Ta-Arawakan languages

The Ta-Arawakan languages, also known as Ta-Maipurean and Caribbean, are the Indigenous Arawakan languages of the Caribbean Sea coasts of Central and South America. They are distinguished by the first person pronominal prefix ta-, as opposed to common Arawakan na-.

Ta-Arawakan
Caribbean
Geographic distribution	Caribbean and Central America (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua's Mosquito Coast)
Linguistic classification	Arawakan Northern (Caribbean) Ta-Arawakan
Subdivisions	Iñeri Ta-Arawakan proper
Language codes
Glottolog	cari1281

Languages

Kaufman (1994) provides the following subclassification:

• Caribbean Arawakan
  • Taíno
  • Guajiro (Wahiro)
    • Wayuu (Guajiro, Wahiro)
    • Paraujano (Parauhano, Añun) †
    • Arawák (Lokono)
  • Iñeri (Inyeri)
    • Kalhíphona (Island Carib, modern Garífuna or Black Carib)

Aikhenvald adds Shebayo, which Kaufman had left unclassified, and removes Iñeri from Ta-Arawakan proper:

• Caribbean Arawakan
  • Iñeri
    • Kalhíphona
  • Ta-Arawakan
    • Taíno
    • Wayuu
    • Parauhano
    • Arawák
    • Shebayo†
    • Caquetio†

Proto-language

Reconstructions of Proto-Lokono-Guajiro proposed by Captain (1991):

no.	gloss	Proto Lokono-Guajiro
1.	'abdomen'	*Vteke
2.	'after'	*dikʰi
3.	'ant'	*hayu
4.	'anteater'	*waRiti
5.	'arm'	*dɨna
6.	'armadillo'	*yekerV
7.	'arrow'	*kimařa
8.	'ash'	*baliki
9.	'ask'	*asa (?)
10.	'axe'	*bařu
11.	'back'	*asabu
12.	'bat'	*busiri
13.	'bathe'	*aka
14.	'beard'	*tiima
15.	'bird'	*kudibiu
16.	'blood'	*itʰa
17.	'bone'	*Vbu-na
18.	'breast'	*(u)di
19.	'break'	*wakVdV-
20.	'by (agent)'	*duma
21.	'cane'	*isi
22.	'canoe'	*kanuwa
23.	'chest'	*Vluwa
24.	'child'	*(?)ibili
25.	'chili pepper'	*hatʰi
26.	'chop'	*lada
27.	'cold, have a	*tʰunuli-
28.	'come'	*andV
29.	'cricket'	*pʰuti
30.	'crocodile'	*kayukutʰi
31.	'delicious'	*keme-
32.	'down'	*unabu
33.	'drink (v)'	*VtʰV
34.	'ear'	*dike
35.	'egret'	*wakaRa
36.	'eye'	*aku
37.	'exit (v)'	*apʰuti-
38.	'fat, grease'	*akusi
39.	'father'	*Vtʰi
40.	'finger'	*kʰabu-ibira
41.	'fingernail'	*bada
42.	'fire'	*sikʰi
43.	'fish'	*hime
44.	'flea'	*kʰayaba
45.	'flesh'	*kiruku
46.	'flower'	*siwi
47.	'fly'	*mabuRi
48.	'foot'	*ukuti
49.	'for (benefactive)'	*bura
50.	'forehead'	*kibu
51	'from (LOC)'	*-kee
52.	'fur'	*Vti
53.	'go'	*kuna
54.	'gourd'	*iwida
55.	'grandfather'	*dukutʰi
56.	'grandmother'	*kVtʰV
57.	'green'	*subule
58.	'hair'	*Vbařa
59.	'hammock'	*hamaka; *kura
60.	'hand'	*kʰabu
61.	'hate, be hated'	*te-
62.	'head'	*ikiwi
63.	'hear'	*akanaba
64.	'here'	*yaha
65.	'honey'	*maba
66.	'horn'	*ukuwa
67.	'house'	*bahɨ
68.	'I'	*dakia
69.	'iguana'	*iwana
70.	'in'	*luku
71	'in (a fluid)'	*raku
72.	'juice'	*Vra
73.	'kill'	*pʰarV
74.	'knife'	*ruři
75.	'leaf	*bana
76.	'liver'	*bana
77.	'maize'	*mariki
78.	'manioc'	*kʰali
79.	'manioc starch'	*hařo
80.	'many'	*yuhu
81.	'monkey'	*pʰudi
82.	'moon'	*katʰi
83.	'mosquito'	*maRi
84.	'mother'	*uyu
85.	'neck'	*nuru
86.	'nose'	*kiri
87.	'one'	*aba
88.	'path'	*bɨna; *wabu
89.	'peck'	*tuka-
90.	'penis'	*ewera
91.	'rat'	*kuři
92.	'raw'	*iya
93.	'request'	*kʰuyabV-
94.	'resin'	*Vkʰɨ
95.	'ripe'	*hebe
96.	'river'	*sVři
97.	'root'	*akura
98.	'say'	*akV
99.	'sea'	*bařawa
100.	'seat, stool'	*turu
101.	'she'	*tʰukia
102.	'skin'	*Vda
103.	'sleep'	*dunkV
104.	'snake'	*uri
105.	'son-in-law'	*titʰi
106.	'sound'	*akanVkɨ
107.	'star'	*iwiwa
108.	'stone'	*kiba
109.	'stop'	*takɨ-
110.	'sweet potato'	*halitʰi
111.	'tail'	*isi
112.	'tapir'	*kama
113.	'termite'	*kʰumutʰiri
114.	'that (masculine)'	*lira
115.	'that (non-masculine)'	*tura
116.	'there'	*yara
117.	'they'	*nakia
118.	'thigh'	*(N)bɨku
119.	'this (masculine)'	*lihi
120.	'this (non-masculine)'	*tuhu
121.	'thou'	*bukia
122.	'three'	*kabɨnV
123.	'tip'	*kiruku
124.	'toad'	*kiberu
125.	'tobacco'	*yuři
126.	'tongue'	*Vyee
127.	'tooth'	*ari
128.	'touch, feel'	*bebeda
129.	'tree'	*kunuku
130.	'two'	*biama
131.	'up'	*iu-
132.	'vomit'	*ewedV
133.	'water'	*uni
134.	'we'	*wakia
135.	'with (accomp.)'	*Vma
136.	'whistle'	*wiwida-
137.	'woman'	*hiaru
138.	'worm'	*-koma-
139.	'ye'	*hukia
140.	'yes'	*VNhVN
141.	(absolutive)	*-hV
142.	(poss. suffix)	*-tʰe