Thomas Greenway Stockham (December 22, 1933 – January 6, 2004) was an American scientist who developed one of the first practical digital audio recording systems, and pioneered techniques for digital audio recording and processing. He also led the development of the Digital Audio Tape (DAT) system.
Thomas Stockham | |
|---|---|
| Born | December 22, 1933 Passaic, New Jersey, U.S.[1] |
| Died | January 6, 2004 (aged 70) Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.[1] |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Awards | Grammy Emmy Award |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Electrical engineering |
| Institutions | Soundstream University of Utah |
| Doctoral students | Raphael Rom Olivier Faugeras |
Life and career
editStockham was born in Passaic, New Jersey.[1] Stockham attended Montclair Kimberley Academy, graduating in the class of 1951.[2] Known as the "father of digital recording", he earned an Sc.D. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 and was appointed Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering. Early in his academic career at MIT, Stockham worked closely with Amar Bose, founder of Bose Corporation, on the use of digital computers for measurement and simulation of room acoustics and for audio recording and enhancement. While at MIT, he noticed several of the students using an MIT Lincoln Laboratory TX-0 mainframe computer installed at the campus to record their voices digitally into the computer's memory, using a microphone connected to an analog-to-digital converter and a loudspeaker connected to a digital-to-analog converter, both attached to the TX-0. This expensive tape recorder led Stockham to his own digital audio experiments on this same computer in 1962.
In 1968, he left MIT for the University of Utah, and in 1975, founded Soundstream, Inc. The company developed a 16-bit digital audio recording system using a 16-track Honeywell instrumentation tape recorder as a transport, connected to digital audio recording and playback hardware of Stockham's design. It ran at a sampling rate of 50 kHz, as opposed to the audio CD sampling rate of 44.1 kHz.
Soundstream Inc. was the first commercial digital recording company in the United States, located in Salt Lake City. Stockham was the first to make a commercial digital recording, using his own Soundstream recorder in 1976 at the Santa Fe Opera.[3] In 1980, Soundstream merged with the Digital Recording Company (DRC) and became DRC/Soundstream.
Stockham played a key role in the digital restoration of Enrico Caruso recordings, described in a 1975 IEEE paper.[4] These acoustic recordings were the first to be digitally restored by computer, and were released on the album Caruso - A Legendary Performer, issued in 1976 by RCA Records.
Watergate investigation
editIn 1974, he investigated President Richard Nixon's White House tapes,[5] alongside fellow members of the panel of persons nominated jointly by the White House and the Special Prosecution Force. It was he who discovered that the 18 minutes of erasures were not accidental, as Nixon's secretary Rosemary Woods claimed. Stockham was able to discern several distinct erasures and even determined the order of erasure.
Stockham's team reached agreement on seven conclusions detailed in their 87-page report to Chief Judge John J. Sirica:
1. The erasing and recording operations that produced the buzz section were done directly on the evidence tape.
2. The Uher 5000 recorder designated Government Exhibit #60 probably produced the entire buzz section.
3. The erasures and buzz recordings were done in at least five, and perhaps as many as nine, separate and contiguous segments.
4. Erasure and recording of each segment required hand operation of keyboard controls on the Uher 5000 machine.
5. Erased portions of the tape probably contained speech originally.
6. Recovery of the speech is not possible by any method known to us.
7. The evidence tape, insofar as we have determined, is an original and not a copy.[6]
Development of audio technology
editStockham led the development of the Digital Audio Tape (DAT) format, a user-recordable digital tape that was popular for a time in the 1990s. The continually lowering price of compact discs led to DAT being used only in certain roles, and its last major manufacturer, Sony, phased out development starting in 2005.[7]
Stockham received wide recognition for his pioneering contributions to digital audio. He received, among many others, the Gold Medal award from the Audio Engineering Society in 1987, a Technical Emmy award in 1988, the Poniatoff Gold Medal from the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers,[8] a Grammy award from NARAS in 1994, the IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal in 1998[9] and a Scientific and Engineering award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1999.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b c Gilpin, Kenneth N. "Thomas G. Stockham Jr., 70, Digital Pioneer", The New York Times, January 31, 2004. Accessed December 3, 2017. "Thomas Greenway Stockham was born on Dec. 22, 1933, in Passaic, N.J. He earned his bachelor's, master's and Ph.D. degrees at M.I.T."
- ^ "Alumni Awards". Montclair Kimberley Academy. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ "An Audio Timeline". Audio Engineering Society.
- ^ Stockham, T.G. Jr.; Cannon, T.M.; Ingebretsen, R.B. (April 1975). "Blind deconvolution through Digital Signal Processing". Proceedings of the IEEE. 63 (4): 678–692. doi:10.1109/proc.1975.9800. S2CID 23708915.
- ^ "Thomas G. Stockham Jr., 70, Digital Pioneer". New York Times. 31 January 2004.
In the mid-1970s, Dr. Stockham's work involved him in the Watergate scandal. He was one of six technical experts appointed by Judge John J. Sirica of Federal District Court to determine what caused the famous 18 1/2-minute gap on a crucial Watergate tape made in President Richard M. Nixon's office. Early in 1974, Dr. Stockham and other panel members reported that the gap was caused by at least five separate erasures and rerecordings, not by a single accidental pressing of the wrong button on a tape recorder, as the Nixon White House had suggested.
- ^ "Report on a Technical Investigation Conducted for the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia by the Advisory Panel on White House Tapes" (PDF). Audio Engineering Society. May 31, 1974.
- ^ "Rebuilding Sound From The Ground Up: Dr. Thomas Stockham". Sonic. 29 December 2021.
- ^ Schoenherr, Steven E. "Tom Stockham and Digital Audio Recording". Audio Engineering Society. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
- ^ "IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal Recipients" (PDF). IEEE. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 16, 2021. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ Ingebretsen, Robert B.; Stockham, Thomas G. Jr. (March 1984). "Random-Access Editing of Digital Audio". Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. 32 (3): 114–122.
External links
edit- Hammack, William S. (2004). "Thomas Stockham (Public radio commentary)".
- "Thomas G. Stockham". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. February 2019.
- Kirk, Andrew (12 January 2004). "Thomas Stockham Jr. remembered for achievements – A pioneer in digital technology". Daily Utah Chronicle.
- "Expensive Tape Recorder". Hacks. tixo.org. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06.
- An article on Soundstream and the introduction of commercial digital recording in the United States