Shark meat is a seafood consisting of the flesh of sharks. Several sharks are fished for human consumption, such as porbeagles, shortfin mako shark, requiem shark, and thresher shark, among others.[1] Shark meat is popular in Asia, where it is often consumed dried, smoked, or salted.[2] The largest consumer of shark meat in the World is Brazil,[3] but it is also consumed regularly in Iceland, Japan, Australia, parts of India, parts of Canada, Sri Lanka, areas of Africa, Mexico and Yemen.[2][4]
Sharks have been eaten at least since the Late Bronze Age (1550-1130 BC), for example in the Levant.[5]
Preparation
editUnprocessed shark meat may have a strong odor of ammonia, due to the high urea content that develops as the fish decomposes.[6] The urea content and ammonia odor can be reduced by marinating the meat in liquids such as lemon juice, vinegar, milk, or saltwater.[7] Preparation methods include slicing the meat into steaks and fillets.[1]
Africa
editIn Eastern Africa and islands in the Indian Ocean, shark meat has been traded and has been a significant source of protein for centuries.[1] Its consumption may occur primarily in coastal areas. It may be preserved using salt curing to extend its shelf life and to enable easier transportation.[1]
Americas
editBrazil
editBrazil has long been the largest consumer of shark meat in the World. The most common species fished and consumed in the country is the blue shark, but Brazil is also the largest importer of shark meat, and imported species are often not correctly identified.[8] Shark meat is marketed generically as cação, regardless of the species. Although the word cação translates as shark, it is not the most used one to refer to a living shark, which is more commonly called tubarão. This causes a misconception in about half of the country not being aware that cação is meat from sharks, or mistakenly thinking it is a specific species of shark [9]
Shark meat is popular due to its low price and boneless nature. It is one of the most common choices of fish for the local dish Moqueca,[10] a traditional fish stew.
Unlike Asian countries, shark fin soup has virtually no market in Brazil, so the controversial practice of fining is very rare in the country. However, a common controversy is that shark fins are often sold in Asia at high prices, while their carcasses are sold to Brazil very cheaply. The Brazilian market would be, thus, providing a justification for shark fishing, masking the waste caused by fining without actually reducing its impacts.[11]
Asia
editShark meat is common and popular in Asia.[2] In 1999, the combined countries of Asia led in the number of sharks caught.[1] Asian fisheries harvested 55.4% of the world's shark catch in 1996.[1]
Japan
editJapan has a large market share in the trade of frozen and fresh shark meat, for both importation and exportation.[1] Shark meat is typically consumed in prepared forms in Japan, such as in prepared fish sausage, surimi, fish paste, fish balls, and other products.[1]
Korea
editIn Korea, dombaegi (돔배기), salted shark meat, is eaten in North Gyeongsang Province, and it is considered to be a local food in Yeongcheon that is common in holidays.[12]
India
editMori mutton, also known as moryechi xacuti, is a spicy Goan shark fish curry. This spicy curry is made by marinating baby shark in green masala and cooking it in a curry of onion, spices, and coconut.[13][14]
Yemen
editSalted, dried shark meat known as Lakham (لخم) is widely consumed in the Southeastern part of Yemen, particularly Hadhramaut.
Philippines
editKinunot is a traditional Filipino dish from the Bicol region, known for its use of either stingray (pagi) or young shark (pating) cooked in coconut milk (gata) with malunggay (moringa) leaves. The name "kinunot" translates to "shredded" in Bikol, referring to the finely flaked fish meat used in the recipe. The dish is often flavored with vinegar, garlic, onions, ginger, and chili peppers, giving it a rich, creamy, and mildly spicy taste characteristic of Bicolano cuisine. While traditionally made with stingray or shark, kinunot can also be prepared with other types of seafood, depending on availability and local preference. This delicacy is typically enjoyed with steamed rice and is a popular choice for festive occasions and everyday meals alike.
Australia
editShark meat is popular in Australia, where it is known as flake. Flake is sourced primarily from gummy shark, a small, bottom-feeding species abundant along the east coast of Australia. However, due to the depletion of Australian and then New Zealand shark stocks, this demand is increasingly being filled by gummy sharks sourced from South Africa.[15][4] Flake can be purchased as a ready-made meal from most Australian fish and chip shops, usually in the form of battered or grilled fillets.[16]
Europe
editPer the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), European countries are major markets for shark meat.[1] Pickled dogfish is popular food in Germany, France, and other northern European countries.[1] The meat is typically processed and consumed in steaks and fillets.[1] In Germany, though, a preference exists for backs, belly, and smoked belly flaps, which are referred to as Schillerlocken.[1] Per the FAO, Italy led globally in the importation of shark meat in 1999, with France and Spain following.[1] In 1999, France imported the second-largest amount of shark meat on a global level.[1]
Small sharks are sold in Britain as rock salmon by fish and chips shops.[citation needed]
Iceland
editIn Iceland, hákarl is a national dish prepared using Greenland shark[17] or sleeper shark. The shark meat is buried and fermented to cure it, and then hung to dry for several months.[17]
Italy
editIn the island of Sardinia, the Burrida (a local version of Buridda) is a popular antipasto,[18][circular reference] made boiling usually a catshark[19] (less commonly using a Common smooth-hound[20]) on vinegar with onion and walnuts.[21] A similar dish also called Burrida is prepared in the Balearic islands of Spain with tunas instead of catsharks.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Vannuccini, S. (1999). Shark Utilization, Marketing, and Trade. FAO fisheries technical paper. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 66–93. ISBN 978-92-5-104361-5.
- ^ a b c Carwardine, M. (2004). Shark. Firefly Books. p. PT 126. ISBN 978-1-55297-948-8.
- ^ "Shark meat is a global phenomenon—but not everyone knows they're eating it". National Geographic Society.
- ^ a b "Shark meat from SA could be dangerous for Australians". Getaway Magazine. 2020-01-23. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ Yonatan Adler and Omri Lernau (May 24, 2021). "The Pentateuchal Dietary Proscription against Finless and Scaleless Aquatic Species in Light of Ancient Fish Remains". Tel Aviv. 48: 5–26. doi:10.1080/03344355.2021.1904675. S2CID 235189625.
- ^ Kim, S.K. (2014). Seafood Processing By-Products: Trends and Applications. SpringerLink : Bücher. Springer. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4614-9590-1.
- ^ Bashline, Sylvia (January 1980). "Eating Shark - Instead of Vice Versa". Field & Stream. p. 46. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ^ Zuccolo, V.; Rego, F. M.; Hughes, E.; Griffiths, A. M. (2023). "Endangered shark species traded as "cação" in São Paulo during the COVID-19 lockdown: DNA-barcoding a snapshot of products". Molecular Biology Reports. 50 (12): 9985–9992. doi:10.1007/s11033-023-08876-6. PMC 10676306. PMID 37898957.
- ^ "'Cação é tubarão': Pesquisa mostra que 54% dos brasileiros desconhecem a origem da carne | Terra da Gente". 2 November 2023.
- ^ Malleret, Constance (7 July 2024). "'We sell it in secret, like drugs': Brazil's appetite for shark meat puts species under threat". The Guardian.
- ^ "Por que a carne de cação é tão barata?". 24 June 2008.
- ^ "돔배기". Doosan encyclopedia.
- ^ Aggarwal, Mayank (2021-02-22). "Eating shark meat might be normal in India but it could have an adverse impact". Mongabay-India. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
- ^ Kamat, Raksha (2021-09-29). "Goan Baby Shark Curry". Raksha's Kitchen. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
- ^ "Flake 'n Chips". M-Net - Flake ‘n Chips. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ John Ford, Robert Day: "Flake is sustainable gummy shark, except when it’s not". The Conversation. May 1, 2015.
- ^ a b Deutsch, J.; Murakhver, N. (2012). They Eat That?: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Weird and Exotic Food from around the World. ABC-CLIO. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-0-313-38059-4.
- ^ "Cuisine of Sardinia".
- ^ "Terra e sapori, l'Isola in tavola: Burrida". 18 November 2020.
- ^ "Prodotto Tradizionale della Sardegna - Burrida" [Traditional Product of Sardinia - Burrida] (PDF). sardegnaagricoltura.it (in Italian). Retrieved 17 September 2024.
- ^ "BURRIDA (Piatto tipico Cagliaritano) – Ricette sardegna". 4 June 2011.
External links
editMedia related to Sharks as food at Wikimedia Commons