the teachings of Portuguese director António Reis and Margarida Cordeiro – emerged. Notable proponents are João Pedro Rodrigues and Pedro Costa.[615]
Despite national success, Portuguese films were largely ignored by international festivals until the emergence of directors such as Marco Martins.
In 1989, the first of a new wave of filmmakers, Pedro Costa, presented O Sangue. This film, along with its follow-up efforts in the 90s, Ossos and Casa de Lava, shaped a distinctive style.
Portuguese directors have influenced the international film industry. Manoel de Oliveira was the first Portuguese director to compete for the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1985. Since then, other Portuguese filmmakers have competed at major international festivals.
The telenovela is a popular genre, brought from Brazil, and the country is a major producer and consumer.[616][617] Many Portuguese telenovelas have reached international audiences, such as A Única Mulher, Floribella, Morangos com Açúcar, Laços de Sangue and Conta-me como foi. Telenovela stars include Liliana Santos, Lúcia Moniz, Diogo Morgado, Vera Kolodzig, Sílvia Alberto, Diogo Amaral, Rita Pereira, Joana Ribeiro, Ricardo Pereira, Mariana Monteiro, and Luciana Abreu.
Portuguese authors have participated in international productions; among them Daniela Melchior, Nuno Lopes, Cris Huerta, Helena D'Algy and Rafael Morais.
Nuno Sá Pessoa and Diana Andringa are known for documentaries, Nuno Markl, Rita Camarneiro, Ricardo Araújo Pereira, Filomena Cautela and Eduardo Serra are TV hosts (Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2).
Influencers
edit| Rank | Username | Owner | Followers |
Profession/Activity | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | @cristiano | Cristiano Ronaldo | 622,000,000 | Footballer | Most followed person on Instagram | |
| 2 | @virginia | Virginia Fonseca | 46,000,000 | Influencer, YouTuber, businesswoman | American-born Brazilian who also holds Portuguese nationality. This makes her the most followed Portuguese woman on Instagram.[621] | |
| 3 | @gioewbank | Giovanna Ewbank | 29,300,000 | Actress, model, Television presenter | Brazilian-born Luso-Brazilian citizen[622] | |
| 4 | @phil.coutinho | Philippe Coutinho | 24,400,000 | Footballer | Most followed Brazilian-born Luso-Brazilian man on Instagram[623] | |
| 5 | @brunogagliasso | Bruno Gagliasso | 22,300,000 | Actor | Luso-Brazilian citizen[622] | |
| 6 | @official_pepe | Pepe | 17,600,000 | Footballer | Brazilian-born | |
| 7 | @felipeneto | Felipe Neto | 17,300,000 | YouTuber | Luso-Brazilian citizen[624] | |
| 8 | @ileana_official | Ileana D'Cruz | 16,400,000 | Actress | Indian-born | |
| 9 | @joaofelix79 | João Félix | 11,800,000 | Footballer | ||
| 10 | @brunofernandes8 | Bruno Fernandes | 8,800,000 | Footballer | ||
| 11 | @oficialkellykey | Kelly Key | 8,700,000 | Singer | Luso-Brazilian citizen[625] | |
| 12 | @sarasampaio | Sara Sampaio | 8,600,000 | Model | Most followed Portuguese-born Portuguese model on Instagram | |
| 13 | @jpcancelo | João Cancelo | 6,800,000 | Footballer | ||
| 14 | @pedroscooby | Pedro Scooby | 5,800,000 | Surfer | Luso-Brazilian[626] | |
| 15 | @luccasneto | Luccas Neto | 5,800,000 | Actor, comedian | Luso-Brazilian[627] | |
| 16 | @iamrafaeleao93 | Rafael Leão | 5,600,000 | Footballer | Being of Portuguese-Angolan descent, he is the most followed Luso-African on Instagram | |
| 17 | @ederson93 | Ederson Moraes | 5,200,000 | Footballer | Luso-Brazilian[628] | |
| 18 | @luis__figo | Luís Figo | 4,900,000 | Footballer | ||
| 19 | @renatosanches18 | Renato Sanches | 4,800,000 | Footballer | Of São Tomé and Príncipe and Cape Verdean descent | |
| 20 | @bernardocarvalhosilva | Bernardo Silva | 4,700,000 | Footballer | ||
| 21 | @doloresaveiroofficial | Dolores Aveiro | 4,300,000 | Cristiano Ronaldo's mother | ||
| 22 | @josemourinho | José Mourinho | 4,100,000 | Football manager | ||
| 23 | @ricardoquaresmaoficial | Ricardo Quaresma | 4,100,000 | Footballer | Most followed Portuguese of Romani descent | |
| 24 | @rubendias | Rúben Dias | 3,600,000 | Footballer | ||
| 25 | @diogodalot | Diogo Dalot | 3,100,000 | Footballer | Most followed Portuguese of French descent on Instagram | |
| 26 | @nelsonsemedo50 | Nélson Semedo | 3,000,000 | Footballer | Of Cape Verdean descent | |
| 27 | @jorgejesus | Jorge Jesus | 3,000,000 | Football manager | ||
| 28 | @luisnani | Nani | 2,500,000 | Footballer | Of Cape Verdean descent | |
| 29 | @ferodriguesoficial | Fernanda Rodrigues | 2,300,000 | Actress, Television presenter | Luso-Brazilian[629] | |
| 30 | @diogoj_18 | Diogo Jota | 2,300,000 | Footballer | ||
| 31 | @fabio_coentrao | Fábio Coentrão | 2,000,000 | Footballer | ||
| 32 | @aftgomes21 | André Gomes | 1,800,000 | Footballer | ||
| 33 | @magui_corceiro | Margarida Corceiro | 1,800,000 | Actress | Most followed Portuguese born in the 21st century | |
| 34 | @andresilva9 | André Silva | 1,500,000 | Footballer | ||
| 35 | @dailycristina | Cristina Ferreira | 1,600,000 | Television presenter | ||
| 36 | @hyndia | Rita Pereira | 1,500,000 | Actress | ||
| 37 | @pedrocarvalho_oficial | Pedro Carvalho | 1,500,000 | Actor | Most followed Portuguese male actor | |
| 38 | @katiaaveirooficial | Kátia Aveiro | 1,400,000 | Pop singer | ||
| 39 | @explorerssaurus_ | Raquel e Miguel | 1,300,000 | Travellers | Most followed Portuguese couple on Instagram | |
| 40 | @danielamelchior | Daniela Melchior | 1,300,000 | Actress | ||
| 41 | @ricardinho10oficial | Ricardinho | 1,300,000 | Futsal player | Most followed Portuguese futsal player | |
| 42 | @h.herrera16 | Héctor Herrera | 1,200,000 | Footballer | Most followed Portuguese citizen of Mexican descent on Instagram | |
| 43 | @sergioliveira27 | Sérgio Oliveira | 1,200,000 | Footballer | ||
| 44 | @iamdanilopereira | Danilo Pereira | 1,200,000 | Footballer | Most followed Guinea-Bissau born Portuguese on Instagram | |
| 45 | @claudiavieiraoficial | Cláudia Vieira | 1,200,000 | Actress, Television presenter | ||
| 46 | @pedrobarrosopb | Pedro Barroso | 1,100,000 | Actor | ||
| 47 | @nunomendes | Nuno Mendes | 1,100,000 | Footballer | Of Angolan descent | |
| 48 | @rubendsneves | Rúben Neves | 1,100,000 | Footballer | ||
| 49 | @gonolivier | Gonçalo Olivier | 1,100,000 | Influencer | One of the most followed Portuguese influencers[630][631] | |
| 50 | @danielaruah | Daniela Ruah | 1,100,000 | Actress | Most followed American-Bissau born Portuguese on Instagram | |
| Instagram As of February 26, 2024[update] | ||||||
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Only people legally registered as living in Portugal and not holding Portuguese nationality (thus excluding naturalised citizens and descendants of immigrants) are taken into account.
References
edit- ^ "População residente ultrapassa os 10,6 milhões - 2023". ine.pt. INE. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ "Estudo descobre 31,19 milhões de portugueses pelo mundo". Dn.pt. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ "Relations bilatérales avec le Portugal et France". France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
- ^ "A Lisbonne, une visite d'Elisabeth Borne dédiée à la culture et aux dossiers énergétiques". lefigaro.fr. Archived from the original on 28 November 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- ^ "Portuguese Americans are organized and well connected". 13 April 2011.
- ^ ""Nós unimos, não dividimos, nós criamos a paz, não a guerra"". 11 June 2018.
- ^ "TVI Internacional disponível para 1 milhão e 400 mil portugueses nos EUA". 15 July 2013.
- ^ "Crisis venezolana obliga a portugueses a volver a su país". DW.COM. Archived from the original on 26 November 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
- ^ "La crisis de Venezuela devuelve a casa a los portugueses". Swissinfo.ch. Archived from the original on 26 November 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
- ^ "Ministro de Portugal discutiu crise na Venezuela "todos os dias" na Assembleia Geral". News.un.org. 26 September 2019.
- ^ "Maior comunidade portuguesa da América Latina esperançada numa nova Venezuela". Jn.pt. 13 April 2013.
- ^ a b "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Venezuela". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Crisis has Venezuela's Portuguese returning to roots". France 24. 6 February 2019.
- ^ "Reforço consular em países à volta da Venezuela". Publico.pt. 8 December 2019.
- ^ "Consulado Geral de Portugal em Toronto". consuladoportugal.mne.gov.pt. n.d. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "Entrada de portugueses no Canadá atinge máximo em 2023". bservatorioemigracao.pt. n.d. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories". 26 October 2022.
- ^ "Os passos tímidos da língua portuguesa no Canadá". 7 July 2017.
- ^ "Esquema relacionado com burla na imigração está a preocupar portugueses no Canadá". 10 January 2016.
- ^ ""Portugueses no Canadá são embaixadores de Portugal"". www.theportugalnews.com.
- ^ "Observatorio Emigraçao". observatorioemigracao.pt. n.d. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "Embaixada de Portugal na Suiça". embaixadaportugal.mne.gov.pt. n.d. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ Rausa, Fabienne; Reist, Sara (2008). Ausländerinnen und Ausländer in der Schweiz: Bericht 2008 [Foreigners in Switzerland: Report 2008] (PDF) (in German). Neuchâtel: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. p. 16. ISBN 978-3-303-01243-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ Afonso, Alexandre (2015). "Permanently Provisional. History, Facts & Figures of Portuguese Immigration in Switzerland". International Migration. 53 (4): 120–134. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00636.x. S2CID 143290940.
- ^ a b "Observatório da Emigração-Suíça". Observatorioemigracao.pt. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ a b "José Eduardo dos Santos diz que trabalhadores portugueses são bem-vindos em Angola". Observatório da Emigração. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
...presença de cerca de 200 mil trabalhadores portugueses no país...
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses em Moçambique". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ Glaser, Clive (2013). "The Making of a Portuguese Community in South Africa, 1900–1994". The Making of a Portuguese Community in South Africa, 1900–1994, pag. 213–238. Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 213–238. doi:10.1057/9781137265005_9. ISBN 9781137265005.
- ^ Ojeda, Luis Thayer (1989). "origenes de chile:elementos etnicos, apellidos, familas".
- ^ "Estadística de extranjeros residentes en España".
- ^ a b c d Glaser, Clive (2013). "The Making of a Portuguese Community in South Africa, 1900–1994". Imperial Migrations. pp. 213–238. doi:10.1057/9781137265005_9. ISBN 978-1-349-34604-2.
- ^ "Population of the United Kingdom by country of birth and nationality, July 2020 to June 2021". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2023..
- ^ Lusa, Agência. "Brexit: Portugueses no Reino Unido desesperam para renovar documentos". Observador.
- ^ "Portugueses no UK". 13 September 2022.
- ^ "Parlamento de Portugal sobre portugueses no UK" (PDF).
- ^ "UK-Portuguese Newspaper Launched in Thetford Norfolk".
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses em Macau". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses no Luxemburgo". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Alemanha". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Mianmar. A terra em que houve reis portugueses". Diário de Notícias.
- ^ "Casas incendiadas, terror e morte em Myanmar: Luso-descendentes católicos Bayingyi no alvo dos militares". SBS Language.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Índia". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Bélgica". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Há portugueses que admitem "renunciar à nacionalidade" devido à burocracia nos consulados belgas". Expresso.pt.
- ^ "Fact sheet – Ancestry". Abs.gov.au.
- ^ "Cultural diversity: Census". Abs.gov.au. 12 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Expresso". Jornal Expresso. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
- ^ "Buenos Aires celebra Portugal (fotogaleria)". Jornal Expresso.
- ^ "Los portugueses del Buenos Aires tardocolonial:Inmigración, sociedad, familia, vida cotidiana y religión" (PDF).
- ^ "MINHOTOS NA ARGENTINA CELEBRAM PORTUGAL". bloguedominho.blogs.sapo.pt.
- ^ "10 de Junho: Instituições na Argentina celebram em conjunto pela 1.ª vez". 10 June 2020.
- ^ "Povo Burgher – Quem são? Como surgiram? História e Formação". 9 August 2019.
- ^ "Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei travel". Lonelyplanet.com.
- ^ Jarnagin, Laura (2012), Portuguese and Luso-Asian Legacies in Southeast Asia, 1511–2011: Culture and identity in the Luso-Asian world, tenacities & plasticities. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies., p. 268
- ^ "The Malaccan Portuguese Creole: Papia Kristang". HKU Malaysia 2019.
- ^ a b "Uma história da língua" (PDF).
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses nos Países Baixos". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses em Timor-Leste". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ Lusa, Agência. "Portugal apela a estudantes portugueses em Hong Kong que enviem dados pessoais para receberem apoio". Observador.
- ^ "Comunidades Portuguesas no Mundo". Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Palabra-palabra di pasadu". 23 April 2018.
- ^ "About Kristang". 17 June 2016.
- ^ a b "Kodrah Kristang: The initiative to revitalize the Kristang language in Singapore".
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses em Andorra". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Relações Bilaterais Portugal-Andorra". Portaldiplomatico.gov.mne.pt.
- ^ "The History of the Portuguese in Bermuda". 29 April 2021.
- ^ "The Bermuda Census". Gov.bm. 2 March 2016.
- ^ "Marco tem "dinheiro fresco" na Bermuda, mas sente falta da gastronomia açoriana". SAPO 24.
- ^ "Associação prepara livro histórico sobre presença portuguesa nas Bermudas - Açoriano Oriental".
- ^ "Escola de português nas Bermudas procura acreditação junto do instituto Camões". Diário de Notícias.
- ^ Lusa, Agência. "Emigrantes nas Bermudas deixam de visitar Portugal por não poderem conduzir no país". Observador.
- ^ "Associação dos Emigrantes Açorianos foi às Bermudas para registar História de 175 anos de presença portuguesa". Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "2021 Jersey census" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ^ "Clubes desportivos dão vida e visibilidade à comunidade portuguesa em Jersey".
- ^ "Fluxo começou na década de 50". 28 November 2005.
- ^ ""Nossa moeda é a fé": Como uma igreja impediu que um templo virasse um restaurante".
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Guiné Bissau". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Irlanda". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Os portugueses na Noruega". 13 March 2020.
- ^ "Relações Bilaterais Portugal-Itália". Portaldiplomatico.gov.mne.pt.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses em Itália". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Arábia Saudita". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Relações Bilaterais Portugal-Áustria". Portaldiplomatico.gov.mne.pt.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Áustria". Observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Embaixada de Portugal na Rússia". Moscovo.embaixadaportugal.mne.pt.
- ^ Faris, Robert N. (2014). Liberating Mission in Mozambique: Faith and Revolution in the Life of Eduardo Mondlane. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781630874841.
- ^ Cavendish, Marshall (2002). Peoples of Europe. Marshall Cavendish. p. 382. ISBN 9780761473787.
- ^ Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1996). Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th century. Romanian Cultural Foundation. ISBN 0880334401.
We could say that contemporary Europe is made up of three large groups of peoples, divided on the criteria of their origin and linguistic affiliation. They are the following: the Romanic or neo-Latin peoples (Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, French, Romanians, etc.), the Germanic peoples (Germans proper, English, Dutch, Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, Icelanders, etc.), and the Slavic peoples (Russians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenians, etc.
- ^ Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 533. ISBN 0313309841.
The Portuguese are a Latin nation
- ^ Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 776. ISBN 978-0313309847.
Romance (Latin) nations... Portuguese
- ^ a b says, Soraya Gomes (10 September 2022). "Os 23 povos que deram origem aos portugueses | VortexMag". www.vortexmag.net (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ a b "Batalha de São Mamede". www.leme.pt. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ a b "O Tratado de Zamora". RTP Ensina (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481
- ^ Valdez, Ana T. "(PDF) The First Globalization: The Portuguese and the Age of Discovery". Academia.edu. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ a b "A brief history of globalization". Weforum.org. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ Crowley, Roger (15 September 2015). Conquerors: How Portugal seized the Indian Ocean and forged the First Global Empire. Faber & Faber. ISBN 9780571290918.
- ^ Page, Martin (2002). The First Global Village: How Portugal Changed the World. Casa das Letras. ISBN 9789724613130.
- ^ Exenberger, Andreas. "(PDF) The Cradle of Globalisation Venice's and Portugal's Contribution to a World Becoming Global". Academia.edu. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ "Portuguese Communities". Diplomatic Portal. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ "Celts and the Castro Culture in the Iberian Peninsula – issues of national identity and Proto-Celtic substratum". Ppg.revistas.uema.br. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Gamito, Teresa Júdice (9 September 2004). "The Celts in Portugal". E-Keltoi Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies.
- ^ "the Indo-European but clearly non-Celtic language that we today call Lusitanian.(...)": Book Reviews: Alejandro G. Sinner, Javier Velaza (eds.). Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies, Oxford University Press, 2019, Juan Luis García Alonso, University of Salamanca, Spain, Journal of Language Relationship, № 19/3-4, 2021
- ^ "Portugal – History". Britannica. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ Almagro-Gorbea, Martín (14 July 2016). "Vista de "Lancea", palabra lusitana, y la etnogénesis de los "Lancienses"". Complutum. 27 (1). Revistas.ucm.es: 131–168. doi:10.5209/CMPL.53220. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase. p. 144. ISBN 9781438129181.
- ^ a b c d Bycroft, Clare; et al. (2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 551. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w. PMC 6358624. PMID 30710075.
- ^ a b c d Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years". Science. 363 (6432): 1230–1234. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040. PMC 6436108. PMID 30872528.
- ^ Lenzi, Tié (10 December 2021). "Povo português: conheça as suas origens e características". Nacionalidade Portuguesa Assessoria. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ Pöll, Bernhard (26 April 2019), "History of the Portuguese Lexicon", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-463 (inactive 1 November 2024), ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5, retrieved 18 July 2023
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ "As invasões bárbaras da Península Ibérica". RTP Ensina (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ Milhazes, José. Os antepassados caucasianos dos portugueses Archived 2016-01-01 at the Wayback Machine – Rádio e Televisão de Portugal in Portuguese.
- ^ Ivo Xavier Fernándes. Topónimos e gentílicos, Volume 1, 1941, p. 144.
- ^ Oliveira, Ricardo Costa de. "Mitos e Concepções dos Alanos no Ocidente Ibérico". Academia.edu.
- ^ Quiroga, Jorge López (January 2017). "IN TEMPORE SUEBORUM. The time of the Suevi in Gallaecia (411–585 AD). Exhibition Catalogue (English)". Jorge López Quiroga-Artemio M. Martínez Tejera (Coord.): In Tempore Sueborum. The Time of the Sueves in Gallaecia (411–585 Ad). The First Medieval Kingdom of the West, Ourense.
- ^ Nogueiro, I.; Teixeira, J. C.; Amorim, A.; Gusmão, L.; Alvarez, L. (2015). "Portuguese crypto-Jews: the genetic heritage of a complex history". Frontiers in Genetics. 6: 12. doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00012. PMC 4313780. PMID 25699075.
- ^ Adams, S. M.; Bosch, E.; Balaresque, P. L.; Ballereau, S. J.; Lee, A. C.; Arroyo, E.; López-Parra, A. M.; Aler, M.; Grifo, M. S.; Brion, M.; Carracedo, A.; Lavinha, J.; Martínez-Jarreta, B.; Quintana-Murci, L.; Picornell, A.; Ramon, M.; Skorecki, K.; Behar, D. M.; Calafell, F.; Jobling, M. A. (2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–736. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
- ^ a b "The Viking Routes / Les Routes Des Vikings" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ^ a b "História da Póvoa de Varzim" (in Portuguese). Memória Portuguesa.
- ^ a b "09" (PDF). Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Vikings- Warriors from the sea". Portugal.um.dk. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ "Fenícios e Gregos na Península Ibérica - Infopédia".
- ^ "Porque é que Portugal se chama Portugal?" (PDF).
- ^ "Manuel géographique et statistique de l'Espagne et du Portugal". 25 September 2023.
- ^ "De onde vem o nome Portugal?". 24 June 2021.
- ^ Teresa Ferriera Rodrigues. "HISTÓRIA DA POPULAÇÃO PORTUGUESA : Das longas permanências à conquista da modernidade". Cepese.pt. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijevic B, Rudan I, et al. (October 2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (10): 1964–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443.
- ^ Čeština: Distribuce genu R1b napříč Evropou (15 June 2012). "File:R1b-DNA-Distribution – Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Dupanloup I, Bertorelle G, Chikhi L, Barbujani G (July 2004). "Estimating the impact of prehistoric admixture on the genome of Europeans". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (7): 1361–72. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh135. PMID 15044595. S2CID 17665038.
- ^ Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; et al. (2 March 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166. S2CID 196643946.
- ^ Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron, Justyna; Casa, Philippe Della; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; et al. (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103.
- ^ Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Alpaslan Roodenberg, Songul; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Sirak, Kendra; Gamba, Cristina; Jones, Eppie R.; Llamas, Bastien; Dryomov, Stanislav; Pickrell, Joseph; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; De Castro, Jose Maria Bermudez; Carbonell, Eudald; Gerritsen, Fokke; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Lozano, Marina; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Rojo Guerra, Manuel A.; Roodenberg, Jacob; Verges, Josep Maria; et al. (2015). "Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe". bioRxiv: 016477. doi:10.1101/016477.
- ^ "OS CELTAS". abemdanacao.blogs.sapo.pt. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ Cunliffe, Barry (2008). Europe Between the Oceans: Themes and Variations, 9000 BC-AD 1000 (First printed in paperback 2011. ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 254–258. ISBN 978-0-300-17086-3.
- ^ Bowman, Sheridan; Needham, Stuart (2007). "The Dunaverney and Little Thetford Flesh-Hooks: History, Technology and Their Position within the Later Bronze Age Atlantic Zone Feasting Complex" (PDF). The Antiquaries Journal. 87: 53–108. doi:10.1017/s0003581500000846. S2CID 161084139. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
- ^ Mattoso, José (dir.), História de Portugal. Primeiro Volume: Antes de Portugal, Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, 1992. (in Portuguese)
- ^ Barral-Arca R, Pischedda S, Gómez-Carballa A, Pastoriza A, Mosquera-Miguel A, López-Soto M, et al. (21 July 2016). "Meta-Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Iberian Peninsula". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0159735. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1159735B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159735. PMC 4956223. PMID 27441366.
- ^ a b Pimenta, J.; Lopes, A. M.; Carracedo, A.; Arenas, M.; Amorim, A.; Comas, D. (2019). "Spatially explicit analysis reveals complex human genetic gradients in the Iberian Peninsula". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 7825. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.7825P. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44121-6. PMC 6534591. PMID 31127131.
- ^ Smith, William (1854). "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography".
- ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase. ISBN 9781438129181.
- ^ Guest, Edwin (1971). Origines Celticae (A Fragment) and Other Contributions to the History of Britain. Ardent Media. ISBN 9780804612234.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A-Celti. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781851094400.
- ^ Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí (2002). The Celts: A History. Cork: The Collins Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780851159232.
- ^ "Lusitani | people". Britannica.com.
- ^ Mallory, James P. (2013). "The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe". In J. T. Koch; B. Cunliffe (eds.). Celtic From the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo–European in Atlantic Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 17–40. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
- ^ "New insights into the origin of the Indo-European languages". www.mpg.de.
- ^ Chao, Eduardo (1849). "Cuadros de la geografia historica de Espana desde los primeros tiempos historicos hasta el dia (Etc.)".
- ^ Corbal, Margarita Vazquez. "The southwestern border between Galicia and Portugal during the 12th and 13th centuries: A space for experimentation and artistic transmission". The Reading Medievalist, 3, "Selected Proceedings from "On the Edge" GCMS Graduate Conference, 2015 – via Academia.
- ^ Ferreira, Marta Leite. "Lisboa não é a capital de Portugal e outros 9 factos que não aprendeu nas aulas de História". Observador.
- ^ "Viriato - Infopédia".
- ^ "Portugal – History". Encyclopedia Britannica. 22 May 2023.
- ^ "Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 b". Arkeotavira.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ Silva, Luis (30 July 2013). Viriathus: and the Lusitanian Resistance to Rome 155–139 BC. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473826892 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Vercingetorix | Gallic chieftain". Encyclopedia Britannica. 8 January 2024.
- ^ "Boudicca | History, Facts, & Death". Encyclopedia Britannica. 12 May 2023.
- ^ MALKIEL, YAKOV (1978). "The Classification of Romance Languages". Romance Philology. 31 (3): 467–500. ISSN 0035-8002. JSTOR 44943149.
- ^ "ASPECTOS DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DO LÉXICO PORTUGUÊS". www.filologia.org.br. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ "O Barco Poveiro" – Octávio Lixa Filgueiras, 1ª edição 1966
- ^ Ripoll López, Gisela (1989). "Características generales del poblamiento y la arqueología funeraria visigoda de Hispania". Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, S. I, Prehist. y Arqueol., t. 2. pp. 389–418. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
En resumen se puede considerar que el pueblo visigodo—sin diferenciar la población civil de la militar— representó de un uno a un dos por ciento sobre la totalidad de la población de Hispania.
- ^ "Les Wisigoths dans le Portugal médiéval : état actuel de la question". L'Europe héritière de l'Espagne wisigothique. Collection de la Casa de Velázquez. Books.openedition.org. 23 January 2014. pp. 326–339. ISBN 9788490960981.
- ^ "O Património Visigodo Da13 ADngua Portuguesa". March 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Quiroga, Jorge López (January 2017). "(PDF) IN TEMPORE SUEBORUM. The time of the Suevi in Gallaecia (411–585 AD)". Jorge López Quiroga-Artemio M. Martínez Tejera (Coord.): In Tempore Sueborum. The Time of the Sueves in Gallaecia (411–585 Ad). The First Medieval Kingdom of the West, Ourense. Academia.edu. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ Oliveira, Ricardo Costa de. ""Nós somos Alanos": Documentos, Mitos e Concepções dos Alanos no Ocidente Ibérico".
- ^ Jarvis, Judith K.; Levin, Susan L.; Yates, Donald N. (10 May 2018). Book of Jewish and Crypto-Jewish Surnames. Panther's Lodge Publishers. ISBN 9781985856561.
- ^ "Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia". Academic.oup.com. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, et al. (December 2008). "The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–36. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
- ^ Numa breve cronologia: 1526 – Alvará de João III, de 13 de Março de 1526, proibiu que os ciganos entrassem no reino, e ordenou que saíssem os que cá estavam; 1538 – Nova lei de 26 de Novembro desse ano, ordenando a sua expulsão; 1592 – Lei de 28 de Agosto agravou as penas contra os ciganos que dentro de 4 meses não saíssem de Portugal; Ordenações Filipinas, proíbindo a entrada no Reino; 1606 – Alvará de 7 de Janeiro exigindo a observância das Ordenações, com a mesma pena agravada com degredo para as galés e com severas cominações para os magistrados remissos; 1614 – Nova carta régia de 3 de Dezembro impedindo a sua entrada no Reino; 1618 – Carta régia de 28 de Março em que o monarca mandava averiguar se no Reino andavam ciganos com «traje e língua diferente dos naturais»; 1654 – D. João IV mandou prender os ciganos que havia no Reino e embarcá-los para Maranhão, Cabo Verde e São Tomé; 1718 – D. João V, em 10 de Dezembro de 1718, determinou a expulsão dos ciganos. Ver Joel Serrão, Dicionário de História de Portugal, ed. de 2006.
- ^ "Auto Da Fé". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ The Dutch Intersection: The Jews and the Netherlands in Modern History. Brill. 19 June 2008. ISBN 9789047442141.
- ^ "The Sephardic Diaspora After 1492". Myjewishlearning.com. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Ragusa, Helena. "A HISTÓRIA DOS CRISTÃOS-NOVOS NO BRASIL COLONIAL: ESCRITA E REPRESENTAÇÕES NOS LIVROS DIDÁTICOS NOS ÚLTIMOS VINTE ANOS".
- ^ "Jews of Portugal and the Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Diaspora" (PDF). Centrodehistoria-flul.com. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Ribeiro, Ângelo; Hermano, José (2004), História de Portugal I – A Formação do Território [History of Portugal: The Formation of the Territory] (in Portuguese), QuidNovi, ISBN 989-554-106-6
- ^ Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio (6 December 2012). Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics. Springer. ISBN 9781461542315.
- ^ Arnaiz-Villena A, Martínez-Laso J, Gómez-Casado E, Díaz-Campos N, Santos P, Martinho A, Breda-Coimbra H (14 May 2014). "Relatedness among Basques, Portuguese, Spaniards, and Algerians studied by HLA allelic frequencies and haplotypes". Immunogenetics. 47 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1007/s002510050324. PMID 9382919. S2CID 11750235.
- ^ a b Galbraith W, Wagner MC, Chao J, Abaza M, Ernst LA, Nederlof MA, et al. (1997). "Imaging cytometry by multiparameter fluorescence". Cytometry. 12 (7): 579–596. doi:10.1002/cyto.990120702. PMID 1782829.
- ^ Gonçalves, Rita; Freitas, Ana; Branco, Marta; Rosa, Alexandra; Fernandes, Ana T.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Underhill, Peter A.; Kivisild, Toomas; Brehm, António (19 April 2005). "Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (4): 443–454. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x. hdl:10400.13/3018. ISSN 0003-4800. PMID 15996172. S2CID 3229760.
- ^ "Porque querem os galegos ver televisão portuguesa? – Diversidades – Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa". ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ Terra, A. Nosa (31 August 2019). ""Decepciona ver galegos difundindo mitos portugueses negadores do galego"". A Nosa Terra (in Galician). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ "O "galego" é o "português da Galiza"". Nós Diario (in Galician). 18 July 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ "Portugal 1929: "Os galegos são nossos irmãos"". Nós Diario (in Galician). 30 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ "O Galego e o Português São a Mesma Língua?". Artigos com informações, dicas e curiosidades sobre línguas (in Brazilian Portuguese). 6 January 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
- ^ "O Galego e o Português são a mesma língua?". TSF Rádio Notícias.
- ^ "Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth".
- ^ "Statistics Portugal – Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ a b "Quase 800 mil estrangeiros vivem em Portugal e 30% são brasileiros". 23 June 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023.
- ^ "Idade média: 46,8 anos. População portuguesa é a que mais está a envelhecer na UE". TSF Rádio Notícias (in European Portuguese). 22 February 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ a b "População residente segundo os Censos: total e por grandes grupos etários". www.pordata.pt. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "life expectancy PRT". Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ "Taxa bruta de mortalidade". www.pordata.pt. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Taxa bruta de natalidade". www.pordata.pt. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Taxa bruta de mortalidade e taxa de mortalidade infantil". www.pordata.pt. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Women in the EU are having their first child later". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Portugal – urbanization 2011–2021". Statista. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Statistics Portugal – Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ Union, Publications Office of the European (20 June 2013). "Europeans and their languages : special Eurobarometer. 386, June 2012". op.europa.eu. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (25 October 2022). "Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza". Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ Portuguesa, Observatório da Língua (31 July 2021). "A língua mirandesa é língua oficial em Portugal desde 1999". Observatório da Língua Portuguesa (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ "Língua Mirandesa". Casa de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro de Lisboa (in European Portuguese). 31 May 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ SAPO. "Têm menos de 20 anos e sentem-se mais livres por falar mirandês". SAPO 24 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ Assim se fala o mirandês (in Portuguese), retrieved 11 May 2023
- ^ "Língua Mirandesa". Casa de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro de Lisboa (in European Portuguese). 31 May 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ "Unesco.org". Unesco.org. 9 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ "Asturiano/Leonés". Azkuefundazioa.eus. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ^ "Un enclave lingüístico astur-leonés sobrevive en la "raia" portuguesa". Lavozdegalicia.es. 20 March 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ^ Rodrigues, Elisabete (7 February 2020). "O Barranquenho quer ser a 3ª língua oficial de Portugal". Sul Informação (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ "A luta de Vera Ferreira para salvar o minderico". O MIRANTE | A luta de Vera Ferreira para salvar o minderico. (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ Vicente, Manuel Fernandes (17 August 2009). "Minderico renasce com apoio da Volkswagen a línguas ameaçadas". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ "Língua Gestual Portuguesa (LGP)". Associação Portuguesa de Surdos (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ "Portal SEF". Sef.pt. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ Kitsoft. "Embaixada da Ucrânia na República Portuguesa – Informação sobre a comunidade ucraniana em Portugal". portugal.mfa.gov.ua (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ Lusa, Agência. "Portugal concedeu mais de 59.000 proteções temporárias desde o início da guerra na Ucrânia". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ cite web=https://inforpress.cv/ucrania-comunidade-ucraniana-passa-a-ser-segunda-maior-residente-em-portugal/ Archived 27 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Refugiados y migrantes de Venezuela | R4V". www.r4v.info. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "CIGANOS, UM PASSADO, UM PRESENTE E QUE FUTURO?". Errc.org. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ "Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza". 25 October 2022.
- ^ Reis Oliveira, Catarina; Gomes, Natália (July 2019). Estatísticas do Bolso da Imigração. Observatório das Migrações, ACM, I.P. ISBN 9789896851019.
- ^ "Imigração para Portugal já cresceu 18% em 2019 (e ainda vai aumentar)". Jornal Expresso.
- ^ "A Comunidade Islâmica de Lisboa faz 50 anos. E "o Islão está na alma de Portugal"". Imigrantes.no.sapo.pt. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ ""A comunidade muçulmana em Portugal dá-nos uma grande tranquilidade na prevenção do terrorismo"". 20 September 2022.
- ^ "Por que judeus estão voltando a Portugal séculos após antepassados serem expulsos e massacrados". BBC News Brasil.
- ^ "How many Jews live in Portugal? | JPR". www.jpr.org.uk. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ "Exodus? The Jewish Community in This European City Is Thriving". Haaretz. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ "New dawn: Portugal Jewish community springs to life".
- ^ "SEFSTAT – Portal de Estatística". sefstat.sef.pt. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
- ^ Registo Civil, Instituto dos Registos e Notariado, Ministério da Justiça. "Composição do nome" [Composition of the name]. IRN.Justica.gov.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 3 August 2022.
«O nome completo deve compor-se, no máximo, de seis vocábulos gramaticais, simples ou compostos, dos quais só dois podem corresponder ao nome próprio e quatro a apelidos.»
- ^ "FAQs e Dicas – SPIE". Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013. (a fonte utilizada enuncia "100 apelidos", mas a listagem traz apenas 96).
- ^ "Os 100 Apelidos mais frequentes da População Portuguesa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
- ^ "Apellidos clasificaciones". Mapa De Sobrenomes (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 February 2023.
- ^ "descendentes ou membros da comunidade". vcportugalpoa (in Portuguese). Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ "The Portuguese Diaspora – PILOT GUIDES". 25 January 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ "Portugal ǀ Portuguese ǀ Iberian". DNA Consultants. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ "The Bayingyi People of Burma". Joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com. 6 February 2018.
- ^ "Portugal – Emigration". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ Malheiros, Jorge (1 December 2002). "Portugal Seeks Balance of Emigration, Immigration". Migrationpolicy.org. Migrationinformation.org. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ "Estatísticas gerais: imigrantes e descendentes" [General statistics: immigrants and descendants] (in Spanish). State Government of São Paulo. Archived from the original on 25 April 2006. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
- ^ Direcção Geral dos Assuntos Consulares e Comunidades Portuguesas do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (1999), Dados Estatísticos sobre as Comunidades Portuguesas, IC/CP – DGACCP/DAX/DID – Maio 1999.
- ^ "Migration – Portugal – average, annual". Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ "How Spain and Portugal Expelled Their Jews". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ "Cristãos-Novos no Brasil Colônia" [New-Christians in colonial Brazil] (in Portuguese). IBGE. Archived from the original on 6 March 2001. Retrieved 7 July 2007.
- ^ "Cristãos-novos". Mundo Educação (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ "Crypto Jews: What is the history of secret Jews? – explainer". The Jerusalem Post. 23 August 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ Ayoun, Richard (2002). "L'établissement des crypto-juifs portugais à Nantes au XVIe siècle". Actes des congrès nationaux des sociétés historiques et scientifiques. 124 (11): 303–320.
- ^ "HISTÓRIA DA POPULAÇÃO PORTUGUESA : Das longas permanências à conquista da modernidade".
- ^ Stolk, Marijn (31 December 2018). "Exploring Immigrant Identities: The Link between Portuguese Ceramics and Sephardic Immigrants in 17th Century Amsterdam: Marijn Stolk". Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology. 3: 101–120. doi:10.32028/exnovo.v3i0.383. ISSN 2531-8810. S2CID 166900120.
- ^ Tomashevich, George Vid (1982). "BALKAN JEWS AND THEIR NEIGHBORS BEFORE, DURING AND SINCE THE HOLOCAUST: A Study in Ethno-Religious (and Ideological) Relations". Humboldt Journal of Social Relations. 10 (1): 339–363. ISSN 0160-4341. JSTOR 23261871.
- ^ "Italy". Sephardic Genealogy. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Sephardi Jews in the Ottoman Empire – Portuguese Citizenship –". Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "The Sephardic Exodus to the Ottoman Empire". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "O português dos judeus na Europa no começo do séc. XX – Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa". ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Papiamentu | language | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "the world". Ethnologue (Free All). Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Natalie Zemon Davis on Jewish Slaveowners Celebrating Passover in 17th-Century Suriname - Tablet Magazine".
- ^ "The History of Sranan, A Language of Suriname". linguistics.byu.edu. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ Abrunhosa, Maria Eugénia (1 December 2020). ""Portugueses no Holocausto": o "descarinho" que acabou em Auschwitz". Sete Margens (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Portugueses no holocausto – A Esfera dos Livros" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Salazar negou auxílio a judeus na Grécia e na Holanda". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 29 October 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Salazar foi cúmplice "involuntário" do Holocausto". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 29 October 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Salazar evitou o auxílio a judeus portugueses na Grécia e na Holanda". TVI Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Artes – Prémio distingue pesquisa sobre judeus de origem portuguesa em França salvos do Holocausto". RFI (in Portuguese). 7 February 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Yad Vashem : Aristides De Sousa Mendes".
- ^ "Portuguese Law of Return". Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Portuguese Law: Sephardic descendants eligible to obtain Portuguese Citizenship – Sponsored Content | The Times of Israel". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Getting The Portuguese Citizenship For The Sephardic Jews". Abitbol Associes. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ Renascença. "Renascença – A par com o mundo". Rádio Renascença (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ Machado, Alexandra. "Mais de 30 mil descendentes de sefarditas receberam cidadania portuguesa desde 2015". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ Lusa, Agência. "Descendentes sefarditas a viver no estrangeiro foram quem mais obteve a cidadania portuguesa". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Sefarditas de mais de 60 países pediram nacionalidade portuguesa". TSF Rádio Notícias (in European Portuguese). 16 February 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ Pomerantz, Leandro Da Mota Damasceno, Ian (14 March 2023). "O que aconteceu à "reparação histórica mais progressista" da Europa?". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 April 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jones, Sam; Silva, Beatriz Ramalho da (16 March 2022). "Portugal to change law under which Roman Abramovich gained citizenship". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Les secrets de la ruée sur les passeports portugais". Le Monde.fr (in French). 27 February 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Descendentes de judeus sefarditas correm por nacionalidade em Portugal antes de nova regra". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 6 May 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ Santos, Eurico (6 April 2023). "Comunicado do Conselho de Ministros de 6 de abril de 2023". www.homepagejuridica.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Camille Pissarro". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Louisa Benson Craig Dies Aged 69". www2.irrawaddy.com. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ Arom, Eitan (3 January 2018). "Charmaine Craig Ponders Her Mixed Jewish and Karen Heritage in 'Miss Burma'". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ U.S. Department of State, "A GUIDE TO THE UNITED STATES' HISTORY OF RECOGNITION, DIPLOMATIC, AND CONSULAR RELATIONS, BY COUNTRY, SINCE 1776: PORTUGAL", [1]
- ^ Couto, António (2 April 2023). "História e Memória: A Pedra de Dighton (1511)". História e Memória. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "Monumentos". www.monumentos.gov.pt. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ Santos, Robert L. (1995). "Azorean Immigration Into the United States". Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
- ^ "| Portuguese Americans are organized and well connectedPortuguese American Journal". Portuguese American Journal. 13 April 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "The Portuguese in the United States". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "Chronology, 1958–Present". Portuguese Immigrants in the United States. Library of Congress Hispanic Division. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "Text of H.Res. 1438 (110th): Commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Azorean Refugee Act of 1958 and celebrating ... (Passed the House version) – GovTrack.us". GovTrack.us. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- ^ "Azorean-Americans: The Azorean Refugee Act". Portugal.com. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ Ponta-Garça, Nelson, director. Portuguese in New England. 2016.
- ^ Martin, Andrea. "Carpenter Street Underpass" (PDF). Springfield Railroads Improvement Project. US Department of Transportation Federal Railroad Administration and the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ Baganha, Maria Ioannis Benis (1991). "The Social Mobility of Portuguese Immigrants in the United States at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century". The International Migration Review. 25 (2): 277–302. doi:10.1177/019791839102500202. JSTOR 2546289. S2CID 147321899 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Recipes, Ono Hawaiian (6 May 2023). "The Best Malasadas Recipe in Hawaii". Ono Hawaiian Recipes. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
- ^ "Ethnic Origin, Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses and Sex for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data". Retrieved 10 November 2010.
- ^ Lusa, Agência. "Principal rua do 'Little Portugal' em Toronto muda de nome e reescreve a história". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ Resident, Portugal (18 October 2022). "A little piece of Portugal in Canada". Portugal Resident. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ Janarra, Rui (18 August 2022). "Línguas no Canadá: 118.730 cidadãos falam português em casa, segundo Statcan". Correio da Manhã Canadá (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ Hamilton, W B (1981). Canada and its provinces - the origins of their names - as noted in The Macmillan Book of Canadian Place Names (Report). Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management. p. 105. doi:10.4095/298053.
- ^ "Portuguese Exploration along the Northeast Coast of North America". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ "Jamaica National Heritage Trust – The People Who Came". www.jnht.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "(PDF) Madeiran Portuguese Migration to Guyana, St. Vincent, Antigua and Trinidad: A Comparative Overview".
- ^ "What Languages Are Spoken in Antigua and Barbuda?". WorldAtlas. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
- ^ "Portuguese emigration from Madeira to British Guiana". Guyana.org. 7 May 2000. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ a b "(PDF) 2. Português Língua de Herança: Um estudo da tentativa da manutenção de uma língua praticamente extinta, em Trinidad e Tobago".
- ^ Pidduck, Angela (14 June 1999). "Small TT / Portuguese Community Continues to Celebrate Heritage". nalis.gov.tt. Archived from the original on 25 February 2002. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
- ^ Rampersad, Joan (7 December 2019). "Portuguese celebrate 185 years in TT – Trinidad and Tobago Newsday". newsday.co.tt. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
- ^ a b "The Portuguese presence". Guyana Chronicle. 5 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ Kempadoo, Kamala (21 September 2017). "'Bound Coolies' and Other Indentured Workers in the Caribbean: Implications for debates about human trafficking and modern slavery". Anti-Trafficking Review (9): 48–63. doi:10.14197/atr.20121794. ISSN 2287-0113.
- ^ "The Arrival of the Portuguese in British Guiana". Guyana Chronicle. 2 January 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "Ogle Airport Renamed Eugene F. Correia International". NevisPages.com. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ Mirvis, Stanley (2020). The Jews of Eighteenth-Century Jamaica: A Testamentary History of a Diaspora in Transition. Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv10sm932. ISBN 978-0-300-23881-5. JSTOR j.ctv10sm932. S2CID 219044870.
- ^ Community (13 October 2020). "Jews in Jamaica". The Jewish Museum London. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "PORTUGALITY in Jamaica". portugality.yolasite.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2012 Census" (PDF).
- ^ "The Portuguese of the West Indies". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. 31 July 2001. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ "Grenada – Population and Housing Census 2001". catalog.ihsn.org. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "UNECLAC-CELADE::Redatam Webserver | Statistical Process and Dissemination Tool". redatam.org. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "Saint Kitts and Nevis" (PDF). 5 February 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "Cayman Islands 2010 census" (PDF).
- ^ a b "Quase metade dos habitantes de uma ilha paradisíaca são portugueses". 9 February 2013.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "Quatro portugueses retirados de ilha em Cuba devido ao furacão". www.jn.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "Bermuda". Solarnavigator.net. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ a b Lusa, Agência. "Emigrantes nas Bermudas deixam de visitar Portugal por não poderem conduzir no país". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ Zacharias, Adam (27 November 2015). "Portuguese community 'still not accepted'". www.royalgazette.com. The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
- ^ "History". Portu Ricans – Portuguese Puerto Ricans. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Rodrigues, Andreia (9 June 2021). "Os portugueses no México, destinos traçados com armas e com gosto de tequila". El Trapezio (in European Spanish). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ a b c "Maior comunidade portuguesa da América Latina esperançada numa nova Venezuela". Jn.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 9 January 2022.
- ^ "Colombia – Inmigración 2020 | Datosmacro.com". datosmacro.expansion.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ SAPO. "Colômbia atrai portugueses interessados em negócios e é uma opção à Venezuela". SAPO 24 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Inmigración portuguesa al Perú". www.espejodelperu.com.pe.
- ^ a b c "A emigração 'invisível' dos portugueses na região platina". yumpu.com.
- ^ a b "MINHOTOS NA ARGENTINA CELEBRAM PORTUGAL". bloguedominho.blogs.sapo.pt. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ a b Ojeda, Luis Thayer (1989). "origenes de chile:elementos etnicos, apellidos, familas".
- ^ "Portugueses no Uruguai. São Carlos de Maldonado. 1764". www.esteditora.com.br. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
- ^ "A Fundação da Colônia do Sacramento". www.multirio.rj.gov.br.
- ^ "Our last Lusitanians" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013.
- ^ Carreiras, Helena (4 January 2024). "Portugueses no Uruguai".
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Perguntas frequentes". Consulado Geral de Portugal em Montreal (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 29 March 2023.
- ^ Rouco, Maria Gonzalez (16 November 2004). "Inmigración a la Argentina. Portugueses". Monografias.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 13 November 2024.
- ^ Olavarria Portuguese society participated in "Buenos Aires celebrates Portugal" "Infoeme.com – Diario on line de Olavarria". Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ^ "Portugal - Emigration". countrystudies.us. GPO for the Library of Congress. 1993. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
- ^ "O Retorno" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Argélia". Portaldascomunidades.mne.pt.
- ^ "Portugueses em Botsuana – Expats portugueses em Botsuana". Internations.org.
- ^ "Dismantling the Portuguese Empire". Time. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009.
- ^ "Portugueses são mais parecidos com os argelinos do que costumamos pensar". TSF Rádio Notícias. 10 March 2015.
- ^ "Argélia quer formação profissional portuguesa". Dinheirovivo.pt. 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
- ^ "Mia Couto ao Expresso: "Somos todos biologicamente mestiços. Os vírus moram dentro de nós"". Jornal Expresso (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Angola: "Houve independência mas não descolonização das mentes"". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). 11 January 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ Filho, João Lopes (9 December 2011). "Mestiçagem, emigração e mudança em Cabo Verde". Revista África (in Portuguese) (29–30): 129–140. doi:10.11606/issn.2526-303X.v0i29-30p129-140. ISSN 2526-303X. S2CID 249832231.
- ^ "Quando todo mundo virou mestiço". Expresso das Ilhas (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Andorra statistics".
- ^ "en AndorraInfo.com". AndorraInfo (in European Spanish). Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ^ "La llengua a Andorra".
- ^ "Andorra languages - 2" (PDF).
- ^ "Eurobarometer". europa.eu. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Portugueses falam cada vez mais (e melhor) línguas estrangeiras". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ ""Tive colegas de escola cujos pais eram portugueses. Mas nunca os vi como uma comunidade. Eram amigos"". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ Lusa, PÚBLICO (25 September 2019). "Português é uma das línguas estrangeiras ensinadas em França, Espanha e Roménia". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ^ "L'immigration portugaise en France au 20ème siècle | Musée de l'histoire de l'immigration". www.histoire-immigration.fr (in French). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ "História da Emigração em França destaca envio de trabalhadores e xenofobia". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ "france 2 actualités & société". info.france2.fr. Retrieved 28 August 2017.[permanent dead link]
- ^ étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Présentation du Portugal". France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ Infopédia. "Emigração massiva dos anos 60 – Infopédia". infopedia.pt – Porto Editora (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ "RELATÓRIO DA EMIGRAÇÃO" (PDF).
- ^ "Francais et immigres a l'epreuve de la crise (1973-1995)".
- ^ Zancarini-Fournel, Michelle (2000). "La construction d'un "problème national" : l'immigration. 1973, un tournant ?". Cahiers de la Méditerranée. 61 (1): 147–157. doi:10.3406/camed.2000.1297.
- ^ "1973-1974, du pétrole et des idées : épisode • 3/4 du podcast Après la crise, demain est-il un autre jour ?". France Culture (in French). Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ^ a b "Andorra". Portal Diplomático (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ a b "Mónaco :: Lugares no Fim do Mundo". lugaresnofimdomundo.webnode.pt.
- ^ a b "Há portugueses que admitem "renunciar à nacionalidade" devido à burocracia nos consulados belgas". Jornal Expresso (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ statistique, Office fédéral de la (25 January 2021). "Pratiques linguistiques en Suisse – Premiers résultats de l'Enquête sur la langue, la religion et la culture 2019 | Publication". Office fédéral de la statistique (in French). Retrieved 9 June 2023.
- ^ INE. "Indicador". tabulador.ine.pt. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ^ "Cerca de 60 mil portugueses emigraram em 2022, Suíça volta a ser principal destino". Expresso (in Portuguese). 29 January 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ^ "Angekommen – Armando Rodrigues de Sa". iberer.angekommen.com. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ Almeida, José Carlos Pina; Corkill, David (2010). "Portuguese Migrant Workers in the UK: A Case Study of Thetford, Norfolk". Portuguese Studies. 26 (1): 27–40. doi:10.1353/port.2010.0019. ISSN 0267-5315. JSTOR 41105329. S2CID 245842608.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ a b "UK-Portuguese Newspaper Launched in Thetford Norfolk".
- ^ "Population by country of birth and nationality (Discontinued after June 2021) - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk.
- ^ a b "Observatório da Emigração". NewswireToday. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
- ^ "Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento" [Brazil: 500 years of settlement] (in Portuguese). IBGE. Archived from the original on 23 September 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
- ^ a b Pinto Venâncio, Renato (2000). "Presença portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes" [Portuguese presence: from settlers to immigrants] (in Portuguese). IBGE. Archived from the original on 24 November 2002.
- ^ History of Immigration to the United States#Population in 1790
- ^ a b "Desmundo de Alain Fresnot, o Brasil no século XVI". ensinarhistoria. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^ "Desmundo by Ana Miranda (1996)". companhiadasletras.com.br. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^ "Desmundo by Ana Miranda". companhiadasletras.com.br. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^ Sarkissian (2000), p. 22.
- ^ a b c Ribeiro, Darcy. O Povo Brasileiro, Companhia de Bolso, fourth reprint, 2008 (2008)
- ^ "Povos indígenas no Brasil: características". Mundo Educação.
- ^ "Navios portugueses e brasileiros fizeram mais de 9 mil viagens com africanos escravizados". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ "A Integração social e económica dos emigrantes portugueses no Brasil" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
- ^ "None". December 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Do outro lado do Atlântico: um século de imigração italiana no Brasil. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
- ^ "A integração social e económica dos imigrantes portugueses no Brasil nos finais do século xix e no século xx" (PDF). Analisesocial.ics.ul.pt. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
- ^ Reis, João José (2000). "Evolução da população brasileira segundo a cor" [Evolution of the Brazilian population according to colour] (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. Archived from the original on 5 March 2001. Retrieved 21 November 2006.
- ^ Carvalho, R. (2003). "Pelos mesmos direitos do imigrante". Archived from the original on 12 March 2008.
- ^ "Observatório da Imprensa". Observatório da Imprensa (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 November 2024.
- ^ Parra FC, Amado RC, Lambertucci JR, Rocha J, Antunes CM, Pena SD (January 2003). "Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (1): 177–82. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100..177P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0126614100. PMC 140919. PMID 12509516.
- ^ Pena SD, Di Pietro G, Fuchshuber-Moraes M, Genro JP, Hutz MH, Gomes Kehdy F, et al. (February 2011). "The genomic ancestry of individuals from different geographical regions of Brazil is more uniform than expected". PLOS ONE. 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617063P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017063. PMC 3040205. PMID 21359226.
- ^ Saloum de Neves Manta F, Pereira R, Vianna R, Rodolfo Beuttenmüller de Araújo A, Leite Góes Gitaí D, Aparecida da Silva D, et al. (2013). "Revisiting the genetic ancestry of Brazilians using autosomal AIM-Indels". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e75145. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875145S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075145. PMC 3779230. PMID 24073242.
- ^ Lima-Costa MF, Rodrigues LC, Barreto ML, Gouveia M, Horta BL, Mambrini J, et al. (April 2015). "Genomic ancestry and ethnoracial self-classification based on 5,871 community-dwelling Brazilians (The Epigen Initiative)". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 9812. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5.9812.. doi:10.1038/srep09812. PMC 5386196. PMID 25913126.
- ^ NOVAimagem.co.pt / Portugal em LInha (17 February 2006). "Cinco milhões de netos de emigrantes podem tornar-se portugueses". Noticiaslusofonas.com. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
- ^ "Cultural diversity: Census, 2021 | Australian Bureau of Statistics". www.abs.gov.au. 12 January 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ Portuguese Festival at Petersham. Cumberland Courier. 16 March 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2024 – via YouTube.
- ^ "List of numerous Portuguese Social Clubs and institutions based in Australia (Portuguese) Archived 24 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine"
- ^ "Portugal country brief - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". 14 October 2010. Archived from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ a b Brazão, Isabel. "Portugueses na Austrália e Nova Zelândia mais próximos de Portugal". ccmm.madeira.gov.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "NZ-Portuguese add cultural strand to Parliament | Scoop News". www.scoop.co.nz.
- ^ "Nova Deli por quem lá vive: Jorge Roza de Oliveira". Almadeviajante.com. 10 April 2014.
- ^ Reis, Bárbara (7 January 2017). "Portugal quer redescobrir a Índia. Outra vez". Publico.pt.
- ^ "Keturunan Portugis Bermata Biru dan Rambut Pirang Masih Ditemukan di Lamno Raya". Serambinews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ "Mengagumi Kecantikan Muslim Mata Biru Keturunan Portugis yang Hidup di Lamno". StatusAceh. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ Anjani, Anatasia. "Seperti Orang Eropa, Ini 3 Suku di Indonesia yang Bermata Biru". detikedu (in Indonesian). Jakarta: detikcom. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ Kampung Tugu, Jejak Portugis di Utara Jakarta (in Indonesian), 6 March 2023, retrieved 17 May 2023
- ^ Aditya, Nicholas Ryan (3 November 2019). Agmasari, Silvita (ed.). "Menelusuri Kampung Tugu, Jejak Portugis di Utara Jakarta Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas Cyber Media. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ "Lusodescendentes em Java". 29 June 2019.
- ^ "PUSAT DATA KEMENTERIAN AGAMA RI". 3 September 2020. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ Similarities Between Indonesian and Portuguese, 29 June 2019, retrieved 17 May 2023
- ^ "INDONESIAN LOANWORDS FROM PORTUGUESE". Learn Indonesian. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ "The borrowed words of Bahasa Indonesia: Exploring the roots of a deeply dynamic language". SBS Language. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ a b Thu, Mratt Kyaw (6 December 2017). "The 400-year history of Portuguese Catholics in Sagaing". Frontier Myanmar. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
- ^ a b "The Bayingyi People of Burma". Joao-Roque Literary Journal est. 2017. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ a b c Combustões (19 July 2009). "Portuguese descendants in Thailand". 500anosportugaltailansda.blogspot.com. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
- ^ "Bangkok enclave celebrates its Portuguese past". Asia.nikkei.com.
- ^ a b "ความสัมพันธ์ไทย-โปรตุเกส" (PDF).
- ^ Low, Spencer (26 March 2023). "How Portuguese influence in Sri Lanka outlasted that of the Dutch". Portuguese in Asia. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "THE RISE AND FALL OF THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE IN SRI LANKA". www.icm.gov.mo. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ Jayasuriya, Shihan de Silva (2000). "The Portuguese Cultural Imprint on Sri Lanka". Lusotopie. 7 (1): 253–259.
- ^ Jayasuriya, Shihan de Silva (30 November 2005). "The Portuguese Identity of the Afro-Sri Lankans". Lusotopie. Recherches politiques internationales sur les espaces issus de l'histoire et de la colonisation portugaises. 12 (XII(1–2)): 21–32. doi:10.1163/176830805774719755. ISSN 1257-0273.
- ^ HETTIARATCHI, D. E. (1965). "Influence of Portuguese on the Sinhalese Language". The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 9 (2): 229–238. ISSN 0304-2235. JSTOR 45377565.
- ^ Digest, Ceylon (22 February 2020). "The Portuguese Burghers of Sri Lanka". Ceylon Digest. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ Travel, Diamond Tours and. "5 Marcos da Herança Portuguesa no Sri Lanka que permanecem até hoje". www.diamondtoursandtravel.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ DIA, BOM (8 May 2023). "Salvar o crioulo português do Sri Lanka é urgente". BOM DIA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ a b "Celebrating Karachi's Goan connection | The Express Tribune". tribune.com.pk. 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Flashback: From Goa with love". Dawn. 16 September 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
- ^ Correa, Noel (12 June 2011). "Pakistan's Portuguese wonder: Magic fingers". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
- ^ Alam, Dhrubo (22 January 2018). "The Portuguese in Dhaka". The Daily Star. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Viaggio Apostolico di Sua Santità Francesco in Myanmar e Bangladesh (26 novembre-2 dicembre 2017) – Statistiche". press.vatican.va. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ Renascença (30 November 2017). "Rozario, Costa e Gomes esperam Papa no Bangladesh – Renascença". Rádio Renascença (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Bangladesh. O que é "Joy Bangla"?". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 24 August 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Bangladesh". Camões, I.P. (in European Portuguese). 4 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ Renascença (31 January 2018). "Bangladesh. A história de fé de um povo que usa com orgulho o apelido português – Renascença". Rádio Renascença (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Um treinador português no Bangladesh: "Ganhe ou não, preciso de um desafio novo"". www.ojogo.pt (in European Portuguese). 30 October 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Embaixada de Portugal em Tóquio | Portal dedicado à divulgação das atividades da Embaixada de Portugal em Tóquio. Disponível informação relativa a relações bilaterais entre Portugal e Japão, Agência para o Investimento e Comércio Externo de Portugal, Secção Consular e Secção Cultural, bem como todos os contactos úteis, localização e horários de funcionamento". Embaixadadeportugal.jp. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
- ^ a b "在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計） 在留外国人統計 月次 2020年12月 | ファイル | 統計データを探す". 政府統計の総合窓口 (in Japanese). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ Yuanyuan, Cui (2017). Portugueses na China: um exame da situação atual (masterThesis thesis).
- ^ A01050000A, 內政部移民署. "2023.2Foreign Residents by Nationality". 內政部移民署 A01050000A.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Comunidades Portuguesas no Mundo". Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "2008 Community Survey". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ ""Nós unimos, não dividimos, nós criamos a paz, não a guerra"". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 11 June 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "TVI Internacional disponível para 1 milhão e 400 mil portugueses nos EUA". Jornal SOL (in Portuguese). 15 July 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ Statistics Canada (8 May 2013). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ^ Renascença (7 July 2017). "Os passos tímidos da língua portuguesa no Canadá – Renascença". Rádio Renascença (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Esquema relacionado com burla na imigração está a preocupar portugueses no Canadá". SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 10 January 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ ""Portugueses no Canadá são embaixadores de Portugal"". www.theportugalnews.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Escola de português nas Bermudas procura acreditação junto do instituto Camões". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 19 November 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Associação dos Emigrantes Açorianos foi às Bermudas para registar História de 175 anos de presença portuguesa". Diario dos Açores (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Governo dos Açores considera urgente reconhecimento em Portugal das cartas de condução emitidas nas Bermudas". Rádio Lumena (in European Portuguese). 12 August 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ SAPO. "Marco tem "dinheiro fresco" na Bermuda, mas sente falta da gastronomia açoriana". SAPO 24 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Azoreans in Bermuda – AEA". Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ aportugueseaffair (30 May 2017). "Portuguese Heritage in Bermuda • A Portuguese Affair". A Portuguese Affair. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Historial da Emigração da R.A.M." ccmm.madeira.gov.pt. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "PR/México: Marcelo salienta crescimento das relações económicas e da comunidade portuguesa". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 14 July 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report - Central Statistical Office".
- ^ "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines census" (PDF).
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Cayman Islands 2010 Census" (PDF).
- ^ "Antigua and Barbuda 2011 Census" (PDF).
- ^ NOVAimagem.co.pt / Portugal em LInha (17 February 2006). "Notícias do Brasil | Noticias do Brasil, Portugal e países de língua portuguesa e comunidades portuguesas". Noticiaslusofonas.com. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
- ^ Nacional, El (7 September 2019). "Froilán Ramos Rodríguez: Un estudio sobre la inmigración portuguesa a Venezuela".
- ^ "Inmigración portuguesa al Perú". www.espejodelperu.com.pe.
- ^ "Buenos Aires celebra Portugal (fotogaleria)". Jornal Expresso (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "10 de Junho: Instituições na Argentina celebram em conjunto pela 1.ª vez". Notícias ao Minuto (in Portuguese). 10 June 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Quando os portugueses na Argentina falam de Portugal é à sua aldeia que se referem". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Portuguese : Small in numbers but big in business". 5 May 2021.
- ^ SAPO. "Colômbia atrai portugueses interessados em negócios e é uma opção à Venezuela". SAPO 24 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Embaixada de Portugal na Colômbia". Embaixada de Portugal na Colômbia (in European Portuguese). 14 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original (XLS) on 11 May 2005. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
- ^ "A Lisbonne, une visite d'Elisabeth Borne dédiée à la culture et aux dossiers énergétiques". LEFIGARO (in French). 29 October 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". Sem.admin.ch.
- ^ Lusa, Agência. "Brexit: Portugueses no Reino Unido desesperam para renovar documentos". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Portugueses no Reino Unido" (PDF).
- ^ "Isabel II: Portugueses no Reino Unido mais preocupados com economia do que com realeza". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 13 September 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração" (in Portuguese).
- ^ "Estadística de extranjeros residentes en España".
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração" (in French). Statec. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". Observatorioemigracao.pt. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Portuguese in Jersey" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ^ Moura, Sara. "Clubes desportivos dão vida e visibilidade à comunidade portuguesa em Jersey". ccmm.madeira.gov.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ ""Nossa moeda é a fé": Como uma igreja impediu que um templo virasse um restaurante". Notícias Gospel. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Fluxo começou na década de 50". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). 28 November 2005. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ Pisco, Paulo (13 March 2020). "Os portugueses na Noruega". BOM DIA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Itália". Portal Diplomático (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Áustria". Portal Diplomático (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Dinamarca". Portal Diplomático (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ Archer, Edward G. (2006). Gibraltar, Identity and Empire. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-34796-9.
- ^ "Convidado - Rede de portugueses na Polónia já conseguiu enviar 30 ucranianos para Portugal". RFI (in Portuguese). 14 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "BBC - Voices - Multilingual Nation". www.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Liechtenstein". Portal Diplomático (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ Macao Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "National Geographic Portugal". nationalgeographic.pt. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Mianmar. A terra em que houve reis portugueses". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 3 December 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ Castro, Joaquim Magalhães de (12 March 2011). "A ilha dos portugueses". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Casas incendiadas, terror e morte em Myanmar: Luso-descendentes católicos Bayingyi no alvo dos militares". SBS Language (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ (in Portuguese)Sidney Arnold Pakeman, "Ceylon", Praeger, 1964
- ^ (in Portuguese)
- ^ "The Malaccan Portuguese Creole: Papia Kristang". HKU Malaysia 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Hong Kong – "Club Lusitano é a casa de todos os portugueses"". 2021.
- ^ "CASA DE MACAU – July 2002 NEWSLETTER". www.casademacau.org. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ Lusa, Agência. "Portugal apela a estudantes portugueses em Hong Kong que enviem dados pessoais para receberem apoio". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Kristang, lost language of the Eurasians | Unravel Magazine". Unravel. 23 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "About Kristang". Kodrah Kristang. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "เกาะติดสถานการณ์ข่าว ข่าวด่วน ข่าววันนี้ ข่าวล่าสุด เนชั่นทีวี | เนชั่นออนไลน์". เนชั่นทีวี (in Thai). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Janjaem" (PDF).
- ^ ""มิตรคาม" ย่านวัดเขมรและวัดญวนสามเสนชุมชนริมแม่น้ำเจ้าพระยาที่ต้องถูกไล่รื้อ". Archived from the original on 15 July 2021.
- ^ "Luso-Asians and Macanese in Siam – Far East Currents". Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ Spirit of Asia : มะละกา และกุฏีจีน สายเลือดลูกผสมโปรตุเกส (15 เม.ย. 61), 15 April 2018, retrieved 31 March 2023
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Ancestry – ABS". Abs.gov.au.
- ^ "Portuguese Culture – Population Statistics". Cultural Atlas. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Cultural diversity: Census, 2021 | Australian Bureau of Statistics". www.abs.gov.au. 12 January 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ ""Autoridades australianas querem conhecer-nos mais e investir aqui"". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 15 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ Glaser, Clive (2013), Morier-Genoud, Eric; Cahen, Michel (eds.), "The Making of a Portuguese Community in South Africa, 1900–1994", Imperial Migrations: Colonial Communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese World, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 213–238, doi:10.1057/9781137265005_9, ISBN 978-1-137-26500-5, retrieved 1 April 2023
- ^ "Portugueses no Zimbabué estão bem, diz ministro". BOM DIA (in Portuguese). 16 November 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Portugueses no Congo". 30 December 2018.
- ^ "People of Zambia".
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "THE ORANGES OF PRESTER JOHN - |ዩ| UTHIOPIA: Ethiopia in Utopia".
- ^ "Presença portuguesa na Etiópia sem registo de quaisquer mulheres". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 13 December 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt.
- ^ "Empresário português desaparecido desde domingo na Suazilândia". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 21 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Ao sétimo país vive com 13 horas de luz todos os dias". Jornal Expresso (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Statistics Portugal – Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ "Imigração sustenta subida da população em Portugal". www.cmjornal.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ "Literatura portuguesa: origem, divisão, autores". Português (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ "A língua de Camões – Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa". ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ "Escritores e Literatura Portuguesa" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ "Almeida Garrett: biografia, obras e estilo literários – Sua Pesquisa". www.suapesquisa.com. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ "Literatura Portuguesa. Origens da Literatura Portuguesa". Mundo Educação (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ "As 20 obras mais importantes da literatura portuguesa". Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ "Expenditure in research and development activities (R&D) as a % of GDP: by sector of performance". www.pordata.pt. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ "Portugal registers 7th largest increase in R&D investment since 2015". ANI. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ Mill, Hugh Robert (1896). "The Sixth International Geographical Congress, London, 1895. An uncommon original article from The British Association for The Advancement of Science report, 1895".
- ^ "introduçao". paginas.fe.up.pt. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ ONLINE, TUOI TRE (27 December 2019). "Chữ quốc ngữ những người đầu tiên khai sáng". TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (2022). Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition. World Intellectual Property Organization. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. ISBN 9789280534320. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ See the analysis of King, D.A., The scientific Impact of Nations – What difference countries for their research spending, Nature, vol. 430, 15 July 2004
- ^ (in Portuguese) Portugal é o país da UE onde despesa em investigação e desenvolvimento mais cresceu, Público (13 December 2008)
- ^ "Testes PISA: Portugal supera média da OCDE". Visão (in Portuguese).
- ^ "E agora no PISA: alunos portugueses melhoram a ciências, leitura e matemática". Expresso (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ "Management: The Portuguese who sit at the top of the world". Portugal Daily View. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ "Erasmus decoded: Where do Europe's students go when they study abroad?". euronews. 7 March 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ Directorate-General for Education, Youth (2022). Erasmus+ annual report 2021: statistical annex. LU: Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2766/63555. ISBN 978-92-76-58692-0.
- ^ "Global Competitiveness Report 2020". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ ECO (25 March 2021). "Portugal é dos países mais dependentes das trocas comerciais intra-UE". ECO (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ "Exportações de serviços: total e por principais países parceiros comerciais". www.pordata.pt. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ "Importações de bens: total e por principais países parceiros comerciais". www.pordata.pt. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ Bray, Chad (27 May 2014). "IntercontinentalExchange Set to Spin Off Euronext". DealBook. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ "Conservas A Ramirez, Portugal's oldest brand, opens nutrition center, Inside Portugal Travel, 2009". insideportugaltravel.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ autores, Vários; Carvalho, Bruno. Manual de Cozinha da Infanta D. Maria (in European Portuguese). Amass. Cook. ISBN 978-1-393-89909-9.
- ^ S.A, Priberam Informática. "Dicionário Priberam Online de Português Contemporâneo". Dicionário Priberam (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ Ferrín, Xosé Luis Méndez (21 April 2014). "Broa". Faro de Vigo (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Pão e Produtos de Panificação". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ Landgeist (25 June 2022). "Rice consumption in Europe". Landgeist. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Portugal e o arroz. 14 pratos a não perder (e onde os comer)". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 9 September 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ Landgeist (21 December 2021). "Potato Consumption in Europe". Landgeist. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Livestock population in numbers". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ "António Maria de Oliveira Bello - WOOK".
- ^ "Nando's restaurant numbers 2022". Statista. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Vinho Verde". Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ "Louise Bourrat, uma Top Chef". Time Out Lisboa (in European Portuguese). 20 April 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Portuguese Style Houses in Goa - Perfectio Panacea". 19 November 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
- ^ a b "Um olhar sobre o cinema mudo em Portugal". Google Arts & Culture (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ "| Cinema: Anthology of Film Archives featuring "The School of Reis" – NYCPortuguese American Journal". Portuguese American Journal. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ Factos, Espalha- (21 November 2020). "15 séries e novelas que marcaram a televisão portuguesa". Espalha-Factos (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ "Os sinais do 'efeito- -telenovela'". 26 April 2006.
- ^ "Top Instagram Influencers and Instagram Users in Portugal in 2024 | StarNgage".
- ^ "Influencer Marketing Platform | Brinfer". brinfer.com. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ "1000 Melhores Influenciadores do Instagram em Portugal | Ranking de Instagram do HypeAuditor". HypeAuditor.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ "Virginia Fonseca e Zé Felipe são tietados por fãs em Portugal; vídeo". GQ (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 August 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ a b "FOTOS – Giovanna Ewbank tem cidadania portuguesa, assim como Bruno Gagliasso e os 3 filhos do casal". www.purepeople.com.br (in Breton). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ "Coutinho consegue cidadania portuguesa e libera espaço para extracomunitário no Barcelona". ESPN.com (in Portuguese). 10 August 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ "Brasileiro Felipe Neto criticado por festejar golo de Portugal: "Torcendo por colonizador"". www.ojogo.pt (in European Portuguese). 29 November 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ "Flamengo no Brasil, Kelly Key revela seus times em Portugal e Angola". www.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ "Pedro Scooby revela que conseguiu cidadania portuguesa para ficar perto dos filhos". Vogue (in Brazilian Portuguese). 23 September 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ "Após polêmica sobre ensinar 'brasileiro' às crianças portuguesas, conteúdo de Luccas Neto será dublado com sotaque lusitano". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 December 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ "Convocado por Tite, Ederson virou destaque em Portugal após dispensa no SP". www.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ "Além dos Gagliasso, quem são os famosos que trocaran Brasil por Portugal; Ricardo Pereira e mulher recepcionam". Extra Online (in Brazilian Portuguese). 14 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ "GONOLIVIER". itsgonolivier.com. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ Hughes, Tobi (17 June 2021). "Digital content creator promotes Madeira". Madeira Island News Blog. Retrieved 6 June 2023.