The Sultanate of Agadez (also known as Tenere Sultanate of Aïr,[1] Sultanate of Aïr, or Asben[2]) was a Berber kingdom centered first in the city of Agadez (initially, in the village of Tadaliza) in the Aïr Mountains, located at the southern edge of the Sahara desert in north-central Niger. It was founded in 1405 by the Tuareg.[3] The Agadez Sultanate was later conquered by the Songhai Empire in 1500.[1] After the defeat of the Songhai kingdom in 1591, the Agadez Sultanate regained its independence. It experienced a steep decline in population and economic activity during the 17th century. The sultanate came under French suzerainty in 1906.
Tenere Sultanate of Aïr | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1404–1906 | |||||||||||||||
Rough location of the Sultanate | |||||||||||||||
| Capital | Agadez | ||||||||||||||
| Common languages | Tamajeq, Arabic, Hausa | ||||||||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||||||||
| Government | Sultanate | ||||||||||||||
| Establishment | |||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||
• Establishment of the Sultanate | 1404 | ||||||||||||||
• Agadez proclaimed as the new seat of the Sultanate | 1430 | ||||||||||||||
• Conquered by Songhai | 1500 | ||||||||||||||
• Fall of the Songhai Empire | 1591 | ||||||||||||||
• Incorporated into French West Africa | 1906 | ||||||||||||||
• Established | 1404 | ||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1906 | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Today part of | Niger | ||||||||||||||
History
editOral history of the Aïr describes the foundation of the sultanate around 1405 by local Tuareg tribes that seek an inter-tribal organisation for mediation between different clans and to settle disputes. For this, the first Sultan, Yunǝs, is chosen for being the son of a distant Tuareg from Targa (Libya) and a local taklit or female slave, which made him politically neutral between the factions (Iṣandalăn, Itesăn, Ilisăwăn and Ibǝrkorăyăn) involved in the founding. From then on, every Sultan had to be married to a taklit, as to prevent tribal rivalries.[3]
Yunǝs' successor and tegăze (nephew by his sister) Ălxăsăn transferred the seat of the Sultanate to the then recently (1413) founded Agadez, inhabited by Kel Gubǝr, Ibǝrkorăyăn and Igdalăn Tuareg, as well as Katsināwa Hausa merchants, who established the first indigo dyeing facilities. Every tribe had a district or quarter in the city where idǝrfan (freedmen) resided, although the tribes only visited occasionally since they retained their nomadic lifestyle.[3]
Originally, the seat of the Sultanate was Tadaliza, and then Tin Chaman, which are now archaeological sites in the Air Mountains. Sultan Ilisawan (1430-1449) settled in Agadez and built a palace there, proclaiming it as the capital of the Sultanate in 1430.
In the 18th century, Tuareg confederacies from the north migrated south into the Air region, which led to unrest between the existing Tuareg confederacies in the Air region. By the end of the century, the Kel Geres were pushed south after being outnumbered by the Kel Owey.
German explorer Heinrich Barth visited Agadez in 1850 and described it as a ghost town, which was confirmed by French explorer Amédée-François Lamy at the time of his expedition.
The Sultanate fell under French administration in 1906.
At the time of the Kaocen Revolt, Sultan Tegama awaited the arrival of Kaocen, and after he was defeated by the French, the Sultan and many other conspirators fled the region. In 1917, the Sultan who had preceded Sultan Tegama was recalled by the French to Agadez to act as a mediator between the French administration and the people. [4]
List of Sultans
edit| Tenure | Incumbent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1687–1721 | Muhammad Agg-Abba ibn Muhammad al-Mubarak | |
| 1721 | Muhammad al-Amin ibn Muhammad al-Mubarak (1st time) | |
| 1721 | al-Wali ibn Muhammad al-Mubarak | |
| 1721 | Muhammad al-Amin ibn Muhammad al-Mubarak (2nd time) | |
| 1721 | Muhammad al-Mu´min | |
| 1721–1722 | `Uthman ibn Muhammad al-Mu´min | |
| 1722–1735 | Muhammad Agg-`A´isha ibn Muhammad Agg-Abba | |
| 1735–1739 | Muhammad Humad ibn Muhammad al-Mubarak (1st time) | |
| 1739–1744 | Muhammad Guma ibn al-`Adil | |
| 1744–1759 | Muhammad Humad ibn Muhammad al-Mubarak (2nd time) | |
| 1759–1763 | Muhammad Guma ibn `Uthman | |
| 1763–1768 | Muhammad Humad ibn Muhammad al-Mubarak (3rd time) | |
| 1768–1810 | Muhammad al-`Adil ibn Muhammad Humad | |
| 1810–1815 | Muhammad ad-Dani | |
| 1815–1816 | Muhammad al-Baqiri | |
| 1816–1821 | Muhammad Guma "Tabdali" (1st time) | |
| 1821–1828 | Ibrahim Waffa | |
| 1828–1835 | Muhammad Guma "Tabdali" (2nd time) | |
| 1835–1853 | `Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad al-Baqiri | |
| 1853 – .... | Ahmad ar-Raffa` ibn Muhammad Guma (1st time) | |
| .... – .... | Muhammad al-Baqiri "Sufu" (1st time) | |
| .... – .... | Ahmad ar-Raffa` ibn Muhammad Guma (2nd time) | |
| .... – .... | Muhammad al-Baqiri "Sufu" (2nd time) | |
| .... – .... | Ibrahim ad-Dusuqi ibn Ahmad ar-Raffa` (1st time) | |
| .... – 1903 | Muhammad al-Baqiri "Sufu" (3rd time) | |
| 1903 – 1 Aug 1907 | `Uthman Mikitan ibn Abd al-Qadir | |
| 1 Aug 1907 – 1908 | Ibrahim ad-Dusuqi ibn Ahmad ar-Raffa` (2nd time) | |
| 1908 – 1917 | `Abd ar-Rahman Taghama ibn Muhammad al-Baqiri | |
| c. Mar 1917 – Apr 1917 | Jatawa | |
| 6 May 1917 – Nov 1919 | Ibrahim ad-Dusuqi ibn Ahmad ar-Raffa` (3rd time) (dismissed by the French) | |
| Nov 1919 – 13 May 1920 | Vacant | |
| 13 May 1920 – 1 Jan 1960 | `Umaru Agg-Ibrahim | |
| 1 Jan 1960 – 21 Feb 2012 | Ibrahim ibn `Umaru (b. 1938 – d. 2012) | |
| 21 Feb 2012 – Dec 2016 | `Umaru Ibrahim `Umaru | |
| 23 Dec 2016 – | Ibrahim Tsofo |
Source[5]
References
edit- ^ a b James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
- ^ "Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 442–443).
- ^ a b c Souag, Lameen (2022). "Prasse, Karl-G. & Ghabdouane Mohamed. 2019. L'Histoire du Niger, transcrit du touareg de l'Ayr. Tome I. Ăttarix wan Nižer (229 pp.) – Tome II. Textes traduits en français. (204 pp.) – Supplement by Harry Stroomer 'In memoriam Karl-Gottfried Prasse & Ghabdouane Mohamed' (34 pp.). Berber Studies vol. 53. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-953-4. 98€". Afrikanistik-Aegyptologie-Online.
- ^ Geels, Jolijn, (2006) Bradt Travel Guide - Niger, pg. 161-163
- ^ Caravans of the Old Sahara: An Introduction to the History of the Western Sudan
Further reading
edit- Decalo, Samuel. Historical Dictionary of Niger, 3rd ed., pp. 24–27. Scarecrow Press (Boston), 1997. ISBN 0-8108-3136-8.
- Hudgens, Jim & al. Rough Guide to West Africa, 4th ed., p. 983. Rough Guide, 2003. ISBN 1-84353-118-6.
External links
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